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58th Congress, ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, j Document
3d Session. ( | No. 20.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DiRECTOE
MIl^ERAL RESOURCES
OP THE
UNITED STATES
CALENDAR YEAR
1 9 O 3
DAVID T. DAY
Cbixf of Division of Minino and Mineral RbsourciB
WASHINGTON
OOVBRNHBNT FEINTING OFFICB
1904
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CONTENTS.
Page.
LriTKR OF Transmittal 7
IXTBODUCnON 9
Summary 11
Ibon Ores, by John Birkinbinb 41
Prodaction 41
Lake Superior region 44
Iron-ore industry of the varioos States daring 1903 55
Cnba 72
Statiotics of the American Iron Trade for 1903, by James M. Swank ... 75
Brief review of the iron trade in 1903 75
General statistical sommary 76
Imports of iron and steel 77
Exports of iron and steel 79
Prices of iron and steel 86
Production of pig iron 92
Production of Bessemer steel 100
Statistics of steel shiphuilding 117
Statistics of Canadian iron trade for 1903 122
Manganese Ores, by John Birkinbine 129
Gold and Silver 157
Copper, by Charles Rirchhoff 201
General trade conditions 201
Production ^ 201
Imports 225
LiAD, BY Charles Kirchhoff 241
Introduction 241
Production 241
Zinc, by Charles Kirchhoff 253
Production 253
The rinc mines 1 255
Consumption 261
Aluminum and Bauxite, by Joseph Struthbrs 265
Aluminum 265
Bauxite 275
QncKSLVER 281
Production 281
Prices 282
Sterl-Hardeninq Metals, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 285
Manganese steel 287
Nickel and cobalt 287
Nickel steel 287
Cobalt steel 291
Chromium 298
Chromium steel 298
3
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4 CONTENTS.
Steel-Hardeninq Metals— Continued. Page.
Tungsten 304
Tungsten steel 305
Molybdenum 307
Vanadium 308
Vanadium steel 308
Uranium 309
Titanium 309
Platinum 311
Lithium, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 313
Antimony, by Joseph Struthers..... 317
Arsenic, by Joseph Struthers 327
Tin, by Joseph Struthers and Joseph Hyde Pratt 335
Coal, by Edward W. Parker 351
Introduction 351
Coal fields of the United States 353
Production 357
Prices 379
World's production of coal 389
Production by States 432
Coke, by Edward W. Parker 539
Introduction 539
Production 540
Gas, Coke, Tar, and Ammonia at Gas Works, and in Retort Coke Ovens,
BY Edward W. Parker 609
Petroleum, by F. H. Oliphant 635
Important features of the year 635
Foreign countries 692
World's production of petroleum in 1902 and 1903, by countries 716
Natural Gas, by F. H. Oliphant 719
In troduction 719
Canada 742
ASPHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS RoCK, BY EdMUND 0. HOVEY 745
Stone '. 755
Clay- Working Industries, by Jefferson Middleton 791
Introd uction 79 1
Production 796
Brick and tile 809
Pottery 823
Clay 8^
Sand-lime brick industry, by S. V. Peppel 866
Cement 883
Cement in foreign countries 900
Portland cement in Michigan in 1903, by L. L. Kimball 903
Precious Stones, by George F. Kunz 911
Talc and Soapstone, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 979
Abrasive Materials, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 989
Oilstones, whetstones, etc 992
Grindstones 994
Buhrstones and millstones 999
Pumice 1001
Infusorial earth and tripoli 1002
Crystalline quartz 1004
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CONTENTS. 5
Abrabiys Matebials— Oontmiied. Page.
Garnet 1005
Conmdmn and emery 1006
Feldspar 1010
Artificial abrasivee 1010
Borax, by Charles G. Yale 1 1017
Fluorspar and Cryolite, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1029
Gypsum and Gypsum Products 1033
Phosphate Rock, by Edmund 0. Hovby 1047
Salt, by Edmund 0. Hovby 1059
Sulphur and Pyrfte, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1073
Barytbb, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1089
Mineral Paints, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1095
Ocher, nmber, and sienna 1097
Metallic paint 1101
Venetian red 1103
Slate f;:roand for pigment 1104
y^hite lead, sublimed lead, zinc lead, red lead, lithaige, and orange
mineral 1104
Zinc white 1109
ASBEBTOfl, BY J06RPH HyDE PraTT 1111
Flint and Fkldbpar, by Heinrich Ribs 1117
Graphite, by JoeRPH Hyde Pratt 1121
Magnebite, by Charles G. Yale 1131
Mineral Wathrs 1137
Afoy.iziTB AND Zircon, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1163
Glass Sand, by A, T. Coons 1171
I5D1I 1179
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL,
Department of the Interior,
United States Geological Survey,
Washington^ D, C,^ Novernhei^ 5, 190 J^.,
Sib: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report, Mineral
Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1903, being the
twentieth annual report of the series published by this Office. Besides
the statistics for the calendar year 1903, considerable descriptive and
technical matter, obtained while the statistical canvass was in prog-
ress, is presented. All of the material has been given such prompt
publication as was possible as advance chapters from the report, in
accordance with the law providing for the printing of any chapter as
soon as completed.
In accordance with your instructions, the report for the calendar
year 19(>4 is in preparation.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
David T. Day,
Oeologist in Charge*
Hon. Charles D. Walcott,
Dtrtdoi* of United States Geological Sw'vey*
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MINERAL RWRCES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1903.
David T. Day, Chief of Division.
INTRODUCTION.
The arrangement and scope of this volume are practically the same
as in the nineteen preceding reports of the series Mineral Resources
of the United States. Each report records the development of the
mineral industries of the United States since the time covered by the
preceding number of the series; the reports should therefore be con-
sulted together. Every chapter in this report is a census of the pro-
ductive features of the industry under discussion. The statistics of
the production of gold and silver have been prepared in conjunction
with the Director of the Mint, Treasury Department. The statistics
of the imports and exports of minerals, which form an essential part
of the volume, are obtained through the courtesy of the Chief of the
Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor.
ACKKOWIiEI>GMBNTS.
Except as noted above, and in a few isolated instances where some
other well-established agency already exists by which the statistics are
collected accurately, the figures are obtained directly from the pro-
ducers, and it is impossible to acknowledge here, otherwise than by
brief mention, the invaluable assistance which has been freely rendered
by them and by the voluntary contributions of many local experts.
The names of the statistical experts who, acting under the authority
of the United States, have collected statistics from the producers are
given at the heads of the special chapters. The technical press,
besides affording much information concerning new mining enter-
prises, has been largely drawn upon for prices, market reports, and
new technical processes.
As heretofore, the publication of this volume has been anticipated
to a great extent by the issue in advance, in pamphlet form, of the
several chapters which compose it.
The summary gives the principal statistical information recorded in
this report.
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10 MINERAL BESOtmOES.
In presenting these statistics all unnecessary duplication has been
avoided. The coke product discussed in the following pages and
amounting to 25,262,360 short tons, valued at $66,459,623, is excluded
from the tabular statement, as the quantity and value of the coal used
in its manufacture is included in the statistics of coal production.
Similarly, white lead, red lead, sublimed lead, zinc lead, litharge, and
orange mineral, whose average aggregate value for the last ten years
has exceeded $10,000,000, are not given in the table, the base from
which they are made being included in the output of pig lead. Zinc
oxide, or zinc white, made directly from the ores and consequently
not included in spelter production, is tabulated. The production of
pig iron and its value are given in the table as the best means of pre-
senting the statistics of the production of iron in the first marketable
condition. The value of brick and pottery clays, rather than the value
of the manufactured products, is embraced in the tabular statement,
although the statistics of brick, tile, and pottery production are pre-
sented in detail in the report. Inflation of valuation and all unneces-
sary duplication are thus avoided.
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SUMMARY OF THE MINERAL PRODUCTION
OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1903.
GirN:ERAi:j rkmabks.
The varied character of the units of measurement employed in the
mineral industry makes it impossible to compare the outputs of the
several minerals except in the value of the products. The figures
given in the following summary show a continuation of the remark-
able activity in the mineral industries of the United States noted in
1900, 1901, and 1902.
In 1903, for the fourth time, the total value of our mineral produc-
tion exceeded the enormous sum of ^1,000,000,000.
The exact figures for 1903 were $1,419,721,569, as compared with
rt,26O,509,738 in 1902, with $1,086,552,294 in 1901, with $1,063,678,-
053 in 1900, and with $972,208,008 in 1899, a gain in 1903 over 1902
of $159,211,831, or 12.63 per cent; a gain in 1903 over 1901 of $333,-
169,275, or 30.66 per cent; a gain in 1903 over 1900 of $356,043,516,
or 33.47 per cent; and a gain in 1903 over 1899 of $447,513,561, or
46.03 per cent. Although this gain is not so great either actually or
proportionally as was the gain in 1899, when the gain over 1898 was
$273,601,810, or 39.17 per cent, it is sufficient to be worthy of note.
The notable gains and losses of the last two decades are as follows:
The largest actual gain was that of 1899 over 1898, $273,601,810, or
39.17 per cent; next, that of 1902 over 1901, $174,053,760, or 16.02
per cent; next, the gain of 1903 over 1902, $159,211,831, or 12.63 per
cent; then the gain of 1895 over 1894, which was $94,215,822, or
17.88 per cent; then that of 1900 over 1899, $91,468,340, or 9.41 per
cent; and the gain of 1887 over 1886, $74,927,880, or 16.81 per cent.
In other years than those mentioned between 1880 and 1898 the gains
were not noteworthy, and in some of the years, notably in 1884, the
production decreased $40,451,968, or 'nearly 9 per cent. During the
indostrial depression of 1892-1895 the production would have been
expected to decline, as it did, going from $648,895,031 in 1892 to
$574,464,724 in 1893, and to $527,079,279 in 1894, and then rising to
$620,652,170 in 1895, and not reaching the output of 1892 until 1898.
As heretofore, iron and coal are the most important of our mineral
products. The value of the iron in 1903 was $344,350,000; the value
of the coal, $503,724,381. The fuels increased from $469,078,842 in 1902
11
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12 MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
to $634,233,791 in 1903, a gain of $165,154,949, or 35 per cent. Every
variety of fuel increased in value. Anthracite coal showed an increase
in value from $76,173,586 in 1902 to $152,036,448 in 1903. The aver-
age price of anthracite coal per long ton at the mine was $2.50, as
against $2.35 in 1902, the highest figure obtained up to that time since
1888, as compared with $2.05 in 1901, with $1.85 in 1900, and with
$1.80 in 1899; and the average price per short ton for bituminous coal
at the mine was $1.24, as compared with $1.12 in 1902. The increase
in value of the bituminous coal output over '1902 was $60,829,450, a
combined increase in value of coal of $136,692,312 over 1902.
The gain of $159,211,831 in the total value of our mineral produc-
tion is due to the large increase in nonmetallic products, the metallic
products showing a decrease from $642,258,584 in 1902 to $624,318,008
in 1903, a loss of $17,940,576, and the nonmetallic products showing
an increase from $617,251,154 in 1902 to $794,403,561 in 1903, a gain
of $177,152,407. To these products should be added estimated unspec-
ified products, including building, molding, and other sands reported
to this oflSce, the rare mineral molybdenum, and other mineral products,
valued at $1,000,000, making the total mineral production for 1903,
$1,419,721,569.
The manufacture of arsenious oxide, noted for the first time in the
United States in the report for 1901, was continued in 1903, but in
decreased proportions, as compared with 1902.
Tin has been found in commercial quantities in South Carolina, and
the mines were actively exploited during the year 1903.
METAIjS.
Iron <md steeL — ^Twenty -two States produced pig iron in 1903, as
against 22 in 1902, 20 in 1901, and 21 in 1900 and 1899. The total
production of pig iron in 1903 was 18,009,252 long tons, against
17,821,307 tons in 1902, 15,878,354 tons in 1901, 13,789,242 tons in
1900, 13,620,703 tons in 1899, 11,773,934 tons in 1898, and 9,652,680
tons in 1897. The production of 1903 shows an increase of 187,945
long tons, or about 1.05 per cent in quantity over the production of
1902, and a decrease in value from $372,775,000 to $344,350,000,
amounting to $28,425,000, or 7.6 per cent. The average price per long
ton of pig iron decreased from $20.90 in 1902 to $19.07 in 1903. The
average prices per long ton in recent years have been as follows: 1901,
$15.25; 1900, $18.85; 1899, $18; 1897, $9.85; 1896, $10.47; 1895, $11.14;
1894, $9.76.
Iron ores. — ^The production of iron ores in 1903 amounted to 35,019,-
308 long tons, as compared with 35,554,135 long tons in 1902, a loss of
534,827 long tons. The value at the mines of the ore mined in 1903
was $66,328,415. As in the five preceding years, the production of
iron ores in 1903 has never been equaled by any other country.
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SUMMABT. 13
Manganese ores. — The production of manganese ores decreased from
11,995 long tons, valued at $116,722, in 1901, to 7,477 long tons, valued
at $60,911, in 1902, and to 2,825 long tons, valued at $25,335, in 1903,
a decrease in quantity from 1902 of 4,652 tons and in value of $35,576.
The average price per ton in 1903 was $8.97, as compared with $8.15 in
1902, with $9.73 in 1901, and with $8.52 in 1900.
Gold.—Th^ production of gold in 1903 amounted to 3,560,000 fine
ounces, as compared with 3,870,000 fine ounces in 1902, with 3,805,500
fine ounces in 1901, with 3,829,897 fine ounces in 1900, and with
3,437,210 fine ounces in 1899. The value was $73,591,700, as com-
pared with $80,000,000 in 1902, with $78,666,700 in 1901, with
$79,171,000 in 1900, and with $71,053,400 in 1899.
Silver, — The coining value of the silver produced in 1903 was
$70,206,060, as compared with $71,757,575 in 1902, with $71,387,800
in 1901, and with $74,533,495 in 1900. The production in 1903 was
54,300,000 fine ounces, as compared with 55,500,000 fine ounces in
1902, with 55,214,000 fine ounces in 1901, and with 57,647,000 fine
ounces in 1900. The commercial value of the production in 1903 was
$29,322,000, as compared with $29,415,000 in 1902, with $33,128,400
in 1901, and with $35,741,140 in 1900.
Capper. — The production of domestic copper increased from 659,-
508,644 pounds in 1902 to 698,044,517 pounds in 1903, an increase of
38,535,873 pounds, or about 6 per cent in quantity, and increased in
value from $76,568,954 in 1902 to $91,506,006 in 1903, an increase of
$14,937,052, or about 20 per cent.
Lead. — The production of lead increased to 280,000 short tons, after
having been almost exactly the same for three years, viz, 270,000
short tons in 1902, 270,700 short tons in 1901, and 270,824 short tons
in 1900. The value of the production in 1903 was $23,520,000, as
compared with $22,140,000 in 1902, with $23,280,200 in 1901, and with
$23,561,688 in 1900.
Zinc. — ^The production of zinc in 1903 showed an increase in quan-
tity, as compared with 1902 and 1901, the production being 159,219
short tons, as compared with 156,927 short tons in 1902, with 140,822
short tons in 1901, and with 123,886 short tons in 1900. The value of
the zinc production in 1903 was $16,717,995, as compared with
$14,625,596 in 1902, with $11,265,760 in 1901, and with $10,654,196 in
1900.
Aluminum. — ^The production of aluminum during 1903 was 7,500,000
pounds, valued at $2,284,900, as compared with 7,300,000 pounds valued
at $2,284,690, in 1902; with 7,150,000 pounds, valued at $2,238,000,
in 1901, and with 7,150,000 pounds, valued at $1,920,000, in 1900.
QuicksU/oer. — The production of quicksilver during 1903 amounted to
35,620 flasks of 76i pounds net, as compared with 34,291 flasks in 1902,
with 29,727 flasks in 1901, and with 28,317 flasks in 1900. The value
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14 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
of the quicksilver produced in 1903 was $1,544,934, as compared with
$1,467,848 in 1902, with $1,382,305 in 1901, and with $1,302,586 in
1900. California, including Nevada, reported 30,591 flasks, as com-
pared with 28,972 flasks in 1902, and with 26,720 flasks in 1901; and
Texas reported 5,029 flasks, as against 5.319 flasks in 1902, and 2,932
flasks in 1901.
Nickel. — ^The commercial production of metallic nickel in 1903 was
114,200 pounds, as compared with 5,748 pounds in 1902, with 6,700
poimds in 1901, with 9,715 pounds in 1900, and with 22,541 pounds in
1899. The value was $45,900, as compared with $2,701 in 1902, with
$3,551 in 1901, with $3,886 in 1900, and with $8,566 in 1899. The
imports of nickel in 1903 were valued at $1,493,889, as compared with
$1,437,649 in 1902, with $1,849,620 in 1901, and with $1,183,884 in
1900.
Platinum. — ^The production of platinum from domestic ores in 1903
was 110 ounces, valued at $2,080 (not including $6,000 worth pi plati-
num reported as contained in slimes obtained from the treatment of
copper ores from the Rambler mine, Wyoming), as compared with 94
ounces, valued at $1,814, in 1902, with 1,408 ounces, valued at $27,526,
in 1901, with 400 ounces, valued at $2,500, in 1900, and with 300
ounces, valued at $1,800, in 1899.
Antimony. — No antimony was obtained from domestic ores during
1903. The antimony obtained from the smelting of foreign imported
ores amounted to 570 short tons, valued at $103,341, and the antimony
obtained from hard lead produced from foreign and domestic lead
ores was 2,558 short tons, valued at $445,092, a total production for
1903 of 3,128 short tons, valued at $548,433, as compared with 3,561
short tons, valued at $634,506, in 1902, and with 2,639 short tons,
valued at $539,902, in 1901. The estimated total quantity of antimony
available for consumption in 1903 was 5,475 shoil tons, including
2,347 short tons of imported antimony regulus, as compared with
6,255 short tons, including 2,694 shoil; tons of imported antimony
regulus, in 1902, with 4,475 short tons, including 1,837 short tons of
imported antimony regulus, in 1901, and with 6,053 short tons, includ-
ing 1,827 short tons of imported antimony regulus, in 1900.
Bismuth. — ^There was no marketed production of bismuth ores in
the United States during 1903 or 1902; the latest output was 318.6
short tons, of a total estimated value of $2,549, exclusive of freight
and treatment charges, in 1901. The ore has been heretofore obtained
at the Ballard mine, Colorado, where the metal occurs as a telluride
associated with gold and silver ore. One analysis of bismuth ore from
this mine, marketed but not obtained from the mine during 1903, was
reported to contain 17.8 per cent of bismuth, and 9.8 ounces of gold,
and 6.1 ounces of silver per ton. Another ore from the same mine
was reported as containing 12.2 per cent of bismuth, and 2.11 ounces
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SUMMARY. 15
of gold and 24.45 ounces of silver per ton. In all there were 62 tons
of ore containing bismuth sold during 1903, but as the ore was smelted
for its gold and silver content and the bismuth was allowed to go to
waste in the slag, this quantity has not been included in the statement
of production. Owing to the conditions that the production of bis-
muth in the world far exceeds the demand, and that the control of
both output and price is in the hands of a combination of interests
abroad^ there is no incentive to produce the metal in the United States.
Moreover, the price of the refined metal is kept so low as to preclude
the profitable mining of the domestic ores.
Tin. — ^There was no production of metallic tin in 1903, but about 19
short tons of high concentrates were shipped from South Carolina to
England — value not given.
FUEIiS.
Coal. — For the second time in the history of the United States the
production of coal in 1903 reached a total of over 300,000,000 short
tona, showing an actual output of 357,356^^16 tons of 2,000 pounds,
valued at $503,724,381. Of this total the output of anthracite coal
amounted to 66,613,454 long tons (equivalent to 74,607,068 short tons),
which, as compared with the production of 36,940,710 long tons in 1902,
was an increase of 29,672,744 long tons, or more than 80 per cent.
This abnormal increase was due to the suspension of operations by the
strike in the anthracite region from May 10 to October 23, 1902, a
little over five months. The value of anthracite coal at the mines in
1903 was $152,036,448, as against $76,173,586 in 1902, and against
$112,504,020 in 1901. The average value of the marketed coal sold
during the year at the mines was $2.50 per long ton, the value having
been $2.35 in 1902, and $2.05 in 1901.
The output of bituminous coal (which includes semianthracite and
all semibituminous and lignite coals) amounted in 1903 to 282,749,348
short tons, valued at $351,687,933, as against 260,216,844 short tons,
valued at $290,858,483, in 1902, and against 225,828,149 short tons, val-
ued at $236,422,049, in 1901. The increase in the production of bitu-
minous coal in 1903 over 1902 was, therefore, 22,532,504 tons in
quantity and $60,829,450 in value. The average price per ton at the
mines during 1903 was $1.24, the highest price recorded by the Survey,
as against $1.12 per ton in 1902.
Q)ke. — The coke production of the United States in 1903 exceeded
that of any year in our history, with the exception of 1902. The pro-
duction, which includes the output from 1,956 retort or by-product
oveos, amounted to 25,262,360 short tons, as compared with 25,401,730
short tons in 1902, vrith 21,795,883short tonsin 1901, and with 20,533,348
nhort tons in 1900. The decrease in quantity in 1903 from 1902 was
only 139,370 short tons, or about 0,56 of 1 per cent. The increase in
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16 MINEBAL RESOURCEft.
the value of coke was even more noteworthy than in 1902. The aver-
age price per ton it the ovens was the highest recorded in a period of
twenty-four years, and the total value, in spite of the loss in quantity,
reached the high figure of $66,459,623, an increase over 1902 of
$3,120,456, or about 5 per cent, and over 1901 of $22,013,700, or 49.5
per cent
Gas^ coke^ tar^ and ammonia. — ^The aggregate value of all the prod-
ucts obtained from the distillation of coal in gas works and retort
ovens in 1903 was $47,819,555, as compared with $43,869,440 in 1902.
Petroleum. — ^The total production of crude petroleum in the United
States in 1903 was 100,461,337 barrels, as against 88,766,916 barrels in
1902, and 69,389,194 barrels in 1901, an increase of 11,694,421 barrels,
or 13,17 per cent, over the production of 1902 and of 44.78 per cent
over that of 1901. Jhe greatest portion of the increase in 1903
came from California and Indiana, the gain over 1902 being 10,398,204
barrels, or 74.36 per cent, for California, and 1,705,515 barrels, or 22.80
per cent, for Indiana. Louisiana produced for the second time in 1903,
the production being 917,771 barrels, as against 548,617 barrels in
1902. The increase over 1902 in the production of Kansas was 600,465
barrels, or about 181 per cent. Kentucky and Tennessee increased
their production in 1903 by 368,955 barrels, or nearly 200 per cent.
Indian Territory increased 101,811 barrels, or 274 per cent, as com-
pared with 1902. The largest decrease in production in 1903, as com-
pared with 1902, was in Pennsylvania, where it amounted to 708,724
barrels, or 5.87 per cent, and Ohio showed a decrease of 533,945
barrels, or 2.54 per cent. The decrease in West Virginia was 613,950
barrels, or 4.54 per cent. The percentages of production for fields
show a remarkable change from 1900 to 1903. In 1900 the percent-
ages were: Appalachian field, 57; Lima-Indiana field, 34; all other
fields, nearly 9. In 1903 the respective percentages were: Appalachian
field, 31.41; Lima-Indiana field, 23.97; all other fields, about 44.62.
The value of crude petroleum produced during 1903 was $94,694,050,
or 94.26 cents per barrel, as compared with $71,178,910, or 80.19 cents
per barrel in 1902.
Natural gas. — The value of the natural gas produced in 1903 was
$35,815,360, as compared with $30,867,863 in 1902, with $27,067,500
in 1901, with $23,698,674 in 1900, and with $20,074,873 in 1899— a
gain of 16 per cent in 1903 over 1902.
STRUCTURAIi MATERIAIjS.
Stone. — ^The value of all kinds of building stone produced in the
United States during 1903 amounted to $67,960,468, as compared with
$64,559,099 in 1902, with $55,615,926 in 1901, with $44,321,345 in
1900, and with $44,090,670 in 1899.
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8UMMABY. 17
CU^ products. — The activity in all branches in the clay-working
industries noted in the reports as true of 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902
continued during 1903. The value of all clay products, as reported
to this oflSce in 1903, was $130,962,648, as compared with $122,169,531
in 1902, with $110,211,587 in 1901, and with $96,212,345 in 1900. The
brick and tile products in 1903 were valued at $105,526,596, as com-
pared with $98,042,078 in 1902, with $87,747,727 in 1901, and with
$76,413,775 in 1900. The pottery products were valued in 1903 at
$25,436,052, as compared with $24,127,453 in 1902, with $22,463,860
in 1901, and with $19,798,570 in 1900.
The commercial production of clay mined and sold by those not man-
ufacturing the product themselves in 1903 was valued at $2,649,042, as
compared with $2,061,072 in 1902, with $2,576,932 in 1901, and with
$1,840,377 in 1900. The crude brick clay was valued at $15,000,000.
Cement. — ^The total production of hydraulic cement in the United
States in 1903 was 29,899,140 barrels, valued at $31,931,341, as com-
pared with 25,753,504 barrels, valued at $25,366,380, in 1902, with
20,068,737 barrels, valued at $15,786,789, in 1901, and with 17,231,150
barrels, valued at $13,283,581, in 1900. The Portland cement produc-
tion in 1903 was 22,342,973 barrels, valued at $27,713,319, as compared
with 17,230,644 barrels, valued at $20,864,078, in 1902, with 12,711,225
barrels, valued at $12,532,360, in 1901, and with 8,482,020 barrels,
valued at $9,280,525, in 1900 — an increase, as compared with 1900, in
quantity of about 163 per cent and in value of about 199 per cent. The
production of natural-rock cement in 1903 was 7,030,271 barrels, val-
ued at $3,675,520, as compared with 8,044,305 barrels, valued at
$4,076,630, in 1902, with 7,084,823 barrels, valued at $3,056,278, in
1901, and with 8,383,519 barrels, valued at $3,728,848, in 1900. The
production of slag cement amounted, in 1903, to 525,896 barrels, val-
ued at $542,502, as compared with 478,555 barrels, valued at $425,672,
in 1902, with 272,689 barrels, valued at $198,151, in 1901, and with
3^,611 barrels, valued at $274,208, in 1900.
ABRASIVE MATBRIAIiS.
Carbarunduvi. — ^The production of carborundum in 1903 was
4,759,890 pounds, as compared with 3,741,500 pounds produced in
1902, and with 3,838,175 pounds in 1901. The value of the carborun-
dum varies from 8 to 10 cents per pound.
Corundum and emery. — ^The combined production of coinindum and
emery in 1903 amounted to 2,542 short tons, valued at $64,102, as
compared with 4,251 short tons, valued at $104,605 in 1902, and with
4,305 short tons, valued at $146,040 in 1901.
Crushed steel. — The production of crushed steel in 1903 was 755,000
pounds, as compared with 735,000 pounds in 1902, and with 690,000
M R 1903 2
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18 MINERAL RESOURCES.
pounds in 1901. The average price per pound in 1903 is quoted as
about 7 cents.
Crystalline quartz. — In 1903 the production of crystalline quartz
included under abrasives amounted to 8,988 short tons, valued at
$76,9C8, as against 15,104 short tons, valued at $84,335, in 1902, and
with 14,050 short tons, valued at $41,500, in 1901.
Garnet. — The production of abrasive garnet in the United States
during 1903 amounted to 3,950 short tons, valued at $132,500, as
against 3,926 short tons, valued at $132,820, in 1902, with 4,444 short
tons, valued at $158,100, in 1901, and with 3,185 short tons, valued at
$123,475, in 1900. As reported to the Survey, the prices varied from
$20 to $60 a ton, the highest price being obtained for the North
Carolina garnet. The average price for the 1903 production is reported
as $33.54 per ton.
Grindstones. — ^The total value of all kinds of grindstones produced
during 1903 was $721,446, as compared with $667,431 in 1902, and
with $580,703 in 1901. The production of 1900, valued at $710,026,
was until 1903 the largest on record for any year. It should be
remembered, however, that the price has decreased from $15 to $18
per ton to from $8 to $11 per ton, and that therefore the tonnage of
grindstones used has correspondingly increased within the last few
years. The imports for 1903 amounted in value to $85,705, as com-
pared with $76,906 in 1902, with $88,871 in 1901, and with $92,581 in
1900.
Infusorial earth and tripoli. — In 1903 the production of infusorial
earth and tripoli amounted to 9,219 short tons, valued at $76,273, as
compared with 5,665 short tons, valued at $53,244, in 1902, and with
the production of 4,020 tons, valued at $52,950, in 1901.
Millstones and huhrston^s. — The value of the production of mill-
stones and buhrstones in 1903 was $52,552, as against $59,808 in 1902,
and against $57,179 in 1901. From 1886 to 1894 there was a very
large decrease — from $140,000 to $13,887 — in the production of buhr-
stones. Since 1894 there has been a gradual increase in the produc-
tion, though there was a decrease of $7,256 in 1903 as compared with
1902.
Oilstones and whetstones. — ^There was a decided increase in the com-
mercial domestic production of oilstones and whetstones during 1903,
the value of which amounted to $366,857, as compared with $221,762
in 1902, and with $158,300 in 1901.
CHEMICAL MATERIAIiS.
Arsenums oxide. — The domestic production of arsenious oxide (w^hite
arsenic) in 1903 was 611 short tons, valued at $36,696, as compared
with 1,353 short tons, valued at $81,180, in 1902, and with 300 short
tons, valued at $18,000, in 1901. The entire product was made by the
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SUMMABY. 19
Puget Sound Production Company, at Everett, Wash., which began
the manufacture of this important substance in 1901.
Borax. — The reported returns for 1903 gave an aggregate produc-
tion of crude borax of 34,430 short tons, valued at $661,400, as com-
pared with 17,404 short tons of refined and 2,600 short tons of crude,
valued at $2,538,614, in 1902, The production during 1901 was 17,887
short tons of crude borax and 5,344 short tons of refined borax, with a
total value of $1,012,118.
Bromine. — ^The production of bromine in 1903, including the amount
of bromine contained in potassium bromide, amounted to 598,500
pounds, valued at $167,580, as compared with 513,890 pounds, valued
at $128,472, in 1902, and with 552,043 pounds, valued at $154,572, in
1901. The price per pound during 1903 averaged 28 cents, as com-
pared with 25 cents in 1902, with 28 cents in 1901, and with 29 cents
in 1900.
Fluorspar. — ^The total commercial production of fluorspar in 1903
was 42,523 short tons, valued at $213,617, as compared with 48,018
short tons, valued at $271,832, in 1902, and with 19,586 tons, valued
at $113,803, in 1901. This decrease in production was not due to any
one State, but there was a large increase in production in Kentucky,
and a decrease in Illinois and Arizona. The average price of crude
fluorspar in 1903 was reported as $4.28 per ton, as compared with
$5.19 in 1902 and with $5 in 1901, and the average price of ground
fluorspar in 1903 was $9.99 per ton, as compared with $9.98 in 1902
and with $9.22 in 1901.
Gypsum. — The production of gypsum, particularly for the manu-
facture of calcined plaster, continues to show a remarkable gain.
The output of crude gypsum in 1903 was 1,041,704 sho^ tons,
valued in its first marketable condition at $3,792,943, as compared
with 816,478 short tons, valued in its first marketable condition at
$2,089,341, in 1902, with 633,791 short tons, valued at $1,506,641, in
1901, and with 594,462 short tons, valued at $1,627,203, in 1900. The
production in 1899 was 486,235 short tons, and in 1898 it was 291,638
short tons. The greatly increased production of the last five years is
attributable to the largely increased use of plaster of Paris in large
modern buildings and in the manufacture of staff for temporary
buildings.
MarU. — ^The production of marls in the United States in 1903 was
34,211 short tons, valued at $22,521; in 1902 it was 12,439 short tons,
valued at $12,741.
Phosphate rock. — The total conmiercial production of phosphate
rock reported to the Survey in 1903 amoimted to 1,581,576 long tons,
rained at $5,319,294, as compared with 1,490,314 long tons, valued
tt $4,698,444, in 1902, and with 1,483,723 long tons, valued at
$5,816,408, in 1901, an increase in quantity of 1903 over 1902 of
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^
20 MINEBAL BBSODBOES.
91,262 tons and in value of $625,850. The total quantity of phosphate
rock reported as mined during 1903 was 1,618,799 long tons, as com-
pared with 1,499,617 long tons in 1902, and with 1,440,408 long tons
in 1901.
Salt. — ^The salt product includes salt in the form of brine used in
large quantities for the manufacture of soda ash, sodium bicarbonate,
caustic soda, and other sodium salts. The domestic production of salt
in 1903 amounted to 18,968,089 barrels of 280 pounds, valued at
$5,286,988, as compared with 23,849,231 barrels, valued at $5,668,636,
in 1902, with 20,566,661 barrels, valued at $6,617,449, in 1901, and
with 20,869,342 barrels, valued at $6,944,603, in 1900.
Svlphur and pyrite, — ^The domestic production of sulphur and of
pyrite in 1903 for the manufacture of sulphuric acid amounted to
233,127 long tons, valued at $1,109,818, as compared with 207,874 long
tons, valued at $947,089, in 1902, and with a combined production of
241,691 long tons, valued at $1,257,879, in 1901. The greater part of
the output of pyrite was derived from Virginia, Georgia, North Caro-
lina, Colorado, and Massachusetts, named in the order of production.
PIGMENTS.
Barytes. — ^The production of crude barytes in 1903 was 50,397 short
tons, valued at $152,150, as compared with 61,668 short tons, valued
at $203,154, in 1902, and with 49,070 short tons, valued at $157,844, in
1901.
Cobalt oxide. — ^The domestic production of cobalt oxide in 1903 was
120,000 pounds, valued at $228,000, not including the value of 60 short
tons of cobalt ore, as against 3,730 pounds, valued at $6,714, in 1902,
and against 13,360 pounds, valued at $24,048, in 1901. All the cobalt
o^ide was obtained as a by-product in smelting lead ores at Mine
Lamotte, Missouri.
Mhierdl' pamts. — ^The conunercial production of mineral paints in
1903 amounted to 62,122 short tons, valued at $646,222, as compared
with 73,049 short tons, valued at $944,332, in 1902, and with 61,460
short tons, valued at $789,962, in 1901.
Zinc white. — ^The production of zinc white in 1902 amounted to
62,962 short tons, valued at $4,801,718, as compared with 52,645 short
tons, valued at $4,016,499, in 1902, and with 46,500 short tons, valued
at $3,720,000, in 1901.
MISCEIiliAITEOUS.
Asbestos. — ^The asbestos commercially produced in the United States
in 1903 was obtained chiefly from the mines at Sail Mountain, White
County, Gra., but a small qiUmtity was mined at Dalton, Berkshire
County, Mass., New Hartford, Conn., and Grand Canyon, Ariz.
The total commercial production was 887 short tons, valued at $16,760,
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SUMMABT. 21
as compared with 1,005 short tons, valued at $16,200, in 1902, and with
Ul short tons, valued at $13,498, in 1901.
Asphaltvm. — Under thb title are included the various bitumens or
hydrocarbons not discussed under the heading '* Petroleum" in the
volume on mineral resources. The conunercial production in 1903 was
101,255 short tons, valued at $1,005,446, as compared with 105,458
short tons, valued at $765,048, in 1902, and with 63,134 short tons,
valued at $555,335, in 1901.
Bauxite. — In 1903 the production of bauxite was 48,087 long tons,
valued at $171,306, as compared with 29,222 long tons, valued at
$128,206, m 1902, and with 18,905 long tons, valued at $79,914, in
1901. Greorgia yielded the greater bulk of the product, the remainder
being supplied by Alabama and Arkansas.
Chromic iron ore, — California was the only State producing chro-
mite during 1903, the quantity being 150 long tons, valued at $2,250,
as compared with 315 long tons, valued at $4,567, in 1902, and with
368 long tons, valued at $5,790, in 1901.
Feldspar. — ^The production of feldspar in 1903 was 41,891 short
tons, valued at $256,733, as against 45,287 short tons, valued at $250,-
424, in 1902, and against 34,741 short tons, valued at $220,422, in
1901.
Fthrous talc. — ^This variety of talc or soapstone occurs in but one
locality in the United States — Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County,
N. Y. It is used principally as makeweight in the manufacture of
paper. In 1903 the production was 60,230 short tons, valued at
$421,600 as compared with 71,100 short tons, valued at $615,350, in
1902, and with 69,200 short tons, valued at $483,6(K), in 1901.
Flint.— Th^ production of flint in 1903 was 55,233 short tons,
valued at $156,947, as against 36,365 short tons, valued at $144,209,
in 1902, and against 34,420 short tons, valued at $149,297, in 1901.
Fuller^ s earth. — As reported to the Survey, the production of
fuller's earth in 1903 was 20,693 short tons, valued at $190,277, as
compared with 11,492 short tons, valued at $98,144, in 1902, and
with 14,112 short tons, valued at $96,835, in 1901. The largest pro-
duction of fuller's earth hitherto obtained was in 1897, the output being
17,113 short tons.
Glass sand. — The production of glass sand in 1903 was 823,044
fthort tons, valued at $855,828, as compared with 943,135 short tons,
valued at $807,797 in 1902.
Graphite. — The commercial production of crystalline graphite
during 1903 amounted to 4,538,155 pounds, valued at $154,170, as com-
pared with 3,936,824 pounds, valued at $126,144, in 1902, with
3,967,612 pounds, valued at $135,914, in 1901, and with 5,507,855
pounds, valued at $178,761, in 1900. The production of amorphous
graphite in 1903 was 16,691 short tons, valued at $71,384, as compared
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22 MINERAL RESOURCES.
with 4,739 short tons, valued at 155,964, in 1902, with 809 short tons,
valued at $31,800, in 1901, and with 611 short tons, valued at $18,818,
in 1900. The production of artificial graphite was 2,620,000 pounds,
valued $178,670, the avei-age price being 6.82 cents per pound, as
compared with 2,358,828 pounds, valued at $110,700, in 1902, the
average price being 4.69 cents per pound, and with 2,500,000 pounds,
valued at $119,000, in 1901, the average price being 4.75 cents per
pound.
Limestone for iron flux. — ^The quantity of limestone used for flux-
ing in blast furnaces in 1903 was 12,029,719 long tons, valued at
$5,423,732, as compared withl2,139,248 long tons, valued at $5,271,252,
in 1902, with 8,540,168 long tons, valued at $4,659,836, in 1901, and
with 7,495,435 long tons, valued at $3,687,394, in 1900,
Lithium. — The production of lithium minerals in 1903 was 1,155
short tons, valued at $23,425 at the railroad, as against 1,245 short
tons, vulued at $25,750, in 1902. There is an increase in the demand
for these minerals from foreign chemical manufacturers.
Magnesite, — ^The production of magnesite in the United States con-
tinues to be limited to California, and during the year 1903 the com-
mercial production reported was 3,744 short tons, valued at $10,595,
as compared with 2,830 short tons, valued at $8,490, in 1902.
Jfi^a.— The total production of mica in 1903 was valued at $59,118,
as compared with a total value of $118,849 for the production of 1902.
Mineral waters. — The total production of mineral waters in 1903 was
51,242,757 gallons, valued at $9,041,078, as compared with 64,859,451
gallons, valued at $8,793,761, in 1902, and with 55,771,188 gallons,
valued at $7,586,962, in 1901.
Molybdenum. — The commercial production of molybdenum in 1903
was 795 short tons of concentrates, valued at $60,865. The value of
these molybdenum ores fluctuates very greatly, the highest price
quoted being $1,500 per ton and the lowest $100.
Monazite and zircon. — ^The production of monazite is confined exclu-
sively to North Carolina and South Carolina, by far the larger quantity
being obtained from the former State, and in 1903 this amounted to
862,000 pounds, valued at $64,630, and 3,000 pounds of zircon, valued
at $570, as compared with 802,000 pounds of monazite, valued at
$64,160, in 1902, and with 748,736 pounds, valued at $59,262, in 1901.
The price per pound received by the miners for the crude monazite
sand produced in 1903 varied from 2i to 6 cents, according to the
percentage of thoria.
Precums stones. — ^The value of the gems and precious stones found
in the United States in 1903 was $321,400, as compared with $328,460
in 1902, with $289,050 in 1901, with $233,170 in 1900, and with
$185,770 in 1899. There has been a great advance in the lapidary
industry in the United States since 1894. The fact that larger estab-
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SUBiMARY. 23
lishments have been formed, which are able to purchase the rough
diamonds in greater quantities, has placed our American diamond
cutters in a position equal to that held by the cutters of Amsterdam,
Antwerp, and Paris. The cutting of our native gems has also grown
to the proportions of an industry, notably in the case of the beryls and
the amethysts found in North Carolina and Connecticut; the turquoises
from New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California; the fine-colored
and deep-blue sapphhires found in Montana; the colored tourmalines
of San Joaquin County, Cal. ; the chrysoprases from Visalia, Tulare
County, Cal. ; the garnets of Arizona and New Mexico, and the pale-
purple gamete of North Carolina.
Pumice sUme, — The production of pumice amounted in 1903 to 885
short tons, valued at $2,665, as against 700 short tons, valued at
$2,750 in 1902.
Rutile. — No production of rutile was reported in 1903, the supply
on hand being sufficient for the demands of the trade.
Talc and soapstone. — Exclusive of the ' production of fibrous talc
from Gouverneur, N. Y., the production of talc and soapstone in 1903
amounted to 26,671 short tons, valued at $418,460, as compared with
26,854 short tons, valued at $525,157 in 1902, and with 28,643 tons,
valued at $424,888 in 1901. The output for 1900 was 27,943 short
tons, valued at $383,541, and for 1899 it was 24,765 short tons, valued
at $330,805.
Tungsten. — The commercial production of concentrated tungsten
ores during 1903 amounted to 292 short tons, valued at $43,639, as
against 184 short tons in 1902, of which not more than a few tons
were sold. In 1901 the production amounted to 179 tons of concen-
trated ore, valued at $27,720. The larger part of the production of
1902 was from Colorado.
Uranium and vanadium. — The production of uranium and vana-
dium minerals in 1903, as reported to the Survey, amounted to 30
^liort ions of concentrates, equivalent to about 1 9 short tons of metal,
valued at ^,025, as compared with 3,810 short tons, valued at $48,125
in 1902. ThiB, of course, represents the crude ore.
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24
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
Mineral products of the United
Prodncts.
1902.
Quantity.
Value.
"I
MJSTALLIC.
Pig iron, spot yalae long tons.
Silver, coining value troy ounces.
Gold, coining value do...
Copper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do. . .
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg » pounds.
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces.
17,821,807
66,500,000
3,870.000
659,608.644
270,000
156,927
34,291
7,300,000
3,661
6,748
1372,775,000
71,767,575
80,000,000
76,668,954
22,140,000
14,625,596
1,467,848
2,284.590
634,506
2,701
94
1,814
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALUC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement barrels.
Stone .
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline quartz do. . .
Garnet for abrasive purposes do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Arsenious oxide short tons.
T»«iH, ^/refined do . . .
^^^ncnide do...
Bromine pounds.
Fluorspar short to^ .
G vDsum do. . .
Litnium do...
Marls ». do...
Phosphate rock .long tons.
Pyrite do...
Sulphur do...
Salt barrels.
Barytes, crude short tons.
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
Zinc white do . . .
Asbestos do. . .
Asphaltum do. . .
Bauxite long tons.
Chromic iron ore do. . .
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.
Feldspar do. . .
Fibrous talc do . . .
Flint do. . .
Fuller's earth do...
Glass sand do . . .
flranhitp/^'"y^^^^*°*^ pounds.
"^P'^^namorphous short tons.
Limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesitc short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
l^{„/8heet pounds.
Iscrap short tons.
Mineral waters gallons sold.
Monazite pounds.
Zircon do...
Precious stones r
Pumice stone short tons .
Rutile pounds.
Talc and soapstone short tons.
Uranium and vanadium do. . .
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .
Grand total
260,216,844
36,940,710
88,766,916
*25,'753,'564
4,261
15,104
3,926
5.665
1.353
17.404
2,600
513,890
48,018
816,478
1,245
12.439
1,490,314
207,874
23,849,231
61,668
3,730
73.049
62,646
1,005
105,458
29,222
316
1,456,357
45,287
71,100
36,365
11.492
943,136
3,936,824
4,739
12,139,248
2,830
7,477
373,266
1,400
64,859,451
802,000
700
26,864
3,810
642,268,581
290,868,483
76,173,586
30,867,863
71,178,910
16,000,000
25,366,380
64,669,099
104,605
84,335
182,820
667,431
53,244
59.808
221,762
81,180
2,447,614
91,000
128,472
271,832
2,089, 3J1
25,760
12,741
4,693,444
947,089
6,668,636
203,154
6,714
944,332
4,016,499
16,200
765,048
128,206
4,667
2,061.072
260,424
616,350
144,209
98,144
807,797
182,108
6,271,252
8,490
60,911
83,843
36,006
8,793,761
64,160
328,450
2,750
626, 157
48,125
617,251,154
642,268,584
1,000,000
1,260,609,738
a No metallic tin; between 19 and 20 short tons of high-grade concentrates shipped to England
from South Carolina.
b Not including t6,000 worth of platinum reported as contained in slimes from copper ore from the
Rambler mine, Wyoming.
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8UMMABY
25
States in 190t and 190S,
190^
Increase (+) or
decrease ( — ) in
Per cent of increase ( +) or
1903.
decrease (-).
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
18.009,282
J344, 350, (flO
+ 187,946
-828,426.000
+
1.05
7.63
1
51,900.000
70, ■_•(*',, ()60
- 1,200,000
- 1,651.616
—
2.16
—
2.16
2
3.560,000
:;...v-*i,700
- 810,000
- 6.408.300
—
8.01
—
8.01
3
698,044,517
'.•1..Hm,,ii06
+38,635.873
+ 14.937,062
+
5.84
+
19.51
4
280.000
2:;.. '.^(1.1)00
-h 10,000
+ 1,380,000
+
3.70
+
6.23
6
159,219
M.7I7.V«5
+ 2,292
+ 2,092,899
+
1.46
+
14.31
6
85,620
l:vii.;«4
+ 1,329
+ 77,086
+
3.88
+
5.25
7
7,500,000
•J.-j^i.iOO
-h 200,000
+ 310
+
2.74
+
.01
8
8,128
.M'-. 133
433
86,073
12. 16
13.56
9
114,200
"' no
1-. '-00
+ 108,452
+ 43,199
+1.886.78
+1,599.37
10
11
62,080
+ 16
+ 266
+
17.02
+
14.66
12
624,318.006
- 17,940,576
-
2.79
13
282,749,348
851,687,933
+22,532,604
+ 60,829,450
+
8.66
+
20.91
14
66,613,454
162,096,448
+29,672,744
+ 75,862,862
+
80.33
+
99.59
16
85,815,360
+ 4,947,497
+
16.03
16
10U,461,337
94,694.050
15,000.000
31.981.841
+11,694.421
+ 23,516,140
+
13.17
+
33.04
17
18
29,899.140
+ 4,i45,636
+ 6,564,961
+
16.10
+
25.88
19
67,960,468
+ 3,401,369
O-
6.27
?0
2,542
64,102
1,709
40.603
—
42.02
—
88.72
21
8.938
76,908
6,166
- 7,427
—
40.82
—
8.81
22
8,950
132,600
+ 24
— 320
+
.61
—
.24
23
721,446
+ 64,015
4-
8.09
?4
; 9,2i9
76,273
+ 3.554
+ 23,029
+
G2. 74
+
43.26
26
52,562
866,857
— 7, 2.')6
12.18
?6
+ 145, 095
• ;
^
65.43
?7
611
86.696
- 742
44,484
54.84
54.80
28
}cnMle,34,430
698,600
661.400
9Q
167,680
+ 84,610
+ 89.108
1-
10.46
+
30.44 ! 30
42,528
213,617
5,495
68,215
--
11.44
21.42 31
1,041,704
3,792,943
+ 225,226
+ 1,708,602
+
27.59
+
81.54
32
1.155
23,426
90
2,325
_
7.23
9.03
33
84.211
22,521
+ 21,772
+ 9,780
+
175.03
+
76.76
34
1.581.576
5,319,294
+ 91,262
+ 625,850
+
6.12
+
13.33 1 85
1 «23S,127
1,109,818
+ 25,253
+ 162,729
+
12.15
+
17.18 I*
6.73 ' 38
1 18,968,089
6,286.988
- 4,881.142
381,648
-
20.47
_
60.397
152,150
11,271
51,004
—
18.28
—
25.11 ; 39
120,000
«* 228, 000
+ 116,270
+ 221,280
+3,117.16
+3,295.89
40
62,122
646.222
10,927
- 298.110
—
14.96
—
31.57
41
62,962
4.801.718
+ 10,817
+ 785,219
+
19.60
+
19.55
42
887
16.760
118
+ 560
—
11.74
+
3.46
43
101,255
1.005,446
4.203
+ 240,398
—
3.99
+
31.42
44
48,087
171,306
+ 18.865
+ 43. 100
+
64.56
+
33.62
45
150
2,250
- 166
2.317
—
52.38
60.73
46
1 1.660,835
2,649,042
+ 195,478
+ 687,970
+
13.43
+
28.53
47
41.891
256,738
3,396
+ 6,309
7.50
+
2.52
48
60,230
421,600
- 10,870
- 198,750
15.29
—
31.49
49
i 65.288
166,947
+ 18,868
+ 12.738
+
51.89
+
8.83
50
20.698
190,277
+ 9,201
+ 92,133
+
80.06
+
93.88
51
823,044
866,828
- 120,091
+ 48,031
12.73
+
6.95
52
i 4,688,156
I 16,591
} 225.554
1 + 601,331
\ + 11,862
1 + 43.446
{ X
15.27
260.09
} +
23.86
63
12,029,719
5,428,782
- 109,529
+ 152,480
.90
-t-
2.89
54
8.744
10,595
+ 914
+ 2.105
+
82.30
+
24.79
55
2.825
26,836
4,662
36,676
62.22
68.41
56
90.100
17,128
- 283,166
66,716
_
76.86
_
79.57
>■>
1.693
41,990
+ 298
+ 6,984
+
2.09
+
19.95
51,242,757
9.041,078
-18,616,694
+ 247,317
20.99
+
2.81
58
W2,000
64,630
+ 60,000
+ 470
+
7.48
+
.78
59
8,000
670
+ 3,000
+ 570
60
821,400
7,050
- 86
2.15
61
885
2,666
+ 186
+
26.43
-
3.09
62
63
26,671
418,460
- 183
- 106,697
_
.68
_
20.32
64
19
6.625
- 8.791
42.600
-
99.60
-
88.31
66
794,408.561
624,818,008
+177,152,407
— 17,940.676
4.
28.70
66
2.79
67
1.000,000
68
1
1.419.721,669
+159,211,831
+
12.03
69
ciDcIoded under pyrite in 1901. 1902, and 1903.
tf Not including value of 60 short tons of cobalt ore produced in Idaho.
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26
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Mineral products of the IJmkd »^
Product.
1880.
Quantity.
Value.
METALLIC.
P\g iron, value at Philadelphia long tons.
Silver, coining value .troy ounces.
Gold, coining value do. . .
Copper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do. . .
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg *. do. . .
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Platinum (crude), value at San Francisco troy ounces.
3.375,912
30,820,000
1,741,500
60,480,000
97,825
23,289
59,926
233,893
50
100
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal long tons .
Pennsylvania anthracite do. . .
Stone
38,242,641
25,680,189
Petroleum barrels.
Lime do...
Natural gas
Cement barrels.
Salt do...
Phosphate rock , long tons .
Limestone for iron flux do. . .
Mineral waters gallons sold .
Zinc white short tons.
Potters' clay do. . .
Mineral paints do...
Borax pounds .
Gypsum short tons.
Grindstones
Fibrous talc short tons.
Pyrite long tons.
Soapstone short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
Asphaltum short tons.,
Precious stones
Bromine pounds.
Corundum short tons. .
Bary tes (crude) do. . .
Graphite pounds. ,
Millstones ,
Oilstones, etc. a pounds. ,
Marls short tous.,
Flint long tons..
Fluorspar short tons.
Chromic iron ore long tons. ,
Infusorial earth short tons. .
Feldspar long tons . .
Mica pounds. .
Cobalt oxide do
Slate ground as a pigment short tons. .
Sulphur do
Asbestos do
Rutile pounds..
Lithographic stone short tons. ,
26,286,123
28,000,000
2,072,943
6,961,060
211,377
4,600,000
2,000,000
10, 107
28,877
3,604
8,692,443
90,000
4,210
2,000
8,441
5,761
444
404,690
1,044
20,000
420,000
1,000,000
20,000
4,000
2,288
1.833
12,500
81,669
7,261
1,000
600
160
100
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .
Grand total .
S89.315,
39,200.
36,000,
11.491,
9,782,
2,277.
1.797,
257,
10
190,132
53,443
42,19<
18,35t
24,18;
19,00(
1,85:
4,8-2'
1,12;
3,80
50
76
20
13
27
4C
5C
I
(
i
1(
i:
173, i
190,
6,(
369.
a Prior to 1889 quantity and value are for rough stone quarried; since 1890 they are lor finiahed ]
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SUMHABT.
27
/or the calendar years 1880-190S.
1881.
1882.
1883.
Qnantity.
Value.
QuanUty.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
4.144,254
«87, 029,334
4.623,323
$106,336,429
4,595,510
191.910,200
1
33,077,000
43.000,000
36,197,695
46,800,000
85,783,622.
46.200,000 2
1.676,800
84,700,000
1,572,186
82,600,000
1,451,249
80,000,000 3
71.680,000
12,175,600
91,646,282
16,088,091
117,151,795
18,064,807 4
117,086
11,240,160
132,890
12,624,550
143,967
12,822,719 , 5
26.800
2,680,000
33,765
8.646.620
86,872
8,311,106
6
60.861
1.764,679
62,782
1,487,042
46,725
1,253,632
7
265,668
292,235
281.616
809,777
68,800
88
60
52,920
875
12,000
8
q
50
10,000
60
12,000
10
100
400
200
600
200
600
11
192,892,408
219,755,109
203.128,859
1?
48,179,475
60,224.844
60,861,190
76,i)7( 1187
68,531.500
82.237,800
13
28,500,016
64,125,036
31,358,264
70,^.^ 194
34,336,469
77 257,055
14
20,000.000
21, ()<)*) 00
20,000,000
15
27,661,288
25,448,839
30,510,830
24,0(w.,'.l88
23,449.633
25.790.252
16
30.000,000
20,000,000
81,000,000
21,70t» too
'2ir.,tO0
82,000,000
19.200,000
475,000
17
18
i'soo^ooo
2.000,000
8,250,000
8,67'J,750
4,190,000
4,293,500
19
6.200.000
4.200,000
6,412,873
4,:i'2t). 140
6,192,231
4,211,042
20
266,784
1,980,259
832,077
l,i^J. 162
378,380
2,270,280
21
6,000,000
4,100,000
8,850,000
2,31(1.(00
JSi'^S
1,907,136
22
3,700,000
700,000
5,000,000
KCH(,(O0
7,529,428
1.119,603
23
10,000
700,000
10,000
7*Kt,(O0
12,000
840,000
24
28,000
200,000
88,600
i>I<i.(O0
35,840
250,000
25
6,000
100,000
7,000
10.\(O0
7,000
84,000
26
4.046,000
304,461
4,286,291
•x^^. m
6,500,000
585,000
27
85,000
350,000
100,000
4r>i),(00
90,000
420,000
28
500,000
7LHf.iO0
600,000
'^
5,000
00.000
6,000
7.^ (00
6,000
75,000
:«
10.000
60,000
12,000
7:^.000
25,000
187,500
31
7.000
76,000
6,000
90.000
8,000
160,000
32
4.895
78,425
4,582
67.980
6,155
92.325
33
2,000
8,000
8,000
10,500
3,000
10.500
34
110,000
160,000
207,050
85
300,000
75,000
260,000
76,000
801,100
72,264
36
600
80,000
. 600
80,000
550
100,000
37
20,000
80,000
20,000
80,000
27,000
108,000
38
400.000
80,000
425,000
34.000
575,000
46,000
39
150,000
200,000
150,000
40
566,666
8,580
600,000
10,000
600,000
10,000
41
1,000.000
500,000
1,080,000
640.000
972,000
486,000 . 42
25,000
100,000
26,000
100,000
25,000
100.000 1 43
4.000
16,000
4,000
20,000
4,000
20,000 ' 44
2,000
80,000
2,500
60.000
8,000
60,000
45
1.000
10,000
1,000
8.000
1,000
5,000
46
14.000
70,000
14,000
70.000
14,100
71,112
47
100,000
250.000
100,000
250.000
114,000
285,000
48
8,280
25,000
11,653
82,046
1,096
2,795
49
1.000
10,000
2.000
24.000
2,000
24,000
60
600
21.000
600
21.000
1,000
27,000
51
200
7,000
1,200
86.000
1,000
80,000
52
200
700
500
1,800
550
2,000
53
50
1,000
54
1
206.788,144
192.892,408
6,600.000
281,840,150
219,755,109
6,500,000
243,812,214
208,128,859
6,500,000
55
1
56
(
57
","
406,175.652
*
457,595,259
453,441,073
68
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28
MINERAL RESOURCES.
MinercJ jtr<KjucUi of the United States for
Product.
Quantity.
Pig iron, value at Philadelphia long tons. . 4. 097. S68
Silver, coining value troy ounces. . • 37, 744, 60.'i
Gold, coining value do....! l,4H9,949
Copper, value at New York City poundn.. 145,221,934
Lead, value at New York City short tons.. 139,897
Zinc, value at New York City do — | 38, 544
Quicksilver, value at San Fmmisco flasks. . , 31 , 913
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds. . i 64, 550
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg do \ 150
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons..' 60
Platiniuu (crude), value at Sun FranciH<'o troy ounces..! 150
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal long tons.
Pennsylvania anlhnicile do —
Stone.
73,730,539
33.175,750
Petroleum barrels. .
Lime do
Natural gas
Brick clay
Clay (all otlur than brick ) sh<»rt tons. .
Cement barrels. .
Salt do....
Phosphate rock long tons. .
Limestone for iron flu.x dt)
Mineral waten* gallons s(»ld . .
I Zinc white short tons. . I
; Mineral paint.s do
Borax poun<ls. . i
I Gypsum short tons. . I
I (irindstones
I Fibrous l4ilc short tons. .
I Pyrite loii^' tons. . i
Soapstone sbori t(*iis..
I Manganese ore long tons. . 1
I Asphaltuni short tons. .
Precious stones
I Bromine jK)unds. .
I Corundum short tons. . i
Barytes (crude) do
. (traphite pounds..'
Millstones !
I OiIstone.s. cle. <« pounds..
1 Marls short tons.,
I Flint long Ions. .
' Fluorspar short Ions..
Chromic iron ore long tons..
' Infu^^orial eurlh short tons..
I Feldspar long tons..
' Mien p(»nnds. .
Cobalt oxide do....
Slate ground as a pigment short tons..
Sulphur do
Asbestos do
Kutile pounds..
Lilhogniphie stone short tons..
24,218,438
37,000,000
Value.
S73, 761, 624
48,800,0tX}
;ui, 800. 000
17.789,6S7
10, 537, 042
3, 422, 707
936,327
48,412
1,350
12,0(K)
450
39, 200
4.000.00(1
(>,511.937
431,779
3. lOl.y.'Hl
10,215.:{28
1H,|>00
7, 000
7. 0(H). 000
90,000
10. (MK)
;;'s.0(>o
In, (KH»
lU, IH)
3,000
2S1,1(J0
ooo
25, 1(00
SO(l, (KM)
875. (XN(
30.(H»0
1,(HH»
2.<H'0
1,(HH)
lO.'.HMI
117.410
2,0(K» I
L'.MHI I
5(Mt '
l.tHK) I
(HK)
Total value of nonmetnllie mineral products
Total value of metallic jirodncts ,
Estimated value of mineral priMlucts unspe«'itie<l .
Grand total .
186, 109, 599
77,417,066
66.351,512
19, (.XK>, 000
20, 595, 966
18. .500, 0tX>
1,460,000
270,000
3,720,tK)0
4.197,734
2,374,781
1,700, 9(V)
1,459.143
910.000
84,000
490, (KHl
390, (HK)
570, 000
110. (HH»
175. (HH»
200. (HX)
r22.hin
10, ;A\)
222,975
67, 4(V4
ia<<,(KK)
100, tXK)
ir»0,(KK)
12. (HN)
4:'7.r>(»o
120. OdU '
2(».(MH» I
;;'i.ooo
5. (KKl
.v., 112 ■
;>..s,r»2:> 1
5. KM
20.000 !
IJ.mM) t
:Io,(^'H) '
•J, (HI*
"Prior to 18b9(iuantily and value are for rough stone <iuurri<'d; since lN90they an- for linished |>r<Mluct.
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SUMMARY.
the cfiJmdar years 1680-1903— Continued.
29
I 1885.
1886.
1887.
1 Qimntfty.
Value.
Qoantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
4.044,425
164.712,400
6,688,329
$96,196,760
6, 417, 148
$121,925,800
1
39.910,279
51,600,000
39,445,812
61,000,000
41,269,240
68,350,000
2
1,538.376
81,800,000
1,881,250
86,000,000
1,696,600
88,000,000
8
170,962.607
18,292.999
161,285,381
16,827,651
185,227,331
21,116,916
4
129,412
10,469,431
180,629
12,200,749
146,700
18,113,000
5
40,688
8,589.856
42,641
8,762,408
50,340
4,782,800
6
32,073
979,189
29,981
1,060,000
83,826
1,429,000
■ 7
277,904
179,975
214,992
127, 167
206,666
183,200
8
283
2.550
8.000
27,000
18,000
59,000
9
50
10,000
85
7,000
76
15,000
10
250
187
50
100
448
1,838
11
181,586,587
214,897,826
248,925,054
12
64,840,668
82,347,648
73,707,967
78,481.056
87,887,360
98,004,656
13
34,228,548
76,671,948
34,853,077
76.119.120
37,578,747
84,552,181
14
19,000,000
19,000.000
19,996,313
25,000,000
15
21,847.205
19,198,243
28,064.841
28,278,866
18,877,094
16
40,000,000
20,000,000
17
4, 857, 200
10 012 000
15, 817, f>00
18
6 200,000
7,000, fOO
19
40,320
•jTnJrOO
44,800
:^25, 000
48,160
:m. iKX)
20
4,150,000
;'.u^j,:«)
4,500,000
3, WO, 000
6,692,744
5,674,^77 ' 21
7,038,653
4.sz\:m
7,707,081
4,736,f*?
7,831.962
4,093, K16
22
437,856
2,^lfn,r«4
430,549
1, 872, 936
480,568
l,836,.sl8
23
3,356,956
l,h7^,478
4,717,163
2,830,297
6,377,000
3,-226,'iOO
24
9,148,401
l,:^li,S45
8,950,317
1,284.070
8,269,609
1,251,463
25
15.000
lJ^r4}jOO
18,000
1,440.000
18,000
1,410,<K)0
26
3.9t0
VAJ^Tb
18,800
315.000
22,000
330,000
27
8,000,000
■INJ, 1100
9,778,290
48«, 915
11,000,000
550,000
28
90,405
4l)n.(J0O
95,260
428, 625
95,000
425,000
29
'W. (.00
110 J 00
2W, COO
125,000
224, 400
160,000
•.M)
10.000
12,000
15,000
31
49,000
'2-M. .^OO
55,000
220,000
52,000
210,000
32
10,000
21 KM 00
12,000
225.000
12,000
225,000
:tt
23.258
l-«)/J81
80,193
277,636
34,524
333.844
M
3.000
in. ,00
3,600
14,000
4,000
16,000
:iT
'*()';1 '00
119,0.%
163,600
;h6
310.000
S'J.^tOO
428,334
141,3.^>0
199,087
61,717
37
600
in^.<00
645
116, 190
600
108,000 1 m
15,000
TniOO
10,000
50,000
15,000
75,000
39
327, SS3
2u. ■J31
415,525
a-?. 242
416,000
34,000
40
10(1. fOO
i:\(O0
140.000
15,000
100.000
16,000
41
1,000,000
1,160,000
1,200.000
42
875.000
■}H7.rO0
800,000
400, 000
600,000
300,000
13
30 000
1-0,(00
30,000
120, 000
32,000
128,000
44
5,000
*-, 00
5,000
2-2,000
5,000
20,000
45
2,700
iu,uOO
2,000
30,000
3,000
40,000
4«
1,000
5,000
1,200
6,000
3.000
15,000
47
IS.fKW
68,000
14,900
74,.^
10,200
61,200
48
92.000
161,000
40.000
70,000
70.000
142, 2,t0
49
68.723
66,373
3.5,000
•Si), 878
18,340
18, 774 .SO
1 975
24,687
h]
715
17,875
2,500
75,000
3,000
100,000
52
300
9.000
200
6.000
150
4.. 500
i^i
r.00
2,000
600
2,000
1,000
3,000
.54
.55
230. Oas, 769
—
270, 989, 420
248, 925,054
800.000
241.312,093
181,586,587
6,000,000
r^
214,897,.H25
800,000
445, 7Sr,, 094
wi
58
I
427, 898, 680
r.*.»0,714.474
59
1
Digitized by
Google
80
MINERAL BESOUBGES.
Mineral products of the Ihiied SMU^Jc
Product.
METALLIC.
Pig iron, value at Philadelphia long tons.
Silver, coining value troy ounces.
Gold, coining value do. . .
Coppier, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do. . .
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum (crude), value at San Francisco troy ounces .
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Stone .
Petroleum barrels.
Natural gas
Brick clay
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.
Cement barrels.
Mineral waters gallons sold .
Phosphate rock long tons.
Salt barrels.
Limestone for iron fl ux long tons.
Zinc white short tons.
Gypsum do...
Borax pounds. .
Mineral paints short tons.
Grindstones
Fibrous talc short tons.
Asphaltum do . . .
Soapstone do . . .
Precious stones
Py ri te 1 ong ton s .
Corundiun ^ short tons.
Oilstones, etc. « pounds.
Mica do. . .
Barytes (crude) short tons.
Bromine pounds.
Fluorspar short tons.
Feldspar long tons.
Manganese ore do. . .
Flint do...
Graphite pounds.
Bauxite long tons.
Sulphur short tons .
Marls do. . .
Infusorial earth do...
Millstones
Chromic iron ore long tons.
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Magnesite short tons.
Asbestos do...
Rutile pounds.
Ozocerite (refined) do...
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified.
Grand total
Quantity.
6,489,788
4&, 783, 632
1,604,927
231,270.622
161,919
55,903
33,260
19,000
100
204,328
500
102,039,838
41,624,611
27,612,025
41,160
6,503,295
9,678,648
448,567
8,055,881
6,438,000
20,000
U0,000
7,589,000
26,500
20,000
63,800
16,000
64,331
589
1,500,000
48,000
20,000
807,386
6,000
8,700
29,198
30,000
400,000
300,000
1,600
1,500
8,491
100
1,000
43,500
Value.
$107,000,00
59,195,00
33,175.00
33,833.9.1
13.399,2.1
5,500.8.1
1,413, 1'i
65. a
20, W
127, 6J
2,0
253,731.8
101,860,5
89,020,4
25, 500, (
17, 947, (
22, 629, (
7,600.(
300, <
5,021,
1,679,;
2,018,
4,374,
2,719,
1,600.
m,
45.^.
405.
281.
210.
831.
250,
139,
167,
91,
18
70
110
95
80
60
279
127
151
7
81
2(
1(
286, 15<
253,73
90
540,78
a Prior to 1889 quantity and value are for rough stone quarried; since 1890 they are for finished pr
Digitized by
Google
SUMMARY.
tke caUndar yean 1880-1903 — (k)ntinued.
31
1889.
1890.
1891.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
7,606,642
51.S:>4.851
1.590,869
231,246,214
156.897
68,860
26,484
47,468
115
258,663
1120, 000. OOO
66, 396. 686
:?-J,><«r.,180
2*;.W7..K)9
13,794.235
ri,7l!l.S'24
i.r^i. .'>oo
<J7. .T35
2S, (>00
i:.l..^98
9,202,708
54,500,000
1,588.880
265,115.183
148,630
63.683
22,926
61,281
988
223,488
8151,200,410
70,464,645
32,845,000
80,848,797
12,668,166
6,266,407
1,203,615
61,281
177,508
134,093
8,279,870
58.330,000
1.604,840
295.812.076
178,554
80,873
22,904
150,000
1,289
118,498
125,289
100
$128,387,985
75,416,565
83,175,000
38,455,300
15,534,198
8,083.700
1,036,386
100,000
217,957
71,099
26,058
600
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
500
2,000
600
2,500
12
267,246,167
305,872,422
300,408,748
13
95,685,543
40,714,721
94,504,746
65,879,614
42,809,706
26,963,340
21,097,099
8,000,000
635,578
5,000,000
1,748,458
2,937,776
4,196,412
8,159,000
1,857,600
764,118
500,000
483,766
439,587
244,170
171,537
231,708
188,807
202,119
105,665
82,980
50,000
106,313
125,667
45,835
39.370
240.569
89,780
72,662
2,366
5; 850
63,956
28,872
35,165
80,000
81,092
111,320,016
41,489,858
110,420,801
66,383,772
47,000,000
35,865,106
18,742,725
8,500,000
766.000
6,000,000
2,600.750
8,213,795
4,752,286
2,760.811
1,600,000
574,523
617,500
681,992
450,000
389,196
190,416
252,309
118,833
273,745
89,895
69,909
75,000
86,505
104,719
56,328
45.200
219,050
57,400
77,500
6,012
117,901,287
45,236,992
117,188,400
73.944,735
47,294,746
14
15
16
85,163,513
45,822,672
54,291,980
30,526,563 , 17
15,500,084 ' 18
9,000,000 19
329.665
7.000.000
12.780.471
550.245
8,005.565
6,818.000
16,970
392.000
8,000,000
18,907,418.
510,499
8,776,991
5,521,622
448.000
8.222,792
18,892,732
587,988
9,987.945
5,000.000
23,700
208,126
13,380,000
49,652
900.000
6,680,951
2,996,259
8,651,150
4,716,121
2,800,000
1,600,000
628,051
869,700
678,478
476,113
493,068
242,264
243,981
235.300
338,880
90.230
150,000
100,000
118,363
54,880
78,330
50,000
239,129
60.000
110,000
11, 675
39,600
67,500
21,988
16,587
20.580
18,000
4,390
3,960
800
7,000
20
21
22
23
24
25
?6
267,769
' 8,000,000
84,807
182,995
9,500,000
47,782
27
28
29
80
23.746
51,735
12,715
41,354
40,841
13,670
63,054
45,054
16,514
31
32
33
34
98,705
2,245
5.982,000
49,500
19,161
418,891
9.500
6.970
24,197
21,118
99,854
. 1,970
106,536
2,265
1,376.000
75,000
81,069
348,000
10.044
10,000
23,416
16,000
35
36
37
60,000
21,911
387,847
8,250
8,000
25,684
13,000
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
728
1.150
189,622
8,466
1,844
3,593
1.200
135,000
46
47
153.620
2,532
69.880
50.240
23,720
58,985
16,291
48
49
50
, 2,000
! 13*955
8.599
6,788
1,372
7,200
439
66
800
50,000
61
52
80
1,000
50,000
i.866
3,000
2,500
7i
400
350,000
4.560
1,000
26,250
54
55
66
1
282.623,812
267,246,167
1,000,000
312,776,503
806,872,422
1,000,000
321,767,846
300,403,748
1,000,000
57
58
59
1
550.809,979
619,648,925
623,171,594
60
i
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82
MINEBAL RE80UBCES.
Mineral products of the United Statetfi
Product.
1892.
Quantity.
METALLIC.
Pif iron, epot value long tons.
Silver, coining value troy ounfces.
Gold, coining value do. . .
Ctopper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do...
Quiclullver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces.
9,167,000
63,600,000
1,896,875
862,971,744
173,654
87,260
27,998
259,885
1,790
92,252
162,000
80
Total value of metallic products .
NONMETALUC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum burels.
Brick clay
Cement barr^.
Stone
126,856,567
46,850,450
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline quartz do. . .
Garnet for abrasive purposes , do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Borax pounds.
Bromine do . . .
Fluorspar short tons.
Gypsum do...
Marls do. . .
Phosphate rock long tons.
Pyrite do...
Salt barrels.
Sulphur short tons.
Baiytes (crude) « do...
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
Zinc white do . . .
Asbestos do...
Asphaltum do...
Bauxite long tons.
Chromlc iron ore do. . .
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.
Feldspar do...
Fibrous talc do. . .
Flint do...
Fuller's earth do...
Graphite pounds.
Limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesite short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
Mica pounds.
Mineral waters gallons sold .
Monazite pounds.
Ozocerite (refined) do...
Precious stones
Pumice stone short tons.
Rutile pounds.
Soapstone short tons.
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified ;
Grand total
60,509,136
* 8* 758,621
i*77i
13,500,000
879,480
12,250
256,259
125,000
681,571
109,788
11,698,890
2,688
82,108
7,869
51,704
27,500
104
87,680
10,518
1,500
470,400
16,800
41,925
22,400
5,172,114
1,004
13,613
75,000
21^876,604
60,000
100
23,908
Digitized by
Google
8UMMARY.
83
the calendar years IS80-1 90S— Continued.
1893.
1894.
1895.
Quantity.
1
Value.
1^,810.426
Quantity.
Value.
865,007,247
Quantity.
Value.
8ia5,196,550
1
7,124,502
H, 657, 388
9,446.308
1
60.000,000
77,576,000
49,501.122
64,000.000
55.727,000
72,051,000
•>
1.739,081
a5, 955, 000
1,910.816
39,500.000
2,254.760
46,610,000
3
339.7«5,972
:«,054.601
364,866.808
33,141,142
385,913.404
:^, 012, 470
4
163,982
11.8:^9,590
159,331
9, 942, -254
170.000
11,220,000
5
78,832
6.30H,r>«)
75.328
5,288,026
89,686
6,278,020
30, IM
1,108,527
30,416
934,000
36,104
1,337,131
/
339.629
266,90:i
550,000
316,250
920,000
464,600
s
1.503
270.540
1,387
249, 706
2,013
304,169
49,899
22,197
9,616
3,269
10,302
3.091
10
8,938
1.788
It
75
517
100
GOO
150
900
281,479,931
12
250,212,649
218,382,494
13
*'
128,885,231
122,751,618
118.820,405
107.663,501
135, 118, 193
115,749,771
14
48,185,906
86,687,078
46,368,144
78.488,063
51,786,122
82,019,272
16
14,846,250
13, 964, 400
13,006,660
16
48,412,666
28,932,326
49,344,516
86,622,095
52,892,276
67,632,296
17
9,000,000
9 000,000
9,000,000
5,J82,264
18
8,002,46^
6,262,841
8,362.245
5,030,081
8,731,401
19
33,886,578
142,326
36,534,788
96,936
88,319 181
90
1,713
1,495
2,102
106,256
21
6,024
18,054
9,000
27,000
'??
?8
888,787
223,214
206,768
?4
22,582
2,584
11, 718
4,954
20,614
?6
16,645
13,887
22,542
?«
185,173
136,873
165.881
?7
8,699,000
662,425
14,680.130
974,445
11.918,000
695,900
28
848,899
104,520
879,444
102,450
617,421
134,343
29
12,400
84.000
7,500
47,500
4,000
24,000
80
258,615
096,616
289,312
761,719
265,508
807,447
31
75,000
40,000
75,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
82
941,868
4,138,070
996,949
8,479,547
1,038,551
8,606,094
33
76,777
256,652
105,940
363,134
99,549
322.845
34
11,816,772
4,064.668
12,967,417
4,739,285
13,669,649
4,423,084
36
1.200
42,000
500
20.000
1,800
42,000
36
28.970
88,506
28,335
86.983
21,529
68,321
37
8,422
10,346
6,768
10. 145
14,458
20,676
38
87.724
580, 8M
41.926
498,093
60,695
621,552
39
24,050
1,804,420
19,987
1,399,090
20,710
1,449,700 40
50
2,500
325
4,463
795
18,525
41
47,779
872, -282
60,570
853,400
68,163
848,281
42
9,079
29,507
11,066
86,818
17,069
44,000
43
1,450
21.750
8.680
68,231
1.740
16,795
44
448,000
900,000
403,200
800,000
403,200
800,000
46
20,678
68.307
19,264
167.000
8,523
30,000
46
8.% 861
408,436
89,906
436,060
39,240
870,895
47
88,281
68,792
42,560
819,200
13.747
6,900
21,038
41,400
48
49
843,108
63.232
918.000
64,010
52,582
50
3,968,055
2,874,838
8,698.550
1,849,275
6,247,919
2,623,974
51
7W
7,040
1,440
10,240
2,200
17,000
62
7,718
66.614
6,308
58,635
9,547
71,769
58
66. »n
23,544.495
88,929
52,388
.55, 831
54
4,246.784
21,569.608
8,741,846
21,463,648
4,254,237
56
180.000
7,600
&46,866
86,193
1,578,000
137, 150
56
57
264.041
132,250
113,621
58
59
::: ::::::::::;:i
150
2:?, IM
450
401,325
307, 714, 785
218,382,494
1,000,000
627,097,279
100
21,495
350
266,495
338,172,239
281,479,931
1,000,000
60
21,071
255,0»n|
828.257.318 :
250,212,649 j
1.000,000 j
61
(^2
6;^
frt
~ ■ -
574,469.907 |
620.652,170
66
M R 1903
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34
MINERAL RE80UBCES.
Mineral products of the United States for
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
26
27
28
29
80
31
32
33
34
85
36
87
Product.
METALUC.
Pig iron, spot value long tons..
Silver, coining value .troy ounces. .
Gold, coining value do
Ck>pper, value at New York City pounds. .
Lead, value at New York City short tons. .
Zinc, value atNew York City do
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco fiasks. .
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds. .
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons. .
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces. .
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALUC (SPOT VALURS).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement barrels.
Stone
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline auartz do. . .
Garnet foi' abrasive purposes do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Borax pounds.
Bromine do. . .
Fluorspar short tons.
Gypsum do...
Marls do . . .
Phwphate rock long ions.
Pyrite do...
Siilt barrels.
Sulphur short tons.
Barytes (crude) do...
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
Zinc white do. . .
Asbestos do. . .
A.sphaltum do. . .
Bauxite long tons.
Chromic iron ore do. . .
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.
Feldspar do. . .
Fibrous talc do. . .
Flint .
.do.
Fullers earth do. . .
Graphtte (crjTJtalline) pounds.
Graphite (amorphoiLs) short tons.
Limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesite short tons.
Manganese ore - long tons.
Mica (sheet) pounds.
Mica (.«*crap) short tons.
Mineral waters gallons sold .
Monazite pounds.
Ozocerite ( refined) do. . .
Precious stones
Pumice stone short tons.
Rutile pounds.
Soapstone short ions.
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products ,
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .
1896.
Quantity.
8,623,127
58,834,800
2,568,132
460,061,430
188,000
81,499
30,765
1,300,000
2,478
17.170
163
137,640,276
48,523,287
60,960,361
"9," sis," 473
2,120
6,000
3,846
13,508,
516,
6.
224,
60,
930,
116.
13,850,
6,
17,
10,
48,
20,
80,
18,
403,
10,
46,
12,
635,858
760
102
500
4,120,
1,
10,
25,796,812
80,000
100
22,183
Grand total .
Value.
$90,250,000
76,069,236
53,088.000
49,456,603
10,528,000
6,519,920
1,075,449
620,000
347,539
4,464
944
287, 860, 155
114,891,515
81,748,651
13,002,512
58,518,709
9,000,000
6,473,213
30,142,661
113,246
18,000
826,826
26,792
22,567
127,098
675,400
144,501
52,000
573,344
30,000
2,803,372
320,163
4,040,839
87,200
46,513
16.301
580, 455
1,400,000
6,100
577,563
47,338
6,667
800,000
35,200
399,443
24,226
59,360
48,460
2,060,000
11,000
90,727
65,441
1,750
4,136.192
1,500
97,850 .
850
854,065
833,954,110
287,860,165
1,000,000
622,814,266
Digitized by
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8UMMABY.
the calendar years ISSO-lQOS-^-ConiAnned,
35
/
18»7.
1898.
1899.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
9,662,680
995,122,299
11,778,984
S1U>,.'^57,000
13,620,703
S245. 172,654
1
58,860,000
69. f^47. 172
54,488,000
70.;^84,485
54,764,500
70,806,626
2
2.774,«85
57.;ifi:ija)
8,118,398
«V1. 163,000
3,487,210
71,053,400
8
; 494,078,274
M, ant. 180
626.512,987
r. 1,^66,276
568,666,921
101, '222, 712
4
1 212,000
11,SH.\728
222,000
1f:,r.50,000
210,600
IS, 1145,000
5
99,980
b. !'>,;«)
115,399
1U.;{85,910
129,061
1J,K40,865
6
26.648
99:\, 446
31,092
1.188,627
80,464
l,l-')2,745
7
4,000,000
1 , biXi, 000
5,200,000
1,716,000
5,200,000
1.716,000
8
3,061
442,1^00
3,238
.^32,101
2,861
r^,189
9
23.707
7,H23
11.145
3,956
22,541
8,566
10
11
150
900
225
1,913
800
1,800
12
802,681,147
843,748,268
625,779,567
18
147,617,619
U9,5a^,l24
166,593,628
132, tm, 713
193,323,187
167,962,104
14
46.974,714
7'.l,301.964
47,668,076
7r>, IM,.-^
53,944,647
88,142,130
15
K-l.S'2r., 122
15,2iX), ,S18
20,074,873
64,603,904
16
60,475,516
'10,>s71,W2
55,864,288
44, I93,;3&9
57,070,860
17
S,(KH).(iO0
9. (MX), t100
11,250,000
18
10.989,468
x,17^<,•J83
12,111,208
9, Sn9, fiOl
15,520,445
12,889,142
19
34.6C7.772
36 (H)7 •J84
44,090,670
'/O
2,165
106, 574
4,064
275, ()64
4,900
150,600
21
7,600
22,600
8,812
2;>, t»90
13.600
89,000
22
2,654
80,&t3
2,967
8*'..,S50
2,765
98,825
28
368, a5S
4H9 769
675,686
87,082
?4
8,885
22,835
2,788
in. (i91
4,334
85
■'-"> '*32
2.^> V>34
28,115
208,283
W
1 1'.t '.»70
1W),788
71
i6,'666,'66o
1,0&0,UOO
16,000,000
1.120. (TOO
40,714,000
1,139,882
28
487.149
129,094
486,979
125,014
433,004
108,251
29
6.062
87.159
7,675
r,3,060
15,900
96,660
30
288,982
756,864
291,688
7.\%280
486,235
1,287,060
31
60,000
80,000
60,000
SO, 000
60,000
30,000
32
1.089,845
2,678,202
1,806,885
'^,v<^,m
1,516,702
5,084,076
38
148.201
801,541
193,364
59-., hOI
174,734
548,249
84
15,978,202
4,920,020
17,612,634
6,2I2.r^
19,706,614
6,867,467
35
2,275
45,560
1.200
32, 960
4,830
107,500
36
26.042
58,295
81,806
im, :^
41,894
139,628
87
19,620
81.282
6,247
9. ;^71
10,280
18,512
38
60,913
795.793
58,850
r.9i,.^
63,111
728,389
39
25,000
1,750,000
83,000
2,310,000
40,146
3,2U,680
40
580
6,450
605
10,300
681
11,740
41
75,945
664,682
76,837
675. (49
75,065
553,904
42
20,690
67,662
25^149
75,437
85,280
125,598
43
44
568,115
978.448
585,450
i, 384, 766
843,279
1,646,828
45
12.516
43,100
18,440
32,395
24,202
211,545
46
57,009
896,936
54,356
411,430
54,655
438,150
47
18.466
26.227
21,425
42,670
29,852
180,345
48
i 17,113
112,272
14.860
106,600
12,381
79,644
49
f 1,254.402
\ 1.108
1 64,277
/ 2,360,000
\ 890
} 75,200
/ 2,900,732
\ 2,324
1 167,106
150
151
4.247,688
2,124,000
,S, 275, 819
2,638,000
6,707,436
4,695,205
62
1.148
18,671
1,263
19,075
1.280
18,480
53
11.108
96,505
15,967
129,185
9,935
82,278
54
82,676
80,774
129,520
103,534
108,570
70,587
55
740
14,462
3,999
27,564
1,605
60,878
56
23,265.911
4.599,106
28,8.53,40«
8,051,833
39,562,136
6,948,080
57
44.000
1,980
250,776
13,542
360,000
20,000
58
69
130,675
160,920
13,200
700
185,770
10,000
1,030
60
158
600
140
400
230
61
100
850
62
2],S28
365,629
22.231
287,112
353. 848, .520
343,748,268
1,000,000
24,765
330,805
63
827.684.8^
802.581.147
1.000.000
V
445,428,461
625,779,557
1,000,000
64
65
66
<- .
631.21&.fi22
698,596,788
972,208.006
67
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30
MINFRAL RESOURCES.
Mineral jtrodiuts of (he rutted States for the calendar y€ar8 J880-190S—Q<MiMv[in^.
Product.
Quantity.
Value.
Pig iron, spot value long tons..
Silver, coining value troy ounces. .
Gold, coining value do —
('cppcr, value at New Yorlc City pounds..
Lead, value at New York City short tons. .
Zinc, value at New Yorlc City do
Quicksilver, value at 8au Francisco flasks. .
.Vluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds. .
Antimony, value at San FrancL-co short tons. .
Nickel, value at Philadelphia ix>unds. .
Tin do. . . .
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces. .
13,7h9,242
1259, 944. (
57,647,000
74,633,1
3.H29.897
79, 171, (
606, 117. 166
98, 494. (
270, H24
23,,^1,(
123,886
10,654.
28,317
i.aai.i
7,150.000
1.920.
4.226
837.
9,715
3,
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement ba rrels .
Stone
Corundum and emery short t^ms.
Crystalline quartz do. . .
Garnet for abrasive purposes do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc.
I 212.316,112
' 51,22J,3.->3
63,620,529 |
*i7,'23i,'i.^"
4,305 ,
14,461 I
3,186
3,616
Borax short tons. . | ^24
Bromine pounds. . 521,
Fluorspar short tons. . 1 8,
Gypsum do 594,
Litnium do —
Marls do.... 60,
Phosphate rock long tons. . 1, 491,
Pyrite do.... 204.
Salt Imrrels.. 20,869.
Sulphur short t<m8. . 3,
Barytea (crude) do — 67,
Cobalt oxide pounds. . 6,
M ineral pai nts short tons. . 72,
Zinc white do.... 48,
Asbestos do 1 • 1.
Asphal tum do 54.
Bauxite long tons. . 23,
Chromic iron ore do
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.. 1,221,
Feldspar do 24,
Fibrous talc do 63,
Flint do.... 32,
Fuller's eart h do ' 9.
Graphite (crystalline) pounds. .' 5, 507,
Graphite (amorphous) short tons..;
Limestone for iron flux longtons.. 7,495,
Magni*site short tons. . 2,
Manganest* ore ., long tons. . 11,
Mica (sheet) pounds. . 456,
Mica (scrap) short tons. . 6,
Mineral waters gallons soM . . 47, 558,
Monazi te pounds. . 908,
Ozocerite ( rellned) do |
Precious stones
Pumice stone short tuns |
Rutile poun<ls. . 300 ;
Soapstone short tons. . 27, 943
Tot<»l value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metiillic product**
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified
602
235
444
4.')0
462
520
000
216
615
342
525
680
471
222
840
a54
389
184
140 I
660
821
500
495
698
8.\5
611
4:«
252
771
283
497
784
000
550,42.-..
220, "^MX
«J,7o7
23, t.i»>
75, 9^1'
12, OD*'
13,28;^
41,321
10-J
4(
12:
71(
2
S:
17
17
84
14
1, (VJ
5, ;>'
1"
3,ti
1,^
1
A
]
3,<
M2,
5r>o,
1,
Grand total .
1.063,
a Refined.
/'Crude.
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8UMMABY. 37
Mineral products of the United Slates for the calendar years 1880-1903 — Continued.
1901.
Product.
METALLIC.
PigiTon, spot value long toim..
Silver, coining value troy ouneey. .
<T<>ld, coining value do
Copper, value at New York City pounds. .
Lead, value at New York City short tons..
Zinc, value at New Y'ork CMty do
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco fltusks. .
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds. .
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons. .
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds. .
Tin do
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces..
Total value of metallic products
NONmCTALUC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tontt.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Oment barrels .
Stone
Corundum and emery short tons.
(YT«taIIine quartz do. . .
Garnet for abrasive purposes do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
UiNlone^, etc
Arsenoun oadde short U»ns.
Quantity.
15,878,354
55,214.000
3,805,500
602,072,519
270, 700
140, 822
29. 727
7,150,000
2,639
6,700
1,408
225,828.149
60,242,560
69,389,194
j""26,'668*787'
Borax .
.do.
Bromine fK >n nds.
nu( •r'pjar short tons.
G vitMi m do
Liinium do...
MarN do.. .
Ph' t^phate nn-k lon^ tons.
P>rite tio...
H*i] t barrels.
.*^ulphur
Barytes (crude j short tons.
Co^Mtli oxide lM)un(is.
Mint-nil paints short t<»ns.
Zinc white do...
.A.-l»e^tf>S do . . .
A'^ptialtum , d'>...
Bauxit4" long t<»nM.
(•hn»mir inm on* <io...
("lav lall other than brick) short tons.
tVNl-^imr <lo...
Fibrous lule <l<».. .
Flint «!....
FnH«'r'«« earth <lo. . .
GrK^.hiie ( (ostallint' ) ImhukIs.
♦ iraphiie (amorj»hon>) short loin.
Limt-t<-ne for iron rlux loiij; t<»n<.
Ma^rn^-^ite ^liori ton^.
M;.ni;.int^-v<» ore lont; tons.
Mira .«h«^'t) poiiniN.
Mk-11 tMTJijM short ton>«.
Mineral waters KalloiissnM.
M'-na/ilo ImmiikN.
*»/jK .rite 1 rrtiiuMl) «io. ..
Pr»tn HIS st« »TM's
I'l^i-iK e slone short toiH.
kimle pouiMN.
'{
300
o5,344
h 17, KS7
552,043
19, 5HG
633. 791
1,750
99.K80
1.4.h;{,723
241.691
20,566.661
«■)
49. 070
13, 3(H)
61 . 4lK)
46, 500
747
r)3.131
18, 9(Vi
368
1,367.170
31.711
69,2(HI '
;n. i-ti I
11. ii-i
3.'.»(;7,(;iJ I
.sn. (
S..M(i. li^
11 /.''.•:.
;u'-<i. Old
•J. 171
.V>.771. 1N.S
74M.7;_;t; I
Value.
$242,174,000
71,887,800
78,666,700
87,300,515
23,280,200
11,265,760
1,382,306
2,238,000
539,902
8,5:-)l
N^|r.t.,n......
\ rdi^ium an*l
vanadium
■^l.'-^^n '
2.s,6j:5 I
27,526
518,266,259
236,422,049
112. 504, 020
27.067,500
66,417,335
13,800,000
15.786.789
55,615,926
146,040
41.500
158, 100
580,703
52,950
57, 179
158,300
18,000
697,307
314,811
154, 572
113,803
1,506,611
43.200
124, 880
5,316,40;i
1,2.')7,879
6,617,449
(C)
157. M4
24. (.H8
7H9. %2
3,720,000
13, 498
555, liT)
79. 1»1 1
5,790
2. 57G, mi
:.*20. 4->2
■Ki.C^IO
1 J'», I'M
%, H3.')
1(;7,7U
lU.-^oO
IIC.TJJ
ly.7l'.»
z^y. u.'j I
Total vahu' of nonmetallif min<ral pro<lu«t>
Tntnl vnlue<»f nu-tallic pnxlucls
E.-tiniaUHl valu.' «»f jnineral pn)durts unspe<i
.')».7.'js(;,it:r.
.'.l^.i^(;f.,2:.y
l.(KMI.(«rt»
Grand total .
1. ( IN ;..v.L', •_•*.•!
aKefined.
'ConiMncd w itli l»\ rih
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38 MINERAL BE80UB0E8.
Mineral products of the United States for the calendar years 1S80-190S — Continaed.
Product
METALLIC.
Pif iron (spotyaloe) long tons.
Silver, CGoning value troy ounces.
Qold, coining value do...
Copper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zine. value at New York City do...
Quicksilver, value at Ban Francisco flasks.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces.
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUM).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement barrels.
Stone
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline quartz do...
Garnet for abrasive purposes do...
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Arsenious oxide short tons.
Borax (refined) do...
Borax (crude) do...
Bromine pounds.
Fluorspar short tons.
Gypsum do...
Litninm do...
Marls do...
Phosphate rock long tons.
Pyrite do...
Salt barrels.
Sulphur
Barytes (crude) short tons.
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
Zinc white do...
Asbestos do...
Aspbaltum do...
Bauxite .*. long tons.
Chromic iron ore do...
Clay (all other than brick)....- short tons.
Feldspar do. . .
Fibrous talc do . . .
Flint do...
Fuller's earth do. . .
Glass sand do . . .
Graphite (crystalline) pounds.
Graphite (amorphous) short tons.
Limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesite short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
Mica (sheet) pounds.
Mica (wrap) short tons.
Mineral waters gallons sold.
Monazite pounds.
1902.
Quantity.
17.821.807
55,500,000
8,870,000
650,608,644
270,000
156,927
34,291
7,800,000
8,561
5,748
94
260,216,844
36,940,710
88,766,916
*25,'758,*664
4,251
15,104
8,926
5,665
1.353
17,404
2,600
513.890
48.018
816,478
1,245
12,489
1,490,814
207.874
23,849,281
61,668
3,780
78.049
52,645
1,005
105,458
29,222
815
1,455,857
45,287
71,100
36,365
11,492
943,135
8,936,824
4,789
12,189.248
2,830
7,477
373,266 '
1,400 I
64,859,451 i
802,000 :
Value.
$»72,776,(
71,757.f
80,000,(
76,668,1
22,140,1
14,625,1
1,467,1
2,284,
634,
2.
642,258,
Zircon
Precious stones
do....
Pumice stone
...short tons..
700
8,810
Rutile
pounds..
Talc and soapstone
Uranium and vanadium
...short tons..
do....
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
617
Total value of metallic products '.
642*
E^sUmated value of mineral products unspecitied - -- . ..
1
Grand total
1.2GO,
290.858,
76,173,
80,867
71.178
15,000
25,366
64,55S
IW
8^
132
661
5;
»
221
8
2,44
9
12
27
2,08
2
1
4,65
9^
6.6(
'\
9-
4,0
7
1
2,0
2
6
1
]
8,'
a Included under pyrite.
^Included under estimated unspecified product
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SUMMARY.
39
MinertU produds of the United States /or the calendar years 1880-1 90S — Continued.
Product.
MrrALUc.
Fig iron. TAlae at Philadelphia long tons .
Silver, coining value troy ounces.
QoW, coining value do. . .
Copper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do...
QaicuUver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Alamlnum, value at Pittsburg pounds .
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinom, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces.
Total value of metallic products
NOKMETALUC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natunlgas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement barrels..
Stone
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline auartz do. . .
Qainet for aorasive purpoees do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Axsenioos oxide short tons.
Borax (crude) do...
Bromine pounds.
Floontpar short tons.
QvTMum do...
iiihiom do...
MarU do...
Phaq>hate rock long tons.
Pyrite do...
Sulphur do...
Salt barrels.
Barytes (crude ) short tons.
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
ZhM; white do...
Asbestos do...
A^thaltum do...
Baaxlte long tons.
Chromic iron ore do. . .
Clay (all other than brick ) short tons.
Fddspar do...
Rbroustalc do...
Flint do...
Fuller's earth do...
Glassand do...
Graphite (crjnrtalline) pounds.
Graphite (amorphous) short ions.
limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesite short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
Mka (sheets) pounds.
Mica (scrap) short tons.
Mineral waters gallons sold.
Mooazite pounds.
Zircon : do...
Prerioas stones
Pom ice stone short tons.
Radle pounds.
Talc and soanrtone short tons.
rimninm ana vanadium do . . .
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
btimated value of mineral products unspecifled .
Grand total
Quantity.
18,009,252
54,800,000
3,560,000
698,044,517
280,000
159,219
35,620
7,600,000
3,128
114,200
(«)
110
282,749,348
66,613,454
100,461,887
"29,' 899,* MO
2,542
8,938
3,960
9,219
34,
598,
42,
1,041,
1,
34,
1,581,
c283,
18,968,
60,
120,
62.
62,
101,
48,
1,650,
41,
60,
56,
20,
823,
4,538,
16,
12.029,
3,
2,
90,
1,
51,242,
397
000
122
,962
887
255
087
160
835
891
230
233
693
044
155
591
719
744
825
100
693
757
000
000
26,671
19
Value.
$344,850,000
70,206,060
73,591,700
91,506.006
28,520,000
16,717,995
1,544,984
2,284,900
M8,433
45,900
(>2,080
624,318,008
851,687.938
152,036,448
35,815,860
94,694,050
15,000,000
31,931,341
67.960,468
64,102
76,908
132,500
721,446
76.278
52,562
866,857
36,696
661,400
167.580
213,617
8,792,943
23.425
22,521
5,319,294
1,109,818
5.286,988
152, 150
d 228, 000
646,222
4,801,718
16.7C0
1,005,446
171.306
2,260
2,649.042
256.733
421.600
156.947
190,277
855,828
225,554
6,423,732
10,595
25.335
17,128
41,990
9,041,078
64,680
570
321,400
2,666
1,419,721,569
« So meullic tin; between 19 and 20 short tons of high-grade concentrates shipped to England from
South Carolina.
*Sot including 16,000 worth of platinum reported as contained in slimes from copper ore from the
lUmbler mine, Wyoming.
« Indoded under pyrite in 1901. 1902, and 1903. «
' Sot Including value of 60 short tons of cobalt ore produced in Idaho.
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IRON ORES.
Bv John Birkinbine.
PROBUCTION.
In the year ending December 31, 1903, the quantity of iron ore
produced in the United States was 35,019,308 long tons. This is a
decrease of 634,827 long tons, or about li per cent, from the maxi-
mum of 35,554,135 long tons in 1902; but the quantity mined in 1903
is the second largest recorded, and is greater than the combined totals
of (iermany and Luxemburg and of the British Empire (the nearest
competitors of the United States) in the year 1902. The data for 1903
for the countries named are not 3^et available, but the same compari-
son will probably prove true for this year also. The average iron
content of the ore mined in the United States is also higher than that
obtained in the two countries mentioned, and therefore the ore can
produce a greater amount of pig iron.
The total yearly production of iron ore in the United States from
the year 1889, when statistics were first collected by the United States
Geological Survey, to the close of the year 1903, is as follows:
ProducOon of iron ore. in the United SlateSy 1889-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
vm
WW
1891
W92
1W& I minimum)
UM
W»
1«6
wn
Long tons.
14,518,041
16.086,(M3
14,591,178
16,296,666
11,687,629
11,879,679
16,967,614
16,006,449
17,618,046
Year.
Quantity. ■
1899
1900
1901
1902 (maximum) .
1903
Long tons.
19,433,716
24,683,173
27,653,161
28,887,479
36,654,135
35,019.808
Total for fifteen years I 305, 521, 317
Average for fifteen year8 20, 368, 088
The average of the annual production of iron ore mined in the
Tnited State.s in the last fifteen years exceeds the maximum output of
any other country in any one year, the maximum production for (ler-
niany and Luxemburg being 18,964,294 metric tons in 1900," and for
Great Britain 18,031,957 long tons in 1882.
The iron ore obtained in 1903 came from 22 States and 2 Territo-
ries, Vermont and Montana reporting no ore mined in 1903, and
Nevada being added to the list.
■ LOe data give the production of iron ore in Germany and Luxemburg in 1903 as 21,230,639 metric
Digitized by
^^ott^le
42 MINERAL RESOURCES.
PRODUCTION BY VARIETIES OF IRON ORE.
As in previous reports the iron ore produced has been divided into
four general commercial classes, as follows:
1. Red hematite^ including all anhydrous hematites (sesquioxidesof
iron) known by various names, such as red hematite, specular, mica-
ceous, fossil, slate iron ore, martite, blue hematite, etc.
Some of the ore which is classed in this report as red hematite is
designated locally as brown hematite, but such ores are mainly hydrated
portions of deposits of red hematite and are therefore classed as red
hematite.
2. Brown Jiematite^ including the varieties of hydrated sesquioxide
of iron recospiized as limonite, gothite, turgite, bog ores, pipe ores,
etc.
3. Magnetite^ those ores in which the iron occurs as magnetic oxide,
and including some martite which is mined with th% magnetite.
4. Carbonate^ those ores which contain a considerable amount of car-
bonic acid, such as spathic ore, blackband, siderite, clay ironstone, etc.
In 1903 the quantity of red hematite mined in the United States was
30,328,654 long tons, or 86.6 per cent of the total for the country, a
decrease of 203,495 tons, or about 1 per cent, from the 1902 produc-
tion of 30,532,149 long tons. Minnesota contributed over one-half of
the red hematite ore, followed in order by Michigan and Alabama,
each of these States with the exception of Michigan showing an increase
over the 1902 totals.
The total quantity of brown hematite mined in 1902 (3,305,484 long
tons) decreased in 1903 to 3,080,399 long tons, a loss of 225,085 tons,
or 7 per cent. Alabama was the most important contributor of this
class of ore, followed by Virginia and West Virginia, and Tennessee.
The production of magnetite in 1903 was 1,575,422 long tons, a
decline of 113,438 long tons, or 7 per cent, from the 1902 total of
1,688,860 tons. The three principal States mining this class of ore
are New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, ranking in 1903 in the
order named.
The carbonate ores, the least important class, show an increase, the
1903 total of 34,833 long tons being 7,191 tons, or 26 per cent, more
than the quantity mined in 1902, 27,642 long tons. As in 1902 all of
this class of ore was obtained in Ohio and Maryland.
The following table shows the quantities of the different classes of
iron ore rained in the year 1903 by States, except where two or more
States have been combined to preserve the confidential character of the
reports. The different States are arranged according to their rank as
producers.
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ISON OBES.
43
Production of iron ore in the United States in 1903^ \
[Long tons.]
f States and varieties.
State.
Red
hematite.
Brown
hematite.
Magnetite.
Carbonate.
Total.
Minnesota
Michigan
Alabama
TenneflKe
Virginia and West ViiKinia
Wisconsin
Pennsylvania
New York
New Jersey
Geoigia
Nerada^NewMexico, Utah. and Wyoming.
Colorado
North Carolina
MtescHiri
Texas
Kentucky
Connecticut and Massachusetts .
Ohio
Maryland
Total .
871,396
592.933
779,691
371,189
31,609
646,042
15.420
83,820
7,397
905,269
481,515
764,948
29,011
202,542
' 5, 159
4,604
426,637
451,481
484,796
124.648
235,599
3,621
49,359
23,327 '
318,804
13,800
249,288
17,588
14,021
34,050
8,900
30,729
142,843
4,775
20,328,654 ■ 3,080,399 1,575,422
57,664
29,688
5,145
34,833
15,371,396
10,600,330
3,684,960
a52,704
801,161
675,053
644,699
540,460
484,796
443,452
392,242
252,909
75,252
63,380
34,050
32,227
30,729
29,688
9,920
35,019,308
The statistics of the production of iron ores in the United States in
the last decide and a half have been collected annually by the United
States Geological Survey, and a summary of the totals of the different
classes of iron ore mined is presented in the table below, together
with the grand totals for the entire period, and the perc/cntage which
the total for each class bears to that of the entire country.
Production of iron ares in the United States, by varieties, 1889-190S.
[Maxima in italics.]
Year.
Red
hematite.
Brown
hematite.
Magnetic.
Carbonate.
Long tons.
I»92,ft61
377,617
189,108
192,981
134,834
87,278
73,039
91.423
83,295
55,373
81,659
76,247
51,663
27,642
34,833
1.989,143
0.7
0.1
Total.
1889.. ..
Long tons.
9,066,288
10,627,650
9,827,398
11,&16.619
8,272,637
9,347,4^4
12,513,996
12,676,288
14,413,318
16,160,684
20,004,399
22,708,274
24,006,025
SO, 6S£, 11^
30,328,654
Long tons.
2,523,087
2,659,938
2,757,564
2,486,101
1,849,272
1,472,748
2,102,358
2,126,212
1,961,954
1.989.681
2,869,785
3,231,089
3,016,715
S,S05,l^U
3,080,399
Jjong ions.
2,506,416
2,670,8S8
2,317,108
1,971,965
1.330,886
972,219
1,268,222
1,211,526
1,059,479
1,237,978
1,727.430
1,537,651
1,813,076
1.688,860
1,575,422
24,788,976
8.1
4.5
Long tons.
14,518,041
ino
16,036,043
vm\
14, 591, 178
mn
16,296,666
MS..
11,587,629
18M...
11,879,679
lt«5
15,957,614
mc »
16,005,449
van
17,518,W6
un
19, 433, 716
^fm
24,683,173
1900
27,553,161
1*01
28,887.479
i«tt.
55. r>5tt, 155
nes
35,019.308
Tocal
241,411,812
79.0
86.6
37.331,387
12.2
8.8
305.521,317
Pereentagea ol totals for 15 years
100.00
I^voentages of total for 1903
loaoo
Digitized by V^OOQIC
44 MINERAL BESOURCES.
The year 1902 is credited with maximum quantities of both the red
hematite and the brown hematite varieties; the year 1890 shows the
greatest production of the magnetite, and the year 1889 of the
carbonate.
The output of concentrated ore in the year 1903 was 269,469 long
tons, most of which was magnetically separated, the remainder having
been passed throusrh jigs.
In 1903 there were also produced 73,264 tons of zinc residuum for
use in the production of spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese.
liAKE SUPERIOR REGION.
This district stands preeminent as a producer of iron ore, its annual
output exceeding that of any foreign country and the average chai*ac-
ter of the ore being excellent.
In the year 1903 there was obtained from the Mesabi and Vermilion
ranges in Minnesota, the Marquette Range in Michigan, and the Me-
nominee and Gogebic ranges in Michigan and Wisconsin, a total of
26,573,271 long tons of iron ore. Of this ore 51 per cent, or 13,452,81^
long tons, was obtained from the Mesabi Range; 15 per cent, or
4,093,320 tons, was won from the Menominee; 14 per cent, or 3,686,214
tons, was mined on the Marquette Range; 13 per cent, or 3,422,341
tons, came from the Gogebic Range; and 7 per cent, or 1,918,584 tons,
was credited to the Vermilion Range.
In addition to the above-named ranges in the United States, wbicTn
by common consent compose the Lake Superior iron ore region, a
sixth, the Michipicoten Range, was opened in Canada in the year 1900
but its product in 1903, 223,976 long tons, is not included in the above
data. The total production of the Michipicoten Range to the close o
the 3"ear 1903 is only 815,152 long tons. The greater portion of thi
ore has been sent to the United States, and is non-Bessemer i
chai'acter.
The production of iron ore in the Ltike Superior Region (not inclu<
ing the Michipicoten Range), from 1889 to 1903, inclusive, by range
is as follows:
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mON ORES.
45
Production of Lake Superior iron ores, by ranges, 1889-190S.
[Maxima in italics.]
Range.
1889.
1890.
1891.
• 1892.
1693.
Mmrquette
Long tons.
2,631,026
1,876,157
2,147,928
864,508
Ldngtons.
2,863,848
2,274,192
2,914,081
891,910
Long tons.
2,778,482
1,856,124
2, (Ml, 754
945,105
Long tons.
2,848,552
2,402,195
3,058,176
1,226,220
29,245
9,5&i,388
Jxmgtons.
2,064,827
1,563,(M9
1,466,815
815, 735
684,194
Menominee
GoifeWc
Vermilion
MeBabi
7,621,465
Total
7,519,614
8,944,031
6,594,620
Range.
Marquette...
Menominee .
Gogebic
Vermilion . . .
Meabi
189i.
Long tons.
1,935,379
1,255,265
1,523,451
1,065,229
1,913.234
Total.
7,682,648
1895.
Long tons.
1,982,080
1,794,970
2,625.475
1,027,103
2,839,350
Long tons.
2,418,846
1,763,235
2,100,398
1,200,907
3,082,973
Long tons.
2,673,785
1,767,220
1,381,278 I
4,220,151
Long tims.
2,987,930
2,275,6&1
2,552,205
1,125,538
4,837,971
10,268,978 10,666,859
12,205,522 ' 13,779,308
Range.
Marquette..
Menominee
Gogebic
Vermilion..
Menbi
Toul.
1900.
Long tons. <
3,634,596 ;
3,281.422 {
2,725,648 ;
1,643,984 I
6,517,3a5 !
Long tons.
5,91*5,063
3,680,738
3,1(M,033
1,675,949
8,158,450
17,802,955 ; 20,564,238
1901.
Long tons.
8,597,089
3,697,408
3,041,869
1,805,996
9,303,641
21,445,903
Lmig tons.
8,734,712
h,ltSl,t50
S,6SS,79S
2,057,532
13,080,118
26,977, J^U
1903.
Long tons.
3,686,214
4,093,320
3,422,311
1,918,584
13, h5Z, 812
26,673,271
This table shows that until 1895 the Marquette Range, embracing
the oldest developments, was the most prominent producer, except in
the years 1890 and 1892, and that since 1895 it has either occupied
tjecond or third position. In late years the Menominee Range has
alternately occupied second and third position, but it has never ranked
first. The Gogebic Range took first place in 1890, and again in 1892;
it then ranked second or third until 1898, inclusive; and subsequently
it has occupied fourth place as a producer.
The most recently developed range, the Mesabi, took first rank as a
producer in the fourth year of its history, 1895. This position it has
Bteadily maintained until now its annual output is equal to that of the
other four ranges comhined.
All of the ranges except the Mesabi showed a falling off in produc-
tion in the year 1903. The years of maximum production are: For
the Marquette Range, 1900; for the Menominee, Gogebic, and Ver-
milion rangers, 1902; and for the Mesabi, 1903.
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46
lOKEBAL B£SOUBO£S.
Cargo analyses of the Lake Superior iron ores as shipped i
year 1903, together with some expected analyses for 1904 (fun
through the courtesy of the Lake Superior Iron Ore Associatiot
as follows:
Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 1903.
GOOEBIG RANGE.
[The upper line of figures opposite each ore represents its analysis when dried at 212° Fahreul
lower line, when in its natural condition.]
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
nesin.
Sul-
phur.
Loss
by ig-
nition
Percent.
I'erccnt.
Perct.
Pcrct.
Pcrd,
Prrct.
Pcrct
Perct.
Prrct.
Ashland
1 60.89
1 53.9M6
0.0897
6.58
0.280
.2235
3.13
2.7985
0.130
.1162
0.090
.0801
0.012
.0107
3.03
.03549 6.88&I
2.7091
Anvila
61.626
I 53.20
.0495
.0427
6.06
5.22
.79
.68
1.145
.988
.335
.289
.166
.14
.0245
.021
2.695
2.326
Anvil special «
f 52.00
I 45.76
.050
.044
6.80
5.10
10.00
8.80
.97
.26
.22
.17
.149
.005
.004
3.02
2.657
r 69.00
I 62.968
.14 J 9.00
Argosa
.12666
8.078
j 68.2855
1 56.6262
J 62.8198
55.8950
.0443
.03964
.0365
.03248
6.3451
4.7827
A.G234
4.1137
.5276
.4721
Atlantic
i
Aurora
Best
[ 65.90
1 49.73
.059
12.82
.90
.80
1.219
1,084
.32
.28
.45
.40
.011
.0097
3.25
.052 10,96
2.89
Bonnie
f 51.80
I 46.76
.066
.0505
12.00
10.88
4.621
4.17
1.53
1.88
.06
.045
.16
.14
.015
.0135
5.33
4.81
Brotherton «
f 62.00
1 56.5192
.027
.02461
7.50
6.887
.57
.6196
.899
.8196
.21
.1914
.21
.1914
.003
.0027
1.19
l.OMi
Buckeye
J 69.96
.071
8.96
.41
1.98
.59
.67
.019
2.50
I 52.5789
.06226
7.8670
.3595
1.7363
.5174
.5875
.0167
2.192:
Car>'
j 60.07
.078
6.96
.41
1.01
.20
.13
.006
4.92
54.3213
.07054
6.2849
.3708
.9183
.1809
.1176
.0054
4.449
Gary Empire
J 67.86
.062
6.30
3.05
1.16
.26
.13
.006
5.26
1 62.2534
.05599
5.6895
2. 7M5
1.0476
.2258
.1174
.0054
4.75a
J 56.0189
( 55.7025
j 63.170
.0767
.07627
.036
17. 4557
17.8570
5.100
.4011
Chicago
.3988
*
Colby
.500
1.390
.246
.117
.006
3.420
1 67.6416
.03279
4.6456
.4554
1.2662
.2241
.1066
.0055
3.115
f 61 2745
.ff>77 ' 11 4.'V«
5 2216
Geneva
I 46.0958
.05187
10.3010
4.6942
Hildreth
[ 51.63
.080
13.91
.59
2.45
.39
.46
.009 ' 3.71
I 47.4844
.06954
12.0906
.5128
2.1296
.3390
.3998
.0078
3. 2*24
Iron Belt
f 59.91
1 52.4692
.042
.08678
8.95
7.8384
.40
.3603
1.66
1.3662
.30
.2627
.40
.3503
.020
.0175
8.75
8.284
J 62.800
.046
6.200
.780
1.620
.347
.258
.006
2.920
66.5200
.(M140
6.5800
.7020
1.8680
.3123
.2822
.0046
2.628
Ironton Manguncsc .
56.200
.0-17
9.050
4.740
.600
.650
.480
.006
2.950
50.4957
.04223
8.1314
4.2589
.5391
.5810
.4318
.0054 2.650
J 6L10
I 53.77
.037
.033
\
Jack Pot
... 1
1
Lawrence
62.47
1 56.2606
.054
.01863
4.64
4.1788
.44
.3963
L46
1.3149
.11
.0991
.12
.1081
.008
.0072
3.96
8.666
Lyon a
f 5S.75
.048 9.76
.20
1.08
.95
.10
.040
8.40
1 52.875
.M32
8.775
.180
.927
.855
.360
.0360
3.060
a Expected analysis for the season of 1904.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
IRON OBE8.
47
OmtplHe cwemge cargo analyses of lAike Superior iron ores of season 190S — Continued.
GOGEBIC RANGE— Continued.
Ore.
Meln>^'
Mot«><»rn
Mikailo
Monti^al
MontniM'
New Era ,
NVw Era No. 2
Newport**
Norden
Nome
Ottawa
(ntawa Manirane?«o n.
Piilm«a
Rand
IlitWe
SuTKlay I>;ikert
Tayli.ri
TiM-ii
WirjMnart
Wivtinnin «
Yi>
Iron.
Pho8-
phonm.
Prrcmi.
[ 60.88 j
I 54.348 I
55.910
49.9835
58.00 I
50. 57fiol
63.78 I
57. 657
60.45
56.18
57. .lO
51.118
56.92
52.06
.■16.18
50.23
62.6623
56. 5962,
63.1134'
66.2571
68.17 I
62. .5391.
54.46 I
49. laiO
62.00 '
54.97.'>
62. 4:m
51. 9059'
66.25 I
49.79
62.00
56.6618
58.60 I
52.15 '
62.86.'iH
.55. 08Ki
61.100 '
54.8067
50.00
44.5000
62.0339
54.9:M1
HnicB. I
Percent
0.043
.038
.043
.01844
.167
.13690
.044
.03978
.076
.069
.032
.028
.069
.063
.031
.0277
.0751
.0GG63;
.0375
.03*43
.061
. a'v»09
.0C.8 I
. 0(^132'
.010 !
.0133
.01806
.017
.0116
.026
.02376
. o.v>
.019
.0511
. 04478
.CM3
.0.'W57
.av>
. 04895
.0:^6 !
.031S8
Peret. \
5.90
5.267 j
12.850
11.4879
12.40
10.8128
3.68
3.3267
6.56
6.988
10.68
9.49
11.63
10.638
4.19
3.74
3.8108,
3.3811
4.1580'
3. 7063'
5.18
4.6786
4.36 '
3.931H
5.27 '
4.67
3. 1654
2. 7826
12.41
11.01
7.r.o
6. S5r.>
9.18
8. IHI
3. 8.S6:V
3. 40.V)
9.180
8.2:^15
10. 00
8. 'Mm
5. 12
4. 7997
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Per cl.
Lime.
Perct.
Perct.
0.65
1.39
0.08
.58
1.21
.07
.390
1.150
.246
.3487
1.0281
.2199
.40
1.03
.59
.3488
.8982
.5145
.42
.94
.08
.3797
.&198
.0723
.64
.72
.48
.49
.657
.138
.61
1.92
.20
.569
1.706
.177
.66
1.05
.29
.60
.96
.2S.>
6.22
.81
.22
5.56
.72
.19
Mag-
nesia.
Perct.
0.06
.07
.172
.1538
.12
.1016
.06
.0512
.21
.19
.18
.16
.19
.17
.18
.16
Sul-
|)hur.
Perct.
0.019
.0169
.007
.0063
.009
.0078
.006
.OOM
.016
.0146
.009
.008
,015
.0137
.008
.007
Loss '
by ig-
nition.
Mois-
ture.
Perct.
Perct.
4.70
4. 195
10. 728
1.610
1.4662
10.600
1.76
1..5347
12.80
3.68,
3.3267
9. 60
4.37
3.989
8.717
3.21
2.85
4.09
3.74
5. 15
I
1.37
.20
1.2374
.1806
1.18 1
.12 '
i.06ir
. 1082
.91 1
.19
.SO*;
.16.8
. 225s'
.09 I
.013
.on:
.005
5. 29
4. 7779
6.76
1082 .asi2 .0(Mr, G.O'.HVJ
.18
.16
.0115 1.21
.010 3.76
8. .53
1.51
i.:«<;
1.13
1.032:
3.77
3. 3<U
.21
. 1S.5
.07
. 2:iO
. 223
.19
.n;s
. 2 167
. 205
.009 I 3. 19
.0079 3.0Sy ■ 11. IS
.00<; 1.02 '
. WCvl . 0321 8. Cl
.014 2.11 '
.1)125 2. lis I 1(1. S5
. 7590 . .
1
■ I" :;:!■'
.730
. S'.H)
215
. ()sr»
.(HtT
2. 7(M)
. «Wl.s
. 79s:i .
h»29
. 07<;2
.(kh;:;
2. 1219 Kt.I.tMi
. 00 . .
.12(H1 ..
11. <H)
.73
5 .012 :5. SN
Ahln.tUsfOPi
X\U,tA
'Ki f lint*, hard.
MAK(iFKTT': K.\N<iE.
r "
I 56,
I 66.81
j 63.33
62.8003 0.03;J1
62.1279 .o;i;yj4
2312 .0474
4668 .04167
Oil
010 I
aExpe('te<^l amilysis for lli
7.9191 '
7. KAi\
1 MTllT
5 132(i*
4.5122
1" (iss-J
:>.■_'!
rjl^f'Il nf VAW.
Digitized by
Google
48
MINERAL RESOURCES.
MARQUETTE RANGEM>)nUnued.
ConipUte average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 1903 — Con
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Perct.
Manga-
nese.
Perct.
Alumi-
na.
Perct.
Lime.
nesia.
Sul-
phur.
L088
by ig-
nition
Per cent.
PercerU.
Perct.
Perct.
Prrct.
Perct
Angeliiie, hematite .
64.69
57. 51
f 62.24
I 55.35
f 51.74
0.047
.042
.099
Angeliiie, south
1
.088
1
Beaufort a
.260
7.93
0.15
1.01
2.44 2.58
0.080
11.02
I 47.4352
.23837 7.2702
.1375
.9260
2.2370, 2.3663
.073310.103
Bedford
60.1813
53.2258
38.4412
37.9436
62.7731
62.2658
63.50
62.992
58.50
68.032
59.9002
[ 65.2330
f 53.0833
I 51.1969
40.00
.1609 j 7.9131
.13*46 6.9985
.0434 j 41. .5627
.04284 41.0244
.1142 1 5.7504
.11326' 6.7119
.14 8.00
.13888 4.960
1^11
i
Beresford
::::::;:l::::::
I
Beresford No. la
1
.14
.13888
.0603
.05560
.4760
.45908
.016
11.50
11.408
7. 9878
7.3654
10.6146
10.2374
38.40
Beresford No. 2"
I
Bemhart
i
1
Bessdc
BreituuK Silieiou.s«..
.95
2.30
.81
.11
.008 j 1.95
J 61.0652
I 52.0830
[ 60.41
I 53.698
.0^3
.08014
.053
.0-17
5.4283
4.6307
6.M
5.90
Buffalo
Cambria t
.98
.87
2.63
2.337
.90
.80
.32
.28
.010 ' 2.71
.0088 2.A0A
Cambridge
f 60.16
I 51.3741
57.4046
50.2290
.703
.60043
.0969
.08479
5.15
4.3986
7. 1371
6.24.V)
.57
.4868
1.10
.9395
2.73
2.3316
.67
.4868
.036 1.90
.0307,' 1.622
Cameo
Cameron "
f 59.70
I 52.54
.213
.187
7.01
6.168
.22
.19
2.91 j .26
2.56 . .23
.39
.34
.032 2.09
.028 1 1.84
Castleford
f 56.5791
I 5.5.093^1
f 64.00
1 63.49
.0875
.08674
.060
.a595
16.2241
16.0823
4. .55
4.51
Champion No. 1,
Crushed a
.20
.198
2.38
2.36
.32
.317
.29
.288
.013
.0129'
('hampion, Hema-
[ 52.2.'»
.397
9.ai
.28
1.67
3.16
1.81
.(m 6.a5
titea
I 47.76
.363
8.99
.256
1.53
2.89
1.65
.018 5.80
Charlotte"
f 55.00
I 48.40
.ia5
.092
12.26
10.788
.32
.28
2.61
2.208
.49
.43
.75
.66
.016 2.40
.014 1 2.11
Chatfonl
51.4015
1 46. 8828
f 45.:i.5
I 41.85
.1220
.11127
.061
.mi
20.9279
19.0870
28. .54
26.512
1 1
Chestt-r No. l*e
.33
.3069
1.76
1.6275
.89
.8277
.65
.6045
.009 1.7s
.0083 1.65.>
Chester No. J n
f 40.80
I 38.72
.027
.0252
36.16
33.809
.478
.4469
1.422
1.3296
.22
.2057
.25
.23:^8
.006 2. 12
.0a56 1.9.S2
Cliffs Shaft, Crushed.
f 62.60
[ 62.0679
.102
.10095
4.29
4.2535
.180
.1784
2.09
2.0722
.750 .570
. 7436 . 5651
.016 .820
.0158 .813<
Cliffs Shaft, Lump...
J 63.40
1 63.1590
.116
.11565
4.25
4.2338
.190
.1892
2.23
2.2215
.930 .700
.9264 .6973
.019 1 .900
.0189 .896.'
Comrade
1 ''''
[ 51.9847
.098
.09761
13.67
13.6166
.120
.1195
2.%
2.9184
.:m 1.890
. I9S0' 1.8826
.017 1 1.000
. 0169 . 9961
a
Expected analyy
s for th(
i season of 1904.
DJgiti
zed by '
ZOQ
)Qle
IBON OBESt
49
Compute average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 1903 — ContiDued.
MABQUBTTE RANGE— Contmued.
Ore.
Iron.
PhOfr
pbonu.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
Mag-
nesia.
Sul-
phur.
Per ct.
Loss
by ig-
nition.
Mois-
ture.
Per cent.
PercaU,
Pcrct.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Per ct.
Foley No. la
f 63.65
1 67.285
0.030
.027
4.64
4.176
0.12
.108
1.89
1.701
0.25
.225
0.15
.135
0.006 1.71
.005 1.539
10.00
Foley No. 2n
1 58.50
.027
13.98
.22
.73
.37
.002
.003 1.25
Imperial Wcb«l«?r a..
1 52.44
I 47.03
.256
.229
13.49
12.10
.198
.177
1.20
1.076
1.37
1.228
1.39
1.246
.011 7.38
.009 ' 6.62
10.32
Jackion, South
f 42.90
.078
29.26
2.81
1.49
.31
.29
.021 3.24
I 39.2964
.06687
26.8022
2.5740
1.3648
.2840
.2666
.0192 2.9678
8.40
Ukp
1 60.80
i 63.2690
.110
.09717
5.64
4.9823
.470
.4162
2.43
2.1466
.430
.3798
.380
.3357
.011 3.45
.0097 3.0477
11.66
L&ke Beamner
r 63.44
.0389
6.56
.240
1.53
.230
.110
.009 1.30
66.4679
.03461
4.9400
.2186
1.3618
.2047
.0979
.0080. 1.1571
10.99
l-*lMf» .. .
f 69.465
1 62.01
.0706
.0617
6.16
6.888
.34
.297
2.10
1.837
.41
.358
.09
.078
.013 ' 3.34
.011 2.92
12.52
Marva.
f 60.00
I 62.80
.106
.092
7.20
6.836
.32
.28
2,51
2.208
.49
.43
.75
.66
.016
.014
2.40
2.11
12.00
f 60.70
I 60.3358
.092
.09144
10.03
9.698
.180
.1789
2.02
2.0078
.700
.6958
.820
.8150
.020
.0198
ilirhlgHmme
.60
f 86.78
i 35.861
.046
.04486
43.09
42.013
Moorea
2.50
Negaunei* Bessemer .
f 60.30
I M.1976
.057
.06123
7.25
6.6163
.35
.3145
2.77
2.4896
1.00
.8988
.52
.4673
.020 1.90
.0179 1.7077
10.12
Nefiraanee non-Bes-
J 57.61
.104
9.23
iemer
51 7914
09350
8 2978
10 10
Norfolk Bessemer,
f 66.55
.056
15.26
.27
3.35
.38
.21
.034 1 .15
Crushed a
1 64.91
f 57.17
.0643
.126
16.08
13.91
.267
.27
3.31
3.08
.376
.38
.208
.21
0336 148
1 15
Norfolk Non-Bess.,
.034 , .15
Crttfheda
I 66.51
f 63.00
I 52,7688
.1245
.056
.04606
13.75
2.30
1.9264
.267
.43
.3601
3.04
1.37
1. 1476
-.376
1.05
.8794
.208
.93
.77^9
03;i6 148
1.15
16.24
Princeton No. la
.021 1.60
.0175 1.3401
Princeton No. 2
1 61.11
1 51.0207
f 66.85
i 66.856
f 62.62
1 61.94
.157
.13107
.047
.0466
.045
.0445
6.57
5.4862
.497
.4149
1.576
1.3158
,73
.6094
.66
.5510
.029 1 2.01
.0242 1.6781
16. 51
Republic Crushed a. .
1
1
.75
Republic Kingstona.
7.21
7.132
.12
.118
1.42
1.404
.42
.415
.30
.296
.027 .31
. 0267 . 306
1.08
67.77
67.0M
44.00
48.159
.050
.0494
.066
.0649
1
Republic Specular a .
1
1.13
Richmond
33.45
82.81
.18
.176
1.41
1.38
.24
.235
.17
. 006 1 2. 16
.0058 2.118
1.91
RON^
f 69.08
.146
6.41
.32
2.45
..0
.18
.029 2.16
i 63.17
.131
5.769
.297
2. -20
.45
.16
.026 1 1.94
10. (X)
Sali-bur>-
f 60.80
1 63.2810
.096
6.71
.250
.2209
2.90
2.66.S4
.500
.4418
• HOC
.70*^9
.010 1.95
.(H)8.H 1.72:^
.08394 5.9289
11. »M
Scot.h
f 61.70
I 61.2125
.134
.13294
6.70
6.&470
.120
.1190
2.60
2.5794
. 450
. 4 I(V1
. .'HiO
. 5,555
.on . :v>o
.(ii:{H .3172
.79
f 60.98
1 58.08
f 44.20
i 43.6077
.038
.036
.046
.04538
Sheffield
4. 75
SUrWe<<ta
35.20
34. 72s:i
.060
.6 IS
. 6;?98
.519*.'
.l:U
.i:v_»2
.(•1)1 2.16
.(Hi:n> 2. loll
l.:u
TiMen Silica
f 41.50
( 40.9439
.040
37.25
. 270
. 2. W
. S.-X )
. 1212
.110
. lov>
.(Mr.> 1.17
.(KISS 1.151:;
.03946 3(^.7.ias
l.:tl
a Expected analy.sis for the season of VMM.
M R 1903 i
Digitized by
Google
50
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Complete average cargo artalyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — Ckmti
MENOMINEE RANGE.
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Perct.
0.220
.1974
Alumi-
na.
Perct.
2.400
2.1540
T.ime.
ne^.
Sul-
phur.
L088
by ig-
nition.
Perd.
1.470
Armenia
Percent
r 66.400
I 50.6190
j 54.7272
I 51.0137
J 58.24
1 58.8246
r 68.00
I 62.200
f 68.4426
1 54.6590
f 54.090
1 49.6222
f 65.66
I 61.2406
1 55.6102
I 49.4791
1 59.7686
1 55,7286
] 69.2768
i 51.8355
J 40.70
I 39.6255
J 68.100
I 62.7548
f 65.76
I 49.8963
1 40.82
1 40.199
f 65.40
i 50.86
1 61.15
Percent.
0.248
.21809
.0629
.05863
.650
.60868
.30
.2700
.4618
.48065
.289
26513
.680
.62601
.6410
.48135
.0656
.06117
.1328
. 11613
.015
.01460
.684
.62107
.168
. 14141
.029
.0286
.283
.287
.028
Perct.
10.000
8.9750
10.3939
9.6886
4.41
4.0878
9.00
8.10O
4.7917
4.4733
6.240
5.7246
4.45
4.0967
6.8689
6.6667
6.2752
6.8610
6.6490
4.8526
38.56
37.5420
4.500
4.0860
7.40
6.6230
36.06
36.50
5.70
5.18
6.26
Perct.
1.600
1.3462
PeriA.
1.660
1.4809
Perct.
0.007
.0063' 1.8193
AJax
1
Baltic
.26
.2881
3.22
2.9482
.89
.8149
.88
.7599
.048 5.M
.0394
5.4387
Bangoro ■ ...
1 i " "
1 j..^_. _
Barton
1
1
Basic
4.150
3.8072
1.18
1.0668
1.260
1.1669
2.32
2.1368
1.450 2.600
1.3302 2.3852
2.49 1.07
2.2923 .9850
.008 1 3.400
Bristol
.0073' Z.XWi
.008 i 6.98
.0074. 6.42K
Brunswick
Chapin.....
Clearfield
Clifford
.10
.0974
.240
.2179
.16
.1842
.16
.147
.23
.209
.82
.7983
1.860
1.6889
8.46
8.0967
.82
.807
3.74
3.399
.32
.3116
2.720
2.4698
1.40
1.2630
.99
.97
1.90
1.727
.86
.3605
1.270
1.1582
2.60
2.SG70
1.07
1.06
2.43
2.209
.013
.0127
.007
.0064
.210
.1879
.012
.0118
.083
.076
1.20
Crystal Falls
Davidsona
1.168i
2.900
2.633!
4.76
Davy
4.251!
2.10
Florence
2.068
4.80
4.36
Porest<»
Genesee
J 59.720
1 64.3810
f 60.0264
1 56.565
j 44.1640
48.8401
58.100
58.2428
51.300
I 49.2224
( 55.75
52.9468
j 56.00
1 62.0968
1 61.57
.747
.68022
.0612
.05665
.0872
.03693
.805
.27950
.046
.(M414
.210
.19W4
.252
.2344
.419
5.200
4.7351
6.0908
5.6382
24.2807
24.1026
6.600
6.0482
11.220
10.7656
6.87
6.5747
7.28
6.7725
11.65
.460
.4189
1.570
1.4296
2.230
2.aH06
1.320
1.2020
.008
.0073
2.860
2. 604;
Granada
ixray
Great Western
Qroveland «
.980
.8981
1.100
1.0555
.41
.38M
.60
.5581
1.980
1.8145
2.490
2.3892
3.08
2.9251
2.62
1.210
1.1088
3.610
3.8678
3.10
2.040
1.8695
4.620
4.4329
2.41
.008
.0073
.008
.0077
.011
.0104
.019
.0176
2.950
2.70a
5.290
Hemlock
5.075
4.63
Hiawathaa
2.944i; 2.2888
.28 ! .21
4.397
7.65
Hilltopa
2.3443 .2604 .1963
7.116
i
Hope
( 69.4928
I 50.9882
[ 56.700
1 51.1326
.2620
.22455
.660
.60588
8.7978
7.5401
6.300
5.7834
' t
i 1
Kimballa
.210
.1928
l.GOO
1.4688
2.500
2.2950
1.900
1. 7442
.008
.0073
3.100
2,«5«
a Expected analysis for the season of 1904.
Digitized by
Google
ntON 0BE8.
51
Oo/mplde average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — Continued.
MENOMINEE RANGE— Gontiiiued.
Ore.
Iron.
Lunonti
Lertda
Lincoln .*
LorettDo.
Manganate No. 1
Manganate No. 2
Michigan No. 1 a
MIcfaigmnNo. 2a
Mime
Paint RiTero
F^wabic
Penrabic Oeno*
Qninneaec.
TDbin ...
Toledo...
Tyrone «.
ViTian ..
Walpole .
Percent,
56.360
51.3349
59.035
54.785
57.200
52.1664
56.85
54.169
52.78
48.5068
50.48
46.6061
59.00
58.965
50.00
46.750
60.40
57.37
56.800
5L238iy
68.70
56.0484
42.00
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
44.270
48.2841
57.95
58.146
54.85
50.78
59.870
54.6486«
54.0
48.9078
58.48
54.2811
41.00
89.3682
58.67
54.6570
Percent,
0.650
.50215
.0828
.886
.80648
.019
.017
.566
.52066
.575
.58064
.825
.2974
.225
.2104
.026
.0847
.640
.582401
.010
.009U
.011
.027
.02687
.814
.2879
.068
.058
.780
.71198
.009
.00815
.050
.04640
.013
.01248
.102
.09602
Manga-
Perct,
7.500
6.8825
6.9622
6.4549
7.740
7.0589
11.01
10.188
4.45
4.096(
4.62
4.2652
5.25
4.804
7.25
6.779 '
8.82 I
8.628 {
6.900 I
6.2790
5.00
4.55601
34.70
Perct.
0.460
.4191
.640
.583;
.22
.20
8.18
2.9258
4.85
4.4775
85.200
84.87631
4.46
4.09
9.58
8.86
4.400
4.0168
17.21
15.5871
8.78 I
8.1496
85.77
34.8464
8/51
7.9279
.21
.199
.480
.4868]
.14
.1276
.130
.12701
.82
.29
.28
.259
.560
.50201
.11
.0996
.13
.1207
.20
.1920
.15
.1397
I
Alumi-
na.
Perct.
1.510
1.87561
2.170
1.9790
1.82
1.675
2.98
2.7413
2.95
2.7284
Lime.
Perct.
2.840
2.1317
1.430
1.3042
.85
.82
1.70
1.561
2.12
1.9572
.79
.75
2.900
2.6890
L06
.9659
1.62
1.050
L0254
2.61
2.80
2.76
2.65
1.080
.98581
1.55
1.4068
1.10
1.0210
1.94
L8628
L50
1.8974
1.91
L81
L540
1.4014
.37
.8371
.62
.462
.4512
L12
1.027
1.45
1.34
2.250
2.0688
.68
.6159
1.14
1.0581
.59
.66651
1.18
1.0993
Mag-
nesia.
Perct.
L280
L1661
1.860
1.6968
.80
.786
L87
1.2606
L22
L1263
Sul-
phur.
L068
by ig-
nition.
Perct.
0.006
.0073
.006
.0078
.025
.023
.025
.023(
.026
.0240
I
1.87
1.776
1.100
1.0010
L3
1.2119
L61
.672
.6561
L80
1.19
8.45
3.19
.890
.8124
1,61
L4582
L88
1.7450
.92
.8834
2.37
2.2079
.017
.016
.009
.0082
.004
.003(
.013
Mois-
ture.
Per ct. Per cL
2.100
L9131' 8.900
2.690
2.4533'
.91 ;
.887
7.12
6.5497
7.66
7. 0625
7.2867
4.80
4.06
2.800
2.5480
1.03
.968
1.21
.006
.0059
.056
.051
.027
.0241
.006
.0078
.005
.0045
.002
.0019
.014
.0184
.007
.0065
1.850
L8067
4.58
4.20
4.00
3.699
2.180
L9899
1.43
1.2952
1.87
1.73571
L90
1.8244
2.06
1.9191
MESABI RANGE.
Adams
AdamK, No. 2
Admiral* ...
6L0446
54.6627'
57.7159
49.1548!
63.800
58.828(
69.96
50.52
0.0862
4.6891
.03241
4.1096|
.0757
5.2713
.06447
4.4894
.027
4.900
.02489
4.5178
.066
5.24
.046
4.41
0.5687
.5092'
.7016*
.5975
.300
.2766
.87
.78
8.800
7.92
8.01
8.60
6.50
5.01
9.000
8.88
2.340
8.29
7.509
8.720
9.43
7.18
3.98
6.84
T
10.4545
0.620
.5716
2.84
1.97
I
0.280
.2121
.16
.14
0.180
.13
0.006
.0055
I 14.8882
2.140 •
1.9731 7.800
^•«2 i
4.07 I 15.66
a Expected analysis for the season of 1904.
Digitized by
Google
52
MIKEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — Conti
MESABI RANGE— Continued.
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
nesm.
Sul-
phur.
Loss
by ig-
nition.
Albany a
Percent.
r 60.00
1 53.0400
1 63.20
I 56.60
J 60.50
{ 55.660
r 61.93
i 66.6111
f 62.00
I 67.0400
f 59.00
I 53.6900
J 61.2441
i 65.0483
J 60.00
1 54.00
62.7807
I 56.7237
1 63.100
i 57.2817
1 57.00
[ 50.0745
r 58.00
i 51.91
f 58.87
1 62.928
r 60.25
1 58.1646
r 60.7764
I 54.6149
f 61.67
I 66.2924
[ 63.0445
I 57.6279
j 62.00
1 68.038
f 62.6554
t 57.0477
j 60.84
1 52.64
f 56.89
I 50.16
J 62.00
1 56.7300
r 61.00
i 54.9000
1 61.6846
I 54.8448
j 62.10
i 65.7658
f 61.1178
I 52.9020
Percent.
0.077
.06807
.079
.0707
.038
.03496
.044
.04015
.055
.05060
.040
.08640
.0467
.04107
.069
.0581
.0321
.02902
.089
.03587
.044
.03865
.040
.0868
.067
.05124
.064
.05647
.0453
.04071
.036
.08286
.0328
.02998
.037
.03464
.0295
.02686
.073
.068
.047
.0406
.035
.03202
.040
.08600
.0610
.05482
.057
.05119
.0490
.01241
Perct.
8.74
8.3062
2.89
2.14
Perct.
0.76
.6630
.28
.26
Perd.
1.80
1.5012
1.89
1.24
Perct.
0.80
.2652
.23
.206
Perct.
0.19
.1680
.15
.18
Perd.
0.008
.0071
.016
.014
Perd.
7.01
Beaver
6.2234
4.45
8.98.1
Bewemer . ,
Biwabik
Butler a
4.54
4.1427
4.60
4.1400
9.32
8.4812
4.9478
4.4468
.49
.4471
.49
.4508
.989
.8644
.7586
.6818
1.87
1.2501
1.20
1.1040
1.766
1.6061
.32
.2920
.82
.2944
.24
.2184
.08
.0780
.06
.0786
.06
.0465
.010
.0091
.010
.0092
.014
.0127
4.47
4.078S
4.47
Cass a
4. 112^
5.20
4.732(
Chlsholm ...
1
i
Clairtona
1
8.6830
8.2399
4.150
3.7640
9.05
7.9604
.6361
.6752
.200
.1814
.98
.8609
1
Clark
Commodore"
Corsica
1.210
1,0976
1.27
1.1167
.240
.2177
.19
.1669
.060
.0544
.18
.1581
.004
.0086
.009
.0079
8.400
3.083f
6.22
6,4643
Crosby <«
Croxton
6.38
6,735
8.78
3.8855
6.0045
4.4972
4.13
8.7699
8.9870
3.6446
.718
.6455
.98
.8648
1.446
1.2999
1.77
1.6618
.22
.198
.29
.2559
.16
.144
.22
.1941
.010
.0090
.009
.0079
G.04
Cyprus
5.430
6.35
5.603i
Duluth
Elba
.96
.8763
1.08
.9402
.20
.1826
.11
.1004
.008
.0073
4.70
4.290!
Franklin
1
4.1599
3.7876
6.05
4.37
11.69
10.19
8.00
7.8200
5.27
4.7430
3.8914
8.4666
4.160
3.7267
6.1829
5.8518
'
Qenoa
Hawkins
.27
.22
2.13
1.88
.19
.17
.14
.12
8.95
3.50
1 1
1
Holland n
.41
.3690
.92
.8280
.29
.261
.11
.099
.012 3.37
.0108 3.033(
Island
Jordan
.625
.5612
.2879
.2492
.628
.5639
2.3817
2.0615
.153
.1374
.IM
.1383
.006 3.584
.Oa'>4 3.218-
a Expected analysis for the season of 1904.
Digitized by
Google
IBOK OBES.
53
OmtpleU ctrerage cargo anah/aes of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — Continued.
MESABI RANQE--Continaed.
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
^^.
Sul-
phur.
Perct.
Loss
nitlon.
Mois-
ture.
Percent.
f 53.691
I 46.972
r 68.50
I 62.06
f 60.00
i 56.2000
f 61.00
1 54.9000
f 69.95
1 63.96
1 68.41
1 52.79
1 57.676
1 50.828
r 65.20
i 58.777
f 62.63
1 56.9808
f 60.00
i 55.1340
J 60.00
Percent.
0.0826
.07226
.09
.08
.046
.(M140
.061
.05490
.071
.064
.089
.085
.0621
.05473
.047
.042
.027
.02456
.035
.03216
.060
PercL
PercL
Perd.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Kanawha
1
12.514
5.00
4.45
7.87
7.2404
3.81
3.4290
8.24
2.92
10.22
9.24
0.60 2.50
- .53 2.22
.423 .958
.3891 .8813
.975 1 .924
.8775 .8816
.38 1.67
.84 1.50
0.70
.62
.16
.1472
.05
.0450
.24
.22
0.40
.36
.03
.0276
.04
.0360
.12
.11
Kinney <«
11.00
La Rue o
0.012
2.72
Leetoniaa
.0110 2.5024
.009 j 6.93
8.00
Leonard «
.0081
.008
6.2370
8.50
10.00
.007
7.66
10.00
Lincoln
****!
9.63
1
Loni?yeaT.. ....
1
11.872
MaboniBK
Malta
Minorca <*
1.90
1.71
5.60
5.0949
8.62
7.9209
.28
.26
.70
.6369
.64
.5881
1.06
.955
.80
.7278
1.76
1.6173
.15
.135
.28
.2547
.29
.26ty>
.05
.015
.18
.1638
.18
.16M
.019 3.20
.017 ' 2.88
.012 2.45
.0109 2.2290
.008 2.53
.0074 2.3248
9.85
9.02
8.11
Morrl'4 a
1
'
Mi^rrowa
f 60.00
i 54.6000
J 63.4528
1 54.9330
1 62.3949
I 51.1228
f 60.00
54.0000
j 59.8843
54.3963
J 62.5452
1 56.1166
60.3268
52.5822
60.50
54.4500
57.4201
50. '2267
( 64.00
1 56.32
J 62.18
( 56.0000
J 62.53
I 57.3163
Ij 58.4383
[ 48.4858
j 57.9121
li 51.5085
a
.061
.05561
.0429
.03713
.0491
.(M259
.045
.04050
.0540
.04905
.0412
.03696
.0503
.043M
.065
.a5H50
.0599
.05240
.040
.0352
.063
.ai674
.028
.02.568
.0690
.05724
.0776
.06902
Expecte<]
7.52
6.8432
4.3351
8.7530
5.1103
4.4328
7.00
6.3000
6.6604
6.0500
4.1964
3. 7651
6.6447
5. 7917
4.75
4.2750
7.6562
6.6971
.810
1.391
.22
.2002
.05
.0455
.016 1 4.94
.7371 1.2658
.2093 1.9757
.1812 1.7104
.2417 2.1360
.2096 1.8528
1.10 1.50
.9900' 1.3500
.0145 4.49.54 9.00
M4»anlain
. .1 j 1.3.4270
Oliver
1 1
' 13. '2.577
Pearce a
.18
.1620
.30
.2700
.020 1 5.G2
.0180 5.0580
10.00
Penobscot
i
;
9.1644
1
I
PiiNborv-
\
1
10. 2784
.3198 2.3682
.2787, 2.0642
1
Preble
*
12. S377
>«untr}*<j
t
10. 00
^iianm
12..VJ76
*iu-I'HIl^4»"
VI. m
"Uiilinjf '* ..-.-.
3.81
3. 4316
6.44
5.9061
4.3472
3. 6068
6.85%
6.1011
I anal y si
.65 1 1.36
.58M 1.2249
.52 .H9
.4769 .81«V2
.6192
.5137
.10
.(t9(H)
.17
. 1.m9
.05
. oi:^
.13
AVSl
.010 6.(i'J
•f*rta«
-pp.«-«- .No. 1
.(110 •2.i:r>
i7.(i:;oT
Pl.^'Iair
1
llJtiTl
8 for the
gca«oi»
of IMOI.
Digitized by
Google
54
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — C^on ti
MESABI RANGE-Contliined.
Ore.
1
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
Mag- 1 Sul-
nesia. phur.
1
Loe« 1
nitiOT.!
Percent. 'Percent.
1 59.4478' 0.0621
1 50.8306 .06810
f 64.100 ' .038
i 68.81181 .03486
1 62.4480' .0863
1 86.1025 .08261
1 61.00 j .037
I 64.9061 .08330
1 65.00 .085
I 48.4000 .08080
1 59.6991 .0688
I 51.6698 .05479
1 59.02 1 .062
1 63.196 .0469
r ffi no 1 HRi
PercL
4.6467
8.8876
3.600
8.3090
8.4268
8.0772
7.84
6.1667
10.68
9.3984
6.4679
4.7826
Perct.
0.4409
.8770
.850
.8211
.6451
.6795
.69
.6811
.69
.6072
Perct.
2.6804
2.2919
.760
.6978
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
rcrct
1
•1
Stephens
1
Stevenson
0.316
.2890
0.148
.1358
0.004
.0087
1.420 ,.
1.9028/
Thompson
'1
)
TopBrown«
Troy o
1.11
.9991
3.17
2.7896
.29
.2610
.25
.2200
.21
.1890
.74
.6612
.010
.0090
.138
.1214
2.86
2.574J
6.43
4.7784
\
]
Tubal
1
Union
1
,r,-_, , w* f 62.50 .075
Virginia Minesa.... ^^ ^^
1
».,..-..
.
S.00
2.7000
3.670
3.8666
1
1
If
Wallace
1 62.950 .061
I 67.6652 .04668
.892
.3684
.858
.7846
.215 .157
.1966 .1435
.006 ' 2.100
.0065 1.9200
8
VERMILION RANGE.
63.9292
60.6527
62.3289
58.5416
f 63.0881
I 59.646
J 67.0021
65.50
J 61.2853
1 '60.7384
f 64.0700
I 60.3768
1 65.0337
1 6L5926
f 66.7906
[ 66.5053
1 58.9729
( 68.4490
1 66.8901
1 61.9303
0.0444
.04212
.0684
4.7889
4.4918
4.0973
1 l...
Chandler
5,
Jura
.06424 8.8488
.0859 1 6.1426
.08895, 4.8626
.0296 2.1245
6
Pioneer
5^
Pilot
.02894 2.0769
.1113 1 9.1355
.11089! 9.0606
.0538 3.5972
.06070 3.3899
.0323 1 3.4602
.08059 3.2676
'
'I'.
1
1
Red Lake
,^
1
Savoy
f).'/
1
!
Sibley
1
.S.'JJ
Soudan Vermilion
Lump
.1015 8.2170
.10107 3.2038
1
■It
1
Soudan Silicious
.05045
.0386
.03G45
14.0806
3.4910
3.2962
1
.s^
Zenith
5.57
MICHIPICOTEN RANGE.
Helen .
57.65
64.06
0.094
7.40
6.989
0.28
.215
1.48
1.888
0.12
.11
0.10
.09
0.177
.166
7.64
7.16
6.22
a Expected analysii} for the season of 1904.
Digitized by
Google
IRON ORES. 55
DISTRIBUTION OF IRON-ORE PRODUCTION IN 1903, BY
STATES.
Minnesota. — The iron ore mined in this State in 1903 (15,371,396
long tons), all of the red hematite variety, came from the Mesabi and
Vermilion ranges in the Lake Superior region. The State shows an
increase of 238,746 long tons, or about 2 per cent, over the 1902 total
of 15,137^650 tons. The shipments, however, were less in 1903 than
in 1902, and the stocks of ore on hand at the mines increased.
Minnesota has a unique record as a producer of iron ore. Until the
year 1884, when the Vermilion Range was first exploited in what was
then a wilderness, no ore was mined in the State, but in that year the
initial production of 62,122 long tons was obtained. The output has
increased rapidly year by year. Mining on the Mesabi Bange began
in 1892, since which time it has made marvelous progress, the Range
attaining the preeminence in the Lake Superior district in the year
1895 which it has since held. The State, as a whole, shows a yearly
increase in the iron-ore production from the time iron ore was first
obtained in 1884 to the close of the year 1903, a period of twenty years.
No other State in the Union has such a record. In addition, the known
reserves of iron ore on the Mesabi Range are greater than on any other
of the Lake Superior ranges, and explorations are being prosecuted
on both the Mesabi and the Vermilion ranges.
It is hard to understand from figures what is represented by the
15,371,396 long tons of iron ore mined in Minnesota in 1903. In this
connection a comparison with some of the more prominent of the older
producers may be appropriate. The Cornwall Ore Hills in Pennsyl-
vania were first opened in 1740, and since that period they have pro-
duced to the close of 1903 over 18,000,000 tons of ore. The Lake
Chaniplain district since its initial exploitation in 1804 is reported to
have contributed over 20,000,000 tons. The magnetite deposits of
New Jersey were probably first worked about the year 1710, and since
that time the output has reached a total of nearly 22,000,000 long tons.
Thus it will be seen that Minnesota in the single year 1903 produced,
in round numbers, three-fourths of the total output for nearly two
centuries of either of these three celebrated regions or, say, one-fourth
of the combined output of all three.
Michigan, — Michigan holds second rank as a producer of iron ore
with a total of 10,600,330 long tons, a decrease of 534,885 tons, or
nearly 5 per cent, from the 1902 output of 11,135,215 tons. Of the
19<j3 total, 10,592,933 tons were red hematite, giving it second rank
in this class of ore, and the remainder 7,397 tons was of the magnetite
variety. As in the case of Minnesota there was an increase in Michi-
gan in the stocks of ore on hand at the mines. All of the iron ore
obtained comes from the Marquette, Menominee, and Gogebic ranges,
which are treated collectively under the head of the Lake Superior
region.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
56 MINERAL RESOURCES.
The production of 1903 shows a decline from the maximum output
of 1902, but with that exception it is the largest quantity mined in
any one year in the history of the State.
Alabama. — This State occupies third position as a producer of iron
ore, with a total of 3,684,960 long tons, of which 2,779,691 tons were
of the red hematite variety, and 906,269 tons were brown hematite.
The total production in 1903 was 110,486 tons, or 3 per cent greater
than in 1902 when 3,574,474 tons were obtained. All of this increase
was in the red hematite ores, the brown hematites showing a decrease.
The State occupied third position as a producer of red hematites, and
first of brown hematites.
Tennessee. — This State, which ranked fifth in 1902 with a total of
874,542 long tons, showed a falling off of 21,838 long tons, or 3.5 per
cent in 1903, when 852,704 tons were mined; but Tennessee advanced
to fourth place owing to the decrease in the combined output of Vir-
ginia and West Virginia. The State contributed 481,515 tons of
brown hematite ore, and 371,189 tons of red hematite, occupying in
these classes third and fifth rank, respectively.
Virgmia and West Virginia. — These two States (which have been
combined in order not to disclose individual statistics) in the year 1903
supplied 801,161 long tons of iron ore, a decline of 186,797 tons, or
19 per cent from the 1902 total of 987,958 tons. Of this quantity
764,948 tons were brown hematite, 31,609 tons red hematite, and 4,604
tons magnetite, giving the States second, tenth, and seventh place,
respectively, in these classes of ores.
Wisconsin. — This State produced 675,053 long tons of iron ore in
the year 1903, a decline of 108,943 long tons, or 14 per cent from the
1902 total of 783,996 tons. Of the total production 646,042 long tons
were of the red hematite variety, in which class the State occupied
fourth place, and the remainder, 29,011 long tons, was brown hematite.
The State ranked sixth as an iron-ore producer.
This year witnessed the initial production of iron ore in the new
Baraboo Iron Range, near the town of Freedom in southern Wisconsin.
In 1903 Mr. S. Weidman made an investigation for the Wisconsin
geological and natural history survey of the occurrence of iron ore in
the Baraboo Range, which is summarized as follows in Bulletin No.
225 of the United States Geological Survey:^
A pre-Cambrian quartzite formation, having an estimated thickness of 3,000 to 5,000
feet, forms an east-west synclinorium about 20 miles long and ranging in width from 2
miles on the east to 10 or 12 miles on the west, resting on a basement of igneous rock.
The upturned north and south edges of the quartzite form, respectively, the north and
the south ranges of the Baraboo bluffs, standing 700 to 800 feet above the surround-
ing country and above the intervening valley. This valley is occupied by formations
younger than and conformable with the quartzite. Mr. V^eidman has named these
a Contributions to Economic Geology, 1903: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 226, 1904, pp. 218-220.
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ntoN OBES. 57
formadons the 8eeley slate and the Freedom formation. The Seeley slate has an esti-
nuited thickness of 500 to 800 feet, and above this is the Freedom formation, mainly
dolomite, which has a thickness estimated to be at least 800 feet, and which bears
the iron-ore deposits in its lower horizon.
Flat-lying Paleozoic sediments, unconformably overlying the pre-Cambrian rocks,
occupy the smronnding area and partly fill the valley. Paleozoic rocks range from
Upper Cambrian (Potsdam) in the valley bottom to the Ordovician (Trenton) on
the upper portions of the quartzite ranges. The Potsdam sandstone has a thickness
ranging from a few feet to a maximum of about 570 feet in the valley. Glacial drift
ie abundant over the quartzite ranges and in the valleys in the eastern half of the
district, but occurs only in the valleys in the western half.
The iron ore occurs in the lower horizons of the Freedom formation and is mainly
I bessemer hematite, with soft and earthy, hard and black, and banded siliceous
phases. A very small amount of hydrated hematite or limonite is also present
The rocks immediately associated with the ore and into which the ore grades are
dolomite, cherty ferruginous dolomite, ferruginous chert, ferruginous slate, and femi-
ginoos dolomitic slate — in fact, all possible gradations and mixtures of the minerals
dolomite, hematite, quartz, and such aiigillaceous minerals as kaolin and chlorite.
In the ferruginous rocks associated with the iron ore, the iron occurs as hematite and
also in the form of carbonate, isomorphous with carbonate of calcium, magnesium,
and manganese, in the form of ferrodolomite and manganic-ferro-dolomite, and as
silicates combined with various proportions of alumina, lime, magnesia, and manga-
nese, as chlorite and mica, and also very probably to a small extent as iron phosphate.
The ore deposits thus far found are all in the valley between the quartzite ranges,
and because of the structure of the pre-Cambrian series it is hardly possible that ore
deposits will be found elsewhere than in this valley.
The iron ore is a stratified formation and is conformable with the associated strati-
fied rocks, both below and above. The ore bodies, therefore, have the dip and
strike of the associated rocks, and are found dipping at various angles from nearly
horizontal to nearly vertical.
At the Illinois mine, 3 miles southwest of North Freedom, and on the south limb
of the syncline, the ore deposit has a thickness of 30 to 35 feet, and bears an average
of 54 to 58 per cent metallic iron. The dip of the ore body and adjacent formation
i0*about 50** N. Between the ore and the underlying Seeley slate are 100 feet of
mltemating beds and thin seams of iron ore with a considerable thickness of dolomite
and ferruginous dolomite, ferruginous chert, and ferruginous slate. Between the
ore deposit and the overl3ring dolomite are alternating strata of similar character
grading up into the nearly pure dolomite. North of the Illinois mine a thickness of
000 feet of dolomite is known to occur.
Underground exploration seems to show that the conditions and character of the
rock existing at the Illinois mine prevail generally, as should be expected, throughout
the valley wherever the iron formation and overlying rocks have not been eroded
by the subsequent pre-Potsdam erosion. In general, there appears to be a highly
ferruginous horizon near the base of the dolomitic formation, having a variable
thickness, probably ranging from 400 to 500 feet. This ferruginous horizon bears
one or more deposits of iron ore separated by intervening strata of associated ferru-
ginoos rock. In one of the drill holes in the west end of the district nearly 200 feet
nf iron ore and paint rock were penetrated immediately beneath the unconformable
Fotsdam sandstone, the average content of iron for this distance being about 45 per
cent
fhe iron ore is believed by Weidman to be mainly a product of metamorphism of
what was originally a deposit of nearly pure ferric hydrate, deposited in shallow
hgooxm and protected bays and formed in a manner similar to bog and lake ore
at the present day, throogh chemical and organic processes acting upon and within
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58 MINERAL RE9OUE0E8.
shallow waters unusually rich in iron. The evidence of shallow water, and not
deep sea, in which the iron was originally deposited, is furnished by the numerous
sun cracks in the ferruginous carbonaceous slate immediately associated with the ore
strata and the presence of carbonaceous matter in the iron ore and associated rocks.
The process of metamorphism, it is believed, has been mainly that of dehydration of
the original ferric hydrate, analagous to the partial dehydration of the originally
hydrated silicates, chlorite, and kaolin of the underlying Seeley slate.
These deposits of Bessemer ore, within convenient railroad haul of
the blast furnaces at Chicago, 111., may prove an important adjunct to
the ore supply of these furnaces.
Pennsylvania. — This State contributed 644,599 long tons of iron ore
in the year 1903, being a decline of 178,333 long tons, or 22 per cent,
from the 1902 total of 822,932 long tons. Three classes of ore were
mined in 1903; 426,637 tons were of the magnetite variety, 202,542
tons brown hematite, and 15,420 tons red hematite, giving the State
third, sixth, and twelfth place, respectively, in these classes of iron
ore.
This decline is due almost entirely to the diminished output of one
of the large mines, the Cornwall Ore Hills, to which Pennsylvania
was indebted for its position as a prominent producer for a number
of years.
JS^eio York, — In the year 1903 New York mined 540,460 long tons
of iron ore, a decrease of 14,861 tons, or 3 per cent, from the 1902
total of 555,321 tons. Of this quantity 451,481 tons were of the mag-
netite variety, 83,820 tons were red hematite, and 5,159 tons brown
hematite ore, giving the State second, eighth, and fourteenth position
in these respective classes of iron ore.
JS'ew Jersey. — All of the iron ore mined in New Jersey is of the
magnetite variety, in which class of ore it occupied first place in 1903,
with a total of 484,796 long tons. This was an increase of 42,917
long tons, or nearly 10 per cent, over the 1902 production of 441,879
long tons.
The construction of several modern furnaces has been the predomi-
nating and instigating cause of the increased output in New Jersey,
and it is probable that an augmented production may be expected in
the near future.
Georgia. — In the year 1903 Georgia produced 443,452 long tons of
iron ore, an advance of 78,562 tons, or 22 per cent, over the 1902 total
of 364,890 long tons (including the quantity mined in North Carolina,
which in the year 1903 is reported separately, owing to the increasing
number of mines).
Of this total 318,804 long tons were brown hematite and 124,648
tons were red hematite.
Nevada., New Mexico^ Utah^ and Wyoming. — Nevada, New Mexico,
Utah, and Wyoming contributed in the year 1903 392,242 long tons
of iron ore, the greater portion of which, 235,599 long tons, was of
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IRON ORES. 59
the red hematite variety, the i*emainder being magnetite with a small
amount of brown hematite. The increase over the year 1902 output
of 362,034 long tons was 30,208 tons, or 8 per cent. In 1902 Montana
was a producer of iron ore, while the Nevada mines were idle; in the
year 1903 the reverse was the case.
Oolcrado. — In the year 1903 the amount of iron ore mined in this
State was 252,909 tons, being 40,388 tons, or 14 per cent less than the
1902 production of 293,297 tons.
Of this total 249,288 tons were of the brown-hematite variety, the
remainder, 3,621 tons, being red hematite.
The determination of exact statistics in regard to the iron ore mined
in Colorado is difficult, as much of the ore comes from mines produc-
ing precious metals, but when iron ores do not contain sufficient
quantities of silver, gold, lead, or manganese to cause them on that
account to be valued at or in excess of about $12 per ton, and are used
as fluxes by the smelters, they have been classed as iron ores.
Other States. — None of the other States reached a total production
of 100,000 tons. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Texas supplied
brown hematite ore; Maryland, brown hematite and carbonate; Mis-
souri, I'ed and brown hematites; North Carolina, brown hematite and
magnetite; and Ohio, carbonate ore.
PROMTNENT IRON^ORE MINES.
In the year ending December 31, 1903, there were 141 iron-ore
operations which produced over 50,000 tons each, the total being
31,301,938 long tons, or 89 per cent of the United States output. In
1902, 126 mines produced 31,561,628 long tons.
Of these larger mining operations 116 contributed 28,660,132 tons
of red hematite, 15 supplied 1,336,337 tons of brown hematite, and 10
reported 1,305,469 tons of magnetite. Of these operations 1 reported
over 1,500,000 tons, 1 over 1,300,000 tons, 2 over 1,200,000 tons, 2
over 1,000,000 tons, 2 over 800,000 tons, 2 over 700,000 tons, 3 over
600,000 tons, 4 over 500,000 tons, 3 over 400,000 tons, 9 over 300,000
tons, 13 over 200,000 tons, 35 over 100,000 tons, and 64 between
100,000 tons and 50,000 tons.
Of these larger mining operations 48 were in Minnesota, 46 in Mich-
igan, 19 in Alabama, 6 in Tennessee, 4 each in Wisconsin and New
Jersey, 3 in New York, 2 each in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Colorado,
and Georgia, and 1 each in New Mexico, North Carolina, and Wyoming.
The table below gives a list of the mining operations in the United
States which in the year 1903 produced over 50,000 long tons of iron
orp« together with the States in which they are located and the quan-
tity contributed by each, except 12 mines, the managers of which
objected to such publication, these being grouped at the end.
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60 MINERAL BE80URCE8.
Prominent iron-ore mines of the United States^ wiih their production in 1903.
Long tons.
Fayal, Minn 1,519,450
Mountain Iron, Minn , 1, 336, 864
Adams, Minn 1,265,501
Red Mountain Group, Ala 1,231,409
Stevenson, Minn 1,014,608
Mahoning No. 3, Minn 1,010,327
Nome Group, Mich 865,141
Biwabik, Minn 807,511
Lake Superior, Mich 706,267
Pioneer, Minn 703,925
Chapin, Mich 683,481
Spruce Mining Company, Minn 663, 290
Burt, Minn 627,049
Amgon, Mich 552,898
Cleveland Lake, Mich 459,650
Cleveland Hard Ore, Mich 65,753
525,403
Chandler, Minn 518,738
Pewabic, Mich 500,855
Aurora and Vaughn, Mich 468, 518
Hull, Minn 429,860
Cornwall, Pa 401,470
Ashland, Mich 373,933
Penn Iron Mining Company, Mich 358, 421
Genoa, Minn 346,678
Lake Angeline, Mich 325,200
Tilden,Mich 323,972
Regent Iron Company, Mich 321,680
Savoy-Sibley, Minn 312,655
Clark, Minn 304,328
Newport and Bonnie, Mich 295, 507
Lincoln, Minn 284,677
Rust, Minn 257,413
Cliffs Shaft, Mich 252,506
Bristol (Claire), Mich 250,300
Sellers, Minn 247,691
Sunrise, Wyo 214,880
Pillsbury, Minn 214,026
Chisholm, Minn 213,003
Minnesota Iron Company, Minn 202, 558
Leetonia, Minn 200, 163
Brown Mining Company, Tenn 198, 841
Glen, Minn 191,942
Champion, Mich 190,902
Jordan, Minn : 190, 353
Zenith, Minn 180, 708
Negaunee, Mich 179, 282
Sali8bur>, Mich 176,107
Montreal and Ottawa, Wis 173, 149
Port Henry No. 21, N. Y 164,895
Great Western, Mich 163, 795
Utica,Minn 168,154
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IBON ORES. 61
Long tons.
Atlantic, Wis 156,627
Duluth, Minn 150,053
Elba, Minn 142,987
Beaaiort, Mich 141,900
FieiTo and Union Hill, N. Mex 137,843
Crystal Fallfi, Mich 137,169
Riverton Group, Mich 131,673
Tobin and Geneeee, Mich i 131,022
Cyprus, Minn ..1 122,641
Cundy. Mich 120,616
Ironaton IVIinee, Ala 120, 572
Republic and West Republic, Mich 120, 218
Florence, Wis 116, 180
Albiiny, Minn 112,315
Day, Minn 111,587
Hemlock River, Mich 110, 749
Clifford, Mich 108,277
Mikado, Mich 107,750
Oriflkany,Va 107,293
Volunteer, Mich 107,035
Minorca, Minn 105,587
Loretto, Mich 104,498
Grmoea Gap, Ala 101,719
Bartow, Ga 97,758
Agnew, Minn 96,073
CYoxton, Minn 95,877
BalUc, Mich 95,553
Rddmnnd, Ala 93,636
Brotherton, Mich 93,061
Longyear, Minn 90, 650
Helen-Bcas, Ala 88,223
Richards, N.J 87,782
Princeton, Mich 87,396
Cmrvy WeetCary,and Superior, Wis 87,393
Stephens, Minn 87,055
Sunday I^e, Mich 85,338
UuD<Hit, Mich 80,394
Sparta, Minn , 77,933
£«ireka, Tenn 76,538
Lone Pine 1, 2, and 3, Ala 76,356
Laura, Minn 75,552
^ith, Tenn 74,379
Mannie, Tenn 74, 357
Winthrop, Mich 72,433
Houston, Ala 71,690
Hammond Bros. & Company, Ala 70, 172
Tinnehill. Ala 69,622
Ia Follette Coal and Iron Company, Tenn 69, 270
Hawking Minn - 67,244
ifinnfieW, Mich 65,244
Sbaron, 3£inn 64, 835
La Beiie, Minn 64,563
Ptttit, Minn ^»378
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62 MINERAL RESOURCES.
Long tons.
Union, Minn 60,079
Franklin, Minn 60, 049
Hiawatha, Mich 60,000
Yale, Mich 59,460
Orient, Colo 58,848
Anvil, Mich 58,229
Estelle Mining Company, Ga 57, 419
North Alabama Mining Company (Slope No. 1 ), Ala 67, 216
Cambria, Mich 56,620
Grant, Minn 55,945
Richmond (Gribben), Mich 55, 593
Lillie, Mich 55,162
Greeley Group, Ala 54, 499
Alfretta, Ala 54,484
Midas, Colo 64,448
La Rue Mining Company, Minn 53, 375
Verona, Mich 53,231
Hillman, Ala 53,166
Quinnesec, Mich 53,160
Cass, Minn 52,905
Scotia, Pa 52,763
Hartford, Mich 52,152
Chateaugay, N. Y 51,654
Pinkney Mining Company, Tenn 50, 928
Pearce, Mmn 50,439
St. Clair, Minn 50,257
Total 29,735,431
Twelve mines not reported by name 1, 566, 507
Total 31,301,938
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM IiAKE SUPERIOR REGION.
The greater portion of the iron ore mined in the Lake Superior
region is sent by rail to seven shipping ports for transportation by
water to ports on Lakes Erie and Michigan, and from these ports most
of the ore received is forwarded by rail to Mast furnaces and rolling
mills in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Illi-
nois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Kentucky, etc. Owing to the large stocks
carried over and to the reduced demand, the distribution of Lake
Superior iron ores will probably extend in 1904: over a greater terri-
tory than that named. Five of the seven shipping ports — Two Har-
bors, Duluth, Superior, Ashland, and Marquette — are located on Lake
Superior, and two — Escanaba and Gladstone — are on the northwestern
shore of Lake Michigan. Duluth and Two Harbors are in the State
of Minnesota, Superior and Ashland in Wisconsin, and the others in
Michigan.
Climatic conditions interfere with shipments by water and limit the
season of ore transportation to about seven months.
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IBON 0BE8.
63
The total amount of iron ore forwarded by water from the Lake
Superior region during the year 1903 wa8 23,649,550 long tons, and in
addition 632,045 tons were sent to points of consumption by all rail, a
total of 24,281,596 long tons. The ports of Duluth and Two Harbors
in 1903, as in 1902, head the list, but the relative positions are reversed,
Duluth now ranking first with 6,356,473 long tons, followed by Two
Harbors with 5,120,656 tons. Escanaba is third with a shipment of
4,277,561 tons, Superior fourth with 3,978,579 tons, Ashland fifth
with 2,823,119 tons, Marquette sixth with 2,007,346 tons, and Glad-
stone last with 85,816 tons.
The shipments by ports from 1895 to 1903, inclusive, as supplied by
the Iron Trade Review, are as follows:
Lake shipments of iron orCy 1896-1 90S ^ by ports.
ShippififiT port.
Two Harbon*
Eecaiutba
Duhitb
AahUnd
Marquette
Superior
Gladstone
Total
All-rail shipments
Gland total
Shipping port.
Two Harbors
Eieaoafaa
Daluth
Ashiaod
MAfqaette
Soperlor
GladstcMie
TWal
An-fmn shipments
<;rmnd total
1896.
Long tons.
2,118,156
2,860,172
1,598,783
2,350,219
1,079,485
117,884
109, 2U
10,233,910
195,127
10,429,037
1896.
1897.
Long tons.
1,818,992
2,321,981
1,968,982
1,566,286
1,561,813
167,246
220,887
9,644,036
290,792
Long tons.
2,651,465
2,802,121
2,876,064
2,067,637
1,946,519
531,825
341,014
12,215,645
263,993
9,934,828 12,469,638
1899.
Long tons.
2,698,245
2,806,513
2,635,262
2,391,088
2,245,965
550,403
335,956
13,655,432
369,241
14,024,673
Ixmg tons.
3,973,783
3,?20,218
3,609,965
2,703,447
2,738,596
878,942
381,467
17,901,358
350,446
18,251,804
1900.
Long tons.
4,007,294
3.436,781
3,888,986
2,633,687
2,661,861
1,622,899
418,854
18,670,815
480,078
19,059,393
1901.
Long ions.
5,018,197
4,022,668
3,437,955
2,886,252
2,854,284
2,321,077
117,089
20,157,522
431,715
20,589,237
1902.
Long tons.
5,605,185
5,413,704
5,598,408
3.553,919
2,595,010
4,180,568
92,375
27,039,169
531,952
27,671,121
Long tons.
5,120,656
4,277,561
5,356,473
2,823,119
2,007,346
3,978,579
85,816
23,649,550
632,015
24,281,596
Most of the iron ore shipped from the upper lake ports is received
tt the Lake Erie ports, the quantity during the year 1903 being
I*»,681,731 long tons of iron ore. The diflFerence between this quan-
tity and 23,649,550 tons, the total tonnage forwarded by water from
the shipping port«, represents the quantity forwarded to blast fur-
nace- located on or near Lake Michigan, at Detroit, etc. There should
be added to the total shipments the (juantity of iron ore sent to the
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64
MimSBAL BE80UBGES.
United States from the Michipicoten Range of Ontario. The ore won
from this Canadian range in 1903 was 223,976 long tons, of which
170,666 tons were sent to the United States, and 32,745 long tons were
supplied to Canadian furnaces, the remainder being placed on the
stock pile. This would therefore show a total of 4,138,485 long tons
sent to blast furnaces at or near Chicago, Milwaukee, and in the lower
peninsula of Michigan.
In 1903 Cleveland occupied first place as an iron-ore receiving port,
with a total of 4,434,160 long tons of iron ore, followed by Ashtabula
with 4,242,160 long tons, Conneaut with 3,903,937 tons, Buffalo and
Tonawanda with 2,149,901 tons, Fairport with 1,434,342 tons, and Erie
with 1,257,798 tons. Of the other Lake Erie ports, Lorain, Toledo,
Huron, and Sandusky, none received 1,000,000 tons, but they ranked
in the order named.
The following table presents the receipts of iron ore at lower lake
ports from 18&5 to 1903, inclusive:
Iron-ore receipts at Lake Erie pnrtSf 1895-190S.
Port
Ashtabula, Ohio
Cleyeland, Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio
Buffalo and Tonawanda, N. Y
Erie, Pa
Fkdrport, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Lorain, Ohio
Huron, Ohio
Sandusky, Ohio
Total
1895.
Long tons.
2,474,791
2,312,870
244,967
719,742
811,989
914,617
260,790
214,219
146,442
12,361
8.112,228
1896.
LongUms.
2,272,822
2,818,170
827,623
645,101
847,849
941,446
801,794
191,445
226,515
58,667
8,026,432
1897.
LongtoHB.
3,001,914
2,456,704
495,327
797,446
1,311,526
1,008,840
416,488
855,188
198,231
79,792
10,120,906
1898.
Long tone.
2.684,668
2,645,818
1,404,169
1,075,975
1,092,364
912,879
414,012
586,066
126,755
136,200
11,028,821
1899.
Longtotu,
3,841,538
8,222,682
2,320,696
1,580,016
1,809,961
1,241,018
792,848
1,112,946
263,600
87,499
15,222,187
Port.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1906.
Ashtabula, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio
Buffalo and Tonawanda, N. Y.
Erie, Pa
Fairport, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Lorain, Ohio
Huron, Ohio
Sandusky, Ohio
Totol.
LongUm$.
8,709,486
8,876,644
2,556,681
1,616,919
1,240,715
1,085,554
645,147
1,090,285
821,914
1M,M2
15,797,787
LongtoT^s.
3,981,170
8,831,060
3,181,019
1,475,886
1,379,877
1,181,776
798,298
721,662
431,311
33,017
Longtont. \
4,796,805
4,878,318 I
4,300,301
2,266,798 '
1,717,268 I
1,538,744 j
1,037,671 I
1,442,417 I
520,646 ,
165,556 I
17,014,076
22,649,424
LongtOM.
4,242,160
4,434,160
3.903,937
2,149,901
1,257,798
1,434.342
652,806
990.490
486,106
180,532
19,681,731
The bulk of the iron ores when received at lower lake docks is loaded
on cars and forwarded directly to the blast furnaces, but quantities are
also held in stoc-k »t the receiving ports to be shipped during the winter
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IBON 0BE8.
65
or as required at the furnaces. The quantity of ore on hand at lower
lake portH on December 1, 1903, according to figures compiled by the
Iron Trade Review, was 6,371,085 long tons, the largest stock of ore
recorded with the exception of the year 1902, when the accumulation
was 7,074,254 long tons. The stock on hand at lower lake ports on
December 1, for the years 1896 to 1903, inclusive, is shown in the
annexed table:
Stork» of iron ore at lower lake ports f J896-190S.
Port.
AahUboU, Ohio
OereUnd^Ohio
Fairport, Ohio...
■ii«,Pa
Lorain, Ohio....
Coime«it« Ohio .
Toledo. Ohio....
HaiOD. Ohio
BafUo^N.Y...
SuaOmkj, Ohio
TWal
At close of navigation, December 1-
1896.
Long tons.
l,a01,8Q2
1,200,792
606,470
836,718
224,264
292,460
U8,132
101,000
207,199
84,876
4.416,712
1896.
Long tout.
1,441,666
1,419,811
773,906
366,222
281,288
276,800
116,969
200,076
82,267
80,491
4,964,984
1897.
LongtoM.
1,886,694
1,478,356
826,312
484,871
817,509
860,895
194,614
230,029
111,660
84,786
6,923,766
6,136,407 5,530,283
Port.
At close of navigation, December 1—
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
AihtahoK Ohio .
aeveland, Ohio .
Fklrport^Ohio...
■lie, P&.
Loniii,Ohio
ConneMit,Ohio..
Toledo, Ohio
Himm,Ohio
BoSalo, N. Y ....
T,Ohio..
Long tons.
1,8U,469
1,837,446
611,717
480,734
261,838
680,614
242,376
211,877
282,100
96, m
Long ton*.
1,769,145
1,878,060
710,590
470,718
196,863
604,106
264,196
231,601
198,100
47,384
Long tons.
Long tons.
1,967,136
1,911,911
1,500,604
1,337,750
924,286
846,946
722,966
667,409
328,304
288,581
678,679
691,864
310,023
106,710
232.764
263.249
319,367
282,890
95,175
96,275
Total.
6,904,070
6,869,663
7,074,264
6,371,085
This accumulation of 6,371,085 tons of iron ore a lower lake ports
in 1903 was not drawn upon as heavily as in previous years, and at the
opening of navigation on the Lakes, May 1, 1904, there remained on
the docks 4,534,103 tons, the largest total heretofore recorded.
In the spring of the year 1904, owing to strikes of employees of the
lake carriers and to the practical disorganization of the Lake Superior
Ore Association, efforts were made to approxiniate the quantity of
Lake Superior ore on hand at blast furnaces. The total reported was
doae to 7,000,000 long tons on May 1, which, added to the stock of
ore on hand at the lower lake ports, made a reserve of 11,500,000 tons
at that date on which the furnaces could draw.
M B 1903 6 r^^^^T^
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66
MINERAL KE80URCES.
The stocks of iron ore on hand at the lower lake ports on May 1 for
the years 1896 to 1904, inclusive, is given in the following table:
Stocks of iron are at Imver kike ports^^ 1896-1904.
At opening of navigation, May 1 —
Port.
I 38%.
Ashtabula, Ohio.
Cleveland, Ohio .
Fairport, Ohio...
Eric, Pa
Lorain, Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio. .
Toledo, Ohio....
Huron, Ohio
Buffalo. N.Y
Sandusky, Ohio..
Long ion».
636.254
fi06,693
346, 847
137,826
118,820
112,400
10.593
55, 173
16,644
8. 442
Total j 1,949,698
1897.
lA)nfj tons.
926,865
979,705
480,984
l.'V3,26l
180,605
207,034
66,337
162,292
50,477
48,937
1898.
Long tons.
1,031,441
853,776
501,592
236,485
158,797
69,047
71,726
143, 170
53,081
48,800
I^ng tons.
855,691
472,946
289,417
95.626
168.C>46
6,116 !
22,915
82,055
72,757
7,086
1900.
Long tons.
678, 789
386,291
282,298
97,894
126, 212
8,649
52, 616
48, 412
35,195
4,300
3,256,497 3.167,915 I 2,073,254 i 1,720,666
At openinjjr of navi^'ation, May 1 —
Port.
1901.
Ashtabula, Ohio .
Cleveland. Ohio .
Fairport, Ohio...
Erie, Pa
Lorain. Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio..
Toledo, Ohio
Huron. Ohio
Buffalo. N.Y
Sanduvky. Ohi....
T..l:il
Long tons.
1.046,974
806.119
30<), 706
225, 412
1 10. 562
69. 755
138, 457
135,043
118.007
6:i,14H
:5,o:)0,i.h;^ I
1902.
lAmg tons.
921,712
624,865
472. 325
223, 972
*M^, 992
152.891
111,511
129, 635
73. S(;i
37, 100
2.848.194
19(i:i.
Dmg tonit. Long tons.
1,073.967
1,559,028
82<), 347
9f>8, 5as
555. 709
579, 077
426,741
474, 275
190.311
237,404
125, 400
128.018
126,831
160.216
147,817
208.008
<i(),241
150,106
56.500
fiS, S«>3
3,592.3(>7
4,.S34.103
A AJ^FK OF IROX OHKS.
The total value at the mines of the 35,019,308 long tons of iron ore
produced in the I'nited Stntos in tlie year 1903 was ^♦5r>.32S,415, or
vl.S9 per ton, an increase of 5 cents per ton, or 3 per cent, over the
1902 figures of .^l.S4.
The sidliiij.,^ prices of the Lake Superior ()r<^s, which form the greater
portion of the United States total, have i?i latt* years heen fixed by the
Lake Supj^rior ()i-e As.^ociation, and in tlie year liH»3 these ligures were
the same as in l!*oti, jis follows: A basis ])rice of 5?4.50 per long ton,
free on board at 1o\v<m- lake ]X)rts, for old Kange Bessemer ores guar-
anteed to contain (13 per cent of mc^tallic iron, 0.045 per cent of phos-
phorus, and 10 per rvni of moisture when dried at 212 F. For old
Ranoj' non-P>ess(»mer or(v^, frec^ on board at lower lake ports, basis
price. S^3.rit» ])er ton, guaranteed to contain <»() per cent of iron and
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IBON 0BE8.
67
12 per cent of moisture. For Mesabi Range Bessemer ores, free on
board at lower lake ports, basis price $4 per ton, guarantee, 63 per
cent of iron, 0.045 phosphorus, 10 per cent moisture. For Mesabi
Range non-Bessemer ores, free on board at lower lake points, basis
price, $3.20 per ton, guarantee, 60 per cent of iron and 12 per cent
moisture. These Mesabi non-Bessemer ores are divided into three
classes, according to physical structure, with a diflFerential of 15 cents
between the first and second classes and 10 cents between the second
and third classes, or a total differential of 25 cents between the first
and third classes.
The returns collated show that the highest average value at the
mine in 1903 was placed on the Colorado iron ores, viz, $3.12 per ton,
and the lowest on Texas ores, $1 per ton. Generally speaking, there
were but slight changes in the various States between the prices which
prevailed in 1902 and in 1903. Of the States comprising the Lake
Superior region, Michigan reported the same average price as in 1902,
$2.40 per ton, Minnesota an advance of 17 cents, and Wisconsin a
decline of 1 cent from the respective 1902 valuations of $1.58 and ^2.30
per ton.
The following table gives the total production and value of the iron
ore produced in 1903, by States, together with the average value per
ton at the mines:
QtiatUity and raltte of iron ore produced in 1903^ by Staiej^.
State.
Mlnn««otft
MichiK&n
Xlabama
Tentiesaee
Virginia and Went Virginia
Wwn>Tij4n
Penn^lvania
NVw York
New Jenvy
G^>rvia
X* Ta<lii. New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
Oilonido
V rth CarDlina
MU^mri
T-Ta5
K«-ntu< ky
ranDK'tirui and Maiwachusetta
o^Io
Vary land
ToUl.
Quantity.
Total value
at mint's.
Average
vulue
fier ton.
Ltmg Omn.
15,371,8%
$-.6.8;«,(M3
fl.75
10, 000, 3;«
2.5,48:^,075
2.40
3,r»g4,9(>0 1
3, 9:^9, 000
1.07
S.V2, 704
1,075,619
1.2G
801,101
1.432,024
1.79
r.75,o.->3
1.542,517
2. 29
044,599 '
1,0<V2, 4.M
1.65
MO, 400
1.2<)9,.H99
2.21
48-1,790
l.:«0.745
2.74
443, 452
571.124
1.29
392,242
012. 199
1.56
2.52,909
787, .S21
3. 12
75.252
99. S.S5
i.:i:{
63,380
110.127
1.71
34,a50
31.(i.'><)
1.00
32. 227
40. .5-17
1. 11
30. 729
82, 21 1
2. TkS
-29. TnSS
51.9-V.
1 . 75
9, 920
22.012
2. 2H
35, 019. :^1s
(U',.;-;2s. i]:>
1.S9
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68
MINERAL RESOURCES.
STOCKS OF IRON ORBS.
On December 31, 1903, the total stock of iron ore on hand at the
mines was reported as 6,297,888 long tons, an increase of 2,463,171
long tons, or 64 per cent, over the 3,834,717 tons reported at the close
of the year 1902. As would naturally be expected, the greater por-
tion of this ore, 5,976,249 long tons, was in the Lake Superior region,
of which 3,810,751 tons were in Michigan. The large stocks of ore in
this district are due to the fact that the greater part is forwarded to
lower lake ports by water, and when navigation is suspended the
stocks accumulate rapidly. The ore on hand at the mines at the close
of the year 1903 was 18 per cent of the production of the United
States during the year.
The following table gives the stock of ore on hand at the mines on
December 31, 1903, by States:
Stocks of iron ore on hand December SI, 1903, by States.
state.
Michigan
Minnesota
Wisconsin
Alabama
New York
Kew Jersey
Texas
Tennessee
Nevada and Utah
Quantity.
LongtoM.
3,810,751
1,920,438
245,060
126,157
60,741
48,427
18,500
16,668
18,750
State.
Georgia and North Carolina
Pennsylyania
Missouri
Virginia and West Virginia ....
Ohio
Maryland
Connecticut and Massachusetts
Total
Quantity.
LongtoM.
14,999
9.6M
5,865
4,528
2,350
6U
6,297,888
IMPORTS OF IRON ORE.
The following tables furnished by the Bureau of Statistics of the
Department of Commerce and Labor show the imports and exports
of iron ore into and from the United States during the calendar year
1903.
Considerable quantities of iron ore are annually imported into the
United States. The Bureau of Statistics reports this import for 1903
as 980,440 long tons, valued at $2,261,008, or $2.31 per ton; this was a
decrease in quantity of 185,030 long tons, or 16 per cent from the
1902 total of 1,165,470 long tons, which was valued at $2,583,077, or
$2.22 per ton. The island of Cuba, where the mines are owned by
American companies, contributed 63 per cent of the imported ore, fol-
lowed by Canada, Spain, and Newfoundland. Smaller amounts were
supplied by Algeria, the United Kingdom, British Columbia, Bel-
gium, and Germany.
In considering the valuation of these ores it should be borne in
mind that the value is placed on them at the port of shipment and
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IRON ORES.
69
does not include freights nor the duty of 40 cents per ton. It is also
evident from the relatively high value placed, on the ores from some
countries that the estimate is based on some other constituent than
the iron contained in the ore.
The following table shows the importation of iron ore by countries
for the years 1897 to 1903, inclusive:
QuanUty and value of iron ores imported into the United Stales^ 1897-1903 ^ by countries.
Imported from—
1897.
QuanUty. Value.
LongtonB,
883,820
66.196
8,504
Coba
^Min
French Africa
Italy
Greece
Kevfoondland and Labrador
United Kingdom
OolomUa
Portugal j 8,612
Other oonntries 8,238
29,250
358
ToUU.
489,970
$454,709
167,878
7,785
29,431
4,091
5,881
9,187
1898.
Quantity. Value.
Long ton*.
165,623
13,885
7,200
678,912
367
$187,721
84,982
26,581
5,385
929
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
360,813
145,206
22,233
48,863
16,765
77,970
172
Hi9,616
889,058
51,746
122,786
27,656
77,970
994
7,560
13,121
187,208 I 255,548 ;
674,082 1,062,847
/
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Imported from—
Qnan-
Uty.
Value.
Quan-
Uty. •
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
X"-
Value.
Qil)^
Lang
Umt.
481,265
268,604
20,000
18,961
23,850
140.535
397
3,000
$687,496
494,668
28,686
50,945
81,685
142,686
3,274
4,864
tons.
526,583
180,810
$705,086
399,364
Long
tons.
696,375
153,627
19,167
$1,576,619
618.685
$1,501,480
Of^in
388,259 ! 94,720
85,707 7,830
196,139
14,586
ItalT
"••5 •-•
12,950
a79,860
490
42,896
79,860
16,989
1
Vewfoandland and
lA^ra<V>r
81,920
1,269
81,918 !a86,730
17,882 ' 6,843
86,680
United Kingdom
Coknnbia
31,868
Britifh Columbia
2,875
400
4,313
3,415
5,661
861
9,312
3,478
525
207
789
Ofmany...
145
181
5,588
700
25
1,839
854
10,189
1,621
100
1,820
■^Vrlandf
Qnefaec, Ontario, etc...
Veoezoela
163,883
406,431
203,824
509,711 169,681
424,440
Sweden and Norway . . .
500
2,866
4,850 300
2,964
Krux-e
5,341
699
469
980,440
242
897,831
1,165,470
Total
1,808,196
966,950
1,660,273
2,683,077
2,261,008
• XeirfooBdland only.
^<H thi4 amount H7 tons, rained at $442, came from Mexico, and 12 tons, valued at $27, from the
rtttoch West Indieii.
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70
MINERAL BESOUKOfiS.
The greater portion of the iron ore imported into the United States
is received at the Atlantic ports, the total in 1903 being 805,629 tons,
principally at the ports of Philadelphia -and Baltimore, at which
303,722 and 490,920 tons, respectively, were brought in.
The lake ports rank second with 169,681 long tons, most of which
came from tiie Michipicoten range in Canada and was sent to Buffalo.
It is only in late years since the opening of this range that these ports
have become prominent as receivers of foreign ore.
Small quantities were imported at Pensacola, Fla., and at the Pacific
coast ports, the latter being used principally at the Irondale Furnace,
Washington, when it is active, and at the precious-metal smelters.
The iron ore imported by customs districts into the United States
in the years 1898 to 1903, inclusive, is given in the following table:
Imports of iron ore
into the United States
, 1898-19€iS, by cuOams districts
1896.
1899.
1900.
Port.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Baltimore, Md
Long tons.
144,218
$178,906
888,268
5,767
830,594
120
75
9516,888
7.875
549,180
708
176
Long tons.
448,660
8,881
414,064
25,878
15
$629,507
Delaware
5,805
PhUadelphia, Pa
42,861
119
74,226
1,815
589,749
New York N. Y
63.540
Boston Mass
71
NGWT>ort News Va.
15
602
•
Norfolk and Portsmouth Va
Total Atlltotic porta
187,208
255,548
669,804
1,074,271
891,948
1,288,172
Caoe Vincent N. Y
196
20
489
52
Buffalo Creek N. Y . ...
1,023
2,456
286
52
211
1,181
267
586
Cuvaboca Ohio
6,141
Cbamplain, N. Y ^
641
904
1,655
168
GSD
Detroit, Mich
78
Genesee, N. Y
442
Oswesratchie, N. Y
125
1,089
260
2,045
2,064
Vermont
454
Erie
Miami
Total lake ports
2,824
4,569
5,366
10,285
Saluria. Tex. (total Gulf Dorts)
2
17
Puget Sound, Wash
1.912
3,746
424
3,781
San Francisco, Cal
San Diego, Cal
Lob Ansreles. Cal .
Total Pacific ports
1,912
8,746
424
3,781
Pittsbuig, Pa
40
244
98
958
Evansville, Ind I
Total Interior ports
40
244
93
958
255,548
Total imports
187,208
674,082
1,082,847
897,831
1.303,196
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IRON ORES.
Imports of iron ore into the United Stales^ 1898-190S — Continued.
ri
Port
19(
Quantity.
M.
1902.
1903.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Baltimore Md
1
Long tons. '
481,085 t73S.071
Long tons.
600.711
$1,401,326
LoTigtons.
490,920
$1,232,546
DcUtwftre .-
Philadelphia, Pa
298,256
15,865
459,696 1 838,848
46,863 1 14.546
597,896
39,800
142
8,130
303,722
6,940
650
3,397
560,880
New York. N Y
19,759
Boaton, Maae
60
197
2,436
Newport News, Va
8.825
Norfolk and Portamouth Va . .
1,850 1-860
Total Atlantic porta
800.005
1,240,482 1 9M,352
2,047,293
805,629 1,824,445
Cane VinoenL K Y
1
,
BnflaloCreek, N. Y^
53,827
146.696 1 63.286
133,877
808,951
38
112
23,167
122,021
171
56
57,798
CiiTahoga, Ohio
107,810 256.936 ' 123.476
305,804
Champlain, N. Y
Detmit. Mich
68
32
149 34
49 • 78
1
928
133
Genesee, N.Y
Oswegatchle, N. Y
Vennont
2,088
48
4,485
186
139
18
22,821
8,962
209
72
57,024
9,905
182
760
23,326
273
1,190
Erie
58,814
ICianii ...
169,681
4,100
Total lake norta
163,863
408,401
203,809
509,688
424,440
Penmcola, Fla. (total Oulf
6,660
Pu^t Sonnd, Wawh
2,875
660
87
4,313
4,875
442
............
6,661
1,241
9,812
12,581
626
200
789
1,989
Ran T>l4»o Cal . . ^ . t -
Loa Anirelea. Cal
857
8,461
25,364
306
2,785
ToUl Pacific porta
3,512
9,630
7,259
1,030
5,563
Pittaborg, Pa
60
20
730
30
50
742
Total interior porta
70
760
50
742
Total importa
966,950
1.650,273
1,165,470
2,583,077
980,440
2,261,00b
EXPORTS.
Until about five years ago the exportation of iron ore from the
United States was comparatively unimportant, but in 1899 and in
Mib»equent years moderate quantities have been shipped, the greater
portion of which was sent to blast furnaces located in the Province of
Ontario, Canada, and elsewhere in eastern Canada. Some shipments
were a]K> made to European countries, and it is not improbable that
thiH will be rejjeated. The total exports in the year 1903 were 80,611
tooK, valued at $255,728. This was a decrease of 7,834 tons from the
1902 shipments of 88,445 long tons.
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72
MINERAL RESOURCES.
In the following table will be found the exports of iron ore from
the United States, by customs districts, for the years 1899 to 1903,
inclusive:
Exports of iron ore from the United States^ 1899-1 90S, by customs districts.
CustomN district.
1899.
1900.
Quantity. Value.
1901
Quantity.
* Value.
Quantity. |
Value.
New York
Long tons.
Long tons.
Longtofu.
Niagara
17,857
11,389
10,634
703
172
7
3
930,000
20,012
22,465
2,930
823
42
15
........................
Superior
11,004
38,485
$35,213
113,962
8,982
84,966
$19,754
Dulnth
83,744
Paso del Norte
Saloria
Detroit
34
120
40
7SJ
Huron
Cbamplain
9.219
24,258
NewDort News
8
120
1,809
128
300
5,083
Buffalo Creelc
9,849
1,543
104
31,061
Mempbremagog
4,191
Vermont
200
40,665
l&i,756
Total
76,287
51,460
64.708
168,466
Customs district.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
New York *
Long tons.
204
802
19,157
49,233
$2,227
1,708
63,772
162,454
Long tons.
831
$2,000
Niagara
Superior
70,870
5,006
223,482
Duluth
13,463
Paso del Norte
Saluria
Detroit
115
408
Huron
Champlain
18,876
78,348
4,814
16,548
NewiKjrt News
Buffalo Creek
58
251
90
285
Memphrcmagog
Vermont
294,168
80,611
Total
88,445
255,728
CLTBA.
As all the active iron-ore mines in the island of Cuba are situated in
the province of Santiago de Cuba, in the southeastern section of the
island, and are owned and operated by American companies, most of
the ore produced is shipped to the United States.
The Juragua Iron Company (Limited), the pioneer, made its first
shipment in 1884, and contributed up to the close of 1903, 4,067,693
long tons of iron ore, the total for the latter year being 165,898 tons.
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IKON ORES.
73
The only other company active is the Spanish- American Iron Company,
which commenced exporting ore in 1895 and supplied 2,244,841 tons
to the close of 1903, of which 467,723 tons were shipped in the latter
year. In 1892 and 1893 the Sigua Iron Company produced 20,438 tons,
and in 1901 and 1902 the Cuban Steel Ore Company produced 41,241
tons; but both of these operations have been abandoned.
The total amount shipped from the island of Cuba from the year
1884 to 1903, inclusive, was 6,374,213 long tons, of which all but 81,060
tons were sent to the United States.
A summary of the shipments of Cuban ore from the time of opening
to date, which has been prepared by Mr. Josiah Monroe, of Philadel-
phia, is of interest.
SkipmenU of iron ore from mines in ike province of Santiago de Cuba, 1S8^190S,
Year.
Jaragua
Iron
Company
(Lff).
Siflmalron
Company.
Spanish-
American
Iron
Company.
Cuban
Steel Ore
Company.
Total.
18S4
LongUmt.
25,295
80,716
112.074
94,240
206,061
260,291
963,842
264,262
385,236
837,155
156,826
307,508
296,885
a248,256
LongtoM.
Long tons.
L^U>^.
Long tons.
25,295
80,716
112,074
94,240
206,061
1886.
18M
1887
1888
ism.
260,291
863,842
vm
un
264,262
18C
6,418
14,020
841,654
351,175
180
18M
156,826
882,494
412,995
454,285
1815
74,991
114,110
6206,029
84,643
215,406
292,001
<'834,883
455,105
rf467,728
18K
1897
18M
83,696
161,788
154,871
199,764
221,089
155,898
168,339
377,189
446,872
UN
MDO.
tm
17,651
23,590
552,248
699,734
623,621
1N2
ifn
TMaI
4,067.603
20,438
2.244,841
41,241
6,374,213
a Of thiB quantity, 5,982 tons were sent to Pictou, Nova Scotia.
bOt this quantity, 51.587 tons were sent to foreign ports.
e Of this quantity, 12,601 tons were sent to foreign ports.
^f Of this quantity, 10.900 tons were sent to foreign ports.
Total 81,060 tons sent to foreign ports.
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STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1903.
By James M. Swank,
Qtnend Manager of the American Iron and Steel Asgociation.
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE IRON TRADE TS 1903 A^STD 1904.
The prosperity which characterized the iron trade of the United
States from the beginning of 1899 to 1902 and throughout the early
part of 1903, as noticed in previous reports, was suddenly checked
about the middle of the last year by a sharp reaction in the stock mar-
ket, which caused a decline in the demand for iron and steel and a
consequent decline in prices. Production in the first half of the year
had been on a large scale, fairly comparable with any half year since
the beginning of the boom of 1899, and prices had been as a whole
satisfactory, but in the last half of the year both production and prices
declined rapidly. Soon after the beginning of the year 1904, however,
there was a revival of activity in production, but prices did not rally.
Apiil and May, 1904, were especially active months, but with slight
increase in prices. June and July were characterized by a sluggish
demand. August, September, and October were again active months.
Prices, except in some special products and for special reasons, have
been remarkably uniform all through 1904. In September and Octo-
ber there was a distinct revival of confidence and hopefulness in the
iron trade, and as this report is written, in the latter part of October,
there are few signs of the reaction which began a little more than a
year ago. The prices of pig iron have advanced in October. The
stock market has recovered its buoyancy, and this recovery has been a
leading cause of the revival of the iron trade. Details of production
aod prices and of imports and exports for 1903 and immediately pre-
ceding years will be found in succeeding pages. Some prices for the
fint ten months of 1904 have been added.
76
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MINERAL RESOURCES.
GENERAIi STATISTICAIi SUMMARY.
The following table gives the shipments in 1902 and 1903 of Lake
Superior iron ore, the shipments of coke and of anthracite coal, the
total production of iron ore, coal, and coke, and of all iron and steel,
the imports and exports of iron and steel, etc. :
Summary of iron, lieel, etc., statistics for the United States for 1902 and 190S,
[Long tons, except for coke and nails.]
Article.
Shipments of iron ore from Lake Superior
Total production of iron ore
Shipments of Pennsylvania anthraci te coal
Total production of all kinds of coal
Total production of coke short tons..
Shipments of Connellsyille coke do
Shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke do
Production of pig iron, including spiegeleisen and ferromaaganese
Production of spiegeleisen and f erromanganeso
Production of Bessemer steel ingots and castings
Production of open-hearth steel ingots and eastings
Production of all kinds of steel
Production of structural shapes, not including plates
Production of plates and sheets, except nail plate
Production of all rolled iron and steel, except rails
Production of Bessemer steel rails
Production of all kinds of rails
Production of iron and steel wire rods
Production of all rolled iron and steel, including rails
Production of Iron and steel cut nails kegs of 100 pounds. .
Production of iron and steel wirenaHs do —
Imports of iron ore
Exports of iron ore
Imports of iron and steel value . .
Exports of iron and steel do
1902.
27,571,121
85,654,135
31,200,890
269,277,178
25,401,730
14,138,740
1.191,486
17,821,807
212,981
9488,368
6,687,729
14,947,250
1,800,326
2,665,400
10,996,188
2,935,392
2,947,938
1,574,293
13,944,116
1,638,762
10,982,246
1,165,470
88,445
841,468,826
197,892,036
1903.
24,289.878
35,019,308
59,362,881
819,068,229
25,262,360
18,345,230
1,693,403
18,009,252
192,661
8,692,829
5,829,911
14,534,978
1,095,813
2,599,665
10,215,220
2,946,756
2,992,477
1.503,455
13,207,697
1,485,83S
9,631,661
960,440
80,611
941,255,864
$99,085,865
The shipments of Lake Superior iron ore in 1903 were 3,281,243
tons less than in 1902, but the country's total production of iron ore
in 1903 was only 534,827 tons less than in 1902. The shipments of
Connells\dlle coke in 1903 declined 793,510 short tons as compared
with 1902. The shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke increased
501,967 short tons as compared with 1902. The total production of
coke in 1903 was 139,370 short tons less than in 1902. The shipments
of Pennsylvania anthracite coal in 1903 increased 28,161,941 lon^ tons
over the shipments of the strike year 1902. The production of all
kinds of coal in 1903 increased 49,791,051 long tons over 1902.
The production of all kinds of pig iron increased 187,945 long tons
in 1903 over 1902, but the production of spiegeleisen and ferroman-
ganese decreased 20,320 tons. The production of Bessemer steel
decreased 545,534 long tons; open-hearth steel increased 142,182 tons;
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
77
all kinds of steel decreased 412,272 tons; structural shapes decreased
204,513 tons, and plates and sheets 65,744 tons; Bessemer steel rails
increased 11,364 tons, and all kinds of rails 44,544 tons; iron and steel
wire rods decreased 70,838 tons; iron and steel cut nails, 197,869 kegs;
iron and steel wire nails, 1,350,585 kegs, and all kinds of rolled iron
and steel, 736,419 long tons.
Our imports and exports of iron and steel in 1903 corresponded
closely with the imports and exports in 1902. The imports in 1903
amounted in value to $41,255,864, against $41,468,826 in 1902, and the
exports in 1903 amounted to $99,035,865, against $97,892,036 in 1902.
The imports in 1903 were, of course, largely in response to orders
sent abroad before the reaction of that year. In the year 1904 the
imports will be much less than in 1903 and the exports will be much
greater.
IMPORTS OF IBON ANI> STEEIi.
The following table, compiled from statistics obtained from the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, gives
the quantities and values of our imports of iron and steel and manu-
facturesT thereof in the calendar years 1902 and 1908:
Imports of iron and steel into the Untied States in 1902 and 190S,
1902.
Article.
Quantity.
Value.
1903.
Quantity. Value.
P!g icon, spiegeleisen, and ferromanganene .
Scrap iron and scrap steel
Bar iron
Iron and steel n\\»
Hoop, band, andscrol] iron or steel
Steel ingots billets, blooms, etc
Sheet, plate, and taggers iron or steel
Long tons.
619,354
109,510
28,844
63,522
8,302
289,818
7,l56
$10,935,831
1,606,720
1,286,238
1,576,679
131,052
7,943,818
545,789
Boiktinf form5 and all other structural shapes,
fitted tor use
Tin plates
Wire rods, of iron or steel
Wire and wire rope, of iron or steel .
Anvih
ChaiM
Catlery
fOe>, file blanks, rasp«, and floats. . .
Firearms
Sbotffun barrels, in single tubes
Mtchlnery
Seedkai
All other
60,115
21,382
8,469
203
676
4,023,
1,033,
606,
29,
55,
1,672,
80,
953,
263,
4,230,
417,
4,076,
Long tons.
599,574
82,921
43,896
05,555
1,525
261,570
11,557
8.865
47,360
20,836
5,018
260
873
til, 173, 802
1,273,941
1,904,469
2,159,278
74,898
7,831,299
540,272
266,265
2,999,252
1,028,977
728,430
35,378
62,481
1,903,895
82,939
687,917
198,126
8,927,165
466,294
4.421,291
Total.
1,206,811
41,468,826
1,178.797
41.255.864
Of tlie pig iron imported in recent years a large part was spiegel-
eisen and ferromanganese, but in 1902 and 1903 there was a great
increase in the imports of foundry and Bessemer pig iron.
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MINERAL BESOUBGES.
IMPORTS FOB CONSUMPTION OP FERROMANGANESlfi,
SPIEGBIiEISEN, AND PERROSILICON.
The Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor
furnishes the following statistics of the imports of ferromanganese,
spiegeleisen, and ferrosilicon which were entered for consumption in
the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1903. These imports are included
in the statistics of imports of pig iron, spiegeleisen, ferromanganese,
and ferrosilicon given in the preceding table.
Imports of ferromanganese^ spiegeleisen, and ferrosilicon into the United States in 190 J ^
1902, and 190S.
Article.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value,
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Ferromaiurajiefle
Long tons.
20,761
26,827
822
1870,828
677,246
21,224
Long tons.
50,888
62,813
16,944
91,818,036
1,473,853
962,110
Long tons.
41,518
122,016
14,880
$1,699,666
2,709,317
379,900
Spiegeleiflen
Ferrosilicon
IMPORTS OP TIN PliATES SINCE 1872.
The following table gives the quantities and foreign values of our
imports of tin plates in the calendar years 1872 to 1903. The decline
in imports since 1891 is a result of the tariff of 1890. The domestic
consumption of tin plates and terne plates has greatly increased in late
years.
Imports of tin plates into the United States, 187S-190S.
Year.
1872
1873,
1874,
1875,
1876,
1877,
1878.
1879,
1880,
1881,
1882,
1883,
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
Quantity.
Long tons.
85,629
97,177
79,778
91,054
89,946
112,479
107,864
154,250
158,049
183,005
213,987
221,233
216,181
228,596
257,822
283,836
Value.
113,898,460
14,240,868
18,067,658
12,098,885
9,416,816
10,679,028
9,069,967
13,227,659
16,478,110
14,886,907
17,975,161
18,156,773
16,858,650
16,991.152
17,504,976
18,699,145
Year.
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Quantity.
Longtonfi.
296,238
331,311
329,435
327,882
268,472
253,155
215,068
219,545
119,171
83,851
66,775
58,915
60,386
77,396
60,115
47,860
Value.
$19,762,961
21,726,707
23,670,158
25,900,9(»
17,102,4S7
15.559,423
12,068.167
U,482,380
6,140.161
4,366,828
3,311,658
3,738,667
4,617,813
5,2»4.7S9
4.023,421
2,999.252
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
79
EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEIi.
As reported by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Com-
merce and Labor, the domestic exports of iron and steel in the calendar
years 1902 and 1903 were as follows:
Exports of iron and steel in 1903 and 190S.
Article.
PigiiDD
Scmpuidold
Bar iron
Sieel bars or rod« other than wire rocl»*.
Steel wire rods
Iron mils
Steel rails
Bllleta, ingoU, and blooms
Hoop, band, and scroll
Iron sheets and plates
Steel sheets and plates
Tin plates and teme plates
Stmctnral iron and steel
Wire
Cat nails and spikes
Wire nails and spikes
All other, including tacks
Car n heels number.
Cft?tingn, not elsewhere specified
Culler>-
Firearms
Cash registers number.
Lockii. hinprcj*, eXfi
Saws
Tools, not eb«where specified
Electrical machinery
Laundr}' machinery
Metal-working' machinery
Printing preswos and parts of
Pnmp«» and pu roping machiner>'
Strwing machi -ncj*
Shf lemaking n^achinerj-
Fire engine* tmniber..
L>»f <)motive engines do
Sutionary en^nes do —
I'art!* of engines and boilers
Tvpewriting machines, and parts of
\\..h1- working machinerya
\\\ tether machiner>'
\^\^*s and fitting?*
Saft-s number,.
Sral'-s an4 balances
Stoves, rangt"*. and parts of
All oihtr manufactures
1902.
Quantity.
Long tons.
9,4U
22,249
9,300
24,618
211
67,466
2,409
1,674
3,4S4
14,866
1,666
63,859
97,843
7,198
26,580
2,244
21,714
Value.
14,018
11
:if;s
,2K0.
$602,947
149,013
869,519
608,144
881,067
4,639
1,902,396
74,938
82,322
229,887
726,647
143,691
2,828,460
5,140,702
339,227
1,181,140
275,628
141,969
1,685,600
282,454
976, 907
1,220,791
7,ai4,375
345, 895
3, 930, 495
5.937,613
519,CH>5
2,863,709
843, 613
2,510,300
4,606,791
788, 377
23,008
3,966,007
072, 957
•2, 432, 098
3, 575, iKVJ
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
20,879
8,034
19,380
17,802
22,449
181
30,656
5,446
2,141
4,782
13,312
292
30,641
108, 521
8,890
31,453
2,321
18,966
20,9;W,519
5 J 07,1 S3
102,0i:>,
50<», S77
8(;s. 09')
ui, o.vj, 7rK;
Tcial
Arrirnltunil iraplements, additional.
Ir >n «ir*i
88,-115
17,9sl,r,97
20,260
8
2S7
i.7;iO
37'J,399 97,>9-J,030 t 3:ii5,079
8384,334
117,972
796,631
929,915
713,718
8,808
937,779
141,924
101,839
273,618
667, 713
28,481
1,788,656
5,628,726
424,985
1,410,105
288,395
136,569
1,76.5,901
389,837
1,206,951
1,825,503
6,980,357
495,729
4,658,972
5,104,502
552,291
3,310,088
1,113,121>
'Jt. 72*.\ 2KS
5, 340, 174
831,99.')
10, tKi7
3. iW, rvji
714,508
2, '273, 83^1
4,537,390
:i-i9, :«s
■2(>,0<)8,8]0
5, 919, 340
•209,514
702, :m'>
9S 1.475
9, 073, 059
99,03.'), M'.5
"Included in "All other machiniTv, etc.,' prior in July i, l'jo3.
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inNERAL BE80UB0E8.
EXPORTS OF AGRICUIiTURAIi IMPIiEMENTS.
The exports of agricultural iiuplemeuts, not separated in the fore-
going table, amounted in the calendar year 1903 to $22,951,805,
against $17,981,597 in 1902, $16,714,308 in 1901, $15,979,909 in 1900,
$13,594,524 in 1899, $9,073,384 in 1898, and $5,302,807 in 1897.
IMPORTS ANI> EXPORTS OF IRON AND STBBIi SINCE 1872.
The following table, compiled from the reports of the Bureau of
Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, shows the for-
eign value of the imports of iron and steel and manufactures thereof
in the calendar years from 1872 to 1903, including tin plates; also the
value of the exports of iron and steel and manufactures thereof, except
farm implements, in the same years:
Value of imports and exports of iron and steel into the United StateSy 187i^-190S,
Year.
1872
187S
1«74.
1875
1876
1877
1878.
1879
1880.
1881
1882.
1888
1884.
1885,
1886.
1887.
Imports.
176,617,677
60,006,688
87,662,192
27,368,101
20,016,603
19,874,899
18,018,010
38,881.669
80,448,862
61,656,077
67,075,125
47,506,306
37,078,122
81,144,662
41,680,779
56,420,607
Exports.
112,606,539
14,173,772
17,812,239
17,976,883
18,647,764
18,549,922
16,101.899
14,228,646
16,156,703
18,216,121
22,348,834
22,716,040
19,290,896
16,622,611
14,865,087
16,286,922
Year.
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Imports.
|42,aU,689
42,027,742
44,640,418
41,988,626
33,882,447
29,656,689
20,848,676
25,772,186
19,506,587
13,835,960
12,474,572
15,800,679
20,443,911
20,396,015
41,468,826
41,255,864
Exports.
119,678.489
28,712,814
27,000,184
30,736,507
27,900,862
30,169,368
29,943,729
85,071,563
48,670,218
62,787,260
82,771,650
106,600,047
129,688,480
102,534,675
97,802,086
90,086,865
IMPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL INTO THE UNITED STATES
SINCE Z884.
In the following table the total weight of imported iron and steel,
including tin plates, is given for the last twenty years. In none of the
years, however, is the weight of machinery, hardware, cutlery, fire-
arms, and similar manufactured products included.
Imports of iron and steel into the United States^ 1884-190S.
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1884
654.606
578, 478
1.098.666
1,783,256
914,940
748,650
665,771
1891
557,882
494,468
438,496
309,249
378,208
265.500
167,834
1898
144,885
178,220
209,956
221,292
1,206,811
1,178,797
1886
1892
1899
1886
1898
1900
1887
1894
1896
1901
1888
1902
1889
1896
1903
1890
1897
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AMERIOAK IBON TRADE.
81
FBOOUCTION OF IRON ORE IN 1902 ANI> 1903.
The following table, compiled from statistics obtained by Mr. John
Birkiabine for the United States Geological Survey, gives the
production of iron ore in 1902 and 1903, by States:
Production of iron ore in the United States in 190£ and 1903, by States.
state or Territory.
1902.
1908.
MlniMaoca .
Micbigan..
VifftnU and West Vin^nia.
WlMOOiill
hennsylTania
N«wYork
XewJeney
Geocsia
Noctb GaicUna
Momaiia, Nerada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
Off |ffrn lf>
TexM
Kentucky
Oonnecticat, Maaachtuetta, and Vermont .
Ohio
JCazylaod
I/mgtont.
]5, 137, 650
11,185,215
8,574,474
874,542
987.958
783,996
822,082
555,821
441,879
864.890
362,084
298,297
66,806
6,516
71,006
29,093
22,657
24,867
IVHal 85,554,185 | 35,019,808
LongUnu.
15,871,396
10,600.330
3,684,960
852,704
801,161
675,058
644,509
540,460
484,796
443,452
! 75,262
392,242
252,909
63,880
84,050
32,227
30,729
29,688
9,920
The production of iron ore in any given year must not be confounded
with the shipments of iron ore in that year.
FBOBUCnON OF IRON- ORE Sr^CE 1870.
Previous to 1870 statistics of the production of iron ore in the
United States are incomplete. The figures in the following table for
1870 and 1880 are for the census years ending on May 31. For
1889 (also the census year) and all subsequent years they are for cal-
endar years. The iron-ore statistics for all years subsequent to 1889
have been compiled by Mr. Birkinbine for the United States Greo-
logictl Survey.
ProdwHon of iron ore in the United States since 1S70.
[Long ton?.]
Tear. Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
IJ30 • nn Ml
19QS
11,687,829
11,870,670
1899
24,688,178
7.i».ae2
14.518,011
1*. 086,048
14,991.178
18,898,888
1804
1900
27,658,161
m»
1896
16,067,614
16,006,440
17,618,048
10,488,716
1901
28,887,470
'^^-- —
1806
1902
85,664,186
na
1807
1908
86,010,808
P»
«»
Il»l906 — a
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MINEBAL BB80UB0ES.
IjAJTb superior iron-orb shipments.
The Iron Trade Review gives full details of the shipments of iron
ore from the Lake Superior region in 1903 and in preceding years.
The total shipments by water and by all-rail routes in 1903 amounted
to 24,289,878 long tons, against 27,571,121 tons in 1902, a decrease of
3,281,243 tons, or almost 12 per cent. The shipments in 1903 from
the Helen mine on the Canadian side, 203,419 tons, are not included.
Of these shipments 170,672 tons were shipped to Lake Erie ports in
the United States.
The following tables give the shipments in long tons of Lake Supe-
rior iron ore in the last four years by ranges and by ports and all-rail.
The figures include all shipments to local furnaces.
Shipments of Lake Superior iron ore^ 1900-1908^ by ranges and by ports,
[Lon^ tons.]
Bfarquette niuge . .
Menominee range.
Qi^eblc range
Vermilion range . .
Mesabi range
Iron Ridge mine. . .
Total.
BHcanaba
Marquette
Ashland
Two Harbors .
Gladstone
Superior
Duluth
All-rail
1900.
8,457,522
3,261,221
2,875,295
1,665,820
7,809,635
19,059,893
Total.
3.486,784
2,661,861
2,688,687
4,007,294
418,854
1,522,899
8,888,986
489,078
19,059,893
1901.
1902.
3,245,346
3,619,083
2,938,155
1,786,063
9,004,890
20,593,537
4,022,668
2,854,284
2,886,252
5,018,197
117,089
2,821,077
3,487,955
486,015
20,508,537
3,868,025
4,612,509
3,663,484
2,084,263
13,342,840
27,571,121
5,418,704
2,605,010
3,558,919
5,605,185
92,875
4,180,568
5,596,406
581,962
27,571,121
vacR.
8,040.245
8,749,967
2,912,912
1,676,699
12,892,512
17,913
24,289,878
4,277.661
2,007,346
2,823,119
5,120,656
85,816
8,978,579
5,856,478
640,328
24,289.8:ffi
The Marquette range is wholly in Michigan, the Menominee and the
Gogebic ranges are partly in Michigan and partly in Wisconsin, and
the Vermilion and the Mesabi ranges are in Minnesota. The 17,913
tons of iron ore shipped in 1903 from the Iron Ridge mine, at Iron
Ridge, Dodge County, Wis., can not strictly be credited to the Lake
Superior region, Dodge County being in the southern part of Wis-
consin. Prior to 1903 this mine was never included in Lake Superior
statistics. The newly developed Baraboo iron ore field is in the adjoin-
ing counties of Sauk and Columbia. The production of the Baraboo
district in 1903 was a little less than 19,000 tons, but no ore was
shipped. Shipments from this district began in 1904.
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AMEBIOAN IBON TBADB.
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SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE PROM NEW JERSEY MINES.
The shipments of iron ore from the mines in New Jersey were as
follows from 1892 to 1903, inclusive:
Shipments of iron ore from New Jersey mineSy 189g-190S.
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity. , Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
469,236
828,028
1896
262,070
239,634
269,771
800,768
1900
339,914
419,762
399,984
472,490
1897
1901
277,483
1896
1902
285,417
1899
1903
UB2.
vm.
1M6.
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM THE CORNWAI^Ii MINES.
The following table shows the shipments of iron ore, in long tons,
by the Cornwall mines ill Pennsylvania, from 1892 to 1903, inclusive:
Shipments of iron ore from Cornwall mines,' 189S-190,i,
[Long tons.]
Year.
\m
^m
\m
vm
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1 Year.
Quantity.
634,714 j
438.705 1
1896
1897
463,059
419,878
584,342
763,152
1900
668,713
1901
747,012
871.710
1898
1902
694,177
614,598
1899
1903
401,469
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM READING DISTRICTS.
The shipments of iron ore from some of the leading iron-ore districts
of the country in the last three years were as follows:
Shipments of iron ore from some leading iron-ore districts in 1901, 190f, and 190S.
[Long tons.]
District.
Uke Saperior mines of Michigan and Wisconsin
VcrmiUoDand MeaaU mines of Minnesota
MlarMiri mines
Contwall Biines, Pennsylvania
!Cev Jetaej mines
Chateangay mines, on Lake Cbamplain
Ptoit Henry mines
BsUAory region. Connecticut
Aikfhany County. Va
Ckanbefry mines, North Carolina
T in i Mtt Coal. Iron, and Railroad Co.'s Inman mines in Ten-
The luw company's mines in Alabama
Oilboai. Etowah, and Shelby counties, Ala . A .
Tolal of the above districts.
1901.
1902.
9,802,684
10,790,963
94,374
747,012
419,762
70,025
167,642
19,472
212,690
180
26,904
1,416,728
202,096
12,144,018
16,427,108
66,645
694,177
899,964
88,688
366,487
28,276
199,690
30,810
4,948
1,276,969
422,746
28,968,816 31,068,490
1903.
a9, 720, 637
14,669,241
67, 477
401,469
472,490
65,707
378,666*
24,256
196,126
60,108
24,347
1,802,207
240,227
27,507,866
• ftttr»^«^f 17,918 toDs of iron ore shipped from the Iron Bidge mine, in Wisconsin,
Digitized by V^OOQIC
84
MIKEBAL BR80UBGES.
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM CUBA.
In the calendar year 1903 only two companies shipped iron ore from
Cuba, namely, the Juragua Iron Company (Limited) and the Spanish-
American Iron Company, the shipments by the Juragua Company
amounting to 167,230 long tons and the shipments by the Spanish-
American Company amounting to 467,628 tons: total, 624,858 tons.
Of the total shipments by the Spanish- American Company 456,826 tons
were sent to the United States and 10,802 tons to England. All the
shipments of the Juragua Company were made to the United States.
The total shipments of iron ore by companies from Cuba to all coun-
tries from the opening of the mines in 1884 to the close of 1903 were
as follows, in long tons: The Juragua Iron Company (Limited) and the
Juragua Iron Company, the latter company succeeding the former
late in 1903, 4,069,025 tons; the Sigua Iron Company, 20,438 tons; the
Spanish-American Iron Company, 2,244,746 tftns; the Cuban Steel Ore
Company, 41,241 tonsu total shipments since 1884, 6,375,450 tons.
With the exception of 5,932 tons of iron ore shipped by the Juragua
Iron Company (Limited) in 1897 to Pictou, Nova Scotia, and 51,537
tons shipped to foreign countries by the Spanish- American Iron Com-
pany in 1897, 4,200 tons shipped in 1899, 12,849 tons in 1901, and
10,802 tons in 1903, all the iron ore referred to above was shipped to
the United States. The total shipments to foreign countries amounted
to 85,320 tons, and the total shipments to the United States to 6,290,130
tons.
IMPORTS OF IRON ORB IN 1901, 1902, AND 1903.
The following table, furnished by the Bureau of Statistics of the
Department of Commerce and Labor, gives the quantities and value of
iron ore imported into the United States in the calendar years 1901,
1902, and 1903, by customs districts:
Imports of iron ore into United States m 1901, 190S, and 1903 j by customs distrids.
Customs district.
Baltimore. . . .
tlewYork...
Philadelphia
Puget Sound
Vermont
Another
Toul..
1901.
Long tont.
484,035
15,866
296,265
2,875
48
165,872
966,960
Quantity. Value.
$788,071
45,863
469,698
4,818
186
416,142
1902.
Quantity.
Long Urns,
600,711
14,546
888.848
5,661
18
206,686
1,650,278 1,165,470
Value.
$1,401,826
80,800
697,896
9,812
72
534,672
2, 588, on
190S.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons*
490,920
6,940
808,722
525
760
177,578
$1,282,646
19.759
660,880
789
1,190
446,844
960.440 2,261,00f)
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
85
The impoils of iron ore in 11K)3 included 170,206 tons from Canada,
valued at $425,129, received chie% at Lake Erie ports. There were
also imported in 1903 from Newfoundland into the customs district
of Philadelphia 86,730 tons, valued at $86,680.
TOTAIi IMPORTS OF IRON ORB SINCE 1879.
The following table gives the imports of iron ore into the United
States in the calendar years 1879 to 1903, inclusive. In 1879 this
country for the first time imported iron ore largely from Europe.
Prior to that year such iron ore as was imported came chiefly from
Oanada, more than one-half coming from that country in 1873, 1874,
and 1875.
Tbtoi imports of iron ore into the United States^ 1879-190S,
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1879
284,141
493.406
782,887
589.655
490.875
1888
687,470
853,573
1,246,880
912,856
806,585
526,951
168,541
524,153
682.806
1897
489,970
lao
1889
1898
187,098
674,082
897,831
U81
1890
1899
1882
1891
1900
U88
1892
1901
966,950
194 . .
487.820
890.786
1,039.433
1.194,901
1 1893
1902
1,165,470
980,440
IMffk
i 1894
1903
isas
1895
M87
'l896
IMPORTS OF MANGANESE ORE SINCE 1889.
The following table, furnished by the Bureau of Statistics of the
Department of Commerce and Labor, gives the imports of manganese
ore into the United States from 1889 to 1903, inclusive:
Imports of manganese ore into the United States, 1889-1903,
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
4,286
34,154
28,825
58,572
68.118
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
vm
1894
44,655
86.111
31,489
119,961
114.885
1899
188,849
UM
1895
1900
256,252
165,722
285.576
146, ttK
un
1896....;
1901
vm..
1897
1902
vm
1898
1908
The United States produces annually only a few thousand tons of
maDgaoese ore, but most of the iron ores of the United States contain
varying percentages of manganese.
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86
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
AVERAGE MONTHI.Y PRICES OF IRON AND STEEL.
In the following table are given the average monthly prices of lead
ing articles of iron and steel in Pennsylvania in 1901, 1902, and 1903,
and in the first ten months of 1904. The prices named are per long
ton, except for bar iron, which is quoted by the 100 pounds from store
at Philadelphia and from mills at Pittsburg, and for steel bars by the
100 pounds at Pittsburg mills:
Average monthly prices of iron and steel in Pennsylvania from January i, 1901 ^ to October fO^
J904i inclusive.
Year and
month.
1901.
January
February . . ,
March ,
April
May
June
July
Augrust
September.
October ...
November.
December .
1902.
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
Auffust
September.
October ...
November .
December .
1903.
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
^long
ton.
Perlong
ton.
$18.00
$16.05
18.25
16.00
18.87
16.00
19.50
16.00
19.50
16.00
19. 12
16.00
19.00
15.87
19.00
16.60
18.60
15.60
19.90
15.60
21.25
16.75
21.50
16.25
21.80
17.65
21.25
18.37
23.00
19.44
26. -25
20.37
26.00
21.00
24.60
22.87
24.70
24.20
24.00
24.50
24.25
24.50
24.80
24. 45
24.26
24.87
23.62
24.20
'28.60
24.00
23.76
23.75
24.50
23.50
24.90
22.70
24.50
21.37
23.60
20.62
22.00
19.00
19.37
18,00
18.76
17.50
Perlong
ton.
$14.50
14.19
14.00
14.87
14.30
14.06
13.87
13.75
13.75
13.75
13.94
14.44
15.66
16.62
17.75
18.19
18.35
19.44
20.80
21.00
20.60
20.25
20.94
20.90
20.60
20.00
19.50
19.10
18.62
18.00
17.50
15.81
14.94
II
0} 0/
1^
g5i
Perlong
ton.
$13.25
13.66
14.62
14.56
14.62
14.15
14.00
13.87
13.81
14.10
14.69
15.12
16.00
16.37
17.44
18.66
19.75
20.06
21.00
20.69
20.81
21.60
21.06
•20.55
20.50
20.50
20.87
20.45
19.87
18.87
17.90
16.04
15.25
Perlong
ton.
$13.43
14.60
16.87
16.94
16.70
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.31
16.37
16.70
16.94
17.37
18.76
20.76
21.56
21.60
22.19
22.50
23.00
28.81
22.92
22.85
21.91
21.85
21.28
20.01
19.72
18.93
18.36
17.22
5 .
it
Perlong
ton.
r26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
'28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
•28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
•28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
1&
as
I
Perlong
ton.
$19.75
20.31
22.87
24.00
24.00
24.37
24,00
24.20
24.87
26.70
27.00
27.50
27.60
29.37
31.25
31.50
32.20
32.87
31.75
81.75
31.00
30.40
28.50
29.20
'29.60
80.00
30.62
80. -20
30.25
28.87
27.40
27.00
27.00
a OS
S « 4
.3
Period iPer 100 \ Per 100
pounds, pounds.^ pound*.
$1.75
1.75
1.75
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.20
•2. -20
2.20
2. -20
2.20
•2. -20
2.-20
2. 20
2.20
2. -20
2.20
•2.16
2.08
•2.01
1.93
1.81
$1.76
$1.20
1.82
1.27
1.90
1.44
1.90
1.50
1.90
1.50
1.86
1.50
1.75
1.52
1.75
1.50
1.75
1.50
1.76
1.52
1.75
1.60
1.76
1.60
1.87
1.56
1.90
1.50
1.90
1.60
1.96
1.67
2.02
1.80
2.10
1.80
1.86
1.72
1.96
1.75
2.00
1.75
1.92
1.69
1.86
1.60
* '2.00
1.68
2.00
1.64
2.00
1.60
2.00
1.60
•2.00
1.60
2.00
1.60
1.77
1.60
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.60
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AMEBIOAN IBON tBADE.
87
Avtrage momUy prices of iron and steel in Pennsylvania from January i, 1901, to October
SO, 1904, indwive — Continaed. ,
Tear and
month.
1-3
o
•g^
bfl'S.
5£
II
•5,08
II
":l
O,
gP
1'^
II
s
h
lie
PerUmg PerUmg
Um, ton.
October ..
Norember
December
1904.
Jaonary..
February..
March
April
May
Jnne
July
Ans:o8t
Seirtember.
October 20.
17.50
16. »7
15.40
15l87
15.00
16.70
18.87
15.85
14.60
14.12
14.55
15.50
16.00
16.70
16.00
15.85
16.50
15.50
15.45
15.75
15.40
15.19
14.94
15.00
15.00
15.00
PerUmg
Um.
14.05
13.75
18.75
18.50
13.50
13.60
13.75
18.55
18.31
13.12
13.00
12.87
13.00
PerUmg
ton,
14.20
13.00
12.80
12.81
12.75
13.17
13.09
12.62
12.27
11.92
11.89
11.75
1Z12
PerUmg
Um.
16.00
15.19
14.40
18.90
18.66
14.03
14.19
18.60
12.81
12.46
12.76
12.69
12.93
PerUmg
Um.
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
Per long
ton.
27.00
24.00
23.00
23.00
28.00
23.00
23.00
23.00
23.00
23.00
28.00
21.25
19.50
Per 100
pounds.
1.81
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
Per 100
pounds.
1.70
1.84
1.80
1.30
1.31
1.38
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.60
1.60
1.60
Per 100
pouTide.
1.60
1.87
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.38
1.85
1.82
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.88
1.80
AVERAGB TTEARIiY PRICES OF IRON AND STBBIi.
The following table gives the average yearly prices of leading
articles of iron and steel in Pennsylvania and of wire nails at Chicago
from 1899 to 1903. These prices are obtained by averaging monthly
quotations, which have in turn been averaged from weekly quotations.
The prices given are per ton of 2,240 pounds, except for bar iron and
bar steel and cut and wire nails, which are quoted by the 100 pounds
and in 100-pound kegs, respectively.
Average yearly prices of vran and steel, 1899-190S,
Article.
Old iron T-zmik, at Philadelphia
No. 1 foundry pig imn, at Philadelphia. .
Gfsj foige pig iron, at Philadelphia
Ormy loige pig iron, at Pittsburg
Beaemer pig iA>n, at Pittsburg
Bleel railfl, at mlllfl, in Penniylvania
3l«d biHetB, at milla, at Pittsburg
Bat bar iroo. from store, at Philadelphia
Bat bar Iron, at mills, at Pittsburg
Steel baa. at millB, at Pittsburg
cut naite, from store, at Philadelphia
WIrenaite. base price, atChloago
1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1908.
S20.86
19.86
16.60
16.72
19.08
28.12
81.12
2.07
1.95
1.98
2.21
2.60
$19.51
19.98
16.49
16.90
19.49
82.29
26.06
1.96
2.15
1.68
2.46
2.76
119.32
15.87
14.08
14.20
15.98
27.33
24.18
1.84
1.80
1.47
2.29
2.41
S23.8S
22,19
19.20
19.49
20.67
28.00
80.57
2.18
1.94
1.67
2.29
2.15
121.17
19.92
17.18
17.52
18.98
28.00
27.91
2.00
1.77
1.56
2.86
2.18
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88
HIKERAL BBSOtmOBS.
AVERAGE MONTHIiT PRICES OF STEEL BARS AT
prrrsBCTRG.
The following table, compiled from weekly quotations in the Ameri-
can Manufacturer, gives the average monthly prices of steel bars, per
100 pounds, at mills in Pittsburg from 1897 to 1908:
Average mmUhly prices of sUel bars at PiUtkurg, Pa., per 100 pounds^ 1897-190S.
Month.
1897.
189S.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
jAnoary . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
Kovember .
December.
fl.07
1.06
1.00
.96
.92
.90
.90
.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
H.OO
1.00
.99
.96
.96
.96
.95
.96
.99
1.00
1.01
1.00
fl.07
1.09
1.48
1.75
1.71
2.06
2.00
2.21
2.50
2.60
2.46
2.25
«2.26
2.25
2.26
2.12
1.94
1.79
1.24
1.06
1.12
1.15
1.18
1.20
fl.20
1.27
1.44
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.60
$L66
L60
L60
1.67
1.80
L80
1.72
L76
L75
Ld9
L60
1.68
$L64
L60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.00
LOO
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.87
1.S0
Average.
.97
.96 1.98 1.
1.47 1.67
1.66
The lowest quoted price at which steel bars were sold at Pittsburg
within the last seven years was 90 cents per 100 pounds, this price
prevailing in June, July, and August, 1897.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OF CUT NAIIiS AT PHTT.A-
DEIiPHIA.
The following table gives the average monthly base prices of cut
nails, per keg of 100 pounds, from store at Philadelphia, since 1896,
as reported to us by the Duncannon Iron Company:
Average monthly prices of cut nails at Philadelphia, from store, 1896^190$,
[Per keg of 100 pounds.]
Month.
January...
Febroary..
March
April ,
May
June
July
August.....
September.
October ...
November.
December.,
Ayerage.
1896.
12.80
2.80
2.45
2.46
2.45
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.53
2.58
2.00
al.70
2.86
1897.
$1.60
1.55
1.66
1.60
1.45
1.46
1.40
1.40
1.45
1.45
1.40
1.40
1.47
1896.
$1.86
1.85
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1899.
$1.40
1.65
1.75
1.96
1.96
2.20
2.80
2.85
2.60
2.75
2.80
2.80
2.21
1900.
$2.80
2.80
2.80
2.62
2.45
2.42
2.80
2.80
2.25
2.28
2.30
2.25
2.46
190L
$2.25
2.27
2.27
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.85
Z80
2.80
2.80
2.29
1902.
$2.80
2.20
2.25
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
Z80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.29
1908.
f2.8S
2.86
2.86
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.20
2.20
2.86
aBarly in 1893 the baro price and schedule of extras of cut nails were changed to correspond with
the wire-nail schedule, and in December, 1896, the schedule of extras was again changed to omrrespond
with the wire-nail schedule referred to on the following page.
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AMEBICAK IRON TRADE.
89
AYEBAOB MONTHIiY PRICES OF WIRE NAILS AT CHICAGO.
Tbe following table, compiled from quotations in the Iron Age,
^ves the average monthly base prices of standard sizes of wire nails,
per keg of 100 pounds, in carload lots, free on board at Chicago, in the
eight years from 1896 to 1903, inclusive:
Average monthly bcue prices of standard sizes of wire nails at Chicago^ 1896-1 90S,
[Per keg of 100 pounds.]
Month.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Juiaaiy
12.42
2.42
2.57
2.66
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
al.60
$L60
1.45
1.60
1.46
L42
1.42
1.86
1.87
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.60
$1.65
1.67
1.66
1.47
1.45
1.48
1.86
1.86
1.45
1.47
1.40
1.87
$1.69
1.73
2.09
2.26
2.85
2.60
2.70
2.80
8.10
8.20
8.28
8.68
$§.63
8.68
8.68
8.28
2.68
. 2.48
2.48
2.48
2.86
2.85
2.85
2.85
$2.36
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.46
2.46
2.42
2.85
2.25
$2.16
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.16
2.05
2,00
2.00
$2.08
r^bnauT
2.12
lUreh ^
April
2.20
2.15
May
2.16
Jwat. . .
2.16
Jvlj.. .
2.15
Ai^lMt . .
2.16
2.15
Oelober
2.15
^y«iljw
2,16
P***iDlMr . a . . -
2. 00
ATonfe ' ■
2.54
1.46
1.45
2.60
2.76
2.41
2.16
2.13
« A new daU e&rd was adopted in December. 1896. The ayerage price given for wire nails in Decem-
ber, 18W« on the new card, $1.60 per keg, would be eqoiyalent to $1.10 per keg on the old card, showing
ft Tery greftt decrease In prices.
AVEBAGS -WHOIiBHAIiE MONTHIiY PRICES OF TIN PliATES.
In late years foreign tin plates have not been an important factor in
0Qppljing the home market The prices of foreign tin plates will not
be foond in the following table, which gives the average monthly prices
of American Bessemer tin plates, I. C, 14 by 20, per box of 100 pounds,
at mills in Pennsylvania from January 1, 1901, to October 20, 1904,
ioclnsive:
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90
MINERAL RE8OUB0ES.
At^erage whoUmle monthly prices of tin plates at mills in Pennsyhnmia from January /,
1901 J to October 20, 1904, inclusive.
[Per box of 100 pounds.]
Month. 1 Price.
Month.
Price.
$4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
8.eo
3.60
Month.
Price.
18.60
3.60
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
3.80
8.80
3.80
3.65
8.60
Month.
Price
1901.
January
February
March
$4.00
4.00
4.00
1902.
January
February
March
1908.
January
February
March
1904.
January
February
March
tS.56
8.45
8.45
April
4.00
April
April
April
3.45
May ' 4.00
June ' 4.00
May
May
May
8.45
June
June
June
8.45
July 1 4.00
August 4.00
September j 4.00
October 4.00
November 4. 00
July
July. ..
July
8.41
August
September
-October
November
December
Average .
August '
September
October
November
December
Average.
August
September
OctobetM
November
8.30
3.90
3.80
December 4. 00
December
Avenge.
Average...
4.00
8.98
8.74
Foreifjfn tin plates are imported chiefly by the oil and canning interests
that the benefit of the drawback system may be secured in the export
trade.
AVKBAGE YEARIiY PRICES OF FOREIGN TIN PliATES.
The following table gives the average yearly prices of imported coke
Bessemer tin plates, I. C, 14 by 20, per box of 108 pounds, at New
York, freight and duty paid, from 1890 to 1898:
Average yearly prices of imported tin plaUis at New York, 1890-1898,
.
Year.
Price. ■
Year.
Price.
Year.
Price.
1890...
84.80 1
1898
$5.87
4.89
3.87
1896
.J I8.80
1891
5.34
5.30 '
1894
1897
1898
' 3«)
1892
1895
4.00
1
AVERAGE YEARLY PRICES OF DOMESTIC TIN PISTES.
The following table gives the average yearly prices of domestic Bes-
semer tin plates, 1. C, 14 by 20, per box of 100 pounds, at mills in
Pennsylvania, from 1899 to 1903, with the price in October, 1904:
Average yearly prices of domestic tin plates at mills in Pennsylvania from 1899 to October
20, 1904i inclusive,
[Per box of 100 potinds.]
Year.
1
Price.
Year.
Price, ij Year.
Price.
1899. .
$4.06
4.47
1901
$4.00
8.93
1908
j 1904 (October 20)
$8.74
1900
1902
8.80
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AHEBIOAN IBOK TBABE.
91
PRICES OP STEEIi SHIP PliATBS AT PITTSBUBG.
The following table gives the average monthly prices of steel ship
plates free on board at Pittsburg from October 1, 1900, to September
30, 1904. On September 6, 1904, the price was reduced from 1.6
cents per pound to 1.4 cents, or from $35.84 to $31.36 per ton.
Averoffe monUUy prices of steel skip plates at Pittsburg, Pa., from October i, 1900, to
September 30, 1904, inclusive.
[Per long ton.]
Month.
1900.
October ...
November.
December.
Price.
1901.
Jftmmry...
FebroMy..
lUreb
April
M*y
June
July
Aogtttt
September.
October
NoTember.
December..
1902.
January.
$24.64
28.00
80.24
81.86
81.96
83.15
35.84
85.84
35.84
85.84
35.81
35.84
35.84
35.84
85.84
85.84
Month.
1902.
Febroary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1908.
January
February... ^..
March ,
April
May
June ,
Price.
135.84
85.84
35.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
Month.
1908.
July
August
September
October
November
December
19M.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July I 35.84
August ' 35.84
September 32.48
Price.
$35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
•|
35.84
35.84
35. »4
35.84
35.84
35.84
AVERAGE QUABTEBIiY PRICES OF BEAMS AND CHANNEIiS.
The following table, which gives the average quarterly prices of
steel beams and channels at Pittsburg, Pa., from 1894 to 1904, has
been compiled for this report by one of the leading manufacturers of
btructural shapes in western Pennsylvania:
Average Quarterly prices of beams and channels at Pittsburg, Pa., 1894^1904.
[Price per 100 pounds.]
Year.
IW....
ur....
vm....
FlnA
qoAT-
tcr.
Second
"•ST
Thlid
quar-
ter.
Fourth
Aver-
age.
fl.21
91.20
«1.27
11.25
SI. 23
1.21
1.26
1.66
1.58
1.40
1.44
1.49
1.66
1.60
1.49
1.66
1.38
.98
1.09
1.24
1.15
1.16
1.19
1.20
1.17
L36
1.60
2.12
2.26
1.88
Year.
rirvi,
quar-
1 ter.
1900
'■ 12.25
1901
' 1.61
1902
1.60
1908
1.60
1904
1.60
Second
Third
Fourth
quar-
ter.
$2.21
quar-
ter.
$1.68
quar-
ter.
11.50
1.60
1.60
i.eo
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.46
Aver-
age.
11.91
1.58
1.60
1.60
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92
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
During the period covered by this table the lowest average quarterly
price for beams and channels was in the third quarter of 1897, when
the ruling price was 98 cents per 100 pounds, or less than 1 cent per
pound. The highest average quarterly price was in the last quarter
of 1899 and the first quarter of 1900, when the price was $2.26 per
100 pounds.
PRICES OF TiAKFi SUPERIOR IRON ORB.
The following table gives the prices at which Lake Superior iron
ore has been sold upon season contracts in 1902 and 1903, per long ton,
delivered at lower ports on Lake Erie; also the prices at which sales
were made in the spring of 1904 for season delivery. These prices
have been furnished by Mr. A. I. Findley, the editor of the Iron
Trade Review.
Prices of Lake Superior iron ore, 1909-1904^
[Per long Urn.]
Grade.
Meeabi Beesemer
Meeabi noD-BesBemer
Marquette specular No. 1 Beasemer
Marquette specular No. 1 non-Benemer.
Chapin
Soft hematites, No. 1 non- Bessemer ,
Uogebic, Marquette, and Menominee No. 1 Bessemer
hematites
Vermilion No. 1 hard non-Bessemer
Chandler No. 1 Bessemer
Marquette extra low-phosphorus Bessemer .
1902.
I8.00@SS.25
2.60® 2.86
4.65<^ 5.00
3.80® 4.00
3.91
8.00® 8.25
4.25® 4.65
4.07
4.60
5.40
1908.
af4.00
a8.20
4. 85® 5. 15
4.00®4.25
<i8.00
04.50
1904.
92. 75® IS. 00
2.85® 2.50
3.60® 8.86
3.10® 3.85
2.60® 2.80
8.00® 8.25
a Prices for base ores.
Quotations have been omitted for 1903 and 1904 for Chapin, Vermil-
ion No. 1 hard non-Bessemer, Chandler No. 1 Bessemer, and Marquette
extra low-phosphoixis Bessemer ores because none of these are now
on the market, these ores being mined for their own use by the
United States Steel Corporation and other companies which own the
mines from which they are obtained. For the first time since 1894
the Lake Superior iron-ore market became an open one for 1904 ship-
ments.
TOTAIi PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON.
High-water mark in the production of pig iron in the United States
was reached in 1903, notwithstanding the reaction in the latter part of
that year from the active demand for iron and steel that had prevailed
in immediately preceding years.
Twenty -two States made pig iron in 1903, against 22 in 1902, 20 in
1901 , and 21 in 1900 and 1899. The total production of pig iron in
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AMERICAN Iron trade.
93
1903 was 18,009,252 long tons, against 17,821,307 tons in 1902, 16,878,354
tons in 1901, 13,789,242 tons in 1900, 13,620,703 tons in 1899, and
11,773,934 tons in 1898. The production in 1903 was 187,945 tons in
excess of that in 1902, but the production in the second half of 1903
was 1,405,482 tons less than in the first half. The production in the first
half was, however, much the largest in our history. The following
table gives the half-yearly production of pig iron in the last six years:
Production of pig iron in the United States^ 1S98-190S, by half -years.
[Long tons.]
l^riod.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Flnthalf
5,860,708
5,904,231
6,289,167
7,331,586
7,642,569
6,146,678
7,674,618
8,203,741
8,808,574
9,012,733
9,707,367
8,301,885
Beoondbalf
TotMl
11,773,984
13,620,708
13,789,242
15,878,85^
17,821,307
18,009,252
The following table gives the production of pig iron, by States, in
1903 and 1903, in the order of their prominence in 1903:
Production of pig iron in 190f and 1903^
[Long tons.]
^Stales.
State.
1902.
1903.
State.
1902.
1908.
PeonsylTaniA
8,117,800
8,631.888
1,730,220
1,472,2U
401,869
587,216
892,778
808.229
278,987
209,960
8,211,600
8,287,484
1,692,875
1.561,896
552,917
544,084
418,368
824,570
288,516
270,289
Vf AhlfTAn , .
155,213
191,380
183,005
110,726
82,315
12,086
3,095
8,360
244,709
Ohio
New Jersey
211,667
199,013
102,441
nnfv>to
West Virginia
A%twim
Kentocky
5ewYork
North Carolina and
Georgia
VindniA
75,602
*
Connecticut
14,501
MmTwimw^A
Texas
11,653
Massachusetts
3,265
mKoodnuid Minnesota
Total
lOaoiiif, Colorado, and
17,821,807
18,009,262
Wftfblngton
PB0I>UCT10N OF PIG IRON ACCORDING TO FTTEIi USED.
The production of pig iron in 1903, classified according to the fuel
used, was as follows, compared with the four preceding years:
Production of pig iron according to fad used, 1899-1908,
[Long tons.]
Fuel used.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
ntvBfnnos, fiblefly ooki> , ,
11.786,886
1,666. 6S1
41,061
284,766
11,727,712
1,686,866
40,682
889,874
44,608
18,782,886
1,668,806
48,719
860,147
28.294
16,815,891
1,096,040
19,207
878,604
U,665
15,502,221
abcW|^^ and coke ....
1,864,199
ABtkndtR ainnfi , , , .
47,148
"TmiiimI
604,757
<*>mMj aad mk«
927
IVMal
18,620,706
18,789,242
15,878,864
17,821,807
18,009,268
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MIXEBAL BESOUBCES.
PRODUCTION OF Blk^BBMEB PIG IRON.
The following table gives the production of Bessemer pig iron, by
States, in each year from 1898 to 1903, in long tons. Bessemer pig
iron made with charcoal is included. Low-phosphorus pig iron is
included in the statistics for 1901, 1902, and 1903.
Ftoduction of Bessemer pig iron in 1898-1903^ by Stales.
[Long tons.]
State.
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Illinois
Maryland
West Virginia
North Carolina
Colorado
Missouri
Kentucky and Tennessee .
Wisconsin
Michigan ,
Minnnsota ,
New Jersey ,
New York ,
Virginia and Alabama
1896.
4,040,966
1,570,535
1,210,124
186,563
192,699
88.701
80,288
14,620
2,939
Total I 7,837,384
473,498
852,965
830,169
210,670
187,858
96,364
22,756
14,519
13,984
1900.
4,242,897
1,898,663
1.178,^1
260,688
169,802
118, 146
13,430
21,786
40,300
8,202,778 7,943,452
1901.
4,885,877
2,637,091
1,394,430
297,149
166,597
147,216
1902.
5,130,
2,927,
1.495,
296,
1908.
022
298
971
182,987
201,
9,
580 I
I
746 I
89,941
K2,328 I
66,681
9,596,793 ' 10,398,168 |
5,213,143
2,422,676
1,886,688
821,784
198.688
176,116
26.866
111,340
129,328
3,299
9,989,906
Of the production of Bessemer and low-phosphorus pig iron in
Pennsylvania in 1903 the Lehigh Valley made 106,184 tons; the
Schuylkill Valley, 77,882 tons; the lower Susquehanna Valley , 368,745
tons; AUegheuyCounty, 3,276,850 tons; the Shenango Valley, 806,708
tons, and the remainder of the State, 576,774 tons: total, 5,213,143
tons.
In Ohio in 1903 the Mahoning Valley produced 872,758 tons of
Bessemer and low-phosphorus pig iron; the Hanging Rock bituminous
district, 100,972 tons; the Lake counties, 715,608 tons; and other
parts of Ohio, 733,338 tons: total, 2,422,676 tons.
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
96
PBOOUCTIOK OF BESSEMER PIG IRON SIKCE 1887.
The production of Bessemer pig iron in the United States was not
collected separately from that of other kinds of pig iron until 1887.
Since that year it has been as follows:
Production of Bessemer pig iron in the United StaleSj 1887-190S.
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
1887
2,875,462
lass...
2,637,859
1889..
1890...
8,151,414
4,092,343
1891...
8,472,190
lan...
4,444,041
Year.
Quantity.
1898
8,568,598
3,806,567
5,623,695
4,654,955
5,795,584
7,387,884
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898 --
Year.
Quantity.
1899
1900
8,202,778
7,943,452
9,596,793
1901
1902
10,393,168
9,989,908
1908
PROBUcrrioN of basic pig iron.
The production of basic pig iron in 1896, with coke or mixed anthra-
cite and coke as fuel, was 336,403 tons; in 1897 it was 556,391 tons;
in 1898 it was 785,444 tons; in 1899 it was 985,033 tons; in 1900 it
was 1,072,376 tons; in 1901 it was 1,448,850 tons; in 1902 it was
2,038,590 tons, and in 1903 it was 2,040,726 tons. Basic charcoal pig
iron is not included in these figures. The production of basic pig iron,
by States, since 1899 is given in the following table:
Production of basic pig iron, 1899-190S, by States.
[Long tons.]
State.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Hew Toric and New Joaey
4,929
446.543
844,065
179,717
97,122
34,320
568,516
442,744
301,444
101,826
90,736
982,532
696,216
295,191
123,915
117,802
FennsylTani*— Allegheny County
^Bamfvivftiii* — Other ixmntiAH
470,848
267,760
106,093
80,882
791,175
626,078
MttTlAiMi. Vixglnia, Tenneaoee, and
267,999
OU^J^Qte. unaooDflin, JCinonri, and
237,672
Total
965,033
1,072,376
1,448,860
2,038,690
2,040,726
Maryland, Tennessee, Illinois, and Wisconsin did not make basic
pig iron in 1901 or 1902, as in some previous years, and Maryland,
Illinois, and Wisconsin did not make any in 1908, while Colorado for
the first time made basic pig iron in 1908.
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96
MINEBAL BESOUB0E8.
PRODUCTION OF SPIEGEIiEISEN^ AND FIIBBOMANGANEBE.
The production of spiegeleisen andferromanganese in 1903, included
in the total production of pig iron, was 192,661 tons, against 212,981
tons m 1902, 291,461 tons in 1901, 265,977 tons in 1900, 219,768 tons in
1899, 213,769 tons in 1898, 173,695 tons in 1897, 131,940 tons in 1896,
171,724 tons in 1895, 120,180 tons in 1894, and 81,118 tons in 1893.
The spiegeleisen and ferromanganese produced in 1903 were -made in
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Alabama, Illinois, and Colorado. In the
total for 1902 is a small quantity of ferrophosphorus, made in Alabama.
The production by States in 1901, 1902, and 1903, of speigeleisen
and ferromanganese was as follows:
Production of spiegeleisen and femmianganese in 1901, 190^, and 1903, by Spates.
[Long tons.]
State.
Splegeleisei
1.
1908."
Fenomanganese.
1901.
1902.
1901.
1902.
1908.
New Jerifiv i
28,789
188,986
302
«0,297
8,448
14,182
99,888
476
45,801
8.567
15,846
76,498
24
57,955
6,882
Penxisylvftiiia
57,406
2,049
182
44,453
120
34, 9n
Alabama
1,000
Illinois
Colorado .'. .
Total
281,822
168,406
156,700
59,689
44,578
85,961
The figures given for ferromanganese for 1902 include a small quan-
tity of ferrophosphorus made in one of the Southern States. Ferro-
phosphorous was not reported to us for 1903. As a rule, spiegeleisen
contains from 9 to 22 per cent of manganese, and ferromanganese from
46 to 82 per cent. The standard for spiegeleisen is 20 per cent and
for ferromanganese 80 per cent.
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON BT GRADES.
The following table gives the total production of pig iron ia the
United States in 1901, 1902, and 1903, by grades:
ProducUon of pig iron in 1901, 190£, and 1903, by grades.
[LonR tons.]
Grade.
1901.
1902.
1908.
BeMemer and low-phosphonu pig iron
Basic pig iron made with mineral fuel.
Foige pig iron
Foundry and high Bilicon pig iron
Malleable Bessemer pig iron
White and mottled and loiscellanous . .
Spiegeleisen
Ferromanganese
Direct castings
Total
9,606,796
1,448,850
689,454
8,648,718
256,582
87,964
281,822
60,680
8»662
10,iB96,168
2088,500
838,096
8,851,276
811.456
172,085
168,408
44,578
8,666
15,878,854
17.821,807
0,989.908
2,040,726
788,016
4,400,028
478,781
130,187
156,700
35,961
18,009.252
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AMEBIOAK IBON TBADE. 97
The Bessemer figures include low-phosphorus pig iron — ^that is,
iron running' below 0.04 per cent in phosphorus. Pig iron containing
from 0.04 to 0.10 per cent of phosphorus is classified as Bessemer.
The basic figures are confined strictly to pig iron made with mineral
fuel, and do not include the small quantity of basic iron that is annu-
ally made ^th charcoal, practically all of which is used by manu-
hctorers of steel castings. A few thousand tons of castings direct
from the furnace are included in the totals for white and mottled and
miscellaneous grades of pig iron for 1903. Ferrosilicon and high sili-
con pijr iron are included in the foundry figures.
Of the total production of pig iron in 1903 over 65.4 per cent was
Bessemer and low-phosphorus, as compared with over 58 per cent in
1902; 24.4 per cent was foundry, against 21.6 per cent in 1902; over
11.3 per cent was basic, against 11.4 per cent in 1902; 4.3 per cent
was forge, against 4.6 per cent in 1902; 1.06 per cent was spiegel-
eisen and ferromanganese, against 1.19 per cent in 1902; and 2.6 per
cent was malleable Bessemer, against 1.7 per cent in 1902. The pro-
duction of white and mottled and miscellaneous grades of pig iron and
of castings made direct from the furnace amounted to a little over 1
per cent in 1902, and to less than 1 per cent in 1903.
In 1903 the production of low-phosphorus pig iron amounted to
900,422 tons, against 164,246 tons in 1902. In 1903 low-phosphorus
pig" iron was made in New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Ohio.
STOCKS OF UNSOIiD PIG IRON.
The statistics of stocks of unsold pig iron do not include pig iron
made by the owners of rolling mills or steel works for their own use,
but only pig iron made for sale, which has not been sold. The stocks
of pig iron which were utisold in the hands of manufacturers or which
were under their control at the close of 1903, and were not intended
for their own consumption, amounted to 691,438 tons, against 49,951
tons at the close of 1902, 70,647 tons at the close of 1901, and 442,370
tons at the close of 1900. Warrant stocks not controlled by the
makers are not included.
The American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company held in its yards
on December 31, 1903, 47,200 tons of pig iron. On December 31,
1902, the company had no pig iron stored in any of its yards. At the
end of 1901 it bad 3,000 tons in its yards, and at the end of 1900 it
lad 16,400 tona.
MS 1903 7
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MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
NUMBER OP COMPIiBTBD FURNACES.
The whole number of completed furnaces m the United States at
the close of 1903 was 425, against 412 at the close of 1902 and 406 at
the close of 1901. The following table shows the niunberof com-
pleted furnaces at the end of each year since 1898, not counting aban-
doned furnaces in any year:
Number of competed fumaceSf 1898-190S, according tofud used.
Faelused.
189a
1899.
1900.
190L
1902.
1908.
Bltninlrioui coftl n-ntl cok^^ ^,,^
242
94
78
286
99
80
240
94
72
267
90
69
272
81
50
288
Anthracite and &nthracite and coke
77
r!hA.mnAl and charcoal and coke
00
Total
414
414
406
406
412
425
NUMBER OF FURNACES EN" BIx^ST.
The whole number of furnaces which were in blast at the close of
1903 was 182, against 307 at the close of 1902 and 266 at the close of
1901. The following classified table shows the number of furnaces in
blast at the close of each year since 1898:
Number of fumcuxs in blast f 1898-190S, according tofud used.
Fuel used.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
Bituminous coal and coke
1S2
80
20
191
68
80
156
46
82
188
64
24
222
62
88
120
Anthracite and anthracite and coke
39
Chaicoal and charcoal and coke
88
Total
202
289
282
266
807
182
The number of furnaces out of blast at the close of 1903 was 243.
Some of these furnaces were only temporarily banked.
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN THE FIRST HAIiF OF 1904.
The production of pig iron in the first half of 1904 was 8,173,438
long tons, against 8,301,886 tons in the last half of 1903 and 9,707,367
tons in the first half of 1903. The decrease in production in the first
half of 1904 as compared with the second half of 1 903 amounted to only
128,447 tons, but as compared with the first half of 1903 it amounted
to 1,533,929 tons. And yet the production in the first half of 1904
was greater than in any half year prior to the second half of 1901.
The production of Bessemer pig iron in the first half of 1904 was
4,530,946 long tons, against 4,509,289 tons in the last half of 1908 and
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AMEBIGAN IBON TBADE. 99t
5,480,619 tons in the first half of 1903. The figures for the first half
of 1904 include 87,582 tons of low-phosphorus pig iron, against 110,699
tons in the last half of 1903 and 89,723 tons in the first half of that
year.
The production of basic pig iron in the first half of 1904 was 1,061,901
long tons, against 836,923 tons in the last half of 1903 and 1,203,803
torn? in the first half of 1903. Basic pig iron made with charcoal is not
included in these figures.
The production of charcoal pig iron in the first half of 1904 was
213,356 long tons, against 272,040 tons in the last half of 1903 and
232,717 tons in the first half of 1903. In addition there were pro-
duced in Wisconsin and Washington 927 tons of mixed charcoal and
coke pig iron in the first six months of 1903. No pig iron has been
made with this fuel since the first half of 1903.
The production of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese in the first half
of 1904 was 114,206 long tons, against 81,986 tons in the last half of
1903 and 110,675 tons in the first half of 1903. The production of
ferromanganese alone in the first half of 1904 amounted to 26,541 tons,
BfrsAnst 14,118 tons in the last half of 1903 and 21,843'tons in the first
half of that year. In addition to the above, Tennessee made 304 tons
of ferrophosphorus in the first half of 1904.
The production of bituminous coal and coke pig iron in the first six
months of 1904 amounted to 7,337,279 long tons, of anthracite and
coke mixed to 607,624 tons, of anthracite alone to 15,179 tons, and of
charcoal to 213,356 tons. Included in the bituminous figures is a small
quantity of ferrosilicon made with electricity.
The stocks of pig iron which were unsold in the hands of manufac-
turers or their agents or were under their control in warrant yards or
elsewhere on June 80, 1904, amounted to 623,254 tons, against 126,301
tons on June 30, 1903.
On June 30, 1904, the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Com-
pany had 78,600 tong of iron stored in its various yards, virtually all
of which was controlled by the makers, and all of which was included
in the 623,254 tons of unsold iron reported on that date.
The whole number of furnaces in blast on June 30, 19u4, was 216,
•gainst 320 on June 30, 1903, and 286 on June 30, 1902. The number
of furnaces idle on June 30, 1904, was 209. Of the active furnaces
on June 30, 1904, 170 used bituminous fuel, 26 used anthracite coal
and coke mixed, 2 used anthracite coal alone, and 18 used charcoal alone.
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MINEBAL BBSOUBOES.
ANKTJAIi CONSUMPTION OF PIG IRON.
Our consumption of pig iron in the last five years is approximately
shown in the following table. The comparatively small quantity of
foreign pig iron held in bonded warehouses has not been considered.
Warrant stocks not controlled by the makers are included in unsold
stocks for each year.
Annual consumption of pig iron in the United States^ 1899-190S,
[Long tons.]
Pig iron.
Domestic production.
Imported
Stocks unsold Jan. 1. .
Total supply
Deduct stocks Dec. 31 .
Also exports
1900.
18,620,708
40,893
415,833
14,076,429
68,809
228,678
Approximate consumption j 18, 779, 442
13.789,242
52,665
18,910,116
446,020
286,687
13,177,409
1901.
15,878,854
62,930
446,020
16,387,804
73,647
81,211
16,282,446
1902.
1908.
17,821.307 18,00».2SQ
619,354 699,574
73,647 ' 49,951
18,514,808 18,658,777
49,951 I 698,489
27,487 20,879
18,436,870
18,039,909
It will be observed that, although the production of pig iron in 1903
exceeded that of 1902 by 187,945 tons, the consumption in 1903
was 396,961 tons less than in 1902. Of course these figures are only
an approximation to absolute accuracy.
MMESTONE CONSUMED IN MAKING PIG IRON.
The limestone consumed for fluxing purposes by the blast furnaces
of the United States in the production of 18,009,262 tons of pig iron
in 1903 amounted to 9,591,760 tons. The average consumption of
limestone per ton of all kinds of pig iron produced was 1,193 pounds
in 1903, against 1,192.8 pounds in 1902, 1,186.5 pounds in 1901, and
1,205.6 pounds in 1900. The consumption in 1903 by the anthracite and
bituminous furnaces was 1,207.3 pounds per ton of pig iron made,
and by the charcoal and mixed charcoal and coke furnaces it was 696. E
pounds. Oyster shells are regularly used by Muirkirk (charcoal
Furnace, in Maryland, for fluxing purposes, to the entire exclusion o1
limestone.
PRODUCTION OF BESSEMER STEEIj.
The total production of Bessemer steel ingots and casting in th
United States in 1903 was 8,592,829 long tons, against 9,138,363 ton
in 1902, a decrease of 645,534 tons, or 5.9 per cent. The followin
table gives the production of Bessemer steel ingots and castitigB in th
last five years by States. Of the 1903 production 18,099 tons wei
steel castings, against a similar production of 12,548 tons in 1902.
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AMEBIOAN IBON TBADE.
Produetum of Beuemer gleel in the United States, 1899-190S, by States,
[Long tons.]
101
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
PmiMylTaniA
3,968,779
1,679,287
1,211,246
727,092
3,488,731
1,388,124
1,115,571
692,344
6,684,770
4,293,439
2,1M,846
1,324,217
940,800
4,209,326
2,528,802
1,443,614
956,621
3,909,436
Ohio
2,830,134
Tiling ,
1,366,569
Other States
966,690
T^ital
7,686,854
8,713,802
9,138,368
8,502,829
There were no Clapp-Griffiths works in operation in 1903, and only
2 Robert-Bessemer plants were active. Eight Tropenas plants were at
work, as compared with 5 in 1902. In addition 1 plant made steel by
the Bookwalter process and 1 plant on the Pacific coast made a small
quantity of steel in a special surface-blown converter. One plant also
made steel by the Evans- Wills process. All these works produced
steel castings only.
During 1903 the Lackawanna Steel Company completed the Bessemer
department of its new plant at Lackawanna, N. Y. This department
is equipped with four 10-long-ton converters, which have an annual
capacity of 845,000 long tons of ingots. Steel ingots were first pro-
duced on October 13, 1903. The International Harvester Company
also completed its new Bessemer steel plant at South Chicago in 1903.
It is equipped with two 10-long-ton converters, with an annual capacity
of 500,000 tons of ingots. Steel was first made on September 3, 1903.
The following plants, which are equipped to make steel castings by
the Tropenas and other modifications of the Bessemer process, were
completed and put in operation in 1903: Isaac G. Johnson & Co.,
Incorporated, Spuy ten Duy vil, New York City, one 2-long-ton Tropenas
converter; Naval Gun Factory, United States Navy-Yard, Washing-
ton, D. C, one 2-long-ton Tropenas converter; Newport News
Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Va., one
2- long-ton Tropenas converter; and the Columbia Engineering Works,
Incorporated, Portland, Oreg., one 2-long-ton surface-blown converter.
Since the close of 1903 the following plants have installed or are
now installing Tropenas or other ''little Bessemer" converters:
Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Mass., one 2-long-ton Tropenas
converter; Providence Steel Casting Company, Providence, R. I., two
2-long-ton Tropenas converters; Southern Steel Works, Chattanooga,
Tenn., one 2-long-ton Tropenas converter; and the Milwaukee Steel
Foundry Company, Milwaukee, Wis., one 1-long-ton special steel
converter.
In 1902 a plant for the manufacture of steel castings by the
Evans- Wills process, which is a modification of the Bessemer process,
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102
MINERAL RE80UB0E8.
was erected at Rah way, N. J. Its first castings were madeonOctobcT
18, 1902. The plant is now equipped with two 4:,000-pound con-
verters. Steel castings by this process were made in 1903, but an
open-hearth furnace has been added in 1904.
PRODUCTION OF OPEN-HEARTH STEEIi.
The total production of open-hearth steel ingots and direct castings
in the United States in 1903 was 5,829,911 long tons, against 5,687,729
tons in 1902, an increase of 142,182 tons, or 2.4 per cent. As com-
pared with 1898, five years ago, when the production of open-hearth
steel amounted to 2,230,292 tons, there was an increase in 1903 of
3,599,619 tons, or over 161 per cent. The following table gives the
production of open-hearth steel ingots and castings, by States, since
1898:
Production of openrhearth steel in the United States^ 1898-1903, by Stales,
[Long tons.]
State.
New England
New York and New Jersey
Pennsylyania
Ohio
IlUnolB
other States
Total
1898.
1899.
47,381
57,124
47,957
61,461
1,817,521
2,893,811
79,886
117,458
183,103
246,183
54,444
71,279
2,230,292
2,947,316
1900.
1901.
74,522 '
67,361 I
2.699,502 .
130,191 I
285,551 ;
141,006 i
170,876
82,965
3,594,763
184,913
398,522
224,220
3,398,135 4,656,809
1902.
179,928
92,763
4,375,864
278,854
435,461
325,364
6,687,729
1903.
169,209
104,596
4,442,730
369,349
422,919
821,106
5,829,911
The open-hearth steel made in 1903 was produced by 111 works in
17 States: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Tennessee, Alabama,
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, Colorado, and Califor-
nia. Ninety-eight works in 16 States made open-hearth steel in 1902.
The States which have open-hearth furnaces, but which did not
produce open-hearth steel in 1903, were West Virginia and Kentucky.
In 1902 there were made 4,496,533 tons of open-hearth steel by the
basic process and 1,191,196 tons by the acid process; in 1903 the pro-
duction by the basic process amounted to 4,734,913 tons and by the
acid process to 1,094,998 tons. There was. a decrease in the produc-
tion of acid steel in 1903 as compared with 1902 of 96,198 tons, or a
little over 8 per cent, but an increase in the production of basic steel
of 238,380 tons, or 5.3 per cent.
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AMEBIOAK IBOX TBADE.
108
In the following table tbe production by States of both acid and
basic open-hearth steel ingots and castings in 1903 is given:
Productian of bcuic and add open-fiearth sUd in the United Stales in 190St by Stales.
[Long tons.]
State.
Basic open- Acid open-
hearth
steel.
hearth
steel.
Total.
New England
New York and New Jersey
PtoDsylTania
Ohio
UliiKiig
Other States
Total
106,778
71.687
8,567,408
806,675
890,518
801,017
68,481
88,061
885,287
60,774
82,406
20,089
169,209
104,596
4,442,780
869,849
422,919
321,106
4,784,918
1,094,998
6,829,911
PRODUCTION OF OPBN-HBARTH STEKL CASTINGS. '
The total production of open-hearth steel castings in 1903, included
above, amounted to 400,348 long tons, of which 134,879 tons were
made by the basic process and 266,469 tons were made by the acid
process. I n 1902 the production of open-hearth steel castings amounted
to 367,879 tons, of which 112,404 tons were made by the basic process
and 255,475 tons by the acid process.
The following table gives the production of open-hearth steel castings
by the acid and basic processes in 1903, by States:
ProducHam of open^keorih sled castings in the United States in 1903^ by States.
[Long tons.]
state.
Basic
castings
Add
castings.
Total.
Xev England, New York, and New Jersey
Bennsylrania
OUo, IlUsois, and other States
Total
6.311
14.483
116,066
80.78S
167,638
67.148
86.094
182.021
182.288
134.879
266.469
400.848
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Tennessee, Alabama, Indiana, Wiscon-
sin, Missouri, and California made open-hearth steel castings in 1903
in addition to the States specifically mentioned in the table.
The growth of the open-hearth steel-casting industry in this country
has been very rapid within the last six years, as is shown by the fol-
lowing table, the increase from 1898 to 1903 amounting to 279,761
long tons, or almost 232 per cent. The greatest growth has been in
Pennsylvania, the increase in that State alone from 1898 to 1903
amounting to 134,751 long tons, or over 285 per cent. The produc-
tion of open-hearth steel castings was first separately ascertained by
the American Iron and Steel Association in 1898.
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MINEBAL BBSOUBOBS.
ProdiuHon of open-hearth steel castings in the United States, 1898-190$, by States,
[Long tons.]
State.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1W6.
New England, New York, and New Jer-
sey
14,657
47,270
58,660
21,640
69,996
78,098
21,888
78,584
77,024
87,154
108,486
166,982
37,011
15S,899
178,439
96, OM
Pennsylvania
182,021
Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and other States.
182,283
Total
120,587
160,729
177,491
801,622
367,879
400.848
PRODUCTION OF CRUCIBIiE STBEIi.
The production of crucible steel in the United States in 1903
amounted to 102,434 long tons, against 112,772 tons in 1902, 98,513
tons in 1901, 100,662 tons in 1900, 101,213 tons in 1899, 89,747 tons in
189^, 69,959 tons in 1897, 60,689 tons in 1896, 67,666 tons in 1895,
61,702 tons in 1894, and 63,613 tons in 1893. Ten States made crucible
steel in 1903, namely, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Wiscon-
sin. The direct castings produced in 1903, included above, amounted
to 6,409 tons, against 4,965 tons in 1902 and 3,927 tons in 1901. Penn-
sylvania made a little less than three- fourths of the total crucible steel
production in 1903, against a little over three-fourths in 1902, the year
of maximum production in the whole country.
PRODUCTION OP MISCEIiliANEOUS STEBIi.
The production of steel in the United States in 1903 by various
minor processes amounted to 9,804 long tons, against 8,386 tons in
1902, 5,471 tons in 1901, 4,862 tons in 1900, 4,974 tons in 1899, 3,801
tons in 1898, 3,012 tons in 1897, 2,394 tons in 1896, 858 tons in 1895,
4,081 tons in 1894, and 2,806 tons in 1893. Blister, puddled, and
"patented" steel, including '* patented" steel castings, are included
in these figures.
PRODUCTION OP AL.L. KINDS OP STEEIi.
The production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings in 1903
amounted to 14,534,978 long tons, against 14,947,250 tons in 1902, a
decrease of 412,272 tons, or 2.7 per cent. The maximum production
of steel ingots and castings was reached In 1902; the year of next high-
est production was 1903. Blister, ''patented," and all other kinds
of steel are included in these figures.
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AMBBIOAK IBON TBADE.
105
In the follo^ng table the production in 1903 of all kinds of steel
ingots and castings is given by States, in long tons. Of the total pro-
duction, 430,265 tons were direct steel castings.
Production ofaU kind$ ofsUd in the United States in 1903, by Stales.
[Longtona.]
Stmte.
Beisemer.
Open-
hearth.
Cracible
andmiscel
laneouB.
Total
iDffota and
castings.
Maanchosetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
New York and New Jersey ,
FnuMylTmikia ,
I>elaware. Maryland. Virginia, West ViiginU, Dis-
trict of Colombia, Kentucky, Tennenee, and Ala-
Oldo
Indiana and niinois
Ifiehigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, Colorado,
Oregon, and Calif omia
62,978
8,909,486
766,406
2,880,184
1,866,669
168,806
169,209
104,696
4,442,780
180,241
369,849
497,898
66,886
2,886
23,819
80,461
50
10
3.314
2.199
171,594
191,896
8,482,627
966,697
2,699,496
1,867,281
286,891
Total.
8,602,829
6,829,911
112,288
14,634,978
The total production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings in the
United States in the fourteen years from 1890 to 1903 is given in
detail in the following table:
Production of all Hnds of steel ingots and castings in the United Stales, 1890-190S,
[Long tons.]
Tear.
Bessemer.
Open-
hearth.
Crucible.
Miscella-
neous.
Total
ingots and
castings.
l^gO
8,688.871
3,247,417
4,168,486
8.216,686
8,671,818
4,909,128
8,919,906
6,475,316
6,609,017
7,686,864
6,684,770
8,718,802
9,188,368
8,502,829
618,282
679,768
669,889
787,890
784,906
1,187.182
1,298,700
1,606,671
2,230,292
2,947,816
8,896.136
4,656,809
5,687,729
5,829,911
71.175
72,686
84,709
63,613
61,702
67,666
60,6»9
69,959
89,747
101,213
100,562
98.513
112,772
102,434
3,798
4,484
4,648
2,806
4.061
868
2,894
3.012
3.801
4,»74
4,862
6,471
8,886
9,804
4,277,071
um
8.904,240
IHB
4.927,681
fgff ,
4,019.996
igpi
4,412,082
UK . . ..
6,114,834
IgU
6,281,689
tM7
7,156.967
UM
8,982.867
IflM
10,689,857
MM
10.188.329
IMI
18,473,596
1«M
14,947,260
MM
14,634.978
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MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
PRODUCTION OF AIjI. KINDS OF STEEL CASTINGS.
In 1903 the production of all kinds of steel castings amounted to
430,265 long tons, against 390,935 tons in 1902, 317,570 tons in 1901,
192,803 tons in 1900, 181,112 tons in 1899, and 131,937 tons in 1898.
The increase in 1903 over 1902 was 39,330 tons, or over 10 per cent.
The following table gives by States the production of all kinds of steel
castings in 1903:
Production of all kinds of steel castings in the United Stales in 190S, by States.
[Long tons.]
State.
Open-
hearth.
Crnciblc
and
miscel-
laneous.
Total.
Maasachosetts, Connecticut* New York, and New Jersey. . . .
Pennsylvania
District of Columbia, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and
Ohio
Indiana, Hlinois, and Michigan
Wisconsin. Minnesota, Missouri, Colorado, Oregon, and
California ,
Total
6.837
86.094
1,626 182,021
1,414
5,704
3,018
54,270
106,296
19,667
5,827
2,068
10
1,714
2,199
48,2S6
185,715
55, QM
116,714
24.8B4
18.099 400,348
11,818
430,215
Of the total production of steel castings in 1903, Pennsylvania made
over 43 per cent, against over 39 percent in 1902; Illinois nearly 23 per
cent, against over 25 per cent in 1902; and Ohio over 12 per cent,
against over 8 per cent in 1902. No other State made 5 per cent in
1903 or 6 per cent in 1902.
PRODUCTION OF Alili KINDS OF RAIJjS.
The maximum production of Bessemer steel rails was reached in
1903, when 2,946,756 long tons were rolled, against 2,935,392 tons
in 1902, an increase in 1903 of 11,364 tons. In the following table
the production of Bessemer steel rails is given by States from 1898 to
1903. Rails rolled from purchased blooms, crop ends, "seconds,"
and reroUed, or renewed, rails are included. Renewed rails are rails
that have been in use and are rolled down to smaller sections after
reheating.
Production of aU kinds of steel rails in the United States, 1898-190S, by States.
[Long tons.]
State.
1898.
1,053,826
923,370
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
Pennsylvania
1,224,807
1,045,778
2,270,586
1.195,255
1.188,399
1,406,008
1,464,808
1,148,425
1,786,967
1,186,284
1.760.472
Other States
Total
1,976,702
2,883,654
2,870,816
2.985,892
2.946,756
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
107
In addition to Pennsylvania the States which made Bessemer steel
rails in 1903 were New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Illinois,
Wisconsin, Colorado, and Wyoming.
The production of Bessemer steel rails by the makers of Bessemer
steel ingots, included above, amounted to 2,873,228 long tons in 1903,
2,876,293 tons in 1902, 2,836,273 tons in 1901, 2,361,921 tons in 1900,
2,240,767 tons in 1899, and 1,955,427 tons in 1898. In the following
table is given the total production of all kinds of Bessemer steel rails
from 1898 to 1903, the rails rolled by makers of Bessemer ingots being
separated from those rolled by companies which did not operate Bes-
semer converters:
Production of all hinds of Bessemer steel rails in the United Slates^ 1898-190S,
fLong tons.]
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1906.
Bt mAkera of Bessemer
tncotf
1.966.427
21,275
2,240,797
29,818
2,361,921
21,788
2,886,278
34.543
2,876,293
59,099
2.878,228
78,528
BjallotbeiB
Total
1,976,702
2,270,685
2,883,654
2,870,816
2,935,892
2,946,756
As a rule the Bessemer rail mills were operated nearly to their full
capacity in 1903, the demand for steel rails being good throughout the
year. The new rail mill of the Lackawanna Steel Company, at Lacka-
wanna, N. Y., was completed and put in operation late in 1903, and
its first Bessemer steel rail was rolled on October 20 of that year.
Twenty-two plants rolled or reroUed Bessemer steel rails in 1903, of
which 6 were located in Pennsylvania, 3 in Maryland, 5 in Ohio, 2 in
Illinois, 2 in New York, and 1 each in New Jersey, Wisconsin, Colo-
rado, and Wyoming.
The total production of open-hearth steel rails in the United States
b 1903 was 45,064 long tons, against 6,029 tons in 1902, 2,093 tons in
1901, and 1,333 tons in 1900. The maximum production of open-hearth
rails was reached in 1903; the year of next highest production was 1881,
when 22,515 tons were made. Alabama rolled almost all the open-
hearth rails that were rolled in 1903, Pennsylvania being the only other
producer. Over 37,000 tons of the open-hearth rails rolled weighed
between 45 and 85 pounds per yard; a few tons weighed 85 pounds or
over; the remainder weighed less than 45 pounds.
The production of iron rails in 1903 was 667 tons, all rolled in Ten-
nessee, Alabama, Ohio, and California, and all weighing less than 45
poonds to the yard. In 1902 the production of iron rails was 6,512
tons, against 1,730 tons in 1901, 695 tons in 1900, 1,592 tons in 1899,
and 8,319 tons in 1898.
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MINEBAL BE80UR0B8.
The production of all kinds of rails in the United States in
amounted to 2,992,477 long tons, against 2,947,983 tons in 1902, an
increase of 44,544 tons. The year of maximum production was 1903;
the year of next largest production was 1902.
In addition to our large production of rails we imported 95,555 tons
of iron and steel rails in 1903. During the same year we exported
30,837 tons. In 1902 our exports of rails amounted to 67,666 tons and
our imports to 63,522 tons. Virtually all our imports and exports of
rails are steel rails.
WEIGHT OF Alili KTNDS OF RAHiS.
The following table gives the production of all kinds of rails in 1903,
according to the weight of the rails per yaixi. Street rails are included
in the total production of rails, but the quantity made in each year
can no longer be given separately.
Production of aU Hruh of rails in the United States, 1897-1903, by kind of raiU and by
weight per yard,
[Long tons.]
Kind of rAll8,
Under46 "^"^
Po^<^- 1 thfn Is!
85potmde
and over.
Total
218,888 1,665,849
7,257 87.789
1,168,069
58
2,946,7(6
Open-hearth steel rails
45,054
Iron rails
667
667
Total for 1903
221,262
261,887
155,406
157,531
188,886
128,881
88,896
1,603,068
2,040,884
2,226.411
1,626,093
1,569,840
1,'404,160
1,228,435
1,168,127
645, 1«2
488,822
602,058
579,524
458,210
885,561
2,992,477
Total for 1902
2,947,933
Total for 1901
2,874,639
Total for J900
2,885,682
Total for 1899
2,272,700
Total for 1898
1,961,241
Total for 1897.
1,647,892
The increase in the production of rails weighing under 45 pounds to
the yard, from 1897 to 1903, was 132,366 long tons; in rails weighing
45 and less than 85 pounds, 379,653 tons; and in rails weighing over
85 pounds, 832,566 tons. The increasing use in late years of rails
weighing over 85 pounds to the yard, especially in 1903, is strikingly
shown in the table.
PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAIi SHAPES.
Our statistics of iron and steel structural shapes embrace the produc-
tion of beams, beam girders, zee bars, tees, channels, angles, and other
structural forms, but they do not include plates or girders made from
plates. Plates are provided for under other classifications, and in the
general statistics of plates are included all plates cut to specifications.
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
109
Practically all the structural shapes and plates used for structural
purposes are made of steel. The total production of strictly structural
shapes in 1903 was 1,095,813 tons, and in 1902 it was 1,300,326 tons.
The production of structural shapes in 1902 and 1903, by States, was
as follows:
I^roducHon of iron and tUd ttructural. shapes in the United Slates^ J902-190S, by States.
[LongtODs.]
State.
1902.
1908.
State.
1902.
1908.
Uahkt, New York, and
New Jeney
62,564
1,178,700
82,884
1,004,875
IndUna, nUnois. Colo-
rado, and California . . .
TnfAl
18,762
24,868
PennsylTanla
1,300,826
1,096,818
Delaware. AJabama, and
Ohio
60,260 84.191
•
' 1
Pennsylvania made over 91 per cent of the total production in 1903,
against over 90 per cent in 1902; Ohio, 2.6 per cent, against over 3.7
per cent in 1902; and New Jersey over 3 per cent, against almost 3
per cent in 1902. No other State made 1.6 per cent of the total pro-
duction in either year.
In the following table we give the production of structural shapes
from 1892 to 1903. Prior to 1892 structural shapes were not sepa-
rated from other rolled products in our statistics.
Production of iron and steel structural skUpes in the United States, J89IB-190S.
[Long tons.]
Tear.
Qnantlty.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
vm
. 468,967
887,807
506,901
517,920
1
1896
496,571
588,790
702,197
860,876
1900
1901
816,161
yq$
1897
1,018,150
194
1806
1902
1,800,826
UK
1899
1908
1,096,818
The increasing use of structural shapes in the construction of large
office buildings, bridges, steel cars, etc., is shown in the table. Plates
or girders made from plates are not included.
PRODUCTION OP WIRE RODS.
The production of iron and steel wire rods in the United States in
1903 amounted to 1,503,455 long tons, against 1,574,293 tons in 1902,
1.365,934 tons in 1901, and 846,291 tons in 1900, showing a decrease
of 70,838 tons in 1903 as compared with 1902, or almost 4.5 per cent.
Of the total production in 1903, 1,508,425 tons were steel rods and 30
tons were iron rods; in 1902 the quantity of steel rods rolled was
ly574,067 tons and iron rods 206 tons. The following table gives the
prodoctioo of wire rods, by States, in the last four years:
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uo
MINERAL RES0UB0E8.
Production of wire rods in the United States, 1900-190S, by States.
[Long tons.]
State.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York
and New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Kentucky, Alabama, and Ohio
Indiana, Illinois, and Colorado
Total
184,602
240,688
244,781
226,526
176,101
886,087
422,679
881,117
201,658
609,802
440,458
422,880
846,291
1,865,984
240.024
478,719
424,172
865,640
1,574.293 1,603,455
Pennsylvania made the largest quantity of wire rods in 1903, with
Ohio second, Illinois third, and Massachusetts fourth. Eight other
States — Kentucky, Indiana, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Rhode Island, Alabama, and Colorado — also rolled wire rods in 1903, in
the order named. With the exception of Colorado, which first rolled
wire rods in July, 1903, all the States named also rolled wire rods
in 1902.
PRODUCTION OF WIRE NAII^.
The production of wire nails in the United States in 1903 amounted
to 9,631,661 kegs of 100 pounds, as compared with 10,982,246 kegs in
1902, a decrease of 1,360,586 kegs, or over 12 per cent. The wire
nails produced in 1903 were all made of steel, and were turned out by
67 works, as compared with 62 in 1902, 61 in 1901, 56 in 190(J, and 69
in 1899. For 1903 it was necessary for the first time to estimate the
production of two wire-nail plants.
The following table gives the production of wire nails by States in
1901, 1902, and 1903, in kegs of 100 pounds:
Production of wire nails in the United States, 1900-1903, by States.
[Kegs of 100 pounds.]
State.
1901.
1902.
1908.
New HampBhire, Massachusetts, Bhode Island, and Connecticut.
New York
71,668
186,118
8,118,508
8,688,894
2,716,748
127,001
809,651
182,864
4,219,604
8,261,918
2.902,006
166,218
230,264
190,624
Pennsylvania
3,918,272
Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Alabama, and Ohio
Indiana and U linois
2,588,310
2,867,820
Michigan, Wisconsin, Colorado, and California
835,471
Total
9,808,822
10,982,246
9,631,661
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AMEBIOAN IRON TRADE.
Ill
PRODUCTION OF CUT NAIIiS.
Oor statistics of the production of iron and steel cut nails and cut
spikes embrace only standard sizes of nails and spikes cut from plates.
They do not embrace railroad and other spikes forged from bar iron,
wire nails of any size, machine-made horseshoe nails, cut tacks, or
hob, clout, basket, shoe, or other small sizes of nails.
The production of -cut nails and of spikes cut from plates in 1903
was 1,435,893 kegs of 100 pounds each, against 1,633,762 kegs in 1902,
a decrease of 197,869 kegs, or over 12 per cent. In 1886 the maximum
production of 8,160,973 kegs was reached. In 1903 the production of
wire nails exceeded that of cut nails by 8,195,768 kegs, in 1902 by
9,348,484 kegs, in 1901 by 8,261,582 kegs, in 1900 by 5,660,485 kegs,
in 1899 by 5,713,790 kegs, in 1898 by 5,846,254 kegs, and in 1897 by
6,890,446 kegs.
Eleven States made cut nails in 1903, the same number as in 1902.
The following table shows the production of iron and steel cut nails
by States from 1898 to 1903, in kegs of 100 pounds. The wire nail
production is added to the table. Except Indiana and Virginia all the
States which produced cut nails in 1903 decreased their production as
compared with 1902.
Production of cut nails in the United States, 1898-190S, by Stales.
[Kegs of 100 pounds.]
State.
1896.
1899.
920,183
886,215
178,006
149,700
256,286
16,000
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
PfniMtylTMil* ■
768,171
892,008
184,942
127,708
87,899
12)000
777,611
261,216
168,469
156,968
198,280
17,000
883,469
128,788
150,222
179,474
240,657
14,630
762,729
99,938
271,362
167,963
804,990
36,780
726,000
59,240
OUo *..
West VixginiA and Indiana. .
nj
274,808
143,898
mtDota, Maryland. Virginia,
sod Kentncky
223,447
Mlaoail. Wisconsin. Col-
otftdo. Wyoming, and Cali-
foraiA., ....
9,500
Total cut nails
1^672,221
7,418.476
1,904,340
7,618,180
1,573,494
7,288,979
1,542,240
9,806,822
1.633,762
10,962,246
1,486,898
Total irire nails
9,631,661
Onod total
8,990,606
9,522,470
8,807,478
11,846,062
12,616.008
11,067,554
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112
Mll<rEBAL BEeOUBOES.
PBODUCnON OF CUT ANT> WIRE KAIIjS SINCE 1886.
In the following table is given the production, in kegs of 100 pounds,
of standard sizes of cut nails and spikes cut from plates from 1886, the
year of maximum production, to 1903; also the production of standard
sizes of wire nails for the same period. Prior to 1889, statistics of the
production of wire nails were not collected by the American Iron and
Steel Association. For the three preceding years, the statistics given
are careful estimates.
Production of cut and wire nails in the United States, 1886-1903.
[Kegs of 100 pounds.]
Year.
Cut nails.
Wire naite.
Total.
Year.
Cut nails.
Wire nails.
Total.
1886
8,160,978
6.908,870
6,493,691
6,810,758
5,640.946
6.002,176
4,507,819
3,048,933
2,425,060
600,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
2,435,000
3,135,911
4,114,886
4,719,524
5,096,945
5,681,801
8,760,973
8,168,870
7,993,691
8,245,758
8,776,857
9,116,661
9,227,348
8,144,878
8,106,861
1896
2.129,894
1,616,870
2,106,799
1,672,221
1,904,340
1,573.494
1,542,240
1,688,762
1,485.893
6.841.408
4.719,860
8.997,245
7.418,475
7.618.180
7,238,979
9,803,822
10,982,246
9.681.661
7.971,297
18C7
1896
6,835,790
1888
1897
11,104,044
1889
1898
8,990,696
1890
1899
9.622,470
1891
1900
8.807,47)
1892
1901
11.316.062
1893
1902
12.616,008
1894
1908
11.067,5M
PROBUCTION OF PliATES AND SHEETS.
•
The production of plate and sheet iron and steel in the United States
in 1903, excluding nail plate, amounted to 2,599,665 long tons, against
2,665,409 tons in 1902, a decrease of 65,744 tons, or over 2.4 per cent
Skelp iron and steel are not included in our statistics of plates and
sheets, but are classed with bars, hoops, etc., elsewhere. The follow-
ing table gives the production, by States, of all kinds of plates and
sheets in 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Production of plates and sheets in the United States, 190 1 -1908, by States.
[Long tons.]
state.
1901.
1902.
1903.
New England
New York and New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware and Maryland. . . .
WestVliginla
Kentucky and Alabama . . .
Ohio
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri. Wisconsin, Colorado, and
California
416
6,512
1,572,500
29,484
81,928
47,608
294,266
271,816
4,394
4.846
1,806,207
84,282
67,072
56,828
404,902
284,888
Total .
2,264,420
2,665,409
8.580
8.960
1,771,745
28.708
56,961
40,635
408,705
290,966
2,509,666
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AMERIOAN IRON TRADE
113
Fifteen States rolled plates and sheets in 1903, against 16 States in
1902. Of the total production of plates and sheets in 1903 Pennsyl-
vania made over 68 per cent, against over 67 per cent in 1902; Ohio
over 15.5 per cent, against over 15.1 per cent in 1902; and Illinois over
5.7 per cent, against almost 6 per cent in 1902. Indiana, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Delaware, Missouri, Maryland, Alabama, Massa-
chusetts, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and California also
made plates and sheets in 1903 in the order named. Michigan and
Wisconsin, which rolled plates and sheets in 1902, were not producers
in 1903, and Connecticut, which was not a producer in 1902, reported
a small quantity of plates and sheets in 1903.
The production of black plates or sheets for tinning in 1903, which
is included above, amounted to 490,652 long tons, against 365,743 tons
in 1902, an increase of 124,909 tons, or over 34 per cent. In 1901 the
production of these plates and sheets amounted to 398,026 tons. Of
the production in 1903, Pennsylvania made over 52 per cent, against
over 48 per cent in 1902. Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Illinois,
Maryland, and Missouri also made black plates for tinning in 1903 in
the order named. In 1902, in addition to the States named, Michi-
gan also made several thousand tons of black plates.
PRODUCTION OF TIN PliATES AND TERNE PliATES.
In the following table we give the production of tin plates and terne
plates in the United States from July 1, 1891, to December 31, 1903,
the production in 1902 and 1903 being partly estimated from the best
available sources of information. The production of tin-dipping
plants is included in all the figures that are given.
Production of tin pkUes and terne plates in the United StateSf 1891-1 90S.
[Long tons.]
Ymr.
QtutnUty.
UnClMtdz months)
tm
999
18,808
66.182
74,260
118,606
UK
UM
Vm .. r
Year.
Quantity.
1896..
160,862
256,098
826.915
860,875
802,665
1887
1898
1899
1900
Year.
1901
1902
1908
Quantity.
899,291
860,000
480,000
M B 1903 6
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114
MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
PRODUCTION OF Aljli ROIiliED IRON AND STEEL.
By the phrase rolled iron and steel we include all iron and steel
rolled into finished forms. Forged armor plate, hammered axles, and
other forgings are not included, nor such intermediate rolled forms as
muck bars, billet*^, tin plate and sheet bars, etc.
The production of all iron and steel rolled into finished forms in the
United States in 1903 was 13,207,697 long tons, against 13,944,116 tons
in 1902, the year of maximum production, a decrease of 736,419 tons,
or over 5.2 per cent. The increase in 1902 over 1901 amounted to
1,594,789 tons, or almost 13 per cent. Twenty -five States rolled either
iron or steel or both iron and steel in 1903, against 26 States in 1902.
The following table gives the total production by States of all kinds of
finished rolled iron and steel in 1902 and 1903:
Production of rolled iron and steel in the United States in 190S and 1903, by States.
[Longr tons.]
State.
1902.
Maine and Massachusetts.
Rhode Island and Con-
necticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee and Georgia. . .
173,463
95,200
181,443
139,310
7,642,636
61,409
339,773
41,329
247,812
170,320
25,398
1903.
167,627
181,182
255,905
145,282
7,171,982
47,673
372,009
43,631
252,331
158,280
23,208
state.
Alabama
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
W isconsi n
Missouri
Colorado and Wyoming.
Washington, Oregon,
and California
Total
1902.
131,298
2,019,962
415,049
1,686,806
89,297
232,752
64,741
200,771
35,357
1908.
13.944,116
112,245
1,883,648
406,076
1,481,662
77,693
204,685
75,470
169,409
38,904
13.207,607
Pennsylvania made over 54 per cent of the total production of rolled
iron and steel in 1903, against almost 65 per cent in 1902; Ohio over
14 per cent and Illinois over 11 per cent in each year; and Indiana
over 3 per cent in 1903, against almost 3 per cent in 1902. No other
State made over 2.9 per cent in 1903 or over 2.5 per cent in 1902.
Maine, Minnesota, and Kansas, all three of which States have rolling
mills, did not produce any rolled iron or steel in 1903, but Minnesota
made a small quantity of direct steel castings in both 1902 and 1903.
The single rolling mill in Maine, which wasactiv'e for a short time in
1902, was destroyed by fire in August of that year. It was rebuilt in
1903, but not put in operation until October, 1904.
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AMERICAN IKON TBADB.
115
PRODUCTION OP IBON BLOOMS AND BIIiliETS.
In 1902 and 1903 there were no forges in operation in the United
States for the manufacture of blooms and billets from the ore. In
1901 the blooms and billets so made amounted to 2,310 long tons,
against 4,292 tons in 1900, 8,142 tons in 1899, 1,767 tons in 1898, 1,456
tons in 1897, 1,346 tons in 1896, 40 tons in 1895, 40 tons in 1894, 864
tons in 1893, and 2,182 tons in 1892. All the ore blooms produced
since 1897 were made by the Chateaugay Ore and Iron Company, of
Plattsburg, N. Y., at its Standish Works, which were, however, idle
in 1902 and 1903. .
The iron blooms produced in forges from pig iron and scrap in 1903,
and which were for sale and not for the consumption of the makers,
amounted to 9,939 tons, against 12,002 tons in 1902, 8,237 tons in 1901,
8,655 tons in 1»00, 9,932 tons in 1899, 6,345 tons in 1898, 7,159 tons in
1897, 6,494 tons in 1896, 7,185 tons in 1895, 3,221 tons in 1894, and
6,605 tons in 1893. AH the pig and scrap blooms made in forges from
1895 to 1903, a-nd for sale, were made in New York, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland.
PBODrcmON OF ROIil^ED IRON AND STEBIi SINCE 188T.
The total production of all kinds of iron and steel rolled into finished
forms in the United States from 1887 to 1903 is given as follows:
Production of rolled iron and steel in the United States^ 1887-190S,
[Long tODfl.]
Year.
Iron and
gteel rails.
Plates and
sheets, ex-
cept nail
plate.
Wire rods.
Cut nails.
Bars, hoops,
shapes, and
all other.
Total.
1»7.
\m.
vm.
ttW.
un.
ttn.
iw.
MM.
u».
vm.
vm.
\m.
Ml.
HM.
2,139.640
1.408,700
1,622,204
1,885,807
1,307,176
1,651,844
1,185,458
1,021,772
1,306,186
1,122,010
1,647,892
1,961,241
2,272,700
2,385,682
2.874.689
2,947,983
2,992,477
608,365
609,827
716,496
809,961
678,927
761.460
674,846
662,900
991,409
965,776
1,207,286
1,448,801
1,903,505
1,794,628
2,264,425
2,665.409
2,609.666
279,769
868,851
457,099
586,607
627,829
587,272
678,402
791,180
623,966
970,736
071,683
086,898
846,291
865,964
574,298
608,466
806,432
289,891
259,409
251,828
228,312
201,242
186,113
108,262
95,065
72,187
94,054
70,188
85.016
70,245
68,860
72,936
64,102
2,184,279
2,034,162
2,874,968
2,618,660
2,644.941
3,033,439
2.491,497
2,155,875
8,005,765
2,781,982
8,081,760
8,941,957
4,996,801
4,390,097
5,785,479
6,683,645
6,047,998
5,235,706
4,617,349
5,236,928
6,022,875
5,390,963
6,165,814
4,975,685
4,642,211
6,189,574
5,515,841
7,001,728
8.013,870
10,294.419
9,487,448
12,^9,327
13,944,U6
18,207,697
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MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
8UMMABY OF IRON AND STEEL STATISTIC8 FOR 1902 AND
1903.
Summary ofiron^ steel, etc., statMcsfor the United States for 190^ and 1903.
[Long tons, except as stated.]
Item.
1902.
Production of iron ores
Imports of iron ores
Production of bituminous coal
Production of Pennsylvania anthracite
Production of all kinds of coal
Shipments of Pennsylvania anthracite
Imports of coal
Exports of coal
Production of coke short tons..
Production of pig iron
Production of splegeleisen and ferromanganese, included in pig iron
Production of Bessemer steel
Production of open-hearth steel
Production of crucible steel
Production of blister and patented steel
Productlonof all kinds of steel
Production of open-hearth steel castings
Production of all kinds of steel castings
Production of Bessemer steel rails
Production of open-hearth steel rails
Production of iron rails
Production of all kinds of rails
Production of structural shapes
Productlonof iron and steel wire rods
Production of plate and sheet iron and steel, except nail plate
Production of iron and steel cut nails and cut spikes, kegs of 100
pounds
Productlonof iron and steel wire nails kegs of 100 pounds..
Production of bar, bolt, hoop, skelp, rolled axles, rolled armor plate, etc. . .
Production of all rolled iron and steel, including cut nails and excluding
rails
Production of all rolled iron and steel, including both cut nails and rails.
Production of tin plates and teme plates
Production of ore, pig, and scrap blooms for sale ,
Value of imports of iron and steel ,
Value of exports of iron and steel
New railroad built (revised figures) miles.
Immigrants in the year ended Dec. 31
35,6M,1S5
1,165,470
282,336,468
86,940,710
269,277,178
31,200,890
2,551,881
6,126,946
25,401,730
17,821,807
212,981
9,138,363
5,687,729
112,772
8,386
14,947,250
867,879
890,935
2,935,392
6,029
• 6,512
2,947,933
1,300,326
1,674,293
2,665,409
1,683,762
10,982,246
5,883,219
10,996,188
18,944,116
860,000
12,002
t41,468,826
997.892,086
5,068
739,288
35,019,306
960,440
252.454,775
66.613,451
319,068,229
59,862,831
3,446,402
8,812,098
25,262,860
18,O09,2S2
192,661
8,502,829
5,829,9U
102,434
9,8(M
14,534,978
400,348
430,268
2,946,75<
45,05^
66-
2,992,47
1,096,81
1,503,45
2,699,66
1,435,89
9,681,6«
4,9«2,U
10,215,25
13,207,61
480,01
9,9
$41,255,8
$99,065,8
4,7
987.3
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AMEBIOAN IBON TRADE.
lit
STATISTICS OF STEEIi SHIPBUIIiDING.
In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, there were built in the United
States 108 steel vessels, and in the fiscal year 1904 there were built 98
steel vessels. The gross tonnage of the vessels built in the fiscal year
1903 was 258,219 tons, and the gross tonnage of the vessels built in the
fiscal year 1904 was 241,080 tons. In the fiscal year 1902 one iron
vessel, of 193 tons' capacity, was built at Wilmington, Del. This may
prove to have been the last iron vessel to be built in the United States.
Vessels for the United States Navy are not included in the figures
given below, which have been furnished by the Hon. Eugene T. Cham-
berlain, Commissioner of Navigation. The following table, received
from tiie Commissioner, shows the number and gross tonnage of the
steel vessels launched and officially numbered during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1903:
Number <tnd tonnage of sUd vemU launched and officially numbered in the United States
in the fiscal year 1903^ by ports.
Port.
SalUng.
Steam.
No.
Tons. No. Tons:
Bath.Me 3 6,
Boston, Maw 1 6,218
Bridgeport, Conn
New York, N.Y
Newark, N.J
Philadelphia. Pa
Wilmington. Del .'
Baltimore, Md
Rkhmond.Va
Xe wport N e w s, Va
Jacksonville, Fla
Memphis, Tenn
Loai«ville. Ky
St-Louin, Mo
I>Dbuqae, Iowa
Buffalo. N. Y
Cleveland, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Oetrr.ii, Mich
Port Huron, Mich
Marquettt', Mich
Grand Haven, Mich
Chicago. Ill ' 5
!^n Francisco, Cal ' 4
PonTownsend, Wash i 2
I
Total .
12, 184 100
Barges.
No. Tons.
47
3,522
361
70,983
5,404
8,955
223
17,594
194
240 j
88 I
5«8
384 ,
682
542
800 j
845 '
079
IIG
760
428
2G4
1,423
Total.
No. Tons.
240, 107
855
5.928 I 108
6,966
5,218
47
3,6-22
660
70,983
6.827
8,955
223
17,594
194
8
240
88
2.5S8
0, 735
45,682
11, M2
10,H00
22,700
11,079
116
14,760
10,428
264
258, 219
Of the 108 vessels built in the fiscal year 1903, 42 were built at ports
on the Great Lakes, their tonnage amounting to 128,414 long tons out
of a total toDiiage of 258,219 tons.
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MIlfEBAIi BE80UBCB8.
The following table, also received from Commissioner Chamberlain,
give^ the number and gross tonnage of the steel vessels launched and
officially numbered during the fiscal year 1904:
Number and tonnage of steel vessels launched and officially numbered in the United Stakt
in the fiscal year 1904, by ports.
Port.
Boston, Man
New York, N.Y....
Newark, N.J
PhUade]phia,Pa...
Wilmington, Del . . .
Baltimore, Md
Richmond, Va
New Orleans, La
Pittsburg, Pa
Burlington, Vt
Bu«Wo,N.Y
Gleyeland, Ohio....
Toledo, Ohio
Detroit, Mich
Port Huron, Mich..
Marquette, Mich . . .
Chicago, ni
San Francisco, Cal .
Total.
Sailing.
No. Tons.
8,708
11,582
15,290
Steam.
No. Tons.
2,508
1,225
46,815
6,680
9,166
446
58
1,195
1,979
66,837
8,133
23,593
17,980
16,723
18,028
1,866
222,307
Barges.
No.
Tons.
494
458
1,423
479
3,483
Total.
No. Tons.
96
8,706
14.669
1,226
46,778
8,103
9.156
446
»
479
1,196
2,606
66.S87
8.13S
28,593
17,980
16,728
U
211,060
Of the 98 vessels built in the fiscal year 1904,- 47 were built at ports
on the Great Lakes, their tonnage amounting to 153,402 long tons out
of a total tonnage of 241,080 tons.
IRON ANTD STEEIi WORKS OF THE TTNTTED STATES.
The American Iron and Steel Association has recently issued a new
edition of its directory to the iron and steel works of the United States,
and from this publication the following information is obtained which
shows the growth of the country's iron and steel industries from
November, 1901, to June, 1904 — particularly the increase or decrease
in the number of plants and in their productive capacity.
Whole number ofhlastfurndces. — In the edition of the directory for
1901 there were described 406 completed furnaces as being then active
or as having been reported as likely to be some day active. The annual
capacity of these furnaces as reported by their owners amounted, in
round numbers, to 24,800,000 long tons, not all of which capacity could,
of course, be employed at the same time, nor would some of the fur-
naces enumerated ever run again. In the edition for 1904 there are
described 428 completed furnaces, either active or reported as likely
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AJIEBIOAN IBON TBADE. - 119
to be some day active. Eliminating some of the furnaces in the latter
category as being probably dead for all time there remain about 410
live furnaces to-day. The annual capacity of these furnaces is placed,
in round numbers, at 27,675,000 long tons. The actual production of
pig iron in 1903 was 18,009,252 long tons.
Furnaces building. — When the directory for 1901 appeared 12 fur-
naces were being built, namely, 2 in New York, 1 in New Jersey, 3 in
Pennsylvania, 1 in West Virginia, 2 in Alabama, 1 in Michigan, and 2
in Colorado. In the edition for 1904 there are enumerated 17 furnaces
in course of erection or as being rebuilt, namely, 3 in New York, 5 in
Pennsylvania, 1 in Virginia, 2 in Alabama, 4 in Ohio, 1 in Michigan,
and 1 in Colorado. In the figures for both years projected furnaces
or furnaces that had been undertaken and work upon which had been
suspended are not included.
Fud used in blast furnaces. — ^The 406 furnaces described in the
directory for 1901 were classified as follows: Fifty-five used charcoal
as fuel, 5 used mixed charcoal and coke, and 346 used anthracite and
bituminous fuel. Of the 428 furnaces that are described in the
directory for 1904, 56 use charcoal -and 372 use anthracite and bitumi-
nous fuel. No furnaces now use mixed charcoal and coke. Five fur-
naces, not included above, make ferrosilicon, ferrochrome, ferro-
tungsten, etc., by electricity.
Oapadfy of furnaces according to fuel used. — ^The average annual
capacity of the 55 charcoal and 5 mixed charcoal and coke furnaces in
1901 was 14,179 long tons, and the average annual capacity of the 56
charcoal furnaces that are described in 1904 is 15,207 tons. The aver-
age annual capacity of the mineral fuel furnaces in 1901 was 69,252
tons; in June, 1904, it is 73,286 tons.
Boiling mills andsted works. — In the edition of the directory for 1901
there were enumerated 527 completed rolling mills and steel works, 28
in course of erection, 1 being rebuilt, 1 to be rebuilt, and 6 projected.
In the edition for 1904 there are enumerated 572 completed rolling mills
and steel works, 12 in course of erection, 1 being rebuilt, and 2*partly
erected. In addition the directory for 1904 mentions 14 •projected
pfauts. The annual capacity of the completed rolling mills in 1904
amounts to 26,978,050 tons of finished rolled products, as compared
with 23,220,350 tons in 1901.
PuddUng furnaces. — ^The number of puddling furnaces in Novem-
ber, 1901, each double furnace counting as 2 single furnaces, was
3,251. In June, 1904, there were 3,161 puddling furnaces. The highest
nomber of puddling furnaces reported in any edition of the directory
wag in 1884, when 5,265 were enumerated.
Bessemer sited works. — The total number of completed Bessemer
steel works in November, 1901, including 1 Clapp-Griffiths plant, 2
Bobert-Bessemer plants, and 9 Tropenas and '' special" Bessemer
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120 MIKBBAL BfiSOUBOES.
plants, was 47, and the whole number of converters was 100. In June,
1904, there were 32 standard Bessemer steel works with 75 converters,
1 Clapp-GriflBths plant with 1 converter, 2 Robert-Bessemer plants
with 3 converters, 10 Tropenas plants with 14 converters, 1 Book-
waiter plant with 1 converter, 1 Evans- Wills plant with 2 convertera,
and 4 plants with 7 converters which make steel by special processes;
total number of Bessemer plants, 51; total number of converters, 103.
The increase in the number of small Bessemer plants in the last few
years is noteworthy. Since November, 1901, 6 standard Bessemer
plants, vrith 15 converters, have been dismantled. In addition, 2 Tro-
penas plants with 3 converters have been abandoned. The annual
capacity of the completed and building Bessemer converters in Novem-
ber, 1901, was 12,998,700' long tons; in June, 1904, it was 13,628,600
tons, an increase of 629,900 tons. No basic-Bessemer steel is made in
this country.
Open-hearth sted works. — The directory for 1901 described 112 com-
pleted open-hearth steel plants, with 403 completed furnaces. In the
directory for 1904 there are described 135 completed plants, with 549
completed furnaces, and 28 building and partly erected furnaces. The
annual capacity of the 549 completed and of the 28 building and partly
erected open-hearth furnaces, in ingots and direct castings, in June,
1904, was 11,335,100 long tons, against an annual capacity in Novem-
ber, 1901, of 8,289,750 tons, showing an increase of 3,045,350 tons.
Orowth of basic sted. — In the directory for 1904 the character of the
product made at the open-hearth steel works, whether acid or basic steel,
or both, is indicated. Of the 403 completed furnaces in November,
1901, 236 were prepared to make basic steel and 167 to make acid steel,
and of the 46 building furnaces 33 would make basic steel and 13 acid
steel. The completed and building basic furnaces had an annual
capacity of 6,415,100 tons, and the acid furnaces of 1,874,650 tons.
In the directory for 1904, 185 open-hearth furnaces are described as
making acid steel and 364 as making basic steel; also 4 acid and 24
basic furnaces as being built or as partly erected: Total, 189 acid and
388 basic furnaces. The acid furnaces have an annual capacity of
2,015,900 long tons of ingots and castings, and the basic furnaces of
9,319,200 tons.
Crucible steel works. — In November, 1901, there were 45 completed
crucible steel plants, equipped with 2,896 pots, and their aggregate
capacity was 175,000 tons. In June, 1904, there were 57 completed
plants, the number of pots was 3,606, and the aggregate annual
capacity of the plants was 226,610 tons.
Steel castings. — In 1901 there were 56 open-hearth steel plants which
were prepared to make steel castings, and in June, 1904, there were
84 plants. The production of open-hearth steel castings has greatly
increased since 1898. As already mentioned, the number of small
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Bessemer plants has also increased since 1901, all of which make steel
castingfs. Steel castings are also made by 26 crucible plants, also by
a few plants which use special processes.
Rail miUs. — In the edition of the directory for 1901 there were
enumerated 45 rolling mills which were prepared to make standard,
girder, light T, and other iron and steel rails, and 3 mills as in course
of erection. In the edition for 1904 there are enumerated 44 com-
pleted rail mills, 1 building, and 1 projected.
Structural mills. — The whole number of works which are now
equipped to roll beams, beam girders, zee bars, tees, channels, angles,
bridge rods, building rods, plates for bridge work, structural tubing,
etc, is 70, as compared with 67 in November, 1901.
Plate and sheet mills. — In the directory for 1901 there were enu-
merated 153 completed plate and sheet mills, 7 building, and 1 pro-
jected. In the directory for 1904 there are enumerated 157 completed
mills, 2 building, 1 partly erected, and 4 projected.
Iron and steel skdp mills. — In the directory for 1901 there were enu-
merated 60 completed iron and steel skelp mills and 2 building. In
the directory for 1904 there are enumerated 61 completed mills and 2
projected.
Black-pUUe mills. — In the directory for 1901 there were enumer-
ated 46 completed black plate plants, 6 building, and 1 projected. In
the directory for 1904 there are mentioned 49 completed and 3 building
plants.
Tin-plate and teme-plate works. — In November, 1901, there were 55
completed tin-plate and terne-plate works, 7 building, and 1 projected.
In the directory for 1904 there are enumerated 53 completed works,
2 building, and 1 projected.
Wire rods. — In November, 1901, there were 32 completed wire-rod
mills, 4 building, 1 rebuilding, and 1 projected. In June, 1904, there
were 33 mills equipped to roll iron and steel wire rods.
Out-nail works. — In November, 1901, there were 32 rolling mills
which were devoted in whole or in part to the manufacture of cut nails
and cut spikes, containing 3,161 nail and spike machines. In June,
1904, there were 23 rolling mills which made cut nails and cut spikes,
equipped with 2,302 nail and spike machines.
Wire-nail works. — A full description of the wire-nail works of the
United States will be found in the supplement to the directory for
1901, published in 1903, in which 69 wire-nail works are described.
Natural gas. — In the directory for 1901 there were enumerated 110
completed iron and steel works which used natural gas and 7 were in
coarse of erection. In June, 1904, the total number of works which
used natural gas was 135, and in addition 2 works to use natural gas
#eie beings erected, 1 was partly erected, 1 was rebuilding, and 2 were
projected.
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122
MIKEBAL RESOURCES.
Forges and hloomeries, — The number of pig and scrap iron bloomeries
which made blooms, billets, etc., for sale in November, 1901, was 8,
nearly all of which were active in that year. The number of forges
which made blooms directly from the ore was 2. The number of
bloomeries enumerated in 1904 is 8 completed and 1 building. The
number of forges which make blooms directly from the ore is reduced
to 1, located in New York.
STATISTICS OF THE CANADIAN IRON TRADE FOR 1903.
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN CANADA.
The American Iron and Steel Association has received from the
manufacturers the statistics of the production of all kinds of pig iron
in Canada in the calendar year 1903. They show a decrease of 64,139
long tons, or nearly 17 per cent, as compared with 1902, but an increase
of 20,442 tons as compared with 1901.
The total production in 1903 amounted to 265,418 long tons, against
319,557 tons in 1902, 244,976 tons in 1901, and 86,090 tons in 1900. In
the first half of 1903 the production was 132,930 tons and in the second
half it was 132,488 tons, a decrease of 442 tons. Of the total produc-
tion in 1903 exactly 247,905 tons were made with coke and 17,513 tons
with charcoal. Nearly one-half of the total production, 126,892 tons,
was basic pig iron. Less than 1,000 tons of Bessemer pig iron were
made. Spiegeleisen and ferromanganese have not been made since
1899.
The following table gives the total production of all kinds of pig iron
(including spiegeleisen and ferromanganese) in Canada from 1894 to
1903. Prior to 1894 the statistics of pig-iron production in Canada
were not collected by the American Iron and Steel Association.
Production of pig iron in Canada^ 1894-1903,
(Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
1898
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1894
44,791
37,829
60.030
63,796
68,755
94.077
86.090
244,976
1902..
1903..
319,557
1895
1699
265,418
1896
1900
1897
1901
On December 31, 1903, the unsold stocks of pig iron in Canada
amounted to 19,168 long tons, as compared with about 20,000 tons at
the close of 1902, 59,472 tons at the close of 1901, and 12,465 tons
at the close of 1900.
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AMEBIOAN IBON TBADB.
128
On December 31, 1903, Canada had 15 completed blast furnaces, of
which 9 were in blast and 6 were idle. Of this total 11 were equipped
to use coke for fuel and 4 to use charcoal. In addition 3 coke fur-
naces and 1 charcoal furnace were being built or were partly erected
on December 31, but work on at least two of the furnaces had been
suspended for some time.
The statistics of the production of pig iron in Canada in the first six
months of 1904 have also been received from the manufacturers. The
figures show a decrease as compared with either of the two halves of
1903, as will be seen by the following table, which gives the produc-
tion by fuels, in long tons, in half-yearly periods:
Production of pig iron in Canada in 190S and 1904, by half -years, and by Hnd of fuel iued.
Fuel used.
First half
of 1903.
Second half
of 1906.
First half
of 1904.
Cbke
Longtont.
123,500
9,430
Longtont.
124,406
8,088
I^mgUms.
111,840
Chtrooal
8,808
Total
132,930
182,488
120,648
The deci^ease in production in the first half of 1904, as compared
with the first half of 1903, was 12,287 tons, and as compared with the
second half of 1903 it was 11,845 tons. Of the production in the first
half of 1904 35,291 tons were basic pig iron, against 69,325 tons in the
first half of 1903 and 57,567 tons in the second half of that year. A
small quantity of Bessemer pig iron was produced in the second half
of 1903, but no Bessemer pig iron was made in the first half of 1903
or in the first half of 1904.
The unsold pig iron held by manufacturers on June 30, 1904,
amounted to 36,868 long tons, as compared with 19,168 tons on Decem-
ber 31, 1903, and 13,585 tons on June 30, 1903. Of the unsold stocks
on June 30, 1904, a little less than 4,000 tons were made with charcoal,
the remainder being coke iron.
During the first half of 1904 the total number of furnaces in Canada
actually in blast for the whole or a part of the period was 10, of which
7 used coke and 3 used charcoal. The number of furnaces idle during
the whole period was 5, of which 4 used coke when last in blast and 1
used charcoal. Of the 15 completed blast furnaces in Canada on June
30, 1904, 7 were located in Nova Scotia, 3 in Quebec, and 5 in Ontario.
PRODUCTION OF STEEL IN CANADA.
The American Iron and Steel Association has also received from the
mano&cturers the statistics of the production of steel ingots and cast-
ings and of rolled iron and steel in Canada in 1903.
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124
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
The total production of steel ingots and castings in Canada in 1903
was 181,514 long tons, against 182,037 tons in 1902, a decrease of 523
tons. Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots and castings were made
in each year. Almost all the open-hearth steel reported in 1902 and
1903 was made by the basic process. The direct steel castings made
in 1903 amounted to 4,506 tons.
The following table gives the production of all kinds of steel ingots
and castings in Canada from 1894 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of ail kinds ofsted ingots and castings in Canada, 189jhl90S,
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1894
25,685
17,000
16,000
18,400
1898
21,540
22,000
28,577
26,084
1902
182,087
1896
1899
1903
181,514
1896
1900
1897
1901
PRODUCTION OP ROLLED IRON AND STEEL IN CANADA.
The production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel rails in 1903
amounted to 1,243 long tons, against 33,950 tons in 1902; structural
shapes, 1,983 tons, against 423 tons in 1902; cut nails made by rolling
mills and steel works having cut-nail factories connected with their
plants, 118,686 kegs of 100 pounds, against 114,685 kegs in 1902;
plates and sheets, 2,450 tons, against 2,191 tons in 1902; all other
finished rolled products, excluding muck and scrap bars, blooms,
billets, sheet bars, and other unfinished forms, 118,541 tons, against
119,801 tons in 1902. The total quantity of all kinds of iron and steel
rolled into finished forms in Canada in 1903 amounted to 129,516 long
tons, against 161,485 tons in 1902.
The following table gives the production of all kinds of iron and
steel rolled into finished forms in Canada from 1895 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of aU kinds of roUed iron and steel in Ckinada, 1895-1903,
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1895
66,402
75,048
77,021
1898 ...
90,808
110,642
100,690
1901
112,007
1896
1899 . .
1902
161,485
1897
1900
190S
129,516
On December 31, 1903, there were 18 completed rolling mills and
steel works in Canada, 1 building steel plant, and 1 projected rolling
mill. Of the completed plants, 2 were equipped for the manufacture
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AMEBIOAN IBON TRADE. 126
of steel castings only, 5 for the manufacture of Bessemer or open-
bearth steel ingots and rolled products, and 11 for the manufacture of
rolled products only. The building plant is being equipped for the
manufacture of basic open-hearth ingots only. The projected plant
is to be equipped for the manufacture of skelp and bar iron, the
former for use in a wrought-iron pipe plant which was put in opera-
tion on May 4, 1903.
Of the 18 completed rolling mills and steel works in Canada on
December 31, 1903, 3 were located in Nova Scotia, 5 in Quebec, 9 in
Ontario, and 1 in New Brunswick. The building plant is in Nova
Scotia, and the projected plant is in Ontario.
CHANGES IN CANADIAN IRON AND STEEL WORKS.
The Nova Scotia Steel and Coal (Company (Limited), of New (jlasgow.
Nova Scotia, has completed a new coke blast furnace at Sydney Mines,
Nova Scotia. The furnace was first blown in on August 30, 1904. It
is 85 by 17 feet, is equipped with 4 Roberts stoves, and has an annual
capacity of about 75,000 long tons of forge and basic pig iron. The
furnace is also equipped with one pig-iron casting machine. The com-
pany is also erecting a new open-hearth steel plant at Sydney Mines,
which is to be equipped with four 40-long-ton basic furnaces, of which
three are to be stationary Wellman furnaces and one is to be a tilting
furnace. Ingots only will be made, for which the plant will have an
annual capacity of about 60,000 long tons.
The Halifax Rolling Mills, near Halifax, Nova Scotia, have been
dismantled. They were built in 1878, and were equipped with two
heating furnaces, two trains of rolls, and twenty cut-nail machines.
They were formerly operated by the Halifax Rolling Mills (Company,
but had been idle for years.
The Montreal Steel Works, of Montreal, Canada, are now equipped
with two 15-long-ton acid open -hearth-steel furnaces, a second furnace
having been added in 1903. The 3,000-pound modified Bessemer con-
verter with which the plant is also equipped was not operated in 1903.
Tie works produce steel castings.
The Peck Rolling Mills (Limited) have succeeded Peck, Benny & Co.,
of Montreal. The rolling mill of the company was partly destroyed
by fire in 1903, but was rebuilt in the same year.
The Iron and Steel Company of Canada (Limited) has acquired the
rolling mill at Belleville, Ontario, formerly operated by the Abbott-
Mitchell Iron and Steel Company of Ontario (Limited). M. Wright
18 president, D. Jackson is vice-president, and J. F. Wills is managing
director, secretary, and treasurer.
The Toronto Bolt and Forging Company (Limited) is now the owner
of the rolling mill at Sunnyside, Toronto, formerly operated by the
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126
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
McDonell Rolling Mills Company of Toronto (Limited). George
Gillies is president of the new organization, T. H. Watson is secretary
and treasurer, John Stephens is general superintendent, and C. 0.
JoUey is assistant superintendent
The Page-Hersey Iron and Tube Company (Limited), of Guelph,
Ontario, which manufactures wrought-iron pipe, did not install in
1903 the 2 trains of rolls for the manufacture of skelp and bstr iron
which it proposed adding to its works; The company is now uncertain
when the rolls will be added.
THE WORIiD'S IRON TRADE IN 1903,
THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE AND COAL.
The following table gives the production of iron ore and coal in all
countries in 1903, except in some instances, when %ures for 1902 are
given. Tons of 2,240 pounds are used in giving the production of the
United States, Great Britain, Canada, Cuba, India, Natal, South Afri-
can Republic, New South Wales, New Zealand, other Australasia, and
** other countries," and metric tons of 2,204 pounds are used for all
other countries, the latter being used as the equivalent of long tons
in ascertaining the total production of all countries. The statistics are
from official sources. The Belgian coal statistics do not include
lignite.
WorlcP 8 production of iron ore and coal and lignite in 1908^ by countries.
Country.
Year.
United States
Great Britain
Germany and Luxemburg...
France
Belgium
Austria-Hungary a
Russia and Finland
Sweden
Spain
Italy
Canada
Cuba
South African Republic
Natal
India
Greece
New South Wales
New Zealand
Other Australasia
Japan
Algeria
Other countries (estimated) .
Total.
Iron ore.
1903
1903
1903
1902
1902
1902
1902
1903
1903
1902
1902
1903
1902
1902
1902
1902
1901
1902
1903
Quantity.
Tbng.
35,019,308
13,715,645
21,230,639
5,003,782
166,480
3,829,128
5,648,227
3,677,841
8,478.600
240,705
860,717
624,858
85,286
546,409
13,555
116,994
70,172
526,012
2,046,696
100,900,000
Per-
centage.
Year. Quantity. ^^
84.71
13.59
21.04
4.96
.16
8.80
5.60
8.65
8.40
.24
.08
.54
.01
.12
.07
.52
2.08
100.00
Coal and lignite.
1903
1908
1903
1903
1903
1902
1902
1903
1903
1902
1908
1903
1908
1903
1902
1903
1902
1902
1901
1902
1908
Tons.
319,068,229
230.834.469
162.312,075
85,002.992
623,870,820
89,904,818
15,506,924
820,890
2,798,113
418,810
7,189,852
2,258,284
718,548
7,480,589
8,546
6,854,846
4,862,702
916,442
8,945,988
285
5.782,883
870,498,000
Per-
86.65
26.46
18.65
4.02
2.74
4.58
1.78
.04
.82
.05
.26
.06
.86
.00
.78
.16
.11
i.oa
.00
.66
100.00
a Includes BosQia and Qerzegoy^oa,
b X4giUte Ao^ liipiq<3le4.
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AMERICAN IBON TRADE.
127
The iron ore figures for '* other countries" include 728,721 long
tons whiqh were mined by Newfoundland in 1902.
THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OP PIG IRON AND STEEL.
In the following table is given the production of pig iron and steel
in all countries in 1903, exc€7>t in a few cases in which figures for 1902
are given. Long tons of 2,240 pounds are used for the United States,
Great Britain, Canada, and ''Other countries," and metric tons of
2,204 pounds for all other countries, metrfc tons being used as the
equivalent of long tons in ascertaining the total production for all
countries. The statistics of steel production for the United States,
Great Britain, Germany and Luxemburg, France, Belgium, Austria-
Hungary, Russia and Finland, Sweden, Spain, and Canada embrace
bgots and in some cases direct castings, but for Italy complete ingot
statistics are not available and the statistics for finished steel have been
used.
World's production of pig iron and tied in 1903^ by countries.
Country.
United States
GrettBritaiD
GefBADy and Loxemboig.
nance
Aottria-Hun^aryb..
land Finland.
Italy
Cuada
Other coontrieB (estimated) .
Total.
Pig Iron.
Year.
1908
1908
1908
1908
1906
1902
1902
1903
1908
1902
1903
1908
Quantity.
Tons,
18.009,252
8,811,204
10,085,684
2,827,668
1,216,600
1,470,000
2,602,952
606,826
880 W4
043,835
265,418
210,898
46,420,000
Percent-
age.
88.80
18.98
21.73
6.09
2.62
8.17
5.59
1.09
.82
.09
.57
.45
100.00
Steel.
Year.
1903
1908
1903
1903
1908
1902
1902
1906
1906
1902
1906
1938
Quantity. ^'^J^S?*"
Tbnf.
14,584.978
a 5, 134, 101
8,801,515
1,905,006
981,740
1,190,000
2,118,971
818,887
199,642
108,864
181,514
84.778
85.510,000
40.96
14.46
2179
5.86
2.76
8.85
5.97
.90
.66
.81
.SI
.10
100.00
• Doea not include direct steel 'Ratings. b includes Bosnia and HerEegovina.
c Includes blast-furnace castings.
In tables that have previously appeared, the world's probable total
production of pig iron has been given as 825,000 long tons in 1800;
•8 1,825,000 tons in 1830; as 4,750,000 tons in 1850; as 11,900,000 tons
in 1870; as 17,950,000 tons in 1880; as 27,157,000 tons in 1890; as
40,400,000 tons in 1900, and now it is estimated as 46,420,000 tons in
1903.
Id 1879 the world's production of steel was estimated as amounting
to 3,021,000 long tons. The production of 1889 was estimated as
VDoonting to 10,948,000 tons. The figures given in the preceding
toUe abow that the production had incr^^^sed Xq 35,510,000 tons in 1903.
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PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES IN
1903.
By J.OHN BiRKINBINE.
PBODUCnON.
In the year ending Decen?ber 31, 1903, the production of manganese
ore in the United States was 2,825 long tons, valued at $25,335, or
$8.97 per ton. This is an apparent but not an actual decline from the
quantity reported in 1902 (16,477 tons) of 13,652 long tons, or 83 per
cent. In the total for the year 1902 was included a report, obtained
through the United States census local agent, of 9,000 tons from the
State of Montana, none of the ore being shipped (to which fact attention
was called in the report). This operation being omitted, the corrected
total for 1902 is but 7,477 long tons. Subsequent investigation has
shown that the ore reported was not actually mined, and it therefore
has not been included in the 1903 report, although exploratory work
has been prosecuted and a liberal amount of ore exposed. The geo-
graphical location of these reported deposits is not such as to encour-
age the expectation of immediate development and shipment upon a
liberal scale.
The following table shows the production of manganese ores in the
United States in the years 1896 to 1903 by States, together with the
total valuations and the average value per ton:
Prodnctum and value of manganese ores in the United *StateSj 1896-190S.
1806.
1897.
1898.
ttate.
Qnmntity.
Value.
Arenge
yalne
per ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
Akh«.
LongUms.
Lonffton$.
Longtons.
22
2,662
641
6,689
afi43
26.036
3,222
41,671
n86.50
AltaMM
CUUmSa
3,421
284
4,066'
S36,686
3,416
27,032
110.72
12.02
6.62
3,240
484
8,882
87
833,708
2,788
22,064
370
110.40
5.76
6.63
10.00
9.78
5.96
6.21
VM^pn
BorthCuolina..' 2
17
8.60
7.60
FaagjriTsnia ...
266 1,988
3M
11
3,650
2,882
98
83,630
8.00
8.45
9.21
881
5,662
2,276 1 5.97
▼fafSala
2,018
18
21,486
104
10.66
8.00
55,938 . 9.88
WotVbfinia...
1
8.10
Tol»l
10,068
90,727
8.99
11,106
96,606
8.60
15,967
129,185
M B1903 9
aBitixnated.
129
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130 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
Production and value of manganese ores in the United States^ 2896-2903 — Continaed.
1899.
Quantity.
11
Va
»0.
1901.
state.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
Jue.
Average
value
per ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Avenge
value
per ton.
Alabama
lAmgtOM.
Long tons.
LongtoM.
17
91
610
4,074
28
$U1
657
3,610
24,674
280
16.60
Arkansas
California
GeorgriA
356
115
3,089
16
S3, 781
855
28,377
160
$10.62
7.43
7.57
10.00
145
131
8,447
$1,580
1,310
26,816
$10.56
10.00
7.78
7.22
6.06
Missouri
laoo
Montana
137
514
3.76
North Carolina . .
90
12
19
765
68
183
8.50
4.83
7.00
Pennsylvania ...
Tennessee
Utah
30
196
6.50
400
2,500
4,275
8,287
31,250
52,858
8.22
12. SO
Virginia
6,228
10
63,069 8.52
80 1 8.00
7,881
69,924
8.87
12.36
West Virginia...
1
Total
9,985
82,278
8.28
11,771
100,289
8.62
11,995 ill6,722
9.7S
Ate.
1902.
1903.
St
Quanti
ty.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
1
Quantity, i Value.
Avenge
value
per ton.
Arkansas . ....... .
Long to
$422
10,175
20,830
40
$5.15
12.08
5.95
5.00
Long tons.
Callfomia
3,600
8
16
500
25
483
1,801
$116
2,930
263
2,415
19,611
t7.S
Qeoigia
5.86
South Carolina
10. S2
Utah --
5.00
Virginia
8,041
1
29,444
9.68
10.89
Total
•I '•'"
60, S
11
8.16
2,826 1 25,885
, -
In the 3'ear 1903 five States contributed manganese ores. Montana
and Arkansas, which were reported active in 1902, furnished no ore,
but Utah again supplied manganese ores. The chief sources of the
minei-al in this country, viz, the States of Virginia, Georgia, and
Arkatisas, showed a falling oflf. Utah has some deposits of manganese
ores which may in the future supply more ore than has been produced
heretofore.
Of the 1903 total 1,801 tons, or 64 per cent, came from Virginia,
500 tons from Georgia, and 483 tons from Utah; with these excep-
tions the quantities mined were small.
The table below shows the production of manganese ores in the
States of Virginia, Georgia, Arkansas, and other States, the total pro-
duction for the United States, and the total value for the 3'ears 188C
to 1903, as well as the totals for the twent3^-four years covered.
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MANGANEBB ORES.
Production of manQantte ores ia the United 8taie», 1880-1908.
[Maxima aro given in italica]
131
Tear.
Virginia.
Georgia.
Arkansas.
Other
States.
Total pro-
duction.
Total value.
yggf^
LongUma,
8.661
8,295
2,982
5,355
8.980
18,745
to, 667
19,885
17,646
14,616
12,699
16,248
6,079
4,092
1,797
1,715
2,018
8.650
5,6«2
6,228
7,881
4,276
8, Oil
1,801
Long tons.
1,800
1,200
1,000
Long tons.
Long torn,
800
800
876
400
400
450
269
14
1,672
1,846
6,897
1,948
LongioM.
6,761
4,895
4,532
6,155
10,180
28,258
80,198
Sh,6tU
29,198
24,197
25,684
28,416
13,618
7,718
6,308
9,547
10,088
11,108
15,957
9,965
11,771
11,995
7,477
2,825
186,415
1881
100
175
400
800
1,4US
8,816
5,651
4,812
2.528
5.839
1,650
6,705
2.020
1,984
2,091
8,421
8,240
2,662
866
145
91
82
78,425
1882
67,980
1888
92.825
18P4
122,160
1885
2.580
6,041
9,02U
5,568
6,208
749
8,575
826
724
1,277
8,856
4,065
8,882
6.689
8,089
8,447
4,074
8,500
500
190,281
1886
277,686
1887
SSS,8hU
1888
279,571
1889
240,550
1890
219,060
1891
239,129
18B2
129,586
1888
882
1,800
985
564
886
944
202
296
8,655
864
624
66,614
1894
53,635
1805
71,769
1896
90,727
1807
96,605
18(8,
129,185
1880.
82,278
1900
100,280
1901
116,722
1902
60,911
1908 . .
25,885
Total for 24 ycara
192,868
72,144
49.404
25,919
840.885
8.244,981
PRODUCTION OF MANGAKIFEROUS IRON ORES.
As has been the case in former reports the quantity of manganif-
erous iron ore mined has been included in the iron-ore statistics, but
18 briefly outlined here.
In the Lake Superior region considerable quantities of iron ores are
mined which contain from a fraction of 1 per cent up to 20 per cent or
more of manganese, and ores from the same deposit may be marketed
as iron ore, or as manganiferous iron ore, which is used in the produc-
tion of spiegeleisen. It is impossible to indicate clearly the quantities
of such manganiferous iron orgs as are employed in the production of
spi^eleisen from those which form integral parts of the blast furnace
charge in the manufacturing of pig iron.
The Colorado ores usually carry a higher percentage of manganese
than the Lake Superior ores, and though some of these are also used
in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, the bulk are employed as flux by
the smelters.
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182
MINXBAL BB80UB0E8.
The production of this class of iron ore by States in 1902 and 1903,
together with the value of the same, is given in the annexed table:
Produdionf percentage of manganese, and total and average value of numgan^erousvm
ores in 1902 and 190S,
1902.
1906.
Locality.
Quantity.
Percent-
age of
manga-
nese.
Reported
total
valne at
mines.
Arer-
vaine
per ton.
Quantity.
Percent-
age of
manga-
nese.
Reported
total
value at
mines.
Ayei-
per ton.
Colorado
Long torn.
18,275
884,989
8,000
18 to 82
ItolO
Not given.
•62,871
1,946,266
8,000
•8.96
2.20
1.00
LomgUms.
14,856
666,886
2,802
Not given.
lto28
Not given.
•55,710
1,611,557
4,488
13.75
Lake Superior region .
Virginia
2.67
1.60
Total
901,214
lto82
2,001,626
2.22
584,498
lto28
l,5n,750
2.69
1
The yearly quantity of this character of ore, its total valuation, and
the average value per ton from 1889 to 1903, inclusive, are given in
the following table:
Production of manganiferous iron ores in the United States f 1889-1908 •
[Maxima in italics.]
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Aversge
value
per ton.
1880
Longtona.
88,484
61,868
182,611
158,873
117,782
205,488
125,729
888,712
202,304
287,810
761.845
877,577
674,489
901, tU
584,493
•271,680
381,656
814,099
354,664
288.228
408,597
233,996
726,418
848,784
429,302
1 147 047
ta.a
1890
5.7i
1891
2.3
1892
2.3
1893
2.4
1894
l.t
1895
1.}
1896
2.1
1897
1.
1898
1.
1899
1
1900
1 087 814 ' ^
1901
1,475,084
s,ooi,eg6
1,671,750
1 ^
1902
2,
1903
2,
ARGENTIFBKOU8 MANGAlrtFEROUS IRON OIt:EI8.
In mining the silver ores of Lake County, Colo., a large quantity
mineral is obtained too low in the precious-metal content to make
valuable on that account (the limit being usually taken at about |
per ton), and it is used as a flux by the smelters. This ore has be
considered as an iron ore and is included in that report, but the qui
titles obtained annually from 1889 to 1903, inclusive, together w
their valuation will be found in the following table:
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MANGANESE OBES.
188
Productum of manganiferous silver ores in the United States, 1889-190S,
[Maxima in italics.]
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
1^ ,
Long tons,
64,987
61,840
79,611
62,809
a55,962
681,687
64,163
188,079
149,602
99,661
79,856
188.609
n8,m
194,132
179,206
8227,466
181,440
897,666
828,794
256.696
148,292
229,661
416,020
424,161
296,412
266,348
897,068
866,969
908,098
649,727
$8.50
vmo
3.60
lan
6.00
1892.
5. to
UM
4.76
UM
4.84
U9&
4.M
U95
•
8.01
1897
2.84
ifm
2.96
199
8.84
1900
4.76
isoi
3.79
M02
4.68
ISQS
3.63
« Including 1,600 tons from Montana, for which no value is given.^
Mncludlng 1,049 tons from Montana, for which no value Is given.
MANGANIFEROUS ZINC ORES.
In the manufacture of zinc from ores mined in northern New Jer-
sey a clinker is obtained containing iron and manganese, which is used
in the production of spiegeleisen. The annual quantity of this class
of material contributed from the years 1889 to 1903, inclusive, as well
as the total and average value of the same, will be found in the follow-
ing table:
Production of manganiferous zinc ore residuum in the United States, 1889-190S,
[Maxima in italics.] « .^
>
f Year.
Quantity.
Long tons,
43,648
48,560
38,228
81,859
37,612
26,981
43,249
44,958
83,924
48,502
66,010
87,110
62,311
66,246
78,264
Value.
Average
value per
ton.
/
impp ,.x
$64,660
60,700
57.432
25.937
30,686
20.464
24,461
20,455
18.718
a26,676
32,506
34,844
62,811
65,246
78,264
11.25
IMA . . , . • ' ^ ^ ■' ^ r...-,..T--.T-,-T-«T-,-.,,TT^-r
1.25
\gg^
1.60
UM .
.81
^g^ - - -
.81
^m,
.76
■
^n^
.57
\
UK
.46
*
ljH7
.66
nn
.66
t'l
ttgi
.50
m ,
.40
t^>
n
1.00
f*' '
YHL
1.00
tm ..
1.00
L
aAtimated.
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184
KnrEBAL BE80UBGE9.
PRODITCTION OF MANGANESE ORES AND MANGAOTFEU-
OUS IKON ORES.
The following table presents the production of ores carrying differ-
ent percentages of manganese mined in the United States in the years
1901, 1902, and 1908, together with their average value per ton:
Production of manganese ores and manganiferous ores in the United States in 1901^ 1902^
andlSOS,
1901.
1902.
Kind of ore.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
MftnganeM oraci ^ .
Long tons.
U,995
574.489
228,187
62,811
$116,722
1,475,084
865.969
62,811
19.78
2.57
8.79
1.00
Longton$.
7,477
901. ii4
',^4,182
65,246
160, 9U
2,001,626
906,098
65,246
$8.15
Manganiferoos Iron ores
2.22
Manganiferous silver ores
Manganiferous zinc residuum a . .
4.68
LOO
Total
86«,982
2,510,076
2.90
1,168,069
8,035,881
2.60
of ore.
1908.
Kind
Quantity.
Value.
Averige
value
per ton.
Manganese ores
Longtont.
2,825
584.493
179,205
73,264
. «25,335
1,571,750
649,727
78,264
18.97
Manganiferous iron ores
2. 69
Manganiferous silver ores
3.63
Manganiferous zinc residuum^
1.00
Total
839,787
2,320,076
2.76
a As this is a by-product in the treatment of zinc ores, the value given to It is nominal.
PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES BT STATES.
ARKANSAS.
The State of Arkansas was at one time the third State in impor-
tance as a producer of manganese ore in the United States, the
deposits of this mineral being found in the vicinity of Batesville and
Cushman, Independence County, in the northern central part of the
State. Although the ore bodies encountered are often high in man-
ganese, they are expensive to mine and usually contain considerable
percentages of phosphorus, which makes them undesirable for use in
the manufacture of steel. These facts, taken in connection with the
limited transportation facilities, account for the gradual decline of the
industry from 6,708 long tons in 1892 until in 1903 the production was
given as nil. The accompanying table is, however, inserted to show
the quantities of manganese ore contributed by the Batesville district
from 1850 to date:
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MANGANESE ORES.
135
Production of manffaneae in the BalesvUle district of Arkansas from 1850 to 190S, inclusive.
[Maximum in italics^.]
Year.
ISO to 1867.
1888
1881
1882
18BI
1884
1885
1887..
1888..
18B8..
1810..
18n..
Authority.
Quantity.
Rsti mated
do
Railroad reports of shipments
do
do
do
Mineral resources of the United States .
do
do
do
Eleventh Census
Mineral resources of the United States.
do
Long tons.
400
10
100
175
400
800
1,483
3,316
5,651
4,312
2,628
5,339
1,650
1882.
.. ..do
6,708
2.180
1,984
2,991
3,421
3,240
2,662
366
vm
do
18N
do
18ft
do
t8»
do
WW
do
18M
do
1809
do
1800
do
145
1901
do
91
1902...
do „
82
1908.. .
do
None
ToUl
49,974
CALIFORNIA.
Small quantities of manganese ore are mined in California, and are
QBually sent to the chlorination works, the 1902 output of 846 tons
being the largest recorded. In 1903, however, but 16 tons were
reported. The table below shows the annual record from 1874 to 1903,
inclosive, the total being 11,347 tons:
Toicd production of manganese ores in California, 1874-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Long ions. '
6,000
53
386
706
Year.
Quantity.
18:4!ol«8*»
1897
long tons.
484
mt
1 899
541
vm
1899
115
un
1900
131
ME
1901
1902
1903
Total
610
UBI
400
278
284
846
MM
16
1886
ISK
11,374
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136
MINEBAL BE80UBGE8.
COLORADO.
In mining the silver ores of this State considerable quantities of ore
are obtained which contain varying amounts of iron, manganese, and
silver. When the percentage of the last metal is too small to make
the mineral valuable as a silver ore, that is, to pay the smelting charges
and have a sufficient value remaining as reimbursement for mining
expenses (say $12 per ton or less), it has not been considered as a silver
ore, but it is valued on account of its iron and manganese content ad a
flux in the smelters, although the silver may somewhat augment this
value. When the ore is sufficiently high in manganese, some of it is
utilized in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, the quantity so reported
in the year 1903 being 14,866 long tons, the remainder, 179,205 tons,
going to the smelters for fluxing purposes.
The following table shows the amount of the tifro classes of manga-
niferous ores mentioned above which have been mined in Colorado
from 1889 to 1903, inclusive:
Production
of manganiferous
ores in Colorado^
1889-1903
Ore.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1895.
1896.
Manganif erouB iron ores used
for producing spiegeleisen. .
Manganiferous silver ores
Long
tons.
2,075
64,987
Long
ions.
Long
ton$.
964
'79,511
Long
tons.
8,100
62,309
Long
tons.
6,766
64,462
Long
tons.
7,022
30,187
Long
tons.
13,464
58,506
lAmg
tons,
9,072
51,840
137,697
Total
67,062
51,840
80,475 . 66.409
60,228
87,209
66,970
146,609
Ore.
1897.
189
Long
18,
99,
8.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Manganiferous iron ores used
for producing spiegeleisen . .
Manganiferous silver ores
Long tons.
16,519
149,502
tons.
848
651
Long tons.
29,366
79,866
Long tons.
43.303
188,509
Long tons.
62,385
228,187
Longtons.j
13,275
194,132
Longtons.
14,856
179.206
Total
166,021
118, 499
109.210
231.812
290 B72
207.407
194,061
' 1
GEORGIA.
The two principal manganese districts in this State are the Carters-
ville, the only one active in late years, and the Cavespring. The
quantity mined in 1903, 600 long tons, is the smallest recorded since
1874, except in 1883 and 1884, when no output was reported. The
total quantity mined from 1866 to 1903, inclusive, was 92,094 long
tons, the annual production being given in the following table:
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MANGANESE OSES.
JProduciion of manganese ores in Georgia^ 1866-1903.
137
Ye*r.
Quuitity.
Year.
Quantity.
From 1M6 to 1873 (estimated)
Long toM.
5,560
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
1.800
1,200
1,000
2,580
6,041
9,084
6,568
5,206
1890
Ijong tons,
749
W\
1891
8,576
826
iSJS
1892
!«;$
1898
724
UJ7
1894
1,277
8.856
4,085
8.S82
6,689
3,089
8,447
4,074
3,500
MB8
1895
]gj9
1896
U80
1897
M81
1898
1^82
1899
1883 and 1884
1900
IgS^
1901
1886
1902
1887
1908
600
Total
92,094
18(49
a None reported.
VIRGINIA.
This State has been the principal producer of manganese ore in the
United States, the bulk being obtained from the Crimora mine, in
Augusta County, located Aear the railroad station of the same name.
The maximum output was 20,567 long tons in 1886. In 1903 only
1^801 tons were mined, the minimum output reported with the excep-
tion of the years 1894 and 1895.
The greater portion of the ore mined was used in chemical works,
etc, the demand of steel works for fen*o-manganese being met by
imports of manganese ores.
The total production of the State of Virginia from 1880 to 1903,
inclusive, is 192,868 long tons, and the annexed table shows the yearly
output
Production of manganese ores in Virginia, 18S0-190S,
[Maximum in italics.]
ma
us.
UH.
vm.
1S7.
vm
vm
vm
Quantity.
LongtoM.
3,661
8,296
2,962
5,855
8,980
18,745
to, 667
19,885
17,646
14,616
12,699
16,248
6,079
Year.
1898
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Total
Quantity.
Long
ton*,
4,092
1.797
1,716
2,018
3,660
5,662
6,228
7,881
4,275
3.041
1.801
192,868
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
138
MINERAL BE80UBCES.
IMPORTS OF MANGANESE ORES.
As spiegeleisen and f erro-manganese, which are both manufactured
from manganese ores and manganiferous ores, are used in the produc-
tion of steel, the limited supply of native ore is largely augmented by
that imported from foreign countries. On most of this no duty ia
levied. The quantity of manganese ore brought in during the year
ending December 31, 1903, as reported by the Bureau of Statistics,
was 146,056 long tons, valued at $1,278,108, or $8.75 per ton, as against
235,576 long tons imported in 1902, which were valued at $1,931,282,
or $8.20 per ton. This is a decline of 89,520 long tons, or 38 per cent
While there was a falling oflf in the quantity of manganese ore mined
in the United States and also of the importation of ore, the amount of
ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen imported increased from 69,034 long
tons in the fiscal year 1902 to 175,687 tons in 1903.
The principal foreign source of manganese ore was Brazil, which
contributed 76,910 long tons, or over one-half thfi total. The other
important countries are India, Cuba, Russia, Chile, Germany, and
Spain, ranking in the order named.
The following table, prepared from data furnished by the Bureau of
Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, shows the im-
ports of manganese ore by countries into the United States in the years
1899 to 1908, inclusive, together with the valuations for the same:
Imports of manganese ores into the United States during the calendar years 1899, 1900,
1901, 1902, and 190S, by countries.
Country.
1899.
Quantity. | Value.
Brazil
Russia, Black Sea
British East Indies
Cuba
Chile
Colombia
Turkey in Asia
Turkey in Europe
Japan
France
Germany
United Kingdom
French West Indies
Greece
Quebec, Ontario, etc
Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, etc
Austria-Hungary
Spain
Netheriands
Long tons.
28,115
73,397
17,950
16,359
17", 575
8,900
5,782
8,310
4,492
2,953
1,274
134
Total.
3,030
78
188,349
S299,877
598,644
&4,471
221,785
111,726
82, 489
46,822
61,241
81,657
21,080
34,927
6,697
10,526
2,586
Quantity.
Long tons.
64,451
132, 121
10,650
20,582
9,925
7,902
7,062
6,186
5,338
156
65
50
89
19
10
1,584,528 256,252
Value.
$590,825
812,592
30,787
269,348
69,670
86,678
49,482
43,693
44,707
1901.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
48,029
32,600
11,000
21,627
14,794
2,600
6,980
11,879
6,985
43,025
7,466
660
897
1,100
1,114
427
2,042,861
4,184
29
6,060
29
165,722
$460,024
224,798
40,148
307,064
104,364
84,800
43,653
87,380
62,443
76,827
10,563
8,669
1,U0
38,947
763
1.486,573
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
VAKOANESE OBKB.
139
Imports of mangcmege ores into the United States during the calendar years 1899^ J900,
1902, 290^, and 190Sy by countries— Continued.
Country.
1903.
Quantity.
BnzU
BmU, Black Sea
Roadft, Baltic and Whlt« seas .
Britiih East Indies
Cuba
Chile
I Long tons.
192,550
3,338
Value.
$1,
006,969
24,581
M,170
36,294
Colombia
Torkey in Eorope
JapaD
Germany
United Kingdom
Quebec, Ontario, etc .'
Sora Scotia, New Brunswick, etc.
Aoftria-Hongary
Spain
Belgium
700
12,609
2,481
2,155
451
140
69
10,464
165
Total.
235,576
352,487
285,571
3,385
88,979
37,064
68,241
10,814
820
2,311
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
76,910
1,596
3,980
85,960
17,721
3,461
1,962 ;
400
2,837
893
3
35
1
2,244
25
1,931,282
146,056
5738,885
15,565
39,800
226,796
111,670
25,555
10,693
77,985
23,138
303
1,395
85
5,836
552
1,278,108
An examination of the table shows that in earlier years Russia has
been the main reliance. The extent of these Russian deposits was
indicated in the report for the year 1897, and there are undoubtedly
large reserves obtainable from the Sharopan district; but in 1903 Rus-
sia's contribution to the United States was comparatively unimportant.
An examination of the importation of manganese ores in 1903 by
customs districts shows that the greater portion came through the
port of Baltimore, viz: 115,701 long tons, or 79 per cent of the total,
the remainder being brought in via Mobile, Ala. ; New Orleans, La. ;
New York, N. Y. ; Perth Amboy, N. J. ; Philadelphia, Pa. ; Newport
News, Va-; Chicago, III.; Pittsburg, Pa.; Boston, Mass.; Huron,
Mich., and a few scattering ports.
The table below, prepared by the Bureau of Statistics of the Depart-
ment of Commerce and Labor, shows the importations by customs
districts from 1899 to 1903, inclusive.
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140
MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
Manganese ore imported into the United States during the calendar years 1S99, 1900^ 1901
190^ y and 190S, by customs districts.
Custonyi district
Philadelphia. Pa...
Baltimore, Md
New York, N.Y
Perth Amboy, N.J.
Pittsburg, Pa
Newport News, Va.
Chicago, III
Boston, Mass
New Orleans, La...
PensACola, Fla
Mobile, Ala
Huron, Mich
Champlain, N. Y...
All others
Total.
1908.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
983
115,701
3,893
2,244
17
613
153
6
4,750
17,721
3
22
146,056
«25,600
999,835
72.091
5,836
1,459
18,332
6,397
408
84,170
111,670
2,007
1,278,106
1902.
Quantity. Value,
Long tons.
1,007
200,434
4,287
10
53
116
82
5,339
24,158
80
80
80
235,576
1901.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
130,927 24,396
1,583,903 I 120,579
77,978 8,108
850
1,616
4,874
1,450
46,281
188,157
240
240
366
8,935
8,100
896
72
2
165,722
$188,869
1,004,750
110,979
2,994
862
2,392
127,159
44,100
8,170
499
106
1.486,573
Customs district.
Philadelphfa, Pa
Baltimore, Md
New York, N.Y
Norfolk, Va
Pittsburg, Pa
Newport News, Va. . .
Chicago, 111
Boston, Mass
Passamaquoddy, Me .
All others
Total.
1900.
Quantity.
Long tons.
80,333
161,932
13,883
Value.
9726,545
1,134,823
176,944
1,578
1 I
2
61
256,252
24
SO
1,849
2,042,361
1899.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons,
90,583
80,006
14,762
2,901
44
26
16
5
4
2
188,349
f655,061
739,547
152, 9d0
32,248
2,473
1.851
596
116
83
96
1,584,628
In order to illustrate the dependence of the United States on for-
eign sources of manganese ores, the following table has been pre-
pared, showing the annual domestic production and value of manganese
ores, together with similar data in regard to the importations. This
will show that in the 15 years, from 1889 to 1903, inclusive, the total
amount of manganese ore mined was 191,639 long tons, valued at
$1,721,294, an average per year of 12,776 tons, valued at $114,753.
During the same period 1,583,006 tons of manganese ores were im-
ported, valued at $14,306,540, an average per annum of 105,534 tons,
valued at $953,769. From this table it will be seen that the total
domestic production in 15 years has been exceeded on two occasions
by the importations in a single year.
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KASQASWB ORES.
141
Rdative quanUUes and values of domestic and imported manganese ores, 1889-1903,
Year.
Domestic production.
Quantity. Value.
Imports.
Quantity. Value.
18»
lao
18W
1892
las
104
WKi
IW
\m
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Total for 15 years . . .
Arerttge for 15 years
LongloM.
24,197
25,681
28,416
13,618
7,718
6,808
9,547
10,068
11,108
15,967
9,935
11,771
11,995
7,477
2,825
1240,569
219,060
239,129
129,686
66,614
53.686
71,769
90,727
95,605
129,185
82,278
100,289
116,722
60,911
26,835
Long tons.
4,286
84,154
28,825
58,672
68,113
44,665
86,111
31,489
119,961
114,886
188,849
266,252
165,722
236,576
146,066
191,689
12,776
1,721,294
114,768
1,583.006
106,534
178,391
516,900
380,618
840,811
880,238
432,661
747,910
260,468
1,028,824
831,967
1,584,628
2,042,361
1,486,573
1,931,282
1,278,108
14,306,540
963,760
CONSUMPTION OF DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED METAIiUC
MANGANESE.
The consumption of metallic manganese, either as ferro-manganese
or as alloyed with iron in spiegeleisen, includes that which is imported
from foreign countries and that which is manufactured in the United
States, the manufacture of the richer alloy, ferro-manganese, being
mainly from imported ores.
On page 143 of Mineral Resources of the United States for 1902
the consumption of metallic manganese in the manufacture of various
classes of steel is given and from this an estimate is possible of the
approximate quantity of manganiferous alloys used in the United
States during the year. The Bureau of Statistics reports that during
the calendar year 1903, there were imported into the United States
41,518 tons of ferromanganese and 122,016 tons of spiegeleisen, and
the domestic statistics collected by the American Iron and Steel Asso-
ciation show that during the same time there were produced by the
blast furnaces of the United States 156,700 tons of spiegeleisen and
35,961 tons of ferromanganese, a total of imported and domestic metal
of 356,195 long tons.
The largest production of domestic spiegeleisen and ferromanga-
nese was in the year 1901 when 291,461 tons were reported, but in
1903 the total was only 192,661 long tons. In the following table will
be found the annual production of domestic spiegeleisen and f erro-
maiigaDese in the United States from 1893 to 1903, inclusive, compiled
from the reports of the American Iron and Steel Association.
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142 HIKEBAL BBSOUBOES.
Production of domegUc spiegdeisen and ferromanganesey calendar years IS93-I90S.
Year.
Qaantity.
1
Year.
QoanUty.
1893
Long tons.
81,118
120,180
171,724
131,940
173.696
218,769
1899
LtmgUm.
219,768
1894
! 1900
255,977
1896 . ..
1901
291,461
1896
1902
212,981
1flQ7
1903
192,661
1898
From the reports of the Bureau of Statistics the table below has
been prepared to show the imports of ferromanganese and spiegelei-
sen into the United States for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1884 to
1903, inclusive, together with separate data of both metals for the
years 1898 to 1903, inclusive. From this table it will be seen that the
maximum importation was in the year ending June 30, 1903, when
176,687 tons, valued at $4,866,760, were imported.
Imports offerromamjaneae and tqih'fjelel^m for fiscal years ending June SO, 188jhl90S,
Year.
1884.
1886..
1886.,
1887.,
1888.
1889.,
1890.,
1891..
1892.,
1893. ,
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900.,
1901.,
1902.,
1903.,
Ferroman-
ganese.
Spiegelel-
aen.
Long tons. Long tons.
6,346
10,392
10,684
8,995
37,618
53,121
Total.
Quantity. Value.
10,108
3,615
13,615
16,308
81,416
122,566
Longtxms.
94.210
65,406
99,426
150,205
108,973
93,032
106,771
54,239
55,080
49, 157
11,579
8,127
66,608
11,301
16,454
14,007
24,209
25,303
69,034
175,687
$2,353,366
1,587,108
2,188,363
3,327,128
2,868,600
1,757,035
3,032,006
1,556,969
1,347,364
1,273,468
230,840
284.409
1,632,466
491,898
518,756
1.178,098
952, 144
2,140,758
4,866.760
PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES IN FOREIGN
COUNTRIES.
As the most of the manganese ores used in the United States are
imported from foreign countries, it will be of interest to refer briefly
to the principal producers of this mineral.
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MANOANESE 0BE8.
CANADA.
149"
Manganese ore has been obtained in small amounts in the Provinces
of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but figures of production for the
year 1903 are as yet unobtainable. The quantity of ore mined in the
years 1886 to 1902, inclusivCj together with the total value and the
average value per ton for each year, is given in the following table:
Production of manganese ore in Canada, 1S8S-1902.
Year.
1886...
1887...
1888...
1889...
1860...
18n...
1882...
189B...
18M...
1886...
1886' .
18J7-.
1896...
18B»».
1900 <^.
1901...
2908...
Quantity.
Value.
Value
per ton.
SkoH tons.
1,78»
»41,499
«23.20
1,245
43,658
36.07
1,801
47,944
26.62
1,456
32,737
22.50
1,328
32,650
24.51
265
6,694
26.25
115
10,250
89.18
213
14,578
68.44
74
4,180
66.49
125
8,464
67.71
1234
8,975
82.19
15J
1,166
76.46
50
1,600
82.00
1,681
20,004
12.66
80
1,800
60.00
440
4,820
10.96
84
2,774
38.02
(■Exports.
e» NoTft Scotia mined 63 tons. New Brunswick's product was 1,518 tons.
<7 Nova Scotia mined 10 tons and New Brunswick 20 tons.
The geological survey of Canada supplies the figures showing the
quantity and value of the exports of manganese from 1873 to 1902
given in the following table. These figures apparently show that
there are sources of manganese ore which have not as yet been oflScially
located.
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144
MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
Exports ofmartganese ore from Canada^ 1873-1905,
Year.
NovaScotUL
New Bruiiflwick.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Ytlne.
1878
Short tons.
Short toriM.
1,081
776
194
891
785
520
1,782
2,100
1,504
771
1,013
469
1,607
1,877
887
1,094
1,877
1,729
238
69
10
45
A
$20,192
16,961
5,314
7,816
12,210
6,971
20,016
31,707
22,532
14,227
16,708
9,085
29,695
27.484
20,662
16,078
26,826
84,248
6,18L
2,026
112
2,400
3
ShoHloM.
1.081
782
203
412
891
626
1,886
2,179
1,704
891
1,826
608
1,684
«1,818
1,416
1,181
1.486
120,192
1874
6
9
21
106
106
154
79
200
123
318
184
77
a441
578
87
59
177
22
84
128
11
108
128*
15i
U
67
$42
200
728
3,699
4,889
7,420
3,090
18,022
11,520
8,635
11,054
5,054
854
14,240
5,750
8,024
2,588
568
6,180
12,409
720
6,848
8,975
1,166
826
2,828
16,973
1875
5,514
1876
8,069
1877
15,909
1878
10,860
1879
27,486
1880
34,797
1881
40,554
1882 :
25,747
1883
25,343
1884
20,069
1885
34,649
1886
66,SS8
1887
34.802
1888
21,832
1889
29.SS0
1890
1,906 86,831
1891
255 6,eM
1892
148 8,206
1898
188 , 12,521
1894
56 8.120
1895
108ft 6,351
128* 3,975
1896
1897
16i 1,166
1898
11 825
1899
3
82
70 1 2-410
1900*
34
440
172
135
1,720
1901
4,820
1902
4,062
1908
1,889
a 250 tons should be more correctly classed under the heading of mineral pigments.
mowing to changes in compiling customs returns, exports can no longer be given by Provinces.
CUBA.
In the report for 1902 there appears a summary.of the manganese
deposits of Cuba which have thus far been exploited, practically all
of which are found in the southeastern section of the island.
As far as can be learned the only mines active in 1903 were those
of the Ponupo Mining and Transportation Company in the Province
of Santiago de Cuba, shipments being made from the port of Santiago.
In the year 1903 the production of manganese ores from the Ponupo
mines was 20,349 long tons, and the shipments 18,796 tons.
The following table gives the annual exports of manganese ore from
the Santiago district of Cuba for the years 1888 to 1903, inclusive:
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MANGANESE 0BE8.
ExporU of manganese ore from Santioffo distrid, Oaha, 1388-1903.
145
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
188B
Longtont.
1,942
704
21,810
21,987
18,761
10,640
1896
Long tons.
None
IflM
1897
None,
18W
1898.. .
950
lan
1899
13,686
22,600
25,183
89,628
wan
1900
1388
1901
18M
1902
U85
1,894
1908
18,796
PANAMA.
There are important deposits of manganese ore in the Nombre de
Dios district of Panama, but no manganese ore was reported as mined
in the year 1903.
BRAZIL.
Brazil is at present the principal contributor of manganese ore to
the United States, the greater portion being obtained in the Minas
Geraes district, and a relatively small quantity from the Nazareth dis-
trict A summary of these deposits was given in the 1902 report.
No official data as to the shipments in 1903 are obtainable, but in the
following table will be found the exports of manganese ore from
Brazil from 1896 to 1902, inclusive:
Exports of BrcusUian manganese ore, 1896-190^.
I
TeftT.
Quantity.
LongUmt.
14,710
14,870
27,110
62,170
Year.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Qoantity.
Long ions.
al27,848
696,710
156,269
aEoTope, 75,910; United States, 51,438.
b Europe, 47,680; United States. 48,080.
CHILE.
Manganese ores occur in most of the provinces of Chile, but those
which are actively worked are in the provinces of Atacama and
SsotiagD.
Jd 1902 the manganese ore exported from Coquimbo was 12,990
metric tons, valued at $389,700 Chilean dollars ($142,241).
jf B 1903 10
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146
HIKEBAL BESOUBGBS.
The following table shows the exports of Chilean manganese ores
from 1885 to 1902, inclusive, together with the values in some of these
years:
Exports of Chilean manganese ores, 188S-190£.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1886
LongUms.
4,041
23,928
47,521
18,713
' 28,683
47,986
34,462
50,871
86,162
1894
LongtoM.
47,238
23,696
26,740
28,156
20,522
40,285
25,819
31,477
al2,785
$3n,374
1886
1896
186,747
1887
1896
202,335
1888
1897
1889 ...
1898
163,165
1890
1899
448,195
1891
1900
1892
$399,881
284,262
1901
1898
1902
142,241
a Prom €k>quimbo.
GREAT BRITAIN.
A small amount of manganiferous iron ore is obtained in Great
Britain, the quantity mined in 1903 being 818 long tons. The follow-
ing table gives the production and value of manganiferous iron ores in
the United Kingdom from 1884 to 1903, inclusive:
Production and value of manganiferous iron ores in the United Kingdom, 1884-i90S.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1884 .
Long tons.
909
1,688
12,763
18,777
4,342
8,852
12,444
9,476
6,078
1,886
$6,921
11,669
52,722
68,772
9,361
31,364
82,588
80,071
21,461
3,688
1894
Longtons.
1,809
1,273
1,060
609
231
415
1.362
1,646
1,278
818
|3,S62
1885
1896
3,32S
1886
1896
2,963
1887
1897
a 1,650
1888
1898
1899
1900
1901
974
1889
1,212
1890
3,285
1891
1892
1902
3,319
1893
1908
a Estimated.
BELGIUM.
Manganiferous iron ores are obtained in Belgium, the amount mined
in 1902 being reported as 14,440 metric tons, valued at 187,300 francs
($36,149).
The annexed table gives the annual production and value of man-
ganiferous iron ore in Belgium from 1880 to 1902, inclusive:
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UAVGAN^BE OBES.
Production of mangcmiferous iron ores in Bdgvam, 1880-190fS,
147
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1880 ,.
Metric ioM.
700
770
846
820
760
772
888
791
724
1892
Metric Urns.
16,776
16,800
22,048
22,478
23,265
28,872
16,440
12,120
10,820
8,610
14,440
$40,202
38,798
68,696
66,250
66,689
66,141
40,820
30,246
25,158
21,384
36,149
lan
1893
U82
1894
1883
1895....
1884.
1896
1885
1897
1886
750
12,750
27,787
20,906
14,256
18,498
1.787
80,079
62,726
47,864
33,968
49,022
1898
1887
1899
1888
1900
1889
1901
1890
1902
1»1 . ..
FRANCE.
Manganese ores are mined in two departments of France, in the
southern part of L'Ariege and in the western and central sections of
Sftone and Lioire, the production in 1902 being 12,536 metric tons,
valued at 327,600 francs ($63,227).
The f oUowng table gives the production and value of manganese
ores produced in France from 1886 to 1902, inclusive, together with
the average value per ton:
J^roduction and value of manganese ores in France, 1886-190S,
*
Year.
Qnantity.
Value.
Value
per ton.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Value
per ton.
ms
LongtoM,
7,566
11,982
10,878
9,842
16,781
15,101
81,894
87,406
82,239
$58,099
50,601
60,757
69,000
89,517
90,816
206,074
290,078
192,264
$7.08
4.28
6.69
6.99
6.69
6.98
6.43
7.76
5.96
1895
LongtoM,
30,385
80,797
86,612
81,896
89,270
28,634
21,952
12,838
$177,698
179,297
200,720
160,883
216,681
164,060
91,699
63,227
$5.85
1887
1896
5.82
vm
1897
6.48
1889
1898
6.11
im
1899
6.49
ttW....
1900
6.75
MS
1901
4.18
1881
1902
5.12
laM
QERB/
lANY.
The Kingdom of Prussia contributes the major portion of the man-
ganese ore obtained in Germany, but this is more strictly speaking a
manganiferous iron ore, the quantity mined in 1903 being 47,110
metric tons, valued at 463,000 marks ($110,194). The production of
tn£e manganese ore from other provinces of Germany was 884 metric
Urns, valued at 57,000 marks ($13,566).
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148
MINEBAL BE8OUB0BS.
The annual production of manganese ores mined in Germany from
1890 to 1903, inclusive, and the production and value of manganiferous
iron ores in Prussia from 1881 to 1902, inclusive, the later years being
furnished by Mr. E. Schr(kiter, of Dusseldorf , are as follows:
Production of manganese ores in Germany, 1890-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1890
LongtofM.
41,180
89,698
82,841
40,067
48,012
40,674
44,860
1897
longUm.
45, aM
1891
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
4^G»
1892
60,960
1888
1 58,260
1894
1 55,796
1896
49,025
1896
1908
47,286
Production and value of mamganew ores in Prussia, 1881-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity. Value.
1881.
1882.
1888.
1884.
1886.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891,
1892
Long tons.
10,911
4,597
4,502
7,629
14,464
24,649
86,967
26,877
48,811
89,497
86,278
80,892
179,104
88,745
28,423
43,118
81,802
177,066
228,489
147,280
216,881
174,428
174,624
101,844
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Long tons. \
88,384
$93,506
41,854
94,992
39,266
100,832
42,925
97,469
44,638
98,185
41,565
92,060
59,425
151,368
67,100
157,2n
54,984
166,662
48,110
126,140
46,866
110,194
ITALY.
The Kingdom of Italy in 1902 produced 2,477 metric tons of man-
ganese ores, valued at 103,740 lire ($20,022) and 23,113 metric tons of
maganiferous iron ore, valued at 276,601 lire ($53,384).
The following table shows the annual production of manganese ores
in Italy, together with the value of the same, from 1860 to -1902, inclu-
sive; also of manganiferous iron ores from 1874 to 1883 and from 1892
to 1902, inclusive, except 1895:
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MAKOAITESE OBES.
149
Production and value of manganese ctnd manffaniferous iron ores in Italy ^ 1860-190^.
Year.
Manganese ores.
Manganiferous iron
ores.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1»0
Long torn.
642
515
1,714
714
712
571
7U
677
661
768
630
779
1,125
3,106
3,169
3,760
6,800
6,704
6,560
5,614
6,373
8,629
6.868
11,204
871
1,774
5,473
4,363
3,573
2,168
2,113
2,391
1,223
797
748
1,544
1,860
1,606
2,965
4,287
5,919
2,147
2,438
112,873
9,174
15,661
6,674
8,667
6,716
7,191
8.079
7,894
19,406
8,646
9,796
12,811
46,548
58,697
64,341
61,074
56,546
46,567
83,842
40,682
45,219
67,201
62,975
7,570
10,899
80,943
21,872
15, OM
9,998
10,050
12,467
8,067
6,320
4,586
18,634
19,734
14,483
18,062
21,647
29,910
16,062
20,022
Long torn.
1«1
1882
]m .
U64
1865
1806
1867 ^
r
1868
1869
1810 .
1871
1872.. .•
1873
1874 ,
3,446
19,684
22,878
7,874
6,868
1,366
20,148
a29,526
a29,528
8,858
$6,765
96,600
98,315
26,248
15,297
2,679
68,214
a92,640
092,640
27,792
1835
187»
1877.
1878
187»
van
1881
1882
vm - T
1884
1885
1886 '.
VK
1888
1861
1860
lan
18K
4,549
8,666
5,718
8,028
14,445
8,971
186*.
18M.
UK
1866
9,842
20,926
10,974
29,402
26,877
28,906
22,748
19,800
vm
32,829
U6»
25,828
1869 s
74,449
64,655
58,131
nn
IIBI.
58,384
a In original. 90,000 metric tons, valued at 480,000 lire, poasibly an estimate.
SPAIN.
The manganese ore obtained in Spain comes chiefly from the Prov-
ince of Hoelva, where ores of the carbonate and silicate varieties are
obtained. Mr. Carl Doetsch, of Huelva, has supplied the following
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150
MINEBAL SESOUBCES.
table of exports of maDganese ore from that Province from the year
1869 (the beginning of the industry) to 1903, inclusive:
Exports of manganese ore from the Province of Hudva,
Year.
Metrictons.
Year.
MetrlctoM.
1859-60
27,898
1,102
6,400
18,266
20,690
24,292
81,871
41,050
85,306
20,646
17,102
24,297
27,055
15,510
25,588
18,860
6,973
7,295
86,475
4,750
27,572
4,828
1888
4,0tt
1861
1884
1862
1886
1868
1886
1864
1887
1865 ^
1888
1866
1889 . ....
1867
1890 4,720
1868
1891 1 3,884
1892 10-410
1869
1870
1898
6,394
. 7.S21
1871 '
1894
1872
1895 83,358
1896 . . . .... 90,821
1878
1874
1897 103.267
1875
1898
188,062
1876
1899
138,419
1877
1900
129,916
1878
1901 . . ...
91,C?2
62,944
1879
1902
1880
1908
54,540
18S1
Total/
1,817,0M
1882
The distribution of the exports in the years 1899 to 1903, inclusive,
was as follows:
Exports of Huelva manganese ores, 1899-190S,
Country.
Quantity.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
RAlgiiim ftn^ Liixembimg:
Metric Urns,
127,743
4,842
4,449
1,885
Metric tons.
126.482
1,218
2,221
Metrictons.
85,961
918
2,861
2,442
Metrictons.
57,927
12
1,828
8,182
Metric ioM,
68.429
England
France
1,111
Germany
Total
138,419
129.916
91,672
62,944
54,540
Mr. Doetsch estimates the total value of the exports in 1903 as
1,500,000 pesetas ($289,500).
From the north of Spain, also, a small amount of manganese ore,
estimated at about 1,000 tons per annmn, is exported.
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MANGANESE OBES.
PORTUGAL.
151
Most of the manganese ore mined in Portugal comes from the dis-
trict of Beja, in the Province of Alentejo, the production of 1901
bemg reported as 904 metric tons.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
The Kingdom of Austria mines some manganese ore, the quantity
produced in 1903, as reported by Prof. Hans Hoefer, being 61,789
metric centners, valued at 128,851 crowns ($26,157).
The following table gives the annual production of manganese ore
in Austria from 1876 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of manganese ore in Austriaj 1876-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1«6
Centner:
67,817
78,999
41,836
34,837
88,744
91,097
84,183
93,821
79,423
61,677
92,464
98,108
65,541
89,261
1890
Centners,
80,068
62,793
46,000
1877
1891
1S78
1892
1879
1893
54,000
101,120
a 92, 270
Metric tons.
1880
1894
wsi
1896
1882
1897
188S
6,012
6,132
6,411
8,804
7,796
6,646
1884
1898
1885
1899
18»
1900
1887... .' .
1901
1888..
1902
1889
1908
6,179
a Including Boshia.
Professor Hoefer gives the quantity of manganese ore mined in the
Kingdom of Hungary in 1903 as 124,895 metric centners, valued at
^970 crowns ($13,189), and in Bosnia and Herzegovina as 45,374
metric centners, valued at 136,122 crowns ($27,633).
The following tables give the production of manganese ores in Hun-
gary from 1897 to 1903, and in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1892 to
1903, inclusive:
Production of manganese ore in Hungary , 1S97-190S,^
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
MK...
Metric tons.
8,976
8,056
6,078
6,746
1901
Metric tons.
4,691
ttfc....
1902
7,847
2M
1908
12,490
mt
a Ungarischea Statiitichea Jahrbnoh.
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152 MINERAL BESOUBOBS.
Production of manganese ore in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1899-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1892
Long torn,
7,819
8,016
6,718
a5,a60
a5,286
1899 - --
Longttm,
5,536
1895
1900
1901
1902
1908
7,813
1896
6,147
1897
5,609
1898
4,465
! • •
aBosniflches Bureau Montan Abthellung.
SWEDEN.
The production of manganese ore in Sweden is unimportant, the
quantity mined in 1903 being 2,244 metric tons, valued at 36,550
kroners ($9,795).
The following table gives the official statistics of the annual pro-
duction and value of manganese ores in Sweden from 1888 to 1903,
inclusive:
ProdticHon of manganese ore in Sweden, 1S88-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1888
Long ions.
9,537
8,509
10,529
8,986
7,708
6,949
8,306
3,068
1896
Long ions.
2,028
2,706
2,821
2,581
2,609
2,285
2,806
2,244
17,197
1889
1897
12,616
1890
1898
11,060
1891
1899
11,990
1892
1900
13,179
1893
1901
1902
1908
11,256
1894
14,729
1895
9,795
RUSSIA.
Late official statistics in regard to the production of manganese in
Russia, the principal manganese producing country in the world, are
difficult to obtain.
According to a report lately presented by Mr. Ethelbert Watts,
consul-general of the United States at St Peteraburg, Russia, the ore
is mined in the provinces of Perm, Orenburg, Ekaterinoslav, and
Kutais (Caucasus). The latter province yields three-fourths of the
manganese produced in Russia, and nearly all of it is exported. The
total yield of the province in 1901 is given as 375,211 metric tons, a
decrease of 286,733 tons compared with the quantity mined in 1900.
The exports in 1901 were 355,545 metric tons, as against 461,125 tons
in 1900.
The following table shows the production of manganese ore in the
different provinces of Russia from 1885 to 1901, inclusive:
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MAK0ANB8E OBBS.
153
StaiMcs of manganese ores in Russia, (^
[In poods.]
1
18»..
las..
JS89..
1990..
1891..
1892..
189$...
1894...
UK...
1887.
1900.
1901.
Production.
Uml.
64,700
50,000
50,000
82,700
179,100
143,500
118,000
56,000
186,000
108,000
168,000
255,000
303,000
896,000
111,000
^^ C«nc«««.
250,000
226,850
89,600
841,500
528,100
660,000
1,795,000
4,740,000
8,562,000
2,287,000
2,782,000
3,417,000
3,640,000
5,919,000
8,640,800
4,242,100
8,277,200
1,822,800
4,243,200
10,468,100
6,126,000
10,560,000
11,678,000
11,198,000
9,943,000
9.662,000
12,343,000
16,066,000
34,077,000
40,363,486
22,569,085
Total.
695,500
542,100
353,550
995,100
763,800
139,700
904,000
411,000
599,000
863,000
398,000
699,000
063,000
102,000
107,000
Exports.
Caucasus.^ Total.
2,567,000
3,408,000
3,690,000
8,055,000
3,287,000
8,235.000
4,575,000
7,876,000
7,633,000
8,961,000
10,172,000
8,808,000
10,900,000
14,610,000
23,849,000
2,567,000
8,408,000
3,690,000
3,055,000
3,237,000
8,285,000
4,575,000
7,876,000
7,666,000
8,965,000
10,172,000
8,842,000
11,441,000
14,950,000
25,836,000
a One lOD^ ton equals 62 poods.
b Exports within Russia not included.
TURKEY.
Turkey has some good mangaDese deposits which are worked to
supply a portion of the foreign demand, none of it being used locally.
Mr. Hugh Whittall, of Constantinople, states that the ministry of mines
report the exportation of manganese ore from Turkey in the year 1903
as 49,100 metric tons, valued at 66,950 pounds ($325,812).
QREBCE.
Greece produces considerable quantities of manganese ore, the quan-
tity reported mined being given as 18,076 metric tons, valued at
542,280 francs, in 1901, and 14,962 metric tons, valued at 448,860
francs, in 1902. A considerable amoimt of manganiferous iron ore is
also obtained.
INDIA.
India in late years has attained considerable prominence as a pro-
ducer of manganese ores, the greater portion coming from the presi-
dency of Madras. The production of manganese ore in India in 1903,
locording to the report of Mr. L. Robertson, under secretary to the
jfovemment of India, was 165,006 long tons, valued at 1,991,117
rupees ($645,123), this year's production being the maximum.
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154
MIIfEBAL BES0UBCE8.
The following table gives the production of manganese ore in India
from 1894 to 1903, inclusive, the figures for the earlier years being
those of exports.
Exports of manganese ore from British India by sea to other countries, 1894-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Qnantity.
1894
Long tons.
11,410
15,816
66,869
73,680
60,449
1899a
Longlons.
87,126
1895
1900a
130,670
1896
1901a
162,097
1897
1902a
157,780
1898a
1903a
165,006
a Production.
JAPAN.
Manganese ores are mined in Japan, but the quantity secured is
moderate.
In the following table the first column, taken from the Financial
and Economical Annual of Japan, gives the production of manganese
ores from 1886 to 1901, inclusive, and the second column, taken from
the annual returns of the Empire of Japan (department of finance),
shows the exports of this mineral from 1881 to 1903, inclusive, together
with the value of the same from 1893 to 1903. As both sets of figures
are claimed as official, no attempt at harmonizing is made.
The exports of manganese ores in 1903 are given as 5,571,518 kin,
valued at 77,892 yen ($38,791). Of this quantity, 4,065,841 kin were
exported from Yokohama, 1,502,047 kin from Kobe, and 3,630 kin
from Osaka.
Production and comport of manganese ores, Japan, 1881-1908,
Year.
Produc-
tion.
Exports.
Value of
exports.
Year.
Produc-
tion.
Exports.
Value of
exports.
1881
Long Urns.
Long tons.
2
156
151
125
123
404
312
813
945
2,604
3,178
4,948
1893
Long tons.
15,655
13,007
16,679
17,482
15,081
U,207
11,049
15,430
15,858
LorigtoTts.
18,510
17,465
16,338
20,785
14,624
9,905
9,157
12,576
8,726
2,625
3,258
$106,016
99,007
97,906
136,668
102,248
77,853
76,089
111,750
98,214
1882 .- .
1894
1883
1805
1884
1896
1885
1897
1886
892
802
688
916
2,526
3,142
4,891
1898
1887
1899
1888
I
1900
1889
1
1901
1890
1
1902
1891
1
1903
38,791
1892
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MANGANESE 0BE3.
JAVA.
155
Manganese ores are exploited in the regencies of Pengasin and
Mangolaen, but no late reports are at hand. In 1899 the quantity
mined is given as 1,888 metric tons.
NEW ZEALAND.
In 1902 no manganese ore was mined in New Zealand, but in 1901
808 long tons were produced, valued at £614 ($2,988).
AUSTRALIA.
NEW SOUTH WALES.
No manganese ore was mined in this province in 1902, but in 1901
there was a production of 12 tons of manganese.
QUEENSLAND.
In 1902 Queensland supplied 4,600 tons of manganese ore valued at
£16,989 ($82,677). The following table shows the production and
value of manganese ore in Queensland from 1881 to 1902, inclusive:
Production and value of manganese ores in Queenalandy 1881-1884 and 1889-1902,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
im
LangUmi,
87
100
20
55
4
5
10
$1,268
1,094
290
799
87
97
126
1894
Lcmgtons.
140
855
300
300
67
785
75
218
4,600
$1,936
5,387
4,880
5,475
1.221
18,775
UB2
1896 :
un
1896
UM
1897
im
1898
\m
1899
WW.
1900
998
UR
1901
8,869
IW
1902
82,677
1
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
There was exported from South Australia to Queensland, in the year
1902, 18/^ tons of manganese ore, valued at £62 ($302).
WORIiI>'S PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES.
Contemporaneous data of the production of manganese ores in
foreign countries can not be secured, but in the following table are
pret^nied the latest reliable statistics which were obtainable, together
with the year which the figures represent. The tons are either long
or metric, except in the case of Canada, where the short ton is used.
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156
HINEBAL BESOUBOE8
World's prodsiction of manganese ores.
Country.
Year.
Piodac-
tion.
Country.
Year.
reduc-
tion.
North America:
United States
Canadaa
Cubao
South America:
Brazila
Chilea
Europe:
Austria
Bosnia and Herzegoyina
Hungary
France
Germany
Greece
1903
1908
1906
1902
1902
1908
1908
1908
1902
1908
1902
Tom.
2,825
186
18,796
156,269
12,990
6,179
4,587
12,490
12,586
47,994
14,962
Europe— continued:
Italy ,
Portugal
Russia
Spain ,
Sweden
Turkeya
Asia:
India
Japan
Javaa
Oceania:
Queensland
South Australia.
1902
1901
1900
1903
1903
1908
1908
1901
1899
1902
1902
Tom.
2,477
904
884,200
55,640
2,244
49,100
165,006
16,296
1,888
4,000
18
a Exports.
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GOLD AND SILVER
!
PRODUCTION.
The total statistics of the production of gold and silver for 1903 are
furnished, as heretofore, by the Director of the Mint, but the statis-
tical canvass made by the United States Geological Survey resulted in
some differences in the distribution of the product among the several
States and Territories.
During the calendar year 1903 the United States produced 3,560,000
fine ounces of gold, valued at $73,591,700, a decrease of $6,408,300, or
8.01 per cent, as compared with the production of 1902.
Of the 21 States and Territories yielding gold in 1903, 11
showed an increase in production, Nevada leading with an increase
of $492,700, or 17.02 per cent. Alaska, which led in increase in 1902,
was second in 1903, with an increase of $268,900. Kansas and Ten-
nesaee^ with productions valued, respectively, at $9,700 and $800,
reported for the first time in 1903. The other States and Territories
showing gains in 1903 were as follows: Arizona, $245,300; Utah,
$102,900; Idaho, $95,400; Montana, $38,300; Virginia, $10,400; Wash-
ington, $7,700, and Alabama, $1,900.
The greatest decrease in production in 1903 was in Colorado, where
the production fell off $5,928,600, or 20.82 per cent. California was
second in amount of decrease in 1903, falling off $687,600. Decreases
were also noted in the following States and Territories: Oregon,
$526,500; New Mexico, $286,500; South Dakota, $138,700; Georgia,
$35,800; Wyoming, $35,200; South Carolina, $21,200; North Carolina,
$20,200, and Maryland, $2,000.
The silver yield of the United States for 1903 amounted to 54,300,000
fine ounces, with a coining value of $70,206,060 and a commercial value
of $29,322,000, a decrease in quantity of 1,200,000 fine ounces, or 2.16
percent
Of the 21 States and Territories producing silver in 1903, 11 showed
increased production. Nevada, which led in increase of production
of silver in 1902, held the same position in 1903, showing an increase
of 1,304,300 fine ounces, or 34.82 per cent. This great increase is due
to further developments in the rich Tonopah district in Nye County.
The following States and Territories abo showed gains in production
167
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158
HmSBAL BESOX7B0ES.
in 1903 over 1902: Idaho, 652,600 ounces; Utah, 365,100 ounces;
Arizona, 344,000 ounces; Alaska, 51,600 ounces; California, 30,700
ounces; Oregon, 24,700 ounces; Texas, 8,200 ounces; Virginia, 3,600
ounces; and Tennessee, 700 ounces. Kansas reported silver for the
first time in 1 903, having a production of 97,400 ounces. The greatest
decrease in the production of silver in 1903 was in Colorado and
amounted to 2,685,800 fine ounces. Alabama, which reported 100 fine
ounces of silver in 1902, reported no production in 1908. Other
decreases were as follows: Montana, 601,500 ounces; Washington,
324,500 ounces; New Mexico, 276,500 ounces; South Dakota, 119,000
ounces; Michigan, 60,800 ounces; North Carolina, 9,900 ounces; and
Wyoming, 4,800 ounces.
The total value of the production of the precious metals by the United
States in 1903 (silver at conmiercial value) amounted to $102,913,700,
a decrease of $6,501,300, or 5.94 per cent, from the yield of 1902.
The following table shows the production of gold and silver in the
United States from 1792 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of gold and sUver in the United StateSf 179S-190S.
[The estimates for 1792 to 1878 are by Dr. R. W. Raymond, United States mining commlsioner, and
since by the Director of the Mint]
Year.
Total.
Gold.
SUver (coin-
ing yalne).
tl4,000,000
$14,000,000
Small
7,760,000
7.600,000
«250,000
1,068,827
1,008,827
50,000
1.189,867
1,189,867
60,000
939,086
889,085
50,000
10,060,000
10,000,000
50,000
40,060,000
40,000,000
60,000
60,060,000
60,000,000
60,000
56,050,000
56,000,000
60,000
60,060,000
60,000,000
60,000
66,060,000
66,000,000
50,000
60,060,000
60,000,000
50,000
56,060,000
55,000,000
50,000
56,050,000
56,000,000
60,000
56,050,000
66,000,000
60,000
50,600,000
60,000,000
500,000
50,100,000
50,000,000
100,000
46,160,000
46,000,000
150,000
46,000,000
48,000,000
2,000,000
48.700,000
89,200,000
4,600,000
48,500,000
40,000,000
8,600,000
57,100,000
46,100,000
11,000,000
64,476,000
63,226,000
U, 250,000
68,500,000
58,500,000
10,000,000
65,225,000
51,725,000
13,500,000
60,000.000
48,000,000
12,000.000
61,600,000
49,600,000
12,000.000
66,000,000
60,000,000
16,000,000
66,600,000
43,500,000
28,000,000
64,750,000
86,000,000
28,760^000
Digitiz
BdbyGoO
Qle
April 2, 1792, to July 81, 1834
July 81, 1834, to Dec. 81, 1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
GOLD AND SILVER.
159
Production of gold and gUver in the United /^cUes, 179^-1903 — Continued.
Year.
Total.
Gold.
Silver (coin-
ing value).
187*
1K74
1875
1876
vsn
vm
1879
ISO
1881
1882
1883
MM
1885
1886
1887
1888
1S89:
Mint..
Censtu
1890
isn
1892
19»
18&4
1W5
1»6
urn
M98
1W9
1900
1101
1902-
971,750,000
70,800,000
65,100,000
78,700,000
86,700,000
96,400,000
79,700,000
75,200,000
77,700,000
79,900,000
76,200,000
79,600.000
83,400,000
86.000,000
86,350,000
92,870.000
97,446,000
99,282,866
103,809,645
108,691,565
115,101,000
113,531,000
103,500,000
118,661,000
129,157,236
127,000,172
134,847,485
141,860,026
153,704,496
150,054,500
151,757,575
143,797,760
•86,000,000
83,500,000
33,400,000
39,900,000
46,900,000
51,200,000
38,900,000
36,000,000
34,700,000
32,600,000
30,000,000
30,800,000
31,800,000
36,000,000
83,000.000
33,176,000
32,800,000
32,886,180
32,845,000
38,175,000
83,000,000
35,955,000
39,500,000
46,610,000
58,088,000
67,363,000
64,463,000
71,053,400
79,171,000
78,666,700
80,000,000
78,691,700
•35,750,000
37,300,000
31,700,000
38,800,000
39,800,000
45,200,000
40,800,000
39,200,000
43,000,000
46.800,000
46,200,000
48,800,000
61,600,000
51,000,000
63,360,000
'69,195,000
64,646,000
66,396,686
70,464,646
75,416,566
82,101,000
77,676,000
64,000,000
72,061,000
76,069,286
69,637,172
70,384,485
70,806,626
74,533,495
71,387,800
71,757,675
70,206,060
The following table shows the production of gold in the United States
in 1902 and 1903 and the increase or decrease in 1903, by States and
Territories:
Production of gold in the several States and Territories in 190fS and 190S, and the increase
or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.
8Ute or Territory.
Value.
1902.
1908.
Increaise.
Decrease.
AM>ima
•2,600
8,845,800
4,112,300
16,792,100
28,468,700
97,800
1,475,000
•4,400
8,614,700
4,357,600
16,104,500
22,540,100
62,000
1,570,400
9.700
500
4,411,900
•1,900
268,900
246,800
Alofka , . . ,
Ariaooa..
Cililoaia
1687,600
Coiondo
6,928,600
Geonria.
35,800
^^■•*-
Idftbo
95.400
9,700
^UitU
MAfYkiul
2,600
4,378,600
2,000
HoDtUM
38,300
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160
HINEBAL RESOUBOES.
Production of gold in the several Slates and Territories in 1902 and 190S, ric.— Continoed.
state or Territory.
Value.
1902.
1908.
Increase.
Decrease.
Nevada
•2,895,800
531,100
90,700
1,816,700
121,900
6,965,400
•3,888,000
244,600
70,600
1,290,200
100,700
6,826,700
800
' 8,697,400
13,500
279,900
3,600
•482,700
New Mexico
$286,600
North Carolina
20,200
Oregon
526,500
South Carolina
21,200
South Dakota
1S8,700
Tenneasee
800
102,900
10,400
7,700
Utah
3,594,500
3,100
272,200
38,800
Virginia
Wftflhinflrtrtn . .
Wvomlnur ..
35,200
Total
80,000,000
73,591,700
1.274,000
7,682,300
Net decrease
6,408.300
The following table shows the production of silver in the United
States in 1902 and 1903, and the increase or decrease in 1903, by States
and Territories:
Production of silver in the several States and Territories in 1902 and 1903y and the increase
or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.
state or Territory.
Weight.
1902.
1903.
Increase.
Decrease.
Alabama
Fineovnces.
100
92,000
3.043,100
900,800
15,676,000
400
5,854,800
Pine ounces.
Pine ounces.
Pine ounces
100
Alaska
143,600
3,887,100
981,500
12,990,200
400
6,507,400
97,400
60,000
12,642,800
5,050,500
180.700
11,000
118,000
800
221,200
13,000
454,400
11,196,800
9,500
294.500
200
51,600
344,000
80,700
Arizona
California
Colorado
2,685,800
Georgia
Idaho
652,600
97,400
Kansas
Michigan
U0,800
13,243,800
3,746,200
457,200
20,900
93,800
300
840,200
12,800
446,200
10,831,700
5,900
619,000
5,000
. 60,800
601,500
Montana
Nevada
1,304,300
New Mexico
276,500
9,900
North Carolina
Oregon
24,700
South Carolina
South Dakota
119,000
Tennessee
700
8.200
365,100
3,600
Texas . .
Utah .
Virginia
Washington
324,500
Wyoming
4,800
Total
a 55, 500, 000
b54,300,000
2,882,900
4,082,900
1,200,009
Net decrease
aCommerclal value, 129,415,000; coining value, $71,757,575.
(» Commercial value, $29,822,000; coining value, 170,206,060.
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB.
161
The following table shows the approximate distribution of the pro-
daction, by States and Territories, of gold and silver in the United
States in 1908:
ApprfminaU diairibuiion of the production of gold and silver in the United States 'for the
calendar year 1903, by producing States and Territories.
[Ab esttmated by the Director of the Mint.]
State or Territory.
Gold.
Quantity. Value.
SUver.
Quantity.
Coining Commercial
value. value.
Total value
(silver at
commercial
value).
Azlaooa ...
Gilifaniia.
ColotMlo..
Geixgia....
Uabo
Mar^and
Michigan
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico....
North CftToHna.
Otegoo
South Carolina .
Sooth DakoU...
Tennenee
Texts
Vtah
Vlifinia
Washington
Wyoming
Fineounces.
213
416,788
210,799
779,067
1,090,876
8,000
7S,909
468
24
Fineounces.
•4,400
8,614,700
4,857,600
16,104,600
22,640,100
62,000
1,670,400
9,700
600
148,600
8,387,100
961,600
12,990,200
400
6,607,400
97,400
$186,666
4,879,281
1,204,864
16,796,410
617
8,418,608
125.961
177,644
1,829,084
608,010
7,014,708
216
8,618,996
62,696
213,425
168,892
U,838
8,411
62,411
4,872
880,243
88
4,411,900
8,888,000
244,600
70,600
1,290,200
100,700
6,826,700
800
178,868
664
18,689
175
8,697,400
18,600
279,900
8,600
60,000
12,642,800
5,060,600
180,700
11,000
118,000
800
221,200
13,000
464,400
11,196,800
9,600
294,600
200
64,646
16,846,600
6,629,989
288,632
14,222
162,666
888
286,996
16,808
687,607
14,476,671
12,283 !
880,768
27,000
6,826,842
2,727,270
97,678
6,940
63,720
162
119,448
7,020
245,876
6,046,272
6,180
169,030
108
$4,400
8,692,244
6,186,684
16,607,510
29,664,808
62.216
6,064,896
62,296
500
27,000
11,288,742
6,115,270
842,178
76,440
1,358,920
100,862
6,946,148
7,820
245,876
9,713,672
18,680
488,930
3,708
Total.
3,660,000
73,691,700 54,800,000
70,206,060 29,822,000
102,913,700
The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold
and silver in 1903 according to sources of production:
Ditiribution cf the production of gold and silver in the United States for the calendaryear
190S as to the sources of production.
[As reported by mint offlcen and agents.]
State or territory.
Gold.
SUver.
Quarts.
Placer.
Quartz.
Lead ores.
Copper ores.
AUtmma .....
Fineounces.
222
131,862
216,584
606,607
1,060,864
1,989
47,606
9
Fineounces.
15
288.209
4,800
189,122
29,025
1.280
86,281
22
Fineounces.
49
180,161
1,911,451
826,612
2,917,826
1,803
872,811
1
Fine minces.
Fineounces.
A^tlra
Ari.9m
195,000
144,482
a 10. 343, 248
1,800,000
lUffnrnla
496,927
Gni^mto
QaoiglA
Maho
6.042,226
Marykod
MhttBM
40,991
M s 1903 U
a Lead and copper ores.
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162 MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
DisirUnUlon of the production of gold tmd dliver in the United States, cte.— Continued.
state or territory.
Gold.
Quartz.
Placer.
Silver.
Quartz.
Lead ores.
Ck>pperorea.
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico —
North Carolina .
Oregon
South Carolina .
South Dakota . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
Wyoming
Fine ounces,
198,776
174,428
7,499
4,671
65,447
6,092
389,803
Fine ounces.
23,290
1,762
6.644
488
10,000
127
Fineoufnces.
4,091,168
6,161,631
12,349
Fine ounces,
460,903
466
104,242
Fineouwxi.
8,682,543
13,076
124,599
271
278,646
1,000
Total.
192,094
216
20,598
464,376
861,622
1,000
401
156,637
826
8,258,308 , 8,196.007
i 17,078
143,614 I 6,250
8,062,762
691,219
16,886,628
682,882 13,844,232
The following table shows the production of gold in the famous
Cripple Creek district of Colorado for the eleven years from 1893 to
1903, inclusive:
Production of gold in Cripple Creek digtrid, Colorado, 189S-190S.
1893 $2,010,367
1894 2,908,702
1895 6,879,137
1896 7,512,911
1897 10,139,708
1898 13,507,244
1899 15,658,254
1900 18,073,539
1901 17,261,579
1902 16,912,783
1903 12,967.338
Total 123,831,562
The following table shows the production of gold in the United
States in 1901 and 1902, and the increase or decrease in 1902, by States
and Territories:
Production of gold in the several States and Territories in 1901 and 190^, and the increase
or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.
State or Territory.
Value.
1901.
1902.
Increase.
Decrease.
Alabama
•3,100
6,886,700
4,068,000
16,891,400
27,698,600
124,600
1,869,300
•2.500
8,846,800
4,112,800
16,792,100
28,468,700
97,800
1,476,000
•600
Alaska
•1,460,100
29,800
Arizona
California
99,300
Colorado
776,200
Georgia •
26,700
894,800
Idaho
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GOLD AND SILVBB.
168
Pfxdudion of gold in the deveral SUxUb and TerrUcries in 1901 and 190^^ etc, — Continued.
State or Teiritoiy.
Value.
1901.
1902,
Increase. Decrease.
XArykiid
Michigan
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico....
North Carolina .
Oregon
South Carolina .
Sooth Dakota ..
Texas
rtah
Virgmia
Washington
Wyckming
12,500
$2,500
S30,
4,744,
2,963,
688.
56,
1,818,
46,
6,479,
5,
580,
12,
878,600
896,800
581,100
90,700
816,700
121,900
965,400
$30,800
370,500
68,600
157,300
85,200
1,400
75,200
485,900
1,594,500
3,100
272,200
38,800
600
95,700
2,200
308,300
26,100
Total
Xetincreaae..
78,666,700
80,000,000
2,889,500
1.333,300
1,656,200
The following table shows the production of silver in the United
States in 1901 and 1902, and the increase or decrease in 1902, by States
and Territories:
Production ofsUver in the several States and Territories in 1901 and 190^, and tJie increase
or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.
State or Territory.
Weight.
1901.
1902.
Increase.
Decrease.
AlftNtma
Fine ounces.
100
47,900
2,812,400
925,600
18,437.800
400
5,642,900
81,000
13,131,700
1,812,500
563,400
20,300
160,100
200
78,000
f^ne ounces.
100
92,000
3,043,100
900,800
15,676,000
400
5,8M,800
110,800
13,243,800
3,746,200
457,200
20,900
93,300
300
^0,200
12,300
446,200
10,831,700
5,900
619, 000
5,tX)0
fine ounces.
Fine ounces.
Alaska....
44,100
230,700
Ariz«>na
ralLfornia
24,800
Colorado
2,761,800
Gt^irgia .
Idaho
311,900
29,h00
112.100
1,933,700
M ichiffan
Montana . .'.
Nevada
N*«w Mfxiw
106,200
North Carolina
fKKJ
( frtgon . -
<ki,>00
S-jDih Carolina
100
262,200
12, 300
i^mth Dakota
Tfonessee .
T-xaa
472, 400
10,760,800
700
344,400
21,400
2r.,2(H>
Utah .
70.1MK)
5. 2CK)
271.r.0(i
VinrinLa
Wd>hintfton
WToming
1«"., 1(10
Total
^5, 214, 000
ar>5,500,000
:?,2V'^,2iiO
2HsL¥X)
3.0(>2.2(X)
Net increa** ........................
aCommerclal value, 829,415,000; coining value, $71,757,575.
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164
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold
and silver in the United States in 1901, by producing States and
Territories:
Approximate distribution of the production of gold and tUver in the United States for the
calendar year 1901, by producing States and Territories,
[As estimated by the Director of the Mint]
State or Territory.
Gold.
Quantity. Value,
Silver.
Quantity.
Coining
yalue.
Commer-
cial value.
Total value
(silver at
commercial
value).
Alabama
Alaska a
Arizona
California
Colorado
Georgia
Idaho
Michigan
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
North Carolina...
Oregon
South Carolina . . .
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
Wyoming
Total
Fine ounces.
160
888,096
1OT,615
817,121
1,889,673
6,028
90.427
1,490
229,496
148,874
88,802
2,685
87.960
2,250
818,446
29
178,518
266
28,082
614
$8,100
6,886,700
4,088,000
16,891,400
27,698,600
124,600
1.869,800
80.800
4,744,100
2,968,800
688,400
66,500
1.818,100
46,700
6,479,500
600
8,690,200
6,300
580,600
12,700
Ifne ounces.
100
47,900
2,812,400
ft26,600
18,487,800
400
6,542,900
81,000
18,181,700
1,812,600
668,400
20,800
160,100
200
78,000
472,400
10,760,800
700
844,400
21,400
1129
61,981
8,686,284
1,196,786
28,888.772
617
7,166,678
104,727
16,978,860
2,843,486
728,436
26,246
206,996
269
100,849
610,780
18,912,964
906
44^285
27,609
160
28,740
1,687,440
656,860
11,062,680
240
8.826,740
48.600
7,879,020
1,087,500
888,040
12,180
96,060
120
46,800
288,440
6,466,480
420
206,640
12.840
IS,160
6,914,440
5,770,440
17,446,760
38,756,180
124,740
6,195,040
79,400
12,628,120
4,061,800
1,026,440
67,680
1.914,160
46,820
6,526,900
284,040
10,146,680
6,720
787,140
25,640
8,805,600
78,666,700
56,214,000
71,887,800
88,128,400
111,795,100
The following table shows the distribution of the production of
gold and silver in the United States in 1902, by producing States and
Territories:
Approximate distribution of the production of gold and silver in the United States for the
calendar year 190i, by producing States and Territories.
[As estimated by the Director of the Mint]
Gold.
SUver.
Total value
(sUverat
commercial
value).
state or Territory.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Coining
value.
Commercial
value.
AiahnmA
Fine ounces.
119
406,780
198,933
812,819
1,877,176
4,730
71,862
121
«2,600
8,846,800
4,112,800
16,792,100
28,468,700
97,800
1,475,000
2,500
Fine ounces,
100
92,000
8,048,100
900,800
16,676,000
400
6,854,800
$129
118,960
8,934,613
1,164,671
20,267,960
617
7,609,842
968
48,760
1,612,848
477,424
8,808,280
212
8,108,044
12,668
8,894,560
6,726,148
17,269,624
86,77(i,9e0
98,012
4,678,044
2.800
66,724
Aliij»lr|^
Arizona
California
Colorado
Georgia
Idaho
Maryland
Michigan
110,800
! 148,267
68,724
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GOLD AITD SILVEB.
165
AppTOximaie dutribution of tJie production of gold and tilver, etc. — Continaed.
[Ab estimated by the Director of the Mint]
State or Tenltoiy.
Gold.
Quantity. Value.
Buyer.
Quantity.
Coining
Talne.
Commercial
value.
Total yalue
(silver at
commercial
value).
Kefvada
New Mexico
Korth OaroUna .
Olegou .........
Sooth Ofciolfna .
aoatfa Dakota..
Fine ounces,
211,671
140.069
25,086
4,380
87,881
5,896
836,952
•4,878,600
2,895,800
581,100
90,700
1,816,700
121,900
6,965,400
l^ezas
Utah
Yiigiiila
Washington.
Wyoming....
178,886
148
18,166
1,879
8,594,600
8,100
272,200
88.800
Fine ounces.
18,243,800
8,746,200
457,200
20,900
98,800
800
840,200
12,800
446,200
10,881,700
5,900
619,000
6,000
117,128,297
4,843,572
691,127
27,022
120,630
888
489,855
15,903
576,905
14,004,622
7,628
800,828
6,464
17,019,214
1,965.486
242,316
11,077
49,449
159
180,306
6,519
236,486
6,740,801
3,127
828,070
2,660
111,892,814
4,880,786
778,416
101,777
1,866,1^
122,069
7,146,706
6.519
286,486
9,835,801
6,227
600,270
41,460
Total.
8,870,000
80,000,000
65,600,000
71,767,576
29,415,000
109,415,000
The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold
and silver in 1902 according to sources of production:
DuiribuHon of the production of gold and silver in the United ^atesfor the calendar year
1909 as to sources of production.
[As reported by mint officers and agents.]
State or Territory.
Ariaona ...
Cklifomia.
1
Geotfia
y^bc
Maryland
lOehJgan
Montana
SefwU
Sew Mexico....
XothCuoUna.
Oregon
ioitli Carolina.
Sootli Dakota..
TeBaeaee
tnm
rttb
rtiyfa fff
WmtingtoD
rfosdag
Total.
Gold.
Quartz.
Fine ounces.
117
124,156
199,140
612,569
1,348,046
4,180
88,500
94
191,229
144,211
12,297
8,727
77,086
7,257
345,716
192,167
181
16,116
8,816,717
Placer.
Fineounces,
25
276,554
2,100
205,478
81,444
1,036
84,547
87
21,626
757
6,812
808
11,798
27
8,000
2,188
697,964
SUver.
Quartz. Lead ores. Copper ores.
Fine ounces.
95
89,388
1,887,000
168,582
8,476,192
581
718,786
8
4,160,284
8,616,260
178,890
107,468
680
851,000
1
446,166
1,668,227
369,450
5,200
16,988,647
Fine ounces.
208,000
285,917
12,324,766
5,228,928
410,738
482,124
47,929
2,000
8,700,218
360,000
28,035,620
Fine ounces.
1,130,000
22,267
110,844
9,058,716
54,171
23,368
2,409,592
1,344
2,000
12,812,291
a Lead and copper ores.
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166
MIN£BAL BESOUBOES.
GOIiB AND SIIiVER IK 1903 BY IKDITTDUAIi STATES AND
TERRITORIES.
ALASKA.
By Alfred H. Brooks.
PBODUCTIOlf.
The wide fluctuations of the annual production of precious metals
in Alaska during the last five years, as shown in the accompanying
table, demand explanation. From 1898 to 1900 there was an increase
in value of over five and a half million dollars, followed by a falling
off in the succeeding year of nearly one and a half millions, which was
more than regained in 1902. The output of 1903 shows a still further
increase of some $300,000. These facts are presented in greater detail
in the following table:
Production of gold and silver in Alaska, 1898-190S,
[As estimated by the Director of the ftint.]
Year.
Quantity. Value.
18d9
1900
1901
1902
1903
Gold.
Fine
ounca.
122,187
264, 1(M
396,271
883,096
403,730
416,738
Quantity.
$2,624,800
6,469,600
8,171,000
6,886,700
8,846,800
8,614,700
Silver.
Fine
ounces.
92,400
140.100
73,300
47,900
92,000
143,600
Coining
value.
1119,467
181,140
94,772
61,981
118,960
186,665
Commer^
cial
value.
$64,616
84,060
46,446
28,740
48,760
77,644
Total value
(silver at
commercial
%'alue).
$2,679,316
6,643,560
8,216,446
6,914,440
8,394,660
8,692,244
The production of the quartz mines during this period has not varied
from year to year over 20 per cent, and the value of their silver output
is so small that it can be disregarded. The fluctuatioh of the total
production is, therefore, a reflection of the status of the placer-mining
industry. Moreover, as nearly five-sixths of the gold derived from
placers comes from the Seward Peninsula, it is patent that the produc-
tion of this district is the governing factor in the entire output.
The rapid exploitation of the rich placers at Nome, in 1899 and 1900,
especially the easily mined auriferous beach gravels, brought up the
total values with a bound, but this was, unfortunately, followed by a
reaction; for two favorable seasons sufliced to almost exhaust the
beach placers, and to make serious inroads on some of the bonanzas of
the shallower creek deposits. This fact, combined with a rich harvest
of legal complications which had arisen at Nome, together with a very
short and unfavorable season, led to a discouraging falling oflP of the
placers in 1901. Meanwhile, however, the more enterprising opera-
tors had recognized the necessity of improving the mining methods,
and consequently the building of ditches and the introduction of
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GOLD AND SILVER. 167
hydraulic methods had by 1902 gone far enough to bring the produc-
tion up over the eight million dollar mark again. The same general
conditions existed through 1903. Though^ many extensive plants are
being installed and 100 miles or more of ditches are being constructed
in the peninsula, but few of these are in operation.
The development of the bed-rock mines is relatively slow, and much
the larger part of the lode gold still comes from the famous Tread-
well group. In the Juneau district* much activity was displayed in
lode mining during 1903, and some large properties changed hands.
A few small gold mines were in operation in the Ketchikan district
and other properties were prospected, but it was on the copper deposits
of this region, rather than on the auriferous veins, that the attention of
the mining public was centered. Gold-bearing quartz veins have been
found in other parts of Alaska, but few of these have been developed
so far as to reach a productive stage. Perhaps the most significant
feature of lode mining in 1903 was the establishment as a commercial
success of the Big Hurrah quartz mine on the Seward Peninsula.
This little property, with its ten stamps, represents the only effort
at quartz mining in all northern Alaska.
The production of the Seward Peninsula placers is estimated to be
about $5,000,000, of which probably three-fifths was taken from the
Nome district, one-fifth from Ophir Creek, and the balance from three
or four less important camps. Outside of the general activity in ditch
construction and the installment of machinery, a very interesting inci-
dent of the year was the discovery of considerable gold-bearing gravel
in the northeastern^ part of the peninsula, in the valley of the Inma-
chuk River.
The Yukon region, including Fortymile, Birch Creek, Rampart,
Koyukuk, and the recently discovered Fairbanks district, had an
aggregate output for its placers of probably $1,000,000. Most of the
camps of this region are so isolated as to make the cost of mining a
very large percentage of the production. In only a few instances
have extensive mining plants been installed in this field, and most of
the gold is taken out in small quantities by more or less primitive
methods. The newly dbcovered Fairbanks^ district comprises a
dozen creeks tributary to the Lower Tanana, from which they are
only 15 to 20 miles distant. The auriferous gravels appear to occur
in considerable thickness, and the values though not high are fa^irly
uniformly distributed.
■Brookii, Alfred H.. Placer mining In Alaaka In 1908: Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 225, 1904, pp.
«^
*Spen«*r, Arthur C, The Juneau gold belt: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 226, 1904, pp. 28-42.
'XoAt, F. H., The Kotzebue gold placer field of the Seward Peninsula: Bull. U. S. Oeol. Survey
5a».l90t,pp.74-W.
'Priodle. L. U^ Gold placers of the Fairbanks district: Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 225, 1904,
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168 MINEBAL BESOUBGES.
In the Cook Inlet region steady progress is being made in the instal-
lation of hydraulic plants. The Christochina district, lying in the
CJopper River Basin, in spite of its isolated position, is being developed,
but only in a small way. With the settlement of the boundary dis-
pute, the Porcupine^ district promises to take a new lease of life.
The aggregate output of these three camps is probably less than half
a million. The discovery of gold placers in the Kobuk Valley made
in 1903, though yet of no importance from the standpoint of produc-
tion, indicates a wider distribution of the gold-bearing areas than had
pi-eviously been supposed.
ARIZONA.
By V. C. Heikes.
The Territory of Arizona has during the year past held its own in
the output of precious metals, and, in fact, shows a slight increase
over the preceding year. When the Tombstone mines are unwatered
and fully reopened there will be a notable increase and a probability
of some return to the production which made Tombstone famous about
twenty years ago. The increase will undoubtedly be in gold as well
as in silver, as records show the ores produced higher values in gold
at the water level, and assays taken lower down showed a considerable
increase in the amount of yellow metal to the ton of ore. The tables
appended to this chapter are those obtained from returns by producers
to the Director of the United States Geological Surve}'^ in answer to
interrogatories. According to these returns the yield of the Territory
in precious metals for 1902 and 1903 was as follows:
Production of gold and nilver in the Territory of Arizona in 190^ and 190S.
' 1902. I 1903.
I Quantity.
Value. Quantity.
Fine ounces, \ Fine ounces.
Gold 131,453 I 82,717,133 | 132,067
.Silver 1,610,564' JM0,070 2,109,456
Value,
$2,729,824
1,126,661
(iold increase •. $12, 691
Silver ineretu'^e 286,591
Average commercial value of silver in 1902, $0.5216 per ounce; in
1903, $0.5341 per ounce.
«i Wright. ('. W., The I'oreiii.iiie pliicer district. Alawka: Bull. V. S. <ieol. Sun'ey No. 236, 1904.
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GOLD AKD SILVER.
169
The following table shows the distribation of the total gold produc-
tion of the Territory of Arizona, by counties, in 1902 and 1903:
Prodtu^um of gold in Arizona in 190f and 190S, by counties.
Goonty.
1902.
Quantity. Value.
1908.
Quantity. | Value.
CocblK _
Coconino, Gila, and Maricopa
Graham
Moh»Te
Pimm
Pinal
SnntaCnu
Yavapai
Yuma
Total
Fine ounces.
20,146
887
1,291
2,526
471
160
18
81,931
24,023
$416,418
18,334
26,685
52,212
9,736
3,307
872
1,693,514
496,555
Fine ounces.
18,283
130
443
15,859
473
238
540
77,843
18,258
a $377, 910
62,687
a 9, 167
^327,806
b9,777
64,919
611,162
n 1,609,014
"377,392
131,453
2,717,133
132,067 2,729,824
a Decrease.
6 Increase.
The following table gives the production of gold derived from the
different kinds of ore treated:
Production of gold in Arizona in 190£ and 190S, by kinds of ore.
Milling ores.
Smelting ores.
Total.
Year.
Placer.
Siliceous
ores.
Orescya-
nlded.
Lead
ores.
Copper
ores.
Fine
ounces.
Value.
1902
Fine
ounce*.
497
568
Fine
ouncea.
22,088
22,404
Fine
ounces.
74,316
79,639
Fine
ounces.
8,702
3,600
Fint
ounces.
25,905
131 . 4.'« '
82,717.133
1903
25,856 132.0fi7
2,729,824
HCMHABT OF GOLD PBODUCED FBOM DIFFEBENT SOrUtES.
Placer hidlton. — The production remains small, Pima County having
the largest output, which came mainly from the Greaterville placers,
with small amounts from the Horse Shoe Basin in the Quijotoa dis-
trict. The placers are worked by the Mexicans and Papaj^o Indians
during the season of rains affording water for washing operations.
The gold is sold to storekeepers, who report yearly the output.
(jold ill siliceous ores, — The output of gold is largely from the
siliceous ores, and it is found free in quartz and in combination with
various ores having small percentages of sulphides. The most notii-
ble increase in gold from siliceous ores is found in Mohave County.
The decrease in Yuma County was due to the idleness during part of
the year of one of the largest gold properties.
Gold ores cyanided. — Yuma, Yavapai, and Mohave counties produce
the largest amount of cyanides, which are made mainly from ores
directly treated by the cyanide process. The mills of st'venil ljir<^^e
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170
MINERAL RESOUBCES.
properties have found the cyanide process advantageous in the treat-
ment of tailings.
Gold in lead ores, — The largest production of gold from this class of
ore has been reported in Yavapai County. The decrease is probably
due to the values of gold increasing in the ores carrying copper.
Gold in copper ores. — Yavapai County is credited "with the largest
output of gold from copper ores. Cochise County is next in impor-
tance, and on account of increased smelter facilities in the new town of
Douglas, it showed a notable increase over 1902. The other important
copper districts report very little gold associated with copper ores.
The following table shows the output of silver in the Territory of
Arizona for the years 1902 and 1903, by counties, comparing the two
years:
Production of silver in Arizona in 1909 and 190S^ by counties.
County.
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
rnP.hiHA ,
Fine ounces.
887,367
4,242
26,048
90,494
2,440
18,490
98,060
466,874
16,549
M62,851
2,212
18,587
47,202
1,278
9,644
51,148
243,521
8,632
Fine ounces.
1,406,815
5,265
13,644
54,169
2,450
8,461
4,080
602,087
17,985
1751, lis
Coconino, Gila, and Maricopa
2,812
7,287
Mohave
28,931
Pimft
1,809
Pinal
1,849
Santa Cruz
2,179
Yavapai
321,575
Yumft
9,606
Total
1,610,564
0840,070
2,109,456
M, 126, 661
a Commercial value, 10.5216.
2> Commercial value, 10.5341.
The production of silver in Arizona in 1902 and 1903, by sources, is
as follows:
Production of silver in Arizona in 190$ and 190S, by kinds of ore.
Milling ores.
Smelting ores.
Total.
Year.
Placer.
Siliceous
ores.
Orescya-
nided.
Lead
ores.
Copper
ores.
Fine
ounces.
Value.
1902
Fine
ounces.
Fine
ounces.
723.025
1,068,317
Fine
ounces.
68,562
50,158
Fine
ounces.
177,158
84,757
Fine
ounces.
641,819
906,204
1,610,564
2,109,456
1840,070
1903
20
1.126,661
SUMMABT OF 8ILTEB PRODUCED FBOM DIFFEREUT SOURCES.
Placer hdlion, — Only 20 ounces of silver was reported from all
sources.
Silver in siliceous ores. — The largest output of silver in this class of
ore is credited to Cochise County, which had a greatly increased pro-
duction over 1902. Reports from Yavapai and Mohave counties also
show an increase.
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GOLD AND SILVER. 171
SUver in ores cycmided, — Yavapai County reports show that the
largest amount of silver is won from ores and tailings treated by
cyanide. Mohave and Yuma counties follow in order of production.
Siher in lead ores. — The lead-bearing ores of Yavapai CJounty give
up the most silver, with Cochise next, both being credited with an
increase over 1902. Yuma County is placed third in the list of silver
producers from lead ores. Mohave County shows a potable decrease
in production, as do also Pima and Santa Cruz, as compared with the
output in 1902.
Silver in copper ores. — Yavapai Coupty has to its credit an increased
number of ounces of silver won from copper-bearing ores, the figures
showing an increase over 1902. Cochise County is second, and fully
doubles its output. The next in importance in the production of
silver from copper ores is Graham County.
■IKES CHABACTEBIZBD BT THEIB MAIN PBODUCT.
According to a tabulated list consisting of 183 mines known as pro-
ducing properties in distinction to mere prospects, only 117 were
actual producers in 1903. All the mines that have been idle for
several years were excluded from this list. As characterised by their
main product, these mines may be specified as follows: 38 copper, 7
lead, 55 gold, and ] 7 silver.
The mining of copper ore is the main industry in the several follow-
ing counties: Graham, credited with 10 properties; Gila, 8; Yavapai,
7; Cochise, 5; Coconino, 2; Pima, 2; Pinal, 2; Santa Cruz, 1; Yuma,
1. The total quantity of copper reported from these counties is
137,526,891 pounds.
Mining for silver is practically at a standstill; hence it is that so few
lead mines were heard from.
Only 1,390,550 pounds of lead were reported, distributed accord-
mg to productive mines, by counties, as follows: Cochise, 2 mines;
Mohave, 2; Yuma, 2; Santa Cruz, 1.
Gold is reported, by counties and mines, as follows: Yavapai County,
24 mines; Mohave, 9; Cochise, 7; Pima, 4; Pinal, 4; Yuma, 4; Santa
Cruz, 2; Maricopa, 1.
The value of the gold and silver output in Arizona for 1903, as
reported by the United States Mint and by the United States Geolog-
ical Survey, differs considerably as to gold and to some extent as to
silver. The cause of this discrepancy may be due to the shipping of
gold in the form of placer dust, amalgam, or bullion in bars, from the
State of Sonora, Mexico, into the Territory. Such gold would be
disposed of to the banks and eventually be shipped to the mint at
Denver, Colo., or to San Francisco, Cal., by express. It is possible
that this bullion is credited to the output of Arizona.
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172 MIKEBAL BES0UB0E8.
CALIFORNIA.
By Chas. G. Yale.
PBODUCnOlf.
Returns received by the United States Geological Survey show
California to have produced in the calendar year 1903 gold .to the
value of $16,300,653; silver (commercial value), $498,412; copper,
$2,533,355; lead, $7,074, and platinum, $952, a total of $19,340,446.
In ''Mineral Resources of the United States for 1902" the chapter
on the "Production of gold and silver" was prepared by Mr. George E.
Roberts, Director of the Mint. For that year he credited California
with a gold production of $16,792,100, and with a silver production
(commercial value) of $477,424. Comparing those figures with the
returns for 1903, the State shows a decrease in gold product of
$491,447, and an increase in silver product of $20,988, making a total
decrease of $470,459. This loss in annual product may be attributed
chiefly to labor strikes at various large producing gold mines and
copper mines producing gold, which caused the enforced idleness of
such mines for periods of from one to three months. These troubles
were not confined to any one section, but occurred in the Mother Lode
counties where many of the largest producers are situated, in Kern
County to the south of San Francisco, and in Shasta County to the
north. The mines ultimately resumed operations, though several
have had to employ nonunion men and are not working the same force
as formerly, work being thus more or less hampered.
Conditions vary but slightly from year to year in California mining,
much depending, however, on the winter rain and snowfall as to results
of water supply for the following summer. This affects not only the
gravel mines, but the quartz properties as well, the latter using the
water for power, either direct or transformed to electricity. The
winter of 1903-4 was an exceptionally favorable one as compared with
three or four preceding ones, there having been abundance of rain and
snow, giving plenty of flow in the streams in the spring. The result
of this abundant water supply has more effect on the returns of bullion
to come for 1904, however, than on the 1903 returns. The rainfall of
the winter of 1902-3 was scant, and most of the gravel miners working
their claims in the summer of 1903 had a very short water season in
consequence; and in the fall of 1908, before the winter rains set in, a
number of the larger quartz mills were compelled to ''hang up" all or
part of their stamps for a time, owing to lack of water for power.
These features, in addition to the labor troubles referred to, readily
account for the reduction in bullion in 1903.
The most noteworthy feature in connection with the gold production
in California is the marked and rapid advance of the gold-dredging
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB. 173
\iA\istTy. In fact, the increase of gold from this source did much to
make up for the deficiency in other classes of mines in 1903. The
total returns from the dredgers operated in 1903 were $1,475,749, as
compared with $867,665, an increase of $608,074. This result was
obtained from 25 machines operating at Oroville, Butte County, 3 in
Sacramento County, 1 in Siskiyou, 1 in Trinity, and 1 in Yuba. Of
the total for 1903 the sum of $1,329,998 came from Butte County, the
center of the dredging industry. The number of dredges in the first
part of 1904 at Oroville was 27, and in the sunmier of that year 2
of the largest dredges in the State were installed between Marysville
and Smartsville, on the Yuba River. Others have been built in Cala-
veras, Shasta, and Trinity counties, and more are bein^ constructed
at different points. Ground suitable for dredging purposes is being
prospected in many counties of the State, and is in great demand at
prices ranging from $500 to $3,000 per acre, according to prospective
value.
For the first time in the history of the State the output of the dredg-
ers has exceeded that of the hydraulic or the drift mines. This fact
alone shows the rapid advance of this branch of gold mining. The
hydraulic mines produced in 1903 the sum of $872,812, and the drift
mines $905,679. The dredge output exceeded each of these and came
within about $300,000 of equaling the product of hydraulic and drift
mines combined.
The principal section of hydraulic mining has changed of late years,
and is now in Trinity and Siskiyou counties, though Nevada County
shows a yield from this source of $124,439. Trinity produced $233,093
and Siskiyou $173,337 from hydraulic mines. Placer County leads all
others in drift mining, its output having been $331,002 from this
source. Sacramento County comes next with an output of $213,867.
Sierra, Butte, and Plumas counties have been eclipsed in this respect
by Sacramento, where little or no drift mining was carried on until
recent years. The operations in the Blue Ravine section above Fol-
aom have brought about this result. The largest drift mining opera-
tions, however, are still carried o"h in Placer County.
The quartz mines, however, continue to be the main source of the
California gold supply, the sum of $12,247,892 out of $16,300,653
having come from quartz in 1903. This shows that fully 75 per cent
of the California gold comes from the quartz properties, the other 25
per cent being from hydraulic, drift, and surface placer mines. The
largest amount of quartz came in 1903 from Nevada County, followed
in relative rank by the counties of Tuolumne, Calaveras, Amador, and
Kern, all of which show a yield in excess of a million dollars, Nevada
County alone producing over two millions. Among these counties,
Amador, Calaveras, and Tuolumne are mother lode counties; Nevada
fod Kern are not. Considering total output of gold from all classes
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174
MINERAL RB80ITB0ES.
of mining in 1908, the rank of the counties showing over a million
dollars each is as follows: Nevada, Tuolumne, Calaveras. Butte,
Amador, Kern. Of these, three are mother lode counties and three
are not.
The quartz-mining industry has been fairly prosperous during 1903,
but, as already stated, has been more or less hampered by labor
troubles. There has been increased development in both new and old
mines, and a number of old mines have been reopened and suitably
equipped. Some mines developed in previous years have had machin-
ery installed and have become producers. There is a constantly
increasing tendency to enlarge the capacity of the stamp mills at the
older mines, and new mills now erected are given more stamps origi-
nally than was formerly the practice. This is due to the possibility
of working lower grade ore than in the past and to the recognition of
the fact that such mines can be worked at a profit with extensive
reduction facilities, while small mills do not bring satisfactory results.
Some of the mines are yielding well at a depth of 2,500 feet, and
shafts are being sunk to 2,800 feet. The experience of the few mines
working at such depths has given greater confidence to those persons
with smaller mines, as the ore bodies have held out well, and in some
instances richer bodies have been discovered. Numbers of ''pros-
pects" are found each year and in due time become more or less
developed; but, as in all mining regions, the great difficulty with the
prospector is to turn these prospects into mines without the assistance
of capital. The capitalists desirous of investing, want ''going" mines,
and prospects, until pretty well developed by their owners, are not in
demand.
The following table shows the source of California gold, by counties.
It is possible that values in the column headed " Surface placer," which
includes ordinary placers, ground sluice mining, riverbed and bar min-
ing, ocean beach mining, etc., may be too high, as in some of the
answers to inquiry the miners fail to make the distinction between
surface and placer or deep, drift, or hydraulic mining, answering
simply "placer." Some of the gold attributed to this source should
probably be credited to the drift or hydraulic mining colunms.
Sources of California gold, by counties, 190S,
•
County.
Gold from
quartz.
Hydraulic
mines.
Drift
mines.
Dredging.
Surface
placer.
Total gold.
Alpine
«2,726
1,869,367
66,614
1,808,065
$2,726
1,884,506
1,541,921
Amador
$1,800
38,176
48,804
6,633
12,849
1,800
37,839
$1,060
64,064
26,927
$1,329,998
$12,791
48,060
20,219
4,250
48,496
3,140
3,850
Butte
Calaveras
1,896,506
10,888
Del Norte
Eldorado
288,865
17,809
14,106
364,316
22,749
41,6Si
Fresno
Humboldt
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GOLD JlTSJ> 8ILVEB.
175
Source of Califorma gold, by counties, 190S — Continued.
County.
Gold from
quartz.
Hydraulic
mines.
Drift
mines.
Dredging.
Surface
placer.
Total gold.
In JO..
Los Angles
Msden
Mariposa
Mono
Monterey
Nerida
Onmge
Placer
PlDmas
Riverside
SacruDento
aui Bernardino..
6an Diego
San Lois Obispo .
$101,104
1,041,5U
93,699
8,965
96,048
666,803
376,655
1,699
2,062.148
16,750
2,200
$124,439
122,570
128,080
137,154
12,653
67,185
48,944
831,002
29,532
800
218,867
$102,097
378,294
859,656
Siena
Siildjoa...
Trinity....
Takre
Tnolnmne.
Ventma . . .
Ynha
712,888
188,028
832,754
290,172
7,215
1,898,808
87
2,696
1,143
51,805
178,337
233.093
300
80,329
11,328
8,400
7,318
10,600
5,000
4,068
1,500
2,900
9,720
39,876
150
170,441
58,549
15,000
8,880
18,600
1,084
14,518
42,751
112,873
76,746
25,966
2,606
25,736
Total.
12,247,892
872,812
906,679
1,476,749
4,189
71,079
$101, 104
1,048,261
93,599
6,165
66,048
567,038
379,555
11,419
2,349,033
150
691,708
274,179
12,953
330,964
387,174
878,156
1,084
728,299
307,913
637,610
614,011
7,215
1,911,550
87
128,081
798,521
16,300,658
The returns from California received by the survey were from 512
producing quartz mines and 648 placer mines, including surface placers,
hydraulic, and drift, or 1,160 producing mines in all. In addition
returns were received from 1,098 quartz and 328 placer mines which
were in course of development but were not productive. These active
but nonproductive mines are therefore shown to number 1,426; and
there are also many additional mines which are idle or on which assess-
ment work only is done.
The following table shows the production of gold, silver, copper,
lead, and platinum in California in 1903, by counties, as per i-eturns
received by the United States Geological Survey:
iVoducfion of gold, silver, copper, lead, and platinum in California in 190S, by counties.
County.
Gold.
Placer. Qoarts.
SilTer.q
«~«»j£S?.
Copper.
Lead.
Plat-
inmn.
Total.
Value.
Inline.
Calavcru.
MSorte.
$16,151
tl, 475, 807
96,460
10,888
Value.
$2,726
1,800,357
66,614
1,806,066
Value,
$4
269
10
Value.
$52
6,892
2,467
73,949
Pounds. Value.
Pounds. Value Value.
15,000 $1,660
2,448,182
821,882
$210
Value.
$2,778
1,391,564
1,544,867
2,294,346
10,888
a Commercial t alue.
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176 MIKEBAL BB8OUB0E8.
Production of gold^ silver^ coppfr, lead, and platinum, etc, — Continued.
Gold.
SUver.a
Plat^
inum.
County.
Placer.
Quartz.
Placer.
Deep
mine.
Copper.
Lead.
Total.
KldoTado
Value.
$75,451
4,940
41,689
Value.
$288,865
17,809
Value.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Valw.
Vabie.
9364, 816
$111
22,860
Humboldt ....
$362
42,051
Inyo
101,104
1,041,511
98,599
8,965
66,048
565,808
876,666
1,699
2,062,148
23,850
117,660
1,807
18,860
4,800
$2,600
569
161.188
$6,830
! 184,2M
Kcm
6,750
1
1, 166,47*
94,906
6,165
70,742
675,677
Lasssu
Los Angeles...
Madera
2,200
$21
14
8,859
23,710
16
5,675
86,000
39,645
9,810
4,680
4,780
1,800
Mariposa
Mono
1,735
2,900
9,720
286,886
160
668,628
137,026
800
380,964
8,880
18,500
1,084
15,961
174,885
804,856
4,720
200
404.765
Monterey
Nevada
11,4S4
2,3&1,62»
Orange
Placer
160
128,080
137,164
12,668
76
760
865
4,000
1,900
520
247
280
603,344
pi^ifpmi
274,781
Riverside
12.968
RA.pra.Tn An trt
171
1
831,135
San Bernar-
dino
San Diego
San Luis Obis-
no
878,294
869,656
18,421
1,462
60,400
7,852
802 34
406,481
579,618
1,084
Shasta
712,888
188,028
882.764
38
214,028
271
949
16,458,409
200
2,171,497
28
3,113,824
Sierra
808,212
Siskiyou
Stanislaus
688,507
122,000
15,860
16,860
Trinity
Tulare .
328,839
290,172
7,216
1,898,808
87
2,695
41
184
lOO
614,336
7,215
TnoluniTie .
13,242
8,861
286
.......
1,919,921
Ventura
87
I'uba
125,386
41
\ 128,122
Total....
4,062,761
12,247,892
661
497,751
19,218,696
2,638,355
166,946
7,074
96a
19,840,446
Grand to-
tal
16,800,653
498,412
2,588,866
7,074
96fi
19,340,446
a Commercial value.
COLORADO.
CRIPPLE CBEKK.
During 1903 the production of Cripple Creek suffered a considerable
reduction, due to several causes. One of the most serious was a strike
which interfered greatly with the work from August to the end of the
year. Another was found in the drainage. Many mines were unable
to sink their shafts deeper until relieved by drainage tunnels from the
heavy influx of water. Finally, the payshoots in some mines undoubt-
edly showed a tendency to contract.
The El PasQ drainage tunnel, which was intended to unwater the
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB. 177
westeni half of the district to an elevation above sea level of 8,800 feet,
was completed in the last months of 1903, and this great enterprise
will be rewarded by an increased production in 1904. Two of the
important producers in the district, the Elkton and the Mary McKinney ,
have already been enabled to continue operations to the level of the
tunnel. The Portland mine, which is the largest property in the dis-
trict, produced 90,000 tons of ore having a gross value of $2,609,000;
dividends of $360,000 were declared during the year; extensive
development continued and opened a large amount of ore reserves.
Stratton's Independence continued its large production, and its divi-
dends amounted to $260,000 during the year. Other important dividend
payers were the Strong, the Grolden Cj^cle, and the Vindicator mines.
Valuable ore bodies were developed in the El Paso, the C. K. & N.,
and many other mines, the working of which will swell the production
of 1904. The extensive holdings of Stratton's estate were practically
idle during the last half of the year. Dividends of less than $100,000
were declared by the Mary McKinney, the El Paso, the Last Dollar,
the C. K. & N., the United Gold Mines, the Practical, the Acacia, the
Free Coinage, and the Modoc mines. Several beginnings were made
to utilize the low-grade oxidized ores of the camp. A cyanide mill
was built on the Fluorine at Copper Mountain by the Sioux Falls
Company, and another by the Homestake Company on Ironclad Hill,
and both were ready to begin operations at the close of 1903. The
capacity of these mills is only 200 tons per day, but if successful they
will be enlarged. The profits of mining and milling these ores are
expected not to exceed $5 per ton; the telluride ores, on the other
hand, can hardly be utilized unless they run at least $12 per ton.
In June, 1903, the resurvey of the Cripple Creek district was begun
by the United States Geologicftl Survey, with Messrs. W. Lindgren
and F. L. Ransome in charge. This examination was undertaken
jointly by the Survey and the State of Colorado, citizens of Cripple
Creek, Colorado Springs, and Denver having contributed to the
State's share of the expense. The resurvey was completed in April,
1904, and the results will be published in an extensive monograph.
A preliminary report of the principal results obtained will be pub-
lished in a bulletin to be issued by the Survey in the last months of
1904.
IDAHO.
By V. C. Hbikbb.
pBoovenoif.
The precious-metal industry of Idaho during 1903 shows a con-
siderably increased yield in sulver, by reason of the extended mining
operations in the Coeur d'Alene region, and a decrease in the yield of
gold. This decrease has been due in great measure to the reduced
M R 1903 12
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178
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
number of miners at many of the smaller placers, where operations in
the primitive manner heretofore oondaeted are no longer found suffi-
ciently remunerative. Nevertheless, the quantity of gold taken from
the placers has not suffered any material reduction and represents a
large percentage of the precious-metal value of the State. The work
already begun with improved dredging machinery and hydraulic
power will no doubt greatiy increase the future gold production.
For each of the last two years the water season has been very short.
Throughout this chapter silver is given in figures of commercial
value or amount obtained for it by producers when sold.
The following table shows the production of silver and gold for
1902 and 1908:
Production of gold and mlver in Idaho in'190£ and 190S.
1W2.
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Gold
Flneonnces.
72,182
6,188,025
•1,492,002
a3, 225,066
Fineoufuses.
65,850
7,398,970
11,861,119
Silver
6 3,951,790
a Silver at 10.5216, average commercial value.
b Silver at 90.5341, average commercial value.
From this table it appears that the decrease in the gold production
in 1903 as compared with 1902 was $130,883, and that the increase in
the silver production in the same period was $726,724.
The following table shows the output of gold in Idaho for the years
1902 and 1903 by counties:
ProducHan of gold in Idaho in 190^ and, 1903, by counties.
County.
Ada, Bingham, Canyon, Elmore, and Fremont .
Blaine
Boise
Cassia
Custer
Idaho
Kootenai
Latah, Kez Perces, Oneida, and Washington
Lemhi
Lincoln
Owyhee
Shoshone
Undistributed
Total .
1902.
Quantity. Value.
Fineouwxs.
4,047
516
12,750
2,244
8,342
9,746
863
■ 722
6,419
386
25,930
5,717
72,182
$83,651
10.666
263, &i3
46,383
69,079
201,450
7,603
14,924
132,681
7,979
535,973
118, 170
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Fine ounces.
1,656
50
7,533
233
5,949
12,777
624
3,267
8,819
79
19,665
2,880
2,419
1.492,002 I
132,142
1,033
155,707
4,816
122,965
264,101
12,898
67,529
182,289
1,633
406,476
o9,590
50.001
66,850 1,. 361, 119
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GOLD AND SILVER.
179
The table following gives the quantities of gold derived from differ-
ent sources in 1902 and 1903:
Jhroduction of gold in Idaho in 190S and 190S, by sources.
Milling oresL
Smelting ores.
Year.
Placer.
Siliceous
ores.
Ores cya-
nided.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.
Total.
1902
FIneounca,
17,694
18,827
Fine ounces,
80,268
21,425
Ffneounces.
28,916
24,633
Ftne ounces.
60
39
Fine ounces.
264
1,426
Fine ounces.
72,182
65,860
Value.
91,492,002
1,361,119
19(B
SOMSAIIT OF eOLD PBODVCEB IN IIUHO IN 190S FROM DIFFBEBNT S0DB0B8.
Gold in placer hvlUon. — Lemhi, Idaho, and Custer counties in the
order named were the largest producers of placer gold in 1903. Sho-
shone County, usually one of the largest producers of placer gold, has
during the last year shown a marked decline in the yield of this metal.
Gold in i^iliceoua ores. — Idaho County, owing to its increased pro-
duction of gold-carrying siliceous ores, greatly exceeds all other
counties in the gold output.
Gold in ores cyanided. — Owyhee County stands first in its produc-
tion of gold from ores treated by the cyanide method, with Custer
and Washington counties not far behind.
Gdd iih lead ores. — Very little gold is obtained from the lead ores
of Idaho.
Gold in copper ores. — Custer County is the only one whose copper
ores carry a fair amount of gold.
The following table shows the output of silver in Idaho for the
years 1902 and 1903 by counties:
Prod^tclion of silver in Idaho in 190£ and 1903^ bycounties.
County.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
A4*, Elmore, Fremont, Nez Pcrccs, Oneida,
and WanhinKton
Fine ounces,
4,2&9
200,900
19,660
76
282,146
8,618
16,284
2,902
696,442
6,001,881
12,222
104,789
10,260
39
121,087
4,443
8,468
1,614
863,264
2,608,981
Fine ounces,
60,951
834,393
8,482
• 4
130,660
6,026
14,448
10,434
762,601
6,071,118
$32,554
178,599
4,504
2
K«ine...
Bo4w
<i«ia
^ner
69,732
3,218
7,717
14«b<> .
Kuitcnai
LwBhi
6,578
407,307
ir«th^
S*****nnc ,
3,242,584
T.»UI
6,183.025
3,225,066
7,398,970
3,951,790
Digitized by V^OOQIC
180
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
The following table shows in detail the sources of silver in Idaho
during 1902 and 1903:
Production of silver in Idaho in 190^ and 190S, by sources.
Milling ores.
Smelting ores.
Year.
Placer.
Siliceous
ores.
Ores
cyanided.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.
Total.
1902
Fine
ounces.
2,688
6,058
Fine
ounces.
681,981
712,667
Fine
ounces.
95,905
157,960
Fine
ounces.
5,890,548
6,426,941
Fine
ounces.
11,903
95,854
Fine
ounces.
6,183,025
7,888,970
•8,225,086
8,961.790
190S
8UMHAET OF 8ILYEB PRODUCED IN IDAHO IN 190S FBOM DUTEBBNT SOUBCES.
Silver in placer hullion, — ^The gold from placer and surface mines
ranges from 630 to 950 fine. The silver production from this source
does not materially affect the total output.
Silver in silicemts ores, — Owyhee County yields largely from milling
ores, with Idaho County following.
Silver ores cyanided, — The yield in Custer County doubled in its
production of silver from cyanided ores. Owyhee County remained
the same as last year.
Silver in lead ores, — The Coeur d'Alene region of Shoshone County
is responsible for an increase of over 1,000,000 ounces in the silver
output compared with last year. Blaine County increased 100,000
ounces. Custer County decreased in its silver output.
Silver in copper ores. — The increased amount of copper ores mined
caused the silver output to be doubled in Washington, Custer, and
Kootenai counties.
MONTANA.
By A. N. WiNCHBLL.
PRODUCTION.
The most important development in precious metal mining in Mon-
tana during 1903 was the continued success and improvement in the
cyanide treatment of gold ores in central Fergus County, resulting in
still further increasing the gold production from that county, and, in
fact, placing it in the lead among the counties of the State as a pro-
ducer of the yellow metal. The Kendall, the Barnes-King, and the
Gold Reef properties were in successful operation throughout the
year.
Silver Bow County produces over 20 per cent of the annual gold
product of the Sta^ and more than three-fourths of the silver product
The generally prosperous condition of precious-metal mining in the
State is attested by the fact that in spite of two important interrup-
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GOLD AND SILVER, 181
tions to the mining' operations in that county the total gold production
of the State shows an increase, abd that the total silver production
suffered only a slight decrease as compared with that of the preceding
year.
The first of these interruptions, which lasted about two months,
affected all the properties of the Anaconda and the Washoe companies.
It was caused by the closing of the Washoe smelter at Anaconda to
permit of the completion and the connection of a new flue and stack
erected on the hill back of the smelter. The object of this new
arrangement is to render the fumes harmless by causing the injurious
elements to settle in the long flue on the mountain side, and by carry-
ing the lighter gases into the upper air currents.* The second inter-
ruption affected all the properties of the Amalgamated Copper Com-
pany, and lasted from October 22 to November 11, 1903. It was an
outgrowth of the mining litigation which has been carried on in Butte
for years.
During the year the Pittsburg and Montana Company very nearly
completed the building of a new smelter and concentrator at Butte,
intended to treat custom ores as well as the gold-silver-copper ores
from the mines of the company, which are located on the flat east of
Anaconda hill. The same company purchased and partly developed
some mines in Jefferson County, rich in iron pyrites, which it is planned
to use in the smelting of the other ores.
The matte furnace building at the Butte Reduction Works in Butte,
which was destroyed by fire, was immediately rebuilt in an improved
condition. Improvements, more or less extensive, were also made at
the concentrator of the United Copper Company at Basin, and at the
plant of the American Smelting and Refining Company at East Helena.
During a few months of the year the affairs of the Granite-Bimetal-
lic Company in Granite County were in the hands of a receiver, who
was discharged near the close of the year. The company has been
operating continuously since then.
NEVADA.
By Charles G. Yalb.
PBOOUCTION.
The returns received in answer to inquiries as to gold and silver
production in Nevada for 1903, show that the gold amounted to
$3,070,850, and the silver to $2,098,912 (conunercial value), a total of
$5,169,262. Compared with the figures of the previous year there is
shown an increase in gold of $175,050, and in silver of $113,426, a
total increase of $288,476. It is proper to state that the total figures
of the year's gold and silver production, as here given, are nearly
1060,000 leas than those given in the report of the Director of the
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182 MINERAL BE8OUB0ES.
United States Mint for the same period. Yet all the known pro-
ducers of the State have answered the inquiries made by the Survey,
and given the figures of prckluction.
In obtaining the exact facts, however, there are several diflSculties
to overcome. A large amount of leasing is done in Nevada, and it is
very hard to get at returns from these lessees. They only work dur-
ing certain months of the year and then leave for parts unknown; so
that letters sent them are returned ^' uncalled for." Many of the com-
panies owning mines worked by lessees return but small values of pro-
duction, amounting only to their royalties, and the sums obtained by
the lessees is unknown. Sometimes a company returns as answer
''no product," when its mine has been under lease to others, the com-
pany itself having done no work on its own account. Another great
hindrance in arriving at the true production of Nevada is the fact that
in a great many cases mines are either owned or controlled by Utah
and Colorado people, and the production is attributed by the smelters
to those States instead of to Nevada, where it originated. The small
individual owners or lessees in maR)*^ instances fail to make returns,
the aggregate of which would make a considerable addition to the
total. In view of these circumstances it is quite probable that the
actual amount of gold and silver produced in Nevada in 1903 was
somewhat higher than is indicated by the figures herein given. And
this, notwithstanding the fact that every effort was made to ascertain
the exact truth, many special letters having been written in addition
to the sending out of the usual circulars and cards.
About 600 mining operators responded to the inquiries of the Sur-
vey. Of these 145 were producers and 454 were doing development
or annual assessment work only, without any yield of bullion. Of the
producers 132 had quartz and 13 had placer mines. Of the assessment
or development claims 446 were quartz. The record of the respective
counties is as follows: Churchill, 14 quartz mines being developed,
with no producers; Douglas, 7 quartz and 2 placer mines, with 4 pro-
ducers; Elko, 11 producing quartz mines and 2 placers, with 18
quartz mines and 1 placer in development stage; Jlsmeralda, 16
producers and 40 nonproducers; Eureka, 14 producers and 17 non-
producers; Humboldt, 8 quartz and 2 placer-producing mines and
48 nonproducers; Lander, 5 producing mines and 16 nonproducers;
Lincoln, 12 ^producers and 48 mines in development stage; Lyon,
12 producers and 21 nonproducers; Nye, 9 producers and 79
nonproducers; Ormsby, 1 producer reported and 14 mines are being
developed; Storey, 17 productive mines and 25 nonproductive;
Washoe, 17 producers and 49 nonproducers; White Pine, 18 quaiiz
mines and 6 placers which are productive, and 50 quartz mines and 6
placers which are not.
The largest aggregate output shown by any one county is in the case
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GOLD AND SILVEB.
183
of Nye, where the Tonopab mines are Hituated. From this camp only
the highest grade or^ were shipped out for treatment, as there were
no reduction works of any kind at the place. Since the period of this
inquiry a railroad has been completed to the camp (July, 1904), so
that all ores may now be shipped and the yield will be very greatly
increased. The largest producer in the State, the Tonapah Mining
(Company, is in this county.
Lincoln County also shows a yield of considerably over a million
dollars. The Bamberger-Delamar mines at Delamar are in this county
as are also the Quartette and the Duplex mines at Searchlight. Ac-
cording to returns received, the^e two counties of Lincoln and Nye
are the only ones in the State showing a yield of over a million dol-
lars each^ and the figures for the latter amount to practically two
millions. The new and exceptionally rich camp of Goldfields, in
Esmeralda County, since very productive, was just commencing to
show some yield at the end of 1903. Quantities of very high grade
ore have si nee been shipped. The gross yield of the Comstock mines
is practically shown by the figures for Storey County — $453,785, of
which $329,656 was gold and the remainder was silver. Including the
yield of copper and lead as well as of gold and silver, the total
production of Nevada for 1903, as shown by returns received by the
Survey, amounted to $5,8^,927, as is set forth in the following
tables:
ProducHcm afprtdom nuials in Ntvoda in IdOS, by counliei.
Coonty.
Gold.
Placer. Deep.
Silver.
Copper.
Lead.
Total.
DOQgkfl....
Uko
EBDcralda. .
Aireka
Humboldt..
Under
Lineoh)
Lyon
iiye
Onwby
Storey
Waiboe
White Pine.
Vatme.
18.897
14,028
40,000
1,000
6.761
Total
Gnnd total.
66,186
VMiue,
$1,700
187,826
180,681
88,051
84,231
88,820
1,091, M5
380,979
646,163
8,000
829,656
46,882
118,690
Vaiue.
•2,000
82,848
174.630
52.609
6,562
130,786
101,602
63,166
1,804,872
6,000
124,182
21,494
78,727
ViJilue,
Vidue,
114,150
28,261
16,176
13.033
391
2.255
399
700
6,018
200
86,192
8,006,164
8,070,360
2,096,912
2,006,912
6,779
6,779
161,886
151,886
Value.
248,847
396,345
151,886
80,793
169,896
1,196.242
1295.144
1,956,543
14,000
463,788
66,826
290.570
5,327.927
5,327.927
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184
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Sources of Nevada goldy 190S, by counties.
Ck>uDty.
Gold from
quarU.
Hydmolic
mines.
^^ kouigoid.
Douglas
Elko
Esmeralda..
Eureka
Humboldt..
Lander
Lincoln —
Lyon
Nye
Ormsby
Storey
Washoe
White Pine.
Total.
11,700
187,826
189,681
88,061
84,231
88,820
1,091,595
280,979
646,158
8,000
829,656
45,882
118,690
•897
14,028
82,600
10,000
80,000
1,000
6,761
15.097
201,854
189, 6S1
88,051
74,251
88,320
1,091,595
231,979
646,153
8,000
829,656
45,832
125.451
8,005,164
24,925
40,261
8,070,850
OREGON.
By Chables G. Yale.
PBODLCTION.
According to the returns received from operators in Oregon, that
State produced $1,412,208 in gold and $62,241 (commercial value) in
silver in 1903. With the value of copper and platinum added, the
total yield was $1,477,516. When these figures are compared with
those for 1902 furnished the Survey by Director Roberts of the United
States Mint, the gold yield shows a decrease of $404,492 and the silver
an increase of $12,792, a total decrease of $391,700. The yield was
made by 302 producing mines, 72 quartz mines and 230 placer,
hydraulic, and surface mines. The quartz mines produced $941,188;
the hydraulic mines, $356,969; and the placers, $114,051. In addition
to these the returns show 477 quartz and 57 placer mines upon which
development or annual assessment work was done. The largest yield
was from Baker County, followed, in relative rank, by the counties of
Josephine, Grant, Jackson, Douglas, Lane, Malheur, Wheeler, Curry,
Coos, Lincoln, Crook, Wallowa, and Union.
The following table shows the number of producing quartz and placer
mines, and the number on which development or annual assessment
work was done in 1903, in the respective counties of Oregon, as reported
in the returns received by the survey:
Producing and nonjyrodudng mines in
Oregon in
190Sf by hinds and by counties.
County.
Producing mines.
Development or as-
sessment mines.
Quartz.
Placer.
Quartz.
Placer.
Baker
19
• l'
1
84
2
1
126
8
11
10
COOB
Crook :
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB.
Producing and norqtroducing mines in Oregon in 1903, etc — Continaed.
185
County.
ProdociDg mines.
Development or as*
sessment mines.
Quarts.
Placer.
Quarts.
Placer.
Cnny
2
7
12
10
28
8
12
40
60
5
66
70
5
8
DouflM
5
Qant
5
Harney
Jftckaon
12
11
8
56
78
8
Jofepbine
17
Une
Uncoln •
1
8
2
Malhenr
8
1
64
6
11
Unico
WaUovm
1
8
Wheeler
2
T^jtol..
72
280
477
57
This table shows that returns were received from more than 800
mines in Oregon, but practically three-fifths of these were nonpro-
dactiye, being* in the development stage only. The falling off in yield
is due to the lowered production in 1903 of some of the large pro-
ducers. The productive regions are in the Blue Mountain section in
eastern Oregfon, the mountainous section of the southwest, and more
or less in tl^e Cascades along their whole length in the State. The
most extensive developments have been in Baker, Wallowa, Grant,
tod Malheur counties, in eastern Oregon. Baker County is the center
of this section and the scene of the largest operations. It is the most
productive county in the State.
The sources of the gold in the counties of Oregon is shown in the
following statement:
Sources of Oregon gold, 1908, by counties.
County.
Gold in
quarts.
Hydranlic
mines.
Surface
placer.
Total gold.
Btkrr
|609»097
1,680
441
1,150
19,962
85,872
20,421
160,006
81,125
165,860
$17,099
6,830
600
9,118
5,798
4,035
19,470
40,179
1691,546
Coo*
8,410
Crook
1,041
Qmuj
4,894
16,566
12,906
88,068
141,948
14,657
Dot^lm
42,381
Gant...
102,818
JackBOQ ..
122,979
Jonphlne
842,183
Lttr
81,125
UoCOtB
8,000
1,800
8,000
Malbcw
12,000
14
15,927
29,227
rateQ
14
WaUova.
860
1.282
850
Wteder
16,800
18,062
Totel
•41,188
866,969
114,061
1,412,206
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186
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
ProdxuAion of gold, silver , coppery and platinum in Oregon in 190$^ by countiei.
County.
Gold.
Silver.
PlaU-
num.
Total.
Quartz.
Placer.
Quartz.
Placer.
Copper.
B&ker
Value.
1609,097
1,580
441
1,150
19,982
85,372
20.421
160,006
81,125
Value.
$82,449
6,830
600
13,507
22,349
16, Wl
102.568
182,127
Value.
$12,609
10
1,000
Value.
$11
Pounds.
Value.
Value.
Value.
|7(H,066
COOB
«640
9,080
Crook
2,041
Curry
480
8
15, W7
Doufrlaii
686
34,489
11
13,003
535
43,024
Qrant
4,000
$376
137.128
Jackson
2
32
122, «2
Josephine
14,S0O
1,663
856,731
Lan4^
31,660
Lincoln
8,000
17,227
8,000
Malheur
12,000
14
29,227
Union
4
IS
Wallowa
850
18,082
1 850
Wheeler
' 18.082
941,188
1,412,208
Total
471,020
62,196
62,241
45
18,000
1,989
1,939
1,128
1,128
1,477,516
Grand total . . .
1,477,516
NOTB.— The department of chemistry of the UniTcrslty of Oregon, at Eugene, has issued a bulletin
on the " Mineral Resources and Mineral Industry of Oregon for 190;Y' which contains full descrip-
tions of the various districts and mines, and to which those desiring details are referred*
SOUTH DAKOTA.
By E. P. Porter.
PRODUCTION.
During the year 1908 a vast amount of development work was accom-
plished in South Dakota, which, while increasing somewhat the pro-
duction of precious metals for that year, should mean a greatly increased
production for 1904. Several new reduction plants were completed,
aggregating a capacity of 1,200 tons, and work was begun and is in course
of construction on many other plants. There were more companies
formed in 1902 than in 1903, but many did not start active operations
until 190H. This is especially noticeable in the district around Elk
Creek, Rochford, and Keystone. In addition to the formation of new
companies, several of the larger companies have consolidated, which
will enable them to make a total production far greater than they
could have done if operating individually. Much systematic develop-
ment work has been done throughout the phonolite belt, west of Dead-
wood, and encouraging reports come from along Deadwood and False
Bottom gulches.
Successful treatment of low-grade ores by the cyanide process,
increased transportation facilities, and steadily increasing mill capacity
all tended to increase South Dakota production for 1908, and had it
not been for the closing down of the Golden Reward smelter and a
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GOLD AND SILVEB, 187
^ing off in three of South Dakota's steady producers, the increase
irould certainly have occurred. The good results obtained in pros-
pecting the free-milling ore veins of the Homestake system by local
and Colorado companies have given an impetus to the development
outside of the phonolite ore districts, and the year 1903 witnessed
the transformation of many prospects into gold producers. No less
than 10 companies are operating in the phonolite belt west of Dead-
wood, and several veins are being developed to a considerable depth.
The success obtained by the Penobscot Company has stimulated mining
in the Garden City district Several deals have been consummated
and several companies formed for the development of ore bodies of
the same character as that found at the Penobscot. Among the com-
panicH that made their initial production in 1908 are the Columbus
Consolidated, the Golden Crest, the Lexington Hill, and the Golden
Empire, all in Lawrence County. Those increasing their output for
1903 were the Homestake, the Hidden Fortune, the Penobscot, the
Spearfish, and the Wasp Number Two. Several new reduction plants
have heen completed during the year 1903, which, with their daily
capacity, are as follows: The Horseshoe, 500 tons; the Hidden Fortune,
800 tons; the Penobscot, 200 tons; the Jupiter, 150 tons; the Golden
Crest, 50 tons; the Extreme, 50 tons; Lundberg & Dorr, 100 tons; and
the Branch Mint, 250 tons.
Other companies that have mills in course of construction or that
are contemplating the erection of reduction plants are: The Reliance,
300 tons; the Columbus Consolidated, 1,000 tons; the Victoria, 300
tons; the Phoenix, 300 tons; the Dead wood Standard, 125 tons; the
Dakota, 120 tons; the Minnie May, 50 tons; the Gilt Edge, 125 tons;
the Lexington Hill, 300 tons; the Ruby, 100 tons; the Tinton, 300
tons; the Ohio Deadwood, 100 tons; and the Sunbeam, 100 tons.
It is less than ten years since the first cyanide plant was built in the
Black Hills, and the number of plants now in operation and under con-
struction demonstrates the success of this mode of treatment. The
following mills are at present treating ore by the cyanide process:
Homestake, Horseshoe, Golden Reward, Penobscot, Spearfish, Dead-
wood Standard, Wasp Number Two, Lexington Hill, Columbus Con-
solidated, Jupiter, and Imperial. The Homestake Company still leads
the list of producers in South Dakota, with the Golden Reward second,
and with the Horseshoe, the Spearfish, and the Penobscot running
close for third. Following these come many other properties pro-
dudng from $5,000 to $100,000.
Placer mining seems to be gradually dying out, and the production
MDounted to but a little over $10,000 in 1903, obtained mainly in
Lawrence County and in the southern part of Pennington County.
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188 MINERAL HE80UECK.S.
A brief summary of the principal work accomplished by some of
the companies in various counties follows:
Ouster County. — At the Clara Belle new machinery in the way of a
hoist and pump has been installed. The shaft has been sunk to a
depth of 180 feet, showing some fine specimens of free-milling gold.
It is the intention of the owners to continue the shaft in order to
explore the ore bodies thoroughly. The Copper Butte Mining Com-
pany has been prospecting with diamond drills, and expects to start
in 1904.
A new steam hoist, compressor, drills, etc., have been installed at
the Cuyahoga Company's property, and plans have been made to sink
to a depth of 500 feet. The Extreme Mining Company has completed
its 10-stamp mill and has considerable ore on hand for concentration.
The concentrates will be shipped to outside smelters.
The Gladiator Consolidated Company has been developing the Gold
Fish Group, and has the main shaft down 100 feet. The company
contemplates erecting a new reduction plant. The Grantz Mining
Company, operating the Roosevelt Group, has sunk a shaft 280 feet,
and the ore found justifies the prediction that this property will be
one of the big mines of the Black Hills. A contract has been let to
sink a shaft 100 feet at the Gold Standard Company. Active work
was started at the Interstate Mining Company properties in January,
and has continued throughout the year. A new hoisting plant was
installed at the Ivanhoe, capable of attaining a depth of 500 feet. The
shaft is at present 200 feet in depth and will be pushed rapidly to 400
feet. At the Minnie May a contract has been let for a new mill, steam
hoist, air drills, etc. At the North Star practically no ore was treated
in 1903. Active work was carried on at the Saginaw by sinking shaft
and following diamond drill hole. The mine has at present reached
a depth of 300 feet. Among recent organizations are the Custer
Mountain Mining Company and the White Cloud Mining and Milling
Company. The latter is installing complete hoisting machinery.
Louwrence County, — ^The mill at the Alder Creek Company's mine
was active for a short time, but was closed down for several months.
The ore from this mine is obtained chiefly through open cuts. At the
Anaconda the shaft has been sunk to a depth of 200 feet and a crosscut
has been started. A new hoisting pump has been installed at the Bear
Gulch mine. At the Big Four Mining Company's mine new machinery
was installed and preparations were made to sink to a depth of 500
feet. The Black Hills Belt Development Company sunk a shaft to the
depth of nearly 1,000 feet, but shut down last spring, not finding
any ore.
The Branch Mint Company completed their reduction plant and
started work January, 1904. The Rossiter cyanide plant was running
most of the year on ore from the Buxton and Bonanza mines, recently
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GOLD AND 81LVBB. 189
purchased by the lessees. In July the plant was shut down and the
ore was treated at their 100-ton plant, located at the mine. At the
Uncle Sam mine of the Clover Leaf Mining Company, extensive devel-
opment work was carried on below the 700-f oot level, and drifts were
run to a considerable distance. The mill was in operation the entire
year, although not to its full capacity.
The main shaft in the property of the Columbus Consolidated
reached a depth of 600 feet. Crosscuts were driven at the 200-foot
and 500- foot levels, cutting large bodies of ore. The capacity of the
plant was increased to 70 tons per day, and the plant was operated for
a short time daring the year. New machinery was installed at the
Caster Peak mine. The cyanide plant of the Dakota Mining and Mill-
bg Company was closed down most of the year for the purpose of
enlar^ng. The mill will probably be remov^ from Deadwood to the
mine before the capacity is increased, l^e mill of the Deadwood
Standard ran steadily during the year, and paid its first dividend. It
18 stated that this company treats by cyanide cheaper than any com-
pany in the Black Hills, as ore running as low as $3 per ton has been
treated at a profit. Plans are on foot to double the mill capacity. The
property of the Galena S. and S. Company, embracing some 2,000
acres, has been purchased by eastern capitalists, and work is to be
resumed. The Garden City group was also sold to outsiders. The
Golden Crest plant was enlarged and placed in conunission. The com-
pany claims to save 85 per cent of the values. The first clean-up was
made in December. The Golden Beward cyanide plant was operated
contmuously during the year. The smelter was closed down in Feb-
ruary, and the smelting ore was shipped to outside smelters. It is
expected that the smelter will resume operations early in 1904, after
the several damage suits are settled.
The Hercules Gold Mining Company has its new 4-compartment shaft
down 300 feet The ore body is widen mg and work is progressing.
The Hidden Fortune Mining Company carried on extensive develop-
ment work and completed its 800-ton cyanide plant. Some ore was
shipped to Omaha smelters. A trial of the mill was made, and the
mill was afterwards closed; then amalgamation plates were installed
tod the mill started in November.
Many improvements were made at the Homestake during the year,
among which were an increase of a hundred stamps to the Amicus mill
and a new 200-drill compressor.
The Horseshoe Company's plant was closed down for some time
daring 1908. Work was resumed in May and shipments made to the
Imperial cyanide plant and to Denver, pending the completion of the
MO-ton cyanide plant This was accomplished in September, since
which time the company has been operating steadily.
Coosiderable ore was treated at the Imperial before it closed down,
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190 MnnsBAL besouboes.
the capacity of the plant was increased, and operations were resumed
in January, 1904.
The Lexington Hill Grold Mining Company, a new company, made
its initial production, operating an old mill on Spruce Gulch, which
was included in the sale of ground to them. Nearly 100 tons a day
were treated while the mill was in operation. At the Lucky Strike
mine the shaft is being continued to a depth of 200 feet, following the
vein from the surface. The triple-compartment shaft on the Oro
Hondo was sunk 500 feet lower during 1903, and a drift was starts at
the 600-foot level. A new hoist was erected at the Pennsylvania and
sinking was resumed. The Penobscot increased its production quite
materially, operating a 125-ton cyanide plant continuously, and ship-
ping between 50 and 100 tons per day to the smelter. At the Pluma
mine development work was carried on extensively during the time
that work on the new mill was stopped, pending settlement of litiga-
tion. The company is at present cross-cutting at the 300-foot and the
500-foot levels. The former cross-cut has been run 630 feet and the
latter 100 feet. A considerable amount of ore has been brought down
awaiting completion of the cyanide plant for treatment.
The Reliance Mining and Milling Company, a consolidation of sev-
eral other large companies, started active operations, and was engaged
in erecting a 300-ton plant. At the Ruby Gold Mining and Milling
Company's property the new mill is about completed. The Spearfish
Company operated steadily during the year, making regular clean ups.
At one time during the year the company held an option on the Dead-
wood Standard group, but finally gave it up. A new 12-drill com-
pressor was purchased, and preparations were made to increase the
capacity of the mill. Plans were completed for erecting a new plant
at the Tinton Mining Company's property. The Two Johns Company
started to unwater its shaft, preparatory to resuming operations. The
Wasp Number Two operated steadily during 1903, with the exception
of four days. This was the longest shut down since the company
started, and was caused T>y needed repairs. The Wasp was one of the
mines that quarried the quartzite.
Among the new organizations formed in 1903 the following have
carried on continuous development: The Aurizone Mining Company,
Columbia Commercial Gold Mining and Milling Company, Gilt Ekige
Maid Mining Company, Gold Copper Mining and Development Com-
pany, Gold Eagle Mining Company, Gt)ld Stake Mining Company,
Leo Mining Company, and the United Ruby Gold Mining Company.
Among companies installing new machinery and not mentioned
previously are: the Elliptic, the Rex, the Gladiator Consolidated, the
Tintanic, and the Wanconda.
Pennington County, — The Black Hills and Duluth Copper Company,
after prospecting the greater part of the year with a diamond drill,
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GOLD AND SILVER. 191
has purchased machinery, and will sink to a considerable depth
before attempting any lateral work. A new plant will be bought to
replace that of the Castle Creek Gold Mining Company, recently
destroyed by fire. The new leaching plant of the Central Black Hills
Copper Company was completed, but not in time to operate in 1903.
The capacity is 100 tons; the process, lixiviation. After the copper
has been extracted the ore will be treated by cyanide process. Work
on the Cochran Mining Company, abandoned by the lessees, was
resumed by the owners.
At the Colombia Gold Mining and Milling Company 's properties the
shaft was sunk to 200 feet and cross-cutting was commenced. At this
time work was stopped, pending a settlement with the miners. A
plant is contemplated. Work at the J. B. shaft of the Cumberland
Mming Company was suspended for a short time during the year
while a new air compressor was being installed. The shaft is now
down 500 feet, and drifting has been started. Considerable work was
accomplished at the Dakota and Calumet Copper Mining Company's
properties. An aerial tram was erected, pumps were installed, and a
small smelter was built. Drifting on the Golden Slipper was continued
from the 450-foot level by the Empire State Mining Company. The
Golden West 10-ton mill was operated several months, and cross-cut-
ting' was started at the 150-foot level in the main shaft on the Yellow
Bird group. The company expects to enlarge mill to 100-ton capacity.
Work was resumed on the Gopher property after an idleness of several
years. The property is well equipped with two shafts, 110 feet and
105 feet deep, respectively.
The Holy Terror operated but a short time during the early part of
the year and then suspended work on account of several damage suits.
The mine was allowed to fill with water, submerging a $7,000 pump
which was left in the bottom of the shaft. The Lakota Gold Mining
and Reduction Company has cleaned out the Grizzly Bear mine and
is erecting a 20-stamp mill and an aerial tram. Following the pur-
chase of the Ida Florence group and the Bismarck mill, the Mainstay
Mining Company inaugurated a new era of development, and has
since opened a large body of good ore which is to be treated in the
old Bismarck mill. The l^ational Smelting Company started opera-
tions on ore from the Horseshoe, the Penobscot, and other mines in
Lawrence County. Flux for the smelter is obtained from the Monte-
zuma group at Deadwood.
The success of the cyanide process, operating on the black sands
found in Rapid Creek, near Pactola, has been so far successful that 4
niore plants are to be erected at once. The plant operated in 1903
handled about 300 cubic yards daily, and the new plants will be of
the same capacity.
Work has commenced on the new shaft at the Redf ern Gold Mining
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192
MINEBAL HESOUBOES.
Company. At the Sunbeam Mining Company's properties the shaft
has attained a depth of 450 feet, and drifting has been carried on from
the bottom. Enough ore has been shown to warrant a new 20-8tamp
mill. This mill was completed late in December. The Tycoon Mining
Company has opened large bodies of ore and has decided to combine
cyaniding with amalgamation. The 10-stamp mill is to be enlarged.
Two new companies started operation in 1903, namely: The Burling-
ton Mining Company and the Yellow Jacket Gold Milling Company.
Mention should be made of many other properties in South Dakota
which are doing meritorious work toward making this State foremost
among the gold-mining States.
UTAH.
By V. 0. Hbikbb.
PBOOUCTIOH.
In the production of gold and silver, Utah's output for 1903 was
much greater than for 1902, making, indeed, a very satisfactory
showing, the increase being due to greater smelting facilities, better
transportation rates, and the improved processes of treatment. The
statement of production is as follows:
Production of gold and silver in Utah in 190£ and 190S,
1902.
1906.
Increase
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
(value).
Gold
Fineowuxi.
174,547
11,842,016
93,007,686
6,176,7%
Fineounoet,
210,162
12,204,011
W. 844, 069
6,618,161
«786,88S
196,829
SUver
The following table shows the production of gold in Utah in 1903
and 1903, by counties:
Produ/cHon of gold in Utah in 1909 and 190S, by covmUes.
County.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Beaver, Iron, and Piute
Fine ounces.
28,741
29,909
26,806
15,068
76,826
8,682
1490,726
618,219
654,080
811,766
1,656,788
76,107
Fineomuxe.
28,686
66,009
48,656
16,817
66,660
5,086
9488,566
1,364,406
900,282
816,602
1,169,075
106,148
Juab and Utah
Salt Lake
SnniTnlt and WiMwtch t - - - r r -
Tooele
Washington, Sevier, Grand, and Boxelder . . .
Total
174,647
3,607,686
210,162
4,344,009
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB.
193
The following tables give the quantities of precious metals derived
from the different kinds of ore treated:
Production of gold in Utah in 190^ and IGOSy by kinds of ore.
Year.
SUiceous
ores.
Ores cyan-
Ided.a
Lead ores.
Ctopper
ores.
Total.
1SQ2
Fine ounces.
6,056
6,884
Fine ounces.
98,631
79,166
Fine ounces.
83,434
83.035
Fine ounces.
87,426
92,078
Fine ounces.
174,647
210,162
UQg
a Produced in Iron, Piute, and Tooele counties.
The gain in gold is accounted for by the greatly increased produc-
tion of gold-bearing copper ores in Juab and Salt Lake counties,
especially in the latter, owing to more extended mining operations in
the West Mountain (Bingham) district, as is shown in the following
tables:
Production of gold in Juab County, Utah, in 190S and 190S, by hinds of ore.
Year.
SiUceous
ores.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.o
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Wtt.
Fine ounces.
1,348
762
Fine ounces.
16,081
15,622
Fine ounces.
11,246
49,603
Fineounces.
28,625
65,987
$691,679
1,363,951
UQI
a The decreue ia doe to tiie closing of the Centennial Eureka mines in the Tintic district.
ProduOion of gold in Salt Lake Oounty, Utah, in 190S and 190S, by kinds of ore.
Year.
SiUceous
ores.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
yarn
Fineounces.
22
4
Fineounces.
606
1,076
Fineounces.
26,179
42,476
Fineounces.
26,806
43,656
$564,060
UOI
900,282
The yield of gold from the lead ores of the Tintic district, in Juab
County, and of Park City district, in Summit County, is about the
wne for 1903 that it was for 1902, as is shown in the following table:
ProdMdwn of gold contained in lead ores in Juab and Summit counties, Utah, in 1902
andlOOS.
Year.
Juab County.
Summit County.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
lan
Fineounces,
16,031
16,622
$881,361
822,907
Fineounces.
16,026
14,744
$810,567
lam
804,758
M B 1903 13
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194
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
Regarding the production of silver in Utah the large argentiferous
lead mines at Park City continue to be great shippers and to hold their
own in ore reserves, to which facts the increased mineral output of
the district is chiefly owing. West Mountain (Bingham) and Tintic
districts have also contributed large amounts of silver derived from
the copper ores.
Utah as a producer of metals is undoubtedly showing notable devel-
opment, especially in the production of copper-carrying gold and
silver. The silver is derived from the following kinds of oi*es:
Production of silver in VUtk in 190^ and J90S, by kinds of ore.
Year.
Siliceous
ores.
Orescya-
nided.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.
TWal
value.
1902
Fineouneet,
80,704
66,681
Fine ounces.
184,823
116,141
Fine ounces.
10,648,489
9,317,074
Fineounces.
1,033,549
2,714.165
86,176.796
1903
6,518.151
Production of silver in Utah in 1909 and 1903^ by counties.
1902.
1908.
Connty.
Quantity.
Value, a
Quantity.
Valae.0
Beaver, Iron, and Pinte
Fineounces.
247,258
2,813,818
509,988
7.990,200
264,870
15,986
$128,970
1,467,688
265,981
4,167,688
188,156
8,812
Fineounces.
188,548
8,622,596
969,849
7,109,209
268,682
55,127
188,06$
Juab and Utah
1.984,818
Salt Lake
517.996
Summit and Wasatch
8,797,028
Tooele
140. 8S8
Washington, Sevier. Millard. Grand, and Box-
elder
29,448
Total
11,842,016
6.176,795
12,204,011
6,518,151
a Commercial value.
WASHINGTON.
By Charles G. Yale.
PBOOUCTIOII.
The returns received from the State of Washington indicate an
increase in gold production over that of the year 1902 amounting to
$225,665, or nearly double; the silver production shows a decrease of
$126,281; and the total increase for the year of the value of the com-
bined gold and silver production is 1109,384, or about 16.5 per cent,
when the figures of 1902 and 1903 are compared. The gold and silver
comes almost entirely from quartz mines, the total placer operations
of the State, in both hydraulic and drift, only amounting in value to
about $5,000, from Asotin, Kittitas, Lincoln, and Okanogan counties.
Digitized by ^OOQ K:^
GOLD AND SILVER. 195
The principal increase in gold came from the counties of Chelan, Ferry,
Okanogan, and Whatcom. Ferry County was the largest producer
of gold as well as of silver. The rank of the counties in relative pro-
duction of gold is as follows: Ferry, Chelan, Snohomish, Whatcom,
Okanogan, Kittitas, Stevens, King, Asotin, and Lincoln. Their rank
in silver production is: Ferry, Stevens, Snohomish, Okanogan, What-
com, Skagit, and King. The greatest production of copper was in
Snohomish County, and the most lead came from Stevens County.
A very large proportion of the known mining claims in the State of
Washington are in the development stage and nonproductive. Many
are held by annual asse^ment only. This may be seen by the follow-
ing statement of the proportion of productive and development or
assessment mines in the different counties, based on returns received
in reply to inquiries: In Asotin County there were 1 quartz producer
and 1 small placer, and 4 claims in which assessment or development
work was done in 1903. There were 5 unproductive claims in Cowlitz
County and 2 in Clarke County. In Chelan County 3 producers made
returns and 51 mines reported as being in development or assessment
stage. In Ferry County 11 quartz mines reported as having produced
in 1903 and 72 reported as being in development stage. In King
County only 1 producer reported, but there were 68 in the develop-
ment or assessment stage. In Kittitas there were 5 productive quartz
mines and 48 doing development work, and 2 productive placers and
♦) in course of development In Lincoln County there were 1 small
producer and 20 other mines in process of development. In Okanogan
7 quartz mines reported as producers and 125 as in the develop-
ment stage, and 5 placers, with 8 others doing assessment work. Pierce
County haxi 1 quartz producer and 9 claims in course of development;
and Skagit had 1 producer and 17 worked but unproductive mines.
In Skamania County 5 claims were being developed. Snohomish
County had 6 productive mines and 130 unproductive ones. Stevens
had 12 productive mines and 130 in development or assessment stage.
In Whatcom County there were 3 producers and §3 nonproducers.
It thus appears that out of 808 mines in Washington from which
reports were received in 1903, only 60 were productive and 748 were
in the development or assessment stage. This statement shows that
the Washington mining industry is badly in need of the investment of
capital to bring the majority of the claims to a productive stage. It
»howH also why there is a comparatively small annual production
when the number of known mines is considered.
In the report of the Director of the United States Mint on the pro-
duction of precious metals for 1902 only 25 producing mines are
reported from Washington. More than double this number reported
to the United States Geological Survey in 1903. This accounts for
the increase shown in the product.
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196
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The following table shows the production of precious metals in
Washington in 1903, by counties:
Production of precious metals in Washington in 190S, by counties.
County.
Gold.
Silv
Deep.
er.
Copper.
Lead.
Total
Deep. 1 Placer.
Placer.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.! Value.
value.
Asotin
990 : Hfion
S6
1096
Chelan . . .
80,090
275,897
1,584
2,636
80.090
Ferry
1,798
36
2,472
•83,464
20
75,471
110,000
!
368,861
King
!
1,004
Kittitas
7
1
4,441
Lincoln .
i
36
Okanogan
83,537
20,656
118,207
16,000
6,800
1292
71,917
Pierce
50
44
50
Skagit
865
29,876
54,865
12,030
8,400
1,200
889,512
252
48
15,628
1.161
Snohomish
70,661 '
2,502 I
36,888 1-
292,863
19,038
38,720
2,622
139,806
Stevens
75,412
Whatcom
48.418
4.906
Total
502,979
201,776
201,789
13
500,579
66,242
66,242
406,412
16,075
16,075
791,991
Grand total
507,885 ---
791,991
WYOMING.
By E. P. Porter.
PBODuerioN.
The mining in Wyoming in 1903 as compared with 1902 has been
marked mainly by two features, the resumption of the production of
copper and the amount of dead or development work accomplished.
Several changes in the management of different companies have
occurred, and in most cases for the better, as renewed activity has
resulted and development work of a permanent character has been
effected.
The mining sections of Wyoming are as a rule situated in districts
far from good railroad transportation, hence it is hard to secure the
capital necessary for thorough prospecting and development, but in
sevei*al cases in which ore has been shown preparations are being made
to build railroads.
Though copper is at present the paramount mineral included under
the head of the precious metals of Wyoming, yet the gold sections are
not to be overlooked.
Wyoming has heretofore produced its quota of gold, but the year
1903 fell short of former years, owing to leases being made pending
sales, and to the prosecution of nothing but development work when
sales were made. Again, several free-milling properties showed, with
depth, changes in the character of the ore, and experiments were
carried on for the proper treatment of the resulting refractory ore».
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GOLD AND SILVER. 197
The copper production increased from practically nothing in 1902
to nearly $150,000 in 1903, and the year 1904 opened with a brighter
future than ever before in the history of Wyoming. It is safe to say
that within the next five years Wyoming will take high rank among
the mineral-producmg States of the country.
.The two deepest mines in the State are the Ferris-Haggerty copper
mine in Carbon County and the Carissa gold mine in Fremont County.
The Ferris-Haggerty has attained a depth of some 700 feet, and has
several thousand feet of drifts, crosscuts, raises, etc., showing in all
cases the permanent character of the veins. Estimates made place the
ore blocked out in the mine at 250,000 tons, principally copper, with
slight traces of gold and silver. In addition to the underground work
considerable surface work has been done; notably, one of the longest
aerial trams has been built, conveying the ore 16 miles from the mine
to the smelter; in addition the company has a concentrator capable of
treating 300 tons a day and a smelter with a capacity of 500 tons, pro-
ducing blister copper. This is hauled 40 miles to the railroad and is
shipped to the east for refining.
The Carissa mine has attained a depth of 450 feet
Albany County. — Foremost among the properties of Albany County
is the New Rambler mine located on Douglas Creek, which company in
1903 shipped considerable copper ore to Denver and Chicago smelters,
although at a considerable disadvantage on account of the long haul
over difficult roads. One of the principal features in the ore from
this mine is the platinum contained, which was successfully extracted
this year from the electrolytic slimes. Development work was carried
on the entire year, and shipping will be again resumed as soon as the
roads become passable. The gold production in this county comes
principally from placers. The largest operator, the Douglas Creek
Placer Mining Company, was idle in 1903, being under bond and lease
to foreign parties who contemplate erecting a large dredge capable of
handling 2,000 cubic yards of gravel per day. The Acme Gold and
Copper Mining Company, successors to the Wyoming Mining and
Transportation Company, with a large acreage in the Gold Hill dis-
trict carried on development work during the year and is prepared
for an active campaign for 1904. The American Copper Company
has recently installed a new steam hoist, pumps, compressor, and
drills, and is engaged in sinking a 2-compartment shaft. It has pre-
pared to go to a considerable depth to strike the vein.
Other prominent properties which are advancing regularly in devel-
ofMnent are the Wyoming Queen, the New Lincoln, the Michigan and
Wyoming, the Strong, the. Medicine Bow, and many others in the
MQthem part of the county. Some work was done at Laramie Peak,
in the northern part of the county, on the Three Cripples, the Tender-
loot, and the Esterbrook.
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198 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
Among the new discoveries is the Antlers property, an immense
body of siliceous ore which is adapted to the cyanide process. Steps
are being taken toward the erection of a cyanide plant.
Big Horn County. — ^Active work was carried on during the year in
Sunlight Basin near Cody, at Kirwin, and on Copper Mountain near
Thermopolis.
The ore is principally copper, and oc/curs in andesite. Considerable
machinery was shipped in for the purpose of the further development
and determination of the ore bodies.
Carbon CoimPy: — ^The whole county of Carbon seems to be impreg-
nated with mineral veins, from the line of the Union Pacific Railroad
on the north to the Colorado line on the south; and though few of the
properties shipped any ore in 1903, the new policy of the North
American Company, which has agreed to accept custom ore, will
cause many of the properties to ship in 1904.
Development work was carried on very extensively in the several
camps around Encampment, Saratoga, Battle, and Rambler. Mention
has been made of the Ferris-Haggerty mine, which is the foremost
property in Carbon County. At the Doane-Rambler, in Battle Lake
district, a new drainage tunnel has been run, and a crosscut driven
from this tunnel to the main shaft. A new hoist has been installed, and
sinking has been continued. There are, in addition, air compressors
and machine drills. Several shipments were made from this property
during the year 1903.
Upward of 50 steam hoists have been installed in this county during
the year, which shows that permanent work is to be carried on.
At Pearl, Colo., on the Wyoming and Colorado line, such develop-
ment work has been done that it has been deemed advisable to erect a
large smelter, and preparations are rapidly advancing toward the com-
pletion of this work.
Fremont County. — For years this county has produced most of the
gold in Wyoming, but in 1903 no ore was treated, although in devel-
opment work the properties have been more active than for some
time. The principal work was carried on by the Dexter Mining and
Development Company, which is running a big operating tunnel to
cut the veins of the Rose, the Tabor-Grand, and several other old-time
producers. This company also owns about 600 acres of placer ground,
with a very complete hydraulic plant, which was idle in 1903. The
old Tabor-Grand mill was also purchased by them, and will be used
for the present for test runs and the determination of treatment, until
the new and larger plant can be erected.
The Wyoming Central Gold Mining and Milling Company has
installed a new steam hoist, and is engaged in sinking a 2-compart-
ment shaft. A reduction plant, capable of treating both its own and
custom ores, is to be erected'in the near future. At the Carissa mine,
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GOLD AKD SILVER. 199
one of the oldest mines in the State, the main shaft is down 460 feet.
The vein has been crosscut, showing a width of 125 feet, and a drift
on the vein to a distance of 800 feet has been run. California parties
have recently examined this property, with an idea of purchasing it
and erecting a new reduction plant.
Laramie Ccninty. — In the Silver Crown district work has been carried
on steadily, although the leaching plant, owned by the Hecla Mining
and Smelting Company, treated no ore. The values in this district
are mainly copper.
Much more could be written on the possibilities of mining in Wyo-
ming, but the only attempt made here is to give a brief summary of
the work accomplished and in course of completion during 1903.
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COPPER.
By CHAia.ES Kirghhoff.
GENERAIi TRADE CONDITIONS. .
The copper-mining industry of the United States has had a prosper-
ous year in 1903. Consumption took care of nearly the whole of the
product, considerably increased as it was, and when the home markets
were adversely affected by the general industrial and financial depres-
sion of the latter half of the year heavy purchases for foreign con-
sumers, at fair prices, checked any serious decline. The good prices
obtained daring the spring and early summer, copper rising to 15
cents a pound, carried the average for the year fairly above 13 cents,
which is naoderately remunerative to the majority of producers.
There has been a good deal of activity in the development of new
mines, and a good deal of capital has been judiciously spent in placing
many of the older mines on a sounder basis, as to equipment and as to
ability to cope with increasing depth and, in many instances, with
declining grade of ore. A moderate increase in the production is
probable during the current year, notably in Arizona, in Utah, and on
Lake Superior.
It may be doubted, however, whether consumption during 1904 will
equal that of 1903, since the financial situation does not encourage the
proKpect of even normal activity in the development of new enter-
prises in electrical lines, in railroad construction, in shipbuilding, or
in general manufacturing.
PRODUCTION.
The following table shows the production of copper in the United
States since its rise to the dignity of an industry. For the earlier
Tears the best available sources have been drawn upon for the esti-
niates given. Since 1882 the figures are those collected by this office.
201
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202
MINEBAL BKSOUB0E8.
Production of copper in the United J^cUeSy 184S-190S.
[Long tons.]
Year.
production. Superior.
Id45.
1846.
1847.
1848.
1849.,
1850..
1851..
1862..
1858..
1854.
1855..
1856..
1857..
1858..
1859..
1860.
1861..
1862..
1863..
1864..
1865..
1866..
1867.,
1868..
Total
Lake
1870.
1871..
1872.
1878..
1874..
1876.
1876.
1877..
1878. ,
1879.
1880.,
100
160
800
600
700
660
900
1,100
2,000
2,260
8,000
4.000
4,800
6,600
6,800
7,200
7,600
9,000
8.600
8,000
8,600
8,900
10,000
11,600
12,600
12,600
13,000
12,600
15,600
17,600
18,000
19,000
21,000
21,600
28.000
27,000
Percentage
of Lake
Superior
of total
prodQc-
tion.
12
26
213
461
672
672
779
792
1,297
1,819
2,598
8,666
4,255
4,068
8,985
6,888
6.718
6.065
6,797
6,576
6,410
6,138
7,824
9.346
11,886
10.992
11,942
10.961
13,433
15.827
16,089
17,086
17,422
17,719
19,129
22,204
12
17.8
71
92.2
96
88
86.6
72
6i9
80.8
86.4
9L7
88.6
74.8
63.8
?i8
89.5
67.4
68.2
69.7
76.4
69
78.2
8a6
96.1
87.2
9L9
87.7
86.7
87.6
89.4
89.9
88
82.4
83.2
82,2
Year.
Totalpro-
duction.
United
States.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
82,000
40,467
61,674
64,708
1886 1 74,062
1886 70,430
1887 ' 81,017
1888 1 101,054
1889 1 101,239
Lake
Superior.
24,363
25,489
26,653
80,961
32,209
86,124
38,941
38,604
89,Sfri
Percent-
age of
Lake Su-
perior
of total
produc-
tion.
76.1
62.9
61.6
47.8
43.6
51.3
4L9
38.2
88.7
Montana.
11,011
19,256
80,267
26,362
35,138
43,704
48,849
Percent-
age of
Montana
of total
produc-
tion.
21.3
29.8
40.9
86
43.4
48.2
48.8
Arizona.
10,668
11,935
10,187
6,990
7,910
14,196
13,654
Percent-
age of
Arizona
of total
produc-
Uon.
20.7
18.4
13.7
9.9
».7
14
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OOPPEB.
203
ProdactUm of copper in ike UnUed Slates^ 184S-190S—Coniiaaed,
Year.
Fotalpro-
duction,
United
States.
Lake
Superior
age Of
Lake Su-
perior
of total
produc-
tion.
Montana.
Percent-
age of
Montana
of total
produc-
tion.
Arizona.
Percent-
age of
Anzona
of total
produc-
tion.
ueo
U5,966
126.839
154,018
147,083
158,120
169,917
205,884
220,571
285,060
258,870
270,588
268.782
294,428
8U,627
45,273
60,992
54,999
60,270
51,081
57,787
64,078
64,858
66,291
65,808
64,988
69,772
76,165
85,898
88.9
40.2
85.7
34. -x
82.3
84
8L2
29.4
28.2
25.9
24
25.9
25.9
27.5
60,487
60,028
72,860
69,290
81,729
84,900
99,071
102,807
92,041
100,508
120,865
102,621
128,975
121,677
48.5
89.5
47.3
47.1
5L6
60
48.2
46.6
39.2
39.6
44.7
88.2
43.8
88.9
15,584
17,800
17,160
19,200
19,878
21.408
32,660
86,398
49,624
60,399
52,820
68.883
53.547
65,914
13.4
1891
14
1892.
11.1
mi
13 1
18M
12.6
195
12.6
189S
15.8
1M7
16.5
18W
21.1
1BB9
23.4
1900
19.5
WOl
21.7
UQ2
18.2
UOB
21.1
Previous volumes of Mineral Resources contain a detailed statement
of the copper production of the United States, territorially, from 1883,
when the statistics were first collected by this office, to 1893. Since
then the production has been as follows:
Total copper production in the United StateSf 1899-1903,
[Pounds.]
Source.
1896.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
Lakcf Superior
112,605,078
48,902,824
155.209,188
280,742
289,682
1,135.880
7,695,826
20,000
36,367
114,308,870
44,514,894
188,072,756
31,884
120,000
1,147,570
6,481,413
129,880,749
47,958,553
190,172,150
143,719
218.832
2,184.708
6,079,243
143,824,069
72,934,927
221,918,179
2,701,664
690.287
8,602,012
6,022,176
145,282,060
Aiixona
81,680,735
230,288,141
New Mexico
701,892
o^ifhmta
11,987,772
Utah
3.919,010
Ootocado, Incladin^ co|^>er imel-
ten«
11,873,083
irp*v4i
Ukho.
1,425,914
188,277
Booth Dakota
2,440,338
WMhlngiofi
39,785
782,798
7,456,888
limine and N^w Hammhire . . r - r . r . .
2,874,514
2,186,473
3,105,086
4,704,998
4,063,178
v*maot
Tfuntwec and Southern States
MWdle States
4,472,017
Lesd deaUrerlsers, etc fr
1,400,000
Total domestic capper. ........
329,354,896
10,431,574
854,188,374
10,678,484
380,613,404
05,300,000
460,061,480
05,900,000
494,078,274
12. 000. 000
^nm imparted pTrites and ores and
watte
Total (inclading copper from
*^ipofted pTrltes)
839,785,972
864,866,808
385,913,404
465,961,430
606,078,274
•Cof«»
Ht. 10010
tetseted.
., tlteci In Colorado, purchasing argentiferous copper ores and mattes in the open mar-
Kt. tooiees not knovn. The quantity of Montana matte which goes to one of these works has been
^ for 18M tbe quantity stated corers only that part of the Incidental copper product the source of
vu^ eoQld not be ascertained.
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Digitized by'
204 MINEBAL RE80UBCE8.
Total copper production in the Thiied States, 1893-1903— Con^vned.
Source.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Lftke SuDerior
158,491,703
111,158,246
206,173.157
1,592,871
16,926,634
8,750,000
16,274,561
147,400,338
133,054,860
226,126,855
8,965,441
26,221,897
9,584,746
11,648,608
145,461,496
118,317,764
270,788,489
4,169,400
28,511,225
18,854,726
7,826,949
156,289,481
130,778.611
229,870.415
9,629,884
88,667,456
20.116,979
9.801,783
170,609,228
119,944,944
288,903,820
6,614,961
25,088,724
28,980,901
8,422,080
192,400.577
Arizona
147,648,271
MontaDa
272,5S6,854
New Mexico
7,800,832
California
17.776,756
Utah
88,802.602
Colorado, Including
copper smeltersa
Alaska
4.168,868
1.839,500
Wyoming, ..^,^-^,,,--^-
233,044
487,896
1,266,920
1,261,898
3,104,827
556,775
110,000
17,020
4,208,776
407,635
290,162
16,147
2,696,712
698,608
480,511
768,610
889,228
164.801
227,500
445,663
209.297
18.609.047
600,000
1,023,189
Nevada
160.000
Idaho
778,906
South Dakota
173,202
Washington
80,756
Maine and NewHamp-
ghire
5,396,226
8,553,336
4,410,564
3,600,000
4.880,496
8.000,000
6,860,089
531,630
Vermont
Tennessee and South-
ern States
18, 855,612
Middle States
Lead desilverizere, etc.«»
500,000
Total domestic
copper
526,512,987
19,750,000
568,666,921
023,800,000
606,117.166
86.880.000
602,072,519
c64,000,000
669,608,644
040,000.000
698,044,517
From imported pyrites
and ores and matte. . .
•82,000,000
Total (including
copper from im-
ported pyrites) .
616,262,987
602,466,921
642.497,166
666,072,519
699,608.644
730,044,617
a Copper smelters in Colorado, purchasing argentiferous copper ores and mattes in the open mar-
ket, sources not known. The quantity of Montana matte which goes to one of these works has been
deducted.
b Since 1901 the quantity stated covers only that part of the incidental copper product the sooroe
of which could not be ascertained.
Estimated.
LAKE SUPERIOR DISTRICT.
In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources tiie production of the
individual mines has been tabulated from 1884 to 1891, both inclusive.
Since that time some of the producers have reported to this office only
with the understanding that the returns be regarded as confidential.
The production of the majority of the mines is, however, given accu-
rately in the published annual reports to stockholders. From these
the following table has been compiled:
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COPPER.
Productwn of some of the leading Lake Superior copper mineSf 1S97-190S.
[Pounds.]
205
Mine.
1^97.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Tunanurk
Qirincy
20.222,529
16,924,618
11,201.103
2.906,284
5,109,663
611,172
2,816,296
19,660,480
16,354,061
12,682.297
2,623,702
4,377,399
291,339
4.688,114
42,766
18,565,602
14,301,182
11,858,049
1,280,000
4,675,882
19,181,605
14.116,551
12,667,181
8,663.710
4,980,149
18,000,852
20,540,720
13,723,487
3,757,419
4,666,889
16,961,628
18,988,691
18,416,396
5,269.140
4,949,366
15,286,098
18,498,288
16,069,636
5,309,080
6,505,598
Oh*coU
FiinkUn
AtUntic
Centna
WolreriDe
Baltic
4,766,646
621,336
4,778,829
1,785,060
4,946,126
2,641,482
6,478,181
6,285,819
4,165,784
5,730,807
8,569,748
908,479
2,845,805
9,024,084
10,580,997
10,564,147
9,237,051
8,184,601
6,284,327
2,576,447
ChABipion
TrimooDtAin ....
UeR07»]e
2,171,955
677,146
873,297
Hofaftwk
Van
42,800
122,239
Cdumet and Hecla. — The annual report of the Calumet and Hecla
Mining Company for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1904, shows a
production of 76,620,145 pounds of refined copper as compared with
76,632,912 pounds in the fiscal year 1902-3. The balance sheet for
the last three fiscal years compares as follows:
Balance sheet of the Calumei and Hecla Company for the fiscal years ending April SO^
1902, 190S, and 1904*
1904.
1908.
1902.
AflBITS.
C^fh. Viana rpcelTablc copper, and mlner&l
16,070,918
757,691
461,621
6,206
$6,118,436
600,276
609,584
6,583
$3, 960, 576
149,937
866,668
Inmoee fond »
BlUireceiTable
Employees aid fond
ToCal
7,286,338
7,234,879
4,467,171
LLiBILITin.
Bnftii in tranffft ...,, -
67,682
•
M,397
165,686
17,629
819, 661
AMfond
BiUiimrable
805,617
880,000
819,284
804,174
871,576
Total
703,299
6,583,039
677,856
6,667,024
874,891
8,692,780
Ikkoce
President Agassiz, in his annual report, states that the new openings
on the conglomerate belt in the vicinity of the Red Jacket shaft have
continued unsatisfactory, and that rock mined in that district shows
» decrease of about 15 per cent in copper from former years. The
marked cutting out of the southern extension of the copper-bearing
gruund has continued. Last fall the opening of the Kearsarge amyg-
daloid was started and three shafts have been located on the lode.
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206
MINERAL BES0UBGE8.
The quality of the rock encountered is fair. During 1903 five of tie
heads of the Calumet mill have been remodeled and the work on the
six remaining heads has been started. It should be completed by
May, 1905. The remodeling of the Hecla mill should be completed
in the spring of 1907.
Quincy. — ^The Quincy Mining Company did not, in 1903, reach the
product of 1 902. There were mined 1,024,164 tons, of which 1,006,173
tons were hoisted, while 958,935 tons were stamped. The product was
21,159,785 pounds of mineral from the stamp mill and 4,060,435
pounds of barrel copper from the rock houses, which produced
18,498,288 pounds of refined copper, against 18,988,491 pounds in
1902. In spite of the increased quantity of rock handled, the total
hoisted in 1902 having been 984,594 tons, the yield was smaller.
There was realized from copper, $2,447,361.82; from interest, |11,-
457.18; and from Hancock real estate account, 16,347.12. The working
expenses at the mine were $1,573,863.46, the taxes in Michigan, |59,-
406.10, and the cost of smelting, transportation, and other expenses,
$175, 184. 82. The construction cost was $117,775. 38, leaving as the net
income $538,926.36, out of which dividends aggregating $550,000 were
paid.
Tamarack. — ^The Tamarack Mining Company made a slightly smaller
output in 1903 than in 1902, but through the opening up of ground
tributary to No. 5 shaft, which is better than the average in yield, has
improved its position.
In 1903 there were mined 803,262 tons, while there were stamped
657,920 tons, yielding 24,055,512 pounds of mineral, and 15,286,093
pounds of refined copper, an average of 23.2 pounds of refined copper
per ton of rock stamped as compared with 24.2 pounds in 1902, when
the product was 15,961,528 pounds. The cost of mining and stamping
was $2.32 per ton of rock stamped in 1903 as compared with $2.30 in
1902, the cost of stamping alone being 26.24 cents and 23.30 cents, re-
spectively. Principally through the fact that the amount expended for
construction was less, the cost per pound of refined copper declined.
The figures were for 1903 and 1902, respectively: Cost per pound at
mine, 9.97 cents and 9.51 cents; cost of construction, 0.15 cent and
0.97 cent, and cost for smelting, freights, selling expenses, etc., 1.38
and 1.42 cents; the totals being 11.50 cents for 1903 and 11.90 cents
for 1902.
The gross value of the copper at an average of 13.02 cents per
pound was $1,990,045.53, to which must be added $52,177.67 for
interest receipts and other income. The running expenses at the mine
were $1,524,119.29, and the smelting and other expenses $210,390.72,
leaving a gross profit of $307,713.19. After deducting construction
expenses of $22,647.64 there was a net profit of $285,065.55, out of
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COPPER. 207
which a dividend of $90,000 was declared, making the total dividends
since 1888, $8,580,000.
(hccola. — During 1903 the output of the Osceola company was
increased over 1902. There were stamped 924,400 tons of rock, as
compared with 836,400 tons in 1902, the quantity of mineral produced
increasing from 18,430,012 pounds to 21,904,243 pounds, yielding
respectively 13,416,396 pounds and 16,059,636 pounds of tine copper.
The Osceola branch is producing from 25,000 to 30,000 tons of rock
per month, containing from 16 to 17 pounds of refined copper per ton,
and this it is expected can be maintained for an extended period. The
principal developments of the year have been in the Kearsarge branch,
the South Kearsarge having averaged a monthly shipment of rock of
over 27,000 tons during the last half of 1903, an increase of over
11,000 tons per month over the best month of 1902. At the North
Kearsarge branch the shipments of rock from No. 1 shaft, it is hoped,
will reach a total of 20,000 tons per month, while Na 3 shaft has pro-
duced an average of 23,000 tons of rock per month. All work on the
Tamarack Junior branch has been stopped.
A very considerable reduction in costs has been effected, the cost of
mining and stamping per ton of rock having fallen from $1.59 in 1902
to $1.43 in 1903, while the cost pf stamping has declined from 21.74
cents per ton to 17.44 cents per ton. The costs per pound of refined
copper were 11.77 cents in 1902 and 10.29 cents in 1903, distributed
as follows, respectively: Cost per pound at mine, 9.91 cente and 8.23
cents; construction, 0.64 cents and 0.81 cents; and smelting, freights,
eastern expenses, commissions, and all other charges, 1.22 cents and
1.25 cents.
The results of the fiscal year were : Gross value of copper pro-
duced, $2,087,692.48, and Imlance of interest, receipts, and other
income, $18,231.62. The running expenses at the mine were
$1,321,193.47, and the cost of smelting, transportation, commissions,
and all other charges, $201,576.59, leaving a gross profit of $583,154.04.
From this must be deducted construction expenses aggregating
^29,418.59, leaving as the net profit for the year $453,735.45, out of
which a diridend of $96,150 was paid. Deducting from the surplus
thas left of $357,585.45 the balance of liabilities at the end of the
previous fiscal year of $226,025.82 leaves a balance of assets of
$131,559.63. The Osceola is producing now at the rate of over
^,000,000 pounds of copper per annum.
Atlantic. — The yield of the rock of the Atlantic mine, which was
0.5547 per cent of copper in 1902, increased to 0.638 per cent in 1903.
TTiis is accounted for mainly by the smaller proportion of rock treated
from "A" shaft, which was found to be very much poorer than the
•verage. In one week's run the actual yield of mineral ran as low as
0.327 per cent During 1903 there were stamped 431,397 tons of rock,
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208 MINERAL EESOUKCES.
which produced 7,670,660 pounds of mineral, or 5,505,598 pounds of
refined copper, as compared with 4,949,366 pounds in 1902. The costs
per ton of rock treated were: 91.91 cents for mining and surface
expenses, 5.63 cents for transportation to mill, 22.39 cents for stamp-
ing and separating, 14.97 cents for smelting, freight, and marketing,
a total of $1,349. Including the cost of construction, the cost per ton
of rock treated was $1,384. The copper, which sold for an average of
13.12 cents, realized $722,386.47- The working expenses at the mine
were $517,384.05; smelting and freight, $64,567.87, and interest on
loans, $4,199.70; thus leavmg a mming profit of $136,234.85. There
were received $25,000 for the sale of land; and on the other hand,
there were expended in construction and in exploration $10,893.19,
showing a net gain for the year of $150,341.66.
Franklin. — The Franklin Mining Company produced 5,309,030
pounds of copper in 1903, as compared with 5,237,460 pounds in 1902.
About 10,000 tons per month of stamp rock comes from the old
Franklin mine, the remainder of the tonnage coming from the Penin-
sula conglomerate of the Franklin Junior. There were hoisted 349,263
tons of rock, of which 347,458 were stamped, yielding 8,132,310
pounds at the mill, and 766,077 pounds of mass and barrel work. The
total receipts were $685,840.95, including $49,694.62 of cash on hand,
there having been sold 4,712,388 pounds at an aggregate of $634,391.74.
The running expenses at the mine were $535,811.28 and the smelting,
freight, and insui-ance amounted to $75,640.46. The outlays for con-
struction including the cost of installing a fourth head at the mill were
$41,803.68.
Copper Range Consolidated Compway. — The Copper Range Consoli-
dated Company controls the Baltic, Champion, and Trimountain mines
and the Copper Range Railroad Company, and is interested largely in
the Michigan Smelting Company. During 1903 the Copper Range
Company acquired 95,532 shares of stock, out of a total of 100,000
shares, of the Trimountain Mining Company through an exchange of
shares. One of the terms of the agreement was that the parties own-
ing the majority interest of the Trimountain Mining Company should
pay to the Copper Range Consolidated Company a sum equal to the
entire amount of the net indebtedness, which on examination of the
books on September 1, 1903, showed to be about $840,000. In pursu-
ance of this agreement there has been paid on the principal to Decem-
ber 31, 1903, the sum of $133,031.63. The Copper Range Company
owns 50,000 shares of the Champion Copper Company, the other half
being owned by the St. Mary's Mineral Land Company.
The Copper Range Consolidated Company is the second largest pro-
ducer of the Lake district, there being produced during the year 1903
30,382,446 pounds of copper, which, sold at an average of 13.3453
cents, yielded $4,054,634. The. mining, smelting, and marketing
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OOPPEB. 209
expenses were $2,700,647, and taxes and interest $167,931, leaving a
net income of $1,186,055. Out of this dividends of $300,000 each to
the Champion Copper Company and to the Trimountain Copper Com-
pany were paid, leaving $586,055. The earnings of the Copper Bange
Railroad Company were $116,584, and the receipts under the Tri-
mountain agreement and other earnings carried the total to $1,015,908,
frona which must be deducted $133,763, being one-half the undivided
profits of the Champion, which belongs to the St. Mary's Mineral
Land Company, leaving as the balance of net income for 1903 $882,145.
The Baltic mine which began production on a moderate scale in
1899 reached nearly full output in 1903; with an equipment of four
Nordberg stamps. There were stamped 490,237 tons of rock, which
yielded an average of 21.58 pounds of copper per ton, as compared
with an average of 22.842 pounds in 1902. The total production was
10,580,91^7 pounds in 1903, as compared with 6,285,819 pounds in 1902.
The average selling price being 13.431 cents, the receipts were
$1,421,211. Since the mining and smelting expenses were $897,562,
and taxes and interest were $42,202, the net profit was $481,447. The
improvement and construction expenses amounted to $83,818, which
left a surplus of $397,629. A previous deficit was $216,831, so that
the year ended with a surplus of $180,798.
The Champion mine increased its production from 4,165,784 pounds
in 1902 to 10,564,147 pounds in 1903, and since its new 4-stamp mill was
not in full operation during the whole of the year, it is likely to make
an even larger output in 1904. The company stamped 389,082 tons of
rock, which yielded 14,710,245 pounds of mineral, the yield in fine
copper having been 27.15 pounds per ton of rock. The copper sold
at an average of 13.37 cents, the gross receipts being $1,412,711,
while the expenses at the mine were $646,959; the smelting, freight,
and selling expenses were $156,745, taxes and interest were $41,480,
and construction cost $274,669, leaving a surplus of $292,858, divi-
dends aggregating $300,000 being paid.
The Trimountain, which lies between the Baltic on the north and the
Champion on the south, also increased its production from 5,732,160
pounds in 1902 to 9,237,051 pounds in 1903. Since the full capacity
of the 4-stamp mill was not available during the whole of the year, a
further moderate increase is expected. The Trimountain stamped
5<>7,377 tons of rock, which produced 11,558,048 pounds of mineral
and 9,237,051 pounds of fine copper, the average contents of the rock
rnmhed being 18.20 pounds per ton, as compared with 27.55 pounds
in 1902. The receipts, copper having averaged 13.428 cents, were
$KuT7,364, and the value of the copper on hand was $143,347, a total
of $1,220,711. The expenses at the mine were $867,103; smelting,
freight, and commissions $132,277, taxes and interest $82,788, and
oonrtruction $274,913, leaving a deficit of $136,370. Dividends of
M R 1903 14
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210 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
jSOOjOOO were paid, which increased the deficit to $436,370, which,
added to a previous deficit of $291,063, made the total deficit at the
end of the fiscal year $727,433.
Woloerine, — During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, the Wol-
verine Copper Mining Company hoisted 328,412 tons of rock and
stamped 314,091 tons. The production of mineral was 12,152,690
pounds, which yielded 9,300,695 pounds of copper. This was sold at
an average of 12.75 cents per pound, the total receipts, including
$6,680 for interest, being $1,192,425. The total expenses were
$600,688, leaving a mining profit of $591,737. The outlays for con-
struction were $34,496, so that the net profit was $557,241. Dividends
to the amount of $390,000 were paid.
Mohawk, — The Mohawk, which is working on the Kearsarge lode,
began regular work in January, 1903, with two stamps, but the third
stamp, owing to delays, did not go into conmiission until February,
1904. When, in addition, the 60-drill compressor is in operation the
capacity of the mill is expected to be increased by 50 per cent. Ulti-
mately, therefore, a production of about 9,000,000 pounds of copper is
indicated. In 1903 the company hoisted 346,365 tons of rock and
stamped 288,441 tons, which yielded 8,825,500 pounds of mineral, or
6,284,327 pounds of fine copper, an average of 21.79 pounds per ton.
The cost per ton of rock hoisted was $1.37 and per ton of rock stamped
$1.65. The cost of copper per pound at the mine was 7.55 cents, and
the" cost of smelting and freight was 1.23 cents, making the total 8.78
cents. Including the outlays for construction the cost per pound of
copper was 11.02 cents.
The total receipts were $839,631, including $823,940 for the sale of
6,284,327 pounds of copper, at an average of 13.11 cents. The
expenses at the mine were $474,503; for smelting and freight, $69,680;
for general expenses, $7,965, and for construction, $218,075, leaving
a surplus of $69,408. There were received from assessments $202,825,
and taking into account a previous deficit of $18,766, there was a sur-
plus at the end of the year of $253,467.
hie Royale. — For the first six months of 1903 the Isle Royale Cop-
per Company had in operation only one head of stamps, the rock being
obtained from territory tributary to No. 2 shaft. In July, it was
decided to reopen No. 1 shaft and start a second head, which carried
the shipments to about 22,000 tons of rock per month. In December,
however, shaft No. 1 was destroyed by fire, and the mine was thrown
back on the operation of shaft No. 2. During 1903 there were stamped
199,493 tons of rock out of 232,851 tons hoisted, as compared with
203,672 tons stamped in 1902. The production of mineral in 1903 was
4,408,615 pounds, as compared with 5,219,305 pounds in 1902, the
production of fine copper l>eing, respectively, 3,134,601 pounds and
3,569,948 pounds. The costs compare as follows for 1903 and 1902:
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OOPPEE. 211
At mine, 9.81 cents and 11.23 cents, respectively; construction and
exploration, 0.23 cent and 0.53 cent; smelting, freight, etc., 1.81
centsand 1 . 69 cents; the totals being 11.85 cents in 1903 and 13.45 cents
in 1902 per pound of refined copper.
The total income was $444,594.52, of which $441,313.56 was for
copper sold at an average of 13.12 cents per pound. The running
expenses at the mine were $307,437.32; the smelting, freights, and
setting expenses were $56,617.61, and the exploration expenses,
W,258.79, leaving a net profit of $73,280.80.
Mas8. — ^Tbe Mass Mining CJompany produced in 1903 2,576,447
pounds of fine copper. The receipts from copper, assessments, etc.,
aggregated $345,813, while the expenditures were $434,225.
Wino^ia. — ^The Winona Copper Company is still engaged in a sys-
tematic development of the mine, which is operating on the Winona
amygdaloid, using one head of the Atlantic mill for stamping. Dur-
ing the year 1903 there were crushed 51,434 tons of rock, from which
there was produced 1,687,331 pounds of mineral, yielding 1,036,944
pounds of refined copper, or 20.16 pounds per ton stamped. The
receipts for copper at the rate of 13.489 cents per pound, assessments
which yielded $105,124, and interest $2,254, aggregated $247,252,
while the expenses were $192,858. ,
Adventure. — ^The Adventure mine, which produced 2,182,608 pounds
of refined copper in 1903, received from sales $301,134. The mining
expenses were $337,413; the smelting, freights, etc., $29,949; taxes,
^14^,051, and construction account, $61,611, leaving a deficit of $141,890.
Michigan. — ^An effort is being made to determine whether the Mich-
igan Copper Mining Company possesses a paying mine. A good deal
of ground has been opened, arrangements have been perfected to
extend the tracks of the Mineml Range Railroad to the mine, and to
transport the rock to Keweenaw Bay where the use has been obtained
from the Mass Company of one head capable of crushing 500 tons of
rock per day of twenty-four hours. Shipments of rock began in Novem -
ber at the rate of 250 tons per day, which were doubled in the spring
of 1904. The mine produces a considerable quantity of mass copper,
and the stamp rock has yielded an average of 13.8 pounds of ingot
copper.
Ahmeek, — The Ahmeek Mining Company will appear for the first
time this year as a moderate producer of copper. The company is
opening up the Kearsarge lode, on the old Seneca property, and adjoins
the Mohawk. The company has secured one head at the Tamarack
mill, where the rock broken in development work will be stamped.
Cmtennial, — The Centennial Mining Company, which has concen-
trated its efforts on the development of the Kearsarge lode on its
property, has leased two stamps of the Arcadian mill, which will bo
<mpible of handling 1,000 tons of rock per day.
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212 MINERAL BESOUBGES.
MONTANA.
The copper production of Montana was hampered during 1903 by
the continuance of the litigation in Butte, which has held back this
great district for some years. With the exception of the product of
the Indian Queen mine, and of some copper produced by the American
Smelting and Refining Company and the National Smelting Company,
of Rapid City, S. Dak., the total product of Montana is from the Butte
district. The Amalgamated Copper Company controls the Anaconda,
Colorado, Parrot, Butte and Boston, Boston and Montana, and Washoe
properties, the ores of the Anaconda, Colorado, and Parrot companies
being reduced at the Washoe smelter. The Butte Reduction Works
treat the ores from the mines owned by Senator W. A. Clark, and
the United Copper Company smelts the ores of the Minnie Healey,
Cori*a-Rock Island, and Rarus mines. The Pittsburg and Montana
Mining Company has been developing its mines during 1903 and has
been erecting a smelting plant. The Speculator mine ships its ores to
the smelters of the district. None of the companies of the district pub-
lish annual reports, so that statistics relating to the yield of the ores,
to costs, or to financial results are not available. Statements are annu-
ally filed with the tax commissioner of Montana, which cover a fiscal
year, but since they do not embrace figures as to the output of copper,
silver, and gold, they permit only of approximations as to the capacity
of the district to meet the world's competition in the copper market
ARIZONA.
Arizona has resumed its growth, checked in 1902 by the falling off
in the output of a few of its leading mines through temporary causes.
With the newer mines, like the Calumet and Arizona, and the Shan-
non, reaching their full production in 1904, and with the enlarged
operations of a few of its older producers, a further increase is very
probable.
The Warren district, of which Bisbee is the center, and which has
been famous for the old Copper Queen mine, has been the scene of an
extraordinary activity in mining development. Conspicuous among
the properties which have already developed large ore bodies are the
Calumet and Pittsburg Company, which lies to the easi of the Calu-
met and Arizona and is separated from it by the Lowell mine of the
Copper Queen, and the Lake Superior and Pittsburg, which lies south
and southeast of the Calumet and Arizona and joins both the Lowell
and the Calumet and Pittsburg properties.
During 1904 there will be completed the new Douglas smelting
plant of the Copper Queen Company, whose suppi}' of ore will be
drawn not only from the Copper Queen itself but also from the mines
controlled by Phelps, Dodge & Company, the Moctezuma and- the
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COPPEB. 213
Sierra de CoHro in Socorro, the Globe, and others. The plant will
also be used, an custom works for the smelting of copper ores and dry
gold and silver ores. The works have 6 smelting furnaces of 2,000
tons aggregate daily capacity, one furnace being in reserve.
The Calumet and Arizona Mining Company has rushed into promi-
nence as a copper producer in 1903. Having produced in 1902 only a
little over 2,000,000 pounds, the company made 10,272,427 pounds
during the first six months of 1903, and 15,263,430 pounds during the
second half of the year. During 1903 the company mined 150,070
tons of ore, shipped 148,584 tons, and smelted 145,916 tons, from
which there was recovered an average of 8.88 per cent of copper.
The value of the gold and silver in the metal was $144,862.39, or an
average per ton of refined copper of $11.35. During the year the
highest price obtained for copper was 14.48 cents, and the lowest
11.50 cents, the average for the refined copper sold being 13.088 cents,
or, deducting refining charges and commissions, 12.013 cents, and less
freight, insurance, assaying, sampling, and weighing 11.558 cents.
The smelting works are now treating an average of 600 tons per
day of 24 hours, which, with a small outlay, can be brought up to
900 tons per day, equal to a capacity of 35,000,000 pounds per annum.
The United Verde Company produced somewhat more copper in
1903 than it did in 1902, although it has not yet returned to the
normal output of former years. During 1903 the smelting plant was
remodeled and enlarged, so that the production may be considerably
increased.
In the Verde district a new producer of importance will appear in
1904 in the Equator Mining and Smelting Company, in which Senator
W. A. Clark is largely .interested. The property consists of the Iron
King mine and a smelting plant with 250 tons weekly capacity. Con-
siderable quantities of ore were in the roast yards at the close of 1903.
The George A. Treadwell Mining Company did not produce any
copper worth mentioning during the trial runs of its smelter in 1903,
but is expected to become a steady producer during 1904.
The Imperial Copper Company does not expect to begin production
until the middle of the current year.
In the Clifton district progress is being made. The operations of
the largest producer, the Arizona Copper Company (Limited), are indi-
cated by the latest report for the six months ending March 31, 1904.
At the mines electric haulage has been introduced with success. In
the concentrating plants there were treated during the six months
281,552 tons of ores, which yielded 35,093 tons of concentrates. The
leading plant treated 43,049 tons of tailings and produced 1,488,246
pounds of copper, the acid plant making 1,826 tons of sulphuric acid.
In the smelter 49,646 tons of copper ore and concentrates and 1,491,441
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214 MINERAL RESOURCES.
pounds of copper from the leaching works were smelted, which pro-
duced 14,756,742 pounds of copper. The mine proiSts were £119,379,
after deducting general expenses and taxes. The net earnings of the
Arizona and New Mexico Railroad, owned by the company, were
£89,842, making a total of £159,221. There were paid £10,505 for
interest, £12,265 for dividends on preferred stock, and £107,659 on the
share capital.
The Detroit Company did not produce quite as much copper in 1903
as it did in 1902, the figures being 18,917,158 pounds in 1902 and
16,558,232 pounds in 1903. No enlargement is contemplated at the
present time.
The Shannon Copper Company, which first entered the ranks of pro-
ducers in 1902 with a product of about 2,340,000 pounds, increased its
output to 6,588,720 pounds in 1903, and in 1904 will probably exceed
12,000,000 pounds, a second section of the concentrating plant having
been completed during the current year. The company has closed a
contract for treating the ores of the Standard Consolidated Copper
Company, of the Clifton district. The latter company is an amalga-
mation of the Coronado Mining Company, which has been a producer
of ore on a moderate scale; the Standard copper mines, which have
marketed some high grade ore, and the San Jose mines, now in course
of development.
In the Globe district the most interesting event has been the amal-
gamation of the Old Dominion and the United Globe properties, fol-
lowed by comprehensive improvements which will lead to a greatly
increased output. The Old Diminion Copper Mining and Smelting
Company has been an active producer for many years, but its opera-
tions were based on the smelting of its oxidized ores, with the object
of making black copper in one fusion. Metallurgically, much better
results can be obtained by smelting to a matte and Bessemerizing the
latter. The United Globe mines in the same district can advanta-
geously furnish sulphur ores, the siliceous ores of the property going
to the Douglas smelter, owned by the same interest. As soon as the
amalgamation had taken place suitable ores from the Copper Queen
mines had been shipped to the Old Dominion smelter and delivered at
a cost varying from $1 to $3 per ton after taking into account the
values of the copper contained, an arrangement which will cease when
the company begins concentrating its own sulphides. Under the new
management a new well-equipped shaft has been sunk on the Old
Dominion, and a new smelter is being built, with three furnaces, 44
inches by 180 inches, at the tuyeres. The matte is to be Bessemerized
in a 2-stand plant. There is also being built a concentrator, with a
capacity of 250 to 300 tons per day, which will be completed in 1904.
In the meantime the company, which produced 7,479,721 pounds of
copper in 1903, has reached during the spring of 1904 a production of
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OOPPEB. 215
1,300,000 to 1,500,000 pounds per month by operating the old smelter,
with two furnaces. It is estimated that with the new equipment a
considerably larger output, approximately 2,000,000 pounds per month,
will be maintained.
UTAH.
Dtah has been the scene of great activity, the problem of treating
the lead ores of the Bingham district in particular having been fully
solved. Since 1900, when this development began seriously, the pro-
duction has more than doubled, and a further increase is assured.
The Utah Consolidated Mining Company, which has succeeded the
Highland Boy Gold Mining Company, an English company, is the largest
copper producer in Utah. During the 3^ear 1903 there were mined
1^,899 toDS of sulphide ore, 6,276 tons of oxidized ore, and 81 tons of
lead ore; a total of 190,256 tons, of which 6,390 tons were sold. The
smelter at Murray treated 176,125 tons of sulphide ore and 6,015 tons
of oxidized ore, an average of 482.5 tons per day of sulphide ore. The
product was 13,023,633 pounds of bullion, which, when refined yielded
12,715,693 pounds of fine copper, 198,811 ounces of silver, and 20,028
ounces of gold, as compared with 11,840,431 pounds of copper, 160,915
ounces of silver, and 19,078 ounces of gold in 1902. The company is
increasing the capacity of the smelter by 40 per cent, so that it will
enter the second half of 1904 with a productive capacity of 18,000^000
pounds per annum. The company received from sales of copper,
silver, and gold, $2,028,934, and expended for mining $338,524; for
exportation and mine development, $6,263; for smelting and ore trans-
portation, $515,202; and for refining charges, freight, and selling,
$235,246. Taking into account miscellaneous and other outlays and a
reduction in the stock of bullion on hand and of copper in process,
there remained a profit of $1,038,637.
The United States Mining Company works the Telegraph, Old Jor-
dan, and Commercial mines at Bingham, and the Centennial, Eureka,
and Tintic mines in the Tintic district, and has a smelting plant of four
furnaces to which a fifth has been added, with a sixth to follow. In
11^03 the company produced about 8,500,000 pounds of copper, so that
the output is likely to be considerably increased during the current
jear. The company has also begun the building of a lead-smelting
plant
I The Bingham Mining Company, which operates mines both in the
I Tintic and in the Bingham district, has considerably increased its
! operations during 1903 and early in 1904. The company has issued
J $1,000,000 of convertible 6 per cent bonds to pay for properties
acquired, and to take up $300,000 of debenture bonds. The company
haH a Hmelting plant of four furnaces, which handled in 1903 at the rate
of 13,500 tons, and with a fifth stack early in 1904 were smelting 20,000
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216 MINERAL RESOURCES.
tons per month, of which about 45 per cent was custom ore. The com-
pany has entered into contracts for the smelting of the copper concen-
ti-ates of the Utah Copper Company for seven and one-half years. It
is estimated that a production of about 14,000,000 pounds per annum
will be attained.
The Tintic Mining and Development Company, in the neighborhood
of the Highland Boy and Boston properties has been developing it'*
Yampa mines, and during the year completed a smelting plant with a
capacity of 250 tons per day, which it is estimated will produce from
6,000,000 to 7,000,000 pounds of fine copper in the form of matte.
The Utah Copper Company has been developing a large body of low-
grade ore in the Bingham district and is completing a concentrating
plant of 500 tons daily capacity. If the results are satisfactory, a very
much larger plant is to be built.
Similar ore is being treated by the Ohio Copper Company^ which
has acquired the Columbia mine.
The Boston Consolidated Copper and Gold Mining Company, Limited,
is a Bingham property which is shipping ore to the Bingham company's
smelter under a 2-year contract, which provides that there be fur-
nished 200 tons per day of ore carrying not less than 3 per cent of
copper.
There is being developed on a very comprehensive scale the Cactus
group of mines at Newhouse, near Frisco, in Beaver County, by the
Newhouse Mines and Smelters, an undertaking carried out by Mr.
Samuel Newhouse. The Frisco branch of the San Pedro, Los Angeles
and Salt Lake Railroad is being extended to Newhouse, and conti*act8
have been let for the first 800-ton unit of a concentrating plant, the
property including the Wah-Wah springs, from which the water has
been piped and which will furnish a supply for a very large plant
The ore is pyritic, easily concentrated, and contains about 5 per cent
in copper, and some silver and gold. A contract has been closed with
the American Smelting and Refining Company for smelting the product
for a series of years.
The Majestic Mining and Smelting Company, which operates mines
in the vicinity of Milford, built a smelter at Lewisville which produced
a small quantity of matte during a trial run. The company has been
in financial difiiculties, and the plant is now idle.
A little more than 1,500,000 pounds of copper was made in 1903 by
the Utah and Eastern Copper Company, with mines and smelting works
in Washington County. It is expected that a larger production will
be attained during 1904.
As a smelter of custom ores the Utah plant of the American Smelt-
ing and Refining Company is an important factor in the utilization of
its copper resources.
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OOPPEB. 217
CALIFORNIA.
Owing chiefly to the decline in the production of the Mountain Cop-
per Company the output of copper from California has shown a fur-
ther decline. Because of a fire and labor troubles, the Mountain
Company made only 13,189,714: pounds of copper as compared with
19,500,000 in 1902. During 1903 the Keswick smelting works smelted
124,678 tons of ore, 118,978 tons being mined in that year. The
Bullj Hill Company, also in Shasta County, yielded a little over
2,300,000 pounds. The Balaklala in the same district is developing
its mines and is about to build a smelting plant. The Trinity has not
yet made plans for work on a large scale. The Great Western Gold
Company, another Shasta County property, has completed a smelting
works. The Fresno Copper Company is an English Company which
hafi) just ordered a large smelting and bessemerizing plant. At Campo
Seco the Penn Mining Company has been producing matte in 1903
containing 2,210,000 pounds of copper. Besides this only small
quantities of cement copper have been marketed by several of the
old mines.
TENNESSEE AND THE SOUTH.
The Tennessee Copper Company is forging ahead, having in 1903
produced 10,690,389 pounds of fine copper, as compared with 8,108,534
pounds in 1902. A third furnace and a new blowing engine were in
coarse of construction, which according to the estimate of Mr. J. Parke
Channing, the president, will carry the output to about 14,000,000
pounds. It has been determined to increase the smelting capacity from
300,000 tons per annum to 600,000 tons by enlarging the smelter from
three to six furnaces. The production of ore could be made by operat-
ing the nunes double shift. The new construction will extend over
eighteen months, so that the enlarged output will not come into play
until well into 1906. The company is carrying out the plan of smelt-
ing unroasted or green ore, which will not only reduce the operating
costs but will increase the extraction, and will make a net saving of not
kais than 1 cent per pound on the copper.
Mr. Randolph Adams, the general manager, in his annual report,
states that there were raised and shipped from the Polk County mine
75,153 tons, from the Burra Burra 120,046 tons, and from the London
92.366 tons, a total of 287,465 tons, the ore reserves standing at the
^ of the year at 2,775,000 tons, an increase of 725,000 tons during the
vflir. The charge smelted during the year consisted of 248,067 tons
<rf roasted ore, the equivalent of 275,630 tons of green ore; 8,859 tons
of faliceous ore, 218 tons of green ore, 25,336 tons of converter slag,
2,2h2 tons of blast-furnace by-products, 27,232 tons of quartz flux, and
5,977 tons of matte resmelted— a total of 317,466 tons, which required
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218 MINERAL RESOURCES.
the consumption of 39,606 tons of coke. The production amounted
to 1,922,772 pounds of fine copper in Bessemer pig, 8,736,117 pounds
of refined copper, and 31,500 pounds suspended in refining, the yield
calculated on the green ore being 37,615 pounds per ton of ore.
The detailed operating costs, free on board Tennessee, are as follows:
Operating costs of Tennessee copper ore^ free an board.
I Cost.
^^™- j Per ton of iPerpound
ore.
o! copper.
Mine development i 80.1^8
Mining, hoisting, etc ' .6696
Crushing and sorting
Railway
Roasting
Credit to ore in process in roast yards
Blastfurnace
Engineering and laboratory
General
Converting
Ctnti.
1.78
Cost of fine copper in pig.
Refining
Cost of fine copper as ingot.
.0761
.20
.1454
.38
.8300
.88
.0442
.12
1.1437
S.04
.0324
.09
.1443
.38
.2692
.72
2.9892
7.96
.0971
.25
3.0863 8.20
The treasurer, Mr. J. H. Susmann, reports that sales were made of
3,023,544 pounds of pig copper, at an avemge selling price of 12.17
cents, the approximate cost being 7.95 cents at works, 0.66 cent for
freights, insurance, and selling expenses, and 0.30 cent for taxes,
legal, and administrative expenses, a total of 8.91 cents. The sales of
refined copper were 9,655,545 pounds, at an average price of 12.98
cents, the approximate costs being 8.20 cents at works and 0.96 cent
as above for other costs, a total of 9.16 cents. There were inventoried
at the beginning of the year 2,450,077 pounds of copper, and at the
end the stock at works and on dock was 912,354 pounds.
The profit and loss account shows profits aggregating $500,419.52,
which includes $74,326.57 for ro^^alties on iron ore mined, tolls on
converting outside copper matte, and on merchandise, while the
expenditures include $7,500 to bond-issue account, $25,000 interest
on $500,000 bonds, and $50,354.52 for depreciation. The sum of
$61,785.74 was expended on construction. Two dividends aggregat-
ing $437,500 were paid. The capital stock is $5,000,000, of which
$625,000 is in the treasury.
The second producer in Tennessee is the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper
and Iron Company (Limited), with a production of about 3,000,000
pounds. Mr. W. H. Freeland, the general manager, reports that
prior to August, 1902, the company roasted all its ore in open heaps
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COPPEB. 219
before smelting. As the result of successful experiments in the smelt-
ing of green ore, roasting was abolished and the mines were shut down
until the large stock of ore in the roast yards was exhausted in Sep-
tember, 1903, when mining operations were resumed. Since then the
ore has been smelted without preliminary roasting. The practice con-
skts of two operations, viz, the smelting of the green ore to a low-
^rade matte, carrying in the neighborhood of 20 per cent of copper,
followed by a second smelting or concentration of the first product to
a 50 per cent matte. In the first operation 3 per cent of coke is at
present used in the charge, but it is expected that even this small
amount will be dispensed with in the future. The second operation
coDsomes a quantity of coke equivalent to 1 per cent of the original
ore. Early in the current year a daily tonnage of over 400 tons of
ore was being treated in this manner, which indicates an annual output
of about 4,600,000 pounds of copper.
ALASKA.
Through shipments of ore to Pacific coast smelters, and to the T^oma
Smelting Company in particular, Alaska has for the first time entered
the ranks of producers with the prospect that important additions to
the output will be made during the current year, when several local
smelting plants will render more extensive operations possible. The
greatest progi'ess has been made with the opening up of the deposits
on Prince of Wales Island. The Alaska Copper Company, of Copper-
mount, shipped some rich ore in 1903 and is building a smelting plant.
A 400-ton plant is under erection also for the Brown-Alaska Copper
Company.
WYOMING.
There has been only a moderate amount of copper produced in
Wyoming, the bulk of it coming from the Encampment district, in
Houthern Wyoming. The principal interest is the North American
Copper Company, which owns the Ferris- Haggerty mine and the 16-
mile aerial tramway from that mine to the Encampment smelter. A
good deal of underground work has been done, and the smelter has
been enlarged to a capacity of 500 tons per day and a converting plant
has been added, so that the current year will witness a considerable
increase in the output. A considerable number of other mines in the
dbitrict are being developed. The Rambler Mining and Smelting
Company has shipped a small quantity of matte, but was closed down
at the end of the year.
IDAHO.
A soudl quantity of copper was produced during 1903, during a
*>rief period of operation of the smelting plant of the White Knob
Copper Company at Mackay. The company will probably produce
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220 MINERAL BESOUROES.
more regularly in 1904. At Mineral City the Ladd Metab Company
has erected a furnace and ha8 shipped some matte. Small quantities
of Idaho ores reach some of the larger smelting works.
CANADA.
According to official returns, the production of Canada amounted in
1903 to 43,281,158 pounds of copper, valued at $5,728,261. The sta-
tistics of the Minister of Mines of British Columbia show a production
in 1903 of 34,359,921 pounds as compared with 29,636,057 pounds in
1902. The Bureau of Mines of Ontario reports a production, during
1903, of 10,662,000 pounds, the greater part thereof being obtained
as an incidental product in working the Sudbury nickel deposits.
The most important copper-producing section in British Columbia
is the Boundary district, which produced, approximately, 625,000 tons
of ore in 1903, the greater part of which was smelted in the local
plants of the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting, and Power
Company at Grand Forks, the British Columbia Copper Company,
and thd Montreal and Boston Company. Air of them work large
bodies of low grade ores, carrying some silver and gold. The largest
of them is the Granby Company, which increased its smelting plant in
1903 to 6 furnaces with a capacity of 2,100 tons of ore per day, and is
now working on the plans for an addition of 8 furnaces, which will
bring the capacity up to 4,800 tons per day. The company has com-
pleted a Bessemer plant and has introduced the use of the steam shovel
in its mining operations. It is estimated that when the proposed
enlargements are completed the plant will produce 4,000,000 pounds
per month.
The Montreal and Boston Copper Company has been consolidated
with the Dominion Copper Company, the Morrison Mines (Limited),
the Athalstan or Jackpot Gold Mining Company, and a three-quarters
interest in the Emma mine, the new company being known as the
Montreal and Boston Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company.
The company proposes to increase the smelting capacity to about 1,200
tons per day, and to add a converter plant. The last annual report of
the Montreal and Boston Company for 1903 shows that there were
smelted during the year 112,246 tons of ore, producing 2,551,142
pounds of copper, 7,705 ounces of gold, and 58,725 oundes of silver,
jfor which there was received, in the form of matte, $403,602. The
smelting plant ran only intermittently, owing to shortage of coke dur-
ing the spring and early sununer. The cost, including purchases of
ore, were $453,882.
The British Columbia Copper Company, which controls the Mother-
lode mine, produced close upon 4,000,000 pounds of copper, 50,000
ounces of silver, and 13,500 ounces of gold during 1903. The smelt-
ing plant is to be enlarged, and a converting plant is to be added. The
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COPPEB. 221
works are to be operated by electricity from the power plant of the
Cascade Water Power and Light Company, at Cascade, on the Kettle
RiTer.
TheRossland district has increased its product, the shipments having
been about 377,000 tons of ore. The greater part of this ore is treated
at the Lie Roi smelting works at Northport, Washington, while the
Trail smelters handle the bulk of the remainder. The siliceous ores of
the district are being successfully concentrated in mills built and build-
ing which employ the Elmore process. The Velvet Mine (Limited)
is erecting a pyritic smelter.
As indicating the character of the ores, it may be noted that the
Le Roi Mining Company mined and shipped to the Northport smelter
155,765 tons of dry ore, which carried 1.526 per cent of copper, 0.709
ounce silver, and 0.373 ounce gold.
In the coast district development has been favored by the operation
of the Crof ton smelter of the Northwestern Smelting and Refining
Company, at Crof ton, Vancouver Island, and of the Tyee Copper Com-
pany (Limited) at Ladysmith. The annual report of the latter com-
pany for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1904, shows that there were
mined 48,624 tons of ore at a cost of $2.21 per ton. The smelting plant
handled, besides, 7,126 tons of custom ore, and 1,176 tons of ore from
stock. There were produced 5,554 tons of matte, containing 4,446,987
pounds of fine copper, 143,303 ounces of silver, and 8,778 ounces of
^rold, the total value, less refining charges, being $678,837. The ore
yielded 3.96 per cent of copper, 2.55 ounces of silver, and 0.156 ounce
goId« The total receipts were -€128,632, and the expenses were £103,-
242, including X45,954 for mine expenses and -€39,886 for smelter
expenses. The profits for the year were £25,390 on a capital of
£180,000.
MEXICO.
The oldest of the larger copper enterprises in Mexico is the Boleo
Company « operating in the Santa Rosalia district in Lower California.
It is known as a Roths<»hild enterprise, and its stock is held in France.
During 1903 the company mined 230,490 tons of ore, which yielded
10,480 metric tons of copper, the aveitige yield being 4.56 per cent.
The net profits were 5,829,449 francs, of which 2,500,008 francs were
paid out in dividends to stockholders, and 460,002 francs were paid on
founders' shares.
The Boleo Company is interested in the Inguamn Company, another
Mexican copper enterprise under Rothschild management. It is a low-
gnde proposition in the State of Michoacan, which has been prospected
for a number of 3'ears, and which it is now proposed to develop fully.
The Greene Consolidated Copj^M* Company, of Cananea, has con-
tinwHl its exceedingly rapid development, having produced during the
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222 MINERAL BE80UB0BS.
calendar year 1908 about 45,000,000 pounds of copper. During the
year 1904, however, the company has been producing at a rate of over
5,000,000 pounds per month, and there has been a further develop-
ment of its capacity. An eighth furnace has been completed, a sixth
stand of converters has been installed, and a very large new conceD-
trating plant has been added.
The Moctezuma Company, at Nacosari, Sonora, produced in 1903
about 8,900,000 pounds of copper. Its ore will, upon the completion
of the Douglas smelter, go to that plant for reduction.
In southern Mexico the most important producer is the Teziutlan
Copper Company, in the State of Puebla. The plant consists of two
Herreshoff furnaces, the matte being bessemerized. The production
is about 400 tons of copper monthly.
CUBA.
The famous old El Cobre mines near Santiago are being developed
by an American company, which has been un watering the old work-
ings and is now building a smelting plant at Punta Sal, on Santiago
Harbor, 9 miles from the mines.
GERMANY.
The only great copper producer in Germany is the Mansfelder
Kupferschieferbauende Gewerkschaft, whose cost of production is
such that the. profits and losses alternate as the prices of copper
and of silver rise or fall. In 1903 there were mined 686,838 tons
of cupriferous slate, at a cost of 28.09 marks per ton. The four
smelting plants handled 685,880 tons of ore, and 474 tons of sandy
ore were added in the matte smelting, so that the total was 686,354
tons. The total production of copper was 19,258 metric tons, an
increase of 509 tons over 1902. This included 17,266 tons of refined
copper, 1,883 tons of electrolytic, and 109 tons of refined obtained
from foreign products. The desilverizing plant yielded 97,358 kilo-
grams of fine silver. There were also made 20,785 tons of chamber
acid. The average price obtained for refined copper in 1903 was
122.81 marks, as compared with 112.57 marks in 1902. The total
receipts for 1903 were 30,900,828 marks, as compared with 29,044,079
marks in 1902. The expenditures were 29,117,745 marks and
29,634,971 marks, respectively, so that there was a surplus of
1,723,083 marks in 1903, as compared with a loss of 590,908 marks
in 1902. The corporation carries on a number of other operations,
which carried the total profit in 1903 to 6,037,853 marks, as compared
with 108,110 marks in 1902.
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COPPER. 223
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
The min<^ of the Peninsula are not showing any notable growth, but
they continvie to be an important factor in the copper trade of the
world.
The Rio Tinto Company (Limited) produced, in 1903, 35,810 long
tons of copper, 21,565 tons being refined copper and 14,245 tons being
metal in pyrites shipped. The sales for the year were 36,361 long
tons, consisting of 22,208 tons of refined copper, 1,484 tons in sul-
phate, and 12,669 tons in pyrites. There were mined for shipment,
during 1903, 688,919 tons, as compared with 627,967 tons in 1902, and
there were mined for local treatment 1,229,619 tons in 1903 and
1,237,322 tons in 1902. The average content of copper, however,
declined from 2.517 per cent in 1902 to 2.390 per cent in 1903. The
actual shipments were 667,748 tons of pyrites and 118,171 tons of sul-
phur ore. Of the pyrites shipped, the United States took 163,245
tons. The net profit on the sale of produce was £1,648,110, and there
were received from interest and rents £43,613. There were paid in
dividends £1,214,688.
The Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company shipped, in 1903, 4,548
long- tons of precipitate and 421,226 tons of pyrites. The net profit
for the year was £218,960.
The mines of the company are approaching exhaustion and the effoiis
to acquire other profitable copper properties have not been successful
thus far. Mines in Norway, purchased some time since, did not come
up to expectations and have been disposed of.
Ifason and Barry (Limited), who work the San Domingos mines in
Portugal, had a fairly prosperous year, making a profit of £85,056.
The copper production of the company is decreasing.
Among the more recent Spanish pyrites mines are the Pena Copper
Mines (Limited), which are just beginning to produce. In 1903 the
output was 179,160 tons of ore, of which 155,887 tons were put down on
the heaps for leaching, the balance being reserved for export without
treatment There are now on the heaps 433,623 tons, from which
there were produced, in 1902, 624 tons fine copper in precipitate, and
in 1903, 924 tons. The average contents of the ore mined in 1902 was
47.^ per cent of sulphur and 1.36 per cent of copper, the percentages
in 1903 being, respectively, 46.11 per cent and 1.25 per cent. The
net profit in 1903 was £21,599.
THE WORIiI>'8 PRODUCTION.
Messrs. Henry R. Merton & Co., of London, have compiled the fol-
lowing statement of the world's production, the figures being modified
bj thiK office when^ official statistics are available.
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224
MINEBAL BB80UBCE8.
The capper pwducticm of the world, 1896-1903.
[Long tons.]
Ccmntiy.
■UBOPK.
Qreat Britain
Spain and Portogal:
RioTinto
Thanis
Mason and Barry
Sevilla
Tinto and Santa Rosa .
Other mines
Germany:
Mansfeld
Other German
Austria
Hungary
Sweden
Norway
Italy
Russia
Turkey
1896.
1887.
I
656
84.501
12,000
08,900
1,026
556
83,923
a 11, 000
a4,800
810
1896.
Total.
KOBTH AMKRICA.
United States
Canada
Newfoundland
Mexico:
Boleo
Other Mexican .
18,265 ,
1,800
1,066 '
206
600
2,500 *
8,400
5,882
500 '
2,560 I
17.960
2,185 I
1.210
446
545
8,450
8,480
6,941
975
88,M8 90,829
206,884
4,190
1,800
9,940
1,210
Total 222,524
SOUTH AMERICA.
ChUe
Bolivia:
Ooroooro.
Peru
Ar§rentina....
Total.
AFRICA.
Algiers
Cape of Good Hope:
Cape Company
Namaqua Company .
Total .
Japan
AUSTRALASIA.
New South Wales
South Australia
Tasmania
Queensland
Total .
23,500
2,000
740
100
220,571
5,988
1,800
10,170
ci4,200
242,679
26,840
5,470
1,960
7,450
21,000
4,467
4,877
1,928
11,272
21,900
2,200
1,000
200
25,800
5,290
2,160
7,440
23,000
6,922
4,705
4,956
640
83,705
all, 160
8,600
800
815
2,805
18,045
2,040
1,110
480
480
8,615
2,965
7,291
470
1899.
89,461
285.060
8,040
2,100
9,485
07,000
261,625
24,850
2,060
3,040
125
80.066
50
4,660
2,400
7,110
25,175
5,743
6,000
5,200
16,583 15,943
685
34,370
9,448
8,600
1,200
1,000
2,660
20.785
2,676
915
590
520
3,610
3,082
7,588
920
253,870
6,731
2,700
10,885
a9,000
1900.
777
1901
682
35,782 I 35,348
7,966
8,460
1,460
1,580
2,676
7,427
3,729
1,292
1,640
4,186
282,636
25,000
2,500
5,166
82,780
4,140
2,350
6,490
27,560
5,394
a6.600
(19,000
20,894
18,890
18,780
2,020
2,940
865
1,015
490
886
450
820
3,985
3,875
2,797
a 3, 000
7,898
6,263
520
980
480 I a500
84,480 1 8^810
6,710 { 6.SH)
3,390 2.430
1,545 1,106
1,285 j 1,4N
2,440 2.645
18,730 18,975
2,855
1,027
485
455
4,565
3,370
8,675
1,100
2,280
1,0%
810
4»
5,915
3,100
10,S»
1,400
91.089 91,841
270,568
8,446
2,700
268,782
18,496
2,836
11,050 I 10,796
all, 000 al9.685
303,784 I 820,044 866,280
91,552 I H<K»
294,423
811,«r7
17.486
19,321
2,586
2,710
10,785
10,480
a30,000
040.000
25,700 30,780 28,960
2,100
8,220
75
86,096
4,420
2,800
02,000
9,520
730
02,000
7,850
240
43,060 89,020
5,072
2,400
2,750
1,700
6,720 , 7,472 4,450
28,121
27,475 29,776
_l_
05,600 6,802
a5,386 6,770
010,000 1 012,000
dM 3,061
21,270 I 28,633
8,796
6,847
a9,650
8,784
29,076
884, 1»
30.930
02,000
7.800
185
40,865
4,630
600
5,230
31,360
08,000
«7.000
a9.N52
4.916
29,468
a Estimated.
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OOPPEB.
225
IMPORTS.
In former volumes of Mineral Resources tables have been published
showing the imports from 1867 to 1894, inclusive, of fine copper con-
tained in ores. From 1895 to 1903 only the gross weight of the ore
and of the regnlus (matte) are given. These are presented in the fol-
lo¥ring table:
Otpper ore and reguhut or matte imported and entered for consumption in the United States,
1895-1908,
Ore.
Tear ending December 31—
Quantity.
Pounds.
IW 8,921,920
im 2,620,800
^m 43,919,680
IMS 107,283,440
\m : 120,934,616
1300 109,123,840
1»1 131,790,400
1902 834,010,800
19tt 607,407,860
Matte.
Value. Quantity.
!
^13,689 '
126,580 I '
683,497 I
565,245 I
1,141,180 j
2,164.386
3,084,306 !
1,706,245
1,357.248
Pounds.
3,104,640
3,427,200
2,974,720
1,583,680
7,763,885
27,534,080 i
75,913,600 I
52,978,240
30,461,760
Value.
$125,853
210,725
'226,704
92,135
784,232
2,966,449
11,310,357
6,215,396
1,932,526
Total value.
9339,542
837,805
910,201
657,380
1,925,412
5,130,835
14,394,663
7,921,641
8,289,774
The fine copper content of the copper ore and matte imported has
always been a diflBcult matter to estimate, since it varies from very low-
jrrade ores to high-grade mattes. The country from which the mate-
rial has been imported, and the valuation, has always served as a guide,
bnt the chief reliance has been the reports of smelters and refiners in
this country of the copper content of the material handled by them.
The greater p»rt of the tonnage from British North America is ore,
including as it does the Le Roi ores smelted at Northport, Wash., the
cusUrni ores treated at the Tacoma and other smelters, and the copper
content of the Ontario mines going to Atlantic tide-water works.
Besides this there are the nickel-copper mattes of the Sudbury district,
the copper content of which is reported to this oflBce.
The imports of ore and of matte are shown in the following table for
the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1903:
h^nrts of copper ore and matte, by countries, in the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1908,
Country.
Ottmaaj
C^iilrf n^idom
AAMi 5ofth America .
Xotfeo
^ ^hcr eoontrics .
TMy
1901.
Quantity.
Long tons.
153
1,011
55,641
80,469
8,470
303
Value.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
145,219
53,498 j
3,060,815 '
9,378,197 [
2,130,305
26.611
lAmg ion$.
169
l.'>4,787
22. 2M
3W
43
Value. Quantity. ' Value.
~l
S43,232
139,281
2,318,616
6,127,894
62,463
4.294
Loug tons.
175
686
243,918
39,261
77
7*.M
$47,383
1(M,396
1,758,013
l,2M,3(i8
2,N'>
10,207
96, 017 I 14, 692, &I5 181, 566 8, 69.1. 780 284, 911 3, 177, '232
I ' I I
H s 1903 15
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226.
MINERAL BESOUBGES.
Since July, 19()3, the Bureau of Statistics has collected figures show-
ing the fine copper content of this material. The following table
presents the figures for the six months ending December 31, 1903:
Import of copper orCj matter and reguLus into Hie United States for six monUis ending
December Sly 190S.
Country.
July.
AufTust.
QuanU- y , QuanU-
ties. ^^^^- lies.
Value.
September.
«S»". y^^
October.
V' '^'^-''
10
17,076
18,996
United Kingdom:
Long tons —
Pounds
Germany:
Long tons —
Pounds
British North America:
Long tons. .
Pounds 1,035,665
Mexico: |
Long tons j 5,949
Pounds 1,461,994
Cuba: I
Long tons. .
Pounds
Soutli America:
Long tons. .
Pounds
! iu.:::h-
j
|«2,5
I 95,8
177,387
Total:
Long tons 24, 955
Pounds 2,504,625
1275,315
11,294,
}l28,l
2,457
702,760
1 ,.
12,292,
85,621
)....
I 54,980
I 85,664
12,561,836
I 323
I 143,816
I ""
I 5,040
K
200
158,331
17,8
504
f 20.856 1
11,041,671 r
f V
I 656,:
[:
|UO,e88
2,542
S,162
918
W,301
■256,501
{ 86.
12,765,
|l84,887
f 23,897 b
11,697,823 Ij
19i9»
November.
Country.
Quantities.
Value.
December.
Quantities.
Value.
Total, fdx months.
Quantities. Value.
United Kingdom:
Long tons
Pounds
Germany:
Long tons
Pounds
British North America:^
Long tons
Pounds
Mexico:
Long tons
Pounds
Cuba:
Long tons
Pounds
South America:
Long tons
Pounds
Total:
Long tons.
Pounds ...
16,791
1,878,879
8,883
746,851
701
212,848
$144,564
96,976
8,476
1,314
I:
I
\ 1,652,
I '•
I 1,685,
1:::::::::
1
1
2,205
•860
122,967
197,288
49
20,882
2,341,488
251,329
f 32,
1 8,246,
821,178
306
287,954
42.1
4,211 j
142, T23
8,858,908 I
19,810 j
5,887,580 I
786
217,888
77
22,061
163,745
14,848,822
$41,780
11, 0»
760,121
668,870
8,979
2,865
1,488,709
NOTS.— The pounds given in this table are the estimated copper content of the ore, etc.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
COPPER.
227
A study of these returns and of the reports from smelters and
refiners justifies the estimate of 32,000,000 pounds for the fine copper
content of the ore and matte imported during 1903.
The growth of the Bessemerizing plants at the smelting centers
tends to restrict more and more the shipment of matte, so that foreign
copper reaches us more and more in the form of converter bars, which
appear with ingots in the import returns. This source of uncertainty
in the international movement of copper material tends, therefore, to
disappear.
The sources of the imports of copper in the form of pigs, bars, old
materiaL, etc., are shown in the following table for the calendar years
1901, 1902, and 1903:
Imports of copper pigs, bars, ingots, plates, old and other unmanufactured, in the calendar
years 1901, 190^, and 190S,
Country.
KOI.
Quantity. Value.
I Pounds.
Prince j 1,0:2,178
Gennany ' 8,117,961
rniu-d K I ngdom 48, ^88, 699
British North America . . . 953, 576
Cuba 1,013,460
'Hber Went Indies 890,206
Mexico ' 23,024,876
J«pan 224,880
AU other countries ' 241,115
Total 78,826,410
$159,344
;>37,409
7,589,801
100,460
125,255
43,685
8,245,664
83,185
27,663
1902.
Quantity. Value.
Poundg.
848,623
l,2i5,864
27,762,888
386,861
801,016
190,972
68,665,175
2,643,913
690,416
U, 812, 216 I 103,129,568
$106,645
169,202
4,008,936
40,873
82,921
15,397
8,245,926
816,662
71,197
18,061,169
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Pminrl^.
1,426,279
1,600,766
18,788,558
15,923,700
467,882
317,112
89,361,100
3.604,643
4,717,945
186,707,995
$214,297
218, 000
2,994,404
1,840,604
60,687
81,555
10,978,497
422,756
511,348
17,262,148
A considerable part of the imports from the United Kingdom is
Mister copper originating in other countries, notably the Australian
colonies, which comes to this country for refining. The Mexican cop-
per is almost entirely in the form of converter bars, some American
matte going to Mexican works for conversion to be returned to this
country for refining.
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228 MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
Copper imported and entered for conmmipHon in the United States^ 1890-190S.
Year ending December 31—
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Bars, ingotii, and pigs.
Quantity. 1 Value.
Pounds.
6,189
2.566
22,097
554,348
606,415
7,»79,822
9,074,879
12,646,652
86,892,944
64,282,583
62,404,489
71,001,718
112,420,258
132,762,834
$859
389
2,588
58,480
42,688
726,347
750,976
1,142,626
3.094,541
9,350.582
9.981.060
11,478.422
12.615,708
16,784,082
Old, fit only for re-
manufacture.
Quantity. Value.
Pound8. '
284,789
184,407
71,485
69,875
160.692
1,336.901
2.422.654
1,780,390
1,986.183
6,678.146
8.864,756
2,818,767
2,119,081
3,285,597
«26,473
9.686
6,114
6,M6
15,726
109.840
196.419
158.829
168,405
758.010
878.967
825,850
219,267
389.614
Old, taken from bot-
toms of American
ships abroad.
Quantity.
Pound*,
Value,
16,826
1,14S
Year ending December 81—
Plates rolled,
sheets, pipes, etc.
Manufac-
Sheathing metal, in tures not
part copper. j otherwise
specified.
Total valne.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Value,
1890,
1891
1892,
1893
1894
1895
1896,
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Pounds.
4,209
122.219
1,788
7,066 ,
12,681
27,156 I
34,481 '
3,116
11,793
827 '
5,821
19,248
83,798 ,
34,973 I
•917
23,291
600
1,065
1,821
2,586
4,834
430
2,193
331
3,416
6,761
22,089
17,899
Pounds.
87,468
228,486
417,134
1,670
8,422
6,698
3,183
16,282
5,801
13,763
22,783
5,237
8,912
8,071
S4,467
29,112
51,880
167
1,470
389
306
1,929
979
6,810
2,367
807
491
373
924,752
12,926
49,764
16,166
8.851
13,166
20,963 !
80.729
20,071
13,629
8,145
8,610
6,521
10.836
$67,468
75,40S
110.446
89.149
66.699
851,828
973.485
1,834,443
8,286,889
10,128,862
10,818,944
11,820.459
12,864,021
17,163.208
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OOPPEB.
229
EXPORTS.
The exports of copper in different forms have been printed in former
volumes of Mineral Resources for the period beginning June 30, 1863.
Below, the figures are submitted from 1890:
Qjpper and copper ore of domestic production exporUdfrom the United States, 1890-190S,
[Cwts. are long hundred weights of 112 pounds.]
Ore and matte.
Year ending De-
cember n—
t
Q.Tiantity.
Vm ' 431,411
UW I 672,120
IW 948.010
MB ; 836,040
UN. 87,040
W» ' 276,480
law 414.286
Vm 1 181,280
M» 186,860
vm 1 74,540
WW .....j 200,140
IW 219,666
!« 201.992
\m ' 137,659
I
Value.
$4,413,067
6,565,620
6,479,758
4,267,128
440,129
1,681,261
2,893,914
1,199,029
755.448
442,868
1,832,829
2,586.549
1,826,131
855,867
Pigs, bars, sheets, and old.
Quantity.
Powndt.
10,971.809
69,279,024
80,515,736
138,964,128
162.393,000
121,328,390
259,223,924
277,255,742
291,955,905
246,826,881
837,978,761
194,249,828
854,668,849
810,729,524
Value.
11,865,879
8,844,804
3.488,048
14,213,378
15,824,925
12,222,769
27,822,280
80,597,645
88.508,869
41,190.287
55,285.047
81,692,563
48,892,800
41,170,059
Value of
manufac-
tured
product.
$139,949
298,619
245,064
464,991
878,040
1.084,289
819,017
958,879
1.190,989
1,852,409
2,257,563
1,842,886
2,092,798
2,889,729
Total value.
15,918,896
16.703,543
10,162,870
18,935.497
16,148.094
14,988,809
81,035,211
32.755,058
86.545,251
48,485,654
58,875.439
36.071,448
46,811,729
44,865,165
The destination of the exports of copper for a series of years is
shown by the foUowing table, the data having been furnished by the
Bureau of Statisties:
£iporia of capper ban and ingots for 1898. 1899, 1900, 1901, 190S, and 190S, and coun-
tries to wfddi exported,
[Pounds.]
CoDittiy.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
ntted Kingdom .
ftSMOt
Sct&etlmMli.
hi^
Xexi©
MtUi north
VcilliMUes..
88,448,870
18.613.183
63.900,506
42,801,846
72,418.688
8,788,672
7.840,276
7,478.730
268.976
1.628,606
6.143
843.066
50.676,849
6.069.466
68.450,866
49,286.189
69,804.699
8.449,666
2.680,610
6,854,287
285,222
965,626
5,509
270.614
63.622.445
12,564,191
67,725,969
67,848,848
101,898.894
6.650.285
6,660,423
11,258,115
296,684
1,616.778
1,817
1,060,282
86.819.100
4.661.406
84,607,042
87,487,180
61,762,002
6,046,776
2,880,270
8,616,964
217.437
1,282,577
3,082
1,018,044
88.972,029
8,431,560
63,519.881
56,604,758
96,868,472
9,108,904
a28.589,742
251.812
2,811,885
97
69,764
47,140,717
4,207,720
53,746,221
71,130,077
96,927,346
7,774,016
10,411,679
b 16. 516, 663
165,283
2,644,831
68,971
Total 291,966,906
246,826,881
837.973,761
194,249,828
354,668,849 810,729.524
•Other Suqype, inclnding Austria and Russia.
mother Europe.
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230
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The recovery of the export trade, which followed the collapse of
the effort to hold prices up to a high level in 1901, is well shpwn in
these figui'es. Practically all of the metal which goes to the Nether-
lands is in transit to Germany, and a considerable part of the copper
shipped to England finds lodgment ultimately in other countries.
Besides the exports of copper shown in the above table, largely of
domestic origin, some foreign copper is reexported directly. The
Bureau of Statistics reports that there were exported of foreign cop-
per in 1899, 2,560,149 pounds; in 1900, 1,281,782 pounds; in 1901,
12,888,083 pounds; in 1902, 11,629,877 pounds; and in 1903,2,093,103
pounds. In addition, 14,446 long tons of foreign copper ore, matte,
and regulus were exported in 1902, and 6,150 long tons in 1903.
The following table shows the ports from which copper was exported:
Domegiic exports of ingots^ bars, and old copper in 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 190$, and
190S, by ports,
[Pounds.]
District.
Baltimore, Md
Boston and Charlestown, Mass.
Newark, N.J
Newport News, Va
Norfolk, Va
NewYork,N. Y
Philadelphia, Pa
New Orleans, La
Galveston, Tex
Detroit, Mich
Huron, Mich
Burlington, Vt
All other districts
18d8.
Total.
87,027,133
439,368
673,180
2,638,868
6,249,820
178,400,314
68,624
15,508,831
444,920
728,689
118,827
410,410
246,921
291,955,905
1899.
90,786,853
1,568,197
4,085,580
4,707,267
134,412,540
2,733,692
7,469,628
8,700
820,121
107.662
434,840
206,856
216,826,331
1900.
86,2B4,2S1
1,496,387
2,016,000
280,178,643
12,468,680
3,937,850
469,819
149,.^
678,589
314,527
837,978,751
District.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Baltimore, Md ,
Boston and Charlestown, Mass.,
Newport News, Va ,
Norfolk, Va
New York, N.Y
Philadelphia, Pa
New Orleans, La ,
Detroit, Mich
Huron, Mich
Burlington, Vt
AU other districts
54.877,865
27,917
1,668,567
133,540.150
8,526,130
1,806
387,923
92,062
434,692
293,226
103,607,256
426,069
5,070,026
598,339
236,622,515
5,804,743
1,819
812,828
208,849
1,516,405
88,296,071
512,053
1.969,177
1,771,9«
211, 879. OK.
8,-845,307
3,0!4
611,327
261,820
491,921
1,087,786
Total.
194,249,828 354,668,849
310,729,624
The exports of copper from New Orleans in 1898 and 1899 were
Mexican bars, which were shipped through that port, and were merely
in transit
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COPPER.
231
The data submitted permit of the following summary showing the
available supply of copper for the years 1894 to 1903, both inclusive:
Supply of copper for the United States, 1894^1903,
[Poundii.]
Source.
1884.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
Production of domestic copper
Imports:
Fine copper in ore and matte,
entereil for consomption
Ban aim) f iicrot" --
854,188,874
10,C78,434
606,415
160,592
380,613,404
a5, 800, 000
7,979,822
1,336,901
460,061,430
05,900,000
I 11,897,272
494,078,274
012,000,000
16,578,420
526,612,987
019,750,000
Old coDDer
54,166,467
Total
365,633,815
395,229,627
477,358,702
522,666,694
600,429,454
EzportB:
Tngotnand ban*
162,898,000
5,750,000
121,328,390
16,200,000
259,223,924
22,881,936
6277,255,742
c406,598
011,000,000
291,955,905
Fine copper content of matte...
23, 647, 968
5,420,000
Total
168,143,000
186,528,390
282,105,860
288,662,340 | 321,023,873
Available suddIt
197,490,815
258,701,237
195,252,842
283,994,354 | 279,405,581
Sooroe.
1899.
190O.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Prodoctton of domestic copper
lBport«:
Fine copper in ore and matte,
enteref for oonaomption
568,666,921
a28,800,000
71,922,340
606,117,166
086,380,000
68,796,808
602,072,519
064,000,000
78,826,406
659,506,644
d 40, 000, 000
103,129,568
698,044,517
32,000,000
136,707,995
Total
664,889,261
711,298,974
789,898,925
802,688,212
866,752,612
Ingots and bass-
Domestic
246,82C,831
2,650,149
a8, 500, 000
388,121,071
1,281,782
09,000,000
1
194,249,828 354,668,849
12,888,088 11,629,877
015,000,000 011,000,000
810, 729, 624
FoRism
2,093,103
07,500,000
Total
252,876,480
848,402,853
222,137,911 1377,298,726
820,822,627
Available snnDlv
411,512,781
862,891,121
517,761,014
426,889,486
546,429,886
«&timated.
(> Domestic.
<? Foreign.
d Deducting estimated content of foreign matte exported.
STOCKS.
All the large producers of copper, with the exception of one leading
producer of the Lake district, have submitted a statement of the stock
of metal, the blanks calling for stock at works, in transit, or in agents'
hand», exclusive of material in course of conversion at the works, but
inclosive of converter bars, matte, etc. , which must be shipped for
farther treatment. The stocks do not include the amounts on hand at
the refining works nor those carried by merchants, bankers, or specu-
Ittoru, nor does the statement deal with the copper in stock at works
of consomerB.
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232
MINERAL RESOURCES.
In the aggregate, the reporting mines, which represent a total pro-
duction in 1903 of 537,570,584f pounds of copper out of a total of
698,000,000 pounds, had a stock of 157,215,138 pounds on January 1,
1903, and a stock of 177,117,166 pounds on January 1, 1904, thus
showing an increase of about 20,000,000 pounds.
CONSUMPTION.
The data submitted, subject as they are in a number of respects to
the limitations which the estimates impose, still justify some conclu-
sions as to the consumption of copper in the United States, the esti-
mate for the years 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903 being aj3^ follows:
Estimated consumption of copper in the United States in 1900, 1901, 1902, and 190S.
[Pounds.]
1900.
1901.
• 1902,
1908.
Available suddIv
862,891,121
6,000,000
517,761,014
135,000,000
42.5,339,486
546,429,885
Deduct increase in producers' stocks
20,000,000
Add decrease in nroducers' stocks
126,848,646
Estimated consumption
866,891,121
882,761,014
651,688,131
666,429,885
This indicates a practically stationary consumption as compared with
1902, which harmonizes well with the known developments in iron
and in other metals.
PRICES.
The following table summarizes the highest and lowest prices
obtained for Lake copper, yearly, in the New York markets from 1860
to 1895:
Highest and lowest prices of Lake Superior ingot copper, by years, 1860-1895.
[Cents per pound.]
Year.
1861
1862.
1863
1864
1866,
1866,
1867.
1868,
1869,
1870,
1871,
1872,
1873,
1874,
1875
1876,
1877.
Highest. Lowest.
24
27
32J
38i
25
60i
42
29J
24i
26i
231
27
44
86
25
23}
23}
20i
191
17*
201
29
89
28
26*
2U
211
2U
19
21|
27i:
21 !
19 I
2u :
181
17i
Year.
Highest. Lowe««t.
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882.,
1883..
1884..
1885..
1886.,
1887.,
1888.,
1889.,
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
17*
211
25
201
201
18|
15
lU
12i
171
17A
17*
17*
15
121
12*
10*
121
16J
15J
18*
16
17{
141
11
10
m
11
14
lOi
104
91
9
9*
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COPPER.
238
The following table shows the highest and lowest prices, monthly,
during the last eight years:
Highest and lowest prices of Lake Superior ingot copper, by moitihs, J896-190S,
[Cents per pound.]
January.
Febmary.
March.
April.
May.
June.
Ye*r.
1
!
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
i
1
1
1896
lOi
11
17
16*
17
18
12*
91
u*
lOA
13*
16*
16*
101
12
11*
12
111
18
16*
17
18*
18*
10
11*
11
17
16
16*
12
12*
11*
11*
12
18
17
17
12*
14*
10*
11*
11*
17
16*
16*
12*
18*
. '1
11 101
11* 11
12*1 11*
19*' 18
17* 17
17 I 17
12* 12
16 14*
11*
11*
12*
19*
17*
17
121
14*
10*
10*
12
18*
16*
16*
12
14*
111
11*
11*
18*
16*
17
121
141
11*
1887
10*
11*
1806
1809
18
1900
16*
16*
12*
14*
1«1
1902
MOJ
July.
August.
Septe
mber. October.
November.
December.
Year.
n
1
1
»
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1896
Hi
UI
18*
16*
17
12*
14*
11
11
11*
18*
16*
161
12
13
11*
11*
12*
18*
16*
16*
12*
13*
10*
11
11*
18*
16*
16*
111
18
10*
11*
12*
18*
16*
161
12
18*
10*
11*
12*
18*
161
16*
11*
18*
10*
11*
12*
18*
16*
16*
12*
14
10*
11
12*
17
161
16*
11*
12*
11*
11
121
17*
17
161
12
14
10*
10*
12*
17
16*
16*
11*
12*
11*
11
12*
17
17
16*
12*
12*
11*
10*
12*
16*
161
1«7
vm
l>«9
1900
UOI
12*
MOB
11*
1906
111
From the annual reports of some of the Lake Superior companies
it is possible to obtain a close estimate of the average selling price of
Lake copper. The following table gives the results for 1902 and 1908:
Average selling prices of Lake copper in 1909 and 190S,
1902.
1908.
Mine.
Quantity
sold.
Average
price per
pound.
Quantity
sold.
Average
price per
pound.
Tviutnck X
Povmds,
16,961,628
18,416,396
4.940,866
8,669,748
6,286,819
OmU.
11.87
11.78
li.88
11.91
11.87
Poundi.
16,286.098
16,060,636
6,506,678
3,134,601
10,680,997
10,664,147
9,237,061
1,039,944
18,498,288
4,712,888
Cent*.
18.02
O««ola
18.00
AtUntk
13.12
UeBoyal
13.12
Bftltic
13.43
CUaploD
13.87
Trt^mntafn
18.43
Wtaooa
13.49
Qmaey
13.24
FiwkMn „
18.72
Qtiifial aT^ni^
U.86
18.26
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284
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The following table shows the fluctuations in prices in the English
market:
Average vidtw of copper ijt Englandf 1898-190S,
[Per long ton.]
Year.
1897 •
1898 1
1899 !
1900 1
1901 \
1902
1903
Standard
Best selected
copper.
copper.
£ «. d.
£ s. d.
49 2 61
52 5 2
61 16 7i
55 810
73 13 81
78 2
73 12 Ci
78 8 9
66 19 8i
73 8 8
52 11 5i
56 12 7
58 3 2
62 14 71
In detail the fluctuations, monthly, of good merchant copper in the
linglish market were as follows, from 1897 to 1903, inclusive:
Fluctuations in good mercharU copper in England^ 1897-190S.
[Per long ton.]
Month.
£ 8.
50 10
61 6
50 4
48 16
May 48 10
January . .
February ,
March . . . .
April
1897.
June
July
August
September. .
October
November . .
December 48
48 12
49 8
48 10
48
d.
8i
6
Oi
9
Hi
14
OJ
101
6
8
lU
£ 8.
48 19
d.
2
8i
24
24
91
1
74
81
2
8i
Hi
1900.
8, d,
18 14
10 Of
5 11
2 04
19 3i
15 7
8 lOi
8 54
19 8
£ «.
70 14
71 14
72 11
78 12
1901.
£ f. d,
71 17
71 5 4
69 13 2
69 14 10
69 15 7
68 18
67 14
66 9
114 66 2
71 64 4
3|j 65 12
3i\ 52 9
1902.
£ 8.
48 10
55 5
53 10
52 18
54 8
54
52 19
52 1
52 16
52 6
51 3.
51 1
1908.
£ 8. ft
53 13 7^
67 10 H
64 74
61 19 14
61 18 5
57 11 3i
56 16 lOi
58 12
56 19 81
55 15 0}
56 11 2|
56 10
THE COPPER MARKET IN 1903,
The year opened with copper fairly active on both sides of the
Atlantic, and the market, which was 12 cents for Lake copper and 111
cents for electrolytic copper, gradually hardened until at the end of
January 12^ and 12f cents was paid for Lake and 12^ cents for electro-
lytic copper. The metal developed further strength in February,
closing at 13f cents for Lake and 13^ cents for electrolytic. During
March the demand continued unabated, the price being carried up
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COPPER. 235
from 13i cents to 14f cents for Lake in the la«t few da} .s. The move-
ment culminated in the latter part of April with 15 and J5i cents for
I^ke and l-tf cents for electrolytic copper. An uneasy feeling in finan-
cial circles in this country and a weakness in the London speculative
market caused consumers to hold aloof, and Lake copper receded to
14r} cents and electrolytic to 14i cents. May was dull, with Lake cop-
j>er hovering close to 141 cents. In June the range was a narrow one,
although some good sales were eflfected. The month closed with Lake
down to 14i cents and electrolytic to 14 cente. The financial outlook
being increasmgly uncertain, the copper market yielded rapidly in
July, coming down to 13 cents for Lake and 12f cents for electrolytic.
This brought out buyers, and in the middle of August a somewhat bet-
ter feeling in financial circles was reflected by a rise to 13| cents.
The niarkets were dull and somewhat irregular in September, closing
at 13f and 13i cents. October brought sagging prices, and the decline
had reached 12i cents for Lake and 12i cents for electrol^^tic, when
suddenly the announcement came on the 23d of October that all the
mines and smelting works of the Amalgamated Copper Company had
been closed down. This brought a rush of buyers on both sides of the
Atlantic, our market rising to 13f and 14 cents for Lake copper, to
which the market settled down, until, as suddenly as they had ceased,
operations at the Amalgamated properties were resumed on Novem-
ber 11. There was an immediate decline, aided by the general stagna-
tion in all industrial activities, and November closed dull at 12i cents for
Lake and 12f cents for electrolytic copper. Heavy selling pressure
on the part of the large producing interests caused a further decline
in the early part of December to llf and 12 cents for Lake and 11^ to
Hi cents for electrolytic copper. At these prices very large pur-
chases were made for European account, and the year closed with the
market tending upward, at 12i and 12i cents for Lake and 12 to 12^
cents for electrolytic copper.
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236
MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
THE KNOr^lHII COPPER TRADE.
Since England is one of the leading copper markets of the worhl
the following tables, showing the import and export movement, are
of great interest:
British imports and exports of copper.
[f^ng tons.]
Year.
Impor
Bars, cakes,
and ingots.
tsof— 1
Copper In |
ores and
furnace |
products. 1
91,788
94,403
99,356
88,003
68,851 !
77,80<1
75.398
76,127
71,726
82.730
84,69^1
82.814
70. 179
70,047
Total
Imports. '
1
Export.i.
Apparent
English
eonsrump-
tion.
1890
a 49, 461
44, 213
ft 35. 015
41,829
56,157
42,135
60, 458
60,428
67,978
58.880
70, 247
66,764
90,022
«V_>, 879
141,249
138.616
ia4.371
129,832
1-25,008
119,941
ia5.856 '
136,555
139,704
141,610 I
1M,941
149,578 i
160,201
i:«.926 1
89, 747
76,056
82,542
70,986
i>l,689
65,990
59,334
56,542
<;3. 370
75,271
.56,997
70,396 \
69, 156
76,:^05 1
66,170
1,891
59.223
1892
c 48, 367
1893
66,817
1894
rf50,3:»
1895
d 50, 692
1896
d 76. 036
1897
rf69,787
1898
rf69,2>4
1899
rf60,877
d81,S96
1900
1901
d70,17H
rf80,22:^
1902
1903
d 56. 621
n Including 3,501 tons of Chilo bars transforrod fn>iii France to England.
ft Including 3.585 tons of (^hile bars transforrcHl from France to England.
<• Add 4.001 tons for comparison with foniu-r years, the difference arising from the new method of
making up stock.
d DcHlucting copper content of sulphate ex]>orted (13,078 tons in 1898, 10,045 tons in 1899, 10,728 tons
in 1900, 9,001 tons in 1901. and 10.^22 tons in 1W2).
The following figures for the years from 181)0 to 1903, both inclusive,
taken from tlie board of trade returns, supplemented 1)V Messrs. James
Lewis Sc Son, of Liverpool, show in detail the form in which the
copper is brought into (xroat Britain:
Imports of (-(tppcr into Great Britalt), 1896-190S.
[Long tons.]
Character.
l.s^xi.
1MJ7.
1S1»^.
1S99. 1
1900.
1901.
1902.
1901.
run* in pyrilcs
ll,7'_'t-.
i.-..:.7(;
ir..r.26
17.529 •
IS. 519
16,:«9
15. 279
ls.:>^
I'lirc in pncipitate .
•i:\, \a\
■j:.. \r.\'l
21 . :v.\s
2t,;is7
23, 462
-0:^7
17.874
IS. 216
I Ml re in ore . .
\'> t*>'t
II '.»H)
1 1 -uu
l'> M 1
17 .ss<>
I6,<>.s:^
27, 7:»5
15 OCls
14 'Vl<»
I'nre in matte
■l\uv.'.
1^. in'.r,
2l.:^(.N)
24,827
21,988
22. 7^1
Uiirv. cakes, et<'
60, |.')S
i:r>. s.-x;
60. 12>
l;^>r...-,v.
67.978
5.^,sS) '
70,217
m, ICA
90. 022
ir.0. 2t)l
«k2. S79
Total
l:-.*.), 7<ii
111. mo
151,941
149,578
i:ifl.92i>
M('ssrs. Jjinios L(»\vis tSc Son. of Liverpool, estimate as follows the
imports of copper products into Liverpool, Swansea, London, and
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COPPER.
237
outport^ (except Newcastle and Cardiff, estimated in recent years at
about 6,CMM) tons):
Import* of cojfper into Liverpool^ Swansea, and London, 1896-1903.
[Long tons.]
Coontiy.
1896.
(Tiile
I'nited Stated
Spain and Portugal
^paln and Portugal (precipi-
tate)
Spain and Portugal (pyrites) .
▲u'itialasia
Cape of Good Hope
Venesnela
Japan
IteUy
Norway
Canada
S**wf4>undland
Mtxico
rVni
Wata River
< »ther countries
15,923
89,676 I
6,298
11,474
14,726
10,635
5,905
107
8,492
418
628
Total tons fine .
2,467
7,792
741
»i
797
1897.
14,982
82,792
7,697
17,386 j
15,676 I
10,218 I
7,676 I
21 !
8,664 I
100 I
180
127
2,484
6,217
998
190 '
1,613
1900.
17,784 ! 19,752
88,979 I 20,773
7,298 , 7,084
16,664 <
16,626 ;
18,409 i
9.881 I
19,875
82,256
9,721
17,028
18,519
16,847
17,529
17,086 I 19,977
7,076 ; 8,927
1901.
24,624 ;
21,426 I
7,780
16, 3M
16,339 I
20,586
8,2W
1902.
23,789
43,632
7.860
13,592
15,279
26,261
6,060
2,086
177
1,859 '
4,888 ,
8,011
124 ;
1,807 I
7,812
6,763
167
119
182
679
10
25
2,044
1,589
5,679
8,781
5.163
8,220
63
73
8. 232
3,633
7,820
20
?28
1,669
8,268
9.512
84
4. 75e;
6,331
523
431
1,100
7,945
7,580
212
1,289
1908.
20,968
19,255
8,189
12.998
18,398
21,848
7,891
121,073 121,760 I 132,568 I 136,488 1.56, 1H6 148,250 l 160,9(V4
5,748
110
622
1,286
9,681
7,797
131
2, 850
137,775
The qiiantitien of copper in different forms imported into Great Britain
and France from the United States are given in the foUowin^^ table:
ImjMjrU of copper into EngUind and France from the United States, ISUO-IOOS,
[Long tons.]
Country.
1890.
1891.
4
19,109
7.007
1892.
1893.
1894.
5
2. i;w
2>. ;v>7
'MK \\*'^
9, 2 IS
1895. 1
1
18%.
England:
(In*
5
18,897
1,269
20.171 ,
1,733 '
18
24.<ki8
1,^27
26.113
4,340
30, 453
1899.
•20. 700
_n.92^
12. ISi
4.K,130
19^K).
1
1
Matte
Ban- and ingot«.
8,:i37 1
12,2:)0
2<V .'»S7
n.MOfi
32, 393
1902.
10.016
29. 7.S0
T<»tjil
•2t;. 120
8,329
39, 79«;
Fr»noe
21,998
England
I'nitfi! SlaH"« Into
and France
21,904 '
1897. j
34,449
lh98.
39, 7 JS
IWl.
f.l , 79 J
Country.
loai.
Eni^land:
Sfatte
5. i')?
27, .^1
32,S.'iO
26, ityj
59,015
2.181
36, 7W
22. 7.->:i
61,724
3M
211, 739
2i,it'»:;
2i.6«r>
45, 7NS
2, 7»~
2'.». 2»"
32.0;; J
2'.>. 1(X>
61,1:! I
l.\112
21. \\\
1 l.<»<t^
:i-i. n9
2. "*'.»'.•
111,7:'.:;
2«>. tV>
/3, Os7
118
Brm and inirots. --
I'.t.OMl
Total
Fr»nc<*
V.».2-2S
2:{.%1
rnit«^l .*;taU'« into
and France
England
i;-i, 1^9
Digitized b
yGoO^
7le
238
MINERAL EE80UBCE8.
The exports of copper from Great Britain, estimating the fine con
tents of alloys, have been as follows:
Exports of copper from Great Brilain, 1897-1908,
[Long tons.]
Character.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902,
1908.
English, wrought and un-
wrought, and sheete
Yellow metal, at 60 per cent. . .
Bras8, at 70 per cent
35,951
6,609
3,936
14,844
40,223
6,172
3,733
13,078
42,992
4,156
8,994
10,045
28,632
5,279
4,2:m
10,728
37,763
5,497
4,072
9,004
35,379
7,901
4,462
10,822
40,081
8,519
5,210
Sulphate of copi>er
13, Ml
Total
61,340
10,046
63,206
13,242
61,187
24,129
48,863
18,862
56,326
23,074
58,564
21,414
1 67,171
Fine foreign
1 9,m
1
Total
71,386
76,448
85,816
67,726
79,400
79,978
1 76,905
TITE GERMAN COPPER TRADE.
Gennany is an increasingly important factor as a consumer and
manufacturer in the copper ti-ade of the world. As will be obscr>cd
from the following estimate of the consumption, by Aron Ilirsch &
Sohn, of Halberstadt, Germany, has quite recovered from the depres-
sion of the years 1901 and 1902:
Copper conmimption of Germany y 1896-1903,
[Metric tons.]
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
66,264
38,856
1901.
1902.
190a.
ImiX)rtation8, except ores:
From the United States
42,504
26,619
50,420
28,983
62,473
33,299
47,742
37,504
42,422
80,616
60,274
31 475
64, OW
JK 715
From other countries
Total
68,123
12,462
79,403
12,568
86,772
14,957
85,246
20,304
100,120
15,618
73,038
14,825
91 749 1^ '^i
Less reexports
13,571
14,618
Production Inclusive of content of
65,671
29,489
66,885
29,468
70,816
30,704
64,942
87,676
84,602
82,428
58,218
81,572
78,178
30,728
86.1«
80,149
Home consumption
85,160
38,889
96,303
33,091
101,519
36,724
102,618
40,176
116,925
46,939
89,785
42,240
108,906
45,261
116,818
61,272
Exports of manufactures
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COPPER.
239
Aron Hirsch & Sohn have for some years estimated the sources of
copper consumption, and have reached the following figures:
Consumption by manufaduren* requiremerUSf 1900-190S.
[Metric toDfl.]
Use specified.
Electrical works
Copper ronin^ mills (rods and sheets)
BruB rolling mills and wire works
Chemical works and bine yitriol
Shipyards, railroads, for castings, alloys, German silver, etc
Total
1900.
43,000
18,000
35,000
2,000
19,000
117,000
1901.
26,000
16,000
29,000
2,000
17,000
90,000
1902.
37,000
18,000
32,000
2,000
19,000
106,000
1903.
46,000
18,000
32,500
2,000
18,500
117,000
It is of interest to observe that the chief cause. of the fluctuations
io the consumption lies with the electrical industry.
Aron Hirsch & Sohn estimate that about 15,000 to 20,000 tons of
old copper pass back annually into consumption.
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By Chables Kirchhofi!\
INTRODUCTION.
Taken as a whole, the year 1903 was a prosperous one for the lead
miDing and smelting interests of the United States. Consumption,
titbough not as heavy as it was in 1902, was large enough to absorb
easily the increased production of our mines and to call for a consider-
able quantity of the metal drawn from foreign sources. Prices aver-
aged higher than they did in 1902.
A farther step in the concentration of the lead interests was taken
during 1903, the United Lead Company having secured control of
nearly ail the manufacturing plants making sheet lead, pipe, and shot
to the number of 21. It has been estimated that the annual consump-
tion of metal by the enlarged company, which has hitherto been a pro-
ducer of white lead only, is 85,000 tons. The older consolidation of
white-lead plants — the National Lead Company — is estimated to require
t like amount. During 1904 negotiations were carried very far toward
the fusion of these two companies, which would bring a very large
production of the lead manufa(*turing capacity of the country under
one control.
PRODUCTION.
The following table presents the figures of the total gross production
of lead in the United States from 1825. Up to the year 1882 the
figures have been compiled from the best data available. Since 1882
ibc sUtistics are those collected by this OflSce, with the exception of
tlie year 1889, when they were gathered by the Census Office.
M K 1903 16 241
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242
MINERAL BBSOUBOE8.
Production of lead in the United Slates^ 1S^5-190S,
Year.
Quantity. '
Short tons.
. Year.
QuanUty.
Short (OM.
Year.
QuanUty.
Short tOM.
Year.
' Quantity.
ShoritoM.
1825
1,500
1848
25,000
1867
16,200 '
1886
180,629
1X30
8.000
1849
28,600 <
1868
16,400
1887
145, 7TO
1H31
7,500
1850
22,000
1869
17,600 1
1888
151, 9W
1832
10,000
1851
18,600
1870
17,880
1889
156,897
1838
11,000
1892
16,700
1871
20,000 1 1890
143,6»
18*1
12,000
1863
16,800
1872
25,880
1891
..1 178,664
1835 '...
18,000
1854
16,800
1873
42,540
1892
.J 173,305
1836
16,000
1865
15,800
1874
62,080 1
1893
..1 168,«2
1837
18,600
1856
16,000
1875
59,640 1
1894
..( 162,686
1838
16,000
1857
15,800
1876
64,070
1896
170,000
1839
17,600
1 1858
16,300 ;
1877
81,900 , 1896
..| 188,000
IMO
17,000
1859
16,400 ,
1878
91,060 1 1897
212,000
1841
20,500
1860
15,600
1879
92,780 J 1898
222,000
1W2
24,000
1801
14,100
1880
97,825
1899
...| 210.500
1843
25,000
1862
14,200
1881
117,085
1900
270,824
1844
26,000
1863
14,800
1882
132,890 , 1901
...1 270,700
1845
30,000
1864
15,300
1883
143,957 1902
270,000
1846
28,000
1866
14,700
im
139,897 1903
280,000
1847
28,000
, 1866
16,100
1885
129,412 |j
,
For many years the onl}' method for arriving closely at the lead
product of the mines of the United States has been to depend upon
the smelting works to furnish statistics showing the source of the
material worked by them. These statistics of production do not
necessarily agree with the commercial statistics, which include the
lead obtained by smelting foreign ores and by desilverizing foreign
base bullion in bond. To avoid misapprehension, these must
be clearly and sharply separated. The figures given in the table of
production are arrived at by making an allowance for loss in smelting
the ores and in refining the base bullion derived from that smelting.
The returns of the smelters in the United States agg'regate as
follows:
Lead content of ores smelted by the work* in the United States, 1894-1908, by States.
State or Territory.
Colorado
Idaho
Utah
Montana
New Mexico
Nevada
Arizona
California
Washington
Oregon, Alaslia, South Dakota, Texas
Missouri, Kansas, Wisconsin, Illinois,
Iowa, Virginia, and Kentucky
Total lead content American ores
smelted
Content Mexican ores
Content Canadian ores
Content miscellaneous or unknown
1894.
1895.
Short tons.
Short tons.
60,613
46,984
33,308
31,638
23,190
31,305
9.637
9,802
2,978
8,040
2,264
2,683
1,480
2,053
478
949
150
381
1897.
1896.
Short tons. Short tons. Short tons.
46,300
170,383
« 21, 000
53,596 ■
44,808
46,662
35,678
11,070
3,461
1,178
1,166
691
1.006
51,887
182,331
16,437
5,040
197,496
16,403
10,100
2,118
40,676
68,627
40.637
12.980
9,128
969
2,184
638
66,642
222,499
18,480
19,616
844
67, 8K
59,142
39.299
10.745
6,797
4,714
2.224
482
1,849
64,409
285,578
10,630
17.877
a Estimated.
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LEAD. 243
Lead conierU of ores Hmelted by the works in the United States, 189jhl90S, by Stales — Con.
State or Territoiy. | 1899.
I Short tofU.
fokmdo 70.308
Idaho 52,1M
I'toh 29,987
¥<ntao« ' 10,227
New Mexico 4,856
Xeridt 8,888
Ariiona 3,877
CaWomia | 487
Waafaingion
Onfoo, Alaska, South Dakota, Texas. . .
Mlnoari. Kansas, Wisconsin, Illinois,
Iowa, VHrginia, and Kentucky 54,444
Total lead content American ores '
■melted j 280,090
Content Mexican ores ! 10,298
Ontent Canadian ores | 6, 1 10
Content ffiiKellaneons or unknown 772
I
1900.
1901.
Short tons. \ Short tons.
82,187 I 78,265
85,444 79,664
48,044 ' 49,870
I 6,791
1,124
1,873
4,045
520 I 881
1,029
I
67,172
I
284,204
11,841
I 9,615
804
1902.
Short tons.
51,838
84,742
53,914
4,438
741
1,269
599
176
1908.
Short tons.
45,564
51,129
3,808
618
2,237
1,498
55
1,457
538
2,184
1,765
79,445
86,507
280,797
8,765
2.164
8,975
292,874
2,881
The production of soft lead was 83,444 short tons, this being the
lead obtained directly by smelting nonargentiferous ores in the works
of Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa. The balance of the 86,597
tons credited to these Staters, or 3,153 tons, was derived from Missouri
and Kansas nonargentiferous ores by the smelting furnaces connected
with desilverizing plants, which must, therefore, undergo the same
allowances for loss in smelting and desilverizing that are taken into
account when dealing with the argentiferous ores in the above table.
The total lead content of ores which passed through both the processes
<*f smelting and desilverizing was, therefore, 209,430 short tons.
.Wuming the yield to be 94 per cent, a total of 196,864 tons of com-
mercial lead is reached. To this must be added the 83,444 tons of soft
lead, and the resulting total is 280,308 short tons as the production of
the United States in 1903. In order to indicate the fact that it is an
^j^Umate, this figure is rounded off to 280,000 short tons of lead.
PRODUCTION OF DESILVERIZERS AND SMELTERS.
It was first in 188<; that the treatment of foreign material in Ameri-
can works attained some importance. At first it was foreign ores
that were smelted. Subsequently growing quantities of foreign base
huUion were imported to be desilverized in bond, the greater part of
the refined lead thus made being expoi'ted. In the beginning it was
possible to arrive at the net American production by deducting from
the total pig lead production of the works the lead content of the for-
"fn base bullion and ores. The commercial statistics and the domes-
tic production statistics were identical. Later on the supply to the
Remarkets included, besides the product of our own mines, vary-
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244
MINERAL RBSOUBGES.
ing quantities of "exempt" lead, being a certain tonnage of lead
obtained from foreign material which did not pay a duty.
The following table shows the total production of refined lead in the
United States, irrespective of the source from which it was drawn, the
production of desilverized lead, and of soft lead. A column is also
added showing the amount of lead reported by the works as having
been obtained from foreign base bullion and foreign ores.
Production of refitted lead in the United Stales, 188S-190S.
Year.
1883.
1886.
1887.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1H97.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Total pro-
duction.a
Desilver-
ized
lead.«'
Soft
lead.i>
From for-
eign ores
and base
bullion.
Short tons.
Short toHS,
Shorttons.
Shorttau,
143,967
122,167
21,800
139,897
119,965
19,982
129,412
107,437
21,975
135,629
114,829
20.8U0
c5,000
160,700
186,562
25,148
r 15,000
180.556
161,466
29,090
1 «.«
182,967
158,709
29,268
26,670
161,764
180,403
31,851
18,124
202,406
171,009
81,397
! 28.858
218,262
181,684
81,678
8J.967
229,338
196.820
32,518
65,»1
219,090
181,404
37,686
o9,739
241,882
201,992
39,890
76.173
264,994
221,457
48,687
77. 7»
291,036
247,488
43,558
8s,e;i
310,621
267,842
42,779
99, WS
304.892
263,826
40,566
95,«6
377,679
829,658
48.021
106,856
381,688
323,790
57.898
112,422
377,061
808,011
74.060
i 100.606
878,618
296,074
83.444
88,a4
a Including loreigu base bullion refined in bond.
b Including a small quantity of lead produced in the Southern States.
e Estimated.
Hard lead. — Since 1891 special returns from desilverizers have been
made on the quantity of antimonial or hard lead produced. The quan-
tity was 4,043 tons in 1891, 5,039 tons in 1892, and 5,013 tons in 1893.
In 1896 the production of hard lead was 7,507 tons, rising to 8,867 tons
in 1897, and declining again to 8,473 tons in 1898. It amounted to
6,345 tons in 1899, to 9,906 tons in 1900, to 10,656 tons in 1901, to
9,169 tons in 1902, and to 9,579 tons in 1903.
DOMESTIC PRODUCERS.
The principal increase in the production of lead during 1903 has
taken place in southeastern Missouri, although in the Rocky Mountain
region the rapid development of the Coeur d'Alene mines in Idaho has
more than compensated for the steady decline in the lead product of
Coloi*ado. Utah has held its own fairly well in recent years.
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LEAD. 245
In southeastern Missouri steady propfress has been made in spite of
domewhat adverse labor conditions. The principal older producers
have increased their output. Thus the St. Joe, Doe Run, Desloge,
Central, and Mine la Motte companies produced 44,545 short tons of
lead in 1903, as compared with 41,192 tons in 1902 and with 35,132 tons
in 1901. In the case of the Desloge company this includes some lead
smelted on contract by custom smelters. The St. Joe Lead Company
has been making extensive improvements in its mines and in its smelt-
mg plant at Herculaneum, and is completing a large new concentrating
plant at the Hoffman shaft which will considerably increase the pro-
duction of lead.
The Desloge C!onsolidated Lead Company is also building a new mill
which will add materially to its capacity. The Central Lead Company,
in the Flat River district, is not expected to make quite so much lead in
1904 as was produced in 1903. The Mine la Motte property is being
developed to enlarge the output under new management. The National
Lead Company has prepared for an increased production. This com-
pany is completing a large and modern smelting plant at Collinsville,
111., for the reduction of the ores and concentrates from their own
mines and from other properties. Hitherto the entire production of
the mines of the company in St. Francois County was sold to the
Federal Lead Company, the Pennsylvania Smelting Company, and the
Markle Lead Works. The latter were sold to the United Lead Com-
pany on June 1, 1903, and have since been shut down. The Federal
Lead Company, which owns the Derby property, did not produce
heavily, nor did the Commercial Lead Company, which has leased the
Columbia lead property, make its normal product. In the Fred-
ericktown district the North American Lead Company started its mill
and entered the ranks of producers.
The Joplin-Gralena district, in southwest Missouri and southeast
Kansas, has shown a further falling off. According to local statis-
tkians the sales of lead ores during 1903 were 28,656 tons, as compared
with 31,625 tons in 1902 and with the maximum of 35,177 tons in 1901.
The principal producing camps were Webb City and Carterville, with
9,830 short tons, valued at $547,060; Joplin, with 8,084 tons, valued at
^1,130; Ehienw^, with 3,010 tons, valued at $161,695; and Galena-
Empire, with 2,842 tons, valued at $156,535. The local smelters, the
Picber Lead Company, the Galena Smelting and Manufacturing Com-
pany, successors to C. V. Petraeus & Co., and the Granby Mining and
Smelting Company, produced 17,343 tons of pig lead in 1903, as com-
pared with 18,628 tons in 1902 and 15,464 tons in 1901. A certain
quantity of the lead ore of the district is, however, converted directly
into a pigment
The Coeur d'Alene district, in Idaho, has become by far the most
important producer of lead in the United States, the returas showing
Digitized by V^OOQIC
246
MINERAL RESOURCES.
that the lead content of the Idaho ores treated l)v the .smelters of the
country amounted to nearly 100,000 short tons. The principal event
of the year has been the formation of the Federal Mining and Smelt-
ing Company, which acquired the Mammoth and Standard properties,
now known as the Mace mines, the Tiger-Poorman mines, at Burke,
and the Empire State and Idaho properties. The company also acquired
the Everett smelter, which was subsequently sold to the American
Smelting and Refining Company. Among the large mines of the
Coeur d'Alene which did not go into the consolidation are the Bunker
Hill and Sullivan, the Hercules, and the Morning. An important
undertaking which was completed during the year was the transmis-
sion of electric power from Spokane to Burke by the Washington
Power Company. The line is 101 miles long and is expected to con-
fer important advantages upon the mining and dressing plants of the
district.
Colorado is declining as a producer of lead, but Leadville continiles
to send out a very large tonnage of low grade smelting ores. During
the year the Western Mining Company was formed as a subsidiary
company to the Guggenheim Exploration Company, closely identified
with the American Smelting and Refining Company. It acquired the
A. Y. and Minnie, the A. M. W., and the Mahala mines, of Leadville,
and the Ute and Ulay mines, of Lake City.
In Utah the Park City district continues to lead, among the princi-
pal shippers of lead-silver ores and concentrates being the Daly -West
and the Silver King, the former having marketed 9,086 tons of lead.
A large tonnage has also come from the Bingham and Tintic districts.
SMELTING AND REPINING IN BOND.
The records of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Com-
merce and Labor make the following exhibit, the monthly details
]>eing given in the table published elsewhere:
Official returns of tmrehouHf tranmctio-M in lead during 1901 , 190S, and 190S.
In warehouse at beginning of year. .
Direct importation
Deduct in warehoutie at end of year
Addition by liquidation
ToUl
1901.
1902.
1908.
Pounds.
42,379,270
221,030,779
263,410,049
83,225,677
280,184,372
692,977
280.777,849
Pmtndt.
83,225,677
200,571,818
47,817,806
197, 818, OW
233,796,995
47,817.806
246,630,814
21.887,901
185,979.189
253,875
186,233,064 |
224,242,913
1.771.740
226,014.668
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LEAD.
247
The disposition of this was as follows:
Dispositiim of lead hi imrehoxuies m 1901^ liH^^y and 1903,
Exported
Withdimwn for consumption
Deducted by liquidation
Total
1901.
Pounds.
194,199,419
16,035,929
28,373,644
133,6687892^
1902.
1903.
Pimnds.
167,834,807
14,084,741
60,246,184
Pounds.
163,774.605
40,074,163
82,164,625
2:«, 164, 682
236,013,283
IMPOBT8 AND T5XPOBT8.
In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources tables of imports and
exports of lead have been presented which go back to the year 1867,
the figures being supplied by the Bureau of Statistics. The following
tables supply the data since 1890:
Lec^ imported and erderedfor consumption in the United States, 1890-190S.
Oreanddrom.
Year ending December 31 -
Quantity. | Value.
Pigs and bars.
Quantity. | Value.
Pounds.
ymo I 11,065,865
Ifm. ' 40,692,478
MB2 1 54,249,291
ins 58,487,319
\mi , 33,020,250
\m..
1W9..
I»0..
1901..
1«RZ..
46,050,674
87,829,683
81,036,882
16,610,607
6,824,556
10.209,742
10.324,119
14,499,839
4^,156,180
$504,067
1,120,067
1,278,114
1,004,295
437,999
687,222
631.381
536,094
331,116
125,344
623,802
272,396
316,005
716,128
Pounds.
19,336,233
3,392,562
1,549,771
3,969,781
39,168,629
109,651,082
10,551,148
16,050,987
311,502
3,473,262
3,673,616
3,604,167
12,443,616
8,972,636
•593,671
104,184
110,953
129,290
896,496
2,052,209
191,479
314,649
8,787
78,062
76,141
88,056
319,036
256,136
Year ending December 81—
vm..
1891.
IMU.
U«t.
vm.
vm.
vm.
MR.
vm.
vm.
iw
Sheets, pipe, and
shot.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
91,660
334,179
90,136
69,798 .
44,080 I
128,008 I
96,010 I
96,891
242,769 I
110,37? ,
27,946 I
56,735
224,209
17,008 ,
95,691
12,406
6,207
2,965
2,050
6,030
3,818
4,042
9,889
4.402
1,393
2,773
7,765
810
Not other-
wise speci-
fied.
SI, 136
604
2,063
1,691
536
1,277
644
513
312
8,626
877
1,234
6,268
1.689
Total
■ value.
11,104,466
1,287,261
1,397,837
1,138,231
1,336.081
2,746,738
827,322
854,198
349,604
216,484
702,218
364.469
648.068
978,266
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248 MINERAL RESOUBCB8.
Lead, and manufactures of lead, of damesHr produdum, exported, 1890-190S.
Tear ending Deoember 81—
1890.
18»1.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1895.
1896.
MannlACtures of lead.
Quantity.
Pounds.
18W I -«»•'"»
Pigs, bars, and old.
1806.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190B.
f c266,0
,062
'^ 814, 348
368,600
490.460
c464,428
364,220
Value.
$181,080
178,887
154,876
506,090
466,758
164,088
164,877
rf49,816 1
« 160, 466 J
d97.862 \
• 112,927 J
<* 115, 137 1
« 154, 496 J
«« 180, 768 'l
• 240,149 I J
178,762
280,940
<t 158, 809
« 256, 163
d 127, 530
« 867, 622
Quantity. Value.
Total
value.
PountU,
1,696,879
M6, 360. 462
57,725,624
118,960
98,115
1,998,778
4,787,107
6,642,760
112,644
a $41, 240
60,773
442,496 I
223,037
4,460
4,286
88.664
214,842
286,548
6,210
$181,090
173.887
154. S75
508,080
^,99S
214,856
607. S7S
433,319
215,»
273,919
450.571
624, S4
696.010
491,362
a Not enumerated between 1868 and July 1, 1894.
b Part of this is foreign lead returned by collectors of customs by mistake as domestic
lead.
dValueof type.
Value of all other manufactures.
According to the returns of the Bureau of Statistics the sources of
imports of lead in the calendar years 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898^ 1899,
1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903 were as follows:
Sources of imports of lead.
Country.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
United Kingdom
Pounds.
8,161,411
1,113,148
36,618,228
Pounds.
1,365,182
Pounds.
1,120,628
Pounds. ' Pounds.
2,326.987 117,821
Germany
Other Europe
1,235,961
1,101,151
lll,96e
Total refined pig lead
45,892,787
2,601,118
2,221,679
2,826,987
429.273
British North America
15,860,906
188,312,146
25,672,883
130,888,178
44,171,421
137,364,677
84,453,299
142,030,670
17,871,875
173,482,976
Mexico
Total ore and base bullion.
Other countries
154,173,052
981,116
156,061,006
1,656,898
181,536,098
1.560.635
185,818,412
176,483,969
480,384
191.804,851
1,142.960
Total imports
200,996,955
160,818,517
179,291,290
192,877,074
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LEAD.
Sources of importtf of lead — Continued.
249
Country.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
rnited Kingdom
Pound*.
567,482
225,222
111,905
Pounds.
402,552
671,294
2,453
Pounds.
792,607
962.878
1,342,193
Pounds.
1,552,772
1,409,926
461, 331
ft^fmiinjr
Other Enrope
Total refined pig lead
904,609
1,076,299
3,087,678
3, 414, 029
BritHi NATth Amerl<*A
42,189,262
178,602,486
52,130,002
163.453,S26
19,464,937
187,484,666
19,200,806
186,136,779
Mexico
ToUU ore and base bullion
220,741,748
7,147,092
215,588,528
8,282,502
206,949,603
5,196,174
206,387,585
4,061,872
Other countries
Total importfl
228,793,449
224,942,829
215,232,465
212,813,486
The subdivision by groups representing refined pig lead and lead in
ore and base bullion is made by this office.
WABEHOIT8K TRANSACTIONS.
The following table, furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, shows
the warehous<e transactions of lead in ore and in base bullion monthly
daring 1903, and the corresponding totals for the years 1902, 1901,
1900, 1899, 1898, and 1897:
ImpcrU of lead in ore and hose bullion during the calendar year 190S, shomng warehouse
transactions by months.
Month.
Jmxmry....
ffltmrnxj ...
M«rh
April
JUy
June
Joly
AHfttsl
8e|4ember.
Remaining
in warehouse
first day of
each month.
KoTcmber.
(1904).
Total. 1W8.
Total, i«s.
T*tl,MOO.
Pounds.
47,817,«)6
44,088,434
43,468,390
37,031,992
29,319,386
32,177,140
29,641.027
31,490,807
26,971,689
18,736,106
19,666,226
20,216,388
21,887,901
Entered warehouse.
Of direct Im-
portation.
Pounds.
13,416,662
18,201,734
16,923,276
13,896,297
11,476,274
22,906,571
17,948,698
20.707,629
11,699,200
17,118,432
19.228,653
15,296,869
From other
districts.
197,813,975
200,671,318
221,030,779
226,644,190
188,612,454
170,017,006
168,865,627
Pounds.
14,660,800
6,882,416
9,280,918
7,860,288
10,912,397
10,266,396
10,756,421
8,998,412
7,732,888
7,286,913
4,923,218
5,710,699
105,270,665
142,620,006
204,702,170
249,674,008
216,031,498
177,837.309
167,963,678
Additions by
liquidation.
Pounds.
27,481
26,806
25.603
24,634
1,165,027
41,903
63,758
10,041
69,014
47,475
217.426
63,6?2
1,771,740
253,876
592,997
1,676,397
l,lu6,682
1.326,934
906,862
Digitized by V^OOQIC
250
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Imports of lead in ore and Ixtse bullion during the calendar year 190Sj etc. — Continuwi.
Month.
January
February
March
April
May...;
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January (19M)...
ToUl, 1903.
Total, 1902
Total, 1901
Total, 1900
Total, 1899
Total, 1898
Total, 1897
Withdrawn from warehouse.
For exporta-
tion.
I For transpor-
tation.
Pounds.
8.575,189
11,634,877
12,961,813
12,569,471
11,131,729
20,224,499
17,680,476
15,426,271
13,765,658
13,871,260
15,846,277
10,088,210
163,774,605
157,834,807
194,199,419
195,917,622
151,202,762
147,978.988
109,847,156
For consump-
tion.
Pounds.
6,Vn,22i
8,447,096
6,345,108
8,419,020
7,802,960
13,209,419
6,229,444
9,354,996
7,511,246
6,385,469
7,155,324
7,486,695
96,273,002
96,588,390
201,870,647
217,565,289
204,545,816
163,405,296
183,006,461
Poundt.
2,184,375
2,448,218
9,574,288
5,995,227
517,589
831,650
1,897,490
8,915.275
5,909,628
1,647.117
321,866
331,430
40,074,153
DeductiofDs by
liquidation.
Poundi.
14,097,437
2,784,966
2.51O,0(r7
1,24S,666
1,964,414
1,110,587
540, 2S9
1,668, 8M
490,658
1,994.292
32,164,fifi5
14,084,741
16,085,929
15,829,631
14,408,027
7,844,184
28,929,569
60,245,133
23,373,644
28,842,770
27,691,976
28,650,885
7, 769,583
CONSUMPTION.
The consumption figured for 1901, 1902, and 1903, when a complete
statement of stocks was first available, may be compared with estimates
of previous years, which were made on a somewhat different basis, in
some cases with partial data as to stocks, and in others without any
reliable figures relating to them.
Estimate of the consumption of lead in the United StaieSy 1S94-190S.
1894.
Supply-
Total production desUverized lead. .
Soft lead
Importu, foreign refined ,
Stock, domestic, beginning of year
stock, foreign in bond, beginning of
yearu
Total supply
Deduct—
Foreign base bullion and ores refined
in bond and exported
Lead in manufactures exported
under drawback
Stock, domestic, close of year
Stock, foreign in bonda
Total ,
Apparent home consumption
Short tons.
181,404
37,686
8,200
7,496
8,302 I
^,088 I
1895.
29,000
950
8,586 I
7,181
45,717 I
192,371
Short tons.
201,992
39,890
22,947
8,586
7,181
280,5%
18,130
2,000
9,567
9,865
39,652
241,044"
Short tons.
221,457
43,637
2,020 I
9,557 '
9,865
57,612
1,500
9,299
4,124
1897.
1898.
I
Short tons. .*v*oi< tow.
247,483 267,827
43,653 * 42,779
2,000 437
72,635
213,901
9,299 '
4,124 I
~866,"469
62,409
500
17,606
6,694
"87^2ir
17,608
6.691
335,842
84,686
219,248
227,452
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
LEAD.
251
EstimaU of tlie consumption of lead in tlie United States, 1894-1903 — Continued.
1899.
Supply-
Total pruducUon desilverized lead. . .
Soft lead
Imports, foreign refined
Stock, domeetic, beginning of year. . .
Stock, foreign in bond, beginning of
yeara
fotal supply
Deduct—
Foreign base bullion and ores refined
in bond and Exported
Lead in manufactures exported
onder drawback
Stock, domestic, close of year
Htock, foreign in bonda
Total
Short Urns.
263.826
40,566
216
1900.
Short tons.
829,658
48,021
452
7,341
11,820
311,948 I 389,451
73,813
1,000
Apparent borne consumption .
11,820
85^6^
^26,315^
1901.
Short toil*.
323,790
57,898
538
39,050
21,190
442,466
97,959
1,000
21, 190 I
~120Tl49^|
97,100
1,000
53,733
16,613
168,446
269,302 I 274,020
1902.
Short tong.
303,011
74,050
1,544
53,738
16,613
448.^1
76,962
1,000
11,506
28,909
113,466
33M85
1903.
Short tons.
296,074
88,444
1,707
11,595
23,909
415,729
90,363
1,000
9,199
10,094
111,246
304,483
a Lead in ore and bullion.
The exports of lead from foreign base bullion and ores given in the
above table are from the direct returns of the refiners themselves.
The returns show clearly that the United States, with its production
of 280,000 tons of lead from its own mines, does not yield enough lead
for its own consumption in normal years. The returns of the Bureau
of Statistics indicate that the bulk of this is supplied from the lead
obtained from refining foreign, and chiefly Mexican, base bullion.
PRICES.
In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources the highest and the
lowest prices of lead at New York were given for each month since
1870, the figures being compiled from market quotations. The fol-
lowing table shows the fluctuations since 1890:
Highefi and lowest prices of Imd at Neu^ York CUtfy monthly, 1890-1903.
[Cents per pound.]
Y«»r.
January.
February.
March.
April.
Highest
Lowest
Highest
Lowest.
Highest 1 Lowest. | Highest.
1-K)we8t
\m
3.85
3.80
8.85
8.75
3.95
3.85 4.071
3.85
m
4.50
4.05
4.50
4.25
4.371
4.25
4.824
4.10
ME
4.30 1
4.10
4.25
4.05
4.22l'
4.10
4.80
4.20
WW
8.90
8.85
8.96
3.90
4.06
3.85 4.124
4.06
\m
3.25
3.15
8.35
. 3.20
3.45 ,
3.25 1 8.45
3.371
\m..t-
3.124
3.06
3.12i
3.071
3.10
3.071' 3.121
3.06
im
3.15
8
8.20
3.071
3.224
8.07l' 3.071
3.024
im
3.121
3.02i
3.55
3.371
3.80
3.121
3.65
3.40 1
3.70
3.35 3.40
3.60 3.624
8.25
\m
3.70
3.56
um
4.26
3.90
4.70
4.871
4.60
4.76
4.871
4.25
4.70
4.871
4.45
4.76
4.871
4.30 4.85
4.70 4.75
4.374 4.374
4.274
mn
4.75
4.66
iw
4.87i
4.874
»c
4.10
4
4.10
4.06
4.10 1
4.05 4.10
4.06
m
4.10
4.06
4.10
4.06
4.65 I
4.10 4.65
Digitized by Vj(
4.36
)OQle
252
MINERAL RB80UK0E8.
IRgheM and loiveM jfrires of lead at New York City, monthly y J890-19aS—Con\iQXied.
Year.
1890.
1891.
1892.
189S.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Year.
May.
Highest. Lowest.
4.35
4.871
4.25
4
3.40
3.25
3.05
8.871
3.80 j
4.50
4.70
4.371
4.10
4.35 ;
4
4.20
4.20
3.75
3.30
3.071
3
3.22i
8.60
4.37*
4
4.37i
4.05
4.30
June.
July.
August
Highest. Lowest I Highest. Lowest Highest Lowest.
4.50
4.60
4.20 :
3.90
3.871
3.30
3.05 j
8.60 I
3.90
4.60
4.25
4.87i
4.10
4.35
4.25
4.35 I
4.06
8.45
8.25
3.26 \
3
3.25
3.75
4.45 ,
8.75
4.371
4.05 I
4.10
4.60
4.40
4.724
4.85
4.45
4.30
4.63
4.40
4.25
4
4.15
4
3.60
3.80
8.76
125
3.65
3.87i
3.70
S.SO
8.60
3.80
3.65
150
3
2.90
2.90
2.66
3.90
3.65
4.10
170
4
3.80
4.10
190
4.60
4.50
4.60
4.50
4.25
4
4.371
4.25
4.374
i.m
4.374
4.37J
4.10
4.06
4.10
4.06
4.10
4.06
4.10
4.05
1891.
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
September.
Highest Lowest.
5
4.55
4.15
3.95
3.30
3.45
2.80
4.35
4.05
4.60
4.374
4.374
4.10
4.40
4.674
4.40
4
3.75
3.10
3.324
2.724
4.25
3.90
4.55
4.35
4.374
4.06
4.10
October.
Highest. Lowest
5.26
4.55
3.95
3.75
8.15
3.35
2.924
4.25
3.90
5
4.10
3.85
3.25
3.05
3.30
2.724
3.85
3. GO
November.
December.
Highest. Lowest Highest. I Lowest
5.25
4.35
3.85
3.374
3.124
3.274
3.05
3.85
3.70
4.60
4.574
4.60
4.374
4.3->
4.374
4.374
4.374
4.374
4.10
4.05
4.10
4.40
4.85
4.40
4.60
4.10 I
3.70 I
3.30
3.10
3.15
2.85 ,
3.75
3.65
4.574;
4.35 I
4.374;
4.05
4.10
4.60 I
4.25
3.85 I
3.30 .
8.124]
3.30 I
3.05 I
3.75
3.80
4.75 I
4.874,
4.874|
4.10
4.25
4.06
4.25
170
120
lOIi
120
2.96
165
160
4.571
4.S5
4
4.05
4.10
Pi'ices have been under the almost complete control of the American
Smelting and Refining Company, which advanced the market from
4.10 cents a pound during the early months of 1903 to 4.35 cents, New
York, on March 10, and to 4.65 cents on March 13. Toward the end
of April the price was restored to 4.35 cents, and in the middle of
June to 4.10 cents. In September 4.40 cents was established as the
price, but it was reduced to 4.10 cents again in November. In Decem-
ber the price was fixed at 4.25 cents. During the year, therefore, the
price for lead was considerably higher than it had been in 1902.
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zi:n"o
By Charles Kibcuhoff.
PRODUCTION.
The lar^e production of spelter in 1902 was only slightly exceeded
in 1903.
The development of the industry is shown by the following figures:
Production of npdUr in the United States, 1S7 3-1903,
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1835....
ShoHtoM,
7,848
15,888
28,289
88,765
86,872
88,544
40,688
42,641
50,840
55,908
66,860
63,688
80,878
1892
Short tmu.
87,260
78,832
76,328
89 686
1875
1898
18n
1804
MS
1896
uai
1896
81,499
99,980
115,899
129,061
128,886
140,822
166,927
169,219
1884
1897
180
1898
IflH
1899
1887
1900
un
1901
1989
1902
ygn
1908
mi 1
Iq the different States the production has been as follows:
Ptoduriion of spelter in the UniUd States, by Slates, 188S-1903.
IWQ.
Eastern
and South-
ern States.
8hoHUm$.
5.696
6,840
7,861
8,062
6,762
7,446
9,661
10,265
9,114
Illinois.
ShoHtons.
18,201
16,792
17,694
19,427
21,077
22,279
22,445
28,860
26,248
Kansas.
Short tons.
7,866
9,010
7,850
8,602
8,982
11,955
10,482
13,668
15,199
Missouri.
Short tons.
2,600
6,780
6,230
4.677
6,870
8,660
18.465
11,077
18,127
Colorado.
Short tons.
Total.
Short tons.
88,766
86,872
88,644
40,688
42,641
60,840
55,908
58,860
68,683
253
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254 MIKEBAL RE80UBCE8.
Production of speller in the United States^ by SUUes, i«S:f-/S05— Continued.
Year.
Eastern
and South-
ern States.
1892.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902..
1908..
Sfu)rt tons.
a8,945
t4,217
<i9,582
ft 4, 918
a8,802
ft8.882
a7,400
«» 1,876
a 9, 484
t8,697
a8,ld9
ft2,427
a 7, 218
fr8,866
8,681
8,805
8,259
8,603
12,180
12,301 I
Illinois.
ShoH tons.
28,711
081,888
029,596
028,972
036,732
036,173
87,876
047,103
050,118
38,750
44,896
47,096
047,659
Kansas.
Short tofu.
22,747
24,716
22,815
25,588
26,776
20,769
40,132
52,021
62,136
74,240
86,564
Missouri. Colorado. Total
Short tont.
16,258
16,667
18,787
11,992
14.998
14,001
18,125
19,533
18,107
14,741
18,068
11,087
9,994
Short tons. Short Urns.
! 80,873
877 ;
87.260
78,8S2
75, %»
89,786
81.499
99,980
115.399
129,061
123.886
dl40.822
< 156, 927
/159,219
a Eastern.
bSontbem.
Including Indiana.
(< Including 2,716 short tons dross spelter.
Including 2.675 short tons dross spelter.
/Including 8,802 short tons dross spelter.
Returns have not been received from the Sandoval Zinc Company,
whose output has been estimated, with the reports of former years as
a guide.
CONDITION OF THE INDUSTRY.
Colorado appears for the first time as a producer of spelter, the
plant of the United States Zinc Company at Pueblo, Colo., controlled
by the American Smelting and Refining Company, having started
during the year.
There have been quite important additions to the productive capacity
during 1903. The Illinois Zinc Company, at Peru, III., constructed a
new furnace of 800 retorts, dismantling one of the older pattern, of a
capacity of 168 retorts, which would make a net increase during the
year of 632 retorts. The Granby Mining and Smelting Company took
over the works of Lanyon Brothers Spelter Company at Neodesha,
Eans., on March 1, 1903. The La Harpe Smelting Company began to
smelt ore on September 19. A second block was started on November
13, making four furnaces running from that date to the end of the
year. A third block was put in operation early in the current year.
The Cherry vale plant of the Edgar Zinc Company, owned by the United
States Steel Corporation, was increased by 33^^ per cent during 1903,
making the capacity of the works 22,800 tons annually.
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ZINC.
255
The Cockerill Zinc Comimny, of which Mr. A. B. Cockerill is presi-
dent, was building a large new plant at Altoona, Kans., in 1903, which
will be in operation during the second half of 1904. Mr. William
Lanyon, long connected with the zinc industry, was building works at
Caney, Kans., which are to be in operation in the summer of 1904.
The Cherokee-Lanyon Zinc Company erected a new block at Gas,
Kan8.« and the United Zinc and Chemical Company enlarged the plant
at lola, Kans. The two older plants at Girard, Kans., operating
under the names of the Girard Zinc Company and the Kansas Zinc
Mining and Smelting Company, were moved to Chanute, Kans., in
1903 and rebuilt. They began operating in January, 1904, under the
name of the Chanute Zinc Company. Mr. A. B. Cockerill has pur-
chased the works of the Nevada Spelter Company, at Nevada, Mo.,
which were partly dismantled after they had been sold to the Prime
Western Spelter Company. Mr. Cockerill has repaired the plant and
it is being operated in his name individually. The Gi'aselli Chemical
Company has built works at Clarksville, W. Va. The New Jersey
Zinc Company is planning a large new plant in the Chicago district.
Zinc oxide. — The production of zinc oxide for 1903 is estimated at
119,124,160 pounds, exclusive of the lead-zinc pigment made directly
from the ores by the United States Reduction and Refining Company,
of Canyon City, Colo., which amounted to 4,950,000 pounds. This
plant was increased about 50 cent during the year, but was in opera-
tion only about two-thirds of the time on account of a fire at the works.
The capacity of the oxide plant of the New Jersey Zinc Company at
Pkimerton was increased about one-third by the addition of 96 furnaces,
completed in the latter part of 1902. These were all in operation
daring 1903.
THE ZINC MINES.
The production of southwest Missouri and Kansas declined quite
diarply during 1903. Mr. Jesse A. Zook, of Joplin, has compiled for
the Diiily Globe the following statement of ore sales for 1901, 1902,
and 1903, by camps:
SaU$ of zinc and lead ore in the JopHn-Galena dittrid in 1901 ^ 1902, and 190 J.
Oftmp.
iflftai
OakntUMl Empiie.
<^rtmine
»rtfcnty
***•'«
Aiit»»
Zinc ore.
Quantity.
1901.
Short
Um§.
67,232
33,990
44,348
13,741
4,235
20,436
1902.
Short
totu.
73,090
80,839
h
,693
13,679
19,395
10,929
1903.
Value.
ShoH '
tons, j
63,870 12,436,465
23,402 I 769,095
44,917 < 1,539,545
I
17,600 ; 612,515
18,785 j 4(M,225
5,720 I 201,965
Lead ore.
QuanUty.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Short
Short
Short
tons.
tons.
tons.
12,227
10,206
8,(m
5,270
3,096
2,892 1
(8,772
1 840
I 9,118 9,880 i
1,479 1,&10 3,010 1
566
261 238 1
1,182
735 1
Value.
$431, 130
156.585
547,060
161,695
12,696
89.856
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256 MIKEEAL BBSOUB0£8.
Sales of zinc and lead are in the Joplin-Oalena dMrid in 1901, 1902, and i505— Conf d.
G&mp.
Oronogro
Zincite
AlbA*nd Neck City
Granby
Carthage
Cave Spring
Spurgeon and Spring City
Central City and Roaring
Springs
StottHCity
Carl Junction
Miscellaneous
Total 1903 .
Total 1902.
Total 1901 -
Total 1900.
Total 1899.
Zinc ore.
Quantity.
1901.
SAort
tons.
16,480
9,462
7,638
7,941
4,283
8,804
4,512
[3,470
[ 8,614
1,124
6,723
8,963
1902.
ShoH
toru.
9,225
7,508
7,048
8,459
5,958
4,594
4,883
8,680
1,481
7,051
4,336
1903.
Short
tons.
7,607
6,408
9,454
8,067
6,458
2,410
2,751
2,813
5,592
6,602
227,689
256,338
256,920
244,629
255,088
Value.
Lead ore.
Quantity.
1901. 1902.
1257,996
219,230
874,895
198,286
180,075
87,280
75,760
88,185
11,710
201,380
232,090
7,835,145
7,863,603
6,318,249
6,688,944
ShoH
taw.
877
176
26
1,075
10
364
1,883
292
189
46
177
ShoH
Urns.
477
205
288
1,060
28
242
1,169
234
972
1908.
ShoH
ton*.
221
128
158
809
199
296
916
263
11
696
Value.
$11,100
6,915
8,075
44,140
10,390
15,830
47,680
14,465
S7.990
28,530 1,546,005
80,142 I 1,4&4,81S
84,908 1,610,981
29,176 1,402,678
The smaller product of 1903 is principally due to the fact that the
majority of operators declined to operate their concentrating milk
during the night shift. Prospecting was not active in 1901, and since
it takes about two years for development after the ore has been located
by the drill, comparatively few mines entered the productive stage in
1903.
For previous years the ore sales have been as follows:
Ore sales in the Joplin-Oalena district, 1894-190S,
Year.
Zinc ore.
Lead ore.
Total value
both ores.
1894
ShoH tons.
147,310
144,487
155.383
177,976
234,455
255,088
244,629
256,920
266,838
227,689
ShoH tons.
32,199
81,294
27,721
80,105
26,687
23,888
29,176
84,988
90,142
28,620
$8,535,736
1895
3,775,929
1896 . .. .
3,857,355
1897
4,726,302
3898
7, 119, 867
1899
10,715,307
1900
7,996,622
1901
7,929, 23D
1902
9,318,<^1
1908
9,381,150
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ZINO.
257
The average base prices, from month to month, for the ores of the
district have been as follows in 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Average base prices of tmc and lead ores in the JopUn-Oalena distriet in 1900, 1901, 190£,
and 190S, by months.
Month.
Zinc, per
Bhort ton.
Lead, per 1,000 pounds.
1906.
1902.
1901.
1900.
1908.
1902.
1901.
1900.
JaoiMiy
180.60
31.07
SS.88
82.48
86.22
36.64
34.78
85.28
85.16
82.47
80.10
30.18
$26.76
27.00
28.00
28.86
29.23
84.10
84.87
82.60
33.00
88.68
82.10
29.25
•28.78
23.96
23.70
24.68
24.88
24.22
24.38
23.88
22.^
24.63
26.16
28.24
830.23
29.36
28.46
28.42
26.92
26.00
24.23
26.67
24.66
24.26
24.46
26.40
126.38
26.11
29.27
29.66
26.43
26.20
26.28
26.60
27.66
27.94
26.86
26.63
821.00
21.61
21.66
21.76
22.00
22.80
24.00
24.10
24.60
24.76
24.96
26.00
«22.80
22.60
28.10
22.76
28.69
28.62
28.49
22.90
23.16
28.15
23.14
22.86
128.00
PebniaiT
27.60
March.
26.60
ADfil
26.86
Vav
24.60
JOXK
22.80
July
21.85
Aognst
23.00
Ffp^fmb^
23.00
October
22.71
KovHntwr
22.80
December
22.19
Year
88.72
80.88
24.21
26.60
27.06
28.06
22.99
24.16
There has been a good deal of activity in the development of the
old zinc ore districts of southwestern Wisconsin. A considerable num-
ber of new concentrating mills of the Joplin type have been erected,
and it is probable that a considerably larger output will follow.
iDcreasiog quantities of zinc ores and concentrates are coming from
a number of camps in the Rocky Mountain region. Leadville has
continued its shipments, a goodly share even going to the zinc smelting
pbiot at Pueblo. Kokomo, Rico, and Creede contribute to Colorado's
total. Material is also sent from the Magdalene district in New Mex-
ico, and from Park City and Frisco, in Utah. For the first time ship-
ments to United States smelters have been made from the Slocan
district in British Columbia.
u B 1903 17
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258
MINERAL BE80UBOE8.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
The imports of zinc in its different forms liave ceased to be of any
consequence. For a series of years they were as follows:
Zinc imported and entered for consumption in the United States^ 1S67-190S,
Year ending-
June 3(^
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
187S
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1886
December 81-
1886
1887
1889..
1880..
1891..
1892.,
1898..
1894..
1895..
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1902..
1903..
Block or pigs.
Quantity.
Sheets.
Pounds.
6,762,611
9,327,968
13,211,675
9,221,121
11,169,040
11,802,247
6,839,897
3,598,570
2,034,262
947,822
1,266,894
1,270,184
1,419,791
8,092,620
2,860,216
18,406,391
17,067,211
6,869,788
3,516,840
4,800,830
8,387,647
3,826,947
2.052,559
1,997.624
808,094
297,969
425.183
387,788
744,301
1,040,719
2,905,451
2,605,028
2,783,329
1,767,766
666,434
895,064
403,355
Value.
«256,866
417,278
690,832
416,497
608,355
522,624
831,399
203,479
101,766
56,082
63,260
57,753
68,294
371,920
125,457
736,964
656,606
208,852
113,268
136,188
276,122
146,156
77,845
101,385
41,199
16,520
22,790
13,788
26,782
82,096
109,520
104,669
143,567
86,653
22,766
36,636
19. 161
Quantity.
Pmtndt.
8,142,417
3,557,448
8,306.728
9,542,687
7,646,821
10,704,944
11,122,143
6,016,836
7.320,718
4,611,360
1,341,833
1,265,620
1,111,226
4,069,810
2,727,324
4,413,042
3,309,239
962,253
1,889,860
1,092,400
926,150
295,287
1,014,878
781,366
21,948
27,272
28,913
89,947
42,513
27,821
15,971
39,712
86,878
155,144
157,787
136,587
258,770
Value.
•3U,767
203,883
478,646
609,860
409,243
698,886
716,706
424,604
444,589
296,808
81,816
69,381
68,060
210,280
129,158
207,082
141,828
86,120
64,781
40,820
82,626
12,658
43,356
48,495
1,460
2,216
1,985
2,061
2,773
1,358
786
2,724
6,364
10,801
10,467
8,839
8,537
Old.
Quantity.
Founds,
115,203
266
27,764
64,398
14,855
41,643
96,899
167.954
165,670
150,168
818,537-
326,331
Value.
I Value of i
-imanuiac-t
TMal
Tftlne.
f6,556
21
580
899
267
886
3,417
6,932
6,379
3,277
8,299
11,772
11.835
1,623
2,083
21,696
26,866
58,668
66,813
48,304
26.830
18,427
2,496
4,892
8,874
8,571
7,603
4,940
6,606
4,795
2,064
9,162
11,329
12,060
19,580
9,740
20,677
16,479
11.816
9,953
9,800
11,459
11,211
8,824
21,257
89,549
32,706
10,376
1509,968
622,779 •
1,071,081
947,0U
948,964
1,178,077
1,108,918
676.297
572. 63S
872,817
147.661
132, OS
109,718
565,721
262,218
948,986
802,ff2
249,767
180, lOS
186,620
319,977
170,794
140,781
154,570
42,659
45,969
41,275
28,196
40.407
43,521
122,661
122,021
165,667
128,090
76,069
76,882
49.846
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ZINC.
259
Imports of zinc oxide f 1886-190S,
Year ending —
Dr>-.
Pound*.
JanelO,U«6 2,288,128
December SI —
U8S 8,626,289
1887 \ 4,961,080
1888, 1,401,842
1889 ' 2,686,861
1890 2,681,468
1891 1 2,889,351
1802 1 2,442,014
1886 1 8,900,749
In oil.
Pound*.
98,666
79,788
128,216
51,985
66,240
102,298
'128,140
111,190
254,807
Year ending-
Dry.
December 81-
1894
1895
1896
1897 ,
1898 ,
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Pound*.
3,871,292
4,546,049
4,572,781
5,564,768
8,842,235
8,012,709
2,618,806
8,199,778
8,271,885
8,487,042
In oil.
Pound*.
59,291
129,843
811,028
602,357
27,060
41,699
88,706
128,198
168,061
166,084
ELcporU of zinc and zinc ore of domegtic productianj 1864-190S,
Year ending —
June 80-
18M.
1865..
IMS.
1867.
1809
1870
M71
1872
M7J
1874.:
1875
1876
1877
1«7»
1879
1880
1881
1882
1881
18M
1885
December SI —
1888
MB7
18Bi.
vm.
18K.
18M.
M7.
I
Ore or oxide.
Quantity. Value.
CwL
14,810
99.871
4,485
8,676
8,844
16,286
9,621
8,686
284
2,660
8,088
10,178
6,428
16,060
10,660
18,024
11,890
10,904
3,045
4,780
6,840
26,620
4,700
4,560
26,760
77,860
115,820
18,880
980
480
41,600
165,200
210,400
506,940
751, 100
788,600
995,240
708,760
1116,481
U4,149
25,091
82,041
74,706
65,411
81,487
48,292
20,880
2,804
20,037
20,659
66,259
34,468
88,831
40,899
42,086
16,405
13,786
11,609
16,685
22,824
49,455
17,286
18,034
73,802
195,118
149,435
41,186
1,271
5
1,008
47,408
211,850
299,870
726,944
1,133,663
1,167,684
1,449,104
987,000
Plates, sheets, pigs, or
Quantity. Value.
Pound*.
95,788
184,188
140,798
312,227
1,022,699
U0,167
76,880
62,919
78,958
43,566
38,090
134,542
1,419,922
2,545,820
2,182,949
1,868,302
1,491,786
1,489,562
852,333
126,043
101,685
917,229
186,670
62,284
879,785
8,295,684
4,294,656
12,494,335
7,446,984
3,607,060
3,060,805
20,260,169
28,490,662
20,998.413
13,509,316
44,802,677
6,780,221
6,473,135
3,041,911
112,209
22,740
13,290
80,587
68,214
10,672
7,823
5,726
4,656
3,612
4,245
11,651
115,122
216,680
170,654
119,264
132,805
124,688
70,961
9,576
7,270
75,192
9,017
4,270
44,049
126,291
278,182
609,549
418,678
144,074
158,175
1,013,620
1.356.538
1.088.950
742,521
2,217,693
288,906
300,557
163,879
Value of
manufac-
tures.
Total yaluc.
11,000
4,388
1,118
667
168
734
4,666
4,991
13,626
16,789
19,096
85,782
28,587
88,921
166,794
224,787
99,406
60,061
51,001
71,021
188,165
118,282
99,288
82,046
114,197
71,854
1128,700
186,889
88,881
62^628
142,920
65,411
92,159
56,115
26,606
6,960
28,649
25,904
82,248
150,708
800.978
211,068
161,800
149,878
138,374
83,224
30,927
36,085
188,178
43,092
41,402
168,588
844,991
466,588
877,629
639,781
243,485
204.234
1,U2,029
1.638,909
1,471,994
1,6U,697
8,450.644
1,538,636
1,868,858
1,221,788
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260
MINERAL RE8OUB0B8.
During 1903 there was exported a' fair quantity of New Jersey ore
via New York, and Colorado shipped a larger quantity via Gralveston.
Exports of zinc ore^ by customs ditirictSj during 1901, 1902 , and 190S.
Customs district.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. 1 Value.
New York
Long tons.
24,092
2,039
291
13,003
1694,995
62,145
8.512
402,032
Long tons.
20,883
$582,229
Longtan».
28,722 1 1649,970
PhiladelDhia
Galveston
27,817
290
687
186
831,620
8.600
17,610
6,145
11,227 ' 331,880
Npw Orleans
NpwDort News
All other districts
239 1 5,680
Total
39,425
1,167,684
49,762
1,449,104
35,188 I 967,000
The following table shows the destination of the ore exports:
Exports of zinc ore, by countries, during 1901, 1902, and 190S,
Country.
Austria-Hungary .
Belgium
Netherlands
Germany
United Kingdom .
1901.
Quantity. Value.
lAjng tons.
18,167
26,187
1
120
Total.
39,425
$406,734
767,296
40
8,616
1902.
Quantity.
Lmig tons.
90
30,138
19,244
290
Value.
92,700
896,824
611,980
8,600
1,167,684
49,762 ' 1,449,104
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
80
11,813
28,168
116
17
36,188
•2.400
346,380
634,200
8,4fi0
600
987.000
The exports of spelter, by customs districts and by countries of
destination, are exhibited in the following tables:
Exports of zinc, by customs districts, during 1901, 1902, and 190S.
Customs district.
New York
Philadelphia
Norfolk and Newport News.
Bal timore
New Orleans
Detroit
Huron
All other districts
Total.
1901.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
3,827,740 I $169,832
710,200 I 80,631
1,171,068 53,074
936,227
134.986
38,607
6,862
6,780,221 I 288,906
1902.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
1,456,101
4,277,241
16,626
1,844
8,838
196,649
622,537
6,478,135
863,731
196,156
900
78
229
9,361 1
1908.
Quantity, i Value.
28,132
Pounds.
698,836
689
1,704,491
62,900
6,567
179,840
183,188
305,910
300.557 3,041,911
$86,884
49
86.068
3,897
468
10,607
10.592
15,300
163,879
Practically all the spelter shipped from Atlantic coast ports is the
high-grade spelt(*r made from New Jersey and Virginia ores.
The destination of the exports of zinc is shown in the following
table:
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ZING.
261
ExporU of zinc, by countries^ during the calendar years 1901, 1909, and 1908.
1901.
Country.
I Quantity.
Poui^.
83.545
1,000
Belgiam
Germany
Netherlands
United Kingdom I 5. 167,274
Ouiada ' 1,085,020
An other countries ! 498,382
Value.
$8,770
50
Total 6,780,221
218,841
43,758
22.492
288.906
1902.
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity.
Pounds.
Pounds.
162,351
68,851 I
5,256,329 I
234,390
751,214 '
97,394
3,197
237,345
12,256
40,865
Value.
1,767,391
401,584
872,986
6,478,135
300,557
3,041,911
S89.985
23,305 .
60,089
168,879
CONSUMPTION.
The consumption of spelter was satisfactory in 1903, the require-
ments of the galvanizing and brass industries being good until the
closing months of the year. The reports of stocks are more complete
than they have been in the past. Producers who in 1903 made
99,224 short tons of spelter, reported their stocks to be 9,926 short
tons on January 1, 1904, as compared with 6,407 short tons on Jan-
uary 1, 1903. The following table gives an estimate based on the
data available:
Ettimaied coTimmpiion of spelter, 1896-1903.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899. 1 1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
PiodoctioD
Short
tons.
81,499
428
ShoH
tons.
99,960
1.279
1.768
ShoH
tons.
115,399
1,308
2,014
Short j Short
tons. \ tons.
129,051 123.886
1.892 1 961
897
Short
tons.
140,822
857
3.908
ShoH
tans.
156,927
448
Short
tons.
159,219
202
124.847
157;375
Total Kupply
81,927
4
10,130
1,675
108,027
118,716
181.840
145,087
169,421
D«laei-
ExDOfta of forpiffii
14.245
18
10.499
I 23
6, 756 22. 410
ExDorta of domestte
8,890
3,237
1.466
1,521
Inefeaae of stock during year. . .
8,016
3,519
Total
11,809
70,118
14.245
10,517
6,755
25.448
8,390
141^697
4,698
162.682
5,040
ipfarent home consumption
88,782
108.199
124,585
99.399
154,381
Consumption, therefore, was very well maintained in 1903.
PRICKS.
Tlie spelter market early in the year displayed a hardening tendency,
»fter opening with prices as low as 4.56 to 4.57i cents at New York.
Month after month prices advanced steadily until 5.75 cents was
latched as a minimum in May and June, and as high as 6.25 cents
was paid. Six cents as a minimum was paid in September and Octo-
^T. November, however, brought the general uneasiness in the
BKtal trades, and with it the market declined quite rapidly in that
iBonth and in December, the market closing at 4.62i cents.
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262
MINERAL RE80UTM3E8.
The following table summarizes the prices of spelter since 1875:
l*ricen of common Weatem »pdter in Neiv York CUy^ 1875-189''*.
[C^ntfl per pound.]
Year.
Highest.
Lowest.
1875 -. --
7.35
8.00
6.50
5.75
6.25
6.75
6.00
6.00
4.75
4.65
4.62
6.20
6.37
1876....
1877....
1
5.50
1878
4.25
1879
4.12
1880
4.62 1
1881
4.75
1882
4.50
4.80
4.00
4.00
1883
1884
1885
Year.
Highest, Lowest
1886
4.60
1887
5.87
1888
5.87
1889
5 35
1890
6.10
1891
6.00
1892
4.90
1888
4.50
1894
4.00
1895
4.35
4.25
4.40
4.d0
4.62
4.20
4.3
4.86
S.55
S.2S
S.10
Price of common Western spelter in New York City, 1896-190Sy by vumths.
[GeDts per pound.]
Year.
January.
Febniar>-.
March.
April.
Highest.
Lowest.
Highest.
Lowest.
Highest.
Lowest
Highest
Low^t.
1896
4.05
4.10
4.00
5.70
4.75
4.15
4.80
4.90
4.00
3.90
3.90
5.15
4.50
4.02
4.25
4.55
4.15
4.10
4.10
6.50
4.75
4.02
4.25
5.05
4.00
4.00
8.90
5.70
4.55
3.92
4.00
4.97
4.15
4.15
4.25
6.50
4.70
8.95
4.85
6.76
4.10
4.10
4.15
6.26
4.50
3.87
4.20
6.06
4.20
4.15
4.30
6.80
4.76
4.05
4.46
5.75
4.05*
1897
4.10
1898
4 15
1899
6.20
1900
4.66
1901
1««
1908
8.92
4.40
&50
Year.
May.
June.
July.
Angnst
Highest.
Lowest.
Highest.
Lowest.
Highest
Lowest
Highest 1 Lowest
1896
4.15
4.20
4.80
7.00
4.55
4.02
4.65
5.80
4.00
4.10
4.10
6.75
4.60
3.92
4.40
5.75
4.15
4.25
5.15
6.75
4.40
4.00
4.85
6.25
4.00
4.16
4.30
6.16
4.15
3.95
4.80
6.76
4.10
4.80
4.80
6.26
4.28
3/92
5.36
6.26
8.90
4.20
4.46
6.00
4.15
3.90
5.00
5.87
3.90
4.35
4.75
6.00
4.16
4.00
5.60
6.00
3.66
1887
4.25
1896
4 45
1899
5.30
1900
4.10
1901
8.92
1902
5.35
1903
5.80
Year.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Highest.
Lowest
Highest.
Lowest
Highest
Lowest
Hlghert.
Lowest
1896
3.70
4.85
4.824
5.76
4.10
4.10
6.50
6.10
3.60
4.25
4.70
5.20
4.05
4.00
5.80
6.00
8.75
4.80
5.15
5.50
4.15
4.85
6.60
6.12
8.65
4.15
4.82J
6.15
4.05
4.07
6.40
6.00
4.26
4.26
6.25
5.00
4.80
4.87
6.86
6.00
3.75
3.90
5.15
4.60
4.10
4.30
6.10
5.26
4.25
8.90
5.80
4.70
4.25
4.60
6.00
6.26
4 15
1897
Sl75
1896
4.90
1899
4.56
1900
4.05
1901
4.80
1902
4.60
1908
4.66
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ZINC.
263
THE WORIiB'S PRODUCTION.
Me88r8. Henry B. Merton & Co. (Limited), of Liondon, on the basis
of detailed reports, make the production of spelter in Europe as
follows:
Production of zinc in Europe, 1896-190S,
[Long tons.]
Coantr7 or district.
Rhine. Belgium, and Hol-
land
sawda
Great Britain
ADitria and Italy
Prance and Spain
Pioland
Total
United flutes
Total world's prodao-
tkm ,
rnited States percentage of
woild's prodnctkm
1896.
179,780
96,876
24,880
9,256
28,460
6,166
1807.
184,466
94,046
23,660
8,186
82,120
6,760
844,856
72,767
417,122
17.4
348,115
487,883
20.4
1808.
188,815
97,670
27,940
7,115
82,136
5,575
1899.
189,965
98.590
81,715
7,190
32,965
6,225
859,250
108,061
462,811
22.8
366,630
115,224
1900.
186.820
100,706
29,830
6,975
80,620
5,876
360,325
110,612
481,864 470,937
28.9
28.6
199,285
106,385
29,190
7,700
27,265
5,935
375,760
125,734
601,494
26.1
200,140
115,280
89,610
8,460
27,080
8,150
898,670
140,114
1908.
216,690
116.835
43,415
9,026
27,920
9,746
422,630
142,169
638,784 564,789
26.0
26.2
The leading producers are Vieille Montague, with 76,905 long tons;
Hoheolohe, with 28,575 tons; Schlesische Actien-Gesellschaft, with
27,445 tons; the Lanyon Zinc Company; G. von Giesche's Erben, with
26,160 tons; and the Edgar Zinc Company, followed by the Stolberg
Company, with 20,750 tons, and the Soci^t^ Asturienne, with 20,330
ton5i.
According to the annual report of the Vieille Montague Company,
the production of spelter was 84,906 metric tons, the rolling mills
having produced 68,313 tons of sheet zinc, and the zinc-white works
10,450 tons. The gross profit was 7,505,704.99 francs and the net
profit 6,256,017.81 francs. There were placed to reserve 2,145,203.56
fnmcs; 457,601.78 francs went to the administration, 114,400.44
francs to the directors, and 3,600,000 francs were distributed as
dividends.
The Soci^t^ Anonyme M^tallurgique de Prayon produced 13,352
metric tons of spelter and made a gross profit of 767,990 francs.
After writing off, there were left 449,137.36 francs net profit, out of
which dividends aggregating 325,000 francs were paid, while 81,075.28
francs went to the administration.
The zinc mines of Upper Silesia in 1903 produced 208,785 metric tons
of cahunine, valued at 1,774,792 marks; 343,968 tons of blende, valued
tt 18,676,294 marks; 7,643 tons of pyrites, valued at 8.14 marks per
ton; and 5.470 tons of lead ore, valued at 76.70 marks per ton. There
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264 MINEBAL RESOUBOES.
were employed 8,597 men, those over 16 years of age earning 830.8()
marks per annum and those under 16 years earning 227.45 marks per
annum, and 2,640 women, who earned an aveiuge of 285 marks per
annum.
The number of zinc works was 23, and they employed 6,792 men
and 1,275 women, whose wages were 6,959,638 marks. The men over
16 earned 982.61 marks per annum; the boys under 16 years 277.47
marks, and the women 338.57 marks per annum. The consumption of
materials was 103,669 tons of calamine, 281,289 tons of zincblende,
1,707 tons of furnace accretions, and 4,545 tons of zinc ashes. There
were also consumed 1,225,007 tons of fuel and 48,085 tons of fire clay.
The production was 118,522 tons of spelter, valued at 46,753,863 marks;
16,745 tons of cadmium, valued at 81,649 marks; and 1,318 tons of
lead, valued at 285,634 marks.
The rolling mills emplo^^ed 792 workers, to whom 645,089 marks
were paid in wages. The consumption of spelter was 39,080 tons, and
the product was 38,039 tons of sheet zinc, 377 tons of lead, and 454
tons of by-products, with a total value of 17,545,177 marks.
One zinc-white plant produced 1,107 tons of zinc white.
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ALUMINUM AND BAUXITE.
By Joseph Stbuthers.
AliUMINirM.
PRODUCTION.
The production of aluminum in the United States during 1903 is
estimated at 7,500,000 pounds, aa compared with 7,300,000 pounds in
1902, and 7,150,000 pounds in 1901. It has not been possible to obtain
exact statistics of the production of aluminum, but judging from
the extension of the uses of the metal and its alloys for such construc-
tional and decorative work a^ requires lightness and no great strength,
together with the increased quantity of aluminum, in the form of
wires and bars, used to replace copper for conducting the electric
current, it is fair to assume that the production of the light metal in
the United States is steadily on the increase. This assumption is
strengthened by the fact that the quantity of bauxite (the crude min-
eral from which aluminum is extracted) consumed during the last
few years has been successively larger and larger, the consumption
being based on the domestic production plus the quantity imported.
The following table shows the production of aluminum in the United
States for each year since the inception of the industry in 1883:
ProdtutUm of aluminum in the United States, 1883-1903.
Year.
tm.
UK.
I*t7.
Quantity.
•
Year.
PoundB.
83
150
283
3,000
18,000
19,000
1 18»5 1
!l896 !
1897 !
!l898 '
1899
' 1900
01,281
150,000
259, 88&
333. G29
550,000
1902.
1903.
ToUl .
Quantity.
Pounds.
920.000
1.300,000
4,000,000
5,200,000
6,500,000
7,150,000
7.150,000
7,300,000
7,500,000
48,462,779
265
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266
MINERAL RESOURCES.
It is to be rejrretted that the secretive policy concerning the devel-
opment of the industry continues to be pursued by the various com-
panies manufacturing aluminum. Doubtless a free interchange of
ideas on the reduction, refining, and working of the light metal,
as well as on the special practice followed in making its various alloys,
would help to develop this branch of the metal industry, and in con-
sequence benefit each and every contributor to the general fund of
knowledge. The rapid and phenomenal progress in the iron and steel
industry in the United States is largely attributable to the willingness
of each individual manufacturer to describe and discuss his own
practice, and thus, by cooperation, help the others, and in turn be
helped by them.
At the present time five companies having 10 plants at different
localities are engaged in producing metallic aluminum by the electrolytic
process. Metallic aluminum is the sole product of the works operated
by the Pittsburg Reduction Company; all of the foreign companies
manufacture other electrolytic products as well.
Aluminum works in America and Europe^ 190S.
Name of company.
The Plttuburg Reduction Co.
The PittsbuiK Reduction Co.
The Pittsburg Reduction Co.
The Pittuburg Reduction Co.
(Royal Aluminium Co.)
The British Aluminium Co. .
Soci^t^ Electro - Metallur-
gique Fran^^ise.
Compa^rniedes ProduitMChi-
miques d* Alais.
Aluminium - Industrie - A k -
tien-Gesellschaft.
Aluminium - Industrie • A k -
t ien-Oesellschaf t.
Aluminium - Industrie- Ak- I
tien-Oesellschaft.
Location of works.
Horsepower.
Avail-
able.
I
Nia^ra Falls, New York.
Niagara Falls, New York ,
Massena Springs, New York . 1 , 200
Shawenegan Falls, Quebec, 6, 000
Canada.
Foyers, Scotland
Le Pras, Savoy, France.
In use.
I 14,000
ProoeM.
Hall !S1,600,000
Capital.
Hall.
5,000 , Hall.
5,000 I Heroult 3,S6O,00D
5,000 Heroult 1 2.880,000
8t. Michel, Savoy, France ..
Neuhausen, Switzerland
Rheinfelden,- Baden, Ger-
many.
Lend Gastein, near Salz-
burg, Austria.
14,000
12,600 ,
6,000
4,000
5,000
15,000 I 15.000 I Heroult .
2,000 ; Hall& Minet.
4,000 ' Heroult
5,000 Heroult
3,077,000
The chief point of interest affecting the aluminum industry in the
United States during the year 1903 was the final adjudication of the
many lawsuits and counter lawsuits which from time to time have
been instituted in behalf of the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Com-
pany, of Cleveland, Ohio, and the Pittsburg Reduction Company, of
Pittsburg, Pa. In October, 1903, the United States court of appeals
rendered a decision against the Pittsburg Reduction Company (oper-
ating the Hall patents) for infringement, since 1892, of the rights of
the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company, operating the Bradley
patents. The sum involved was approximately $3,000,000. On Octo-
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f
A
\
1
11
ALUMINUM AND BAUXITK. 267
ber 13, 1903, a friendly agreement was entered into by the two compa-
nies to the effect that the Pittsburg Reduction Company should pay a
given 8um for the quantity of aluminum made by it up to the date of
the agreement, and should continue the manufacture of aluminiun
under license of the Bradley patents untjl the time of their expiration,
in February, 1909, paying a royalty for all metal produced in the
future; the operation of the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Com-
pany is to be restricted to the manufacture of aluminum alloys,
atthon^ it may handle and sell aluminum in all forms at the works of
tJie company at Lockport, N. Y. The settlement involved also an
agreement by the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company not to
appeal the old case of the Pittsburg Reduction Company v. the Cowles
E^lectric Smelting and Aluminum Company, wherein the latter com-
pany was enjoined by the United States circuit court from manufac-
turing aluminum metal. By the terms of this agreement there will
be no future litigation between the two companies.
The patent of C. M. Hall, covering the cryolite-alumina electrolyte,
was applied for July 9, 1886, and was granted April 2, 1889; but in
its specifications externally heated crucibles were described. The
patent of C. S. Bradley (No. 468,148), which was applied for on Feb-
ruary 23, 1883, and granted only on February 2, 1892, covers the
invention of dispensing with external heating in such electrolytic pro-
060866 by the use of a sufficient electric current to keep the electrolyte
in a fused condition. The Bradley patent was proved, by a suit decided
in 1897, to belong to the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company.
In the early days of aluminum manufacture. Hall, at the works of the
Pittsburg Reduction Company, dispensed with the external heating of
the crucible, and it was decided that by so doing he infringed the
Bradley patent. The case is somewhat complicated for the reason that
in 1893, as a result of an action brought by the Pittsburg Reduction
Company against the Cowles Electric Smelting and Aluminum Com-
pany, it was decided by the court that the latter company had infringed
the Hall patent. It now appears that neither company can manufac-
ture alnminum by its present methods without infringing a patent
wiuch is the property of the other. However, the agreement of both
eompanies, mentioned above, removes any possible conflict and places
the manufacture of the metal on a proper business basis.
The Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company apparently now con-
trok tiie electric smelting industry in the United States, as, in addition
to the electric smelting of aluminum, the following companies are more
w leas subsidiary to it: The Co\^les Smelting Company, the Union
Ourlnde Company, the British Aluminium Company, the Electric Gas
Company, the Acetylene Illuminating Company, the Wilson Aluminium
Company, and the Acetylene Company.
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268 MINERAL RE8OUB0E8.
PROGRESS OF THE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES DURING
1903.
The new plant of the Pittbburg Reduction Company at Massena
Springs, N. Y., was put into operation in September, 1903. The
equipment includes four SOO-horsepower sets generating current at 500
volts, and provision is made to extend the works up to a consumption
of 12,000 horsepower should the increasing demand warrant the out-
lay. The St. Lawrence Water Power Company at present supplies
the electric current used in the extraction of the metal. In addition
to the manufacture of aluminum, this company has installed a plant
for the manufacture of carbon electrodes used in the reduction furnace,
and has also a wire mill under construction.
The Pittsburg Reduction Companj^ now has the large capacity of
17,200 horsepower, which is equivalent to 4,850 tons of metal yearly,
a quantity that almost equals the combined output of the European
producers.
The Pittsburg Reduction Company has two plants at Niagara Falls,
N. Y., the upper one using 4,000 horsepower, near the grounds of the
Niagara Falls Power Company above the Falls, and the lower one on the
edge of the gorge, using 6,500 horsepower, supplied by the Hydraulic
Power and Manufacturing Company. The Pittsburg Reduction Com-
pany was the tirst manufacturing plant to use the power of the Niagara
Falls Power Company in 1893, and, as an inducement, it is understood
that a contract was entered into for the supply of electric current at a
cost not exceeding $18 per horsepower per j^ear, including the installa-
tion by the power company of transforming machinery at the aluminum
plant.
At the upper plant the alternating current is first passed through
12 air-cooled stationary transformers, which reduce the potential of the
current to 115 volts, and raise its amperage correspondingly with a con-
version loss of 3 per cent. The current then passes to six 800 horse-
power rotary transformers, giving a direct current of 160 volts, with an
accompanying loss of another 3 per cent. Five of these rotary tran.^-
formei's, running at a full capacity, furnish two currents, each approxi-
mately of 10,000 amperes and 160 volts. These currents ma3^ also be
produced by running all six transformers at five-sixths of their full
capacity.
The details of equipment and working of the plants at Niagara Falls,
as given by Prof. Joseph Richards," is briefly sunmoarized as follows:
At the upper works there are two lines of crucible fomaces, technically termed
** re<liicing pots,** each being supplied with current by uninsulated aluminum bars,
each 12 inches by 1 inch in cross section, which can carry 800 amperes per square
inch of section.
Each pot absorbs 65 volts and has a voltage drop of 5 volts. The electrodes are of
carbon, 3 inches in diameter and 18 inches long, each carrying 250 amperes. About
a Electrochemlft And MetaUuivist, October, 1902, p. 49.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
ALUMINUM AND BAUXITE. 269
OD^Iydf the enei^ of the carrent is consamed in the chemical work of decompoe-
ing the alumina and half in maintaining the proper temperature and fluidity of the
mohen bath for the electrolysis — from 850*" to 900® C. The efficiency of the furnace,
bned on the amperage, is stated to he hetween 80 and 90 per cent.
The bath in the cmcible consists of cryolite, to which is added aluminum fluoride
18 the solvent, and purified alumina. The action of the current sets free metallic
tfaminum, which settles to the hottom of the crucible and is there collected in a
molten condition; and oxygen, which combines with the carbon of the electrode and
forms carbon monoxide, finally escaping to the upper surface of the material in the
cmcible, where it is burned to carbon dioxide, with its characteristic blue flame.
Altiioagh 4,000 horsepower are used, there is no odor of chlorine in the furnace
room, except daring the casting of the metal or when a pot is being trimmed.
The alominum metal produced is more than 99 per cent pure and contains on the
ftTerige 0.1 per cent of iron, 0.3 per cent of silicon, and smaller quantities of copper,
titanium, carbon, and sodium. The metal is cast into rough ingots, each weighing
about 20 pounds, which are shipped to New Kensington, Pa., for remelting and con-
venion into merchant shapes.
Daring 1903 a furnace plant has been added, similar to the one at Massena Springs,
in which to make the carbon electrodes for the electric furnaces. The company has
also installed an electric furnace for refining bauxite, in order to obtain a purer prod-
Oct from the alnminum furnaces.
At the lower works the current, produced at the power-house by nine 750 horse-
power Westinghonse dynamos, coupled direct to turbmes with horizontal shafts, is
carried 250 feet distant to the reduction room of the aluminum plant by means of
alominum cables having a cross-sectional area of 28 inches. Each dynamo gives a
'lirect carrent of 2,000 amperes at a potential of 280 volts, the full nine supplying
the 6,500 horsepower required to operate the three lines of fumacee.
The daily output of the lower plant, which is operated exactly in
the same manner as the upper one, is about 11,000 pounds of metallic
alaminum, which ji^ives a total daily output from both plants of the
company approximating 19,000 pounds. Bkirly in the year 1903 the
company employed 150 men at the lower works and 200 men at
the upper works. The fewer number of men at the larger works is
doe to the fact that crude metal only from refined material is made
ther^.
During the year 1903 H. Meissonier, of Paris, France, published his
important book, L' Aluminum, Se^ Propri^t^s, Ses Applications, 222
pigeH, Gauthier-Villars, Paris and New York, $2.50. The work sum-
marizes the knowledge of aluminum acquired up to date, from the
trettment of the crude ore tq the refining of the metal, and its manu-
fiwture into various alloys.
PRICES OP ALUMINUM AND ITS CHIEF ALLOYS.
Despite the increasing demand for aluminum, due to the extension
of its uses both as metal and as alloys, the price per pound has con-
tinned practically stationary throughout the years 1901, 1902, and
1W8. The prices in the United States during the years mentioned
are given in detail in the following table:
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270
MINEBAL BESOUB0E8.
Prices per pound of aluminum and its alloys during 1901, 190^^ and 1903.
No. 1 (aluminum, 99.75 per cent)
No. 2 (aluminum, 90 per cent)
Nickel-aluminum casting metal (10 per cent nickel)
Special casting alloy (80 per cent aluminum)
Small
lots.
OaiU,
87
34
89
35
100-pound
lots.
Oent«.
30
1,000 pound 2,000-poaiul
lots. I lots.
OmU.
CatU.
34
82
34 I
29 ;
»
3S
J7
The price of in^i^ot aluminum during 1903 was adjusted by an agree-
ment between all of the aluminum producers in the world.
IMPORTS.
In the first table below are given the quantities and valuei< of the
aluminum imported into the United States from 1870 to 1890, and
in the second table are given the quantities and values of crude and
manufactured aluminum imported from 1891 to 1902.
Aluminum imported and entered for consumption in ttie United SteUes, lif70-lS90.
Year ending-
June 80—
1870. . .
1871...
1872...
1878...
1874...
1875...
1876...
1877...
1878...
1879...
1880...
Quantity.
Pounds.
Value.
198
341
2
2
683
2,126
434
1.356
189
1,412
181
1,551
261
2,978
284
3,423
341
4,042
Year ending-
Quantity.
June 30—
1881..
1882..
1883..
1884..
1885..
Dec. 81—
1886..
1887..
1888..
1889..
1890..
I
Pounds.
517
557
425
595
4S9
45e2
1.260
1,849
2.061
Value.
•6.071
6,450
5,070
8,416
4,786
5,8»
12,119
14,0K6
4. MO
7,062
Imports of crude and manufactured aluminum, 1891-190S.
Calendar year.
Crude.
jQuantity. Value.
1891,
1892,
1893
1891
1895
1896
1897
1898,
1899
1900
1901.
1902,
1908
Potmds.
8,922
43
7,816
5,806
25,294
698
1,822 i
60
53,622
256,559
564,803
745,217
496,655
96,266
51
4,688
2,514
7,814
591
1,082
30
9,425
44,455
104,168
215,082
189,298
Leaf.
^^IW.""^ Value.
10,088
11,540
18,700
10,780
6,610
4,657
4,260
2,000
693
1,103
210
Quantity. Value.
SI, 135
1,202
1,908
1,210
646
528
368
174 i
112
102
Platea, sheets,
bars, and rods.
Pounds.
82
4,424
«3.068
L8,442
8,991
4,254
2,418
4,264
2,776
7,764
5,319
4,652
2,548
4,276
2,818
Manufao-
tures.
Total
Talue.
SI. 161
1,036
1,679
886
1,841
2,866
221
4.676
5,808
3,111
261
1,289
1,856
•8,565
2.289
8,265
4,U0
10,801
8,479
4,729
18,870
17,288
50,444
109,748
218,851
148,471
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ALUMINUM AND BAUXITE.
271
The import duty on aluminum in the United States is 8 cents per
pound for ingot metal and 13 cents per sheet for manufactured metal.
PROGRESS OF THE INDUSTRY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES DURING
1903.
In Canada, the Royal Aluminium Company, which is controlled by
the Pittsburg Reduction Company, utilizes 5,000 of its 6,000 horse-
power capacity in the manufacture of aluminum by the electric-furnace
process. The power is supplied by the Shawenegan Water and Power
Company, which has expended more than $3,000,000 in developing
the power plant at Shawenegan Falls, on the St. Maurice River. The
power available at the falls ranges from a minimum, during low water,
of 150,000 horsepower, to a maximum, at high water, of 600,000 horse-
power; of this power the company has increased its capacity so as to
utilize 100,000 horsepower at the first of the year 1904.
The works of the Soci^t^ Electro-M^tallurgique Franyaise, at Le
Praz in Savoy, are mainly used for the manufacture of metallic
aluminum, although ferrochromium and other iron alloys are also
made. Among the dynamos used to generate electric power are two
worthy of special note. These are of unipolar type and furnish a
direct continuous current of 7,500 amperes at 35 volts when operated
at 300 revolutions per minute. No commutating device is used, con-
sequently losses by hystereses and Foucault currents are avoided.
Although these dynamos are very heavy and expensive, this disad-
vantage is more than offset by reliability and high eflSciency of work-
ing. The total water power available at the works amounts to 14,000
horsepower, from which electrical energy exceeding 7,000 horsepower
is obtained by various dynamos numbering 32 in all. The current
used for the electro-metallurgical work is generated by seven 6-pole
Thury dynamos, giving a normal continuous current of 3,000 amperes
at 110 volts, when run at a speed of 250 revolutions per minute.
These dynamos, grouped in two sets of three each, holding the seventh
*me in reserve, generate a current of 9,000 amperes at from 110 to 130
volte (the voltage varying with the resistance of the electrolytic baths);
and the work has been so satisfactory that the company contemplates
the installation of an additional group of 14 machines of this same
type. Aluminum is used in place of copper for conducting the electric
mrrent
The plant of the Compagnie des Produits Chimiques d'Alais, at
Calypso, near St. Michel, Savoy, France, uses a current of a potential
energy of 4,000 amperes. The crucibles of the electric furnace are
1 meter long, 0.55 meter wide, and 0.20 meter deep. Copper bars
are u^ed to conduct the electric current from the dynamos to the
farnaceH and along the furnace sides; the carbon anodes are attached
thereto by means of stirrup-shaped connections, which allow a vertical
movement of any or all of the anodes as may be desired. The bath of
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272 MINERAL BESOUBOB8.
fused material is covered with a layer of charcoal, which diminishes
the loss of heat by radiation. The proper alumina content of the bath
is maintained by spreading a fresh layer of the material on the top of
the charcoal, and from time to time pushing small quantities of it into
the molten bath. The condition of the electrolyte in each furnace is
continuously indicated by the brightness of a 10-volt incandescent
lamp. The molten aluminum, containing from 99.5 to 99.6 per cent
of metal, is removed from the bottom of the bath every hour by tilt-
ing the furnace, which is supported on trunnions for this purpose.
During the year 1903 the works of the Aluminium-Industrie- Aktien-
Gesellschaft, at Neuhausen, have been considerably extended. The
second plant, situated at Lend Gastein, near Salzburg, Austria, for-
merly using 9,000 horsepower, has been augmented by the erection of
a new power plant at Rauris, 8 kilometers distant; the height of the
fall of water is 130 meters, and at present three turbines furnish 6,000
horsepower, which gives a total capacity of 15,000 horsepower at the
Lend reduction works. The third plant of this company, at Rheinfel-
den, in Baden; Germany, has been greatly improved by the installation
of apparatus for regulating the head of water. The company now has
at its three plants a total of 24,000 hoi*sepower, and a further exten-
sion of its hydraulic power is in contemplation. The chief product is
aluminum, but high-grade carbide is also made, and experimental
work is now being carried on in other electrolytical and electric
furnace processes.
The capacity of the works of the British Aluminium Company at
Foyers, Scotland, is being increased by the addition of two 520-kilo-
watt Dick-Kerr dynamos, with attached turbines to operate them.
The manufacturing works of the company, also, are being increased
in order to handle the future increased output. These factories are
situated at Larne, Ireland, and at Greenock and Milton, Staflfordf^hire,
England. Toward the end of the year 1903 it was reported that the
financial affairs of the company had been greatly strengthened by the
repayment of the entire £10,000, which it was empowered to borrow
in priority to the debenture stock.
TECHNOLOGY.
Uaes. — ^The metal aluminum is used mainly for the transmission of
electric currents, in place of copper, although a large proportion of
the output is manufactured into articles for domestic and culinary use.
Other uses of growing importance are, — for the construction of parts
of machines and apparatus which require lightness rather than great
strength; in the manufacture of special alloys; as a substitute for
stone and zinc in lithographic work; and for the production of intense
heat by the combustion of the metal in the powder called thermit
(which is the basis of three important branches of metallurgical work).
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ALUlCtNUM AND BAUXITE. 273
Alominum is also used in the manafacture of a special explosive
called ammonal; in the rubber industry for making lasts and boot
trees upon which rubber shoes and boots are made; in cast-iron
foandry practice as a substitute for the ordinary wooden patterns;
as a substitute for wood in making bobbins for spinning and weaving
machines treating silk fiber; and in powdered form for the manu-
facture of white metallic paints, a use to which it is particularly
suited on account of its nonsusceptibility to atmospheric influences.
Among the proposed new uses of aluminum is its substitution for the
glass carboys or earthenware vessels employed for the transportation
of nitric acid, and also as a substitute for zinc in lining cisterns and
other receptacles for storing water.
Electrical canditctors. — ^The use of aluminum as a substitute for
uncovered overhead transmission lines is still expanding in the United
States, and is one of the most important outlets for the domestic prod-
uct Despite the severe criticism of this use of the light metal, chiefly
on account of corrosion, a number of electric light and railway com-
panies have purchased very large quantities for transmission purposes
during 1903, as is shown by two reported contracts, among many
others, for 500,000 pounds and 298,245 pounds of aluminum wire,
respectively. Drawn wires seem to be more suceptible to corrosion
by atmospheric influence than rods, and to counteract this disadvan-
tage the manufacturers, it is reported^ are now putting on the market
a so-called "weatherproof wire," which is coated with a preparation
that forms a through protection for the metal. In order to overcome
the difficulty encountered in soldering aluminum conducting wire, a
patent was granted on March 24, 1903 (No. 723,717), to J. D. Nicholson,
by which a compound ingot of copper and aluminum is drawn into a
wire having a copper core and an aluminum covering. The core of
copper can be readily soldered without raising the resistance of the
joint
Ammonal. — ^A company has been formed to manufacture, on a com-
mercial scale, the new explosive, ammonal, which is composed of
powdered aluminum and ammonium nitrate, in respective proportions
depending upon the explosive strength desired. Ammonal is reported
to be extremely safe to handle, impervious to water, and of great
explosive strength.
Alloys. — Apart from those alloys which contain a small proportion
of aluminum with other metal or metals, as, for instance, aluminum
brcmze, the principal metals forming useful binary alloys with alumi-
mun are magnesium, tungsten, and zinc. Other metals forming useful
ternary idloys^with aluminum are copper, nickel, and zinc. A very
iater«flting sununary of the progress that has been made in the manu-
factnre and uses of aluminum alloys is given by Prof. Joseph W.
Uchards in a paper read before the American Society for Testing
m B 1908 ^18
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274
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Materials, at Delaware Water Grap, July 3, 1903, a brief abstract of
which was published in the Engineering and Mining Journal, October
3, 1903. Of the numerous alloys mentioned, those with zinc are the
cheapest and most efficient. Zinc-aluminum alloys containing ap to
15 per cent of zinc are malleable and ductile, and castings containing
as high as 33 per cent of zinc, when formed in sand molds possess a
tensile strength of 25,000 pounds per square inch, and when chilled,
of 40,000 pounds per square inch. A full description of the recent
alloys, magnalium. Wolf rammm, McAdamite, aluminum-silver, albra-
dium, and aluminum-zinc, are given in the report of this OflSce on
aluminum and bauxite for 1902.
TJiermit. — One of the most promising fields for the consumption of
aluminum is the so-called thermit process, invented by Doctor Gold-
schmidt, which produces an intense heat by the oxidation of metallic
aluminum in intimate contact with metallic oxides. The utilization of
the heat so produced is of great value for welding in place steel rails
and broken iron or steel castings; for reducing refractory oxides of
the rare metals tungsten, chromium, and molybdenum, yielding a
metallic product free from carbon; and for preventing the formation
of large pipes in the tops of steel ingots. A considerable advancement
in these specialties has been made abroad, but so far but little has
been done in the United States. For the conduction of the electric
current, especially in trolley lines, the great advantage of welding
both the track and the third rail is obvious, for the reason that the
ends of adjacent rails may be welded together without removal from
the track at a cost stated to bo less than the usual connection by means
of fish plates and copper binding wires, and when the rails of a track
are welded in this manner, they are practically continous and the con-
nections are permanent, which avoids the frequent and costly repairs
so necessary to maintain a perfectly good conductor for the electric
current. During 1903 no less than 20,000 track joints were made by
the thermit welding process. The system has been introduced into the
cities of Leeds, Glasgow, and Nottingham, and an English company is
using the process for welding 25 miles of rails in Singapore.
For the welding of wrought-iron pipes the thermit process has been
largely used, between 30,000 and 40,000 joints having been made by
it. This method is cheaper than the usual flange joint, and is of spe-
cial value for pipes or tubes to be used under high pressure, or for
the transportation of liquids, such as alkalies or petrolemn, which
attack the materials commonly used for packing.
Electroplating. — Much work has been done both in electrolytically
depositing other metals on aluminum and in depositing aluminum on
other metals. Various processes have been described and various
patents obtained during the last year, but usually they were of little
value. In many cases it is a difficult matter to obtain a sound and
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ALUMINUM AND BAUXITE.
275
adherent film of metal on aluminum by electro-deposition, due in part
to the porosity and irregular degree of purity possessed by commer-
cial aluminum. The following summary of the work of Mr. A.
Fischer presents^ the chief point of aluminum progress:
Coatmgs of copper, silver, nickel, zinc, and tin may be obtained directly upon
alamintiin; but films of gold, brass, and arsenic are best applied upon a primary
layer of copper, nickel, or silver. Aluminum coated with copper or silver can be
'oxidized" with no attendant danger of the deposit coming off, but the use of hot
iH)lutions of alkali sulphides must be avoided, else the deposit will become blistered.
Details of the methods of treatment to be followed with the various
metals are given in Mr. Fischer's paper.
WORLD'S PRODUCTION.
The following table shows the world's production of aluminum in
1900, I'JOl, and 1902.
WarlcTa prodticUon of aluminum in 1900, 1901, and 190£,
Goantiy.
1900.
1901.
1902.
QoADtity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
United States
Metric tons.
3,244
r2, 238, 000
526,600
364,000
1,225,000
Metric Urns.
3,244
1,200
560
2,500
r2, 238, 000
560,000
Metric tons.
3,311
1.855
600
2,500
12,284,900
638,830
Pranof
1,026
Tnited Kingdom
669
2,600
.■^wltzerlAnd
1,225,000
1, 201, 425
Total
7,339
4,352,600
7,504
7,766
BAUXITE.
PRODUCTION.
There was a large increase in the production of bauxite in the United
States during the year 1903, due mainly to the development of the
industry in Arkansas, the total quantity shipped amounting to 48,087
long tons, valued at $171,306, as compared with 29,222 long tons,
valued at $128,206, in 1902. These figures show an increase in quan-
tity of 18,865 tons, or about 65 per cent, and in value of $43,100, or
;^ per cent. At the present time, Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas,
in the order of their outputs, furnish the total supply of bauxite in
the United States. The mineral occurs in other States, notably
North Carolina and South Carolina, but the deposits are not of suffi-
'Tent extent or purity to be of commercial value.
The chief factor of interest during 1903 was the completion and the
putting into of)eration of the mining plant of the Pittsburg Ecductio?!
« Electro-ChemI(»l Industry, vol. 1, No. 16, December, 1908.
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276 MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
Company at Bauxite, Ark. The plant has been carefully designed
with the view of replacing hand labor by machinery, wherever possi-
ble. Mechanical conveyors and elevators transport the crude ore
from the cars through the mill and finally store the finished product
in bins ready for shipment. A description of the mine and mill
equipment is given in the Mineral Resources for 1902 under the sec-
tion devoted to Aluminum and Bauxite.*
A second point of interest to the industry is the new refining plant
of the Pittsburg Reduction Company at East St. Louis, which was put
in operation during the latter part of the sununer. The plant is simi-
lar in detail to the refining plant of the company at New Kensington,
Pa. The crude ore, which was formerly shipped from Arkansas to
New Kensington, is now refined at East St. Louis, by the soda process,
which removes the impurities, iron oxide and silica. The equipment
includes a bank of coke ovens for coking Illinois coal, which, so far,
have given very satisfactory results.
Prior to 1890 the consumption of bauxite in the United States was
mainly of ores imported from France, but the discovery and working
of deposits in the United States has very appreciably reduced the pro-
portion of the foreign ore now imported. During the last two years,
however, the low ocean freight rates have rendered it commercially
advantageous to import ore from France, where it is mined and placed
free on board at a comparatively small expense. In fact, French ore
could be laid down at New York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore, includ-
ing the import duty of $1 per ton, cheaper than the crude ore could
be delivered by freight from the mines in the South or West. The
French ores, which contain a high percentage of iron oxide, can not
be used advantageously for the manufacture of aluminum sulphate,
but are utilized chiefly for making aluminum hydrate, which is used in
the manufacture of the metal. Although a large part of the quantity
of bauxite consumed in the United States is used for the manufacture
of aluminum, a fair proportion, stated variously at from one-quarter to
one-half of the total, is used in the manufacture of chemical salts of
aluminum, and during the last year or so, in making artifical corun-
dum, of which abi-asive wheels are constructed. Another important
use for bauxite ore that has been made abroad, but to a minor extent
only in the United States, is as a refracting material for lining fur-
naces in which the corrosive action of the basic slag must be resisted.
The deposits of bauxite in Arkansas are situated on the hillsides,
and the ore is very easily mined by first stripping the slight over-
burden and then blasting, which breaks down the ore and renders it
easily movable by pick and shovel into wagons, and thence by tram-
way to the railroad. In general, nearly all of the bauxite mines con-
a Almnlnmn and Bauxite: Mineral Reaouroes U. S. for 1902, tJ. S. Geol. Sturey, 1901, pp. 236>23S. .
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ALUHmUM AND BAUXITE.
277
tain ores of different grades, which are first sorted by hand or by
screen and then dried in the air naturally or in kilns or furnaces
before it is in proper form for the market. Recently, for the purpose
of drying the ore, a revolving cylindrical type of furnace has been
used with very satisfactory results. The sorting by screens is prefer-
able to hand sortings when the ore will admit of this method of classi-
fication; and occasionally when clay occurs associated with the bauxite,
a common log washer is used to remove the sterile clay.
If tiie bauxite is to be used for the manufactur^of alum, it is merely
crashed, dried, and shipped in bulk in box cars, but if for the manu-
Aicture of aluminum metal or artifical corundum, which requires a low
silicon content, the crushed ore is first passed through a log washer in
order to remove the sterile siliceous gangue.
The subjoined table gives the production and value of bauxite for
each year since. 1889:
Production ofbauxUem the United States, 1889-190S, by States.
GalendAT year.
Oeoigia.
Alabama.
Arkansas.
Total.
Value.
lgg§
Long tons.
ITS
1,844
8,801
5,110
2,415
2,060
8,756
7,818
7,607
LongtoM.
Long tons.
Long tons.
728
1,844
8,598
10,518
9,179
11,066
17,069
18,864
20,590
25,149
35.280
23,184
18,905
27,322
48,087
12,866
6,012
ino
un
292
5,406
6,764
9,016
18,818
11,051
13,068
11,675
84,188
29,507
35,818
44,000
47,838
57,662
75,487
125,596
89,676
79,914
120,366
171,806
laga.
laii
ijfM
UB5
uw
iaf7.
un,
15,736
19,
14,499
789
5,045
8.445
867
4,645
25,718
WW
nn .- -
18,068
22,677
22,874
1182
Mi
The figures showing the output and value of the production of bauxite
during 1908 have been received directly from the individual producers,
tad have also been approximately confirmed by Mr. William G. Neilson,
of the Bepabtic Mining and Milling Company.
CONSUMPTION.
In order to show the annual consumption of bauxite and its value in
the United States during the last five years, the following table has
been compiled, which includes the annual production, imports, exports,
•ad consumption, together with the value of each, respectively.
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278
MINERAL RESOURCES.
l^'oductiotiy imports^ exportSj and congamption of bcmrite in the United Stales, 1898-190S,
Year.
Total production. | Importe.
Exports.
Consumption.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1898
Long tons.
25,149
35,280
23,184
$76,437
126,698
89,676
79,914
121.465
171,806
Long tons.
1,201
6,666
8,656
18,313
15,790
14,889
$4,238
23,768
32,967
67,107
54,410
49,684
LoTigtonti.
1,000
2,0G0
1,000
1,000
Nil.
$2,000
4,567
5,000
3,000
Long tons.
25,390
39,916
30, MO
36,218
43,112
62,976
$77,675
1899
144,799
1900
119,643
1901
1902
18,905
27-322
144,021
175,875
1903. . ! 48.0R7
230,990
'
WORLD'S PRODUCTION.
The following table shows the world's production of bauxite in 1900,
1901, 1902, and 1903:
WorUr 8 proditction of bauxite^ 1900-1 90S,
Country,
1900.
1901. j 1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
$89,676
92,596
6,750
Quantity.
Value. 1 Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. Value.
United States
France
Metric
Urns.
23,556
58,580
6,873
Metric
tons.
19,207
76,620
10,857
$79,914
124,168
14,515
Metric
tons.
29,785
%,900
9,192
$128,206
174,686
13,396
Metric
tons,
48,859
$171,306
United Kingdom...
6,226
Total
87,959
189,022
106,184
218,697
135,877
816,286
ALUMINUM SALTS.
The principal salts of aluminum are aluminum sulphate and crystal-
lized alum, for the manufacture of which bauxite and Greenland cryo-
lite are consumed. The Pennsylvania Salt Company possesses the
exclusive privilege of importing cryolite into North and South
America. In 1903 the production of aluminum sulphate was 80,726
short tons, valued at $1,614,520, as compared with 80,076 short tons,
valued at $1,938,671, in 1902, and that of crystallized alum was 7,574
short tons, valued at $210,910, as compared with 8,539 short tons,
valued at $299,600, in 1902. These statistics do not include the pro-
duction of sodium aluminate. The companies producing one or both
of these salts during 1903, in the order of output, are: The Gen-
eral Chemical Company, the Pennsylvania Salt Company, Harrison
Brothers, the Cochrane Chemical Company, Charles Lennig & Co., the
P>ie Chemical Company, the Detroit Chemical Company, the Merrimac
Chemical Company, and the Jarecki Chemical Company.
The production and imports of alum and aluminum sulphate into
tlie United States from 1898 to 1903, inclusive, are given in the fol-
lowing table:
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aliimindm: and bauxite.
279
Production and imports of alum and cUuminum mdphaie into the United States, 1898-1903,
Production.
Import8.a
Year.
Alum.
Aluminum sulphate.
Short
tons.
Value.
Per
ton.
Short
tons.
Value.
Per
tOD.
Short
tons.
Value.
Per
ton.
im
18,791
27,276
20,531
7.775
8,539
7,574
$568,730
845.556
615,980
233,260
299,500
210,910
$30.00
31.00
30.00
30.00
27.00
27.86
56,663
81,805
61,678
74,721
80,075
80,726
$1,416,676
2,106,479
1,480,272
1,798,304
1,938,671
1,614,520
$25.00
25.76
24.00
24.00^
24.25
20.00
^898
I>858
M,169
b 1,091
fr928
ft 776
$16,187
14,963
22,283
20,781
16,808
14,463
$18. 18
1^
17.49
i«o
19.07
isoi
19.05
1$0B
18.11
18.64
• Includes alumina, alum, alum cake, aluminum sulphate, aluminous cake, and alum in crystals
or ground.
VTbere was also imported in 1898, 1.205 short tons ($76,884) of aluminum hydrate, or refined
abort tons ($119,202) ; in 1900, 2,207 short tons ($148^) ; in 1901, 1 986 short tons
bauxite: in 1899. 1,926
(1146,462); in 1902, 339 short tons ($21,235); and in 1903, 1,886 short tons
),465).
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QUICKSILVER.
PRODUCTION.
The production of quicksilver in the United States during 1903
amounted to 35,620' flasks of 76i pounds each, valued at $1,544,934,
a.s compared with 34,291 flasks, valued at $1,467,848, in 1902. an
increase in quantity of 1,329 flasks, and in value of $77,086.
TEXAS.
The production of quicksilver decreased in Texas from 5,319 flasks;
valued at $239,350, in 1902, to 5,029 flasks, valued at $211,218, in
1903. During the year Prof. William B. Phillips, director of the
University of Texas mineral survey, published a carefully prepared
statement in regard to considerable extensions of the quicksilver-bear-
ing area in Texas. It is evident that quicksilver mining in Texas
should increase for several years before reaching the maximum.
CALIFORNIA.
The product from the mines, which has been carefully described in
previous reports, amounted to 30,526 flasks, worth $1,330,916. The
following table gives the production of quicksilver in California
suicel850:
Tbfo/ produCtum of guichilver in CaUfornia, 1860- 190S.
[Flaaks of 76| pounds net]
Yc«r.
Qoantity.
Tear.
Qnantity.
Year.
Quantity.
UN. .
7,728
27.779
20.000
22,284
80,004
88.000
80,000
26,204
81,000
18,000
10,000
8S,000
42,000
40,581
47,489
68,000
46.&60
47,000
I 47,728
1800
88,811
80,077
81,686
81,621
27,642
27,766
60,250
72,716
79,396
68,880
78,684
59,926
60,851
62,782
46,725
81.913
82,078
29,961
^88,825
1888
83,260
m
1870
1889
26,464
tttt.
1871..
1890
1891
1892
1883
22,926
1872
22,904
UM
1878
27,993
vm
1874
30,164
UK
1876
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1906
Total
30,416
vm
1876
86,067
UM
1877
30,765
UB9
1878
26,691
\m
1879
31,09?
i«i
1880
29,451
lie..
1881
26.317
uo... .
1982 -
26,720
ISM
1888
28,972
1884
80.526
IM..
1885
1,948.557
ttC
1886
UB
1887
■InrtikHng 65 flaiks from Merada.
5 Indudee 65 flaskg from Oregon.
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282
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The production of quicksilver in California, by counties, for 1902
and 1903, is given in the following table:
ProdiicUon of quicksilver in California^ by counties^ during 1909 and 190S,
[Flasks of 76i pounds net.]
County.
Colusa
Lake
Napa
San Benito
San Luis Obispo.,
Santa Clara
Sonoma
Trinity
Total
1902.
Quantity.
5CM
3,797
7,300
7,289
2,546
5,779
1,519
238
28,974
Value.
121,748
161,406
311,339
306,096
107,686
243,599
66,373
10,251
1,228,498
1903.
Quantity. Value.
510
2,130
7,859
8,160
4,692
4,658
2,361
266
30,526
$21,708
85,520
359,006
370,000
185,430
200,830
97,766
11,156
1,330.916
PRICES.
The variation in average prices for quicksilver, per flask, in San
Francisco during the years 1902 and 1903, by months, is shown in the
following table:
Average price of quickgHver, per flask, at San Francisco during 190IB and 1903, by month.
Month.
Price.
January $46.30
February.
March
April
May
Tune
July
1902.
44.29
45.66
46.00
44.83
45.77
48.89
1908.
Price.
946.00
46.00
45.63
45.25
45.25
45.25
45.25
Month.
August
September
October
November
December
Average
1902.
Price.
S42.71
42.85
42.37
42.64
45.00
44.10
190S.
Price.
$45.25
45.33
45.25
44.60
44.50
45.29
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QUICKSILVER.
283
IMPOKT8.
The following table shows only slight changes in the imports of
quicksilver, which have been merely nominal for the last ten years:
QuickgUvfr imported and entered for consumption in tJie United StaieSy 1867-190$,
Year ending—
Quantity.
Value.
$15,248
68
11
107,646
187,832
189,943
74, 146
52,098
20,957
50,164
19,558
135,178
217,707
48,463
57,738
288,057
593,867
44,085
90,416
Year ending-
Quantity.
Value.
1«7
Pound*.
December 31—
1886
Pounds.
629,888
410 Q<U
1249,411
171,431
56,997
162,064
445,807
1868
152
1887
18$9
1888 182,850
1889 841,514
1890 1 802,871
1891 123.9fi6
1870
239,223
304,965
370,853
99,898
51,202
6,870
78,902
wn
1«72
61,355
1873
1892
96,318
41,772
40,133
1874
1898
17,400
1875
1894
7
15,001
805
45,539
81
181
2,616
1,441
(«)
(«)
6
1876
1895
7,008
1877
88,250
1896
118
1878
294,207
519, 125
116,700
138,517
597,898
1,552,738
1897
20,147
1879.
1898
51
isso.. . ...
1899
83
Iffll
1900
1,051
188B
1901
789
ISSS
1902
2,166
1884
136,615
257,659
1908
1,065
1885
a Not stated.
EXPORTS.
The following table gives the exports of quicksilver from San Fran-
cisco only during the year 1903, amounting to 10,722 flasks, valued at
>W6,845:
Exports of domeHic Quicksilver from San Francisco during 1903 ^ by countries,
[Flasks of 761 pounds.] «
Country.
Quantity.
Value.
I'hioa fHfinalrfintf^'i
5,250
3,826
1,870
671
47
25
10
7
6
5
3
2
1213, 125
Mfxico
143,474
I»f«n...
56,476
:I ilHlaiU
29,181
•tr.U^ Columbia.
2,074
\"Tf%
1,092
0.tARV« --.- - -
449
Ci*«BWa.
263
fmlTidor
263
ItM^*, Aitatlc
225
tminiCMmi.
185
ncuifua -
89
I^lil
10,722
446,845
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284
MINERAL BBSOUROES.
In the following table the quantity and value of quicksilver exported
from the United States from 1880 to 1903, inclusive, are given:
ExporU of quickgilver from the United SUites, 1880-1903,
[Flasks of 76i pounds net.]
Year.
Quantity.
Valoe.
87,210
fl,U9,952
86,107
1,025,299
38,875
988,454
80,072
806,858
7,870
199,685
6,802
209,758
8,091
204,956
11,894
441,112
10,684
406,899
5,111
213,717
2,069
98,192
8,714
145,502
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884.
1885
1886
1887
1888.
1889
1890
1891.
1892 ' 8,618
1898 16,631
1894 14,408
1895 15,542
1896 19,944
1897 18,178
1598 ' 12,880
1809 ' 16,517
1900 10,172
1901 11,219
1902 j 18,247
1908 : 17,677
S13S,«26
512,410
397.608
482,085
618.437
894. MO
440,687
609,686
425.812
475,009
575.009
719,119
WOKIiD'S PRODUCTION AND VAIiUB.
The following table gives the production in metric tons and the
value of quicksilver in various countries in 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902:
WotWb production and value of quickgilver m 1899^ 1900, 1901, and 190B.<^
[Metric tons.]
Country.
1899.
1900.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
United States
1.067
586
206
862
1,861
11,462.746
492,021
246,000
821,814
1,481,229
9S8
510
260
804
1.005
11,802,686
Austria
490,068
Italy
812,000
I^iimI^
270,266
ppRin „ , , , .
1.1«.560
Total
3,521
8.993,809
3.152
3,577.444
Country.
1901.
1902.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty.
Value.
United States
1,081
526
278
754
11.882,305
547,513
861,400
(*)
1,106,890
1.190
511
260
1,425
11.467.848
568.929
Austria
Italy
310,000
Russia
(tf)
Spain
1,911,387
Total
2,588
3,897,108
3,886
4,288,244
a Mezioo exported 824 tons of quicksilyer in 1899. 885 tons in 1900. and 886 toni In 190L
5 Statistics not yet available.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
rNTRODUCTION.
There are included under the head of steel-hardening metals, nickel
and cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, and
uranium, which are named in the order of the importance of their
production and use for steel-hardening purposes. In this list manga-
nese would naturally be included, but on account of its very extensive
production and very large use in the purification of steel it is treated
separately.
These metals are not added to the steel to cause chemical reactions
to take place, by which harmful ingredients are made to go into the
slag or to pass off as gases, as is the case in the use of ferrosilicon or
ferromanganese (spiegeleisen), which are added to the furnace in the
original manufacture of the steel. These other f erro alloys are not
added until after the steel has been manufactured, and their use is as a
physical addition to the manufactured steel for the physical benefits that
they confer upon it, and hence they accomplish their purpose in a man-
ner entirely different from that of the ferrosilicon or ferromanganese.
The special steels resulting from these additions vary among them-
selves, having individual properties of tensile strength and elastic limit,
of conductivity, heat, and electricity, of magnetic capacity, and of
resistance to impact, whether as shell or as armor plate. It was only
about twenty years ago that the first of these metals, nickel, began to
be used to any extent for the purpose of hardening steel, but since
their introduction their use for this purpose has continued to increase
steadily. Experiments are still being carried on with some of these
metals in order to determine their actual conmiercial value with
re^rd to the qualities that they impart to steel. In the arts it is
the ferro alloy of these various metals that is first prepared and is then
introduced in the required quantity into the manufactured steel, but
thiD ferro alloy is never added to the molten mass during the manu-
facture of the steel. All these metals give characteristic and distinct
properties to steel, but in all cases the principal quality is the increase
in the hardness and the toughness of the resulting steel. Some of the
1:86
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286 MINERAL RESOURCES.
metals — as nickel, chromium, and tungsten — are now entirely beyond
the experimental stage and are well established in the commercial
world as definite steel -hardening metals, and new uses are being con-
stantly devised for the diiferent steels, which are causing a constant
increase in their production. Others, as molybdenum and vanadium,
though they have been proved to give certain positive values to steel,
have not been utilized to any large extent as yet in the manufacture of
molybdenum or vanadium steel, partly on account of the high cost of
the ores containing these metals. Titanium and ui-anium are still in
the experimental stage; and, although a good deal has been written as
to the value of titanium as an alloy with steel, there is at the present
time very little if any of it used in the manufacture of a commercial
steel.
Since the introduction of the electric furnace and the consequent
methods that have been devised for reducing ores, it has become pos-
sible to obtain these ferro alloys directly from the ores by reducing
them in the electric furnace, and hence experiments have been con-
ducted on a much larger scale than formerly.
The prices of the various ferro alloys vary considerably. Ferro-
chrome in December, 1903, was quoted at $120 to $225 per long ton
of 2,240 pounds, cost, insurance, and freight. New York, on the basib
of 60 per cent, with variations up and down at $1.75 per unit. Ferro-
tungsten was quoted at 40 cents per pound, or $896 per ton, onlOOinr
cent, cost, insurance, and freight. New York. Ferromolybdenum wa.^
quoted from $1.50 to $2.50 per pound, or $3,360 to $5,600 per ton, on
100 per cent, cost, insurance, and freight. New York; in May, 1004,
this had dropped to $1.25 per pound on 100 per cent, cost, insurance,
and freight. New York. Ferrovanadium was quoted at $7.50 per
pound, or $16,800 per ton, on 100 per cent, in the English market, and
$6.40 per pound in the French market; for ton lots the price has been
(juoted as low as $4.50 per pound. Ferromanganese has, during the
last two or three years, been very steady, and on contract, 100-ton lots
and over, was quoted at $50 per ton, duty paid, with freight paid cast
of the Mississippi River. In May, 1904, this price had dropped to ^
per ton. Ferronickel allo}'^ and metallic nickel vary from 50 to 50
cents per pound for the nickel content.
The minerals which form the source of these metals are as follows:
Nickel and cobalt are obtained from nickeliferous pyrrhotite, genthite,
garnierite, and a nickeliferous lead ore such as is found at Mine La-
motte. Mo. Chromium is obtained exclusively from the mineral
chromite. Tungsten is obtained from the three minerals, wolfram-
ite, hubnerite, and scheelite. Molj'bdenum is obtained chiefly from
molybdenite, with smaller amounts from wulfenite. Vanadium is
usually found associated with uranium, and is obtained from c^rnot-
ite and in smaller quantity from vanadiuite. Uranium is obtained
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 287
chiefly from the two minerals carnotite and uraninite (pitchblende).
Titanium is found chiefly as ilmenite (ferrous titanate) and rutile
(titanium oxide).
MANGANESE STEEIi.
Besides the use of ferromanganese for the chemical effect which it
[iroduces in the manufacture of steel in eliminating injurious sub-
ijtances, it is also used in the production of a special steel which pos-
sesses to a considerable degree combined hardness and toughness.
Such steel contains from 0.8 to li per cent of carbon and about 12
per cent of manganese and is known as "Hadfield manganese steel."
If only 1.5 per cent of manganese is added, the steel is very brittle,
and the further addition increases this brittleness until the quantity of
manganese has reached 4 to 6.6 per cent, when the steel can be pul-
verized under the hammer. With a further increase, however, of the
quantity of manganese, the steel becomes ductile and very hard, reach-
ing its maximum degree of these qualities with 12 per cent of manga-
nese. The ductility of the steel is brought out by sudden cooling, a
process the opposite of that used for carbon steel. These properties
of manganese steel make it especially adapted for use in the manu-
facture of rock-crushing machinery, safes, and mine car wheels.
NICKEL. AND COBAIiT.
The two metals, nickel and cobalt, are treated together for the
reason that nearly all of the ores that contain one of these metals con
tain also a small percentage of the other, and in the reduction of the
ores lK)th nickel and cobalt go into the matte which is afterwards
refined.
NICKEL STEEL.
Nickel finds its largCvSt use in the manufacture of special nickel and
nickel-chromium steels, and the use of these steels for various pur-
poses in the arts is constantly increasing. The greatest quantity of
nickel steel is used in the manufacture of armor plate, either with or
without the addition of chromium. There is probably no armor or
protective-deck plate made which does not contain from 3 up to 5 per
<*ent of nickel. Nickel steel is also used for the manufacture of
ammunition hoists, communication tubes, and turrets on battle ships,
and for gun shields and armor.
The properties of nickel steel or nickel-chromium steel that make it
^»pecially adapted for these purposes are its hardness and great tensile
<rength, combined with great ductility and a very high limit of elas-
ticity. One of the strongest points in favor of a nickel-steel armor
plite is that when it is perforated by a projectile it does not crack.
The Krupp steel, which represents in composition about the universal
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288
MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
armor-plate steel, contains, approximately, 3.5 per cent of nickel, 1.5
per cent of chromium, and 0.25 per cent of carbon.
Another use for nickel steel that is gradually increasing is the
manufa<;ture of nickel-steel rails. During 1908 there were over 11,000
tons of these rails manufactured, which were used by the Pennsylva-
nia, the Baltimore and Ohio, the New York Central, the Bessemer
and Lake Erie, the Erie, and the Chesapeake and Ohio railroads.
These orders for nickel-steel rails resulted from the comparison of
nickel-steel and carl)on-steel rails in their resistance to wear during
the five months' trial of the nickel-steel rails that were used on the
horseshoe curve of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The advantages that
are claimed for the nickel-steel rail are its increased resistance to
abrasion and its higher elastic limit, which increases the value of the
rail as a girder. On sharp curves it has been estimated that a nickel-
steel rail will outlast four ordinary rails.
In regard to the comparative cost of nickel-steel and carbon-steel
i*ails an interesting comparison has been made by Mr. John McLeod,''
which may be summarized as follows:
Comparative cost of nickelrsUd and oarbonsUel raila.
Nickel-steel
rails.
Carbon-Steel
rails.
Coet of the tonnage of rails neoesbary to maintain a certain cuire for
a given period
0956.00
A8M.00
One ton of rails made of 8| per cent nickel steel contains 78.4 ponnds
of nickel which, at 20 cents per pound, equals a credit of
15.68
a 16. 00
Credit for scrap rails
648.00
Total credit
81.68
48.00
Gross cost (as above)
56.00
81.68
8100
Total credit (as above)
48.00
Net cost
24.82
86.00
•
al ton.
l>8tons.
Nickel steel has also been largely adopted for forgings in large
engines, particularly marine engines, and it is undei'stood that this is
now the standard material for this purpose in the United States Navy.
There is a very great variety of these forgings and drop forgings,
which include the axles and certain other parts of automobiles, shaft-
ing and crank shafts for Government and merchant-marine engines
and stationery engines, for locomotive forgings, the last including
axles, connecting rods, piston rods, crank pins, link pins, and pedestal
cap bolts, and for sea- water pumps.
Another important application that is being tried with nickel steel
is in the manufacture of wire cables, and during the last year such
cables have been made by the American Steel and Wire Company, but
a Proc. Am. Soc for testing materials, vol. 3, 1903. Reprint, p. 26.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 289
no comparison can as yet be made between them and the ordinary
carboD-steel cables with respect to their wearing qualities.
In the manufacture of electrical apparatus nickel steel is beginning
to be used in considerable quantity. The properties of this steel
which make it especially valuable for such uses are, first, its high ten-
>dle strength and elastic limit, and, second, its high permeability at
high inductions. Thus steel containing from 3 to 4 per cent of nickel
has a lower permeability at low inductions than a steel without the
nickel, but at the higher inductions the permeability is higher. A nota-
ble instance of the use of this material is in the field rings of the 5,000-
boreepower generators built by the Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
facturing Company for the Niagara Falls Power Company. These
field rings require very high tensile strength and elastic limit, and in
order to reduce the quantity of material it is desirable that they have
high permeabUity at high inductions. This result was secured by using
a nickel steel containing approximately 3.75 per cent of nickel. Steel
containing approximately 25 per cent of nickel is nonmagnetic and has
a very low resistance temperature coefficient. This property is occa-
sionally of value where a nonmagnetic material of very high tensile
strength is required. The high electrical resistance of nickel steel of
this quality, together with its low temperature coefficient, makes it
valuable for electrical resistance work where a small change in the
resistance due to change in temperature is desirable. The main objection
to using nickel steel for this purpose is the mechanical defects that
are often found in wire that is drawn from this quality of nickel steel.
For rock drills and other rock- working machinery nickel steel is
used in the manufacture of the f orgings which are subjected to repeated
and violent shocks. The nickel content of the steel used in these f org-
ings is approximately 3 per cent, with about 0.40 per cent of carbon.
The rock drills or bits are made for the most part of ordinary crucible
cast steel which has been hardened and tempered. There is a field
for investigation here in respect to the value of some of the special
steels in the manufacture of rock-drill steels or bits.
A nickel-chrome steel is now being made which is used to some extent
in the manufacture of tools.
Nickel steel in the form of wire has been used quite extensively and
for many purposes — for wet mines, torpedo-defense netting, electric-
lamp wire, umbrella wire, corset wire, etc. — where a noncorrosive wire
is especially desired. When a low coefficient of expansion is desired —
u in the manufacture of armored glass, in the mounting of lenses,
mirrors, lever tubes, balances for clocks, weighing machines, etc. —
nickel steel gives good satisfaction. For special springs, both in the
form of wire and flats,- a high carbon nickel steel has been introduced
to a considerable extent Nickel steel is also being used in the manu-
M B 1908 19
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290 MINEBAL RE80UB0ES.
facture of dies and shoes for stamp mills, for cutlery, tableware,
harness mountings, etc.
Nickel steels containing from 25 to 30 per cent nickel are used abroad
to some considerable extent for boiler and condenser tubes and are now
being introduced into this country. The striking characteristic of
these steels is their resistance to corrosion either by fresh, salt, or acid
waters, by heat, and by superheated steam. The first commercial
manufacture of high nickel-steel tubes began in France in 1898, and
was followed in Germany in 1899; but it was not until February, 1903,
that these tubes were made in the United States. Since then, however,
Mr. Albert Ladd C!olby« states—
The difficulties of their manafacture have been so thoroughly bvercome that the 30
per cent nickel steel, seamless, cold-drawn marine boiler tubes, now a commercial
proposition, are made in practically the same number of operations and with bat a
slightly greater percentage of discard than customary in the manufacture of ordinary
seamless tubes, and, furthermore, the finished 30 per cent nickel-steel tube will stand
all the manipulating tests contained in the specifications of the Bureau of Steam
Engineering, United States Navy Department, for the acceptance of the carbon-steel
seamless cold-drawn marine boiler tubes now in use. In addition, the nickel-steel
tubes have a much greater tensile strength.
Although the first cost of the nickel-steel tubes for marine boilers
is considerably in excess of the carbon-steel tubes, yet, on account of
the longer life of the nickel-steel tubes, they are in the end cheaper than
the others. At the present time 30 per cent nickel-steel tubes cost
from 36 cents to 40 cents per pound, as compared with 12 cents to 15
cents per pound for the corresponding mild carbon-steel tubes. Thus
their initial cost, when used in the boilers of torpedo-boat destroyers,
is 2.13 times as great as the other kind and 2.43 times as great when
used in the boilers of battle ships, but the nickel-steel tubes will last
two and one-third times longer than those made of the carbon steel,
and when finally taken from, the boilers they can be sold not only
for the market price of steel-tubing scrap, but also at an additional
price of 20 cents per pound for their nickel content. Thus it is seen
that 30 per cent nickel-steel boiler tubes are really more economical
to purchase than carbon-steel boiler tubes.
In addition to marine boilei"s, high nickel-steel tubes can be used to
advantage for stationary boilers, automobile boilers, and locomotive
safe ends. It is the higher elastic limit of the 30 per cent nickel-steel
boiler tubing that will prevent the leaks which are constantly being
formed where the mild carbon-steel tube is used. The leaks are due
to the expansion of the flue sheets when heated, which compress the
tubes at the points where they pass through the flue sheets and cause
in the case of the mild carbon-steel tube a permanent deformation:
this results in the leakage and necessitates the frequent expanding of
the tubes. In the high nickel-steel tubes this difficulty is overcome
a Proc. 11th G werftl Meeting Soc. Naval Arch, and Marine Eng., Nov. 19, 1908.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 291
by their higher elastic limit. This deformation and the resulting
leakage are especially true of locomotive boilers. For automobile
tabular boilers a 23 to 25 per cent nickel-steel tubing is used, each
coiled section being made from one long piece of nickel-steel tubing,
which, by a special heat treatment, is enabled to withstand this bend-
ing without cracking.
Nickel-steel tubing containing 12 per cent of nickel has been used by
the French since 1898 in the manufacture of axles, brake beams, and
carriage transoms for field artillery wagons, and the desired result in
the reduction of weight has been obtained without loss of strength
and without stiffness of the wagons. A 5 per cent nickel-steel tubing
has been used in the manufacture of bicycles since 1896.
Much work and experimenting have been done on nickel steel; yet,
on account of the wide range in physical properties of steels which con-
tain from 2 to 45 per cent of nickel and oi the variations which occur
in each grade with varying quantities of carbon and with the addition
of small quantities of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, etc., the
further study of the alloys of nickel with iron is of great importance
to the metallurgist who may be in search of a steel which will be
adapted for certain particular purposes. One of the foremost men
who has studied the ferro alloys and their application in the manufac-
ture of steel is Mr. R. A. Hadfield, manager of the Hecla Works,
Sheffield, England. The results of his investigations have been
embodied in a series of very valuable publications.
COBALT STEEL.
Some experiments « have been made with cobalt in the manufacture
of a ferrocobalt which was used in making a cobalt steel. The pres-
ence of cobalt in the steel considerably increased its elastic limit and
itts breaking load, but thus far no commercial use has been made of
this steel. On account of its high price it is impossible for a cobalt
steel to enter into competition vnth nickel steel, as the properties which
cobalt gives to steel are not distinct enough to make it of more value
than the corresponding nickel steel.
The main use of cobalt, which is in the form of the oxide, is in manu-
facturing pigments, the principal one being known as cobalt blue.
As the demand for cobalt oxide is small, there could easily be an over-
production of this compound.
SOURCES OF SUPPLY.
There is still but little nickel or cobalt mined in the United States,
and the chief sources of supply of these metals are the large mines in
the Sudbury district, Canada, and the mines of New Caledonia, an
• Badfleld. R. A., Iron and Steel Metallnigist and Metallographlst, January, 1904, p. 10.
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292
MINERAL RESOURCES.
island belonging to France, in the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of
Australia.
An interesting occurrence of a cobalt-nickel ore has recently been
discovered in Canada during the building of the Temiscaming and
Northern Ontario Railroad. The deposits were found about 5 miles
south of the village of Heileybury on the Ontario side of the northern
part of Lake Temiscaming. They are about 90 miles northeast of the
town of Sudbury, near which are situated the nickel mines referred to
above. The ore of these new deposits is distinct from that of the Sud-
bury district, and consists principally of the minerals smalltite, nic-
colite, and safflorite.
The International Nickel Company, which controls the largest
deposits of nickel ore at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, has recently remod-
eled its entire plant at Copper Cliff and now has a-most modern nickel-
copper smelter. The ore which they are treating contains from 2 to
5 per cent of nickel and from 1^ to 8 per cent of copper, and is a
nickeliferous pyrrhotite. The general composition of the ores fw)m
the various mines of the company is shown by the following analyses:
Analyses of nickel ore from mines of the International Nickel Company, {<^)
Constituent.
Cliff mine.
No. 2 mine.
CretehtoD
mine.
Copper
8.06
2.97
26.21
26.06
19.08
2.23
3.36
46.47
11.87
26.18
1.69
Nickel
5. IS
Iron
46.70
silica
9.65
Sulphur .'
27.79
Total
82.36
90.10
89.96
a Chemist of Canadian Copper Company, Copper Cliff, Ontario, analyst.
This ore is crushed at the mine and roasted in heaps, where it
remains for about one hundred days, during which time the sulphur
is reduced to about 10 per cent. At the end of this time the ore is in
fine shape for the blast furnace, being in large lumps and very porous
and free from water. It is conveyed from these roast heaps to the
top of the pocket trestle in dump cars, where it is dumped down
through the bottom of the pockets into 2-ton side-dump-charge cars
and hauled to the furnaces by electric locomotives. In dumping the
ore into the furnaces care is taken to keep the bright spots covered
with charges of ore. In charging the furnaces 10 per cent of icoke is
used, and during the operation the metal content is raised from 7 to
30 per cent. This could easily be increased to 40 or 60 per cent, but
it seems more advantageous to produce a 30 per cent matte, adding
enough green ore to the charges to keep the tenor down to that point.
By keeping the proportion of metal in the matte down to 30 per cent,
a higher per cent of iron is retained in the matte, with a correspond-
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 293
ingly less quantity of oxidized iron for the slag, but, therefore, with
higher percentage of silica in the slag. In order to obtain this reac-
tion the proper adjustment of fuel and blast is an important governing
factor. The composition of the ore is such that without any outside
additions or flux a slag is obtained having a general composition as
follows:
Composition of slag from nickel smeUing.
Constituent.
Per cent.
Sffla
29
Iron
41
Uqw and ma^esla ,
10
Total
80
Occasionally it is necessary to add a little pure quartz in order to
keep the silica up to 29 per cent, which has been found to be the lowest
safe economical quantity of silica to run.
As the slag and matte run from the furnaces into the settlers the
specific gravity of the slag is 3.78 and that of the 30 per cent matte is
5.20, and consequently they can be separated very readily.
The matte is tapped from the settler as needed, poured into a con-
verter which has a siliceous lining, and blown. By this operation the
sulphur goes oflf as sulphur dioxide, freeing the iron first, which unites
with the silica of the lining and forms a slag. The danger point ap-
proaches with the diminishing quantity of iron; for when the iron is
exhausted, the nickel will be the next metal to go into the slag. The
operation is therefore stopped while there is still from 1 to 2 per cent
of iron in the matte and the tenor is 80 per cent nickel and copper,
called " white metal.'' The matte formerly shipped from the Copper
Cliffs smelter contained from 73 to 75 per cent metal. The new plant
b producing an 80 per cent or better matte. It was for this pui^pose
that the new plant was designed, namely, to reduce the cost of handling
and smelting with the production of a higher grade matte rather than
to increase the production itself.
PRODUCTION.
The main supply of nickel and cobalt produced in the United States
H from Mine La Motte, Mo., where it is obtained as a by-product in
i«d smelting by the Mine La Motte Lead and Smelting Company.
The production amounted in 1903 to 661 tons of matte. The nickel
content of this matte was 114,200 pounds, valued at $45,900, and the
cobalt oxide content was 120,000 pounds, valued at $228,000. This
i»tn increase in production of 108,452 pounds of nickel and of 116,270
poonds of cobalt oxide, as compared with 5,748 pounds of nickel and
3,730 pounds of cobalt oxide produced in 1902.
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294
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The production of nickel and cobalt ores in the United States during
1903 amounted to 135 tons, which were obtained from Oregon arid
Idaho during development work, and only 21 tons, valued at $1,900,
were shipped.
In the following table are shown the production and value of nickel
obtained from domestic ores from 1887 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of nickel from domestic ores in the United StateSy 1887-190S.
[Pounds.]
\ear.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1887
205,566
204,328
252,663
228,488
118,498
92,252
49,899
9,616
10,302
9133,200
127,632
151,598
134,093
71,099
50,739
22,197
8,269
8,091
1888
1889
1890
1391
1892
1898
1891
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
QoanUty.
Value.
17,170
»4,4M
28.707
7,8B
11,145
3,966
22,541
8,566
9.715
8,888
6,700
8,561
5.748
2,701
U4,200
45,900
In the table below is given the production of cobalt oxide in United
States from domestic ores from 1869 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of cobalt oxide in the United States, 1869-1903.
[Pounds.]
Year.
Quantity.
I
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Qnautitr.
1869
811
3,854
5,086
5,749
5,128
4,145
3.441
5,162
7,828
4,508
4,876
7,251
1881
8,280
11,653
1,096
2,000
8,423
8,689
a 18, 340
8,491
13,955
6.788
7,200
7,869
1898
8.«2
6,768
14.45S
10,700
19,620
6,247
10,230
6,471
13,360
3,730
120,000
1870
1882
1894
1871
1888
1896
1872
1884
1896
1873
1885 -.
1886
1897
1874
1898
1875
1887
1899
1876
1888
1900.
1877
1889
1901
1878
1890
1902
1879
1891
1903
1880
1892
1
a Including cobalt oxide in ore and matte.
CANADIAN PRODUCTION.
As nearly all of the nickel used in the United States is obtained
from Canada, with only a small amount from New Caledonia, a table
is given below showing the quantity of nickel ore mined and smelted
in Canada, together with the quantity of matte obtained from it, for
the years 1896 to 1903, inclusive:
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295
ProducUon of tdchd in Canada, 1896-190S,{a)
Year.
Ore
produced.
Ore
smelted.
Matte
obtained.
Nickel In
matte.
VM
Long tons.
109,097
98.156
123,920
203,118
216,696
326,945
269,588
136,633
Long Urns.
73,506
96,093
121,924
171,230
211,960
270,380
233,338
209,030
Long Urns.
9,783
14,034
21,101
19,215
23,448
45,134
24,691
13,832
Pounds.
3,897,000
vm •...
3,998.000
5,567,000
189B
1S99
5,744,000
7,060,000
8,882,000
1900
1901
1902
10,693,410
12,506,510
19(0
a Aa reported by the director of the bureau of mines, Ontario, Canada.
IMPORTS.
In the following tables are given the quantity and value of cobalt
oxide and nickel imported into the United States, the larger part of the
nickel being obtained from the Canadian mines. The quantity of nickel
matte, etc., imported into the United States in 1903 was over 2,000,000
pounds less than in 1902, but with an increase of over $50,000 in value.
As compared with the imports of 1901, this is a decrease of over
81,000,000 pounds in quantity but of only $355,000 in value. This
decrease in quantity and relative increase in value is due to the high-
grade matte that was shipped from the smelters to the refiners located
in the United States.
Cobalt oxide imported and entered for conmmptUm in the United States, 1868- J 90S.
Year ending —
Oxide.
Year ending-
Oxide.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
June SO—
wa.
Pounds.
17,208
2,330
6,019
2,766
4,920
4.714
6,500
2,604
U,180
11,066
8,698
15,208
18,467
13,887
12,764
22,828
43,611
28,138
Dec. 31—
1886
Pounds.
19,366
26,882
27,446
41,466
33,388
23,643
32,883
28.884
24,020
36,165
27,180
24,771
33,781
46,791
64,073
71.969
79,964
73,350
829.643
U0t
1887
39,396
1870
1888
46,211
82.332
1871 '
1889
1872.
1890
63,202
187^
1,480
1,404
678
4,440
19,762
2,860
7,681
9,819
21,844
17,768
13,067
25.968
16,162
1891
43,188
1874
1892
60,067
1876
1898
42,694
1875
1894
29,857
1877
1896
39,839
187S
1896
36,212
1879
1897
34,773
\9ti^
1898
49,245
1991
1899
68,817
vm
1900
8S,65l
UB
1901
184,208
UM
1902
151,115
W^
1903
145,264
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296
MINERAL RESOtJBOES.
Nickel imported and entered for conmmpiion in the United States, J86S-190S.
Year ending-
Nickel.
Nickel oxide, alloy of
nickel with copper,
and nickel matte.
Ty)tal
value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
June 30—
1868
Poundi.
8118,058
134,827
99,111
48,183
27,144
4,717
5,883
3,167
Pounds.
$118,066
1869
134,327
1870
99,111
1871
17,701
26,140
2.842
3.172
1,255
4,438
13,911
62,044
1872
27,144
1873
4,717
1874. .
6.88S
1876
12
156
716
8,518
8,814
61,869
185,744
177,822
161,169
a 194, 711
105,603
277,112
439,087
316,895
867,288
247,299
910,245,200
ft4, 487,890
ftl2, 427,986
ft9,286,733
ft 20, 355, 749
ft 23, 718, 411
ft27,821,232
ft60, 090,240
ft 44, 479, 841
< 57, 600, 800
yU7,364,337
it 33, 942, 710
136,217,985
86
10
824
7,847
5,570
40,311
107,627
125,736
119,386
129,738
64,166
141,546
206,232
188,290
156,331
116,614
148,687
428,062
886,740
810,581
629,910
620,425
781,488
1,584,262
1,216,258
1,188,884
i 1,849, 620
1^1,437,649
11,498,889
8,1«
1876
10
1877
5,978
7,486
10,496
38,276
17,933
22,906
19,015
9,522
8,887
7,829
25,768
14,606
17,924
13,098
10,346
1878
16.684
1879
13,399
1880
66,069
1881
122,130
1882
148,660
1888
182,484
1884
129,733
1885
64,166
December 81—
1886
6141,546
1887
c206,2K
1888
tf 138, 290
1889
« 156, 331
1890
/ 666, 571
855.465
260,665
172,476
876,279
1891
8:a,i63
1892
428.062
1893
386,740
1894
310,581
1895.-
629.910
1896
620,425
1897
781,483
1898
j
1,534,262
1899
1, 216,263
1900
1.183,884
1901
1
1,849.620
1902
1 ' * '
1,437.649
1903 !
1.498,889
1 1
<i Including metallic nickel.
b Including $465 worth of manufactured nickel.
c Including $879 worth of manufactured nickel.
d Including $2,281 worth of manufactured nickel.
t Including $131 worth of manufactured nickel.
/ Classified as nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is the element or material of
chief value.
Classified as nickel and nickel matte.
ft Includes all nickel Imports except manufactures; nearly all of this is nickel in matte from Canada,
containing about 20 per cent nickel.
i Ore and matte. In addition 456,188 pounds of nickel, nickel oxide, etc., were imported, valued at
$139,786.
J including $209,956, the value of imports of 685,697 pounds of nickel, nickel oxide, alloy, etc. and
S2,4^. the value of imported manufactures of nickel not specially provided for.
fc Besides nickel ore and nickel matte, these figures include 762.030 pounds, valued at $251,149, oi
nickel, nickel oxide, and alloys in which nickel is the chief constituent of value, and $30,128, the
value of manufactures of nickel not specially provided for.
' Besides nickel ore and nickel matte, these figures include 521,345 pounds, valued at $170,670, of
nickel, nickel oxide, alloy in which nickel is the material of chief value, and $37,284, the value of
manufactures of nickel not specially provided for.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
297
EXPORTS.
As a very large part of the Canadian production of nickel matte is
refined in this country, it would naturally be expected that there would
be considerable nickel exported from the United States, and in 1903
this amounted to 2,414,499 pounds, valued at $703,550. The quantity
and value of nickel exported in the United States since 1894 are given
in the following table:
Exports of nickel oxide and matUfrom the UniUd States^ 1894-190S,
Tear.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
UMa
Pounds.
1,235,588
1,061,285
2,756,604
4,255,568
5,657,620
1247,568
239,897
600,833
997,891
1,859,609
1899
Pounds.
5,004,877
5,869,906
5,869,655
3,228,607
2,414,499
n, 151, 454
1,882,727
1,521,291
924,579
703,560
195
1900 . .
tm
1901
in?
1902
1908
vm,
a Latter six monthii; not separately classified prior to July 1, 1894.
FOREIGN PRODUCTION.
There is given in the following table the production of nickel in
Canada, France, and Germany from 1889 to 1903 as far as the statis-
tics could be obtained. The French production is from the New Cale-
donia mines and the German from the New Caledonia and the
Norw^pan mines. In comparing this table with that of the nickel
imported into the United States it must be borne in mind that the
imports represent nickel matte, ore, etc., and not the metallic nickel,
as is given in the table below.
Production of nickel in Canada^ France, and Germany , 1889-190S.
Y«r.
Canada.
France.
Germany.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Ifll
Pounds.
1,436,742
4,G»,G27
2,418,717
8,982,962
4,907,480
8,888,626
8,897,118
8,997,746
6,617,690
5,744,000
7,080,000
9,189,M7
10,688,410
12,606,510
S496,2d6
988,282
2,776,976
1,399,966
2,076,861
2,061,120
1,860,984
1,188,990
1,899,187
1,820,838
2,067,840
8,827,707
4.604,628
6,025,908
6.002,204
MetrUstans.
880
880
880
1,244
2,046
1,646
1,646
1,646
1,246
1,540
1,740
1,700
1,800
1,600
$824,900
817,800
819,200
1,174,680
1,176.720
1,175,720
1,063,220
876,880
704,425
887,800
1,003,600
1,020,000
1,440,000
1,080,800
Metric tons.
282
434
694
747
893
622
698
822
898
1,108
1,116
1,876
1,659
1,605
•279,680
436,480
644,480
696,630
774,680
449,860
675,890
666,900
710,980
670,482
669,517
946,884
1,184,263
1,122,271
vm
vm
MB.
vm..
UH.
1«
IW
iw
UK
vm
m
na..
ne
i«i
*■
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298 MINERAL RESOURCES.
CHROMIUM.
The only mineral that is being mined as an ore of chromium is
chromite, whose chemi(*4il composition is represented by the formula
FeCrjO^. At the present time nearly all of this mineral that is used
in the United States is imported, being obtained from Asiatic Turkey,
New Caledonia, and Canada. The only State in the United States that
is now producing any chromite is California. The North Carolina
deposits, located near Burnsville, Yancey County, have recently been
sold and are now being thoroughly developed. These deposits were
formerly 20 miles from railroad transportation, which was prohibitory
to their being worked; now, however, the railroad passes within 3
miles of them.
CHROMIUM STEEL.
The largest use of chromium is in the manufacture of a ferro-
chromium alloy which is used in the manufacture of chrome steel.
In the manufacture of armor plate ferrochrome plays a very im
portant part, and, although it is sometimes used alone for giving
hardness and toughness to the armor plate, it is more commonly used in
combination with nickel, making a nickel-chromium steel armor plate.
Other uses of chrome steel are in connection with five-ply welded
chrome steel and iron plates for burglar-proof vaults, safes, etc., and
for castings that are to be subjected to unusually severe service, such
as battery shoes and dies, wearing plates for stone crushers, etc. A
higher chromium steel which is free from manganese will resist oxida-
tion and the corrosive action of steam, fire, water, etc., to a considerable
extent, and these properties make it valuable in the manufacture of
boiler tubes. Chromium steel is also used to some extent as a tool
steel, but for high-speed tools it is being largely replaced by tungsten
steel, which seems to be especially adapted to this purpose.
In the manufacture of chromium steel it has been found to be
much more advantageous to use the ferrochromium alloy instead of
the pure chromium metal, for the main reason that it is diflScult to
introduce chromium into a steel bath by using the metal, especially if
it is free from carbon, as the pieces of chromium melt with great dif-
ficulty, and they are apt to float on the bath. On the other hand, a
ferrochromium alloy with low carbon is very fusible and becomes
evenly distributed through the steel bath, thus making a purer and
more homogeneous chromium steel.
Ferrochromium is made in an electric furnace and is produced
directly from the ore. In the United States the company producing
the largest quantity of ferrochromium is the Wilson Aluminum Com-
pany, whose electric furnaces are located at Kanawha Falls, W. Va.
Besides the manufacture of ferrochromium this company also makers
ferrotungsten, ferromolybdenum, fi^rrosilicon, ferrovanadium, and
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
299
ferrotitanium. The company obtains its chief supply of chrome ores
from the Daghardi mines, in Asia Minor, and the Thiebargi mines, in
New Caledonia.
Typical analyses of the Turkish and New Caledonian ores which are
imported by the Wilson Aluminum Company are as follows:
Analyses of chromite ores.(o)
Constituent
Turkish
ore.
New Cale-
donian ore.
Chromic oxide r, r •.,... ^ ^„,,,,^,, ,
Percent.
60.30
15.50
13.10
7.00
14.10
Percent.
54.50
Ferrous oxide
17.70
Alumina r ,,,
11 00
gilica
8.10
lime
1.60
8.00
M»n«*iA
Total
100.00
95.90
a Chemist of Wilson Aluminum Company, analyst.
There are two grades of ferrochromium made from these ores,
which are known as crystalline and solid. The crystalline ferro-
chromium can be broken into very small pieces, and is often preferred
by those who use it in small quantities and under comparatively low
temperatures. The following tables of analyses illustrate the chem-
ical composition of crystalline and solid ferrochromium:
Analyses of crystalline ferrochromium alloys. {<*)
Constituent.
Chranium.
Iron
Silicon
Sulphur
Pboiphorus.
Carbon
Total .
Percent.
67.000
24.380
.490
.007
.005
8.050
Percent.
68.000
20.000
1.250
.199
.007
10.500
99.966
o Chemist of Wilson Aluminum Company, analyst.
Analyses of solid ferrochromium alloy. («)
Constituent.
1.
2.
3.
Chiuminm
Percent.
71.980
22.610
.550
.061
.008
4.789
99.998
Percent.
70.070
22.770
.480
.089
.009
6.601
Percent.
69.880
lion .
24.010
flnk-m
.540
f^>vhnT
.078
Pluiphoras
.008
Ckrbun ..
5.464
Totsl . . , , ,
99.969
99.960
a Chemist of Wilson Aluminum Company, analyst.
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300 MINERAL RESOURCES.
FeiTochromium has also been made by the Wilson Aluminum Com^
pany from the chromium ores from the Black Lake district, Quebec
Province, Canada.
The analysis of the ore used was as follows:
Partial analysis of chromium ore from Black Lake district , Quebec f Omada.(a)
Constitaeot.
Percent.
Chromic oxide
5a 00
FerrouB oxide
:
19.50
Silica
4. no
Ma^esia
ILOO
Total
ffi.40
a Chemist of Wilson Aiumlnam Company, analyst.
From this ore there was obtained a f erro-chromium alloy having the
following chemical composition:
Analysis of ferrochromium alloy obtained from Black Lake ore,{<')
ConsUtuent.
Percent
Chrominm ..., r, ,--^--..^,.-^,,,, ,,-,^,.^, . ^--, .,-,,,.,.
66.00
Iron
28.60
Silicon
.50
Carbon -- - -
4.90
Total
100.00
a Chemist of Wilson Alnminom Company, analyst
The Wilson Aluminum Company has been supplying the ferro-
chromium used by the Bethlehem and the Carnegie steel companies
for the armor plates, which these companies have manufactured for
the Governments of the United States, Russia, and Japan.
In connection with the chemical composition of the ferrochromium
alloy it may be of interest to give analyses of some of the ferrochro-
miums made by the George G. Blackwell, Sons & Co., of Liverpool,
England. This company makes two distinct grades of ferrochro-
mium, one of which is very low in carbon. The two following
analyses, which were made by Dr. George Tate, of London, represent
their standard ferrochromium.
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Analyses of BlackweU ferrochromium, «
301
Constftuent
1.
2.
Chromiam
Percent.
64.050
26.460
1.880
.046
.026
8.560
Trace.
Percent.
63 600
Iron
21.190
Silicon
1 600
SalDbur -
005
Phofphoros
030
Ctrbon
9 830
M*f>e*iww
.216
Hiuiet^rininfid
.621
IVrtal
100.001
100 262
This company is also making what it calls a refined f errochromium
which is low in carbon and contains from 62 to 68 per cent of chromium;
it is of two qualities, known as No. 1 and No. 2. The No. 2 quality
contains a higher percentage of carbon than the No. 1, but it is still
considerably lower in carbon than the ordinary ferrochromium, and
can be sold at a cheaper rate than the No. 1. The general composition
of these two ferrochromiums is represented by the analyses given
below:
Pariicd analyses of BlackweU ferrochromiufns.<*
Constitaent.
riimniiizii .
Cwboa
Sfllcoo
Salpbor
PbcKpliomi.
Per cetU.
62. 00 to 68. 00
.60to 1.00
.20to .26
.06 to .08
.01 to .05
Trace.
Total i 62.76 to 69.38
Ptr cent.
62. 000 to 68. 000
1.600 to 2.600
.200to .300
.080 to .150
.015 to .020
Trace.
63. 796 to 70. 970
Another ferrochromfe alloy that is manufactured by the George G.
BlackweU, Sons & Co., contains 74.5 per cent of chromium, 23.8 per
cent of iron, 1 to 3 per cent of carbon, and 0.2 of silicon. This ferro-
^•hrome alloy has been made especially for use in the manufacture of
chromium steel to be used in the manufacture of tools.
The percentage of chromium that is used in the chromiuna steels
varies from 2.5 to about 5 per cent and the carbon from 0.8 to 2 per
('ent As a chromium steel free from carbon does not harden, it would
f^eem that a certain per cent of carbon is essential in order for the
cfarcHnium to give the desired hardening action to the steel, which is
very energetic when this small amount of carbon is present. It may
be that the chromium causes the formation of a very hard iron carbide,
or doable carbides of iron and chromium. The hardness, toughness,
iod stiffness which are obtained in chromium steel are very essential
aChemJst of Qeorsre O. BlackweU Sons & Co., analyst.
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302
MINERAL BBSOURGB8.
qualities, and are what make this steel especially beneficial for the
manufacture of armor-piercing projectiles as well as of armor plate.
For projectiles chromium steel has thus far given better satisfaction
than any of the other special steels, and is practically the only steel
that is used for this purpose. The value of chromium steel for this
purpose is well brought out by Mr. R. A. Hadfield, manager of the
Hecla Works, Sheffield, England, who states^ that a 6-inch armor-
piercing shot made by his firm was fired at a 9-inch compound plate,
which it perforated unbroken. It was then fired again from the same
gun and perforated a second plate of the same thickness, the shot still
remaining unbroken.
OTHER USES OF CHROMITE.
Chromite is used quite extensivelv in the manufacture of chromimn
salts for pigments, and also to some extent in the manufacture of
chrome bricks. These chrome bricks are used in smelting furnaces and
open- hearth steel furnaces, and in the lower parts of soaking pits. In
the construction of steel furnaces and smelters a chromium brick,
being a neutral one, is used to separate the magnesia brick, which is
a base, and the silica brick, which is acid. They are also used in the
back part of the uptakes of the port ends in order to neutralize or
prevent the eating action of the slag that comes over in the form of
cinders. In the soaking pits their use is to counteract the eating
effect of the scales that drop off the steel billets when they are heated.
These bricks are manufactured by the Harbison- Walker Refractories
Company, of Pittsburg, Pa., which makes them in all shapes desired.
PRODUCTION.
There is only one State — California — that produced any chromite
during 1903, the quantity being 150 long tons, valued at $2,250, as
against the production of 315 long tons, valued at $4,567, in 1902.
This is a decrease of 165 tons in quantity and of $2,317 in value. In
the following table is given the production of chromite in the United
States since 1885:
Production of chromite^ 1885-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1886.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
Ijmgiom.
2,700
$40,0^0
2,000
30,000
8,000
40,000
1,500
20,000
2,000
30,000
3,699
63,986
1,872
20,580
1,600
25,000
1,460
21,760
8,680
58,231
140
1,400
868
5,790
816
4.567
160
2.250
a The Iron and Steel Metallurgist and Metallographist, January, 1904, p. 8.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
303
IMPORTS.
The largest quantity of chromite used in the United States is
imported from Turkey, with smaller quantities from New Caledonia
and Canada. Be.sides the chrome ore, there is also considerable chro-
mate and bichromate of potash and chromic acid imported. Prior to
1884 there was little or no chromite imported, and the supply was
obtained from Maryland and Pennsylvania. Since then, however, the
importation of this ore has been steadily increasing. In the following
table are showu the quantity and value of chrome ore and chromate
and bichromate of potash and chromic acid imported and entered for
consumption in the United States since 1867:
CkromaU and hichr&mcUe of potash j chromic acid, and chrome ore imported and entered
for consumption in the United States, 1867-190S,
Year ending —
Chromate and bichro-
mate of potash.
Quantity. Value.
Jane SO— Poundt.
1«7 876.206
l«m 777,855
laee 877,432
WTO I 1,236,946
Vm I 2,170,473
1872 1,174,274
1578 1 l,m,357
1874 ; 1,387,061
187?» 1,417,812
VSn , 1,665,011
1877 2,471,669
1878 1,929,670
I§79 i 2,624,408
1880 ' 3,606,740
1881 4,4(M,237
1882. ; 2,449,876
UBS * , 1,990,140
Chromic acid.
Chrome ore.
Quantity. Value. | Quantity. Value,
Pounds.
mi.
I
2,693,115
1886 1 1,448,689
December 31—
nm 1,986,809
1887 !* 1,722,465
UM 1.766, 489
1889 1 1,680,385
UW I 1,304,186
IWl..
M6..
UK..
urn,
um.
mo.
.1
756,254
496,972
976,706
1,483,762
2,046,910
962, 7»l
1,829,473
1,160,710
1,130,966
111,761
430,996
a 227, 216
188,787 I
68,634
78,288
127,388
223,629
220,111
178,472
218,517
183,424
175,796
264,392
211,136
221,161
850,279
402,088
261,006
208,681
210,677
92,666
139, 117
120,306
143,312
137,263
113,613
56,897
94,066
78,981
125.796
181,242
80,638
108,497
86,134
73,510
7,768
29,224
Long tons.
82,174
Total
value.
514
922
41
45
120
13
32
6
124
62
290
$3
8
5
49
276
13
22
45
10
36
634
772
3,708
6,680
2,083
2,429
71,220
6,829
83,134
35,452
63,462
90,817
3
89
42
338
120
101
6,671
281
2,974
634
203
201
611
837
414
387
6,467
1,768
6,860
7,282
10,861
11,116
2,677
12
3,356
1,404
4,440
6,474
4,363
4,459
4,930
6,364
3,470
5,230
8,669
11,670
16.301
15,793
17,642
20,112
89,670
22,982
$73,586
289
43,721
20,812
46,735
60,782
57,111
108,764
66,579
58,629
38,3&1
82,845
187,400
187,439
272,234
284,826
806,001
863,108
682,697
292,025
$88,787
68,634
78,291
127,341
223,534
220,160
178,748
218,530
183,446
176,840
264,402
211,171
221,161
860,282
402,177
261,048
209,019
284,388
92,834
182,939
146.688
190,328
191,019
171,358
164,864
149,838
138.261
164,997
264,601
268,326
301,393
360,126
3&1,696
319,991
403.193
693,712
824,199
A Inelodes a anuUl amount of chromic acid, not reported separately.
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304 MINEBAL RESOURCES.
As is seen from this table, there was a large falling oflf in the quan-
tity of chrome ore imported during 1903 as compared with 1902.
CANADIAN PRODUCTION.
The Canadian chromite deposits which are located in the vicinity of
Black Lake and Colraine, Quebec Province, again became producers
of this mineral in 1902, when the production amounted to 900 short
tons, valued at $13,000, which in 1903 had increased to 3,383 tons,
valued at $33,830. Most of this chromite was shipped to the United
States.
TUNGSTEN.
Owing to the many inquiries that have been made for tungsten ores
there has been an unusual amount of prospecting for them during 1903,
with the result that many new localities have been discovered where
these ores are found in greater or less quantity. Thus far, however,
none of the new deposits have been developed sufficiently to determine
the actual amount of ore that they contain. It was found impossible
during the latter part of 1903 to fill orders for 100 tons per month of
tungsten ore, and none of the producers of these ores were willing to
contract to furnish this quantity at the price quoted of $180 to $200
per ton for a 60 to 65 per cent ore.
The principal mining for tungsten ores during 1903 was in Colorado
and in the vicinity of Dragoon, Ariz. These latter deposits have been
developed quite extensively by the Primos Chemical Company. The
ore consists principally of hiibnerite, with very small quantities of
scheelite, and is easily concentrated, giving a product containing from
70 to 72 per cent of tungstic acid. The deepest work done on the
property is 100 feet below the surface, and to this deptl^ the ledges
continue firm. Nearly all of the ore that has been taken out during
the development work has been concentrated and used in the manu-
facture of f errotungsten or of metallic tungsten. An average analysis
of the concentrates from this ore is as follows:
Analysis of tungsten ore from Dragoon^ -4m. (a)
Constituent.
Per cent
Tungstic acid
70.22
Silica ,
.30
Iron
1.90
Man^new ... . , . . . . . . . ... . x . . ...
19.82
Lime
4.87
Magnesia - - -
S.40
Total
100. SI
aPiimos Chemical Company, Piimos, Pa.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
805
The tungsten property, located near Osceola, White Pine County,
Nev., was bonded during 1903, and development work was carried on
to determine what production per month could be made from these
TUNGSTEN STEEL.
The demand for tungsten ores for use in the manufacture of f erro-
tuDgsten to be used in the manufacture of tungsten steel continues to
bcrease, especially from abroad. Tungsten steel is used to some extent
more generally abroad than in the United States, in the manufacture
of armor plate and' armor-piercing projectiles. For this purpose it is
used in combination either with nickel or chromium, or with both of
these metals.
The use for which tungsten steel seems to be best adapted is in the
manufacture of high-speed tools and magnet steels. The property
that tungsten imparts to the steel is that of hardening in the air after
forging and without recourse to the usual methods of tempering, such
as immersion in oil, water, or some special solution. For high-speed
toob tungsten steel is especially adapted, as it retains its hardness and
catting edge even at the temperature developed in the use of these
high-speed tools. The value of tungsten steel for permanent magnets
is on account of it retaining comparatively strong magnetism and of
the permanence of this magnetism in the steel. This property makes
the tungsten steel particularly desirable in instrument work where the
calibration of the instrument depends upon the permanence of the
magnet used. For compass needles tungsten steel has been used by
W. and L. E. Gurley with entire satisfaction.
Ferrotungsten is manufactured like ferrochrome by reducing the
ores directly in an electric furnace. These alloys vary in their tungsten
content from 30 to 80 per cent, according to the purpose for which the
ferrotungsten is to be used. The composition of some of these ferro-
tongstens on the market are shown in the table of analyses below.
No. 1 being a ferrotungsten naanufactured by the Wilson Aluminimi
C(Hnpany, of Kanawha Falls, W. Va., and No. 2, by George G. Black-
well, Sons & Co., of Liverpool, England.
Analyses of ferrotungsten.
CoDftitaeiit
1.
2.
TBf^rtn
PercaU.
83.90
12.10
8.80
.50
Percent.
78.80
bn. ..
10.90
Oiteo
8.20
■Hnn .
1.87
iVapitutUB
.10
.11
99.80
Total
94.98
MB 1903 20
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806
MINEKAL BBSOUBOES.
The Blackwell Company also manufactares a tungsten-nickel alloy
containing 73 to 75 per cent tungsten, 23 to 25 per cent nickel, 2 to 2.5
per cent iron, 0.75 to 1 per cent carbon, and 0.25 to 0.50 per cent
silicon.
The quantity of tungsten that is used in tungsten steel varies from
3 to 10 per cent, and is occasionally as much as 24 per cent; but the
percentage is usually nearer the lower figure. The carbon varies from
0.4 to 2 per cent. The Taylor- White tungsten-steel contains from 3
to 4 per cent of chromium, and is made in two grades, one for cutting
soft steel and gray cast iron and the other for cutting hard steel.
The tungsten content in both grades remains constant, but there is 3
per cent of chromium in the grade use for cutting soft steel and 4 per
cent in that used for cutting hard steel. The following analysis rep-
resents the composition of these two grades of tungsten steel:
ChmpoiiUon of the grades of Taylor- WkUe tunggten sUeL
Constitaent.
For cutting
hard steel.
For catting soft
rt eL
Ttuunten
PereenL
8.60
4.00
1.25
PfTcad,
8.»
Chnfinlmn. ^ ». . ,
S.QO
Carbon
0.76 to too
Total...
13.75
12. 26 to 12.50
Tools made from these steels retain their cutting power even when
the friction is so great that the edge of the tool becomes red-hot
Prof. Henry M. Howe,*» gives the composition of many of the self-
hardening tungsten steels as lying within the following limits:
General con^f>09Uion oftungtten tied.
Constitaent.
Percent
Tav^givten , - - - , , . , , , .
8.44 to 21 00
Chromlnm .... ,
00 to 8.00
Carbon
.40to 2.U
giUcon
21 to S.00
Total
4. 06 to 86. 19
There is considerable variation in the opinion of the various steel
makers as to the value of tungsten in the manufacture of armor plate.
As is well known, it is used to some extent at the present time by the
European steel manufacturers for armor plate. In combination with
nickel and chromium, it will undoubtedly give results equal to the
nickel and chromium steels. Some of the manufacturers go as far as
to say that a tungsten steel will make better armor plate than either
alron, Steel, and Other Alloys, 1908, p. 824.
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THE STESL-HABDSNINQ MBTALS. 807
nickel or chromium steel. Two of the mam objections to the use of
toogsten steel at the present time for this purpose are the scarcity of
the supply and its higher cost.
PRODUCTION.
The production of crude tungsten ores in the United States during
1903 was 2,451 short tons.
Most of this ore was concentrated, and there were sold 292 short
tons of concentrates, valued at $43,689, which is approximately $149
per ton. The prices varied from $110 to $250 per ton, according to
the percentage of tungstic acid. This production was obtained
from Colorado, Arizona, and Connecticut, given in the order of the
importance of their output.
IMPORT'S.
During the last two years there have been imported into the United
States small quantities of tungsten ores and tungsten alloys. In 1903
the imports of ferro-tungsten-chrome alloy amounted to $18,136 in
value, and in 1902 the value of the imports of tungsten ore and alloys
was $7,046. Tungsten ores are admitted free of duty.
MOIiYBDENTJM.
The use of molybdenum steel continues to increase, and hence there
is an increasing demand for the ores of this metal. The main use of
ferromolybdenum is in the manufacture of a tool steel. The proper-
ties which molybdenum gives to steel are very similar to those given by
tungsten, the main difference being that it requires a smaller quantity
of molybdenum than of tungsten to obtain the same results. Ferro-
molybdenum is produced, like ferrotungsten, by reducing it from the
ore in an electric furnace. There are now two molybdenum-nickel alloys
being produced, one of which contains 75 per cent molybdenum and 25
per cent nickel, and the other 50 pei* cent molybdenum and 50 per cent
nickel. Besides these constituents the alloy contains from 2 to 2.5 per
cent iron, 1 to 1.5 per cent carbon, and 0.25 to 0.50 per cent silicon.
The molybdenum steel which is made from these alloys is recommended
for large cranks and propeller-shaft forgings, for large guns, rifle
barrels, and for wiring and for boiler plates. The molybdenum
increases the elongation of steel very considerably, and for wire draw-
ing such an increase at a comparatively small cost is important.
There are many localities where molybdenum ores occur in quan-
fty, but, owing to the uncertainty of the value of the concentrates,
many of these properties still remain undeveloped. The year 1903,
^ever, saw a great deal of prospecting for these ores, with the
'^sult that a number of new localities were discovered that give prom-
ise of developing into large deposits. Wulfenite was discovered on
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308 MINEBAL RESOURCES
the property of the Troy-Manhattan Copper Company, at Troy, Ariz.,
and after the deposit was opened and developed the company erected
a 40-ton concentrating mill and is now preparing the concentrates for
market.
The deposit of molybdenum at Cooper, Me., has been developed
very extensively by the American Molybdenum Company, and during
the last year the company has erected a cleaning and concentrating
plant for treating this ore. Other properties that were partly devel-
oped in 1903 are as follows:
One mile east of Climax, Sunmiit County, Colo., on the north side
of Bartlett Mountain, a deposit of moybdenum has been developed by
Mr. H. Leal, of Cresco, Nebr. Mr. T. L. Quigley, of Ophir, Mont,
has located a deposit of molybdenum about 2 miles east of Orphir, in
Carpenters Gulch. Another deposit near Dillon, Mont., has been
developed by Mr. L. D. Graeter. The molybdenum mines of the
Crown Point Mining Company, in Chelan County, Wash., produced
some very large clusters of crystals of molybdenum during 1903, which
were sold. One large crystal, or cluster of crystals, weighed 300
pounds.
At the Mammoth mine. Mammoth, Ariz., work was continued by
Mr. Charles Eudall, 6i Tucson, in separating the wulf enite from the
old tailings of this mine.
PRODUCTION.
The production of molybdenite. ore during 1903 amounted to about
6,200 tons of crude ore, very little of which was treated and most of
which is still lying on the dumps. Most of the wulf enite ore that was
mined was concentrated, and these concentrates, together with the con-
centrates of the molybdenite, amounted to about 795 short tons, valued
at $60,865. There is still wide variation reported in the prices of
molybdenite ore, which range from $100 to $3,000 per ton. It is
more than probable that the actual value of molybdenum concentrates
at New York will be in the neighborhood of $200 per ton.
URAXIUM AKI> VAl^AMUM.
VANADIUM STEEL.
On account of the extremely high price and scarcity of vanadium
ores, the metal has thus far been employed very little in the manufac-
ture of ferrovanadium for use in the production of vanadium steel.
It is claimed by many that the beneficial properties imparted to steel
by vanadium exceed those of any of the other steel-hardening metals.
These are exaggerated statements, but it may be found that smaller
quantities of vanadium will give in some cases the same results that
are obtained by comparatively large quantities of the other metals.
One property claimed for vanadium steel is that it acquires ita maxi-
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 309
mom of hardness not by sudden cooling, but by annealing at a tem-
perature of from 700^ to 800^ C. This property would be particularly
adrantageous for high-speed tool steel and for points of projectiles.
There is, however, at the present time little or no vanadium steel on
the market and no special production of ferro vanadium alloys. Since
the discovery of the deposits of vanadium in Colorado and Utah they
have been thoroughly developed, largely through the efforts of Mr.
A. B. Frenzel, of Denver, Colo. He has also made experiments in
the reduction of these ores, and now claims that a process has been
perfected by which vanadium can be obtained at such prices that the
ferrovanadlum alloy can be manufactured so as to enter into compe-
tition with the other ferro alloys. The main source of supply of
vanadium is Montrose County, Colo. These ores also contain more or
ksB uranium and are mined for both metals.
URANIUM.
Experiments have been made with f errouranium as to the value of
the qualities that it gives to steel. Although it increases the stiffness
and the toughness of steel to a considerable degree, these qualities are
not distinct enough from the like qualities imparted to steel by other
metals to warrant the use of f errouranium for this purpose when its
much higher cost is considered. The principal use of this compound
is as a pigment in the manufacture of porcelain and glass.
PRODUCTION.
During 1903 there was considerable development work done upon
Qimnium and vanadium deposits, which resulted in the production of
432 short tons of crude ore. Of this amount 30 tons of partially con-
centrated ore, valued at $5,625, were sold. In 1902 the production of
oranium and vanadium minerals, as reported to the Survey, amounted
to 3,810 tons, valued at $48,125. The 1903 production consists prin-
opally of the mineral camotite, with a small amount of uranium.
IMPORTS.
Nearly all of the uranium and vanadium ores mined in the United
States are exported. On the other hand, there is imported each year
a considerable quantity of uranium and vanadium salts, which in 1903
were valued at $13,498, as against imports to the value of $12,491 in
1908.
TTTANTUM.
The actual commercial value of titanium as a steel-hardening metal
has not been thoroughly demonstrated. Experiments have shown that
from 0.5 to 3 per cent of titanium increases the transverse strength
•nd the tensile strength of steel to a very considerable degree.
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310 MnTEBALBEBOUBOES^
Until the development of the electric furnace it was practically impos-
sible to produce either titanium or an alloy of iron and titanium, but
since the introduction of this furnace ferrotitanium can be produced
directly from the ores. The fusing point of ferrotitanium is materially
affected by its titanium content, and it is impracticable to fuse an alloy
containing over 12 per cent of titanium in connection with cast iron in
a cupola. Up to this point, however, no difficulty arises in fusing the
alloy and incorporating the titanium in the iron. It is to the manu-
facture of a special cast iron that ferrotitanium seems to be especially
adapted. The titanium in the iron gives greater density to the metal,
greatly increases its transverse strength, and gives a harder chiU or
wearing quality to a wheel made from such an iron. For the manu-
facture of car wheels it would seem that the titanium iron would be
especially useful.
A ferrotitanium has been manufactured by the Wilson Aluminum
Company from a titanic iron ore from Caldwell County, N. C, which
has the following composition:
Analysis of North Carolina titanic iron ore.
Constituent.
Percent
Titanitim oxide
12.00
Ferrous oxide
38.00
Alumina
ILfiO
Silica .--
7^
Total
99.00
This company has also made ferrotitanium from rutile concentrates
mined in Nelson County, Va*, and containing from 96 to 99 per cent
of titanium oxide.
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PLATINUM.
PRODUCTION.
The center of interest in platinum mining in the United States has
shifted from Shasta and Trinity counties, Cal. , to southern Oregon,
where, in the neighborhood of Grants Pass and Kerby, considerable
platinum and iridosmium are found in the placer gold. In collecting
this material another heavy mineral has proved commercially profit-
ible— that is, the natural alloy of iron and nickel called josephinite,
which is found associated with the platinum and gold. The production
of platinum increased slightly from the year 1902. The quantity of
pure platinum contained in the platinum sand amounted to 110 ounces
of refined metal, worth $2,080.
In addition to the above supplies of platinimi sand, it is interesting
to note that the platinum contained in the copper ores of the Rambler
mine, Wyoming*, has come definitely on the market, being obtained in
the form of slimes in the treatment of the copper ore and matte from
this mine. Detailed descriptions of this property were given in the
preceding report of this series.
The following table shows the production of platinum in the United
States since 1880:
Produc^on of crude pUOmum m the United States^ 1880-1900, and of refined metal from
domestic ores in 1901-1908,
Ye^r.
Quaotfty.
Value, a
Year.
Quantity.
Value, a
Ml.
Ovneet.
100
100
200
200
IfiO
260
50
448
600
600
eoo
100
$400
400
600
600
450
187
100
1.888
2,000
^000
2,500
500
1892
Ounces.
80
76
100
150
168
150
225
800
400
1,408
94
110
$550
ML
18W
617
Mtt
1804
600
UK.
1896
900
UN.
1896
944
vm
1897
900
UM.
1898
8,875
1,800
2,500
27,526
1,874
fe2,080
ma
1899
UK.
1900
1901
UK.
1902
UU.
1908
•Tht ditef TariatSoDs in price haye been due to the quality of the crude grains. In 1901 and 1902,
ko*tT«r, the aTeiage price for the refined metal has been given.
^Sot Indodinc 96,000 worth of platinum reported as contained in Bllmea from copper ore from the
, Wyoming.
811
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312 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
IMPORTS.
The imports of platinum during 1903 were valued at $2,055,933, dis-
tributed as follows: Unmanufactured, 1,426 pounds ($328,103); ingots,
bars, sheets, and wire, 6,308 pounds ($1,591,941); vases, retorts, and
other apparatus, vessels and parts thereof for chemical uses, $128,890;
manufactures of, not specially provided for, $6,999. The imports
during 1902 were valued at $1,987,980, distributed as follows: Un-
manufactured, 632 pounds ($171,967); ingots, bars, sheets, and wire,
6,713 pounds ($1,778,395); vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels
and parts thereof for chemical uses, $34,913; manufactures of, not
specially provided for, $2,705.
PRICE.
The price for pure platinum in wholesale quantities at New York
continued during the whole of 1903, as during the last seven months
of 1902, at $19 per ounce.
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LITHIUM.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
SOURCES OF SUPPIiY.
The only localities where lithium materials were produced in 1903
were at Pala, San Diego County, Cal., and at the Etta and Bob Inger-
80II mines in the Black Hills, S. Dak. There are three different
minerals that are mined at these localities for their lithium contents,
lepidolite and spodumene, both lithium silicates, and amblygonite, a
lithium phosphate. Of these i;hree, the latter contains the highest
percentage of lithia. For comparison, analyses of these three minerals
are here given, the first two of amblygonite and lepidolite from Pala,
CaL, and the third and fourth of spodumene from Goshen, Mass.,
and Branchville, Conn.
Analyses of amblygonite and
lepidolite from Palay San Diego
County, Cal
., 190e.
Constitnent
Amblygo-
nite. «
LepidoIite.a
TltK^ (Ifthlntn rtvMA) .
Percent.
8.26
1.99
45.47
33.09
Trace.
1.86
6.28
3.56
Percent.
4.91
flOk*
48.61
PbMpbontB pentoxide
Alnmiiui . , .
22 36
IWB oxide
Trace.
Uam
.64
PMMh
16.16
Soda
.88
t^a* on Ignition (water, etc.)
4.65
l^adeieimined (chiefly fluorine)
ridcinmlnMf (^hfl^fly ?ni^nff^np«^) .
2.05
100.00
99.66
a Rudolph L. Scldner, Brooklyn, N. Y., analyst.
h Small amount.
313
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814
MINERAL BE8OUB0E8.
Analyses of spodumetie.
Constituent.
BpodmneQe.
810, :
63.27 Gi25
AltO,
23.73 27.20
PeO..
MgO.
CaO..
MnO.
Na,0.
Li«0..
HsO...
P
1.17
2.02'
.11 '
1.45
.99
6.89
.36 ,
Tnoe.
.»
7.B
.9i
Total
Specific giayity .
loaas
3.19 ,
99.90
a Annals New York Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1879, p. 822.
l» Am. Jour. Sci., 8d eeriee, vol. 20, 1880, p. 259.
Amblygonite occurs in the same locality as the lepidolite at Pala,
San Diego County, Cal., but the deposit of this mineral was only
discovered in 1902. Since then it has been thoroughly developed and
the American Lithia and Chemical Conjpany of New York City reports
that a lens of amblygonite 33 feet wide and exposed to a depth of 11
feet has been brought to view. It has been estimated that over 400
tons of this mineral are now exposed. The production of lithiam
minerals from this locality in 1903 was restricted on account of
litigation.
Besides the Pala locality of lepidolite, two new localities have
recently been discovered, one 7 miles east of Julian, San Di^
County, Cal., which is being developed by Mr. F. F. Griffith, of Los
Angeles, Cal., and the other near Banner, San Diego County, Cal.,
which was located by Mr. E. H. Davis, of Mesa Grande, Cal. The
former locality also contains some amblygonite.
All of the spodumene is obtained from the mines in Custer and
Pennington counties. Black Hills^ S. Dak., and principally from the
Etta mine.
The lithium minerals that are mined are all shipped to New York,
where a part is exported and the remainder is reduced by chemical
companies.
PRODUCTION.
In 1903 the quantity of lithium minerals produced in the United
States amounted to 1,155 short tons, valued at $23,425 at the railroad.
This is a decrease of 90 tons in quantity and of $2,325 in value, as
compared with the production of 1,245 short tons, valued at $25,750,
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LiTmuM. 315
in 1902. In the early part of 1903 there was a small demand for the
lithium minerals, but toward the close of the year there was more call
for these minerals, and, if this demand continues, the production of
1904 should be considerably greater than that of 1903. A number of
individuals who produced no lithium in 1903 began mining in 1904,
owing to orders received from abroad. As the uses of lithia are
limited, there could readily be an overproduction of the crude min-
erals; but if the cost of these could be reduced, so that they might be
used in the manufacture of lithium carbonate or nitrate for red fire in
pyrotechnics, there would be an increased demand for these lithium
minerals.
IMPORTS.
It has been estimated that there are about 55,000 pounds of lithium
salts used in the United States each year, of which usually about one-
third are imported. In 1903 these imports amounted to 5,596 pounds,
valued at $3,669.
In 1902 the imports were 5,530 pounds of lithium carbonate, valued
at $8,038, and 15,686 pounds of other lithium salts, valued at $14,913.
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ANTIMONY.
By Joseph Struthers.
INTRODUCrnON.
Tie outlook for the production of metallic antimony from domestic
tntimony ores in the United States is very unpromising, since the
smelting process for the extraction of the metal is complex and costly,
and but few metallurgists are conversant with all the details necessary
for successful treatment. Moreover, the large production of antimony
ores and metal in foreign countries, together with the low rate of ocean
freights, and the removal, in April, 1902, of the import tax on crude
antiniony (which, in reality, is partly refined antimony sulphide ore),
leave no opportunity for competition by the domestic product.
There are many deposits of antimony minerals, chiefly the sulphide,
in the Western States, but even prior to the removal of the import tax
on crude antimony in 1902, the production of metal from domestic
intiinony ores has never reached any prominence, the largest quantity
80 produced in a year being 296 tons in a total of 4,000, or approxi-
mately 7.4 per cent of the total annual production from ores. These
statistics are of the year 1896. There has been no conmiercial produc-
tion of metallic antimony from domestic antimony ores since 1901, in
which year 60 tons were made by the Chapman Smelting Company, of
Sin Francisco, Cal.^ Small quantities of metal have been produced
experimentally from time to time, but as they do not reach the mar-
ket they are not included in the statistics of production. Prior to
1902 the Chapman Smelting Company smelted a relatively small quan-
tity of domestic antimony ores, but due chiefly to the removal of the
duty on crude antimony in April, 1902, these works have since made
DO output of antimony metal from domestic ores.
Although many deposits of antimony minerals are located in the
Western States, the outlook for their development is very discour-
aging. The low rates of ocean freight from foreign countries, where
tke cost of mining is extremely cheap, permit the delivery of ores
Bttr the market at a cost so small that the western ores, being in
repons where the costs of fuel and labor are high, can not be profit-
*Wy smelted at the mines, nor can they be shipped to refineries on
account of the high railroad freight rates, hence there is no competi-
tion against the foreign product A large part of the supply of
317
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818 MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
antimony in the United States is in the form of hard lead, obtained as
a by-product in the smelting and refining of lead-silver ores, and this
branch of the antimony industry will naturally develop concurrently
with the advance in lead smelting.
The control of the production and trade of antimony in the United
States continues in the hands of Messrs. Mathison & Co., of London.
operating the smelting plant at Chelsea, Staten Island, New York, and
afiBliated with the Chapman Smelting Company, of San Francisco, Cal.
USES.
The chief use of antimony metal is in the manufacture of alloys of
lead, tin, zinc, and other metals. The addition of antimony to lead
increases its hardness up to twelvefold, and the addition of a small
quantity of bismuth (from 0.5 to 2 per cent) to the lead-antimony alloy
(type metal) causes it to expand at the moment of solidification and to
yield a casting with clean, sharp faces, which is of special value in the
manufacture of type.
The most important alloys of antimony are: Type metal^ composed
of lead and antimony, with or without the addition of tin and bismuth;
ha/rd lead^ produced in refining antimonial lead, containing various pro-
portions of antimony (the commercial product has an antimony content
of from 16.5 to 27 per cent, and generally averages about 25 per cent);
hritannia metal H,nd pewter , used extensively for tableware, the former
being an alloy of tin with from 10 to 16 per cent of antimony and 3
per cent of copper, and the latter an alloy of tin with a smaller con-
tent of antimony; antifriction fnetal^ also called white metal and babbitt
m^tal, which consists of antimony and tin with the addition of small
quantities of lead, copper, zinc, bismuth, and nickel.
The principal salts of antimony are, tartar emetic^ an antimony-
potassium tartrate, used in medicine and as a mordant in dyeing vege-
table fiber; antimmiy cinnabar^ a fiery red-colored pigment, consisting
of antimony trisulphide with a small amount of antimony trioxide,
used in oil painting; and antimony petitamlphide^ used as a red pig-
ment in vulcanizing and coloring rubber.
PRobuCTION.
There are four sources of supply of antimony in the United States,
in the following order of importance:
1. Hard lead, or antimonial lead, obtained as a by-product in smelt-
ing both foreign and domestic lead-silver ores, which contain a small
percentage of antimony.
2. Antimony regulus, or metal, from foreign countries.
3. Antimony ores (including the so-called "crude" antimony) from
foreign countries.
4. Antimony ores from domestic deposits.
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AwnMomr. 319
The quantity of hard lead (antimonial lead) produced in the United
States daring 1903, as a by-product in smelting impure lead-silver ores,
UDounted to 21,237,440 pounds, containing approximately 5,115,319
pounds of metallic antimony (equivalent to an average content of 24.1
per cent of antimony in the hard lead), as compared with 20,970,000
pounds of hard lead, containing 5,808,000 pounds of antimony metal,
in 1902, an increase for the year 1903 of 267,440 pounds of hard lead,
bot a decrease of 692,681 pounds in the actual amount of antimony con-
tained therein. The reason for this decrease in the total quantity of
antimony was due to the fact that, in 1902, one concern produced
hard lead averaging 25.5 per cent of antimony, while in 1903 its per-
centage dropped to from 16.5 to 17. The average antimony content of
hard lead ranges from 16.5 to 27 per cent.
Hard lead is used largely in the manufacture of antifriction and
otheralloys, and this alloy is obviously an important source of antimony
supply in the United States.
Hie net imports into the United States of foreign antimony, in the
form of regulos or antimony metal, amounted during 1903 to 4,694,309
pounds, valued at $260,144, as compared with 5,388,739 pounds, valued
at $333,601, in 1902, a decrease in quantity of 694,430 pounds, and in
value of $73,457 for the year 1903.
Imported antimony ores contain from 35 to 65 per cent of antimony,
and for all commercial purposes the average metal content may be
tak^ as 52.5 i>er cent. Ores containing a low percentage of antimony
are not of sufficient value to stand the cost of transportation, although
sometimes they are mixed with higher-grade ores in order to have
their metal content and value increased to an amount at which they
can be shipped with profit The smelting loss on the treatment of
antimony sulphide ores for the production of the refined metal approxi-
mates 20 per cent of the metal content, so that the average extraction
of metal from imported ores may be taken at 42 per cent. On this
basis the quantity of metal derivable from the net imports of foreign
ores during 1903 is 1,140,100 pounds, as compared with 1,314,000
pounds in 1902, showing a decrease of 173,900 pounds for the year 1903.
There was no antimony metal produced from domestic antimony
ores in the United States during the years 1902 and 1903. The latest
recorded production was in 1901, when 50 tons of metal was produced
from this source at the works of the Chapman Smelting Company,
^ Francisco, Cal. As elsewhere mentioned in this report, the pro-
duetion of antimony metal from domestic ores in the United States has
Krer attained any prominence when compared with the total con-
sumption of antimony metal and alloys in the United States.
^^ ^^ggi^g&te quantity of antimony available as metal or alloy in
tbe hard lead produced from foreign and domestic lead-silver ores and
imported for consumption as regulus or antimony ores during the
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320
MINERAL RESOURCES.
year 1903 amounted to 6,115,319 pounds, as compared with 5,808,000
pounds in 1902, showing a decrease of 692,681 pounds for the year
1903.
The annual production of metallic antimony in the United States
derivable from foreign ores and contained in the hard lead produced
from 1880 to 1903, inclusive, is shown in the following table:
Production of metallic antimony from domestic and foreign ores and thai contained in hard
lead in the United States, 1880-1903.
Year.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1888.
1884.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1900.
1901.,
1902.,
1903.,
Contained in hard
lead.a
Quantity.
f>hoTt tons.
(«»)
{*>)
C)
(«»)
('')
(«»)
809
1,011
1,260
1,263
1,187
1,563
1,877
2,217
2,118
1,586
2,476
2,235
2,904
2,558
Value.
$136,752
170,950
219,
225,540
213,706
236,169
268,249
320,856
348,051
307,314
490,916
457, 150
505,340
445,092
Produced from forei^
and domestic ores.
Quantity. Value.
Short toM.
50
50
50
35
75
100
115
129
278
metallicl50
ore 380 j.
250
200 I
©460
«601 ,
«844 I
ol,120 I
c 1,275
<? 1,750
4403
d657
d570
910,000
10,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
10,000
7,000
15,000
20,000
28,000
40,756
47,007
56,466
45,000
36,000
68,000
84,290
121,944
184,050
251,875
846,980
82,752
129.166
103,841
Total.
Quantity. Value
Short toM,
1.289 '
1,790 I
1.508 I
1,387 I
2,013 '
2,478
3,061
3.238
2,861
4,226
2,639
3,561
3,128
$177,508
217,957
275,416
270, MO
249.706
304,169
S47,5»
442. aoo
682,101
569,1»
837,896
5t9.«2
6S4,50S
548,433
a Estimated at 25 per cent of the total quantity of hard lead produced from both foreign and
domestic ores, except for tlie year 1902, when an average of 27 per cent was taken, and in 1908, when
the reported quantity averaged 24.1 per cent.
feNo statistics available.
c Principally from imported ores.
d Exclusive of foreign ores imported and reexported.
IMPORTS.
The subjoined table gives the aggregate quantity and value of anti
mony ore (including crude antimony) and metallic antimony (regulus)
imported into the United States from 1867 to 1903, as reported by the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor. An
inspection of the table shows that the quantity of ore imported has
increased from 116,495 pounds in 1893 to the maximum quantity of
6,089,134 pounds in 1900, a year in which there was a marked over-
importation of both ore and metal.
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ANTIMONY.
821
In 1903 the importation of antimony ore entered for consumption
was 2,714,617 pounds, valued at $54,316. In 1902 the net importa-
tion of antimony ore was 3,129,069 pounds, valued at $62,968. The
fltitistics of net importation for 1903, as compared with 1902, show a
decrease in quantity of 414,452 pounds, and in value of $8,652.
The annual imports of antimony metal, or regulus, and crude anti-
mony or ore, which have been entered for consumption in the United
States during the period 1867 to 1903, inclusive, are given in the
subjoined table:
Anl&Kwny and antimony ore imported and entered for consumption in the United States,
1867-1908.
Year endin^^
Metal and reguluB.
Grade antimony and ore.
Quantity. Valne.
Quantity. Value,
Total
yalue.
Joneao—
1«7...
1870..
1871..
vm,.
vsn..
W4..
187S..
187»..
1877..
1878..
1879..
un..
1882..
1884..
PMjam bcr Sl-
1886
1887
18B0.
lan..
un..
1888.
18M.
18V7.
PouruU.
Pounds.
1,038.886
1,845,821
1,227.429
1,015,039
1,968,806
1,166,821
1,253,814
1,288,228
946.809
1,115,124
1,256,624
1,880,212
2,019,889
1,806,945
2,525.838
8,064,050
1,779,887
2,579,840
2,997,965
2,668,284
2,814,044
2,676.130
8,815,659
2,618,941
8,960,864
2,780,482
2,668,487
8,490,901
2,576,871
2,282,245
2,108,599
2,990,915
3,654,822
8,640,605
5.388,789
4.694,809
168,919
83,822
129,918
164,179
148,264
287,586
184,498
148,409
181,860
119,441
135.817
130,950
143,099
265,773
253,054
294,234
286,892
150,435
207,215
202,563
169,747
248,015
804,711
411,960
327,307
892,761
243,341
193,988
228,968
158,975
143,870
148,671
241,685
287,987
254,529
883,601
260,144
6,460
8,821
20,001
20,851
84,542
. 25,150
841,730
1,114,699
697,244
281,860
215,918
218,866
862,761
68,040
146,809
611,140
1,483,581
192,344
116,495
375,468
668,610
1,180,828
3.719,186
8,749,222
8,968,654
6,089,134
M, 682, 801
63,129,069
2,714,617
82,364
3,081
2,941
203
609
700
2,314
1,259
2,341
2,349
18,199
18,019
11,254
6,489
7,497
9,761
8,785
2,178
5,568
29,878
36,232
7,388
5,253
a 18, 805
14,718
21,402
55,400
50,256
47,427
75,866
22,720
62,968
54,316
868,919
83,822
129,918
164,179
150.628
240,567
187,489
148,612
181,969
120,141
187.631
182,209
145,440
268,122
271,258
812,253
296,146
156,924
214,712
212,824
178,682
250,198
310,279
441,888
400,099
248,594
212,793
180,377
198,770
196,927
289,112
363,808
278,066
896,669
814,460
1 8787, Talae of gnnind antimony for which no quantity was given.
»Kxeludefl exports.
M R 1903 21
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822
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
The large increase in the quantities of antimony regulus and ore
imported and exported during 1902 was due to a peculiar condition of
the freight rates from China, which were about 10 shillings per ton
from China to New York and 80 shillings from China to England.
The freight rate from New York to England being about 10 shillings
per ton, shipments were made first to New York, whence the mefaJ
was transshipped to England, and thus practically one-third of the
cost of direct transportation was saved. According to the report of
one of the principal importers, there has been no radical change in the
freight conditions during the year 1903.
CONSUMPTION.
The consumption of antimony in the United States from 1880 to 1903
is given in the subjoined table, the imported ore being estimated to
contain an average of 62i per cent antimony, and to yield 42 per cent
of refined metal by smelting operations. Crude antimony, which is
refined or concentrated ore and not metal, is included in the quantity
of ore impoi'ted. Antimony regulus is taken as equivalent to the
metal. The antimony contained in hard lead is calculated at 25 per
cent, except for 1902, when an average of 27 per cent was taken, and
in 1903, when the reported average was 24.1 per cent.
EaimcUed consumption of antimony in the United States^ 18S0-190S.
Year.
Contained
in hard
lead.
From do-
mestic ores.
From im-
ported ores
and crude
antimony.
Imported
metal or
regulos.
Total
1880
Short loM.
1881
1882
1888
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
18«0
1891
1,011
1,260
1,258
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1,877
2,217
2,118
1,666
2,476
2,286
2,904
2,668
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Short tons.
50
60
60
60
60
50
86
75
100
115
129
278
150
260
200
5276
5291
5246
5260
284
151
50
Nil.
Nil.
Short toHt.
7
221
292
188
61
57
58
95
18
38
160
877
60
80
100
M76
5810
5699
5870
1,041
1,699
363
667
670
ShoHtOM,
1,010
904
1,268
1,532
890
1,290
1,499
1,277
1,407
1,388
1,658
1,809
1.976
1.890
1,827
1,760
1,288
i,ia
1,062
1.496
1,827
1,887
2,694
2,347 1
Skoftiim.
«1,06?
ol,17J
al,(15
• 1,776
• 1,011
al,S97
al,502
al,4l7
al,U5
al,491
«1,9I7
2,9^5
3,415
2,92S
<il,627
a2,200
8,76«
4,203
4,290
4,866
6.068
" <476
6,266
6,475
a Not including antimony contained in hard lead, for which statistics are not available.
5 Separation estimated. All antimony smelted, whether from domestic or foreign ores, was reported
as of domestic productton.
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ANTIMONY.
328
The decrease in the total quantity of antimony estimated to have
been consumed in the United States in 1901, as compared with 1900,
was due to the very large overimportation of antimony ore and, to a
less extent, of antimony re^us in 1900. The above table" shows the
constantly increasing quantity of antimony obtained from foreign ores
from 1893 to 1903, inclusive, which has been due mainly to the cheap
ocean-freight rates from foreign countries where the ores are mined
and partly refined at a low cost.
WOBIiD'S PRODUCTION.
The following table, showing the output and value of antimony metal
of the world in 1901 and 1902, has been compiled from the official gov-
ernmental reports of the respective countries:
Worlds 8 production of cmtimony metal in 1901 and 190S,
Country.
1901.
Quantity. Value,
1902.
Quantity. Valoe.
rnltodStateea.
Aoitria
Prancefr
Qtmukj^
Hongaryd
lUly
/apan
Short tons.
408
126
1,969
2,788
7n
1,898
474
S61.820
10,434
240,000
268,250
82,920
195,660
68,787
40,824
Short tOM.
687
26
1,901
8,858
758
1,202
$129,166
1,787
207,475
881,188
81,200
91,286
844
42,492
Total.
8,698
968,585
8,741
884,494
a Does not include the antimony contained in hard lead.
^ Tnclndes product of Algeria.
« Includes quickfdlyer.
tf Grade antimony and regulus.
PRICES.
From 1893 to July, 1897, there was a steady decline in the price of
antimony, which dropped from 16 cents per pound for Cookson's brand
to 7 cente. Beginning with August, 1897, the price began to advance,
and in May, 1899, it reached 12 cents per pound, and then remained
Mmrly constant throughout the rest of the year. During 1902 there
WMB a slight falling off in price, and the year closed with Cookson's at
1<>4 cents per pound. The following tables show, by months and years,
the ruling prices of the several brands of antimony, as reported to
The Iron Age and the Engineering and Mining Journal, from 1895 to
1903, inclnsiye.
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824
MINEBAL BESOUB0E8.
Prices of antimony at New York, 1896-1908^ by months.
[Gents per poand.]
Month.
1895.
Oook-
Bon's.
Hallett's.
Japanese.
1896.
^,^" Hallett'8.papaneee,
1897.
Cook-
Hallelf 8. J^Moeie.
January . . .
February .
March
April
May
June
July
August ....
September.
October...
NoTember .
December ,
8ito8|
8ito8i
7}to8i
7} to 8
7(to8
8 to8i
8
8
7|to8
71 to 7 J
71 to 71
7tto7i
7tto7i
7tto71
7 to7i
7
7 to7t
7tto7i
n
n
7 to7i
7
6Jto7
6Jto7
61
6}
7
7
6{to7
6}
61 to 6}
61 to6i
8i
8i
8i
8i
8 to8i
8
8
8
8
7ito7t
7tto7t
7ito7t
7ito7t
7*
7*
7*
7ito74
7*
7i
n
U
ek
61 to 61
6i
7
7
7
7
6Jto7
6{to7
6}to7
6ito7
6ito7
6t
6ito6|
61
7Jto7i
71 to 7*
71to7i
71 to 71
71 to 71
71 to 74
7 to 71
7 to8i
8 to81
8 to81
8 to81
8 to8i
61to6f
61 to 61
6|to7i
7 to7i
7 to7i
61to7
6|to71
7|to71
71 to 71
71 to 71
71 to 71
71 to 71
61 to 6)
6|to6i
6|to7
7 to7l
6} to 7}
6|to6i
61
6tto7
7 to7J
7 to7i
7 to7i
7 to7i
Month.
Cookson's. Hallett's. Japanese.
1898.
Cookson's. Hallett's.
1899.
United
States.
Cookson's. Hallett'&
January..
February .
March
April
May
June — .-.,
July
August ....
September
October...
November
December
8 to81
8 to81
8 to8i
8it09
9ito9i
9ito9|
91 to 91
9|to9|
9|to9|
91 to 91
91 to 91
9|to9|
7ito71
71 to 71
71 to 71
71 to 8
8|to8f
8|to9
9
9
9
9
9
81 to 9
7tto7i
81
8}to9
9
9
9
9
81 to 9
81 to 81
10 to 101
101 to 10)
111 to 12
111 to 12
111 to 12
111
11*
111
111
111
lli to 111
111 to 111
91to 91
91 to 101
101 to 101
101 to 10)
101 to 10)
101
101
101
104
104
101 to 101
101 to 101
94
94 to 9)
10* to 10}
10* to 10)
10* to 104
10*
10*
10) to 11
10)toU
10*
10 to 104
10 tolO*
10*toU
10* to 11
104 to U
11
11
11
104 to U
104
104
104
10*
10*
9) to n
91 to 10
9) to 10
9)
91
91
94
94
91
91
94
9* to
Month.
1901.
^,^; Hallett's. Others.
1902.
Cook-
son's.
Hallett's. Others.
1908.
Cook-
HaUettfs. Othen.
January
February...
March
April
May
June
July
August
September..
October
November . .
December ..
10* to 10*
lOi
101
10*
104
101
lOi
101
101
10*
10*
101
9*
n
8* to 91
8) to 9
8|to9
8)
8)
84 to 8}
8* to 8)
8) to 84
8*
8*to8|
8|to9
8) to 9
84 to 9
84 to 8)
84 to 8)
8* to 8*
8* to 8*
8 to8*
8 to81
8 to 8*
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AimHOKY. 826
THE TBEATMENT OF ANTIMONY ORBS IN JAPAN.
Antimony metal has been produced from its ores in Japan for
centuries. The chief mine is in the island of Shikoku, from which
high-^rade stibnite is obtained and shipped to Sanchobar on the coast,
where it is smelted and refined to metal. The smelting operation is
executed in a very simple manner. A clay crucible, having a small
hole bored through its bottom, is placed upon a second one. The
upper crucible is filled with powdered antimony ores (stibnite, anti-
mony sulphide) and tightly closed with a clay cover; coal is then
heaped around the upper crucible and ignited. The heat serves to
melt the stibnite, which separates or liquates from the gangue of the
ore and flows through the hole in the bottom of the upper crucible
into the lower one, from which it is ladled into molds and cooled.
The concentrated antimony sulphide thus obtained is subsequently
reduced to metallic antimony, which is shipped in boxes to various
markets.
PATENTS.
In France M. H. L. Herrenschmidt obtained a patent (No. 333340,
June 24, 1903) to treat antimony sulphide ore in a blown converter.
The process is canried out as follows: The hearth of the converter is
first covered with a layer of wood, which is then lighted. As soon as it
is well ignited a layer of coke is added, followed by a layer of antimony
suli^ide ore containing from 40 to 60 per cent of antimony. Above the
ore charge is a final layer of coke, and of antimony oxysulphide pro-
duced as a by-product in a former smelting in the converter. Air is
then blown through the tuyeres and in connection with the heat of the
burning fuel it transforms the antimony sulphide into volatile oxysul-
{riiide, which passes off with the furnace gases, and is condensed and
ooDected in a suitable receiver. During the smelting operation a cer-
tain pn^)ortion of metallic antimony is reduced and tapped off. The
oxysuliriiide is subsequently distilled with a proper reducing agent,
forming metallic antimony and a poor oxysulphide residue, which
is returned to the converter as a part of a later charge.
Mr. T. Crisp Sanderson, of Chelsea, Staten Island, New York, has
patented a method for the continuous smelting of antimony ores
(United States patent No. 714040, November, 1902), for which is
claimed advantages in fuel consumption, labor, volatilization losses,
and other Actors of cost The method is briefly described as follows:
A bath of ferrous sulphide is formed in the hearth of a reverberatory
furnace, and after closing the chimney damper the charge of anti-
mony ore is shoveled into the furnace and quickly rabbled into the
molten ferrous sulphide. As soon as it has become thoroughly mixed,
•etip iron sufficient to decompose the antimony sulphide is introduced,
and the temperature of the furnace raised to the proper degree. The
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836 MIKEBAL BE8OUB0B8.
bath is then thoroughly rabbled and the iron decomposes the antimony
sulphide, forming metallic antimony and ferrous sulphide. When the
reaction is completed the metallic antimony is tapped from a sump in
the furnace until iron sulphide appears; the tap hole is then closed
and the slag which floats on the surface of the bath of iron sulphide is
removed by skimming. Owing to the formation in the furnace of
iron sulphide from the reaction between the scrap iron and the sul-
phur of the ore, a certain quantity must be removed in order to lower
the bath to its original level. Before tapping off the excess of iron
sulphide an additional quantity of scrap iron is sometimes added to
the bath and rabbled, so that some of the antimony remaining in the
slag will be reduced; any metallic antimony so formed, however, will
contain too much iron, and it is therefore left in the furnace for the
succeeding charge,, which removes the iron from it. Oxidized anti-
mony ores may be treated in a similar way, using iron or carbon, or
both, for the reducing agent. The Sanderson continuous process has
been in successful operation at Chelsea, Staten Island, N. Y., for a year
or more.
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A-R8e:n^io.
By Joseph Struthebs.
INTROBUCnON.
OCCURRENCE.
Arsenic ores and, to a lesser extent, metallic arsenic occur widely
distributed in many countries, but in very few places are the deposits
of sufficient extent to be of commercial value.
The most common mineral (mainly used for the manufacture of
arsenic compounds) is arsenopyrite, the double sulphide of iron and
arsenic (FeAsS), commonly called *' mispickel " or " arsenical pyrites."
Other important minerals are the two sulphides, realgar (As^Sg) and
orpiment (As,S,), and the two forms of the sesquioxide (As^O,), arseno-
lite and claudetite. Arsenic also occurs in combination widi nickel and
cobalt, both as a sulphide and as an arseno-sulphide, and, to a minor
extent, as an impurity in several other metallic minerals.
USES.
The chief use for arsenious oxide is in the manufacture of Paris
^reen, although it is used to a minor extent to make Scheele's green,
London purple, lead arsenate, sodium arsenate, potassium arsenate,
and other arsenic salts. In the arts or trades, Paris green is used to
exterminate the potato beetle and other insects injurious to vegetables.
Paris green has a peculiar light-green shade possessed by no other
pigment; but, owing to its pois5nous character, its use as a dyestuff is
very restricted. Arsenic, as a vermicide, is used in various ways; either
in the form of the oxide or of an arsenate salt (called " sheep dip") for
parasites affecting sheep and cattle; also as a weed killer. The oxide
is used in the manufacture of fine-grade glassware and special enamels;
18 a fixing and conveying substance for aniline dyes; as a preservative
for raw hides, both in taxidermy and in storage for manufacture into
leather, and to a minor extent in the preparation of certain medicinal
eompoondfl and embalming fluids.
887
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838 lONEBAL BXSOUBCES.
PROBUCTION IN THE UNITEB STATES.
The production of arsenious oxide (technically known as *' white
arsenic,'' and sometimes ^^ arsenic'') in the United States during 1903
amounted to 611 short tons, valued at $36,691, as compared with 1,353
tons in 1902, and 300 tons in 1901, the last-named year being the date
of the inception of the white ai*senic industry in the United States.
The entire domestic product has been made solely at the plant of the
Puget Sound Reduction Company, Everett, Wash., and the large
increase in the domestic production during 1902 promised success to
the undertaking. Owing to various conunercial reasons, however, the
by-product plant was operated at its full capacity only during the first
quarter of the year 1903. It was shut down from March 1 until Sep-
tember 1, 1903, when, at the latter time, the works came under the
control of the American Smelting and Refining Company. During
the last three months of the year the by-product plant was used only
for roasting small quantities of arsenical lead ores, and no white
arsenic was shipped to the market.
The arsenic ores treated at this plant consist mainly of arsenopyrite,
containing on the average about 14 per cent of arsenic and 0.7 ounce
of gold and 3 ounces of silver per ton. A part of the ore treated
contained only 2 per cent of sulphur, the ai'senic being present chiefly
in an oxidized form.
The by-product plant for the condensation and collection of the
white arsenic is quite simple in construction and efficient in operation.
There is a long brick flue, 20 feet high, connecting the Wethey mechan-
ical 6-hearth 60-ton roasting furnace with the dust chamber, which
latter is 5 feet high, and covers an area of about 125 by 150 feet
This chamber is built of 4-inch brick walls, and is divided into four
equal parts, so arranged that by the use of valves or dampers any one
section can be cut out from the other, and the condensation may thus
be carried on continuously.
The arsenical compounds in the ore are decomposed during the
roasting, and are ti*ansformed chiefly into volatile arsenious oxide,
which passes out with the waste gases of the furnace, and is subse-
quently condensed by their cooling and lessened velocity, and settles
on the floor of the dust chamber, or becomes attached to the sides and
roof in beautiful festoons of pure white crystals resembling snow.
At stated intervals each section is cut out from the system and the
accumulated deposit of white arsenic is shoveled into hand barrows
and carried to storage-bins until needed for subsequent refining in a
small reverberatory furnace.
After the arsenic has been expelled by the roasting, the ore is dis-
charged from the furnace and treated with lead ore in a shaft furnace
for the extraction of the gold and silver contents.
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ABSENIO. ^ 829
Despite the fact that the domestic output of arsenical compounds is
not sufficient to supply more than one-quarter of the total consump-
tion in the United States (large quantities being annually imported
from Canada, Germany, and Spain), the development of this impor-
tant industry is of exceedingly slow growth.
The manufacture in the United States of arsenic compounds from
domestic ores should be developed, in order to supplant the large
quantities which are annually imported from Europe and Canada. A
^nee at the table of imports given on page 10 of this report shows
the growing importance of this branch of the arsenic industry.
Daring 1903 there were imported from Canada, England, Germany,
and Spain 1,211,299 pounds of arsenious acid, valued at $38,505, and
7,146,362 pounds of arsenic sulphide and orpiment, valued at $256,097,
18 compared with 1,385,700 pounds of arsenious oxide, valued at
$12,424, and 6,725,198 pounds of arsenic sulphide and orpiment,
valued at $237,631, in 1902.
Hie white arsenic trade is peculiar, in that its consumption depends
on a number of variable conditions. Much of the product is used by
sheep raisers to kill the ^' sheep tick," which lives in the wool of the
animal. In the latter part of 1902 the demand in Australia for this
porpose became greatly diminished, possibly due either to the exter-
mination of the tick or to the accumulation of stocks by the sheep
raisers; and as a result there was an increase in the quantity exported
from Germany and England to the United States during 1903, at
prices which hindered to some extent the development of the industry
in the last-named country.
Prior to the year 1899 the world's demand for arsenic and its com-
pounds was met by the output of the arsenic mines of Cornwall and
Devon, in England, and of the by-products from the metallurgical
worits at Freiberg, Germany, at which arsenious oxide is made, not
only from arsenic ores, but also from arsenical ores of other metals,
thereby rendering the latter more amenable Jor subsequent treatment
and consequently more valuable.
It is probable that the future of the arsenic industry in the United
States depends more upon the beneficiation of arsenical ores of other
metals (chiefly those containing gold and silver) than upon the direct
treatment of ai*senic ores for the extraction of the metal itself.
A recently discovered deposit of arsenic is being exploited by the
United States Arsenic Mineral Company of Pittsburg, Pa., at Pilot
Mountain, 17 miles from Christ iansburg, Montgomery County, Va.
Astatement from this concern outlining its work up to January 1, 1904,
reports tiie driving of a 215-foot adit into the hillside, supplemented
with a 55-foot drift extending to an 8-foot vein of ai'senic ore of 25 per
cent arsenic content, which can be mined at a cost of 70 cents per ton.
A baikUng 300 by 70 feet has been erected for the mills and furnaces.
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880 KOnSBAL BXSOUBOBS.
and dwelling houses, store, office, laboiutory, and other buildings have
been built. The plant is equipped with a 125-horsepower Westing-
house engine; two 75-horsepower return-tubular boilers; four dynamos,
one of 75-horsepower and three of small power; a 13 by 20 inch
Blake crusher; a 27-foot Howell-White calcining furnace; rolls, pumps,
pulverizers, etc. The capacity of the plant, when completed, is placed
at 140 tons of refined arsenic per month. The region is wild and
mountainous.
The white-arsenic plant at the Washoe copper smelter, Anaconda,
Mont. , was nearly completed by January 1, 1904. Large brick settlinpf
chambers have been erected alongside of the flue of the Brunton
roasting furnaces, in order to condense and collect the arsenical fumes
f <L rmed during the roasting. The arsenic-refining department has be^
equipped with suitable reverberatory furnaces, in which the crude flue
deposit will be refined and the purified product subsequently ground
and packed for the market in air-tight barrels, each of a capacity of
400 pounds. The daily capacity of the by-product plant is reported to
be several tons of flake arsenic.
An unconfirmed report went the rounds of the technical press during
1903 to the effect that the Mineral Creek Mining Company, owning
an arsenic property at Mineral Creek, Washington, had mined and
accumulated a stock of 1,000 tons of realgar (a sulphide ore of arsenic),
which is awaiting the completion of a smelting plant at that place.
Mineral Creek is situated near Elba, on the line surveyed for the
Tacoma Eastern Railway.
An interesting discovery of metallic arsenic was made during 1903
at Washington Camp, Santa Cruz County, Ariz. The deposit is in
masses attached to the walls of small pockets in dolomitic limestone.
The size of the masses is generally small, although in one instance a
piece weighing 20 pounds was found. This specimen is now in the
National Museum at Washington, D. C. It is quite probable that
other pockets containing arsenic would be found if the deposit were
exploited, but, owing to the distance from the market and the high
cost of fuel and labor, there appears to be no inunediate prospect of
developing the property.
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AB8BNI0.
881
WORIiD'S PKOBUCTION OF ARSENIC.
The statistics of the world's production of arsenic and its compounds
from 1895 to 1903, inclusive, are given in the following table:
The worlds s annual production of arsenic, 1896-190S,<^
[Metric tons,]
Canada.
Germany.l*
Italy.«»
Japan.
Portugal.
Year.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
1 Tom.
18K NIL
«4,842
22,725
41,676
48,000
15,420
Tons.
3,^
2,682
2,987
2,677
2,423
2,414
2.649
2,827
2,768
«207.187
221,165
295,897
253,528
267,250
268,250
256,750
260,000
258,500
Tons.
100
320
200
215
304
126
6
$8,000
24,400
18,600
15,700
26,483
12,098
120
iP)
Tons.
7
6
13
7
5
5
10
(«)
Tans.
1806
Nil.
1897
NU.
Nil.
52
275
6S0
726
288
524
751
1,068
1,081
527
786
•20,369
IMB
44,764
18l»
61,856
isoo
62,522
im
85,277
mL
1908
88,068
(0)
8pain.d
United Kingdom. « ' Tiurkey . /
United States. «
Year.
Quan-
Uty.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
MH,..
184
271
244
111
101
150
120
1,068
«18,890
27,100
29,256
13.320
12,156
18,086
14,400
87,040
Tons.
4,875
3,674
4,282
4,241
8,890
4,146
8,416
2,165
917
•260,990
227,415
873,975
268,935
271,180
835,140
197,270
96,910
Tons,
Tons.
MH..
im
vm
uit
uoo
274
(a*)
(Qh)
821,600
iph)
1901
272
1,226
554
tl8,000
1908
81,180
19Qi
86.001
'
« Fhn offlciAl reports of the respective countries.
* MelalUe anenlo and arsenious oxide.
«6tatistks not available at time of publication.
'Amnlc sulphide; in addition to these quantities, during 1908 there were produced 22 tons of
cfpiBMQt. valued at •8,837.
« Amnions oxide.
/BxportB.
# Hoi reported.
A la 1901, 1902, and 1908 the quantity exported is reported at about 500 tons per year.
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882
lOKXRAL BESOUBOSB.
IMPORTS.
The significance of the importation of arsenic and its compotrndsfor
the manufacturing industries of the United States may be appreciated
from the statistics given in the following table for the period 1898 to
1903, inclusive:
ImporU of metaUic aneniCy wkUe arMnic {arsmious acid) , and anenie 8ulphide$ (orpmad
and realgar) in the United StateSy 189S-190S.
Vea,.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Qoantity. Yaloe.
1898
Pmindt.
6,092,377
7,063,442
6,984,278
5,813,387
7,242,004
8,686,681
«180,883
218,636
237,747
215,281
852,284
870,847
1899
PomOM.
9,0*0,871
5.765,569
6,989,668
8,110,898
8,867,661
fW.711
1894
1900
36(.800
1895
1901
S6,HS
1896
1908
«.»
1897
1908
29t,«B
1898
PRICES.
The average monthly price per pound of standard^ English brands of
white arsenic during the year 1903 was as follows: January, February,
and March, 3 cents; April, May, and June, 3i cents; July, 3 cents;
August and September, 3i cents; October, November, and December,
3f cents.
Spanish white arsenic ruled lower than the English brands, due not
to inferiority but tp the comparative newness of the brand, whidi
required a concession in price in order to establish its introduction in
the New York market. It was reported that in October, 1903, a
consolidation, having for its object an advance of prices, had been
effected among the largest European manufacturers. That there was
good authority for the unconfirmed rumor is attested by the fact that
prices for arsenic white (including the Spanish brand) were firmly
maintained at 3i cents per pound during the closing quarter of the
year. The European combination, however, did not have sufficient
control of the situation in the American market to continue the high
price after the close of the year, mainly for the reason that American
competitors promptly took advantage of the higher standard of price
and placed a considerable quantity of the domestic product on the
market. As a natural result the price declined early in the year 19(H.
THE ARSENIC rNT>U8TRT IN FOREIGN COUNTREBS.
Canada. — ^The output of white arsenic in Canada during the year
1903 was 514,000 pounds, valued at $15,420, produced at the works of
the Canadian Gold Fields Company (Limited), Deloro, Ontario. These
works were closed early in the year for the reason that the changed
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ABSENIC. 833
duuracter of the ore obtained from the lower levels of the mine neces-
sitated a remodeling of the plant, and at the same time it was deemed
desirable to enlarge the works also, so that an increased output could
be made at a smaller cost per ton of product. It was also reported
that the proposed consolidation of the interests of several companies
in tiiat district was an additional factor in shutting down the works.
The manufacture of white arsenic as a by-product in the treatment
of arsenical gold ore has been carried on very successfully in recent
years by the Canadian Gold Fields Company (Limited), the production
being 113,474 pounds in 1899, 606,523 pounds in 1900, 1,346,983
pounds in 1901, 1,600,933 pounds in 1902, and 514,000 pounds in 1903,
the works being operated only during the first three months of the
last-named year. At the end of this time the deposits of arsenical
goki ore above the water line, containing only a small per cent of
anenic, had become exhausted, and the remaining ore was essentially
an arsenic ore carrying a small quantity of gold. A description of
the Canadian arsenical gold ores and their metallurgical treatment is
given in Mineral Resources for 1902.
Id Hastings County, Ontario, there are many extensive deposits of
arsenopyrite, generally containing gold to the extent of from 2 to 6
pennyweights per ton. In most cases these ores are free from zinc and
lead, and Uieref ore are exceptionally well suited to the production of
white arsenic. The Canadian Gold Fields Company (Limited), at Deloro,
has developed a cheap process for the direct extraction of gold from *
this class of ore in the raw state — i. e., without previous roasting, the
reported cost being less than $1.50 per ton of ore treated. This fact
natorally makes the field for arsenic a very promising one, and it is
within Uie range of possibility that in the future Canada will become
the source of arsenic supply not only for the United States but for
Europe as well. In the latter country most of the old works have
been closed down on account of the high cost of production. The
white arsenic produced from the Deloro ore is of exceptional purity,
analysb showing from 99.6 to 100 per cent of arsenious oxide. Fur-
thermore, its freedom from sulphur has gained for it a world-wide
reputation for excellence.. It is stated on good authority that at
Deloro die cost of making white arsenic is about one-third of the
cost at Cornwall, England. This economy has resulted largely from
the application of modern methods of treatment.
Arsenical ores also occur at other places in Canada, notably metallic
usenic and mispickel in Nova Scotia, and other ores in British
Colombia, in Western Ontario, and in the Sudbury district. The
litest reported discovery of arsenical ore is a deposit of smaltite
(aidttl arsenide) on the line of the Simis Kaming Bailroad, now being
hmh by the Ontario government.
fyam. — Daring 1903 the firm of Girones y Henrich completed the
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884 MINERAL BE8OUB0B8.
construction of a smelting plant at Badalona, 6 miles north of Barce-
lona, and began to produce white arsenic. At this plant auriferous
arsenical py rite, argentiferous galena, and cupriferous py rite, obtained
from the numerous small mines in the province of Gerona, are treated,
and in the year 1903 the company treated 5,737 metric tons of mis-
pickel, from which 1,088 tons of white arsenic, valued at 435,200
pesetas ($82,994), were produced.
United Kingdom. — According to the Fortieth Annual Report on
Alkali Works, etc., by the chief inspector (published in 1904), a fur-
ther reduction took place in the number of works registered for the
manufacture of white arsenic in the United Kingdom. Ten years ago,
in 1893, more than 35 works, situated in Cornwall, Devon, and South
Wales, were engaged in the manufacture of white arsenic and an out-
put exceeding 5,000 tons of refined material was made, but during the
year 1903 only 22 works were in operation, yielding less than 1,000
tons of product.
The decline in the English white arsenic industry has been due
largely to the competition of foreign manufacturers. In 1899 the
Great Devon Consol arsenic mine, one of the most important in England,
was shut down; and recently the entire metallurgical plant was dis-
mantled and the mine shafts were allowed to become flooded by dram-
age water. During 1903 a small output of arsenic was produced by
this company from the waste arsenical pyrite of the duifip heaps, but
the work was conducted on a small scale during a very limited period
only. At the close of the year 1903 there were probably not more
than 500 tons of '^Drayton" arsenic in stock.
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TIN.
By Joseph Stbuthebs and Joseph Hyde Pratt.
rNTBOBUCTION.
As in former years, there was no commercial production of tin from
domestic ores in the United States daring the year 1903, although
many hundred tons of metallic tin and chemical salts of tin, chiefly
the chlorides, have been obtained by the chemical or electrolytic
treatment of new tin scrap from tin can and fruit tin factories. But
as tin from these sources is manifestly of secondary origin the
quantity so produced can not be properly classified as a first mineral or
metal product in the sense that these terms are used in the statistics
presented by the United States Geological Survey.
The treatment of new tin scrap, known as "detinning," has become
of considerable importance in the United States, and at least ten com-
panies were actively engaged in this special branch of the industry
during the year 1903. The average yield from tin scrap is approxi-
mately 2 per cent of metallic tin. In addition, a large number of
smaU concerns in the principal cities recover the tin from old tin cans
and similar material by a smelting treatment in a furnace, the tin
being obtained in the form of solder, which is either used as a basis
for making new solder or is treated chemically to yield metallic tin or
tin salts. The residue of scrap iron is generally utilized in the manu-
facture of sash weights and other castings of inferior quality of iron.
A smelting plant for the furnace treatment of tin ores was erected
atBayonne, N. J., during 1908. The works included four reverber-
•tory furnaces of a combined capacity of 50 tons of oi'e a day. The
I^ant was designed to treat tin-ore concentrates from the Malay
Peninsula, but before the completion of the works a prohibitory tax
was placed on the export of tin ore from the Malay Peninsula, which
destroyed the inmiediate prospects of the company operating the plant.
SOUTH DAKOTA AKI> WYOMING.
Hie mineral cassiterite, tin dioxide (SnO,), containing 78.6 per cent
of metallic tin, has been found in no less than 17 States and Territories
of the United States, yet in only two or three places have attempts on
A large scale been made to place the industry in this country on a pro-
ductive footing. Notable among the discoveries of domestic tin ore
386
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386 MINEBAL RESOUBOBS.
are the deposits at Harney Peak, in the Black Hills of South Dakota,
and the deposits in North and South Carolina, and in Alaska. The
development of these deposits, however, has not as yet been carried
forward to a commercially productive stage.
The Harney Peak Tin Mining, Milling, and Manufacturing Company
reports, through its receiver, that during 1903 there has been no
development of the properties beyond the regular amount of work
required for the annual assessment. The court having jurisdiction
would not permit the company to make any extended test of the prop-
erties or expend any money except in connection with a part of the
placer ground, concerning which it was necessary to satisfy the Land
Office that tin ore was present in the gravels. There was abundant
proof of the presenc>e of tin ore, but the experiments were on too small
a scale to determine accurately the average quantity of tin that the
gravels would yield.
Although there has been no appreciable development of the Harney
Peak properties, the Tinton Tin Company, controlled by Chicago inte^
ests, has been working during the last two years on its claims located
in what is known as the "Nigger Hill" and "Bear Gulch" district
west of Dead wood and Lead, S. Dak., and 75 miles northwest of Bar-
ney Peak. This new district is partly in Lawrence County, S. Dak.,
and partly in Crook County, Wyo., being on the border line of the
two States. The Tinton Tin Company has been operating a small con-
centrating plant, but owing to the lack of proper smelting facilities m
the United States it has shipped to European ports for treatment a
carload of concentrates said to contain an average of 62.5 per cent of
metallic tin.
A thorough sampling of the deposit, subsequently confirmed by
mill runs of several hundred tons of ore, has proved the existence of
large blocks of ground that contain workable quantities of tin ore.
One parcel of property, 140 by 50 feet, and another 90 by 6 feet,
yielded an average mill return of 1.16 per cent of metallic tin, which
was 0.16 per cent greater than the assays of hand samples made in the
laboratory. The cassiterite in the properties of the Tinton Tin Com-
pany occurs in pegmatite greisen or altered granite, and is generally in
the form of coarse granules, although at times large masses of fine
grains of the mineral are found between the strata of the schist and
the porphyry. The concentrating mill of the company is equipped
with crushers, rolls, and a Bartlett table.
The quantity of ore so far treated has averaged 1 per cent of
metallic tin and the concentrates therefrom have ranged from 62.5 to
65 per cent of metallic tin. The metalliferous impurities present con-
sist of a very small quantity of pyrite and iron sesquioxide.
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TIN. 337
AliASKA.
The tin deposits of the York region, Seward Peninsular, Alaska,
have been fully described by Arthur J. Collier,^ in Bulletin No. 229, .
of the United States Geological Survey, published in 1904.
In the year 1900 Mr. Alfred H. Brooks, of the United States Geo-
logical Survey, discovered tin ore in the placers of the Anikovik
River and its tributary, Buhner Creek. It was not until 1902, how-
ever, that the occurrence of tin-bearing gravels was discovered on
Buck Creek, 20 miles north of the town of York. During 1903 Mr.
Collier reported upon the tin-ore deposits of Lost River, Buck Creek,
and Cape Mountain, the results of his investigations being embodied
in the bulletin referred to. Mr. Collier concludes his report for the
Survey with a brief description of tin ores and associated minerals,
the methods of assaying tin ore, the occurrences of tin ores in the
United States, the production of tin in foreign countries, and a list of
the more important papers relating to tin deposits that have been
published in recent years.
Several tons of tin ore have been shipped from the deposits of Buck
Creek, and several companies have been operating their claims during
1903. In one instance an average of 27 pounds of concentrates con-
taining 60 per cent of metallic tin were obtained from a cubic yard of
gravel.
Cassiterite is found irregularly distributed over an area of 450
square miles of the Seward peninsula, and though many discoveries
of lode tin other than those referred to in the preceding paragraph
have been prospected none has yet been proved of workable value.
CAEOIilNA TIN BEIiT.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION.
What may be called the Carolina tin belt extends from Graffney,
Cherokee County, S. C, in a general northeasterly direction across this
county, across the southeastern corner of Cleveland County, N; C, and
across Gaston and Lincoln counties, N. C. The tin deposits found in
Rockbridge County, Va., may be a continuation of the Carolina tin
belt across Catawba, Iredell, Yadkin, and Surry counties, N. C. The
general direction of the rocks carrying the tin ore is the same as that
of the rocks in Virginia, and the continuation of this direction from the
Qirolina deposits would approximately cross those places in Rockbridge
County, Va,, where tin ore has been found. The rocks that outcrop
in Surry County, N. C, Are also in this same line and have the
•Comer, Arthnr J.. The Tin deporita of the York Region, Alaska: Bull. U. S. Oeol. Survey, No. 229^
an
M s 1903 22
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388 KHTERAL BB8OUB0E8.
same general direction. The principal locality in South Carolina wiiere
tin ore has been found is about 1 mile north of Gaffney, on land
belonging to Capt. S. S. Boss. For a distance of 13 miles from a point
' about a mile northeast of the Ross mine no tin minerals have as yet
been found. The next place in the belt where tin is known to occur is
a short distance northeast of Grover, S. C, a station on the Southern
Railroad. From this point tin ore has been found almost continuously
for over 14 miles to within a few miles of Lincolnton, Lincoln County,
N. C, and it is reported to have been found a few miles northeast of
Lincolnton, but no authenticated record of this discovery can be
obtained. No tin has thus far been found in North Carolina northeast
of the Lincolnton locality nor in Virginia until the Rockbridge County
deposits are reached.
The principal deposits that have thus far been located are the Bo88
mine at Gaffney, S. C. ; the deposits in the vicinity of the town of
Kings Mountain, N. C; on the southern end of Chestnut Ridge, about
2i miles northeast of Kings Mountain; and on the John E. Jones plan-
tation, 7 miles northeast of Kings Mountain.
The Southern Railroad passes over a considerable portion of the tin
belt, following almost the general direction of the formation from
Kings Mountain to Gaffney. At the former place the railroad turns
sharply to the east, crossing the tin belt, which continues toward the
northeast. Thus, any commercial deposits that may be developed will
have good railroad facilities, not being more than a few miles from the
railroad. Those on Chestnut Ridge are not over 2 miles from the rail-
road, and the ore mined could easily be hauled to the railroad at small
expense. If the Jones deposit proves to contain tin in any large quan-
tity it would still be profitable to haul the ore to the railroad at Bes-
semer City, a distance of about 4 miles, if it did not prove feasible to
build the railroad to the deposits.
GEOLOGY.
The section of North Carolina and South Carolina in which the tin
belt occurs is close to the border of the large area of Archean gneisses,
which extend over a large portion of the western part of North Caro-
lina and the northwestern part of South Carolina. Bordering these
gneisses on the east there is a series of granites and other igneous
rocks extending from Cherokee County, S. C, across Mecklenburg,
Cabarrus, Rowan, Davidson, Guilford, Oewwell, and Person counties,
N. C, which have a general north to northeast direction. At the
extreme southern portion of North Carolina and extending into South
Carolina there is between these granites and gneisses a band of meta-
morphic rocks, consisting of slates, schists, limestones, quartzites, and
conglomerates, whose age is unknown. These occur quite extensively
developed in Cherokee County, S. C, and in Gaston, Lincoln, and
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TIN. 339
Gfttawba counties, N. C, and extend for a very short distance into
Iredell County, N. C. No more of these rocks are observed in this
northeast direction until they again outcrop in the northeastern por-
tion of Yadkin County, whence they extend nearly across Stokes
County and almost to the Virginia line. They are in every way iden-
tical with those found farther south, and represent the same geological
formation. Penetrating these rocks in Gaston and Lincoln counties,
N. C, there is a mass of granite which is from 5 to 10 miles wide.
The general strike of these metamorphic rocks is northeast. It is
in this belt of metamorphic rocks in North Carolina that the tin ore is
found. The veins carrying the tin have approximately the same strike
as the metamorphic rocks, but near the South Carolina line there is a
rather sharp bend to the westward, so that from there to Gaffney,
S. C, the direction of the tin belt is about N. 55° E., and it leaves the
schists to the east and passes through the Archean gneisses. The
rocks in the vicinity of Gaffney, S. C, are almost entirely gneisses,
dmilar to those found in North Carolina to the west of the metamor-
phic rocks. These gneisses have been referred to the Archean rocks.
There are, then, rocks of two distinct geological periods in which the
tin veins have been found: (1) Those associated with the Archean
gneisses, which are found in the vicinity of Gaffney, S. C, and (2)
those associated with the schists, which are of a later period and with
which all the North Carolina tin is found.
As has been stated above, the main country rocks are for the most
part crystalline schists and gneisses, the former being micaceous,
chloritic, and argillaceous, and the latter micaceous and homblendic.
The strike of the schistosity of these rocks is usually in a general
northeast direction and they dip for the most part at very steep angles
to the westward. The veins in the gneisses dip toward the east at very
steep angles.
The King8 Mountain region of North Carolina is geologically situ-
ated in a band of metamorphic rocks composed of slates, schists, lime-
stones, qoartzites, and conglomerates, whose age up to the present
time has not been definitely determined. The width of this belt near
Kings Mountain is about 10 miles, and it extends in a direction about
N. 10^ to 20^ E. Just east of Lincolnton, Lincoln County, it joins
another band of similar rock, the two being separated east of Kings
Mountain by a mass of granite. To the west of these metamorphic
nxdu are the Archean gneisses, with which the tin veins of Gaffney,
S. C, are associated. The strata of these metamorphic rocks are tilted
at very high angles to nearly vertical, and, in the resultant alteration
and erosion to which they have been subjected, the quartzites have
Ksisied these influences the most, so that they now form the tops of
the peaks and ridges, such as Kings, Crowders, and Anderson moun-
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840 MINERAL BESOUBCES.
tains, which rise 500 to 1,000 feet above the average elevation. It is
undoubtedly the mass of granite to the east that has tilted these meta-
morphic rocks and thrown them into their present position.
There are several amphibolite dikes that have been observed cutting
these schists, but they have made very little change in the position
of the schists through which they penetrated beyond a metamorphic
action. These sedimentary rocks were tilted into their present posi-
tion before the intrusion of these dikes, which follow partly the lami-
nation of the schists and their general trend, but in a few instances
cut across the schist. In two or three instances, where these dikes cut ,
across the schists, there are approximately parallel to them veins of
tin ore. Pegmatitic dikes are also conunon throughout this belt of
metamorphic rocks in North Carolina and in the gneisses farther to the
west in South Carolina. They may be followed almost continuously
from 3 miles above Grover, S. C, to the Jones mine, 7 miles northeast
of Kings Mountain, N. C. In one place a short distance below Kings
Mountain the pegmatitic dike is fully 200 feet wide. They follow in
many cases the planes of the lamination of the schist, which represent
lines of least resistance. Where the pegmatitic dikes cut across the
schists they may be following old fractures that were produced at the
time of the intrusion of the amphibolite dikes.
About one-half mile below Kings Mountain the pegmatitic rocks
begin to outcrop very boldl}' and continue in this way nearly to Grover,
S. C, a distance of 7 miles. This mass of pegmatite varies a good
deal in width in this distance— from 25 to 600 feet. Just in the north-
ern edge of the town of Kings Mountain there is another strong out-
crop of the pegmatite, but from this point there is but little seen of
it to the northeast until Kansom's mill is reached. Here the pegmati^
has a width of about 200 feet.
A cross section of the tin belt in the vicinity of Kings Mountain
would show the following sequence: Hornblende gneiss on the western
boundary, followed on the east by schists which are in many places
very badly decomposed; then a narrow bed of limestone which is more
or less siliceous; then quartzite; another bed of limestone; quartzite;
schist; and then the granite on the extreme eastern portion of the belt,
the cross section having a total width of about 10 miles.
The term greisen is given to a granitoid rock composed essentially
of quartz and muscovite or some related mica rich in fluorine, and it is
associated with this type of rock that the cassiterite, when occurring
as an ore of tin, is nearly always found.
The tin ore of the Carolina belt occurs in greisen veins in the main
mass of mica schist adjoining the gneiss on the west and extending
in almost a continuous belt from the South Carolina line to a few
miles northeast of Lincolnton, N. C. The width of this schist forma-
tion is approximately 1 mile, and it is bordered on the east by the
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TIN.
341
limestone. In South Carolina, where the belt has made a bend toward
the west, the tin ore occurs in the greisen veins that are in gneiss.
Where the tin occurs in the large pegmatitic dikes, it is on their
boundaries where the fumarole action would be the greatest. It has
been observed, however, for the most part, in lens-shaped masses of
greisen, which are commonly found in laminated metamorphic rocks,
especially schists, when pegmatitic dikes are intruded into these rocks,
and are often called " augen." In these lenses in the schist that carry
tin there is usually no feldspar present, but similar lenses are observed
m the schist that do contain considerable feldspar. These, however,
contain little or no tin.
In the vicinity of Gaffney, S. C, the greisen veins carrying tin,
which are in gneiss, all contain more or less feldspar which has been
nearly or completely altered to kaolin.
MINERALOQICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTER OP THE ORE.
Oftssiterite, the tin-bearing mineral of the veins, is an oxide of this
metal, whose formula is SnO, and which contains theoretically 78.6 per
cent of metallic tin. When chemically pure this mineral is nearly
white in color, but it usually contains more or less ferric oxide, and
its color varies from reddish to brown or black, varying with the per-
centage of iron. Arsenic is also found in this mineral, and an arsenical
cassiterite is usually yellowish in color.
The minei*al is tetragonal in its crystallization, and though in certain
localities it is sometimes crj^stallized, it more often is granular and in
rough masses, especially where it is found in commercial quantity.
The crystals are usually prismatic and are often twinned, both as con-
tact and penetration twins. It is a brittle mineral, having an imperfect
cleavage, and breaking usually with a subconchoidal fracture.
Its hardness is from 6 to 7 and its specific gravity varies from 6.16
to 7.1, according to the amount of impurity in the mineral. When
the percentage of iron is low the crystals are nearly transparent, but
they become nearly opaque with the increasing percentage of iron
oxide. Its luster is adamantine, but the crystals are usually splendent.
There are three varieties of cassiterite, recognized as follows:
1. Ordinary or tin-stone, which is the crystalline and massive variety
obtained directly from the vein or from the broken-down material just
below the vein.
2. Wood tin, which is in botryoidal and reniform shapes, with a
concentric structure which internally is fibrous, but very compact.
Its color is brownish, but of mixed shades, with the resulting appear-
tnce and color of dried wood.
3. Stream tin is the mineral in the form of sand, as it is found con-
centrated along the beds of streams and in the gravels below the veins.
None of the wood tin has been found in the Carolina belt, but the
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342 KINEBAL BESOUBOEB.
ordinary or tin-stone and stream tin occur abundantly. Crystallized
cassiterite, though not common, has been found, the better crystals
having been obtained thus far from the Jones mine, in North Carolina.
The only face that has been observed on any of these crystals is the
pyramidal face, «, 111. The crystals occur both simple and twinned
with ^, 101, as the twinning plane. The crystals are smaU, from a
quarter to half an inch in length, and are usually of a black color.
They are fairly well developed, with most of the edges sharp and dis-
tinct. Some, however, are considerably elongated. All the faces are
more or less corroded and striated. Rough, partially crystallized
cassiterite is found at many places throughout the belt, and from the
Faires property just south of Kings Mountain one rough crystallized
fragment was found which weighed nearly one-half pound. The color
of the cassiterite found in the Carolina belt varies from black to almost
colorless, the common color being a dark brownish black, and more
rarely a light grayish.
Partial analyses have been made of two varieties of the cassiterite
found in and about the town of Kings Mountain, N. C, one a light
grayish and the other a dark brown. The results of these analyses by
Prof. C. W. Dabney are given in the table below:
Partial analyses of cassiterite from Kings Mountain, N. C,^
Constituent.
Daric
brown.
Stannic oxide . .
Tungstic oxide .
Sulphnr .,.
Arsenic
a Qenth, F. A., The Minerals of North Carolina; Bull. U. S. Qeol. Survey No. 74, 1891, p. 86.
As is seen from these partial analyses, the percentage of stannic oxide
in the light grayish variety is much higher than that in the dark brown,
and this is due probably to the larger per cent of iron that was in the
latter sample. These percentages of stannic oxide would correspond
to 74.41 per cent of metallic tin in the light gray sample and to 65.21
per cent in the dark brown.
There is a noticeable difference in the occurrence of the cassiterite in
the veins of the southern portion of the belt from the occurrence toward
the north. At the Ross mine, near Graffney, S. C, the cassiterite is
associated with more or less feldspar (which has been partially kaolin-
ized and in some cases completely altered to kaolin), with musoovite
mica, and with but little quartz. Consequently at the present stage of
the development work but little solid ore is obtained, the cassiterite being
readily separated from the vein material or gangue minerals without the
need of any crushing. As the belt is followed north, however, quartz
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TIN. 848
becomes more abundant, and the veins are composed principally of
qaartz with mica and cassiterite, thus making a firm, compact ore. Thb
latter occurrence would make a true, typical greisen. In this section of
the belt it is conunon to find, scattered over the surface, bowlders weigh-
ing from a few pounds to 150 or more pounds and composed of quartz,
mica, and cassiterite. The tin, as a rule, is embedded more in the mica
than in the quartz, and the mica in the greisen veins containing tin has
a pale apple-green color and is fluoric. There is a small amount of
partially altered feldspar occasionally found associated with these veins
m the schist. This variation in the occurrence of the tin is due to the
country rocks in which the veins occur, those to the north being in the
mica schist, while those at the Boss mine cut a hornblende gneiss.
A small quantity of jet black tourmaline in rough, prismatic crys-
tals and minute needles has been found directly associated with tin
both in the quartz and in the feldspar veins; but it is rare to find it
directly associated with the tin. It is, however, very conmionly found
just to one side of the vein in the schist or gneiss, and in some instances
it represents a tourmalinization of the wall rock. A little magnetite
is also occasionally found. Thus far no fluorite nor any of the tung-
sten minerals have been identified in these veins, although a fraction
of a per cent of tungstic oxide was obtained in the analysis of the
cassiterite.
Pyrite, an iron sulphide, is found to some extent in the schists, but
thos far it has been observed only very sparingly directly associated
with the tin in the greisen veins. Chalcopyrite, a copper-iron sul-
phide, has been reported by Mr. John H. Furman,'' as occurring in
some of the deeper tin workings.
In the concentrates of cassiterite obtained from the washing of soil
and gravel at various places along this belt there is a greater variety of
associated minerals found with the tin. The associated minerals of the
stream tin are magnetite, ilmenite (or menaccanite), garnet, monazite,
toonnaline, quartz, a little pyrite, and chalcopyrite very sparingly.
Of these minerals, monazite and garnet are confined principally to the
concentrates obtained from the breaking down of the tin veins occur-
ring in gneiss. The monazite was observed in considerable quantity
m the fine concentrates from the stream tin obtained from the gravels
in the vicinity of the Boss mine. Occasionally there is a considerable
percentage of monazite found, and one lot of concentrates obtained
from the Boss mine that was tested contained 55 per cent of tin oxide
tnd 90 per cent of monazite, besides considerable garnet. It is in these
aame gneisses, in Cleveland, Burke, Lincoln, Butherford, and McDowell
coonties, N. C, that the monazite, which is mined commercially,
originates.
aTnng. N. Y. Actd. Sd.. YOl. 8, 188S-«9, p. 141
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344 MINERAL BB80UB0ES.
Regarding the ilmenite, which is found so abundantly associated with
the tin in the gravels, it is to be noted that little or none of this min-
eral has been observed associated with the tin in the veins. There are,
however, pegmatitic veins which carry a considerable amount of ilme-
nite, but such veins carry little or no cassiterite.
The position of the cassiterite in the vein varies considerably. In
some instances, as in a 2i-foot dike at the Jones mine, the tin is rather
evenly distributed throughout the vein, while in others, as at the Boss
mine, the tin is concentrated in seams, which are for the most part close
to the eastern hanging wall. It is also to be noted that most of the
tourmalinization that was observed was to the east of the tin-bearing
veins.
Many of the lenses of greisen, as they were followed downward,
pinched out or narrowed to a thin seam, but usually before one gave
out another would be encountered.
In order to obtain some idea of the percentage of cassiterite the
veins contained, a sample was taken across the 2i-foot vein at the Jones
mine, which gave, on crushing and panning, a concentrate of prac-
tically pure cassiterite, representing 5 to 6 per cent of the vein. This
would be equal to about 3^ per cent metallic tin. An ore carrying
such a percentage of tin would, if in quantity, make a profitable prop-
osition. Favorably located deposits have been worked that did not
carry over 1^ per cent of metal.
It is to be noted, however, that (with the exception of the CJomish
tin mines) most of the world's production of tin is obtained from
alluvial deposits and not from vein formations. The alluvial deposits
at the Ross mine, GrafTney, S. C, have been estimated, from the work
that has been done, to carry about 25 pounds of metallic tin per cubic
yard.
PRODUCTION OF TIN FROM THE CAROLINA BELT.
The first production of tin ore from the Carolina belt was during the
summer and fall of 1903 and was from the Boss mine, the shipment
consisting of 38,471 pounds of tin concentrates, which were sent to
England for treatment. There has also been a small production at the
Jones mine during the development work, but none of this has as yet
been shipped.
WORIiD'8 PRODUCTION OF TTN^.
At the present time none of the tin used in the United States is pro-
duced in this country, but it is all obtained from foreign sources.
The fact that about 43 per cent of the world's production of tin is
consumed in the United States emphasizes the importance of discover-
ing a source of supply of this metal that can be controlled by this
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TIN.
345
coimtrj. It is hard to obtain accurate figures regarding the total
production of tin in the world, for the reason that in some countries
there is little or none exported, and no reliable statistics of their min-
eral production are collected in these countries. For instance, in
China there is at the present time practically no exportation of tin,
aithoagh occasionally exports have been made of Yunan tin. The
production of tin in China has been variously estimated and has been
put as high as 20,000 tons per annum; but although these figures are
undoubtedly too high, no figures can be given which would more
accurately represent the production. There is also a certain quan-
tity of tin produced each year in Mexico, a very small part of
which is exported to the United States; but as no accurate record is
kept of the quantity obtained, the total can only be approximately
represented in the world's total production. Then, again, the statistics
r^rding the Bolivian production of the tin that is used in that coun-
try are difficult to obtain, although accurate statistics are available of
the quantity exported. In the following table there is given an
approximate idea of the production of tin by countries during the last
seven years, which shows the growth of the tin industry as well as the
yearly production of each of the countries named:
Production of tin in the world, 1897-190S,<^
V
[Long tons.]
Coontry.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
M«k7 mates
44,914
46,901
14,880
4,464
4,648
2,420
656
45,944
14,123
4,768
4,018
3,837
970
47,865
16,640
6.987
4,268
8,178
760
62,989
19,366
9,670
4,125
8,276
450
58,756
18,765
10,150
3,950
8,206
350
54,797
BankAUkdBilllton
14,800
20,060
BoUrfe
5,506
4,458
8.466
860
9,600
f^mv^n. Rnvlftn^l ....... T -
4,150
4,991
396
AiHbmliA
MtacetUneoas h
Totale
78,499
72,468
73,140
79,688
89,875
90,177
98,893
■ Minecal Industry, 1902, p. 686; Eng. & Mln. Jour., Jan. 7. 1904. p. 18.
^Inclodes production in Austria, Qermany, Japan, Mexico; and in 1903 from South Carolina.
« Tbto does not indode the production of China.
As is seen from this table, there has been an increase in the total
qaantity of tin produced each j^ear, but this is still short of the demand
for this metal as indicated by the great decrease in the stocks of tin
that have been kept on hand in the various countries. The production
of the Iflalay Peninsula, the largest producer, has increased about 22
per cent during the last seven years; that of the islands of Banka and
Billiton, the second largest producers, has increased about 35 per cent;
tod Bolivia, the third largest producer, has increased its production
about 80 per cent. England's production has declined slightly, and
the Australian production, which is fifth, has increased about 44 per
cent
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846
MINEBAL BB8OUB0E8.
CONSUMPTION AND IMPORTS,
The production of tin during 1903 was consumed approximately as
follows: Forty-three per cent by the United States, 28 per cent by
Great Britain, 22 per cent by other European countries, and 7 per
cent by India and China. This of course does not include the small
quantities produced and used in Mexico, Japan, Bolivia, etc
The tin consumed in the United States for the year ending June 30,
1903, was obtained, according to the report of the Bureau of Statistics
of the Department of Commerce and Labor, from the countries named
in the following table, which also gives the quantity and value obtained
from each:
Imports of tin into the United States for the year ending June SO, 190S.
Country.
Tin in bars, blocks, {ri
or grain or granuUU
Quantity. Value.
Malay Peninsula
England
Netherlands
other European countries
Australia
Japan a
Total
SkoriUnu.
23,692
17,5«1
1,726
85S
224
424
$12,715,875
9,874,53
944,304
441,114
U9,861
2S,095
44,0284
23.615,802
a Includes a very small amount from China and Mexico.
It will be noticed in this table that the quantity quoted as having been
imported from Great Britain is nearly four times that produced in
England. This is due to the fact that a considerable portion of the tin
produced in the Malay Peninsula is shipped from Singapore to Great
Britain and is in turn imported from there into the United States.
Thus it will be seen that the greater part of the tin consumed in the
United States is mined in the Malay Peninsula. That imported from
the Netherlands represents tin that was obtained from the islands of
Banka and Billiton. Some of the tin imported from other European
countries was obtained from Bolivia.
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TIN.
347
llie following table shows the imports of tin into the United States
in 1903 by countries:
Imports of tin into the United States in 190S by countries.
Coxmtrj.
Tin In bars, block8,pIg8,
or grain or granulated.
Quantity.
Value.
United Eingdom
Pounds.
87,477,428
2.867,055
859,828
41,750,451
676,060
108,080
$10,161,067
618,482
226,748
11,061,947
152,504
24,624
?ifttffrf«n<1ip
Othw Europe . . ... . ..............
ItatttJnAlfM
<W*^ Afdn and Occ«nlft
^
OUwr foootrieii
Total
83,188,8*7
22,265,867
The following table shows the imports of tin into the United States
from 1898 to 1903, inclusive:
Imports of tin into the United States, 1898-1903.
Year.
Pounds.
Value.
Year.
Pounds.
Value.
vm
62,748,899
71,248,407
60,989,502
$8,770,221
16,748.107
19,456,586
1901
74,560,487
85.043,353
83.133.847
$19,024,761
21,263,837
22,265,367
im
1902
u»
1908
SOURCES OF SUPPIiY OF TIN.
Tlie main source of supply of tin is from the Malay States, which
famish over one-half of the total quantity consumed in the world. To
increase this supply to any great extent is almost out of the question,
at least for the present, on account of the necessity of making very
decided changes in the methods of mining, which is well-nigh impos-
sible, as most of this mining is in the hands of the Chinese. The same
is true of the islands of Banka and Billiton, which produce one-tifth
of all the tin used in the world. The deposits of the Chinese Empire
are in so remote a part of the country that little is known of their
extent or of their yearly production. This production is, however, at
the present time, practically all consumed in China. The Bolivian
mines, which now furnish about one-tenth of the world's supply of tin,
btve been constantly increasing their production during the last ten
rears, and during this time they have nearly doubled their annual out-
pat On the other hand, the production from Tasmania and England
bas been decreasing.
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348
MINERAL BBSOUBOES.
STOCKS.
Although there has been a slight increase in the total quantity of tin
produced each year, the supply does not equal the demand. In order
to illustrate the increase in the demand for this metal, there is shown
in the following table the accumulated stocks of tin that were on hand
at the end of each of the last seven years:
Stocks of tin in England^ America^ and Holland, 189S-1902.<^
[Long tons.]
Stock of foreign in London
Foreign landing in London
Malay Peninsula aBoat for Londpn, includ-
ing wire advices
Australian afloat for London, including
wire ad vices
Banka on warrants in Holland
Billiton In Holland
Billiton afloat for Holland
Malay Peninsula stock in Holland
Malay Peninsula afloat for Holland
Malay Peninsula afloat for Continent
Bolivian in Liverpool
Total stocks
Estimated stock in America and quantity
afloat
Grand total
Trading Company's reserves of unsold
Banka stock in Holland
1896.
1897.
1898.
1809.
1900.
1901.
1902.
18,097
15.146
8,110
5.486
4,286
5,114
4.5S7
1,174
678
165
1,212
1,297
689
712
2,792
2.500
1,050
2,900
3,835
2,780
2,845
525
600
400
450
350
522
618
1,616
2,877
2,228
1,160
837
696
644
1,688
1,828
1,086
478
880
829
60
1,742
1,193
1,822
1,050
350
440
33S
789
377
454
100
60
30
950
100
600
215
660
650
450
590
873
650
250
710
300
550
495
846
184
90,223
26,104
15,840
18,828
12,480
12,319
10,508
8,925
4,500
4,300
2,500
2,600
6,060
4,460
34,148
80,604
20,140
16,828
15,030
18,369
14,965
5,953
4,833
8,218
4,363
5,847
7,251
1,4GS
a From the annual metal circulars of William Saigant <& Company and A. Strauss it Company: Min.
Industry, 1903, p, 587.
It appears from this table that there was only one year, 1901, that
showed any increase in the accumulated stock of tin at the end of the
year over that of the previous year. In 1901 there was an increase of
3,339 tons of tin in the accumulated stock, but at the end of 1902 the
stock on hand had decreased to 14,953 tons of accumulated tin, and at
the end of 1903 the stock was still smaller. The accumulated stocks
of tin in Holland, which had ranged from about 3,500 to 7,200 tons
during the years 1896 to 1901, were reduced during 1902 to less than
1,500 tons.
These figures illu^strate emphatically the need of new sources of
supply of tin, and show why new deposits like those in the Carolinas
and Alaska should be thoroughly investigated.
One result of this scarcity in the suppl}^ of tin and consequently the
high valuation of this metal has been the utilization of old tin cans
and other scrap tin as a source of the metal. The amount of tin that
is recovered each year in this way, while not large, is steadily increas-
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TIN.
349
ing, and it is becoming an industry of some considerable importance.
There are now a number of companies that have been organized for
this purpose, of which the more important ones are the Vulcan Detin-
ning Company, whose plants are at Sewaren, N. J., and Streator, 111.;
the Ammonia Company, of Philadelphia, and the Johnson and Jennings
Company, of Cleveland and Chicago. In recovering the tin the scrap
is digested in an alkaline solution and the tin electrolytically precipi-
tated therefrom in the form of a powder which averages 80 per cent
metal.
PRICES.o
The following table shows the average monthly prices of tin per
pound in New York from 1899 to 1903, inclusive:
Average monthly prices of tin per pound in New York.
JaDoary . .
February .
March....
April
May
June
July
Aupusl
September.
<k'tober...,
Xovember
December ,
Year
1900.
Cents.
22.48
24.20
23.82
24.98
25.76
25.86
29.63
31. 53
32.74
31.99
28.51
25.88
Cents.
27.07
30.58
32.90
30.90
29.37
30.50
33.10
31.28
29.42
2.H.M
28. 25
26.94
25.12 I 29.90
I
1901.
Cents.
1902.
Cents.
26. 51
23.54
26.68
24.07
26. 03
26.32
25.93
27.77
27.12
29.85
28.60
29.36
27. S5
28.38
26.78
28.23
25.31
26.60
'26. 62
26. 07
26. 67
25. e>H
24. 3i;
25.68
26.79
26. 54
1903.
Cents.
28.33
29.43
30.15
29.81
29.51
28.34
27.68
28.29
26.77
25.92
25.42
27.41
28.09
a Mill. Industry, 1904.
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By Edwabd W. Parkbb.
INTBODUCnON.
So far as those directly connected with the production of coal in the
United States are concerned the record of the industry for 1903 was
the most satisfactory one in recent years. Not only was the produc-
tion the largest ever known, exceeding that of 1902 by over 55,000,000
short tons, but prices for both anthracite and bituminous coal reached
the highest point recorded in a period of twenty-four years or during
the entire time that the statistics of coal production and value have
been collected by the Geological Survey. Labor employed in the pro-
docdon of coal received the highest wages known for many years, per
unit of work performed, while in general the number of working hours
was shortened, the average number of hours to the day being usually
reported as eight or nine in the returns to the Survey.
Time lost by strikes was unusually little. The principal exceptions
to a year of general industrial peace were experienced in Alabama and
Colorado, nearly one-half of the total time lost by strikes being borne
by those States. The terms of settlement of the anthracite strike car-
ried with them an agreement to abide by the awards of the Commis-
non for a period of three years, and although there have been some
local disafTections growing out of differences of opinion in the inter-
pretation of the awards, a conscientious determination on the part of
both sides to carry out the agreement in good faith has been evident.
Such differences as have arisen have usually been settled by the board
of conciliation, or on appeal to the umpire, Hon. Carroll D. Wright.
There was also observed an improved condition in the transporta-
tion facilities, and the much larger tonnage of 1903 was handled to
better satisfaction than was that of the preceding year. This was no
doubt in part due to tiie resumption of anthracite mining and the
supplying of that commodity to its natural markets and the doing
tway of the necessity for the longer hauls which were required to
bring bituminous coals to the anthracite consumers during the strike
period of 1902.
Except in the anthracite region, the shorter hours and higher wages
did not q>parently develop any greater intensity in the labor employed.
851
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352 MINERAL RESOURCES.
In the anthracite region there was a natural desire to make up for lost
time, and the average daily production per man inci-eased from 2.40
to 2.41. The average number of days worked in 1903 (206) was the
largest recorded in the fourteen years that the Survey has collected
such data, and the total tonnage per man for the year (496 short tons)
was also the banner record. In bituminous production, notwithstand-
ing a continued increase in the use of mining machines and a gain m
the percentage of machine-mined coal, the average efficiency per man
shows a decline. In daily production per man the statistics for 1903
show an average of 3.02 short tons as compared with 3.06 tons in
1902, and the 3'early production per man shows a decrease from 703
short tons to 680 tons.
The United States retains its position as first among the coal-
producing countries of the world, a position taken in 1899 and
strengthened each year since that date. This country now produces
about one-third the entire world's supply of coal, and consumes from
97 to 98 per cent of it within its own borders.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The completeness of the statistics contained in these reports could
not be secured without the good will and disinterested cooperation of
the individual coal-mine operators and the officials of corporations
engaged in the industry. The writer desires to express his sincere
appreciation of the assistance received from this source. Acknowledg-
ments are also due to the secretaries of boards of trade and other local
authorities for contributions to the portion of this report included
under the caption of Coal Trade Review. Recognition of these by
name is given in connection with their contributions. The report on
the production of Pennsylvania anthracite has been, as for several
years past, prepared by Mr. William W. Ruley, Chief of the Bureau
of Anthracite Statistics in Philadelphia.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT.
The standard unit of measurement adopted for this report is the
short ton of 2,000 pounds, although it is necessary in a few instances
to use the long ton. All of the anthracite product is mined and sold
upon the basis of the long ton of 2,240 pounds, and the laws of Mary-
land require the use of the long ton in that State. Hence, when con-
sidering the production of Pennsylvania anthracite the long ton is
used, and this unit is also employed in the table showing the shipments
of bitunfinous coal from the Cumberland region. The long ton is also
used in the statistics of imports and exports. In all other cases where
the production is reported in long tons the figures have been reduced
to short tons, and unless otherwise expressly stated the short ton is
meant when any quantity is expressed in the text.
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COAL. 353'
CO All FTEIiDS OF THE UNTTBD STATES,
The coal areas of the United States are divided, for the sake of con-
yenience, into two great divisions, anthracite and bituminous.
The areas in which anthracite is produced are confined almost exclu-
sively to the eastern part of Pennsylvania, and as a usual thing, when
the anthracite fields of the United States are referred to, those of east-
em Pennsylvania are considered. This region is included in the
counties of Susquehanna, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Carbon, Schuylkill,
Columbia, Northumberland, Dauphin, and Sullivan, and underlies an
area of about 484 square miles. In addition to these well-known
anthracite fields of Pennsylvania there are two small areas in the
Rocky Mountain region where the coal has been locally anthracited,
although the production from these districts has never amounted to
as much as 100,000 tons in any one year. One of these localities is in
Gunnison County, Colo., and the other in Santa Fe County, N. Mex.
The coal, although only locally metamorphosed, is a true anthracite,
and of a good quality. In previous years some coal which was classed
as anthracite was mined and sold in New England. The productive
area was confined to the eastern part of Rhode Island and the counties
of Bristol and Plymouth, in Massachusetts. This product, however,
is in reality a graphitic and not an anthracite coal, and is no longer
mined for fuel purposes. The production in the last few years has
been included with the graphite production.
The bituminous areas are scattered widely over the United States,
and include altogether an area of something over 335,000 square miles.
They are divided into the following subdivisions:
(1) The Triassic field, embracing the coal beds of the Triassic or
New Bed Sandstone formation in the Richmond Basin, in Virginia,
and in the coal basins along the Deep and Dan rivers in North Caro-
lina; (2) the Appalachian field, which extends from the State of New
York on the north to the State of Alabama on the south, having a
length northeast and southwest of over 900 miles and a width ranging
from 30 to 180 miles; (3) the Northern field, which is confined exclu-
sively to the central part of Michigan; (4) the Central field, embrac-
ing the coal areas in Indiana, Illinois, and western Kentucky; (5) the
Western field, including the coal areas west of the Mississippi River,
south of the forty -third parallel of north latitude and east of the Rocky
Mountains; (6) the Rocky Mountain field, containing the coal areas in
the States and Territories lying along the Rocky Mountains; (7) the
Pacific Coast field, embracing the coal districts of Washington, Ore-
goo, and California.
By far the most important of these, from a productive standpoint,
is the Appalachian system, which includes the areas contained in west-
ern Pennsylvania and in Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia,
M K 1903 ^23
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3*54
MINEBAL BE80UR0ES.
eastern Tennessee and Kentucky, Greorgia, and Alabama. This r^on
contains an area underlain by coal of 70,807 square miles, wid it pro-
duced in 1903 185,600,161 short tons, or 65.6 per cent of the total
bituminous product of the United States. Next in importance is the
Central tield, which contains 58,000 square miles and produced in 1903
52,130,856 short tons, or 18.43 per cent of the total. The Western coal
field, the third in productive importance, contains 94,076 square miles,
and produced in 1903 23,171,692 short tons, or 8.2 per cent of the
total. The Rocky Mountain region is the largest in point of size,
having a little over 100,000 square miles of area, and produced in 1903
16,981,059 short tons, or 6.01 per cent of the total.
For a more extended description of the coal-producing areas of the
United States the reader is referred to the Twenty-second Annual
Report of the Survey, Part III.
The following table shows the approximate areas of the coal fields
in the various States, grouped according to the divisions mentioned
above, with the total output from each, from 1898 to 1903:
Coalfields of the United SUUes and their produdum, 1898-190S,
Anthracite.
Pennsylvania
Colorado and New Mex
ico
BituminouB.a
Trianic:
Virginia
North Carolina
Appalachian:
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Maryland
Vli^nia
West Virginia
Eastern Kentucky
Tennessee
Georgia
Alabama
Northern:
Michigan
Central:
Indiana
Western Kentucky ...
llUnote
a Includes brown ooal
anthracite.
Area.
Sq.mila.
484
16
600
1896.
Short Urns.
58.882,644
47,095
58,429,789 60,514,201
270
800
15,800
12,000
510
1,850
17,280
10,800
4,400
167
8,600
70,807
9,800
5.800
42,900
58,000
88,938
65,165,183
14,516,867
4,674,884
1,787,831
16,700,999
1,601,076
3.022,896
244,187
6,585,288
114,289,156
U,800 815,722
4,920,743
2,296,832
18,599,299
25,816,874
1899.
Short tOM.
60,418,005
96,196
28,858
74,160,175
16,500,270
4,807,896
2,104,834
19,262,995
1,871,550
8,880,669
288,111
7,608,416
624,706
6,006.523
2,785,706
24,439,019
33.181.247
1900.
Short tons.
57,867,915
98,404
67,466,819
57,912 12,000
79,842,326
18,988,160
4,024,688
2,368,576
22,647,207
2.222,867
8,509,562
816,657
8,894,275
129,848,906142,296,208
849,475
6,484,086
8,106,097
25,767,981
1901.
Short tons,
67,4n,667
66,869
67,638,686 41,467,532 74,679.799
82,805,946
20,943,807
5,118,127
2,726,878
24,068,402
2,268,882
8,638,290
842,825
9,099,062
150,601.214
1,241,241
6,918,226
8,201,094
27,331,662
35,358,164 37,460,8n
1902.
Short tons.
41,878,595
98,987
16,206
28,000
98,574,367
23,519,894
6,2n,609
8,166,787
24,570,
8,019,767
4,382,968
414,068
10,854,570
173,274,861
964,718
9,446,424
8,747,227
82,989,878
46,183,024
190S.
ShorttOM.
74,607,068
72,781
18,064
17,809
108,117,178
24,888,101
4,846,166
8,488,228
29,8S7,2«1
8,168,972
4.796,004
416,961
11,664,3M
185,000,161
1.867,619
10.794,692
4,879,060
86.957.104
52.180,856
or lignite, semianthractte, semibitomlnous, etc., and scattering lots of
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GOAL.
855
CM fields of the United States and their production, 1898-1903— Continued.
B iwmim t m$ Continued.
Wotern:
Iowa
Mtaouri......
N^iuka
Arkanau
iDdian Ten1lof7 .
Texas
Bodcy Mountain, etc.:
North Dakota
Montana :
Wyoming
Clah
Oolaiado
New Mexico
Idaho
Netada
PadiSc coast:
WadiJngton .
Oregoo
Caliibmia...
Total production, in-
ehKun^ colliery
consumption
Area.
Sq.mik9.
20,000
23,000
3,200
20,000
1,728
14, M8
11,300
1808.
Short tons.
4,618,842
2,688,821
3,406,5&5
1,206,479
1,381.466
686,734
94.076 13,987,397
28,620
32,000
16,500
2,000
18,100
2,890
100,110
450
320
280
1,050
83,895
1,479,803
2,868,812
503,709
4.053,210
968,830
1,'
10,043,798
1,884,671
58,184
160,288
1,600
2,104,648
219,976.267
1899.
ShorttOM.
6,177,479
3,025,814
3,852,267
843.554
1,537,427
883,832
1900.
Short tons.
6,202,939
3,540,108
4,467,870
1,447,945
1,922,298
968,373
15,320.373 17.549,528
98,809
1,496,451
3,837,892
786,049
4,718,590
1,012,152
20
129,883
1,661,775
4,014,602
1,147,027
5,182,176
1,263,083
10
11,949,463 13.396,556
2,029,881
86,888
160,972
1,200
2,278,941
2,474,098
68,864
171,708
1,200
2,705,865
253,741,192269,684,027
1901.
Short tons.
5,617,499
3,8U2,088
1902.
Short tons.
5,904,766
3,890,154
4,900,628 5,266,066
1,816,136 1,943,932
2,421,781 2,820,666
1,107,963 901,912
19,665,985, 20,727,495
166, 601 ;
1,396,081
4,485,374j
1.322,614
6,668,8861
1,050,806
14,090,362
2,678,217
69,011
161,079
1,300
2,799,607
226.511
1,560,823
4,429,491
1,574.521
7,848,732
1,007,437
2,030
16,149,545
2,681,214
66,648
84,984
2,212
2,834,058
293, 299, 816 301, 590, 439 857, 866, 416
1908.
Short tons.
6,419,811
4,238,686
5,839,976
2,229,172
3,517,388
926,759
23,171,692
278,645
1,488,810
4,635,293
1,681,409
7,381,463
1,611,189
4,250
16,981,059
8,193,273
91,144
104,673
747
3,889,887
Total production of each field, 1887-1908.
Area square miles.
rear.
IW
1»8
im
\m
WM
MK.
vm
vm
i»
vm
vm
Anthracite.
600
Short Urns.
39,648,266
43,971,688
46,600,487
46,468,641
50,666,931
52,687,467
54,061,121
61,992,671
58,066,616
64,425,573
62,680.756
63,429,789
60,514,201
57,466,819
67.638,636
41,467,632
74,679.799
Bituminous.
TriaflBic. Appalachian. Northern,
1,070
Short tons.
80,000
83,000
49,633
29,608
87,646
48,889
86,878
68,979
82,682
103,488
116,950
88,938
28,353
57,912
12,000
39,206
36,393
70,807
Short tons.
56,888,088
60,966,245
62,972,222
73.008,102
77,984,563
83,122,190
81,207,168
76,278,748
90,167,596
90,748,306
97,128,220
114,239,156
129,843,906
142,298,208
150,501,214
173,274,861
185,600,161
11,300
Short tons.
71,461
81,407
67,481
74,977
80,807
77,990
45.979
70,002
112,322
92,882
223,592
816,722
624,708
849,475
1,241,241
964,718
1,367,619
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356
MINERAL BESOUB0E8.
Toted production of each field, 1887-190S — Continued.
Bitomlnons.
Central.
Western ^<***y ^^^' ^^"^^
Area square miles. .
Year.
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
68,000
94,076
43,610
1,0M
Short tons.
14,478,883
19,173,167
16,240,314
20,075,840
20,327,323
23,001.653
25,502,809
22.430,617
23,599,469
26,539,867
26,414,127
25,816,874
33,181,247
35,358,164
37,450,871
46.133,024
52,180,856
Short toM.
10,172,634
11,&42,764
10,036,356
10,470.439
11.023,817
11,636,185
U, 651. 296
11,503,623
11,749,803
11,769,966
13,164.059
13,988,436
15,320,373
17,549,528
19,665,965
20,727,495
23,171.692
ShorttOM,
3,646,280
4,583.719
5,048.413
6,205,782
7,245,707
7,577.422
8.468,360
7,176,628
7,998,5M
7,925,280
8,8^1,182
10,042.759
11,^9,463
13,388,556
14,090,962
16,149,&15
16,981.069
Short foM.
854,308
1,88s. 750
1.214,757
1.435,914
1,201,376
1,338, !»
l,S79,m
1,221,238
1, 340.518
1,8^1,001
1,641.779
2,104,613
2,278,941
2,705,«5
2,799,607
2.884,068
3,389,837
In order to show the development of the six principal bituminous
areas since 1887, the following table has been prepared which gives the
quantity produced in each field in that year and also in 1900, 1901, 1902,
and 1903, with the percentages of the total contributed by each, and
with the increases in 1903 as compared with 1902 and with 1887:
Production of the «ir principal bituminous coalfields in 1887, 1900, 1901, 1902, and 19GS
compared.
Field.
Appalachian —
Central
Western
Northern
Rocky Mounudn
Pacific coast
1887.
Quantity.
Per
cent of
total.
Short tons.
55,888,088
14,478,883
10.172,634
71,461
3,646,280
854,808
63.11
16.5
11.49
.08
4.15
1
1900.
Quantity.
Per
cent of
total.
Short Urns.
142,298,208
85,358,164
17,649,628
849,475
13,398,556
2,705,865
67
16.6
8.8
.4
6.8
1.27
1901.
Quantity.
Per
cent of
total.
Short torn.
150,601,214
37,450,871
19,666,985
1,241,241
14,090,862
2,799,607
66.7
16.6
8.7
.5
6.2
1902.
Quantity.
ShoHtoM,
173.274.881
46.133.024
20.727,496
964.718
16.149,545
Per
cent of
total
1.2 I 2.834,058
66.60
17.78
7.97
.37
6.21
1.07
Field.
1903.
Increase in 1903 over
1887.
Increase in 1908 over
1902.
Quantity.
Per cent
of total.
Quantity.
Percent
Quantity.
Percent
Appalachian
ShoHtons.
185.600,161
62,180,856
23,171,692
1,367,619
16,981,059
8,889,837
65.64
18.43
8.20
.48
6.01
1.20
Short Urns.
129,712,073
87,655,662
12,999,068
1,296,158
13,334,779
2,535,629
232.09
260.04
127.78
1,813.79
866.70
296.79
ShoHtons.
12.325,800
6.001.411
2.444.197
402.901
881,514
565,779
7.U
Central
13
Western
U.79
Northern
4L7S
Rocky Mountain.
5.14
Pacific coast
19.61
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
COAL. 357
PBODUCnON.
Total production in 1903, 357,356,416 short tons; spot value,
$603,724,381.
Pennsylvania anthracite. — Total production in 1903, 66,613,454 long
tons (equivalent to 74,607,068 short tons); spot value, 1152,036,448.
Bituminous and lignite. — ^Total production, 282,749,348 short tons;
spot value, $351,687,933.
Compared with 1902 the total output of all kinds of coal in the
United States during 1903 exhibits an increase of 55,765,977 short tons
in quantity and of $136,692,312 in value. Three fifths of this total
.increase in quantity, 29,672,744 long tons (or 33,233,473 short tons)
was in the production of Pennsylvania anthracite, and two-fifths, or
22,532,504 short tons, was made up by the increased output of bitu-
nunous coal and lignite. Of the increase in value, Pennsylvania
anthracite contributed $75,862,862, and bituminous coal and lignite
$60,829,450. Owing to the great strike which prevailed in 1902 the
production in that year does not present a fair standing for compari-
son. As compared with 1901, when more normal conditions prevailed
in the anthracite region, the production in 1903 shows an increase of
6,370,894 long tons, or a little over 10 per cent, while as compared
with the average yearly production of the previous five years from
1896 to 1900, inclusive, the average production for the last three years,
notwithstanding the restricted output in 1902, showed an increase of
4,933,582 long tons. The value of the anthracite production in
1903 was almost exactly double that of 1902, and showed an increase
of $39,532,428, or 35 per cent, over 1901. The average price per ton
for the marketed sizes of anthracite coal at the mines in 1903 was
$2.50, as compared with $2.35 in 1902 and $2.05 in 1901. The coal
nsed at the mines in the anthracite region being composed of culm, on
which no value was placed, this factor is not considered in the placing
of the value on the total production.
The value of the bituminous product in 1903 exceeds that of 1902
by $60,829,450, or 21 per cent, and that of 1901 by $115,265,884, or
nearly 50 per cent. The quantity of bituminous coal produced in 1903
exceeded that of 1901 by 56,921,199 short tons, or 25 per cent. As
haw been previously stated, in amount of production, and particu-
larly in the greatly enhanced values, the coal mining industry was
highly satisfactory to everybody concerned except consumers. In the
nine years from 1894 to 1903 the production of coal in the United
States has almost exactly doubled, while in eighteen years since 1886
it has more than trebled. The total coal production of the United
States amounted to 100,000,000 short tons for the first time in 1882.
h 1890, or eight years later, it exceeded a total production of 150,-
W0,000 tons. Seven years later, in 1897, it had increased another
50,000,000, and reached a total of a little over 300,000,000 in 1902.
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358 mXEBAL BESOHBOES.
The gain of over 50,000,000 tons in 1903 is thus shown to have been
equal to the total increase in the five years from 1887 to 1892, in the
seven years from 1890 to 1897, and in the eight years from 1882
to 1890.
This great increase in the production of coal illustrates strikingly
the industrial development of the United States. Groing back for a
period of a little over fifty years, or to the middle of the last century,
and comparing the statistics of coal production with the increased
population, it is found that in 1850, according to the United States
census for that year, the production of coal amounted to 6,445,681 tons
when the population of the country amounted to 23,191,876 persons.
The per capita production of coal in that year is thus seen to have been
0.278 ton. In 1860, or ten years later, the population was 31,443,321
persons and the coal production amounted to 14,333,922 tons, or an
average of 0.514 ton per person.
At the census of 1870 the population of the United States amounted
to 38,558,371; the coal production in that year amounted to 36,806,560
short tons, a per capita average of 0.955 ton. Ten years later, when
the population was 50,155,783, the coal output amounted to 76,157,945
short tons, or 1.52 tons per capita. In 1890 the population had grown
to 62,622,250, an increase of 25 per cent over 1880, while the coal pro-
duction had grown to 157,770,963 short tons, or a per capita output of
2.05 tons. At the taking of the Twelfth Census in 1900 the increase
in population amounted to 21 per cent, the total number of persons
reported being 76,303,387, while more than 70 per cent had been
added to the coal production, with a total of 269,684,027 short tons,
or an average of 3.53 for each inhabitant. In other words, while the
population from 1850 to 1900 has shown an increase of 230 per cent,
the production of coal has increased 4,084 per cent. Estimating tie
population of the United States in 1903 to be 81,000,000 people, the
per capita production for that year is found to be 4.4 tons.
Of the thirty States and Territories in which coal was produced in
1903 there were twenty-seven in which the coal production increased,
and three in which a decrease was shown. The most notable increase
outside of that made in the production of Pennsylvania anthracite, was
the gain shown by West Virginia, whose production increased 4,766,415
tons. The Pennsylvania bituminous production increased 4,542,811
tons and Illinois showed an increase of 4,017,731 tons. The three
States in which decreases were shown were North Carolina, Mary-
land, and Montana.
Since 1889 the United States has stood at the head of the coal-pro-
ducing countries of the world, the output in 1903 being equal to 37
per cent of the entire world's production. It exceeds that of Great
Britain, which stands second, by 99,381,811 short tons, or 38.6 per
cent, and was almost double that of Germany, which stands tiiird as a
coal producer.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
COAL. 859
The production of bituminous coal by the use of undercutting
machines continued to show an increase in somewhat greater propor-
tion than the increase in the total bituminous tonnage. The statistics
for 1903 show tliat during that year there were 6,658 undercutting
machines in use, as compared with 5,418 machines in 1902, 4,341 in
1901, and 3,907 in 1900. The total production by the use of machines
in 1903 amounted to 77,974,894 short tons, against 69,611,582 tons in
1902, and 57,843,335 tons in 1901, and 52,784,523 tons in 1900. The
percentage of the machine-mined product to the total in the States in
which mining machines were used, has increased from 25.15 in 1900 to
25.68 in 1901, to 27.09 in 1902, and to 28.18 in 1903. Of the total
Dumber of machines in use in 1903, 3,887 were of the pick or
"puncher" type, 2,717 were chain breast, and 54 were long wall.
The largest number of both pick and chain machines were in use in
Pennsylvania, while more than 50 per cent of the total number of long-
waU machines in use were employed in the mines of Missouri.
The statistics of labor employed in 1903 show that the total number
of employees in the coal mines of the United States of that year were
566,260 men and boys, who worked an average of 220 days. In 1902
there were 518,200 men employed for an average of 197 days, while in
1901 the numl>er of men employed was 485,544 and the average work-
ing time was 216 days. The number of men employed in the anthra-
cite mines in 1903 was 150,483, and in the bituminous mines the num-
ber of employees amounted to 415,777. The average working time
in the anthracite mines was 206 and in the bituminous mines 225 days.
In 1902 the number of men employed in the anthracite mines was
148,141, and the average working time was 116 days. The number of
men employed in the bituminous mines in 1902 was 370,059; the aver-
age working time was 230 days. The average working time in the
anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania is considerably less than that
made by the bituminous miners. During the last six years the aver-
age working time among the anthracite mines has been less than 180
days, while in the bituminous mines the average has been something
more than 225. The best records made in the anthracite mines during
the last ten years were in 1895 and 1901, when the men averaged 196
days, and in 1903 when an average of 206 days was made. In the
bituminous mines the best records were made in 1899 and 1900, in each
of which years the average was 234 days.
Nearly the entire output of both anthracite and bituminous coal of
the United States is consumed within the country. The total exports
in 1903 amounted to 9,309,550 short tons, which, deducted from the
production of 357,356,416 tons, shows the domestic consumption to
have amounted to 348,046,866 short tons. If to this are added the
imports, which in 1903 amounted to 3,885,650 short tons, the total
oonsumption of coal in the United States, eliminating the stocks on
hand, is shown to have been 351,982,516 short tons.
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360
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Id considering the coal product of the United States these reports
include not only the coal marketed either by shipment to distant points
or sold locally, but that consumed by mine employees and by the mine
owners in the operation of the collieries. The latter factor is usually
considered and reported as colliery consumption. There are occa-
sional exceptions in the bituminous fields where operators, who use
only slack, an otherwise waste product, do not report this item in their
statement of production, and do not consider it of any value; it is
not considered as a portion of the mine product nor is the miner paid
for it in wages. Such exceptions are few and the amount is negligible.
The amount of coal consumed in the manufacture of coke is also con-
sidered in this report. This amounted in 1903 to 33,801,418 short
tons, a slight decrease compared with 1902, when the amount made into
coke was 34,169,730 short tons. The coal shipped to market, used in
the manufacture of coke, and sold locally, which are considered as the
marketable product, amounted in 1903 to 344,722,763 short tons,
as compared with 291,594,578 in 1902. The colliery consumption
in the anthracite region, which is not considered in the value of the
anthracite product, ranges from 8 to 10 per cent of the total anthra-
cite output. In 1902 the proportion was somewhat larger than usual
on account of the amount of coal used in keeping the fans and pumps
in operation during the strike while the mines were idle. About
12 per cent of the anthracite total product in 1902 was used for this
purpose. In the bituminous mines the amount used for colliery con-
sumption averaged between 1^^ and 2 per cent of the total product
The statistics of the production of coal in the United States in 1902
and 1903, by States, with the distribution of the product for consump-
tion, the total value, and the statistics of the labor employed, are
shown in the following tables:
Chal production of the United States in 1902 ^ by States,
State.
Arkansas
California and
Alaska
Colorado
Georgia and North
Carolina
Idaho
nUnolfl
Indiana
Indian Territory
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Short tons.
7,271,146
1,864,912
79,765
5,875,215
299,247
29,299,187
8,649,144
2,587,100
ShoH
tons.
78,908
13,639
8,563
282,027
1,800
2,080
2,691,770
586,899
25,996
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Made
Into coke,
Short
tons.
244,228
65,881
8,878
181,546
5,580
1.048,381
259,681
96,017
Short
tons.
2,760,296
1,562,555
130,456
85
700
111,551
Total
quantity.
87,196
7,401,348
487,088
2,080
82,939,378
9,446,424
2,820,666
Total
value.
Short tons.
10, 354, 570 $12, 419, 666
1.943,932 2,539,214
273,398
8,397,812
628,518
5,180
33,945,910
10,399,660
4,265,106
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num
berof
day»
ac-
tive.
fl.20
1.81
3.14
1.13
1.42
2.50
1.03
1.10
1.51
256
188
802
261
8U
74
205
282
Aver
age
num-
ber of
em-
ploy-
ees.
16.489
8,595
217
8.966
795
20
47, 4U
15,467
6^6i74
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COAL.
361
Cbal production of the United States in 1902, by l^ates — Ck)ntmaed.
State.
Iowa .
Kentucky
MAryland
ICichigui
MiMoari
Montan*
New Mexico
North Dakota ...
OUo
Oregon
PeniuylTania ...
T«iuieaee
Texas ,
rtah
Virginia
Waddngton ,
West Virginia...
Wyoming
Loaded at
mincB for
shipment
Total bitu-
minous ..
Pennsylvania an-
thracite
Qxand total.
Short tons.
5,089,688
4,941,286
6,141,886
6,187,175
818,687
3.608,998
1,385,100
978,600
182,002
22,282,404
42,591
72,938,204
8,417,409
887,167
1,277,343
1,444,560
2,498,177
19,847,821
4,144,460
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Short
tons.
678,740
227,826
888,584
48,631
117,978
318,992
40,719
19,614
86,689
,041,112
11,232
,429,668
88,369
6,691
21,531
20,916
29,287
623,903
87,101
'212,878,3988,666,862
85,254,4541,116,184
247,642,852.9,781,996
Short
tons.
136,488
95,287
132,812
35,808
28,063
67,169
39,023
33,180
8,870
242,594
11,825
1,541,454
63,283
9,154
45,432
82,447
97,003
267,886
209,456
6,001,864
4,994,007
9,996,861
Made
into coke.
Short
tons.
1,
168,702
95,981
22,569
8,784
22,665,141
813,907
230,216
1,685,071
56,747
3,831,717
88,486
Total
quantity.
Short tons.
5,904,766
6,266,066
6,766,964
5,271,609
964.718
3,890,154
1,560,823
1,048,763
226.511
23,619,894
65,648
98,574,367
4,382,968
901,912
1,674,521
3,182,998
2.681,214
24,670,826
4.429,491
34, 160, 730|260, 216, 844 290,
41,378,606
84,169,780301,590,439
Total
value.
18,660,287
6,862,787
6,666,967
5,679,869
1,653,192
5,374,642
2,443,447
1.600,230
325,967
26,958,789
160,075
106.082,460
5,399,721
1,477,245
1,797,454
2,543,595
4,572,295
24,748,668
5,286,339
1,858,483
76,173,686
367,082,069
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
fl.47
1.30
.98
1.06
1.71
1
1.57
1.43
1.44
1.16
2.44
1.
1.23
1.64
1.14
.80
1.72
1.00
1.18
1.12
1.84
1.22
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
ac-
tive.
227
220
209
242
171
202
270
217
213
200
234
248
230
267
259
298
275
205
248
280
116
197
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
em-
ploy-
12,434
9,461
13.727
5,827
2,844
9,789
1,938
1,849
402
38,965
265
112,680
8,760
2,369
1,826
3,912
4,404
35,500
6,250
870,069
148,141
518,200
Cbal production of the Untied States in 190S, by States.
State.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment
Sold to local
trade and
used by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam and
heat
Made into
coke.
Total
quantity.
ArkansM
CUifomia and Alaska
Colorado
G<ocgia and NOTth Carolina
Mabo
Illinois
IttUaiM
Indian Territory
Iowa
EaDMB
CeotDcky
Xarylaod
MVli^n
yOmsmA
Xontana
KevMczioo
Bonh Dakota
Short tons.
8,847,607
2,142.988
83.889
6,618,833
281,798
3,000
82,911,291
9,827,874
8,329,610
6,879,261
6,609,846
6,806,828
4,762,716
1,208,166
8,814,688
1,287,322
1,414,188
214,671
Short tons.
138,201
20,408
7,565
243,312
1,150
2,785,473
689.925
82.610
887,745
229,686
880,449
58.022
128,677
800,101
60,904
24,609
W,918
Short tons.
805,269
66,776
14,526
188,566
6,011
100
1,232,204
324,138
78,995
162,815
96,834
169,589
40,427
40,776
128,797
68,428
40,276
4,061
Short tons.
2,863,347
1,372,892
146,652
28,136
3.255
76,173
8,711
192,671
87,166
62,718
Short ions.
11,654,324
2,229,172
105,420
7,423,602
484,260
4,260
86.967,104
10,794,692
8,617,388
6,419,811
6,839.976
7,688,032
4.846,166
1,867.619
4,238,586
1,488,810
1,641,781
278,646
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362
MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
Cbal production of the United States in 1903, by States— Conimned.
state.
Short Urns.
Ohio 23,098.792
Oregon 67,192
Pennsylvania 77,967,851
Tennessee 8,763,428
Texas 880,256
Utah 1.801,766
Virginia 1,623,077
Washington 2,978,819
WestVirginia 24,056,649
Wyoming 4,371,611
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Total bituminous. . .
Pennsylvania anthracite.
Qrand total.
283,060,886
66,762,592
299,818,428
Sold to local
trade and
osed by em-
ployees.
Short Ions.
1,867,494
9,848
1,572,156
67,388
34,021
26,354
30,153
38,541
584,927
47,761
9,758,181
1,349,736
11,107,917
Used at
mines for
steam and
heat.
Made into I Total
coke. quantit;.
Shoritons.
375,742
14,104
1,863,363
65,371
12,482
46,204
56,611
100,748
473.780
193,921
Short toH».
1,075
21,694,308
901,817
307,096
1.741,466
75,165
4.221,885
22,000
6,138,913 33.801,418 |
6,494,740
12,638,663 I 83,801,418 i 357,856,416
24,8S8,10
91,141
108,117.178
4,79S,004
926, 7M
1.6»,40l
3,451,»f7
3,193,278
29,S37.«1
4,635,20
282,749,548
74,607,066
State.
Alabama
Arkansas
California and Alaska
Colorado
Qeorgia and North Carolina
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
Wert Virginia
Wyoming
Total bituminous
Pennsylvania anthracite . . .
Qrand total
Total value.
114,246,796
8,960.831
801,818
9,150,943
646,759
13,250
43,196.809
13,244,817
6,886,468
10,563,910
8.871.968
7,979,842
7,189,784
2.707,527
6,884,297
2.440,846
2,105,786
418,006
81,982,827
221,081
121,752,769
5,979,830
1,606,888
2,026,088
8,802,149
6,880,679
84,297,019
6,781,281
861,687,988
162,036,448
608,724,881
Average
price per
ton.
$1.22
1.61
2.86
1.23
1.26
3.10
1.17
1.23
1.82
1.65
1.62
1.06
1.48
1.97
1.61
1.64
1.87
1.60
1.29
2.43
1.18
1.25
1.62
1.20
.96
1.69
1.17
1.24
Average
Average
1.24
2.04
1.41
228
228
301
245
296
197
228
197
247
226
215
207
219
222
215
254
260
196
194
258
235
227
242
248
267
286
210
226
206
220
21,49
4.167
206
9,229
730
n
50, M6
17,017
7,70i
14.16!
10,914
liSU
5,859
2,768
9.544
2,U6
1,7»
486
41. e6
2S
129,266
9,961
2, SO
1,915
4,768
41.554
4.99S
415,777
160,483
666,200
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OOAL.
868
In the following tables are shown the quantity and value of the ooal
produced in the United States during the last five years, with the
increases and decreases in 1903 as compared with 1902:
Quantity and value of coal produced in the United States^ 1899-190S.
State or Territory.
I Quantity.
Value.
1900.
Quantity.
Value.
1901.
Quantity. | Value.
Alabama
Arkansas
California and Alaska .
Colorado
Georgia and
Carolina
North
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territor>*.
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Mi3BOuri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania:
Anthracite...
Bituminous . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
Wfe5i Virginia
Wyoming
Short tonM.
7,508.416
843,554
162,172
4,776,224
260,007
20
24,439,019
6,006,523
1,537,427
5.177,479
3,852,267
4,607,255
4,807.396
624,708
3.025,814
1,496,451
1,050,714
98.809
16,600,270
60,418,006
74,150,175
3,330,659
883.832
786,049
2.105.791
2.029,881
19,252,995
3,837,392
$8,266,462
989,383
447,436
5,863,667
268,809
100
20,744,553
5,285,018
2,199,785
6,397,338
4,478,112
3,618.222
3,667,a56
870,152
3,591,945
2,347.757
1,461,865
117,500
14,361,903
260,917
88, 142, 130
56,247,791
2,940,644
1.334,895
997,271
1,301.241
3,603.989
12.053,268
4.742,525
Short tons.
8,394,275
1,447,945
172,908
5,244,364
833,291
10
25,767,981
6,484,086
1,922,298
5,202,939
4.467.870
5,328,964
4,024,688
849,475
3,540,103
1,661,775
1,299,299
129,88:J
18,988,150
58,864
57,367,915
79.^12,326
3,509,562
968,373
1,147,027
2.393,751
2.474,093
22,647,207
4.014,602
$9,793,786
1,663,618
540,031
6,858,036
393,469
50
26,927,186
6,687,137
2,788,124
7, 155, 341
5,454,691
4,881,577
3,927,381
1,259,683
4,280,328
2.713,707
1,776.170
l.'iS, 348
19,292,246
220,001
85,757,851
77,438,545
4,003,082
1.581,914
1,447.750
2,123,222
4,700,068
,18,416,871
5.457,953
Short tons.
9,099,052
1,816,136
152,379
5,700,015
854,825
Total 2:>3,741,19'2 I 256,094,234
28,103,937
7,017,148
3,915,268
7,822,805
5,991,599
5,213,076
5,046,491
1,753,064
4,707,164
2,009,316
1,546,652
214, 151
20,928,158
173,646
112,504,020
81,397,586
4,067,389
1.907,024
1,666,082
2.353,989
4,271,076
20, 848, 184
6. Oa). 402
269, 684, 027 306, iji^, 1 64 I 293, 299, 816 ' ;UH, 920, 009
27,331,552
6,918,225
2,421,781
5,617,499
4,900,528
5,469,986
5,113,127
1,241,241
3,802,088
1,396,081
1,086,546
166,601
20,913,807
69,011
67,471,667
82, 306, 946
3,633,290
1.107,953
1.3^2,614
2,725.873
2,578.217
24,068.402
4,485,374
$10,000,892
2,068,618
409,706
6,441,891
426,686
10627—04-
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MIKERAL RESOURCES.
QuarUUy and value of coal produced in tJie United Slatea, i^P^l^O^— Continned.
state or Territory.
Alabama
Arkansas
California and Alas-
ka
Colorado ,
1902.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
10,354,670112,419,666
1,943,932 2,589,214
Georgia and North
Carolina
Idaho
Illinola
Indiana
Indian Territory . . .
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania:
Anthracite
Bituminous
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
Total 301,590,439
87,196
7,401,348
437,083
2,030
82,989,373
9,446,424
2,820,666
5,904,766
6,266,066
6,766,984
5,271,609
964,718
8,890,154
1.660,828
1,048,763
226,511
23,619,894
65,648
41,373,595
98,574,367
4,382,968
901,912
1,574,621
3,182,993
2,681,214
24,670,826
4,429,491
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Sfiort tons.
11.654,824114,246,798
2,229,172 3,860,881
273,898 106,420
8,897,812 7,428,602
623,618
6,180
83,946,910
10,899,660
4,266,106
8,660,287
6,862,787
6,666,967
5,579,809
1,653,192
6,374,642
2,443,447
1,600,230
325, %7
26,953,789
160,076
434,260
4,250
86,967,104
10,794,692
8,617,888
6,419,811
5,889,976
7,688,032
4,846,165
1,367,619
4,238,586
1,488,810
1,541,781
278,645
24,888,103
91,144
Increase, 1908.
76,173.586 74.607,068
106,032,460103,117,178
5,399,721
1,477,246
1,797,454
2,643,595
4,672,295
24,748,658
6,236.839
867,082,069
4,798,004
926,759
1,681,409
3,451,307
3,193,278
29,837,241
4.635,293
357,866,416
801,318
9,150,913
646,759
18,250
48,196,8091
13,244,817
6,886,463
10,563,910
8,871,958
7,979,342
7,189,784
2,707,527
6,834,297
2,440,846
2,105,785
418,005
31,932,827
221,031
Shorttons.
1,299,754
285,240
18,224
22,259
a2,823
2,220
4.017,731
1.848,268
696,722
615,045
573,911
771,048
a 425, 444
402,901
848,482
a 72, 013
498,018
62,134
1,318,209
25,496
152,036,448
121,752,759
5.979,830
1,505,888
2,026,038
8,802,149
5.880,679
84,297,019
5,731,281
508,724,881
», 233, 478
4,642,811
416,086
24,847
106,888
268,314
512,059
4,766,416
206,802
56,766,977
Value.
Per cent ol
IncretM.
Qnan-
Uty.
Value.
11,827,132
821,617
27,920
758,131
a 76. 759
8.070
9,250,^9
2,845,157
2,121,357
1,903,623
2.009,166
1,312,375
1,609,915
1,064,335
1,459,655
a 2, 601
606,555
92,038
4,978,538
60,956
76.862,862
15,720,299
580,109
28,138
228,584
758,554
808,384
9,648,861
494,942
186,692,312
12.6
14.7
20.9
.3
a. 6.
109.3
12,2
14.3
24.7
8.7
10.9
11.4
08.07
41.8
9.0
a4-6
47.0
23.0
5.6
38.8
80.3
4.6
9.5
2.8
6.8
8.4
19.1
19.3
4.6
18.5
117
S2.4
10.2
9.0
al2.$
156.8
27.S
27.4
49.7
iio
29.3
19.7
29.0
^8
27. J
a.l
4a 4
212
18.5
8S.1
99.€
14.8
la?
1-9
12,7
29.8
17.7
S8.6
9.5
87.2
a Decrease.
In the followiDg table is presented a statement of the annual pro-
duction of anthracite and bituminous coal from 1880 to the close of
1903, a period of twenty-four years. It is interesting to note, in thuj
table, the comparatively rapid growth of the bituminous or soft coal
production beside that of anthracite. It is seen that while the produc-
tion of anthracite has increased from 25,580,189 long tons in 1880 to
66,613,454 long tons in 1903, a gain of 41,033,265 long tons, or 160
per cent, the bituminous production has grown from 47,508,133 short
tons in 1880 to 282,749,348 tons in 1903, an increase of 245,241,215 short
tons, or a little over 495 per cent. Notwithstanding the abnormally
large production of 1903, it does not appear that the anthracite pro-
duction will exhibit any pronounced increase in the future. The con-
ditions under which the mines are operated and the increasing cost of
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labor are making the use of anthracite slowly but surely more and
more of a luxury. As prices have necessarily advanced, and as any
permanent decline in price is not anticipated to occur, the use of other
fuels as a substitute for anthracite coal will naturally increase. At
one time an important factor in blast furnace use and other manufac-
turing industries, the use of anthi*acite coal for such purposes has now
almost entirely ceased. The preparation of what are known as the
domestic sizes — that is, egg, stove, and chestnut — results in the produc-
tion of a greater proportion of the small or undesirable sizes, which
are usually sold at less than the cost of production. The profits must
therefore all be obtained from the prepared domestic sizes, and no
encouragement can be offered to the consumers of anthracite that their
fuel bills in the future will be decreased. A policy of the anthracite
operators, adopted during recent years, of making an allowance of 50
cents per ton from circular prices for coal purchased in April of each
year, with an advance of 10 cents per ton for each succeeding month
until the schedule price is reached in September, has had a better
influence in steadying the anthracite trade than almost any other action
taken in the past. It encourages the storage of coal in the cellars of
consumers and causes the mines to be operated more regularly and
gives more steady employment to employees throughout the year.
Annual production of coal in the United StateSy 1880-1903.
Year.
UBO.
1882..
im.
19M..
18»..
\m..
UBS..
vm..
vm..
law..
i*«..
\m..
^m.
vm.,
i«.
mo.
vm.
Pennsylyania anthracite.
Quantity.
Long Ions,
25,680,189
28,600,016
81,358,264
84,336.469
83,175,756
34,228.548
34,853,077
87,578,747
41,624,611
40,665,152
41,489,858
45, 236, 992
46.8:A450
4«.1>»5,306
46,358,144
51,7»:>,122
4i<,523,287
46,974,714
47.663,076
63.944,647
51,221,358
60,212,560
36,^10,710
66.613,454
ShorlUnu.
28,649,811
31,920,018
85,121,256
38,456,845
87,156,847
38,335,974
39,035,446
42.068,197
46.619,564
45,544,970
46,468,641
50.665,431
52,472,504
53,967,543
51,921,121
57,999,337
54,316,081
52,611,680
53,882,644
60.418.005
57,367,915
67,471.667
41,373,595
74,607,068
Value.
$42,196,678
64,125,036
70,556.094
77,257,055
66,351,512
76,671,948
76,119,120
84,552,181
89,020,483
65,721,678
66,888,772
73.944,735
82.442,000
85,687,078
78,488,068
82,019,272
81,748,651
79,301,954
75,414,537
88,142,130
85,757,851
112,504,020
76,173,586
152.036,448
Bituminous coal.
Quantity.
Long tons.
42.417,976
48,179,475
60,861,190
68,531,500
78,780,589
65,021,269
66,646,947
79,073,227
91,107,002
85,432,717
99,377,073
105,268,962
113,264,792
114,629,671
106,089,647
120,611,214
122,898,104
131,801,356
148,744,806
172,609,968
189,567,967
201,632,276
232,836,468
252,464,775
SJiorttons.
47,508,183
53,961,012
68,164,533
76,755,280
82.578,204
72,823,821
74,644,581
88,562,014
102,030,843
95,684,643
111,302,822
117,901,237
126,856,567
128,385,231
118,820,405
135,118,193
137,640,270
147,617,519
166,593,623
193,328,187
212,316,112
225,828,149
260,216,844
282,749,348
Value.
$58,448,718
60,224,344
76,076,487
82,237,800
77,417,066
82,347,648
78,481,056
98,004,656
101,860,529
94,504,745
110,420,801
117,188,400
125,124,381
122,751,618
107,653,501
115,779,771
114,891,515
119,595,224
132,608,718
167,952,104
220.930,313
236,422,049
290,858,488
851,687,988
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MINERAL RES0UE0E8.
Annual production of coal in the United Slates, 1880-190S — Contintied.
Year.
67,998,165
76,679,491
92.219,454
102,867,969
106,906,295
1885 i 99,249,817
1H86 101,500,024
1887 116,651,974
1888 132,731,613
1889 126,097,869
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
Total.
Quantity.
1890 140,866,931
1891 ; 150,505,954
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.,
1897.
1898..
1899.
1900.,
1901.
1902.
1903.
160,115,242
162,814,977
152,447,791
172,426,366
171,416,390
178,776,070
196,407,382
226, 554, 635
240,789.310
261,874,836
269,277,178
319,068,229
Short tons.
76,157,M5
85,881,030
103,285,789
115,212,125
119,735,051
111,159,795
113,680,027
180,650,211
148,659,407
141,229,613
157,770,963
168, 566, 669
179,329,071
182,352,774
170,741,526
193,117,530
191,986,357
200,229,199
219,970,267
253,741,192
269,6H4,027
293,299,816
301.690,439
357,356,416
Value.
»95,640,396
124,349,380
146,632,581
159,494,855
143,768,578
159,019,596
154,600,176
182,498,737
190,881,012
160,226,823
176,804,573
191,133,135
207,566,381
208,438,696
186,141,564
197,799,013
196.640,166
19S,897.178
208.023,250
256,094,234
306,688,161
348,926,069
367,032,069
503,724,381
The statistics regarding" the distribution of the coal production of
the United States for consumption have been obtained only since 1889.
These are shown in the following table, together with the value of the
product, the statistics of labor employed, and the average working
time made by mine employees.
DUlrihntion of the coal product of the United States, 1SS[>-J90S.
Year.
1889,
1890,
1M91.
1S'.»2,
1893
1894,
l>i»5
1S96
i^y",
1S*.K,
I'.HH)
V.H\]
VXVl
1VH)3
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to local
trade and used
by employees.
Used at mines
for sleam and
heat.
Made into
coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
ShoH tons.
Short tons.
113,776,701
8, 508, 699
5,382,265
13,561,848
12.s,3r.5.9f)5
9,009,285
5,063,953
15,331,760
137,920,34«)
8,871,882
6,056,001
15,718,440
1 16. 372, ()98
9, 701, 678
6,210,767
17,041,528
152,941,890
9,728,815
6,712,284
12,969,785
142.83:3,319
8,764,538
6,807,296
12,836,373
158, 3.80. 289
9,655,505
6,677.539
18. 40t, 197
159,176,155
9,502,927
7,184,832
16,122.443
165, G03, 626
9,922,276
6,011,419
17,761,878
180.900,111
8,927,514
7,921,2X9
22,167,353
208,751,710
9,075,756
8.062,8^4
27,247.826
•i2;^.7S2,(VS^
9,077,242
9,189,746
27,634,951
215,0U),,srj
9, 595. 308
10,379,546
28,314.150
247, (14 J. S5J
9,781,996
9,995,861
34,1^.^
•JW,M3, rj8
11,107.917
12,fte,653
33,801.418
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DidnbuHon of the coal product of the United States^ J889-190S—ConUnued.
Year.
Total product.
1^1.
I»96.
1900.
19'!.
1902.
1*3.
STiort tons.
141,229,513
157,770,963
168,566,669
179,829,071
182,352,774
170,741,626
193,117,530
191,986,367
200,229,199
219,976,267
263,741,192
269.684,027
293,299,816
301.590,439
357,356,416
Total value.
$160,
176,
191,
207,
208,
186,
197,
196,
198,
208,
256,
306,
348,
867,
503,
226,323
804,673
133,135
566.381
438,696
141,664
799,043
WO, 166
897,178
023,250
0M,234
688,164
926,069
032,069
724,381
Average
price per
ton.
$1.13
1.12
1.13
1.16
1.14
1.09
1.02
1.02
.99
.95
1.01
l.M
1.19
1.22
1.41
Average
number
of days
active.
216
223
212
201
178
195
185
179
190
214
212
216
197
220
Average
number of
employees.
318,204
2ft5,803
341,943
363,309
376,206
382,879
386,656
397,701
401.221
410,635
448,681
485. {>44
518, 197
566,250
RANK OF COAIi-PRODUCING STATES.
In the following tables the coal-producing States are arranged
according to the rank in 1902 and 1903, first in the amount of produc-
tion, and then in the value of the product, with the amount and per-
centage of both quantity and value contributed by each State. The
first six States, so far as the amount of production is concerned, retain
the same relative positions in 1903 as in 1902. Kentucky succeeds
Colorado as seventh in rank, while Kansas has supplanted Maryland
in tenth place. West Virginia, which for several years has outranked
Ohio in the quantity of coal production, exceeded the value of Ohio's
production for the first time in 1903, and takes third place in this
regard. The other ten leading States retain the same position in 1903
as in 1902:
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868
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
Bank of <X)al^pToducing Suites in 190iS, wUh quantity and value of product <md percentage
of each.
Production.
Rank.
State or Territory.
fPennsylyania:
\ Anthracite
[ Bitumlnons ...
lUinolfl
West Virginia
Ohio
Alabama — ,
Indiana
Colorado
Kentucky
Iowa
Maryland
Kansas
Wyoming
Tennessee
Missouri
Virginia
Indian Territory ...
Wasliington
Arlcansas
Utah
Montana
New Mexico
Michigan
Texas
Qeorgiaand North
Carolina.
North Dakota
California and
Alaska.
Oregon
Idaho
Total.
Quantity.
Short Urns.
41,873,595
98,574,367
32,939,873
24,570,826
23,619,894
10,354,570
9,446,424
7,401,843
6,766,984
5,904,766
6,271,609
5,266,065
4,429,491
4,382,968
8,890,154
8,182,993
2,820,666
2,681,214
1,943,982
1,574,621
1,560,823
1,048,763
964,718
901,912
437,083
226,511
87,196
65,648
2,030
801.690,489
Per
cent of
total
produc-
tion.
13.7
82.7
10.9
8.2
7.8
8.4
3.1
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.1
100.0
Value.
Rank.
2
8
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
State or Territory.
Pennsylvania:
I Anthracite
I Bituminous . . .
Illinois
Ohio
West Virginia
Alabama
Indiana
Iowa
Colorado
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Tennessee
Missouri
Wyoming
Washington
Indian Territory . .
Virginia
Arkansas
Montana
Utah
Michigan
New Mexico
Texas ,
Georgia and North
Carolina.
North Dakota
California and
Alaska.
Oregon
Idaho
Total
Value.
Per
cent of
total
value.
$76,173,586
106,032,460
33,945,910
26,963,789
24,748,658
12,419,666
10.399.660
8,660,287
8,897,812
6,862,787
6,666,967
5,579,869
5,899,721
5,374,642
5,236,839
4,572,295
4,265,106
2,513.595
2,539,214
2,443,417
1.797,454
1,653,192
1,600,280
1,477,245
628,518
825,967
273,898
100,075
5,180
867.082,069
20.8
28.)
9.2
7.S
8.7
S.4
18
13
13
L»
L8
1.8
1.8
L5
1.4
1.2
1.2
.7
.7
.5
.5
A
.4
.2
100.0
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COAL.
869
Rank of ood-proikicing SUUes in 190S, wUh quantity and value of prodiui and percentage
of each.
Productioii.
Value.
State or Territory.
Quantity.
Per
cent of
toUl
produc-
tion.
Bank
State or Territory.
Value.
Per
cent of
total
value.
Pennaylvania:
Anthracite
Bituminous ....
Illinois
West Virginia
Ohio
Indiana ...
Kentucky.
Colorado . .
Iowa
Maryland
Tennessee
Wyoming
MisBoori
j Indian Territory .
I Vliginia
' Washington
»' Arkansas
If I Utah
» New Mexico
21 Montana
a Michigan
28 Texas
U ^ Georgia, and North
' GaroUna
» North Dakota
K California and
27 Oregm.
28 Idaho..
Short toM.
71,607,068
108,117,178
36,957,104
29,8^,241
24,888,106
11.654,824
10,794,692
7,688,062
7,423,602
6,419,811
5,889,976
4,846,165
4,796,004
4,685,298
4,238,586
8,517,888
3,451,307
3,193,278
2,229,172
1,681,409
1,541,781
1,488.810
1,367,619
926,759
434,260
278,646
105.420
91,144
4,250
20.9
28.9
10.8
8.2
7.0
8.8
8.0
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.0
.9
.9
.6
.5
.4
.4
.4
.3
Total.
857,866,416
100.0
{Pennsylvania:
Anthracite
Bituminous
Illinois
West Virginia
Ohio
Alabama
TTM^ iftT ^ft
Iowa
Colorado
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
Indian Territory
Tennessee
Wyoming
Washington
Arkansas
ViiginU
Michigan
Montana
New Mexico
Utah
Texas
Georgia and North
Carolina
North Dakota
California and
Alaska
Oregon
Idaho
Total
S152,
121,
48,
84,
81,
14,
18,
10,
9,
8,
7,
7,
0>
6,
5,
5,
5,
8,
8,
2,
2.
2,
2,
1.
036,448
752,750
196,809
297,019
932,827
246,796
244,817
568,910
160,948
871,958
979,842
189,784
834,297
886, i68
979,830
781,281
880,679
860,881
302,149
707,627
440,846
105,785
026,088
505,888
546,750
418,005
301,818
221,081
18,250
80.2
24.2
8.6
6.8
6.8
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.1
LI
.7
.7
.5
.6
.4
.4
.3
506,724,881
100.0
KINDS OF COAli PRODUCED ENT THE UNITED STATES.
In the general discussion of the coal production of the United
Stites only two divisions are considered, anthracite and bituminous,
the latter product including the small anthracite output of Colo-
ndo and New Mexico. In the bituminous production, however, in
addition to the small Bocky Mountain output of anthracite is also
induded the production of coals generally classed as semianthracite,
ttmibituminoas, cannel, block, splint, and lignite. In the following
t»Mc the production of these various varieties of coal in 1902 and
1908 b reported as prepared from the schedules returned to the Sur-
▼e7« It should be stated, however, that this classification makes no
to tedmical exactness. It has been compiled from the replies
MM 1903 24
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370
MnnCRAL RBSOUBOES.
of the producers to the inquiry "Kind of coal produced" on the
schedules, and such replies are in some minor cases based on quite
uncertain knowledge. In fact, the varieties of the different coals
grade so imperceptibly from one to another that no exact separation
is possible. It is believed, however, that in this classification the
quantity of each kind of coal produced is approximate!}'^ indicated. It
is sufficiently correct for practical purposes, and shows that in addi-
tion to the anthracite production of Pennsylvania there were 42,139
short tons mined in Coloi*ado and that 30,592 short tons were produced
in New Mexico. Semianthracite coal was produced in Pennsylvania,
Colorado, Tennessee, Indian Territory, Virginia, and Arkansas, the
latter State being credited with nearly 80 per cent of the total. There
were sixteen States in which semibituminous coal was produced, West
Virginia leading, Pennsylvania second, and Maryland third. These
three States contributed 90 per cent of this variety. Wyoming leads
in the production of lignite, with Colorado second and New Mexico
third. West Virginia is credited with nearly the entire product of
splint coal, and Indiana with that of block. The production of cannel
coal is largely limited to West Virginia and.Kentucky, each producing
about the same quantity, the total for the two States amounting to 80
per cent of the total of this variety.
GasHficalion of the coal product of the United States in 1902^ by States and T^erritories.
state or Territory.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Semibitumi-
nous.
Lignite.
Pennsylvania
nilnois
West Virginia....
Ohio
Alabama
Indiana
Colorado
Kentucky
Iowa
Maryland
Kansas
Wyoming
Tennessee
Missouri
VIrginU
Indian Territory .
Washington
Arkansas
Utah
Montana
New Mexico
Michigan
Texas
Georgia
North Dakota....
I Short tons.
I 94,625,584
I 82,716,677
I 18,440,226
28,498,857
10,854,570
8,818,880
6,073,962
6.692,868
5,871,766
8,872,528
5,253,885
1,448,684
4,882,968
3,889,558
2,496,283
2,282,042
2,055,203
511,676
1,573,453
1,550,.876
837,389
964,718
696,005
414,068
ShorttoM,
41,873,595
Short ton$.
4,017,878
222,696
5,057,645
58,611
41,326
120,847
1,899,086
2,149
207,642
664,898
488,675
128,768
1,068
Short totu.
1,100,061
10,081
2,772,015
187, S»
9,917
170,018
206.907
221,01
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GOAL. 371
CkmfioaiMn of the coal product of (he United States in 1909^ by States and Territories—
Continaed.
SUte or Territory.
Blttuninonfl.
Anthracite.
Semibitumi-
nous.
Lignite.
Cililbmla
Short tons.
2,920
Short tons.
Short ions.
ShoHtons.
82,064
66,648
OltfOD
North CtroIlnA
23,000
Alaska
2,212
Idaho
2,080
Tbtal
288,697,631
41,467,532
12,255,342
4,831,770
State or Territory.
Semi-
anthracite.
BlocJc.
Splint.
Cannel.
Total.
P«»»n^liTftnte , T
Short tont.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
80,905
Sioriions.
139,947,962
miDoiB
32,939,373
24,570,826
WcatViTginIa
938,254
a 184, 701
8,007
Ohio
18,080
28,619,894
Aif^ma
10,854,670
9,446,424
TiM^inna
M, 101, 544
1,000
30,000
CalfnAo
64,872
7,401,348
6,766,984
5, 904, 766
Eentocky
8,804
18,000
66,817
16,000
Iowa
Maryland
5,271,609
Ktnm
5,266,065
4,429,491
4,382,968
Wjoraing
1,200
Ti?f»Kf i»
160
446
8,890.164
\lTl^nJft
20,817
588,624
8,182,993
Indian Territory
2,820,666
2,681,214
Arkarnan
1,806,493
1.943,982
Ciah
1,574,621
Montana
1,660,823
Xew Mexico
1,048,763
irirhlipiT ,
964,718
ffm
901,912
flMwria.
414,083
Korth Dakota
226,511
ratHnf^ifft
84,984
Owuii -
65,648
'Sflftti Carolina ... -
28,000
^iMka ,
2,212
Maho
2,080
ToUl
1,978,006
1,146.628
969,264
279,876
301,590,439
a Inclades 124.701 tons of semicannel coal.
t> Inclades 27,482 tons of semiblock coal.
« Includes 1,600 tons of semicannel coal.
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372 JONEBAL BE80UB0E8.
Ckunficaiion of the coed prodtAct of the United States in 19GS, by States and TarHoriet.
state or Territory.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Semibitumi-
nouft.
lignite.
Pennsylvania ....
imnois
West Virginia....
Ohio
Alabama
Indiana
Kentucky
Colorado
Iowa
Kansas
Maryland
Tennessee
Wyoming
Missouri
Indian Territory .
Virginia
Washington
Arkansas
Utah
New Mexico
Montana
Michigan
Texas
Georffia
North Dakota . . . .
California
Oregon
North Carolina...
Idaho
Alaska
Total.
Short toru.
99,734,819
86,855.262
22,321,486
24,808,064
11,600,486
9,569,958
7,850,994
5,981,394
6,341,487
5,809,828
2,982,533
4,749,587
1,257,917
4,237,886
3,2n,298
2,657,709
2,727,246
853,972
1,680,681
940,067
1,480,285
1,331,570
659,154
416,951
28,315
1,000
17,309
500
700
Sharttona,
74,607,068
250,622,417
Short torn.
3,832,564
94,746
4,582,454
ShorltOM.
42,139
30,502
9,794
296,158
4,281
1.863,682
l,l(n,S13
1,017
261,068
3,116, S18
764,066
7,107
27,204
728
1,700
458,921
8.000
569.883
367,606
2,600
660
250,230
101,07)
a90,66l
8,750
47
74,670,799
11,264,684
N977.J
a Includes 60,791 tons of semilignite coal.
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878
Qaut^ieaiion of the coat pfodud of the tMted States in 1903, by Staies and TerriUniee-^
Oontinaed.
state or Terrritory.
Semi-
anthiaoite.
Block.
Splint
C&nnel.
Total.
Pi^nfylyajiin
Short tons.
48,641
Short tons.
Short tons.
ShoHioM.
1,154
Short tons.
177,724,246
36,957,104
29,337,241
lllinob
7,096
WM4VtTjfnl*
2,847.238
26,040
a 136, 063
Ohio
8,979
24,838,108
11,654,324
Aitbunu . . ...
Tiu1i«f>A ,
b 1,179, 045
85,082
35,900
c 138, 006
10,794,692
7,538,032
Kentucky
5,000
Ookmdo . ...
44,406
7,423,602
6,419,811
Iowa
58,708
24,860
19,621
^»nmn ,
5,839,976
4,846,165
MftrykiHl
Twmtwco
48,417
4,798,004
4,635,298
4,238,586
3,517,388
8,451,307
3,193,278
2,229,172
1,681,409
1,541,781
1,488,810
1,367,619
926,759
416,951
278,645
104,678
91,144
17,809
4,260
747
Wyoming
Mtewiri
700
fiMliui Territory . . . . ....
246,096
29,543
Vlnplnl*
Wiataf ngton
Artaznu ,
1,844,996
Utah
Sew Mexico
M<mtana
650
vi«^h^ri
36,049
Tnaa , „.
GmkU
Knrth Pakota
f^ifnmiA
Oiegon
Nfvtti CaroMiM
Mahi>
Alatka
Total
1,^762,095
1,849,754
2,878,278
332,094
857,356,416
a Includes 122,049 tons of semicannel coal.
b Inclades 177,357 tons of semiblock coal.
« Includes 19,890 tons of semicannel coal.
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874
I
liABOR STATISTICS.
The following tables show the number of men employed and the
average number of days made by each for the last five years, by States,
and the total number of men employed in the anthracite and bitumi-
nous coal mines of the United States, with the average working time
since 1890:
Statistics of labor employed in coal mines of the United i^tes, 1899-1903 ^ by Staies.
State or Territory.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania bituminous .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
1899.
Number Average
of days . number
active, employed.
288
156
a287
246
6291
18,481
2,8W
369
7,166
637
1900.
1901.
Number
of days
active.
257
219
309
264
6262
Average | Number Average
number of da>*s number
employed, active, employed.
13,967
2.800
378
7,459
681
236
223
253
6291
17,370
3,144
42S
8,870
791
Total
Pennsylvania anthracite .
Grand total .
228
218
212 i
229
226
•224
275
232
212
238
267
154
200
238
245
252
256
265
252
259
242
261
234
173
214
36,756
9,712
4,084
10,971
8,000
7,461
4,621
1,291
7,136
2,878
1,750
210
26,038
124
82,812
6,949
2,410
743
1,960
3,330
28,625
4,697
226
199
228
228
232
227
203
261
214
252
261
142
215
273
242
242
246
246
239
289
231
89,101
11,720
4,625
11,608
8,469
9,680
5,319
1,709
8,180
2,876
2,037
326
27,628
141
92,692
7,646
2,844
1,308
3,631
8,670
29,163
5,332
-.20
194
208
218
224
213
262
247
223
231
224
196
198
228
230
228
264
259
279
276
219
218
271,027
139.608
234
166
804,880
144,206
225
196
410,635
212
448,581
216
41,880
12,96S
6,706
12.663
9,928
10,307
5,8»
2,276
9,8n
2,156
2,478
280
32, Ul
187
101.904
9,0<6
3,061
1,712
4,1SS
4.545
30,936
5.151
S40,236
146,309
486,614
a Includes Alaska.
Mncludes North Carolina.
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GOAL.
375
Hatittiei of labor employed in coal mines of the Vmied SUUes^ 1899-190S—ConimvLGd.
State or Territory.
1902.
Nmnber
of days
active.
Average
number
employed.
1903.
Number
of days
active.
Average
number
employed.
Arkaims
OilUbniia
GoloiBdo
Georgia
Idaho
Illioote
lodiaoa
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Mteoori
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania bituminous .
Ten ncjwt
Texas
rtah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wy<Hning
256
188
a302
261
ft 812
74
226
205
232
227
220
209
242
171
202
270
217
218
200
284
248
280
267
259
293
.276
205
248
16,489
8,595
"217
8,956
6795
20
47,411
15,457
5,574
12,434
9,461
18,727
6,827
2,844
9,742
1,938
1,849
402
38,965
265
112,630
8,750
2,369
1,826
3,912
4,404
35,500
5,250
228
223
a 301
246
6296
197
228
197
247
226
215
207
219
222
215
264
260
198
1»1
268
235
227
242
248
267
285
210
252
21,438
4,167
0206
9,229
6780
82
60.596
17,017
7,704
14,162
10,924
14,354
6,859
2,768
9,644
2,155
1,789
486
41,936
236
129,266
9,961
2,380
1,926
6,606
4,768
41,554
4,993
Total
PHittsylTanta anthracite. .
Grand total
230
116
370,069
148, 141
225
206
415,777
150,483
197
518,200
220
566,260
« Includes Alaska.
Mncludes North Carolina.
By the terms of the award of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commis-
sion the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania were placed upon a
9-hour hsLsis for all company men or those working by the day, with
the exception of hoisting engineers, other engineers, and pump men,
who were allotted 8 hours for a day's work. The returns from the
bituminouji coal producing States in 1903 show that in the majority of
ca^es 9 hours constitutes the average day's work. There were 14
bituminous coal producing States in which 9 hours was reported as
the averaii^ day. These were: Alabama, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Kansas, Kentucky, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Texas, Utah, Washington, and West Virginia. There were 9 States
in which 8 hours was reported as the average working time. These
States were: Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Indian Territory, Iowa,
Michigan, Missouri, Montana, and Ohio. The 10-hour days prevailed
in 6 States, viz: Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, North Dakota,
Virginia, and Wyoming.
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imrXIUL BBSOUBOXS.
8Uaiiliosoflaboren^l)l(^incoalmme8of^ UnUedSUOes, 1S90-190S, by yem.
PennsylYuiia
ftnthiacite.
BitnminoQt.
Year.
Number
of days
active.
Average
number
employed.
Number
of days
acUve.
ATeiage
number
employed.
1890
200
208
198
197
190
196
174
150
152
178
166
196
U6
206
126,000
126,860
129,050
182,944
181,608
142,917
148,991
149,884
145,504
139,606
144,206
145,809
148,141
150,488
226
223
219
204
171
194
192
196
2U
284
284
225
230
225
192,904
1891
206,805
1892
212,80
1898
230. 866
1894
244,606
1896
289,962
1896 •
244,171
1897
217,817
1898
255,717
1899
271, 0S7
1900
304. 33S
1901 •
840^236
870,066
1902
1906
415,777
From the statistics contained in the preceding tables, and the totabof
production in the earlier pages of this report, the following statement
showing the average annual and daily tonnage per man since 1890 has
been compiled. This table shows that in 1890 the average annual pro-
duction per man employed in the anthracite region was 369 short tons.
The average tonnage per man per day was 1.85 tons. In the bitumin-
ous and lignite regions the average production per man for the year
was 579 short tons, and 2.56 short tons per man per day. In 1903 the
average production per man in the anthracite region was 496 tons for
the year and 2.41 short tons per day, while the bituminous production
shows an average of 680 tons per man for the year, and 3.02 short tons
per day. This table is further interesting in showing that, whereas
since 1897 the average tonnage per man per day in the anthracite
region has varied between 2.34 and 2.50, from 1890 to 1896, inclusive,
the average daily tonnage per man was between 1.86 and 2.10. The
average tonnage per man per year during the later period has not
shown any increase over the earlier period. In the bituminous pro-
duction on the other hand the statistics show an increase both in daily
and annual production per m^n in the latter half of the period as com-
pared with the earlier half.
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OOAl.
m
ProducUon of coat according to number of persona employed, 1890-190S,
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Year.
Men em-
ployed.
Days
worked.
Average
tonnage
per man
per day.
Average
tonnage
per man
per year.
Men em-
ployed.
Days
worked.
Average
tonnage
per man
per day.
Average
tonnage
per man
per year.
1890
126,000
126,350
129,050
132,944
131,603
142,917
148,991
149,884
145,504
139,608
144,206
145,809
148,141
;60,483
200
208
198
197
190
196
174
150
152
173
166
196
116
206
1.85
1.98
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.07
2.10
2.31
2.41
2.50
2.40
2.37
2.40
2.41
860
401
407
406
396
406
365
351
367
433
398
464
279
496
192,204
205,803
212,893
230,365
244,603
239,962
244,171
247,817
255,717
271,027
304,375
340,285
370,056
415,777
226
223
219
204
171
194
192
196
211
234
284
225
230
225
2.56
2.67
2.72
2.73
2.84
2.90
2.94
3.04
3.09
3.05
2.98
2.94
3.06
3.02
679
isn
573
1892
596
1896
657
18M
486
18B5
563
1»3
5&i
1897
596
1898
651
1899
713
mo
697
noi
664
1902
703
1908
680
While there are a few exceptions to the rule, it generally appears
that there has been an increased production, both per day and per
year, for each man employed where there has been an increase in the
machine-mined tonnage. In Colorado, for instance, on account of
labor troubles the total tonnage per man for the year decreased from
826 tons in 1902 to 804.4 tons in 1903. The daily tonnage per man
increased from 3.16 tons to 3.28 tons, and the quantity produced
increased from 857,279 tons to 1,270,221 tons, and the percentage of
machine-mined tonnage increased from 11.58 to 17.11. In Indiana
the yearly tonnage per man increased from 611.1 tons to 634.3 tons.
The daily tonnage per man increased from 2.98 to 3.22 tons, and the
machine-mined output increased from 2,421,342 short tons to 3,334,961
short tons. The percentage of the machine-mined product to the total
iiuH'eased from 25.63 to 30.9. In the Indian Territory, on the other
hand, there was a decrease from 506 tons to 457 tons in the yearly
tonnage per man, and from 2.18 to 1.85 tons in the average daily out-
pat; while the machine-mined production declined from 119,195 tons
to 73,304 tons, and the percentage of machine-mined production to
the total fell oflf from 4.23 to 2.08. Similar decreases were shown in
the yearly and daily tonnage per man in Iowa and Kansas, while the
machine-mined production and the percentage of machine-mined coal
to the total production also decreased. An exception is noted in Ken-
tucky, where the average tonnage per year per man increased from
493 tons to 525.2 tons, and the daily tonnage per man from 2.35 to
2.54 tons, while the tonnage mined by machines decreased from
3,091,626 short tons to 2,843,805 short tons, the percentage of
machine-mined product to the total being 45.69 in 1902 and 37.73 in
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MmERAL RESOtTBCES.
1908. In Michigan the total production per man for the yeftr
increased, while the daily production decreased, the machine-mined
production falling off from 196,248 short tons in 1902 to 180,943 tons
in 1903. Missouri's production shows an increase in the average
daily production per man, in the tonnage obtained by the use of
machines and the percentage of machine-mined product to the total.
Montana, on the contrary, with a slightly increased machine-mined
tonnage, shows a falling off in both the yearly and daily tonnage per
man. Ohio, because of a decrease in the average working time made
during the year, shows a falling off in the average production per
man per year, but an increase in the average production per man
per day. The machine-mined tonnage of this State increased nearly
2,000,000 tons in 1903 over 1902, and the percentage of machine-
mined product to the total increased from 51.42 to 56.39. Pennsyl-
vania's machine-mined production also increased about 2,000,000 tons,
but both the daily and yearly production per man decreased. Li West
Virginia there was a marked increase in the output of Amchine-mined
coal and in the average yearly production per man, but a slight falling
off in the productive efficiency per man per day. A most striking
exception to the general rule was in the production of Alabama, where
the machine-mined tonnage nearly doubled, while the average tonnage
per man per year fell off from 630 tons in 1902 to 543 tons in 1903,
and the daily production per man decreased from 2.46 to 2.38 tons.
This apparent inconsistency was, without doubt, due to the labor
troubles which affected the mining industry in that State during the
early part of the year.
In the following table is presented a statement of the average yearly
and daily production per man employed in each State during 1902 and
1903, together with the total tonnage mined by the use of machines in
each State and the percentage of machine-mined tonnage to the total
production.
Average produdion per man compared with production by machines m 190S and 190S by
States,
[Short tons.]
Average tonnage.
Production by machines.
State.
Per year.
Per day.
Total tonnage by
machines.
Per cent of ma-
chine coal to
total.
1902.
1908.
1902.
1903.
1902.
1903.
1902.
1908.
Alabama
690
540.7
826
696
611.1
506
476
606.6
54S.6
536.2
804.4
781
684.8
457
453.3
634.6
2.46
2.88
3.16
8.08
2.98
2,18
2.09
2.53
2.88
2.40
3.28
3.21
3.22
1.85
2
2.49
800,670
8,989
857,279
7,112,039
2,421,342
119,195
110,489
48.000
577,317
2.90
.46
11.68
21.60
25.63
4.23
1.87
.91
4.95
Arkansas
Colorado
1,270,221
7.881,027
3,834,961
78,304
55,085
9,876
17.11
Illinois
19.97
Indiana
90. 90
Indian Territory
2.06
Iowa
.86
Kansas
.17
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OdAt.
079
Average production per man compeared Vfith producHonby machine$ in 190e and 190S by
States — Continued.
state.
Average toniiAge.
Production by machines.
Per year.
1902. 1906.
Per day.
Total tonnage by
machines.
1902. 1908.
1902.
1903.
Per cent of ma-
chine coal to
total.
1902. 1903.
KentQcky
Maryland
Michigan
MiMHiri
Montana
Nev Mexico....
North Dakota ..
Ohio
Penn^lTania:
Anthracite .
Bitnminoufl
l^eaneanee
TiezM
Utah
Vfaginia
WMhington
W«rt Virginia"..
Wyoming
498
904.6
411.6
899.6
806
567
568.6
604
278.7
875
501
881
862
814
609
602
848.7
625.2
827.1
494.1
444.1
691
862
678.8
692
496.8
796
482
889
878
616
670
706
928.4
2.86
8.74
2.4CL
1.98
2.96
2.61
2.66
8.02
2.04
8.62
2.18
1.48
3.88
2.78
2.22
3.88
8.40
2.64
3.78
2.28
2.07
2.72
8.31
2.90
8.06
2.41
8.40
2.12
1.61
8.62
2.80
2.36
8.86
8.68
8,091,626
252,768
196,248
228,969
691,669
71,744
89,888
12,094,641
2,848,806
401,144
180,948
8U,602
698,504
105,000
115,222
14,007,826
45.69
4.28
20.84
5.76
44.81
6.84
61.42
86,058,088
808,996
25,500
74,502
182,709
87,146,258
804,602
29,000
75,000
82,040
86.67
6.94
2.88
4.81
4.17
5,733,045
688,802
8,198,840
783,822
23.85
18.10
37.78
8.28
13.23
7.85
46.68
9.40
41.86
56.89
86.02
6.36
8.18
4.46
2.88
27.98
16.91
PRICES.
The following tables show the fluctuations in the average prices
prevailing in each State since 1899, and also the average prices for
anthracite and bituminous coal in the Dnited States since 1880. These
averages are obtained by dividing the total product, including colliery
consumption, into the total value.
Average prices for coal at the mines since 1899,
[Per short ton.]
State or Territory!
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Alatiama
$1.09
1.17
a 2. 76
1.12
1.00
5.00
.86
.88
1.43
1.24
1.16
.79
•1.17
1.14
a8.12
1.12
1.17
6.00
1.04
1.03
1.46
1.88
1.22
.92
$1.10
1.14
a2.66
1.13
1.20
1.03
1.01
1.62
1.39
1.22
.95
$1.20
1.81
a 3. 14
1.18
M.42
C2.50
1.03
1.10
1.61
1.47
1.80
.99
$1.22
ArkaiMMs
1.51
Oriilofnla -*
Oriondo
a2.86
1.23
Geonia
bl.26
I^kko
8.10
nUaoii
1.17
v«yfiana
1.23
Indian Tf^rritorr
1.82
lova.
1.66
1.62
Knta^T
1.06
« Inelndes Alaska.
h Inclades North Carolina.
e Includes Nebraska.
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Average prices for coed at the mine$ tince 1899 — ContinaedL
state or Territory.
1899.
1900.
1901. 1902.
19IK.
Maryland..*. —
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania bituminous.
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
10.76
1.S9
1.20
1.67
1.89
1.80
1.19
.87
3.00
.76
.88
1.51
1.27
.62
V78
.63
1.24
10.98
1.48
1.21
1.68
1.87
1.82
1.22
1.02
3.74
.97
1.14
1.63
1.26
.89
1.90
.81
1.36
90.99
1.41
1.24
1.44
1.42
1.25
1.29
1.00
2.62
.99
1.12
1.72
1.26
.86
1.66
.87
1.35
11.06
1.71
1.38
1.66
1.43
(«)
1.44
1.14
2.44
1.08
1.23
1.64
1.14
.80
1.72
1.01
1.18
Total bituminous. . .
Pennsylvania anthracite .
.87
1.46
1.04
1.49
1.04
1.67
1.12
1.84
General average.
1.01
1.14
1.19 I
1.22
11.48
1.97
L61
1.64
\.V
(«) '
LSD
1.29
2.«
LIS
l.S
1.62
L20
.96
LC9
1.17
1.24
1.21
2.04
1.41
a Included in Georgia.
Average price per short ton of coal in United States for S4 yearn.
Year.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Vcr. .
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
1880
$1.47
2.01
2.01
2.01
1.79
2.00
1.95
2.01
1.91
1.44
1.43
1.46
$1.25
1.12
1.12
1.07
.94
1.13
1.06
1.11
1.00
.99
.99
.99
1892
$1.67
1.69
1.51
1.41
1.60
1.51
1.41
1.46
1.49
1.67
1.84
2.04
$0.99
.96
1881
1893
1882
1894
.91
1883
1896
.8S
1884
1896
.8S
1885
1897
.81
18S6
1898
80
1887
1899
87
1888
1900
1.04
1889
1901
L05
1890
1902 •.
1 12
1891
1903
1 24
COAL MINED BY MACHINES.
The machine-mined production of bituminous coal continues to show
a decidedly increasing tendency, and the percentage of the total prod-
uct produced by machines has also increased. The total production of
machine-mined coal in 1903 amounted to 77,974,894 short tons, as
compared with 69,611,582 short tons in 1902, an increase of 8,363,312
short tons, or 12 per cent, in 1902, 27.09 per cent of the bituminous
product in States where machines are installed was mined by machines,
while in 1903 the machine-mined product amounted to 28.18 per cent
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COAL.
381
of the total. The total number of machines reported as in use in 1903
was 6,658, as compared with 6,418 in 1902, an increase of 1,240, or
22.9 per cent, as compared with the increase of 12 per cent in the
machine-mined product. This would indicate that a number of
machines were installed dui'ing the latter pai*t of the year, and did not
add materially to the production. Of the 6,658 machines in use in
1903, 3,887 were of the pick, or "puncher," type, 2,717 were of the
chain-breast variety, and 54 were long-wall machines. Nearly 50 per
cent of the total machine-mined product was reported from Pennsyl-
vania, the number of machines in use in this State being 3,310, and
the machine-mined product 37,146,253 short tons. West Virginia
reported 788 machines in use and a machine-mined product of
8.193,840 short tons, while Ohio, with 724 machines, produced
14,007,326 short tons of machine coal. Illinois, with 553 machines in
use, reported a total machine-mined product of 7,381,027 tons, and
Kentucky, with 308 machines, produced 2,843,805 short tons. Ohio
enjoys the distinction of the largest proportionate production by the
use of machines, this State having in 1903 produced by machines 56.39
per cent of the total product mined, against 51.42 per cent in 1902.
Montana reported 46.58 per cent mined by machines in 1903, and
44.31 per cent in 1902. Kentucky's machine-mined product decreased
from 45.69 per cent in 1902 to 37.73 per cent in 1903, and the Illinois
percentage decreased from 21.59 in 1902 to 19.97 in 1903. The per-
centage of machine-mined product to the total in Pennsylvania
increased from 35.57 to 36.02, and West Virginia from 23.35 to 27.93.
The statistics in regard to the coal mined by machines in the last five
years are presented in the following tables, and show the number of
machines in use in each State, the number of tons mined by machines,
the total pixxiuction of the States in which machines were used, and
the percentage of the machine-mined product to the total:
Bttamtnota coo/ mined by nuuhmes in the United States in 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, and 190S,
SUte.
Number of machines in use.
1899.
1900. 1 1901.
1902.
1903.
4%bwiM
53
16
63
440
247
74
41
8
189
8
25
9
75
M 82
20 20
90 62
430 464
254 256
58 47
40 5.^
66
7
96
506
269
28
31
6
318
25
58
20
65
96
AzfcmiMU
(V4(n4o .
157
ntfnoil ,
553
MtafM
829
iBdlm TtirtiUtrw ,
86
lOVft
10
3
239
10
88
15
81
4
237
15
31
24
70
5
EcBtarky
808
iffrrlHMl., - -
36
lOciteiQ - - -- --
46
83
lfa^*■^
68
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882
MINERAL BBSOUBCBS.
Bituminous coal mined by machines in the United States in 1899, 1900, 1901, 190ft, and
i^O^— Continued.
sute.
Number of machines in oae.
18W.
1900.
1901.
1902. 1«B.
New Mexico...
North Dakota .
Ohio
Pennsylvania .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington . . .
WestVliginU.
Wyoming
Total .
14
5
278
,M8
22
21
7
841
1,786
18
2
154
66
9
2
327
69
7
876
2,068
^^
IS
6
4
403
74
17
10
560
2,620
88
8
18
11
12
9
7M
S,S10
U
8
IS
10
579
788
8.125
8,907
4,841 j 5,418
6.6G6
State.
Alabama
Arkansas
€k>lorado
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota....
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vifginia
Washington
West Virginia....
Wyoming
Total ,
Number of tons mined by machines.
1809.
260.444
146,809
527,115
6,0^,812
1,718,125
276,180
124,721
40,271
1,625,800
16,545
64,065
55,154
848,710
280,778
88,066
6,822,524
22,000.722
208,088
265,000
14,640
1,881,125
698,712
43,968,985
1900.
870,150
219,085
756,025
5,088,504
1,774,045
289,424
182,757
46,164
2,889,044
188,014
191,577
110,066
1,045,115
112,000
88,965
8,885,748
26,867,068
176,872
261,260
10,000
8,418,877
663,814
52,784,528
1901.
289,051
102,220
819,678
5,774,689
1,862,058
177,288
U0,960
87,979
2,254,711
177,724
177,969
168,879
748,961
2,700
43,574
9,908,816
29,591,868
220,578
22,420
14,788
288,275
6,500
4,817,943
804,826
1902.
300.670
8,989
«57,279
7.112,089
2,421,842
119.196
110,489
48,000
8,091,626
252,753
196,248
691,660
71,744
89,888
12,094,641
35,068,068
806.995
25.500
74,502
182,709
190B.
677,817
5,788,045
588,802
57,848,885 , 69,6U,582
1,270.221
7.381,027
8.884.90
73.304
66,065
9.878
2.843.806
401,144
180, »a
311,602
698,604
105,000
115,222
14,007,826
37,146,253
804,602
29,000
75,000
82,0tt
8,198,840
788,822
77,974,804
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COAL. 383
Bitwnmou8 coal mined by machine$ in the United Stales in 1899, etc, — Continued.
state.
Ari^tnfHf
Colondo
Ulioob
iDdkna
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kcotocky
Marrland
Michigan
Miaoari
Montana
Xew Mexico...
North DalLota .
Ohio
PennfylTania .
Tenneaee
Texas
Utah
ViiKlnia
Washington...
WcatViiginia.
Wyoming:
Total.
Total tonnage of States using mining machinery.
1899.
7,593,41«
848,664
4,776,224
24,489,010
6,006.623
1,637,427
5.177,479
3,862,267
4,607,265
4,807,896
624,706
8,025,814
1,496,451
1,060,714
98,809
16,500,270
74,150,175
8,330,650
2,106,791
2,029,881
19,262,996
8,837,892
191,144.219
1900.
8,394,275
1,477,945
5.244,364
25,767,981
6,484,086
1,922,298
^,202,989
4,467,870
5.328,964
4,024,688
849,475
3,540,103
1,661,775
1,299,299
129,883
18,988,150
79,842,326
3,706,562
2.398,754
2.474,093
22,647,207
4,014,602
209,864,639
1901.
9,099,052
1,816,136
5.700,015
27.381,552
6.918,225
2,421,781
5,617,499
4,900,528
6,469,986
6,113.127
1,241,241
3,802.088
1,396.081
1,086,546
166,601
20.948,807
82,805,946
8,633,290
1,107,953
1,822,614
2,725,878
2,578,217
24,068,402
4,485,374
225,261,934
1902.
10,354,570
1,943,932
7,401,343
32,939,373
9,446,424
2.820,666
5,904,766
5,266,065
6,766,984
5,271,609
964,718
3.890.154
1.560,823
1,048,763
226,511
23,519.894
98.574,367
4,382.968
901,912
1,674.521
8,182,993
24,570,826
4,429,491
256,943,673
11,654,324
7,423,602
36,957,104
10,794,692
3,517,388
6,419,811
6,839,976
7,538,082
4,846,165
1,367.619
4,238,586
1,488,810
1,541,781
278,645
24,838,108
103,117,178
4,798,004
926,759
1,681,409
8,461,807
29,337,241
4,635,293
276,691,829
State.
ArfcansH.
Colofado.
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kcntoeky
MarykDd
Michigan
Wmmi
BewMexko...
KorthDakoU.
Ohio
PfenuylTania .
TexM
Utah
TliglBia
WsAii^ltoo...
WfltViiginia.
WjOBtog
1809.
Percentage of total product mined by machines.
1900.
3.43
17.41
11.03
24.90
28.62
17.96
2.21
1.04
85.29
.84
10.20
1.80
66.88
24.81
88.62
41.86
29.67
6.04
28.06
.72
9.27
18.07
28.00
4.41
14.82
14.42
19.78
27.86
12.46
2.65
1.08
48.91
8.48
22.56
8.11
62.89
8.62
26.15
46.68
38.66
4.77
9.66
.40
15.09
16.27
26.15
1901.
3.17
5.62
5.60
21,12
26.77
7.81
1.97
.77
41.21
3,47
14.88
4.04
58.64
.24
26.15
47.26
86.96
6.07
2.02
1.11
8.66
.25
20.01
17.94
1902.
2.90
.46
11.58
21.59
25.68
4.28
1.87
.91
45.69
4.28
20.34
5.76
44.31
6.84
89.66
51.42
85.57
6.94
2.88
4.81
4.17
28.35
18.10
25.68
27.09
1903.
4.95
17.11
19.97
80.90
2.06
.86
.17
87.78
8.28
13.23
7.36
46.58
9.40
41.86
66.89
86.02
6.85
8.18
4.46
2.88
27.96
16.91
28.18
Digitized by V^OOQIC
884
IQNEBAL BESOUBOES.
The different kinds of machines in use in 1903, by States, are shown
in the following table:
Number and kinds of machines in use in 190S,
State.
Pick.
Chain-
breast.
ucmg-
Wal,
1V)taL
Alabama
Colorado
IlUnolfl
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota ...
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
West Virginia...
Wyoming
Total .
451
110
16
202
86
46
4
61
2
51
2,267
45
6
18
42
9
65
100
219
18
8
106
2
12
7
678
,089
6
2
8,887
10
430 '
2,717
M
157
553
329
36
10
5
806
K .
46
S8
65
12
9
72t
S,SU
51
8
13
10
■m
6,6SS
liABOR TEOUBUES,
The year 1903 was one of comparative industrial peace in the coal
mining regions of the United States. Two exceptions to the rule were
noted, however, one in the east, Alabama, and one in the west, Colo-
rado. There were occasional cessations from work in the anthracite
region of Pennsylvania, but they were not of long duration, and the
time lost had no appreciable effect upon the production. The strikes
in Alabama affected 7,319 out of a total of 21,438 men, and the average
time lost was 32 days per man, a total of 231,112 working days. In
Colorado there were 7,103 men out of a total of 9,229 who were idle
for an average of 57 days, or a total loss in working time of 407,909
days. In the bituminous region of Pennsylvania there were 12,805
men idle at one time or another during the year, the average time lost
being 25 days per man. Considering the great importance of the
bituminous coal mining industry of western Pennsylvania, this loss
was insignificant, the total idle time lost by strike representing little
more than 1 per cent of the total working days, and diid not affect the
production. Seventy per cent of the entire time lost by strikes in 1908
was borne by these tiiree States. The total number of men idle at any
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COAL.
885
time during the year, not including the unimportant disaffections in
the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, were 47,481, and the average
time lost for each man was 28 days. The total time idle was equal to
1,341,031 days, or about 1.5 per cent of the total working time. The
statistics of labor troubles in the United States during 1902 and 1908
are shown in the following tables:
Statigtics of labor strikes in the coal mines of the United States in 1902,
State or Territory.
Number of
men on
rtrike.
Total days
lost
Average
number of
days lost
per man.
At«btinii
6,069
14
444
3.916
1,824
150
363
884
1,248
189,788
140
20,845
65,231
23,698
9,000
6,480
17,256
22,184
83
ArkAiuan
10
Cblormdo
47
Dlinoiii
17
InditriA .
18
Indlftfi Teni t^rv
60
Iowa
18
Ktn<»«p
52
Kentacky
18
Mtryliind . .
Michigan
1,935
1.864
686
470
8
3,769
12,580
1,904
50
205
239,146
61,273
7,636
9,820
8
70,534
264,862
136,347
50
5,875
124
MiMnnii , , . _
45
Montana
u
New Mexico
21
North Dakota
1
Ohio
19
Pi»nn!iyl vania biti»minoiis ^ , , ^ ^ . , ^ ,.,.,,,
21
72
Tf^xan. a
1
Virginia
29
WMhingl^n T T - - - - - -
Wttt Virginia
18,129
55,452
145,000
1,362,064
76
Total
2,462,217
14,210,000
44
PennajlYania antbiraclte (approximate)
06
Statigtics of labor strikes in the coal mines of the
United Sta
tes in 190S.
State or Territory.
Number of
men on
strike.
7,319
7, 103
Total days
lost.
Averajfe
number of
days lost
per man.
Alabama
231,112
2,078
32
Arkanns
5
Colorado . ..
407_9<K» i WJ
niinoii
3,77'2 ( 70,731 ' 19
Indiana
2,680 t 46,566
448 1 1,928
1,143 ' :i :^'>
328 1 2.M6
590 18,717
120 1 6,(M5
7.') I 82.1
1,3(V. 13,8l»2
54 1 710
17
Indian TfTritorv
4
Iowa
99
Kanns ^ ^.x.......
8
Kentocky
22
Maryland
5
Michigan
11
Mtowori
11
New Mexico
13
M B 1903 25
Digitized by VjOOQU
386
MINERAL BESOUB0B8.
Statiaica of labor strikes in the coal mines of the United Slates in 1905— Gontinoed.
state or Territory.
Number of
men on
strike.
Total days
lOit
Average
number of
dayslofit
permuL
North Dakota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Washington . .
WestViiginia
Wyoming
Total...
35
4,115
12,806
l,e39
1,055
350
200
1,524
418
340
65,14»
821,925
36,021
2^460
9,800
6,000
63,212
4,130
47,481
1,311,031
16
S5
23
23
28
S
41
10
IMPORTS AND EXPOBT8.
The following tables have been compiled from official returns to the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, and
show the imports and exports of coal from 1867 to 1903, inclusive.
The values given in both cases are considerably higher than the aver-
age " spot " rates by which the values of the domestic production have
been computed.
The tariff from 1824 to 1843 was 6 cents per bushel, or $1.68 per
long ton; from 1843 to 1846, $1.75 per ton; 1846 to 1857, 30 percent
ad valorem; 1857 to 1861, 24 per cent ad valorem; 1861, bituminous
and shale, $1 per ton; all other, 50 cents per ton; 1862 to 1864, bitu-
minous and shale, $1.10 per ton; all other, 60 cents per ton; 1864 to
1872, bituminous and shale, $1.25 per ton; all other, 40 cents per ton.
By the act of 1872 the tariff on bituminous coal and shale was made 75
cents per ton, and so continued until the act of August, 1894, changed
it to 40 cents per ton. On slack or culm the tariff was made 40 cents
per ton by the act of 1872; was changed to 30 cents per ton by the act
of March, 1883, and so continued until the act of August, 1894, chan^
it to 15 cents per ton. The tariff act of 1897 provides that all coals
which contain less than 92 per cent fixed carbon, and which will pass
over a half -inch screen, shall pay a duty of 67 cents per ton. Slack or
culm was not changed by the act of 1897. Tons are all 2,240 pounds.
Anthracite coal has been free of duty since 1870. During the period
from June, 1854, to March, 1866, the reciprocity treaty was in force,
and coal from the British possessions in North America was admitted
into the United States duty free. A special act of Congress placed all
coal on the free list for one year from January 1, 1903, in order to
relieve the shortage caused by the anthracite strike of 1902,
The exports consist both of anthracite and bituminous coal, the
amount of bituminous being the greater in the last few years. They
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COAL.
387
are made principally by rail over the international bridges and by lake
and sea to the Canadian provinces. Exports are also made by sea to
the West Indies, to Centml and South America, and elsewhere.
The imports are principally from Australia and British Columbia to
San Francisco, from Great Britain to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts,
and from Nova Scotia to Atlantic coast points.
The total exports of coal from the United States during 1903 amounted
to 8,312,098 long tons, valued at $27,190,429, of which 2,008,867 long
tons, valued at $9,780,044, were anthracite, and 6,303,241 long tons,
valued at $17,410,385, were bituminous coal. The imports of anthracite
were equal to about 0.0005 per cent of the total production, and those
of bituminous to 0.01 per cent. The imports of anthracite coal into
the United States were relatively of no importance; they are princi-
pally to San Francisco. A considerable increase has been noted in the
imports of bituminous coal in the last three or four years, which has
been due to receipts of Nova Scotian coal at Everett, Mass., the fuel
being used in the manufacture of retort ovens at the plant of the New
England Coal and Coke Company at that place. Compared with the
domestic production, however, the total amount of coal imported is
of little consequence, having averaged for years less than 1 per cent
of the production.
Coal imported and entered for consumption in the United States f 1867-1 90S,
Ye*r endin^r^
Anthracite.
BitnminoQii and shale.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty. | Value,
Jnneao— 1M7
Longton$,
Longtont.
609,802
894,021
487.228
415.729
480.606
485.068
460.028
492,068
486,714
400,632
495.816
672,846
486,501
471,818
652.968
795.722
645,924
748,995
788,477
811.657
819.242
1,085,647
1,001,374
819.971
1,863,818
$1,412,507
USB
1.260,518
vm
1,222,U9
1,106,966
1.121,914
1,279,686
1.548,208
1,937.274
1.791,601
1,592,846
U7D.. .
vm
978
890
2,221
471
188
1,428
680
1&8
488
8
1,207
86
607
1,448
4,976
2,089
14,181
24,096
20,668
16,146
87,607
$4,177'
1,822
10,764
8,224
968
8,560
2,220
618
721
40
2,628
148
1,172
4,404
15,848
4.920
42,988
68,710
U7,484
46,695
112,722
1872
im
B74.
187S
M3«
UT7
1,782,941
uro
1,929,660
WTf
1,716.209
1,588,812
1.988,199
2,141,878
3,018,566
2,494.228
2,548.482
2,501.158
vm
vm
i«
\m
UM
vm
liweabcrJi— 1886
vm
2,609,8U
8,728,060
8.425.847
ma
Mi
MO
2,822.216
4.661,106
vm^
Digitized by V^OOQIC
388
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
Coed imported and entered for conmmption in the United tStcUes, i5»7-i505— Continiied.
Year ending—
Anthracite.
Bituminous and shale.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty. | Value.
DecemberSl — 1892 . . .
Longtoni,
65,068
53,768
90,068
141,837
101,689
24,534
3,149
61
118
286
a 170, 211
a 176, 747
$197,683
148,112
234,024
328.706
1237,717
59,222
8,609
245
549
1,844
792,469
792,667
LongtoM.
1,143,304
1,082,998
1,242,714
1,212,023
1,211,448
1,276,185
1,277,070
1,400,461
1,909,258
1,919,962
62,470,902
68.298,688
t3,74i8G2
1893
3,623,893
1894
8,785,513
1896
8.626,023
1896
18,463,742
1897
8,424,833
1898 '.
8,569.7i3
1899
3,882.430
1900
5.019,563
1901
5,291,429
1902
6,984,668
1903
9,819,667
a Includes 93,571 tons of anthracite containing less than 92 per cent fixed carbon, duty bee onder
the special act of 1902. imported in 1902, and 28,041 tons imported in 1903.
6 Includes 767,582 tons of slack or culm passing i-inch screen imported in 1902, and 577,274 tons
imported in 1903.
Coal of domestic production exported from the United States, 1867-190S,
Year ending-'
Anthracite..
Quantity. Value,
Bituminous and shale.
Quantity. Value.
June 80,1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879,
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Dec. 81,1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1896.
1896.
Long tons.
192,912
192,291
283,783
121,098
134,571
259,567
842,180
401,912
316,167
337,934
418,791
319,477
386,916
392,626
462,208
653,742
567,818
649,040
688,461
667,076
826,486
969,642
857,632
794,335
861,251
851,639
1,333,287
1,440,626
1.470,710
1,360,000
$1,838,467
1,082.745
1,558,116
803,185
805,169
1,375,342
1,827,822
2,236.084
1.791.626
1,869,484
1,891,861
1,006,848
1,427,886
1,362.901
2,091,928
2,589,887
2,648,033
3,058,660
2,686,421
2,718,148
8,469.166
4,325,126
3,636,347
3,272,697
8,677,610
8,722,903
6,241,007
6,850,021
5,987,180
5,026,606
LongUm*.
92,189
86,867
106.820
133.380
141, 3U
242,458
861.490
208.189
280,144
821.666
840,661
276.000
222.634
191,088
814.820
463.061
646.265
683,481
544,768
706,864
860,462
936,151
1,280,930
1,616,869
1,645,869
2,324,591
2,196,716
2,2U,983
2.276,202
8512.742
433,41^
502.223
564,067
586,364
1,086,253
1,587,666
828,943
S0,711
1,084,711
i,852.eai
891.512
695.179
788,582
1,102,898
1.568.214
1,977.9M
1,980. Nl
1.440,631
2,001,966
2,689,472
2,788,582
4.004,995
5,104,850
4,999.289
6,009,801
4.9TO,CT)
4.816,847
5,072,08
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COAL,
389
Oxd of domestic production expo/tied from the United States, 1867-1903— ConivaxSLeA.
Year ending —
Anthracite.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Dec n,1897
LongtoM.
1,298,768
1,350,948
1,707.796
1,654,610
1,998,807
907,977
2,008,857
$5,886,730
5,712,985
7,140,100
7,092,489
8,937,147
4,301,946
9,780,044
Long tout.
2.399,263
3.152,459
4,044,3M
6,262.909
5,390,086
5,218,969
6,803,241
$5,326,761
6,699,248
8,578,276
14,481,690
13,065,768
13,927,063
17,410,885
1896
1899 ;
1900
1901
1902
1908
WOBIiD'S PRODUCTION OF COAIi.
In the following table is given the coal production of the principal
countries for the years nearest the one under review for which figures
could be obtained. For the sake of convenience the quantities are
expressed in the unit of measurement adopted in each country and
reduced for comparison to short tons of 2,000 pounds. In each case
the year is named for which the production is given.
The worUVs production of coal.
Country.
United States (1908) long tons.
Great Britain (1903) do...
Gcfmukj (1908) metric tons.
Anrtria^Hungary (1902) do...
ftMiec(1906) do...
Belfimn (190S) do...
RiibU(1902) long tons.
J«pfta(1901) metric tons.
0»aada(1908) , short tons.
India (19(18) long tons.
Kctt Booth Wale8( 1902) do...
8|i«in(llW) metric tons.
Sooth African Repablic (1902) long tons.
5«w Zealand (1902) do...
Xexfeo(19Q2) metric tons.
Sweden (1902) do...
ltriy(1902) do...
HoIknd(1902) do...
Qtteeoiland (1902) long tons.
Vlrtoriaa«2) do...
S»U1(W02) do...
On* Colony (1902) do...
T«BMiia(1902) do...
<}<hereoQntrIesa do...
Total.
of the United States.
Usual unit in
producing
country.
819,068,229
230,334,409
162,312,076
39,479,560
35.002,992
23,870,820
15,259,674
8,946,988
7,996,634
7,424,480
6,942,011
2,798,118
1,590,830
1,862,702
710,000
804,733
418,810
399,133
601,581
225,164
592,821
165,557
48,863
4,600,861
Equivalent in
snort tons.
857,866,416
257,974,605
178,916,600
43,518,319
38,583,798
26,812,805
17,090,885
9,861,107
7,996,634
8,315,418
6,655,052
8,084,860
1,781,170
1,526,226
782,683
335,907
456,143
439,964
561,716
252,184
663,960
186,424
54,727
6,152,404
967,858,406
87
"laelodes China, Torkey, Seryla, Portugal, United States of Colombia, Chile, Borneo and Labuan,
nni, Greece, etc
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390
MINERAL REdOUROES.
As shown in the preceding table, the United States in 1903 produced
37 per cent of the entire world's supply. In 1902 the United States
produced 34 per cent of the total, and in 1901, 33.7 per i^nt The
lead which the United States assumed over Great Britain in 1899 has
been increased each year, our production in 1903 exceeding that of
Great Britain by nearly 100,000,000 tons, or almost 40 per cent Great
Britain's production last year exceeded her output in 1902 by 3,628,158
short tons, or about li per cent, while the production of the United
States increased 55,766,977 short tons, or 18.5 per cent The aggre-
gate production of Great Britain and all of her colonies in 1903
amounted to 285,967,115 short tons, an amount exceeded by the pro-
duction of the United States by 71,389,301 short tons, or 25 per cent.
The steps by which the United States has attained its present rank
among the coal-producing countries of the world are exhibited in the
following table, which shows the production of each country for each
year for which the figures are obtainable since 1868. At the beginning
of that period the United States held third place, with Great Britain
first and Germany second. The latter country was permanently dis-
placed in 1877, although in four years previous to that date, in 1871,
1872, 1873, and 1874, our production had exceeded that of Germany.
In 1902 the United States produced 80 per cent more coal than Ger-
many, and in 1903 our production was almost exactly double that of
the German Empire.
World's production of coaly by countries^ 1868-1903,
Year.
United States.
Great Britain.
Long tons.
Short tons.
Long tons.
Short tons.
Metric tons.
Short tons.
1868
28,258,000
28,268,000
82,863,000
41,884,000
46,416,000
51,004,000
46,916,000
46,686.000
47,500,000
63,948,000
61,665,000
60,893,570
67,998,164
76,865.357
92,219,454
102,867,969
106.906,296
99,249,817
101,500,024
116,661,974
132,731,613
126,097.869
140,866,931
31,648,960
31,660,160
36.806,560
46,350,080
60,865,920
57,124,480
62,646,920
62,288,320
63,200,000
60,421,760
67,858,600
68,200,799
76,157,944
85,881,030
108,285,789
115,212,126
119,736.051
111,159,795
118,680,027
180,650,211
148,659,407
141,229,618
157,770,963
103,141,157
107,427,657
110,431,192
117,352,028
123,497,316
128,680,131
126,590,108
133,806,486
184,126,166
134,179,968
132,612,063
133,720,393
146,969,409
164,184,300
156,499,977
163.737,827
160,757,779
159,361,418
167,518.482
162,119,812
169,986,219
176,916,724
181,614.288
116,518,096
120.318,864
82,879,123
36,«9,2»
37,864,164
37.488,312
41, 796, an
46,662,725
50,875,036
51,440,605
62.708.970
54,629.383
53,173.445
65,698,188
68,961,461
66,177.684
67,848.385
72,079,478
77,«63.01«
79,505,487
81.227,255
81.285.0©
84,046,40
90,860,982
98,610,600
96.888,600
1869
1870
123,682,936 j 84,003,0(M
131,434,271 * 37,856,110
138,316,994 ', 42,324,467
144,121,747 46,145,194
141 780 921 > ^ Af«R 1^*^
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
149,303,263
150,220,186
150,281,664
148,625,611
149,766,840
164,605,738
172,686,416
176,279,974
183,385,806
180,048,712
178,473,688
176,420,700
181,674,189
190,327,445
198,146,731
208,406,006
47,804,064
49,550,461
48,229,882
50,619,899
63,470,716
69.118,085
61,540,485
65,378,2U
70.442,648
72,113,820
73,675,515
78,682,584
76,232,618
81,960,063
84,978,280
89,290,834
1876
1877,
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1886
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
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COAL.
391
WorUTs production of coal, by countries, 1S68-190S — Continned.
Year.
United States.
Long tons. Short tons.
18B2..
I»3..
vm..
vm..
1S86..
yon.,
vm..
1900..
mn..
isoi..
150,505,964
160.116, 242
162,814,977
162,447,791
172,426,366
171,416,990
178,766,071
196,407,382
226,664,686
240,789,900
261,874,886
269,277,178
819,068,229
168,666,668
179,329,071
182,852,774
170,741,626
198,117,680
191,986,857
200,229,199
219,976,267
253,741,192
269,684,027
296,299,816
801,500,489
857,856,416
Great Britain.
Long tons. Short tons.
185,479,126
181,786,871
167,826,795
188,277,626
189,661,362
195,361,260
202,129,961
202,064,516
220,094.781
226,181,300
219,046,945
227,096,042
230,884,469
207,736,621
203,601,296
184,044,890
210,870,828
212,820,725
218, 804, 6U
226,385,523
226,801,068
246,506,155
252,208,056
245,882,578
254,346,447
257,974,605
Germany.
Long tons. Short tons.
94,252,278
92,544,050
95,426,153
98,805,702
103,957,639
112,471,106
120,474,485
130,928,490
135,824,427
149,551,000
152,628,931
150,486,810
162,812,075
103,918,136
102,029,815
106,207,384
108,888,884
114,561,818
123,943,169
182,762,882
144,288,196
149,719,766
164,805,202
168,217,062
165,826,496
178,916,600
Year.
laes..
1809..
1S70..
1871..
1872..
1871..
1874..
1836..
1876..
UB7...
vm..
1879...
Austria-Hungary.
Metric tons. Short tons.
IBM...
MB..
in.
UN..
UK..
U97..
7,021,766
7,663,048
8,856,945
8,487,401
8,826.896.
10,104,769
12,631,864
13,062,738
13,000,000
18,600,000
18,900,000
14,500,000
14.800,000
16,804,818
15,566,292
17,047,961
18,000,000
20,486,468
20,779,441
21,879,172
28,859,606
26,328,417
27,604,062
28,828,240
29,087,978
40,449,804
81.490,000
82,664,777
88,676,411
86,866,000
87,786,968
88,799,000
89,029,729
41,202,902
80,479.660
7.741,486
8,448,506
9,212,429
9,802,285
9,780,550
11,140,608
13,926,079
14,895,137
14,827,800
14,883,750
15,324,760
15,966,260
16,817,000
16,878,566
17,149,709
18,796,377
19,845,000
22,580,098
22,909,884
24,121,787
26,806,218
27,924,680
80,828,196
81,777,622
82,014,871
88,670,358
84,704,184
86,986,564
87,111,406
89,615,616
41,662,669
42,690,878
48,010,761
46,417,969
48,518,819
France.
Metric tons. Short tons.
13,380,826
13,509,745
18,179,788
13,240,135
16,100,773
17,479,341
16,907,913
16,966.840
17,101,448
16,804,529
16,960,916
17,110,979
19,861,564
19,766,983
20,603,704
21,383,884
20,028,614
19,510,680
19,909,804
21,287,680
22,602,894
24,808,609
26,068,U8
26,024,896-
26,178,701
25,660,961
27,469,187
28,019,896
29,189,900
80,797,629
82,866,104
82,868,000
88,404,296
32,801,757
80,196,994
86,002,992
14,697,236
14,894,494
14,580,716
14,597,249
17,751,102
19,270,973
18,640,974
18,094,916
18,854,346
18.526,998
18,699,410
18,864,854
21,346,124
21,791,996
22,715,584
23,520,607
22,075,924
21,510,869
21,950,658
28,460,567
24,919,691
26,794,619
28,756,688
28,692,444
28,862,018
28,280.207
80,278,699
80,877,922
82,167,270
88,988,967
85,656.426
86,215,026
36,811,586
85,596,586
88,286,146
88,588,796
Belgium.
Metric tons. Short ton^.
12,298,589
12,943,994
18,697,118
18,783,176
15,658,948
15,778,401
14,669,029
15,011,381
14,329,578
18,669,077
14,899,175
15,447,292
16,886,698
16,873,951
17,500,989
18,177,754
18,051,499
17,487,608
17,285,548
18,878,624
19,218,481
19,869,980
20,865,960
19,675,644
19,583,178
19,410,519
20,458,827
20,450.604
21,252,370
21,534,629
22,075,093
21,917,740
28,462,817
22.213,410
22.877.470
23,870,820
18,559,194
14,270,758
15,101,073
15,140,827
17,263,990
17,396,687
16,172,604
16,549,992
15,796,360
15,070,167
16,426^840
17,030,640
18,617,585
18,608,581
19,394,065
20,040,974
19,901,778
19,224,957
19,057,311
20,262,438
21,188,875
21,906,658
22,458,471
21,692,898
21,590,448
21,400,097
22,565,857
22,536,566
23,420,112
28,731,161
24,326,752
24,159,926
25.856,024
24,485,842
25,217,836
26,312,805
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892
HIKEKAL BESOUBOES.
WorUPsproductUm ofcoal^ by countries, 1868-1903 — Continaed.
Tear.
Russia.
Metric tons. Short tons.
Japan.
Metric tons. Short tons.
Other conn-
tries.
Short tons.
Total.
Short tons.
Percent
of United
States.
IMS.
1860.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1878.
1874.
1876.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1884.
1886.,
1886..
1887..
1888.,
1889..
1890..
1891..
1892..
1898..
1894..
1896..
1896..
1897..
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.,
1902.
1908..
430,082
679,419
667,806
772,871
1,087,611
1,164,618
1,270,889
1,673,768
1,796,146
1,760,276
2,483,576
2,874,790
8,288,470
8,439,787
8,672,782
3,916,106
8,869,689
4,207,906
4,606,027
4,464,174
6,187,312
6,215,677
6,016,626
6,238,020
6,816,323
7,586,000
8,629,000
9,079,188
9,229,000
11.207,475
12,807,450
13,662,810
16,151,667
16,269,800
15,259,674
473,896
688,610
735,922
861,168
1,143,447
1,272,389
1,400,520
1,844,475
1,968,251
1,989,824
2,738,141
8,169,456
3,670,413
3,792,365
4,049,242
4,317,606
4,266,332
4,689,215
4,967,895
4,921,752
5,719,011
6,852,674
6,638,219
6,871,905
7,514,996
8,307,387
9,609,168
10,005,210
10,170,358
12,350,638
13,562,810
15,730,346
17,799,016
17,934,201
17,090,835
1,021,000
1,150,000
1,314,000
1,402,000
1,786,000
2,044,000
2,435,000
2,653,000
3,230,000
3,228,000
3.350,000
4,311,000
4,849,000
5,019,690
5,647,751
6,761,301
6,716,831
7,429,457
8,945,938
1,125,142
1,277,218
1,448,028
1,645,004
1,967,070
2,252,488
2,683,870
2,923,606
3,569,460
3,657,256
3,691,700
4,750,722
5,843,598
5,581,698
6,225,516
7,572,657
7,401,948
8,187,262
9,861,107
1.147,330
1,104,568
1,063,121
1,114,248
1,268,U5
1,502,616
2,708,756
2,639,104
2,597,148
2,821,155
8,176,050
8,362,605
3,621,342
6,185,974
6,128,631
6,929,841
7,367,309
7,670,507
9,082,815
10,399,273
11,493,176
12,618,299
13,025,637
14,744,329
14,998,633
15,783,599
18,197,510
19,428,643
20,866,748
22,074,098
24,797,873
25,811,285
27,684,964
30,565,923
fc 37, 907, 163
221,085.430
229,200,013
238,621,068
260,526,424
283,002,848
302,703,376
298,616,379
808,419,177
811,594,969
317,11^,648
818,441,990
336,832,906
369,413,780
392,663,253
420,082,472
450,990,397
454,022,811
447,783,802
450,848,793
481,412,748
521,225,803
681,797.089
563,693,282
687,564,688
693,497,904
682,688,296
610,487,368
644,177,076
664,001,718
697,213,615
738,129,606
801,976,021
846,041,848
870,711,044
888,644,787
14.32
13.81
16.42
17.^
17.97
18.87
17.60
16.96
17.07
19.01
18.17
20. S4
20.62
2L87
24.58
25.55
26.37
24.82
25.22
27.14
2&S2
26. S6
27.99
28.69
30.22
3L90
27.97
29.96
28.92
28.72
29.80
SL6S
31.88
33.60
33.94
*» Latest available figures are used In making up totals for 1902.
ft This includes, in addition to the countries named in the following pages, the output of Holland,
439,964 tons; Natal. 663,960 tons; Cape Colony. 185,424 tons: Tasmania, 64,727 tons; Mexico, 7S2,6S3
tons; China, Turkey, Servia, Portugal, etc. (estimated), 6,162,404 tons; total, 7,278,730 tons (1902).
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COAL. 393
Produdum of minor coal-producing countries^ 1868-lOOS,
Tetr.
un..
U89..
1870..
W7I..
xsn..
\m.,
m\..
1875..
1878..
M77..
1878..
1871..
UBl..
1882..
1881..
18M..
1886..
1866..
1887..
1888..
1888..
1880..
1881..
ue..
un..
28N.
1886..
1886..
vm..
Ml..
Itt...
New Boath Wales.
Long tons. Short tons.
954.231
919,774
868,564
898,784
1,012,426
1,192.862
1,304,667
1,329,729
1,319,918
1,444,271
1,676,497
1,663,381
1,466,180
1,769,697
2,109,282
2,821,457
2,749,109
2,878,868
2,830,175
2,922,497
3,203,444
8,666,632
8,060,876
4,087,929
3,780,968
8,278,328
8,672,076
8,787,636
8,909,517
4,883.591
4,736,000
4,697,028
5,607,497
5,938,426
5,942,011
1,068,789
1,030,147
972,791
1,006,638
1,183,917
1,336,005
1.461,115
1,489,296
1,478,306
1,617,584
1,764,556
1,773,387
1,642,122
1,961,949
2,362,896
2,824,032
8,079,002
3,224,327
8,109,796
8,273,197
8,587,857
4,094,308
8,428,181
4,522,480
4,284,684
8,671,727
4,112,725
4,186.040
4,878,659
4,909,622
5,804,820
5,148,671
6.168,397
6,684,637
6,655,052
Queensland.
Long tons. Short tons.
19,611
11,120
22,689
17,000
27,727
33,613
48,448
82,107
60,627
60,918
52,560
55,012
58,062
65,612
74,436
104,750
120,727
209,698
228,666
238,818
311,412
265,507
888,344
271,603
265,086
264,408
270,705
822,977
871,000
858,407
407,819
494,009
497,132
639,472
601,531
21,964
12,454
25,866
19,040
31,054
87,647
48,656
35,960
56,702
68,228
58,890
61,613
65,018
73,485
83,368
117,320
185,214
234,862
256,094
267,470
348,781
297,868
878, W5
804.195
296,896
296,181
803,190
361,734
415,520
401,416
466,757
568,290
556.788
604,209
561,715
New 2Sealand.
Long tons. Short tons.
162,218
231,218
299,623
337,262
378,272
421,764
480,831
511,063
534,353
568,620
613,895
586,446
637,397
668,794
673,315
691,548
719,546
727,000
793,000
840,713
906,778
975,234
1,093,990
1,227,638
1,862,702
181,681
258,964
335,913
377,733
423,665
472,376
538,531
572,390
596,475
625,654
687,562
656,818
713,885
749,049
754,113
774,534
805,892
814,240
888,160
941,600
1,015,591
1,092,262
1,225,269
1,374,955
1,526,226
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394 MINEBAL RBSOtntOBd.
Production of minor coaJrprodwAng countries f Ises-lSOS-^Coniinued,
Year.
Victoria.
Canada.
India.
Spain.
Long tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Long tons.
Short tons.
Metrictons.
Short Um
1868
I860
1870
. . !
1871
1
1872
1
1
1878
1
1
1874
1,068,446
964,905
983,806
1,002,395
1,034,081
1.128,863
1,424,685
1.487,182
1,811,708
1,806,259
1.950,080
1,879,470
2,091,976
2,418,494
2,658,184
2,719,478
8,117,661
3,623,076
3,292,547
3,201,742
8.903,913
3,612,504
3,748.284
8,786,107
4,172,665
4,925,061
6,322,197
6,186,286
7,689,225
7,996,684
1
1876
1876
1877
1
1878
1
1879
1880
1881
997,548
1,180,242
1,815,978
1,266,812
1,294,221
1,401,295
1.660,898
1,802,876
2,046,860
2,168,521
2,328,577
2,587,696
2,529,866
2,810,029
3,538,000
3,848,000
4,068,127
4,208,199
6,098,260
6.118,692
6,685.727
7,483,972
1,117,248
1.266,871
1,473,898
1,418.269
1,449,628
1,509,450
1,747,640
2,019,221
2,290,802
2,488,744
2,608.006
2,842,220
2.888,488
8.158,240
8,962,660
4,809,760
4,650,702
4,707,582
6,704,451
6,862,986
7,482,014
8,826,049
1882
1888
1884
1885.
1
1886
1,001,482 1 iM on
1887
1.038,805
1,006,665
1,1S8,755
1,212,D69
1,287,968
1,461,196
1,484,794
1,667,010
1,788,788
1,878,889
1,989,400
2,626.600
2.742,889
2,674,105
2,747,724
2,807,660
2,798,118
l,144,m
1888
1,142,81s
1889
14,421
20,750
22,884
28,868
91,726
175,175
194,171
227,000
236,277
245,659
262,380
211,596
209.829
225,164
16,162
23,240
25,574
26,166
102,788
196,196
217,472
265,240
264,680
276,138
298,866
236,968
284,448
252,184
1,272,015
1890
1,336,328
1891
1,420,007
1892
1,610,90
1898
1,686. «6
1894
1,830,858
1896
1,966,729
1896
2,0e9,«6
1897
2,137,219
1898
2,784.813
1899
8.022,113
1900
2,946.864
1901
8,027,918
1902
8,094,782
8,064,300
1903
A* > 1
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COAL.
Production of minor coairproducmg octtirUries, lS6S~190S—Conimued.
895
Yotf.
Italy.
Sweden.
South African Republic.
Metric tons.
Short tons.
Metric tons.
Short tons.
Long tons.
Short tons.
1886.
51,886
56,201
68,770
80,336
98,566
116,884
127,473
116,956
116,399
120,688
124,117
131,318
180,369
184,582
164,737
.214.121
223,322
190,418
248,326
827,666
866,794
380,820
876,326
288,286
296,718
817,249
271,395
66,627
61,962
64,794
88,670
106,144
128,864
140,539
128,948
128,830
182,948
186,839
144,778
158,664
148,877
181,628
285,961
246,218
209,960
268,266
861,251
404,890
482.588
416,500
818,988
826,024
3«,767
299,108
886,568
804,869
346,273
376,245
428,164
529,907
469,154
456,148
•
i8e»
1830
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
•
1837
1878
1879
1880
WBl.r.
1882
188S
1881
1886
Ml
1«7
z
1880
187,512
198,088
199,880
199,933
218,633
228,652
226,000
224,348
236,277
289,844
262,320
271,509
804,783
206.132
218.881
219,816
220,426
286,682
246,464
249,062
251,264
260,448
268,757
278,067
299,284
836,907
191
WK
UBS
648,634
791,368
1,183,466
1,487,297
1,600,212
1,907,271
1,464,317
433,948
671,682
1,600,830
614,368
886 821
UM
U85
806.321
276,197
314,222
841,327
888,684
480,859
426,614
413,810
1,209.482
1,609.772
1,792,287
2,186,148
1,640,085
486,022
752,116
1,781,170
1888
1897
1888
1888
1108
1981
19QL
19BB.
COAIi TRADE REVIEW.
The most marked feature in connection with the coal-mining indus-
try in 1903 was the comparative peace which reigned throughout the
coalmining regions, a period of calm after the stormy scenes of 1902.
There were only two States in which the production was seriously dis-
turbed by general strikes, these being Alabama and Colorado. In
oeitber of these States, however, was the disturbance of sufficient
l»^l^ or general character to cause a decrease in the production of
cotL The year 1903, in addition to the general peace, was one of
unprecedented activity throughout most of the coal-producing States.
The car supply, while not up to all that was desired in some of the coal'
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396 MINEBAL RESOURCES.
mining regions, was in much better condition than that which prevailed
in 1902, and the railroads were better equipped for the transportation
of coal from the mines to the consuming and distributing centers.
Pripes at the mines rul^d higher than at any time within the last fif-
teen years, and while in some instances an oversupply was created in
some of the principal cities, with the natural result of reduced prices,
the general situation was one of satisfaction to producing, transport-
ing, and selling interests. Consumers were naturally disposed to com-
plain of the high prices which they were obliged to pay for fuel, but
as there was no decided setback to the prevailing satisfactory trade
conditions, the consumers were able to meet this increased expense.
A comprehensive idea of the conditions which prevailed throughout
the United States may be obtained from the following reviews of the
coal trade in the principal cities. These reviews have been prepared
by secretaries of boards of trade or other local authorities familiar with
the coal-trade conditions.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
The following review of the coal trade of New York City has been
prepared for this report by Mr. Samuel Sanford, associate editor of
the Engineering and Mining Journal:
The year 1903 was the most satisfactory in the history of the New
York coal trade for the large anthracite sales agencies, but was unsatis-
factory for sellers of some grades of bituminous. A large amount of
coal consigned to New York firms is transshipped by them to points
on Ijong Island Sound, and detailed statements of such transshipments
have not been compiled, but the tonnage of anthracite sold was
undoubtedly the largest on record, while prices averaged higher than
in any year since 1876.
Concerning the financial control of the great mining and transporta-
tion companies, the most noteworthy event reported was the transfer
of a large block of Philadelphia and Readii^ Railroad stock to the Bal-
timore and Ohio and the Lake Shore railroads; the transfer increased
the Pennsylvania and Vanderbilt Interest in the anthracite industry
and lessened that of J. P. Morgan & Co. Another event was the
retirement of Mr. Olyphant from the presidency of the Delaware and
Hudson Company, followed by a general reorganization of several
departments of the road. Still another happening of some interest
was the suit brought before the Interstate Commerce Commission by
a certain newspaper owner against the anthracite railroads, alleging
discriminations in freight rates, excessive rates, and a combination to
maintain prices of coal. The hearings before the Interstate Commerce
Coriimission brought out very little that was not already a matter of
record, and were cut short by a decision of Judge Lacombe denying
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COAL. 397
the Commission's power to take certain evidence. The Commission
appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
Anthracite was in short supply at the opening of 1903, prepared
sizes selling at retail for $13 per ton in New York. Wholesale prices
varied widely. The largest companies had refused to take advantage-
of public need, and after the miners resumed work in 1902 sold coal at
a stated price of $5 per ton for egg, stove, and chestnut sizes. Some
so-called independent operators, however, who sold to larger concerns
under contracts calling for 65 per cent of the average tidewater price,
objected to receiving 65 per cent of $5, claiming that the actual price
was around $10. To avoid damage suits the large companies volun-
tarily abrogated these contracts for three months, buying the coal at
the breaker and selling it back to the operator at tidewater, leaving
him free to get any price he could. Before February, owing to extra-
ordinary activity at the mines and heavy shipments, prices broke,
coal selling at retail in New York for $7.50, while the speculative prices
free on board for stove size was $6.50. By March retail prices at
New York had fallen to $6.25 for egg, stove, and chestnut sizes, and
wholesale prices went down to the $6 mark previously named by the
lar^ concerns, and the independent operators found some diflBculty in
collecting money due for $10 coal from speculators, who were selling
at a loss. Early in April the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron
Company announced basis prices of $4.75 for broken and $5 for egg,
stove, and chestnut sizes, with graded discounts for certain months.
Other companies made similar announcements, and a great rush of
orders resulted, householders who had never sought to take advantage
of spring discounts before remembering their experiences since the
previous June, and buying liberally. This retail demand remained
unusually brisk until well into July, with resulting activity in the
wholesale trade, as New York dealers, having limited storage capacity,
normally buy but little during the late spring and the whole summer.
By August the effects of the previous year's strike had about passed,
and conditions were nearly normal. The email steam sizes, owing to
the great decline in the prices of bitimiinous and to the short-sighted
policy of many anthracite producers, who during the winter had sold
as coal stuff that was little better than culm, the market for steam
sizes was dull. It continued to decline until November. The demand
for prepared sizes did not decline so soon, but buying during Sep-
tember and October was light. The coming of cold weather late in
November put the trade on a winter basis.
New York Harbor prices, free on board, asked by the principal
ecmipanies for free-burning white ash coal was as follows: January,
February, and March^ broken, $4.75; egg, stove, and chestnut, $5;
April, broken, $4.25; eggy stove, and chestnut, $4.50; May, $4.35 and
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398 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
$4:.60; June, $4.45 and $4.70; July, $4.66 and $4.80; August, $4.65
and $4.90; September, October, November, and December, $4.75 and
$6. The prices obtained on sales, as reported to the commissioner
appointed by the Anthracite Strike Commission, for the montiis of
May to December, inclusive, were a little below the prices asked, the
difference being due to concessions made on large and long-time con-
tracts or on special lots.
The two most important consolidations affecting the New York bitu-
minous trade in 1903 were the bringing under one control of the Con-
solidation Coal Company of Maryland, the Fairmont Coal Company of
West Virginia, and the Somerset Coal Company of Pennsylvania,
through Baltimore and Ohio Railroad interests, and the formation of
the Pennsylvania Coed and Coke Company, which ships from mines in
the Clearfield region of Pennsylvania over the Pennsylvania and the
New York Central railroads. The year opened with demand heavy, and
bituminous prices equaling those of the prepared sizes of anthracite,
but soon declined, and by January 10 ordinary grades of Clearfield
were selling for $7, free on board. New York shipping ports. By Feb-
ruary 1 prices were down to $5.25 and by February 20 to $3.25. The
break was chiefly due to large offerings of British coal at $4.50 to $6,
alongside, North Atlantic ports. Contract prices for the new year
beginning April 1 were, however, fixed at $3.35 for average grades of
Clearfield, free on board, New York Harbor ports, with special grades
in proportion. This large advance over the previous year's prices
was made by influential producers against the advice of the most
experienced men in the trade. Consumers did not come forward at
these prices, and concessions were made by producers of the poorer
grades. Car supply at the mines, which had been about 25 per cent
of producers demands early in February, increased to 50 per cent by
May 1, while transportation was prompt. A further increase in car
supply and no improvement in demand caused the market to sag, and
by May 15 ordinary grades of Clearfield sold at $2.50, free on board.
New York Harbor shipping ports, while some lots on which demurrage
was accumulating sold as low as $2.40. During the last half of the
year strikes in many industries, and abundant waterpower for those
concerns using it, reduced consumption, while the market had suffered
from heavy arrivals of foreign coal. From July 15 until into October
ordinary grades of Clearfield sold at $2.50 to $2.86, free on board,
New York Harbor shipping ports.
In October producers of certain special grades, who found it
impossible to maintain contract prices in the face of price cutting that
had continued for months, virtually abrogated their contracts, prices
of poorer grades suffered in sympathy, and the market was tempo-
rarily demoralized, ordinary grades of Clearfield selling at $2.40 to
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COAL. 399
$3.50, free on board, New York Harbor shipping ports into December.
The year closed with these prices prevailing: Georges Creek, $3 to
$3.50; best Clearfield, $2.60 to $2.80; fair Clearfield, $2.50 to $2.60;
best gas coal, $3.05 to $3.15.
Daring the last half of the year the railroads, owing to lessened
industrial activity, gave prompt transportation to tidewater and fur-
nished cars enough for the urgent needs of operators. Coastwise
freight rates showed wide fluctuations during the year, owing to the
variation in the demand for coal. Ektrly in January some vessels got
the remarkable rate of $2.50 from New York to Boston and $1.50 to
Long Island Sound ports. By January 10 rates from New York were
$1.50 to Boston and $1 to Providence, New Bedford, and Long Island
Sound, and by March 5 were 65 to 75 cents to Long Island Sound, and
$1.05 to $1.15 to Boston, Salem, and Portland. Barge rates to near-by
Sound ports fell from 35 to 40 cents in January to 20 cents in March.
Bates during the spring and summer fell slightly. In September the
following rates prevailed: Providence, New Bedford, and Long Island
Soondy 65 to 75 cents; Boston, Salem, and Portland, 75 to 80 cents.
In November the rates were: Providence, New Bedford, and Long
Island Sound, 60 cents; Boston, Salem, and Portland, 70 cents. In
December they were: Providence, New Bedford, and Long Island
Sound, 50 cents; Boston, Salem, and Portland, 60 to 65 cents.
BOSTON, MASS.
The coal trade of Boston is reviewed by Mr. Elwyn G. Preston,
secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, as follows:
The coal trade of Boston during spring of 1903 witnessed a return
to normal conditions from the extraordinary conditions that prevailed
during 1902, followed by a reaction during the summer and fall months,
which appeared to be in the nature of a legacy of exhaustion from the
excitement of the previous year. The settlement of the strike in the
fall of 1902 was followed by increased receipts of both anthracite and
bituminous coal, but not in sufficient amount to take care of the late
winter requirements. As a result, prices remained for some months
at tbe high level reached at the close of 1902.
The table following shows the receipts of both anthracite and bitu-
minous coal for the past year as compared with previous years.
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400
MINERAL BE80URCE8.
Receipts of coal at Boston, Mass. , for twenty years,
[Long tons.]
Domestic.
Vmv.
.„ 1
\'ear.
By water.
All rail.
Total.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
1884
1
2,225,740
1885
1
2,221,220
1886
1
44,464
13.966
10,061
5.538
14,072
5,842
1,416
17,097
41,779
21,009
61, on
50,235
17.122
201, en
551,817
538,031
1,001,520
1,226.134
2,500,000
1887
2.400,000
1888
2,057,279
1,647,348
1,740,564
2,089,443
2,163,984
2,227,086
2,237,599
2,518,441
2,092,798
1 048 985t
1,004,195
914,966
964,857
1,070,088
919,815
1,100,384
958,701
977,762
1,391,949
1.591,246
1,706,929
1,746,780
2,086,260
2,063,691
2,103,696
2,078,499
3,071,566
1889
2,567,851
1890
2,719,496
1891 ...
3,115,373
1892
3,065,215
1893
a50,000
a71,803
a90,999
a 104, 080
65,674
62.143
94,614
64,291
47,139
120,812
185,330
3,394,5C7
1894
3,309,382
3,608,ni
3.649,896
1895....
1896....
1897
32,836
31,071
47,303
32,146
23,569
40,755
109,033
3,688,271
3.693,071
4.269.ia
1898 i 1- 885-806
1899
2,178,791
1.973,733
2,139,989
974,649
2,042,512
1900....
4,706,247
1901....
4,812,419
1902....
1903....
41,766
22,432
4,283,198
6.668.940
a Total anthracite and bituminous.
The receipts of domestic bituminous coal were slightly in excess of
the previous year, the falling off by water being more than counter-
balanced by the all-rail receipts. The receipts of foreign bituminous
coal exceeded those of the previous year by 225,000 long tons, aggre-
gating 1,226,134 long tons, and constituting 54 per cent of the total
bituminous receipts. Of the foreign bituminous coal 644,462 long tons
came from Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, the balance coming from
various ports of Great Britain. The British coal was received prin-
cipally during the first four months of the year.
The receipts of domestic anthracite coal were 2,151,545 long tons, as
compared with 1,015,404 tons in 1902 and 2,163,558 tons in 1901.
Only 22,432 tons of foreign anthracite were received during 1903,
practically all coming from Hull and Swansea.
The table following shows the amount of coal received at Boston and
forwarded to interior New England points and the net receipts at Bos-
ton, which represents coal entering into local consumptioQ.
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COAL.
MarUhly receipU of coal at BosUnif Mass., for 190S, wUk comparisans.
[Long tons.]
401
Mootb.
Receipts, all routes.
Amount forwarded to New
England points.
Net receipts (for local
consumption).
Anthracite.
Bitumlnoos.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
JAQoary
L4)ngton8.
230,218
182,911
120,093
160,024
211,937
163,673
240,011
198,952
226,699
176,719
185,577
127,163
LongUma,
364,110
462,004
342,326
816,829
289,288
218,564
298,883
242,929
268,090
216,467
238,836
242,642
Long tons.
16,915
27,968
18,515
26,414
19,042
17,876
81.851
42,847
85,492
17,686
7,852
15,641
Long tons.
97,412
87,469
102,707
84.509
74,087
92,665
78,874
58,144
44,852
60,888
69,157
65,848
Long tons.
218,808
154,948
101,578
188,610
192,895
146,298
208,160
156,605
191,207
150,088
127,725
111,522
Long tons.
266,698
February
March
874,686
289,619
282,280
216,196
120,809
219,600
184,786
April
May
June
July
At^QSt
September
October
228,288
166,064
Korember
December
164,179
177,294
Total. 1908 .
Total, 1902 .
Total, 1901 .
Total. 1900 .
ToUl. 1890 .
Total. 1896 .
Total, 1897.
2,173.977
1,057,170
2,163.558
2,005,879
2,226,094
1,866,877
1.961,119
8,489.963
3,226,028
2,648,861
2,702,368
2,048,065
1,786,194
1,707,154
277,098
106,209
333,178
397,417
461,827
868,960
418,171
915,607
762,598
792,226
851,882
647,533
663,008
734,541
1,806,884
948,961
1,880,880
1,608,462
1,764,267
1,497,917
1,^62,948
2,674,266
2,463.485
1,856.686
1,851,066
1,896,582
1,128,186
972,618
From this table it will be observed that the receipts of anthracite coal
which entered into local consumption were almost Exactly double the
quantity of th0 previous year. It is impossible to determine with any
accuracy the stocks on hand at the beginning of the year but it is
quite safe to assume that these figures do not represent the relative
consumption, but that the consumption of 1902 was considerably more
than one-half that of 1903 — probably about three-fourths.
Coal freights covered a wide range, the year opening at high fig-
ures, owing to the great demand for tonnage to move the coal then
offering. Contrary to the usual conditions, the low prices were reached
during the fall and winter months instead of during the ordinary mid-
summer dullness. The following statement shows the range and the
months during which the extreme prices were obtained:
Ooal fmghi$ to Botton during 190S,
FlDB—
Minimum.
Maximum.
Rate.
Date.
Rate.
Date.
VvTork
Ia56to90.65
.75to .80
.85
.80
December
do
$2.00
2. 00 to 2. 25
2.50
2.00
January.
Ptekdelphia
teitlaofe
Do.
do
Do.
S vfolk and Newport
Sewi.
do
Do.
X B 1903 26
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402 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
The extraordinary prices quoted in December of 1902 and January,
1903, caused additions to be made to the coal-carrying fleet of vessels
ordinarily employed in other trades, which in part accounted for the
long continuance of low-vessel freights.
The prices for anthracite coal in the local market covered a wide
range, the year opening with stove coal quoted at retail in the Boston
market at $12, and pea grades at $10, these prices being maintained
by the large dealers for transactions with their old customers. Iso-
lated transactions were had at much higher prices, one cargo of anthra-
cite being reported as bringing $12.75 per ton alongside the wharf at
Boston.
' The price fell early in Februaiy to $10 for stove coal, and by gradual
reductions during the month to $7.50 in March. The low price of the
year was quoted in April, viz, $6.50 per ton. In May the price was
advanced to $6.75 and in September to $7, at which figure it remained
during the balance of the year. There was little, if any, cutting of
prices, practically all the dealers having agreed upon uniform rates
and maintaining them.
Prices of bitiuninous coal showed less firmness and stability. At
the opening of the year Georges Creek Cumberland coal was quoted at
$10- in retail lots to regular customers, although not a few sales in
cargo lots, alongside, were made at this figure.
English coals sold at the same time from $8 to $8.35 per ton, and
later for $5.75 to*$7.50, the low figure being a sacrifice price to avoid
heavy demurrage charges, and also representing to some extent the
wide variations in quality which characterized the receipts of En^ish
coal in this market.
In the latter half of January the price of Greorges Creek was reduced
to $9 and later to $8, alongside, and early in February to $6. Later
in the month, owing to heavy receipts and a very slow demand, the
market broke to a range of $4 to $5 for Georges Creek, Clearfield
selling at the same time for about $3.60. From April 1 the price of
Georges Creek was maintained firmly at about $4.25 to $4.75, depend-
ing entirely upon vessel freights, the price at tide water at shipping
point being $3.35. Cheaper coals sold at a substantial discount, the
price reaching $3 at times for individual lots in order to secure quick
discharge.
Not in recent years has there been such long continued dullness in
the soft coal market as was experienced during the summer and fall
months. The light consumption by cotton and woolen mills, owing to
restricted production, was responsible in part for this condition; but
there appeared to be a widely prevalent feeling that lower prices were
inevitable and consumers delayed putting in stocks. As a result, in
^ order to move the coal, some concessions were made in prices, Georges
Creek in September being quoted at about $4.15 and New Biver as
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COAL. 403
low as $3.50 to S3. 60. Later these prices were still further shaded,
New River selling as low as $3.25 in October and November, and Georges
Creek from $3.50 to $3.60. Clearfield coal was freely offered at $3
and some sales were effected as low as $2.75, these figures constituting
the low prices for the year.
At the close of the year the stocks in consumers' hands were smaller
than for some years, which would indicate the likelihood of a better
demand during the coming year.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Mr. Samuel R. Kirkpatrick, railroad editor of the Press, has pre-
pared the following review of the coal trade of Philadelphia in 1903:
In the early part of 1903 there was a decided rush for all sizes of
coal. There was comparatively no anthracite in the bins of the dealers
or the consumers. The strike of the previous year and the severe
winter had depleted the supply, and for months it was a hand-to-hand
affair not only with the consumer, but with the dealer as well. For
the first three months of the year there was little coal to be had. The
mines were being worked to their fullest capacity and a greater pro-
duction than ever was being made, but the production was not enough
to meet the requirements. Actual consumption had fallen off, but the
housekeepers, having in mind the experiences of 1902, decided to stock
ap early. All the dealers were in the market for a large supply, but
the coal companies adopted the policy of parceling it out so that all
sections could secure a share of what was to be had. It has been the
practice for y eara for the consumer to stock up with coal for the winter
after the vacations were over. In 1903 vacations were of minor impor-
tance and the winter's supply was laid in before the house was closed
for the summer. There was also some fear that there would be further
trouble with the miners, and, notwithstanding the agreements made,
it was believed by some that every means would be advanced to get
oat of them.
The amount of anthracite coal sold in this city prior to June 30 was
IH'eater than ever before, and there was never in the previous history
of the hard-coal trade a time when the dealers had filled so many orders
and had so little coal on hand. From July on the business began to
drop off. Not only were donaestic sizes accumulated, but the amount
of steam sizes on hand was greater than the companies cared to carry.
Later in the year a reduction was made on rice and buckwheat. The
labor troubles, which compelled a large number of manufacturing
establishments to close, caused a falling off in the consumption of steam
fflzes. Owing to the increased cost of mining the price of anthracite
at the mines was about 50 cents higher than in the previous year. It
» likely that there will be no reduction in the price of coal from the
mines for some time, except that the regular spring reduction of 50
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404 MINERAL RE8f>UB0E8.
cents in April is likely to be an established practice. The retail trade
expects this rule to be continued, and it has made preparations to
transact business on this basis.
The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company exceeded all
others in the amount of anthracite coal brought to this city. There
was a decided increase in the amount of anthracite sold in 1903 as
compared with 1902. It was even larger than in 1901. At the close
of the year there was very little stock of domestic sizes on hand either
by the dealers or the large coal-producing companies. Owing to the
strike in 1902 the amount of anthracite consumed in this city in that
year was 2,602,022 long tons as compared with 4,024,606 tons in 1901.
In 1903 the amount was 4,194,027 long tons. It is believed that it was
larger than this, but exact figures are not obtainable, owing to the
destruction by fire of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company's
records. The amount carried by that road has been estimated by the
ofiScials of the company. There was a slight falling off in the bitomi-
nous tonnage. This was in part due to the shutting down of a number
of factories and partly to the return by other manufacturing establish-
ments to the use of anthracite as fuel.
During the year 1903 the coal companies produced the largest ton-
nage in the history of anthracite mining. Heretofore it has seemed
almost impossible to mine 5,000,000 tons for more than two months in
succession. Such was not the case in 1903. For several months a
production of over 5,000,000 tons was made, but even with this large
tonnage there was very little coal of prepared sizes on hand at the
close of the year. There was some uncertainty displayed by the
dealers, many believing that there would be a reduction in prices.
But the prices which were put in effect in October, 1902, were con-
tinued, except that the regular spring reduction was made. For the
best part of the year the retail prices were unchanged, and notwith-
standing the reduction of 50 cents a ton made by the operators in
April, many dealers had so many orders on their books at the old
prices that they continued to secure those figures, and it was not until
the latter part of the year that they endeavored to secure a larger
trade. In the last three months of 1903 there was very little coal sold,
and some of the large coal companies not only restricted the output
but began to stock coal, and a general reduction was made in the pr 
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