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58th Congress, ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, j Document
3d Session. ( | No. 20.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DiRECTOE
MIl^ERAL RESOURCES
OP THE
UNITED STATES
CALENDAR YEAR
1 9 O 3
DAVID T. DAY
Cbixf of Division of Minino and Mineral RbsourciB
WASHINGTON
OOVBRNHBNT FEINTING OFFICB
1904
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CONTENTS.
Page.
LriTKR OF Transmittal 7
IXTBODUCnON 9
Summary 11
Ibon Ores, by John Birkinbinb 41
Prodaction 41
Lake Superior region 44
Iron-ore industry of the varioos States daring 1903 55
Cnba 72
Statiotics of the American Iron Trade for 1903, by James M. Swank ... 75
Brief review of the iron trade in 1903 75
General statistical sommary 76
Imports of iron and steel 77
Exports of iron and steel 79
Prices of iron and steel 86
Production of pig iron 92
Production of Bessemer steel 100
Statistics of steel shiphuilding 117
Statistics of Canadian iron trade for 1903 122
Manganese Ores, by John Birkinbine 129
Gold and Silver 157
Copper, by Charles Rirchhoff 201
General trade conditions 201
Production ^ 201
Imports 225
LiAD, BY Charles Kirchhoff 241
Introduction 241
Production 241
Zinc, by Charles Kirchhoff 253
Production 253
The rinc mines 1 255
Consumption 261
Aluminum and Bauxite, by Joseph Struthbrs 265
Aluminum 265
Bauxite 275
QncKSLVER 281
Production 281
Prices 282
Sterl-Hardeninq Metals, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 285
Manganese steel 287
Nickel and cobalt 287
Nickel steel 287
Cobalt steel 291
Chromium 298
Chromium steel 298
3
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4 CONTENTS.
Steel-Hardeninq Metals— Continued. Page.
Tungsten 304
Tungsten steel 305
Molybdenum 307
Vanadium 308
Vanadium steel 308
Uranium 309
Titanium 309
Platinum 311
Lithium, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 313
Antimony, by Joseph Struthers..... 317
Arsenic, by Joseph Struthers 327
Tin, by Joseph Struthers and Joseph Hyde Pratt 335
Coal, by Edward W. Parker 351
Introduction 351
Coal fields of the United States 353
Production 357
Prices 379
World's production of coal 389
Production by States 432
Coke, by Edward W. Parker 539
Introduction 539
Production 540
Gas, Coke, Tar, and Ammonia at Gas Works, and in Retort Coke Ovens,
BY Edward W. Parker 609
Petroleum, by F. H. Oliphant 635
Important features of the year 635
Foreign countries 692
World's production of petroleum in 1902 and 1903, by countries 716
Natural Gas, by F. H. Oliphant 719
In troduction 719
Canada 742
ASPHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS RoCK, BY EdMUND 0. HOVEY 745
Stone '. 755
Clay- Working Industries, by Jefferson Middleton 791
Introd uction 79 1
Production 796
Brick and tile 809
Pottery 823
Clay 8^
Sand-lime brick industry, by S. V. Peppel 866
Cement 883
Cement in foreign countries 900
Portland cement in Michigan in 1903, by L. L. Kimball 903
Precious Stones, by George F. Kunz 911
Talc and Soapstone, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 979
Abrasive Materials, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 989
Oilstones, whetstones, etc 992
Grindstones 994
Buhrstones and millstones 999
Pumice 1001
Infusorial earth and tripoli 1002
Crystalline quartz 1004
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CONTENTS. 5
Abrabiys Matebials— Oontmiied. Page.
Garnet 1005
Conmdmn and emery 1006
Feldspar 1010
Artificial abrasivee 1010
Borax, by Charles G. Yale 1 1017
Fluorspar and Cryolite, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1029
Gypsum and Gypsum Products 1033
Phosphate Rock, by Edmund 0. Hovby 1047
Salt, by Edmund 0. Hovby 1059
Sulphur and Pyrfte, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1073
Barytbb, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1089
Mineral Paints, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1095
Ocher, nmber, and sienna 1097
Metallic paint 1101
Venetian red 1103
Slate f;:roand for pigment 1104
y^hite lead, sublimed lead, zinc lead, red lead, lithaige, and orange
mineral 1104
Zinc white 1109
ASBEBTOfl, BY J06RPH HyDE PraTT 1111
Flint and Fkldbpar, by Heinrich Ribs 1117
Graphite, by JoeRPH Hyde Pratt 1121
Magnebite, by Charles G. Yale 1131
Mineral Wathrs 1137
Afoy.iziTB AND Zircon, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1163
Glass Sand, by A, T. Coons 1171
I5D1I 1179
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL,
Department of the Interior,
United States Geological Survey,
Washington^ D, C,^ Novernhei^ 5, 190 J^.,
Sib: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report, Mineral
Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1903, being the
twentieth annual report of the series published by this Office. Besides
the statistics for the calendar year 1903, considerable descriptive and
technical matter, obtained while the statistical canvass was in prog-
ress, is presented. All of the material has been given such prompt
publication as was possible as advance chapters from the report, in
accordance with the law providing for the printing of any chapter as
soon as completed.
In accordance with your instructions, the report for the calendar
year 19(>4 is in preparation.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
David T. Day,
Oeologist in Charge*
Hon. Charles D. Walcott,
Dtrtdoi* of United States Geological Sw'vey*
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MINERAL RWRCES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1903.
David T. Day, Chief of Division.
INTRODUCTION.
The arrangement and scope of this volume are practically the same
as in the nineteen preceding reports of the series Mineral Resources
of the United States. Each report records the development of the
mineral industries of the United States since the time covered by the
preceding number of the series; the reports should therefore be con-
sulted together. Every chapter in this report is a census of the pro-
ductive features of the industry under discussion. The statistics of
the production of gold and silver have been prepared in conjunction
with the Director of the Mint, Treasury Department. The statistics
of the imports and exports of minerals, which form an essential part
of the volume, are obtained through the courtesy of the Chief of the
Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor.
ACKKOWIiEI>GMBNTS.
Except as noted above, and in a few isolated instances where some
other well-established agency already exists by which the statistics are
collected accurately, the figures are obtained directly from the pro-
ducers, and it is impossible to acknowledge here, otherwise than by
brief mention, the invaluable assistance which has been freely rendered
by them and by the voluntary contributions of many local experts.
The names of the statistical experts who, acting under the authority
of the United States, have collected statistics from the producers are
given at the heads of the special chapters. The technical press,
besides affording much information concerning new mining enter-
prises, has been largely drawn upon for prices, market reports, and
new technical processes.
As heretofore, the publication of this volume has been anticipated
to a great extent by the issue in advance, in pamphlet form, of the
several chapters which compose it.
The summary gives the principal statistical information recorded in
this report.
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10 MINERAL BESOtmOES.
In presenting these statistics all unnecessary duplication has been
avoided. The coke product discussed in the following pages and
amounting to 25,262,360 short tons, valued at $66,459,623, is excluded
from the tabular statement, as the quantity and value of the coal used
in its manufacture is included in the statistics of coal production.
Similarly, white lead, red lead, sublimed lead, zinc lead, litharge, and
orange mineral, whose average aggregate value for the last ten years
has exceeded $10,000,000, are not given in the table, the base from
which they are made being included in the output of pig lead. Zinc
oxide, or zinc white, made directly from the ores and consequently
not included in spelter production, is tabulated. The production of
pig iron and its value are given in the table as the best means of pre-
senting the statistics of the production of iron in the first marketable
condition. The value of brick and pottery clays, rather than the value
of the manufactured products, is embraced in the tabular statement,
although the statistics of brick, tile, and pottery production are pre-
sented in detail in the report. Inflation of valuation and all unneces-
sary duplication are thus avoided.
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SUMMARY OF THE MINERAL PRODUCTION
OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1903.
GirN:ERAi:j rkmabks.
The varied character of the units of measurement employed in the
mineral industry makes it impossible to compare the outputs of the
several minerals except in the value of the products. The figures
given in the following summary show a continuation of the remark-
able activity in the mineral industries of the United States noted in
1900, 1901, and 1902.
In 1903, for the fourth time, the total value of our mineral produc-
tion exceeded the enormous sum of ^1,000,000,000.
The exact figures for 1903 were $1,419,721,569, as compared with
rt,26O,509,738 in 1902, with $1,086,552,294 in 1901, with $1,063,678,-
053 in 1900, and with $972,208,008 in 1899, a gain in 1903 over 1902
of $159,211,831, or 12.63 per cent; a gain in 1903 over 1901 of $333,-
169,275, or 30.66 per cent; a gain in 1903 over 1900 of $356,043,516,
or 33.47 per cent; and a gain in 1903 over 1899 of $447,513,561, or
46.03 per cent. Although this gain is not so great either actually or
proportionally as was the gain in 1899, when the gain over 1898 was
$273,601,810, or 39.17 per cent, it is sufficient to be worthy of note.
The notable gains and losses of the last two decades are as follows:
The largest actual gain was that of 1899 over 1898, $273,601,810, or
39.17 per cent; next, that of 1902 over 1901, $174,053,760, or 16.02
per cent; next, the gain of 1903 over 1902, $159,211,831, or 12.63 per
cent; then the gain of 1895 over 1894, which was $94,215,822, or
17.88 per cent; then that of 1900 over 1899, $91,468,340, or 9.41 per
cent; and the gain of 1887 over 1886, $74,927,880, or 16.81 per cent.
In other years than those mentioned between 1880 and 1898 the gains
were not noteworthy, and in some of the years, notably in 1884, the
production decreased $40,451,968, or 'nearly 9 per cent. During the
indostrial depression of 1892-1895 the production would have been
expected to decline, as it did, going from $648,895,031 in 1892 to
$574,464,724 in 1893, and to $527,079,279 in 1894, and then rising to
$620,652,170 in 1895, and not reaching the output of 1892 until 1898.
As heretofore, iron and coal are the most important of our mineral
products. The value of the iron in 1903 was $344,350,000; the value
of the coal, $503,724,381. The fuels increased from $469,078,842 in 1902
11
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12 MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
to $634,233,791 in 1903, a gain of $165,154,949, or 35 per cent. Every
variety of fuel increased in value. Anthracite coal showed an increase
in value from $76,173,586 in 1902 to $152,036,448 in 1903. The aver-
age price of anthracite coal per long ton at the mine was $2.50, as
against $2.35 in 1902, the highest figure obtained up to that time since
1888, as compared with $2.05 in 1901, with $1.85 in 1900, and with
$1.80 in 1899; and the average price per short ton for bituminous coal
at the mine was $1.24, as compared with $1.12 in 1902. The increase
in value of the bituminous coal output over '1902 was $60,829,450, a
combined increase in value of coal of $136,692,312 over 1902.
The gain of $159,211,831 in the total value of our mineral produc-
tion is due to the large increase in nonmetallic products, the metallic
products showing a decrease from $642,258,584 in 1902 to $624,318,008
in 1903, a loss of $17,940,576, and the nonmetallic products showing
an increase from $617,251,154 in 1902 to $794,403,561 in 1903, a gain
of $177,152,407. To these products should be added estimated unspec-
ified products, including building, molding, and other sands reported
to this oflSce, the rare mineral molybdenum, and other mineral products,
valued at $1,000,000, making the total mineral production for 1903,
$1,419,721,569.
The manufacture of arsenious oxide, noted for the first time in the
United States in the report for 1901, was continued in 1903, but in
decreased proportions, as compared with 1902.
Tin has been found in commercial quantities in South Carolina, and
the mines were actively exploited during the year 1903.
METAIjS.
Iron <md steeL — ^Twenty -two States produced pig iron in 1903, as
against 22 in 1902, 20 in 1901, and 21 in 1900 and 1899. The total
production of pig iron in 1903 was 18,009,252 long tons, against
17,821,307 tons in 1902, 15,878,354 tons in 1901, 13,789,242 tons in
1900, 13,620,703 tons in 1899, 11,773,934 tons in 1898, and 9,652,680
tons in 1897. The production of 1903 shows an increase of 187,945
long tons, or about 1.05 per cent in quantity over the production of
1902, and a decrease in value from $372,775,000 to $344,350,000,
amounting to $28,425,000, or 7.6 per cent. The average price per long
ton of pig iron decreased from $20.90 in 1902 to $19.07 in 1903. The
average prices per long ton in recent years have been as follows: 1901,
$15.25; 1900, $18.85; 1899, $18; 1897, $9.85; 1896, $10.47; 1895, $11.14;
1894, $9.76.
Iron ores. — ^The production of iron ores in 1903 amounted to 35,019,-
308 long tons, as compared with 35,554,135 long tons in 1902, a loss of
534,827 long tons. The value at the mines of the ore mined in 1903
was $66,328,415. As in the five preceding years, the production of
iron ores in 1903 has never been equaled by any other country.
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SUMMABT. 13
Manganese ores. — The production of manganese ores decreased from
11,995 long tons, valued at $116,722, in 1901, to 7,477 long tons, valued
at $60,911, in 1902, and to 2,825 long tons, valued at $25,335, in 1903,
a decrease in quantity from 1902 of 4,652 tons and in value of $35,576.
The average price per ton in 1903 was $8.97, as compared with $8.15 in
1902, with $9.73 in 1901, and with $8.52 in 1900.
Gold.—Th^ production of gold in 1903 amounted to 3,560,000 fine
ounces, as compared with 3,870,000 fine ounces in 1902, with 3,805,500
fine ounces in 1901, with 3,829,897 fine ounces in 1900, and with
3,437,210 fine ounces in 1899. The value was $73,591,700, as com-
pared with $80,000,000 in 1902, with $78,666,700 in 1901, with
$79,171,000 in 1900, and with $71,053,400 in 1899.
Silver, — The coining value of the silver produced in 1903 was
$70,206,060, as compared with $71,757,575 in 1902, with $71,387,800
in 1901, and with $74,533,495 in 1900. The production in 1903 was
54,300,000 fine ounces, as compared with 55,500,000 fine ounces in
1902, with 55,214,000 fine ounces in 1901, and with 57,647,000 fine
ounces in 1900. The commercial value of the production in 1903 was
$29,322,000, as compared with $29,415,000 in 1902, with $33,128,400
in 1901, and with $35,741,140 in 1900.
Capper. — The production of domestic copper increased from 659,-
508,644 pounds in 1902 to 698,044,517 pounds in 1903, an increase of
38,535,873 pounds, or about 6 per cent in quantity, and increased in
value from $76,568,954 in 1902 to $91,506,006 in 1903, an increase of
$14,937,052, or about 20 per cent.
Lead. — The production of lead increased to 280,000 short tons, after
having been almost exactly the same for three years, viz, 270,000
short tons in 1902, 270,700 short tons in 1901, and 270,824 short tons
in 1900. The value of the production in 1903 was $23,520,000, as
compared with $22,140,000 in 1902, with $23,280,200 in 1901, and with
$23,561,688 in 1900.
Zinc. — ^The production of zinc in 1903 showed an increase in quan-
tity, as compared with 1902 and 1901, the production being 159,219
short tons, as compared with 156,927 short tons in 1902, with 140,822
short tons in 1901, and with 123,886 short tons in 1900. The value of
the zinc production in 1903 was $16,717,995, as compared with
$14,625,596 in 1902, with $11,265,760 in 1901, and with $10,654,196 in
1900.
Aluminum. — ^The production of aluminum during 1903 was 7,500,000
pounds, valued at $2,284,900, as compared with 7,300,000 pounds valued
at $2,284,690, in 1902; with 7,150,000 pounds, valued at $2,238,000,
in 1901, and with 7,150,000 pounds, valued at $1,920,000, in 1900.
QuicksU/oer. — The production of quicksilver during 1903 amounted to
35,620 flasks of 76i pounds net, as compared with 34,291 flasks in 1902,
with 29,727 flasks in 1901, and with 28,317 flasks in 1900. The value
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14 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
of the quicksilver produced in 1903 was $1,544,934, as compared with
$1,467,848 in 1902, with $1,382,305 in 1901, and with $1,302,586 in
1900. California, including Nevada, reported 30,591 flasks, as com-
pared with 28,972 flasks in 1902, and with 26,720 flasks in 1901; and
Texas reported 5,029 flasks, as against 5.319 flasks in 1902, and 2,932
flasks in 1901.
Nickel. — ^The commercial production of metallic nickel in 1903 was
114,200 pounds, as compared with 5,748 pounds in 1902, with 6,700
poimds in 1901, with 9,715 pounds in 1900, and with 22,541 pounds in
1899. The value was $45,900, as compared with $2,701 in 1902, with
$3,551 in 1901, with $3,886 in 1900, and with $8,566 in 1899. The
imports of nickel in 1903 were valued at $1,493,889, as compared with
$1,437,649 in 1902, with $1,849,620 in 1901, and with $1,183,884 in
1900.
Platinum. — ^The production of platinum from domestic ores in 1903
was 110 ounces, valued at $2,080 (not including $6,000 worth pi plati-
num reported as contained in slimes obtained from the treatment of
copper ores from the Rambler mine, Wyoming), as compared with 94
ounces, valued at $1,814, in 1902, with 1,408 ounces, valued at $27,526,
in 1901, with 400 ounces, valued at $2,500, in 1900, and with 300
ounces, valued at $1,800, in 1899.
Antimony. — No antimony was obtained from domestic ores during
1903. The antimony obtained from the smelting of foreign imported
ores amounted to 570 short tons, valued at $103,341, and the antimony
obtained from hard lead produced from foreign and domestic lead
ores was 2,558 short tons, valued at $445,092, a total production for
1903 of 3,128 short tons, valued at $548,433, as compared with 3,561
short tons, valued at $634,506, in 1902, and with 2,639 short tons,
valued at $539,902, in 1901. The estimated total quantity of antimony
available for consumption in 1903 was 5,475 shoil tons, including
2,347 short tons of imported antimony regulus, as compared with
6,255 short tons, including 2,694 shoil; tons of imported antimony
regulus, in 1902, with 4,475 short tons, including 1,837 short tons of
imported antimony regulus, in 1901, and with 6,053 short tons, includ-
ing 1,827 short tons of imported antimony regulus, in 1900.
Bismuth. — ^There was no marketed production of bismuth ores in
the United States during 1903 or 1902; the latest output was 318.6
short tons, of a total estimated value of $2,549, exclusive of freight
and treatment charges, in 1901. The ore has been heretofore obtained
at the Ballard mine, Colorado, where the metal occurs as a telluride
associated with gold and silver ore. One analysis of bismuth ore from
this mine, marketed but not obtained from the mine during 1903, was
reported to contain 17.8 per cent of bismuth, and 9.8 ounces of gold,
and 6.1 ounces of silver per ton. Another ore from the same mine
was reported as containing 12.2 per cent of bismuth, and 2.11 ounces
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SUMMARY. 15
of gold and 24.45 ounces of silver per ton. In all there were 62 tons
of ore containing bismuth sold during 1903, but as the ore was smelted
for its gold and silver content and the bismuth was allowed to go to
waste in the slag, this quantity has not been included in the statement
of production. Owing to the conditions that the production of bis-
muth in the world far exceeds the demand, and that the control of
both output and price is in the hands of a combination of interests
abroad^ there is no incentive to produce the metal in the United States.
Moreover, the price of the refined metal is kept so low as to preclude
the profitable mining of the domestic ores.
Tin. — ^There was no production of metallic tin in 1903, but about 19
short tons of high concentrates were shipped from South Carolina to
England — value not given.
FUEIiS.
Coal. — For the second time in the history of the United States the
production of coal in 1903 reached a total of over 300,000,000 short
tona, showing an actual output of 357,356^^16 tons of 2,000 pounds,
valued at $503,724,381. Of this total the output of anthracite coal
amounted to 66,613,454 long tons (equivalent to 74,607,068 short tons),
which, as compared with the production of 36,940,710 long tons in 1902,
was an increase of 29,672,744 long tons, or more than 80 per cent.
This abnormal increase was due to the suspension of operations by the
strike in the anthracite region from May 10 to October 23, 1902, a
little over five months. The value of anthracite coal at the mines in
1903 was $152,036,448, as against $76,173,586 in 1902, and against
$112,504,020 in 1901. The average value of the marketed coal sold
during the year at the mines was $2.50 per long ton, the value having
been $2.35 in 1902, and $2.05 in 1901.
The output of bituminous coal (which includes semianthracite and
all semibituminous and lignite coals) amounted in 1903 to 282,749,348
short tons, valued at $351,687,933, as against 260,216,844 short tons,
valued at $290,858,483, in 1902, and against 225,828,149 short tons, val-
ued at $236,422,049, in 1901. The increase in the production of bitu-
minous coal in 1903 over 1902 was, therefore, 22,532,504 tons in
quantity and $60,829,450 in value. The average price per ton at the
mines during 1903 was $1.24, the highest price recorded by the Survey,
as against $1.12 per ton in 1902.
Q)ke. — The coke production of the United States in 1903 exceeded
that of any year in our history, with the exception of 1902. The pro-
duction, which includes the output from 1,956 retort or by-product
oveos, amounted to 25,262,360 short tons, as compared with 25,401,730
short tons in 1902, vrith 21,795,883short tonsin 1901, and with 20,533,348
nhort tons in 1900. The decrease in quantity in 1903 from 1902 was
only 139,370 short tons, or about 0,56 of 1 per cent. The increase in
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16 MINEBAL RESOURCEft.
the value of coke was even more noteworthy than in 1902. The aver-
age price per ton it the ovens was the highest recorded in a period of
twenty-four years, and the total value, in spite of the loss in quantity,
reached the high figure of $66,459,623, an increase over 1902 of
$3,120,456, or about 5 per cent, and over 1901 of $22,013,700, or 49.5
per cent
Gas^ coke^ tar^ and ammonia. — ^The aggregate value of all the prod-
ucts obtained from the distillation of coal in gas works and retort
ovens in 1903 was $47,819,555, as compared with $43,869,440 in 1902.
Petroleum. — ^The total production of crude petroleum in the United
States in 1903 was 100,461,337 barrels, as against 88,766,916 barrels in
1902, and 69,389,194 barrels in 1901, an increase of 11,694,421 barrels,
or 13,17 per cent, over the production of 1902 and of 44.78 per cent
over that of 1901. Jhe greatest portion of the increase in 1903
came from California and Indiana, the gain over 1902 being 10,398,204
barrels, or 74.36 per cent, for California, and 1,705,515 barrels, or 22.80
per cent, for Indiana. Louisiana produced for the second time in 1903,
the production being 917,771 barrels, as against 548,617 barrels in
1902. The increase over 1902 in the production of Kansas was 600,465
barrels, or about 181 per cent. Kentucky and Tennessee increased
their production in 1903 by 368,955 barrels, or nearly 200 per cent.
Indian Territory increased 101,811 barrels, or 274 per cent, as com-
pared with 1902. The largest decrease in production in 1903, as com-
pared with 1902, was in Pennsylvania, where it amounted to 708,724
barrels, or 5.87 per cent, and Ohio showed a decrease of 533,945
barrels, or 2.54 per cent. The decrease in West Virginia was 613,950
barrels, or 4.54 per cent. The percentages of production for fields
show a remarkable change from 1900 to 1903. In 1900 the percent-
ages were: Appalachian field, 57; Lima-Indiana field, 34; all other
fields, nearly 9. In 1903 the respective percentages were: Appalachian
field, 31.41; Lima-Indiana field, 23.97; all other fields, about 44.62.
The value of crude petroleum produced during 1903 was $94,694,050,
or 94.26 cents per barrel, as compared with $71,178,910, or 80.19 cents
per barrel in 1902.
Natural gas. — The value of the natural gas produced in 1903 was
$35,815,360, as compared with $30,867,863 in 1902, with $27,067,500
in 1901, with $23,698,674 in 1900, and with $20,074,873 in 1899— a
gain of 16 per cent in 1903 over 1902.
STRUCTURAIi MATERIAIjS.
Stone. — ^The value of all kinds of building stone produced in the
United States during 1903 amounted to $67,960,468, as compared with
$64,559,099 in 1902, with $55,615,926 in 1901, with $44,321,345 in
1900, and with $44,090,670 in 1899.
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8UMMABY. 17
CU^ products. — The activity in all branches in the clay-working
industries noted in the reports as true of 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902
continued during 1903. The value of all clay products, as reported
to this oflSce in 1903, was $130,962,648, as compared with $122,169,531
in 1902, with $110,211,587 in 1901, and with $96,212,345 in 1900. The
brick and tile products in 1903 were valued at $105,526,596, as com-
pared with $98,042,078 in 1902, with $87,747,727 in 1901, and with
$76,413,775 in 1900. The pottery products were valued in 1903 at
$25,436,052, as compared with $24,127,453 in 1902, with $22,463,860
in 1901, and with $19,798,570 in 1900.
The commercial production of clay mined and sold by those not man-
ufacturing the product themselves in 1903 was valued at $2,649,042, as
compared with $2,061,072 in 1902, with $2,576,932 in 1901, and with
$1,840,377 in 1900. The crude brick clay was valued at $15,000,000.
Cement. — ^The total production of hydraulic cement in the United
States in 1903 was 29,899,140 barrels, valued at $31,931,341, as com-
pared with 25,753,504 barrels, valued at $25,366,380, in 1902, with
20,068,737 barrels, valued at $15,786,789, in 1901, and with 17,231,150
barrels, valued at $13,283,581, in 1900. The Portland cement produc-
tion in 1903 was 22,342,973 barrels, valued at $27,713,319, as compared
with 17,230,644 barrels, valued at $20,864,078, in 1902, with 12,711,225
barrels, valued at $12,532,360, in 1901, and with 8,482,020 barrels,
valued at $9,280,525, in 1900 — an increase, as compared with 1900, in
quantity of about 163 per cent and in value of about 199 per cent. The
production of natural-rock cement in 1903 was 7,030,271 barrels, val-
ued at $3,675,520, as compared with 8,044,305 barrels, valued at
$4,076,630, in 1902, with 7,084,823 barrels, valued at $3,056,278, in
1901, and with 8,383,519 barrels, valued at $3,728,848, in 1900. The
production of slag cement amounted, in 1903, to 525,896 barrels, val-
ued at $542,502, as compared with 478,555 barrels, valued at $425,672,
in 1902, with 272,689 barrels, valued at $198,151, in 1901, and with
3^,611 barrels, valued at $274,208, in 1900.
ABRASIVE MATBRIAIiS.
Carbarunduvi. — ^The production of carborundum in 1903 was
4,759,890 pounds, as compared with 3,741,500 pounds produced in
1902, and with 3,838,175 pounds in 1901. The value of the carborun-
dum varies from 8 to 10 cents per pound.
Corundum and emery. — ^The combined production of coinindum and
emery in 1903 amounted to 2,542 short tons, valued at $64,102, as
compared with 4,251 short tons, valued at $104,605 in 1902, and with
4,305 short tons, valued at $146,040 in 1901.
Crushed steel. — The production of crushed steel in 1903 was 755,000
pounds, as compared with 735,000 pounds in 1902, and with 690,000
M R 1903 2
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18 MINERAL RESOURCES.
pounds in 1901. The average price per pound in 1903 is quoted as
about 7 cents.
Crystalline quartz. — In 1903 the production of crystalline quartz
included under abrasives amounted to 8,988 short tons, valued at
$76,9C8, as against 15,104 short tons, valued at $84,335, in 1902, and
with 14,050 short tons, valued at $41,500, in 1901.
Garnet. — The production of abrasive garnet in the United States
during 1903 amounted to 3,950 short tons, valued at $132,500, as
against 3,926 short tons, valued at $132,820, in 1902, with 4,444 short
tons, valued at $158,100, in 1901, and with 3,185 short tons, valued at
$123,475, in 1900. As reported to the Survey, the prices varied from
$20 to $60 a ton, the highest price being obtained for the North
Carolina garnet. The average price for the 1903 production is reported
as $33.54 per ton.
Grindstones. — ^The total value of all kinds of grindstones produced
during 1903 was $721,446, as compared with $667,431 in 1902, and
with $580,703 in 1901. The production of 1900, valued at $710,026,
was until 1903 the largest on record for any year. It should be
remembered, however, that the price has decreased from $15 to $18
per ton to from $8 to $11 per ton, and that therefore the tonnage of
grindstones used has correspondingly increased within the last few
years. The imports for 1903 amounted in value to $85,705, as com-
pared with $76,906 in 1902, with $88,871 in 1901, and with $92,581 in
1900.
Infusorial earth and tripoli. — In 1903 the production of infusorial
earth and tripoli amounted to 9,219 short tons, valued at $76,273, as
compared with 5,665 short tons, valued at $53,244, in 1902, and with
the production of 4,020 tons, valued at $52,950, in 1901.
Millstones and huhrston^s. — The value of the production of mill-
stones and buhrstones in 1903 was $52,552, as against $59,808 in 1902,
and against $57,179 in 1901. From 1886 to 1894 there was a very
large decrease — from $140,000 to $13,887 — in the production of buhr-
stones. Since 1894 there has been a gradual increase in the produc-
tion, though there was a decrease of $7,256 in 1903 as compared with
1902.
Oilstones and whetstones. — ^There was a decided increase in the com-
mercial domestic production of oilstones and whetstones during 1903,
the value of which amounted to $366,857, as compared with $221,762
in 1902, and with $158,300 in 1901.
CHEMICAL MATERIAIiS.
Arsenums oxide. — The domestic production of arsenious oxide (w^hite
arsenic) in 1903 was 611 short tons, valued at $36,696, as compared
with 1,353 short tons, valued at $81,180, in 1902, and with 300 short
tons, valued at $18,000, in 1901. The entire product was made by the
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SUMMABY. 19
Puget Sound Production Company, at Everett, Wash., which began
the manufacture of this important substance in 1901.
Borax. — The reported returns for 1903 gave an aggregate produc-
tion of crude borax of 34,430 short tons, valued at $661,400, as com-
pared with 17,404 short tons of refined and 2,600 short tons of crude,
valued at $2,538,614, in 1902, The production during 1901 was 17,887
short tons of crude borax and 5,344 short tons of refined borax, with a
total value of $1,012,118.
Bromine. — ^The production of bromine in 1903, including the amount
of bromine contained in potassium bromide, amounted to 598,500
pounds, valued at $167,580, as compared with 513,890 pounds, valued
at $128,472, in 1902, and with 552,043 pounds, valued at $154,572, in
1901. The price per pound during 1903 averaged 28 cents, as com-
pared with 25 cents in 1902, with 28 cents in 1901, and with 29 cents
in 1900.
Fluorspar. — ^The total commercial production of fluorspar in 1903
was 42,523 short tons, valued at $213,617, as compared with 48,018
short tons, valued at $271,832, in 1902, and with 19,586 tons, valued
at $113,803, in 1901. This decrease in production was not due to any
one State, but there was a large increase in production in Kentucky,
and a decrease in Illinois and Arizona. The average price of crude
fluorspar in 1903 was reported as $4.28 per ton, as compared with
$5.19 in 1902 and with $5 in 1901, and the average price of ground
fluorspar in 1903 was $9.99 per ton, as compared with $9.98 in 1902
and with $9.22 in 1901.
Gypsum. — The production of gypsum, particularly for the manu-
facture of calcined plaster, continues to show a remarkable gain.
The output of crude gypsum in 1903 was 1,041,704 sho^ tons,
valued in its first marketable condition at $3,792,943, as compared
with 816,478 short tons, valued in its first marketable condition at
$2,089,341, in 1902, with 633,791 short tons, valued at $1,506,641, in
1901, and with 594,462 short tons, valued at $1,627,203, in 1900. The
production in 1899 was 486,235 short tons, and in 1898 it was 291,638
short tons. The greatly increased production of the last five years is
attributable to the largely increased use of plaster of Paris in large
modern buildings and in the manufacture of staff for temporary
buildings.
MarU. — ^The production of marls in the United States in 1903 was
34,211 short tons, valued at $22,521; in 1902 it was 12,439 short tons,
valued at $12,741.
Phosphate rock. — The total conmiercial production of phosphate
rock reported to the Survey in 1903 amoimted to 1,581,576 long tons,
rained at $5,319,294, as compared with 1,490,314 long tons, valued
tt $4,698,444, in 1902, and with 1,483,723 long tons, valued at
$5,816,408, in 1901, an increase in quantity of 1903 over 1902 of
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^
20 MINEBAL BBSODBOES.
91,262 tons and in value of $625,850. The total quantity of phosphate
rock reported as mined during 1903 was 1,618,799 long tons, as com-
pared with 1,499,617 long tons in 1902, and with 1,440,408 long tons
in 1901.
Salt. — ^The salt product includes salt in the form of brine used in
large quantities for the manufacture of soda ash, sodium bicarbonate,
caustic soda, and other sodium salts. The domestic production of salt
in 1903 amounted to 18,968,089 barrels of 280 pounds, valued at
$5,286,988, as compared with 23,849,231 barrels, valued at $5,668,636,
in 1902, with 20,566,661 barrels, valued at $6,617,449, in 1901, and
with 20,869,342 barrels, valued at $6,944,603, in 1900.
Svlphur and pyrite, — ^The domestic production of sulphur and of
pyrite in 1903 for the manufacture of sulphuric acid amounted to
233,127 long tons, valued at $1,109,818, as compared with 207,874 long
tons, valued at $947,089, in 1902, and with a combined production of
241,691 long tons, valued at $1,257,879, in 1901. The greater part of
the output of pyrite was derived from Virginia, Georgia, North Caro-
lina, Colorado, and Massachusetts, named in the order of production.
PIGMENTS.
Barytes. — ^The production of crude barytes in 1903 was 50,397 short
tons, valued at $152,150, as compared with 61,668 short tons, valued
at $203,154, in 1902, and with 49,070 short tons, valued at $157,844, in
1901.
Cobalt oxide. — ^The domestic production of cobalt oxide in 1903 was
120,000 pounds, valued at $228,000, not including the value of 60 short
tons of cobalt ore, as against 3,730 pounds, valued at $6,714, in 1902,
and against 13,360 pounds, valued at $24,048, in 1901. All the cobalt
o^ide was obtained as a by-product in smelting lead ores at Mine
Lamotte, Missouri.
Mhierdl' pamts. — ^The conunercial production of mineral paints in
1903 amounted to 62,122 short tons, valued at $646,222, as compared
with 73,049 short tons, valued at $944,332, in 1902, and with 61,460
short tons, valued at $789,962, in 1901.
Zinc white. — ^The production of zinc white in 1902 amounted to
62,962 short tons, valued at $4,801,718, as compared with 52,645 short
tons, valued at $4,016,499, in 1902, and with 46,500 short tons, valued
at $3,720,000, in 1901.
MISCEIiliAITEOUS.
Asbestos. — ^The asbestos commercially produced in the United States
in 1903 was obtained chiefly from the mines at Sail Mountain, White
County, Gra., but a small qiUmtity was mined at Dalton, Berkshire
County, Mass., New Hartford, Conn., and Grand Canyon, Ariz.
The total commercial production was 887 short tons, valued at $16,760,
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SUMMABT. 21
as compared with 1,005 short tons, valued at $16,200, in 1902, and with
Ul short tons, valued at $13,498, in 1901.
Asphaltvm. — Under thb title are included the various bitumens or
hydrocarbons not discussed under the heading '* Petroleum" in the
volume on mineral resources. The conunercial production in 1903 was
101,255 short tons, valued at $1,005,446, as compared with 105,458
short tons, valued at $765,048, in 1902, and with 63,134 short tons,
valued at $555,335, in 1901.
Bauxite. — In 1903 the production of bauxite was 48,087 long tons,
valued at $171,306, as compared with 29,222 long tons, valued at
$128,206, m 1902, and with 18,905 long tons, valued at $79,914, in
1901. Greorgia yielded the greater bulk of the product, the remainder
being supplied by Alabama and Arkansas.
Chromic iron ore, — California was the only State producing chro-
mite during 1903, the quantity being 150 long tons, valued at $2,250,
as compared with 315 long tons, valued at $4,567, in 1902, and with
368 long tons, valued at $5,790, in 1901.
Feldspar. — ^The production of feldspar in 1903 was 41,891 short
tons, valued at $256,733, as against 45,287 short tons, valued at $250,-
424, in 1902, and against 34,741 short tons, valued at $220,422, in
1901.
Fthrous talc. — ^This variety of talc or soapstone occurs in but one
locality in the United States — Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County,
N. Y. It is used principally as makeweight in the manufacture of
paper. In 1903 the production was 60,230 short tons, valued at
$421,600 as compared with 71,100 short tons, valued at $615,350, in
1902, and with 69,200 short tons, valued at $483,6(K), in 1901.
Flint.— Th^ production of flint in 1903 was 55,233 short tons,
valued at $156,947, as against 36,365 short tons, valued at $144,209,
in 1902, and against 34,420 short tons, valued at $149,297, in 1901.
Fuller^ s earth. — As reported to the Survey, the production of
fuller's earth in 1903 was 20,693 short tons, valued at $190,277, as
compared with 11,492 short tons, valued at $98,144, in 1902, and
with 14,112 short tons, valued at $96,835, in 1901. The largest pro-
duction of fuller's earth hitherto obtained was in 1897, the output being
17,113 short tons.
Glass sand. — The production of glass sand in 1903 was 823,044
fthort tons, valued at $855,828, as compared with 943,135 short tons,
valued at $807,797 in 1902.
Graphite. — The commercial production of crystalline graphite
during 1903 amounted to 4,538,155 pounds, valued at $154,170, as com-
pared with 3,936,824 pounds, valued at $126,144, in 1902, with
3,967,612 pounds, valued at $135,914, in 1901, and with 5,507,855
pounds, valued at $178,761, in 1900. The production of amorphous
graphite in 1903 was 16,691 short tons, valued at $71,384, as compared
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22 MINERAL RESOURCES.
with 4,739 short tons, valued at 155,964, in 1902, with 809 short tons,
valued at $31,800, in 1901, and with 611 short tons, valued at $18,818,
in 1900. The production of artificial graphite was 2,620,000 pounds,
valued $178,670, the avei-age price being 6.82 cents per pound, as
compared with 2,358,828 pounds, valued at $110,700, in 1902, the
average price being 4.69 cents per pound, and with 2,500,000 pounds,
valued at $119,000, in 1901, the average price being 4.75 cents per
pound.
Limestone for iron flux. — ^The quantity of limestone used for flux-
ing in blast furnaces in 1903 was 12,029,719 long tons, valued at
$5,423,732, as compared withl2,139,248 long tons, valued at $5,271,252,
in 1902, with 8,540,168 long tons, valued at $4,659,836, in 1901, and
with 7,495,435 long tons, valued at $3,687,394, in 1900,
Lithium. — The production of lithium minerals in 1903 was 1,155
short tons, valued at $23,425 at the railroad, as against 1,245 short
tons, vulued at $25,750, in 1902. There is an increase in the demand
for these minerals from foreign chemical manufacturers.
Magnesite, — ^The production of magnesite in the United States con-
tinues to be limited to California, and during the year 1903 the com-
mercial production reported was 3,744 short tons, valued at $10,595,
as compared with 2,830 short tons, valued at $8,490, in 1902.
Jfi^a.— The total production of mica in 1903 was valued at $59,118,
as compared with a total value of $118,849 for the production of 1902.
Mineral waters. — The total production of mineral waters in 1903 was
51,242,757 gallons, valued at $9,041,078, as compared with 64,859,451
gallons, valued at $8,793,761, in 1902, and with 55,771,188 gallons,
valued at $7,586,962, in 1901.
Molybdenum. — The commercial production of molybdenum in 1903
was 795 short tons of concentrates, valued at $60,865. The value of
these molybdenum ores fluctuates very greatly, the highest price
quoted being $1,500 per ton and the lowest $100.
Monazite and zircon. — ^The production of monazite is confined exclu-
sively to North Carolina and South Carolina, by far the larger quantity
being obtained from the former State, and in 1903 this amounted to
862,000 pounds, valued at $64,630, and 3,000 pounds of zircon, valued
at $570, as compared with 802,000 pounds of monazite, valued at
$64,160, in 1902, and with 748,736 pounds, valued at $59,262, in 1901.
The price per pound received by the miners for the crude monazite
sand produced in 1903 varied from 2i to 6 cents, according to the
percentage of thoria.
Precums stones. — ^The value of the gems and precious stones found
in the United States in 1903 was $321,400, as compared with $328,460
in 1902, with $289,050 in 1901, with $233,170 in 1900, and with
$185,770 in 1899. There has been a great advance in the lapidary
industry in the United States since 1894. The fact that larger estab-
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SUBiMARY. 23
lishments have been formed, which are able to purchase the rough
diamonds in greater quantities, has placed our American diamond
cutters in a position equal to that held by the cutters of Amsterdam,
Antwerp, and Paris. The cutting of our native gems has also grown
to the proportions of an industry, notably in the case of the beryls and
the amethysts found in North Carolina and Connecticut; the turquoises
from New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California; the fine-colored
and deep-blue sapphhires found in Montana; the colored tourmalines
of San Joaquin County, Cal. ; the chrysoprases from Visalia, Tulare
County, Cal. ; the garnets of Arizona and New Mexico, and the pale-
purple gamete of North Carolina.
Pumice sUme, — The production of pumice amounted in 1903 to 885
short tons, valued at $2,665, as against 700 short tons, valued at
$2,750 in 1902.
Rutile. — No production of rutile was reported in 1903, the supply
on hand being sufficient for the demands of the trade.
Talc and soapstone. — Exclusive of the ' production of fibrous talc
from Gouverneur, N. Y., the production of talc and soapstone in 1903
amounted to 26,671 short tons, valued at $418,460, as compared with
26,854 short tons, valued at $525,157 in 1902, and with 28,643 tons,
valued at $424,888 in 1901. The output for 1900 was 27,943 short
tons, valued at $383,541, and for 1899 it was 24,765 short tons, valued
at $330,805.
Tungsten. — The commercial production of concentrated tungsten
ores during 1903 amounted to 292 short tons, valued at $43,639, as
against 184 short tons in 1902, of which not more than a few tons
were sold. In 1901 the production amounted to 179 tons of concen-
trated ore, valued at $27,720. The larger part of the production of
1902 was from Colorado.
Uranium and vanadium. — The production of uranium and vana-
dium minerals in 1903, as reported to the Survey, amounted to 30
^liort ions of concentrates, equivalent to about 1 9 short tons of metal,
valued at ^,025, as compared with 3,810 short tons, valued at $48,125
in 1902. ThiB, of course, represents the crude ore.
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24
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
Mineral products of the United
Prodncts.
1902.
Quantity.
Value.
"I
MJSTALLIC.
Pig iron, spot yalae long tons.
Silver, coining value troy ounces.
Gold, coining value do...
Copper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do. . .
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg » pounds.
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces.
17,821,807
66,500,000
3,870.000
659,608.644
270,000
156,927
34,291
7,300,000
3,661
6,748
1372,775,000
71,767,575
80,000,000
76,668,954
22,140,000
14,625,596
1,467,848
2,284.590
634,506
2,701
94
1,814
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALUC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement barrels.
Stone .
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline quartz do. . .
Garnet for abrasive purposes do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Arsenious oxide short tons.
T»«iH, ^/refined do . . .
^^^ncnide do...
Bromine pounds.
Fluorspar short to^ .
G vDsum do. . .
Litnium do...
Marls ». do...
Phosphate rock .long tons.
Pyrite do...
Sulphur do...
Salt barrels.
Barytes, crude short tons.
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
Zinc white do . . .
Asbestos do. . .
Asphaltum do. . .
Bauxite long tons.
Chromic iron ore do. . .
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.
Feldspar do. . .
Fibrous talc do . . .
Flint do. . .
Fuller's earth do...
Glass sand do . . .
flranhitp/^'"y^^^^*°*^ pounds.
"^P'^^namorphous short tons.
Limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesitc short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
l^{„/8heet pounds.
Iscrap short tons.
Mineral waters gallons sold.
Monazite pounds.
Zircon do...
Precious stones r
Pumice stone short tons .
Rutile pounds.
Talc and soapstone short tons.
Uranium and vanadium do. . .
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .
Grand total
260,216,844
36,940,710
88,766,916
*25,'753,'564
4,261
15,104
3,926
5.665
1.353
17.404
2,600
513,890
48,018
816,478
1,245
12.439
1,490,314
0 207,874
23,849,231
61,668
3,730
73.049
62,646
1,005
105,458
29,222
316
1,456,357
45,287
71,100
36,365
11.492
943,136
3,936,824
4,739
12,139,248
2,830
7,477
373,266
1,400
64,859,451
802,000
700
26,864
3,810
642,268,581
290,868,483
76,173,586
30,867,863
71,178,910
16,000,000
25,366,380
64,669,099
104,605
84,335
182,820
667,431
53,244
59.808
221,762
81,180
2,447,614
91,000
128,472
271,832
2,089, 3J1
25,760
12,741
4,693,444
947,089
6,668,636
203,154
6,714
944,332
4,016,499
16,200
765,048
128,206
4,667
2,061.072
260,424
616,350
144,209
98,144
807,797
182,108
6,271,252
8,490
60,911
83,843
36,006
8,793,761
64,160
328,450
2,750
626, 157
48,125
617,251,154
642,268,584
1,000,000
1,260,609,738
a No metallic tin; between 19 and 20 short tons of high-grade concentrates shipped to England
from South Carolina.
b Not including t6,000 worth of platinum reported as contained in slimes from copper ore from the
Rambler mine, Wyoming.
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8UMMABY
25
States in 190t and 190S,
190^
Increase (+) or
decrease ( — ) in
Per cent of increase ( +) or
1903.
decrease (-).
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
18.009,282
J344, 350, (flO
+ 187,946
-828,426.000
+
1.05
7.63
1
51,900.000
70, ■_•(*',, ()60
- 1,200,000
- 1,651.616
—
2.16
—
2.16
2
3.560,000
:;...v-*i,700
- 810,000
- 6.408.300
—
8.01
—
8.01
3
698,044,517
'.•1..Hm,,ii06
+38,635.873
+ 14.937,062
+
5.84
+
19.51
4
280.000
2:;.. '.^(1.1)00
-h 10,000
+ 1,380,000
+
3.70
+
6.23
6
159,219
M.7I7.V«5
+ 2,292
+ 2,092,899
+
1.46
+
14.31
6
85,620
l:vii.;«4
+ 1,329
+ 77,086
+
3.88
+
5.25
7
7,500,000
•J.-j^i.iOO
-h 200,000
+ 310
+
2.74
+
.01
8
8,128
.M'-. 133
433
86,073
12. 16
13.56
9
114,200
"' no
1-. '-00
+ 108,452
+ 43,199
+1.886.78
+1,599.37
10
11
62,080
+ 16
+ 266
+
17.02
+
14.66
12
624,318.006
- 17,940,576
-
2.79
13
282,749,348
851,687,933
+22,532,604
+ 60,829,450
+
8.66
+
20.91
14
66,613,454
162,096,448
+29,672,744
+ 75,862,862
+
80.33
+
99.59
16
85,815,360
+ 4,947,497
+
16.03
16
10U,461,337
94,694.050
15,000.000
31.981.841
+11,694.421
+ 23,516,140
+
13.17
+
33.04
17
18
29,899.140
+ 4,i45,636
+ 6,564,961
+
16.10
+
25.88
19
67,960,468
+ 3,401,369
O-
6.27
?0
2,542
64,102
1,709
40.603
—
42.02
—
88.72
21
8.938
76,908
6,166
- 7,427
—
40.82
—
8.81
22
8,950
132,600
+ 24
— 320
+
.61
—
.24
23
721,446
+ 64,015
4-
8.09
?4
; 9,2i9
76,273
+ 3.554
+ 23,029
+
G2. 74
+
43.26
26
52,562
866,857
— 7, 2.')6
12.18
?6
+ 145, 095
• ;
^
65.43
?7
611
86.696
- 742
44,484
54.84
54.80
28
}cnMle,34,430
698,600
661.400
9Q
167,680
+ 84,610
+ 89.108
1-
10.46
+
30.44 ! 30
42,528
213,617
5,495
68,215
--
11.44
21.42 31
1,041,704
3,792,943
+ 225,226
+ 1,708,602
+
27.59
+
81.54
32
1.155
23,426
90
2,325
_
7.23
9.03
33
84.211
22,521
+ 21,772
+ 9,780
+
175.03
+
76.76
34
1.581.576
5,319,294
+ 91,262
+ 625,850
+
6.12
+
13.33 1 85
1 «23S,127
1,109,818
+ 25,253
+ 162,729
+
12.15
+
17.18 I*
6.73 ' 38
1 18,968,089
6,286.988
- 4,881.142
381,648
-
20.47
_
60.397
152,150
11,271
51,004
—
18.28
—
25.11 ; 39
120,000
«* 228, 000
+ 116,270
+ 221,280
+3,117.16
+3,295.89
40
62,122
646.222
10,927
- 298.110
—
14.96
—
31.57
41
62,962
4.801.718
+ 10,817
+ 785,219
+
19.60
+
19.55
42
887
16.760
118
+ 560
—
11.74
+
3.46
43
101,255
1.005,446
4.203
+ 240,398
—
3.99
+
31.42
44
48,087
171,306
+ 18.865
+ 43. 100
+
64.56
+
33.62
45
150
2,250
- 166
2.317
—
52.38
60.73
46
1 1.660,835
2,649,042
+ 195,478
+ 687,970
+
13.43
+
28.53
47
41.891
256,738
3,396
+ 6,309
7.50
+
2.52
48
60,230
421,600
- 10,870
- 198,750
15.29
—
31.49
49
i 65.288
166,947
+ 18,868
+ 12.738
+
51.89
+
8.83
50
20.698
190,277
+ 9,201
+ 92,133
+
80.06
+
93.88
51
823,044
866,828
- 120,091
+ 48,031
12.73
+
6.95
52
i 4,688,156
I 16,591
} 225.554
1 + 601,331
\ + 11,862
1 + 43.446
{ X
15.27
260.09
} +
23.86
63
12,029,719
5,428,782
- 109,529
+ 152,480
.90
-t-
2.89
54
8.744
10,595
+ 914
+ 2.105
+
82.30
+
24.79
55
2.825
26,836
4,662
36,676
62.22
68.41
56
90.100
17,128
- 283,166
66,716
_
76.86
_
79.57
>■>
1.693
41,990
+ 298
+ 6,984
+
2.09
+
19.95
51,242,757
9.041,078
-18,616,694
+ 247,317
20.99
+
2.81
58
W2,000
64,630
+ 60,000
+ 470
+
7.48
+
.78
59
8,000
670
+ 3,000
+ 570
60
821,400
7,050
- 86
2.15
61
885
2,666
+ 186
+
26.43
-
3.09
62
63
26,671
418,460
- 183
- 106,697
_
.68
_
20.32
64
19
6.625
- 8.791
42.600
-
99.60
-
88.31
66
794,408.561
624,818,008
+177,152,407
— 17,940.676
4.
28.70
66
2.79
67
1.000,000
68
1
1.419.721,669
+159,211,831
+
12.03
69
ciDcIoded under pyrite in 1901. 1902, and 1903.
tf Not including value of 60 short tons of cobalt ore produced in Idaho.
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26
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Mineral products of the IJmkd »^
Product.
1880.
Quantity.
Value.
METALLIC.
P\g iron, value at Philadelphia long tons.
Silver, coining value .troy ounces.
Gold, coining value do. . .
Copper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do. . .
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg *. do. . .
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Platinum (crude), value at San Francisco troy ounces.
3.375,912
30,820,000
1,741,500
60,480,000
97,825
23,289
59,926
233,893
50
100
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal long tons .
Pennsylvania anthracite do. . .
Stone
38,242,641
25,680,189
Petroleum barrels.
Lime do...
Natural gas
Cement barrels.
Salt do...
Phosphate rock , long tons .
Limestone for iron flux do. . .
Mineral waters gallons sold .
Zinc white short tons.
Potters' clay do. . .
Mineral paints do...
Borax pounds .
Gypsum short tons.
Grindstones
Fibrous talc short tons.
Pyrite long tons.
Soapstone short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
Asphaltum short tons.,
Precious stones
Bromine pounds.
Corundum short tons. .
Bary tes (crude) do. . .
Graphite pounds. ,
Millstones ,
Oilstones, etc. a pounds. ,
Marls short tous.,
Flint long tons..
Fluorspar short tons.
Chromic iron ore long tons. ,
Infusorial earth short tons. .
Feldspar long tons . .
Mica pounds. .
Cobalt oxide do
Slate ground as a pigment short tons. .
Sulphur do
Asbestos do
Rutile pounds..
Lithographic stone short tons. ,
26,286,123
28,000,000
2,072,943
6,961,060
211,377
4,600,000
2,000,000
10, 107
28,877
3,604
8,692,443
90,000
4,210
2,000
8,441
5,761
444
404,690
1,044
20,000
420,000
1,000,000
20,000
4,000
2,288
1.833
12,500
81,669
7,261
1,000
600
160
100
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .
Grand total .
S89.315,
39,200.
36,000,
11.491,
9,782,
2,277.
1.797,
257,
10
190,132
53,443
42,19<
18,35t
24,18;
19,00(
1,85:
4,8-2'
1,12;
3,80
50
76
20
13
27
4C
5C
I
(
i
1(
i:
173, i
190,
6,(
369.
a Prior to 1889 quantity and value are for rough stone quarried; since 1890 they are lor finiahed ]
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SUMHABT.
27
/or the calendar years 1880-190S.
1881.
1882.
1883.
Qnantity.
Value.
QuanUty.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
4.144,254
«87, 029,334
4.623,323
$106,336,429
4,595,510
191.910,200
1
33,077,000
43.000,000
36,197,695
46,800,000
85,783,622.
46.200,000 2
1.676,800
84,700,000
1,572,186
82,600,000
1,451,249
80,000,000 3
71.680,000
12,175,600
91,646,282
16,088,091
117,151,795
18,064,807 4
117,086
11,240,160
132,890
12,624,550
143,967
12,822,719 , 5
26.800
2,680,000
33,765
8.646.620
86,872
8,311,106
6
60.861
1.764,679
62,782
1,487,042
46,725
1,253,632
7
265,668
292,235
281.616
809,777
68,800
88
60
52,920
875
12,000
8
q
50
10,000
60
12,000
10
100
400
200
600
200
600
11
192,892,408
219,755,109
203.128,859
1?
48,179,475
60,224.844
60,861,190
76,i)7( 1187
68,531.500
82.237,800
13
28,500,016
64,125,036
31,358,264
70,^.^ 194
34,336,469
77 257,055
14
20,000.000
21, ()<)*) 00
20,000,000
15
27,661,288
25,448,839
30,510,830
24,0(w.,'.l88
23,449.633
25.790.252
16
30.000,000
20,000,000
81,000,000
21,70t» too
'2ir.,tO0
82,000,000
19.200,000
475,000
17
18
i'soo^ooo
2.000,000
8,250,000
8,67'J,750
4,190,000
4,293,500
19
6.200.000
4.200,000
6,412,873
4,:i'2t). 140
6,192,231
4,211,042
20
266,784
1,980,259
832,077
l,i^J. 162
378,380
2,270,280
21
6,000,000
4,100,000
8,850,000
2,31(1.(00
JSi'^S
1,907,136
22
3,700,000
700,000
5,000,000
KCH(,(O0
7,529,428
1.119,603
23
10,000
700,000
10,000
7*Kt,(O0
12,000
840,000
24
28,000
200,000
88,600
i>I<i.(O0
35,840
250,000
25
6,000
100,000
7,000
10.\(O0
7,000
84,000
26
4.046,000
304,461
4,286,291
•x^^. m
6,500,000
585,000
27
85,000
350,000
100,000
4r>i),(00
90,000
420,000
28
500,000
7LHf.iO0
600,000
'^
5,000
00.000
6,000
7.^ (00
6,000
75,000
:«
10.000
60,000
12,000
7:^.000
25,000
187,500
31
7.000
76,000
6,000
90.000
8,000
160,000
32
4.895
78,425
4,582
67.980
6,155
92.325
33
2,000
8,000
8,000
10,500
3,000
10.500
34
110,000
160,000
207,050
85
300,000
75,000
260,000
76,000
801,100
72,264
36
600
80,000
. 600
80,000
550
100,000
37
20,000
80,000
20,000
80,000
27,000
108,000
38
400.000
80,000
425,000
34.000
575,000
46,000
39
150,000
200,000
150,000
40
566,666
8,580
600,000
10,000
600,000
10,000
41
1,000.000
500,000
1,080,000
640.000
972,000
486,000 . 42
25,000
100,000
26,000
100,000
25,000
100.000 1 43
4.000
16,000
4,000
20,000
4,000
20,000 ' 44
2,000
80,000
2,500
60.000
8,000
60,000
45
1.000
10,000
1,000
8.000
1,000
5,000
46
14.000
70,000
14,000
70.000
14,100
71,112
47
100,000
250.000
100,000
250.000
114,000
285,000
48
8,280
25,000
11,653
82,046
1,096
2,795
49
1.000
10,000
2.000
24.000
2,000
24,000
60
600
21.000
600
21.000
1,000
27,000
51
200
7,000
1,200
86.000
1,000
80,000
52
200
700
500
1,800
550
2,000
53
50
1,000
54
1
206.788,144
192.892,408
6,600.000
281,840,150
219,755,109
6,500,000
243,812,214
208,128,859
6,500,000
55
1
56
(
57
","
406,175.652
*
457,595,259
453,441,073
68
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28
MINERAL RESOURCES.
MinercJ jtr<KjucUi of the United States for
Product.
Quantity.
Pig iron, value at Philadelphia long tons. . 4. 097. S68
Silver, coining value troy ounces. . • 37, 744, 60.'i
Gold, coining value do....! l,4H9,949
Copper, value at New York City poundn.. 145,221,934
Lead, value at New York City short tons.. 139,897
Zinc, value at New York City do — | 38, 544
Quicksilver, value at San Fmmisco flasks. . , 31 , 913
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds. . i 64, 550
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg do \ 150
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons..' 60
Platiniuu (crude), value at Sun FranciH<'o troy ounces..! 150
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal long tons.
Pennsylvania anlhnicile do —
Stone.
73,730,539
33.175,750
Petroleum barrels. .
Lime do
Natural gas
Brick clay
Clay (all otlur than brick ) sh<»rt tons. .
Cement barrels. .
Salt do....
Phosphate rock long tons. .
Limestone for iron flu.x dt)
Mineral waten* gallons s(»ld . .
I Zinc white short tons. . I
; Mineral paint.s do
Borax poun<ls. . i
I Gypsum short tons. . I
I (irindstones
I Fibrous l4ilc short tons. .
I Pyrite loii^' tons. . i
Soapstone sbori t(*iis..
I Manganese ore long tons. . 1
I Asphaltuni short tons. .
Precious stones
I Bromine jK)unds. .
I Corundum short tons. . i
Barytes (crude) do
. (traphite pounds..'
Millstones !
I OiIstone.s. cle. <« pounds..
1 Marls short tons.,
I Flint long Ions. .
' Fluorspar short Ions..
Chromic iron ore long tons..
' Infu^^orial eurlh short tons..
I Feldspar long tons..
' Mien p(»nnds. .
Cobalt oxide do....
Slate ground as a pigment short tons..
Sulphur do
Asbestos do
Kutile pounds..
Lilhogniphie stone short tons..
24,218,438
37,000,000
Value.
S73, 761, 624
48,800,0tX}
;ui, 800. 000
17.789,6S7
10, 537, 042
3, 422, 707
936,327
48,412
1,350
12,0(K)
450
39, 200
4.000.00(1
(>,511.937
431,779
3. lOl.y.'Hl
10,215.:{28
1H,|>00
7, 000
7. 0(H). 000
90,000
10. (MK)
;;'s.0(>o
In, (KH»
lU, IH)
3,000
2S1,1(J0
ooo
25, 1(00
SO(l, (KM)
875. (XN(
30.(H»0
1,(HH»
2.<H'0
1,(HH)
lO.'.HMI
117.410
2,0(K» I
L'.MHI I
5(Mt '
l.tHK) I
(HK)
Total value of nonmetnllie mineral products
Total value of metallic jirodncts ,
Estimated value of mineral priMlucts unspe«'itie<l .
Grand total .
186, 109, 599
77,417,066
66.351,512
19, (.XK>, 000
20, 595, 966
18. .500, 0tX>
1,460,000
270,000
3,720,tK)0
4.197,734
2,374,781
1,700, 9(V)
1,459.143
910.000
84,000
490, (KHl
390, (HK)
570, 000
110. (HH»
175. (HH»
200. (HX)
r22.hin
10, ;A\)
222,975
67, 4(V4
ia<<,(KK)
100, tXK)
ir»0,(KK)
12. (HN)
4:'7.r>(»o
120. OdU '
2(».(MH» I
;;'i.ooo
5. (KKl
.v., 112 ■
;>..s,r»2:> 1
5. KM
20.000 !
IJ.mM) t
:Io,(^'H) '
•J, (HI*
"Prior to 18b9(iuantily and value are for rough stone <iuurri<'d; since lN90they an- for linished |>r<Mluct.
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SUMMARY.
the cfiJmdar years 1680-1903— Continued.
29
I 1885.
1886.
1887.
1 Qimntfty.
Value.
Qoantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
4.044,425
164.712,400
6,688,329
$96,196,760
6, 417, 148
$121,925,800
1
39.910,279
51,600,000
39,445,812
61,000,000
41,269,240
68,350,000
2
1,538.376
81,800,000
1,881,250
86,000,000
1,696,600
88,000,000
8
170,962.607
18,292.999
161,285,381
16,827,651
185,227,331
21,116,916
4
129,412
10,469,431
180,629
12,200,749
146,700
18,113,000
5
40,688
8,589.856
42,641
8,762,408
50,340
4,782,800
6
32,073
979,189
29,981
1,060,000
83,826
1,429,000
■ 7
277,904
179,975
214,992
127, 167
206,666
183,200
8
283
2.550
8.000
27,000
18,000
59,000
9
50
10,000
85
7,000
76
15,000
10
250
187
50
100
448
1,838
11
181,586,587
214,897,826
248,925,054
12
64,840,668
82,347,648
73,707,967
78,481.056
87,887,360
98,004,656
13
34,228,548
76,671,948
34,853,077
76.119.120
37,578,747
84,552,181
14
19,000,000
19,000.000
19,996,313
25,000,000
15
21,847.205
19,198,243
28,064.841
28,278,866
18,877,094
16
40,000,000
20,000,000
17
4, 857, 200
10 012 000
15, 817, f>00
18
6 200,000
7,000, fOO
19
40,320
•jTnJrOO
44,800
:^25, 000
48,160
:m. iKX)
20
4,150,000
;'.u^j,:«)
4,500,000
3, WO, 000
6,692,744
5,674,^77 ' 21
7,038,653
4.sz\:m
7,707,081
4,736,f*?
7,831.962
4,093, K16
22
437,856
2,^lfn,r«4
430,549
1, 872, 936
480,568
l,836,.sl8
23
3,356,956
l,h7^,478
4,717,163
2,830,297
6,377,000
3,-226,'iOO
24
9,148,401
l,:^li,S45
8,950,317
1,284.070
8,269,609
1,251,463
25
15.000
lJ^r4}jOO
18,000
1,440.000
18,000
1,410,<K)0
26
3.9t0
VAJ^Tb
18,800
315.000
22,000
330,000
27
8,000,000
■INJ, 1100
9,778,290
48«, 915
11,000,000
550,000
28
90,405
4l)n.(J0O
95,260
428, 625
95,000
425,000
29
'W. (.00
110 J 00
2W, COO
125,000
224, 400
160,000
•.M)
10.000
12,000
15,000
31
49,000
'2-M. .^OO
55,000
220,000
52,000
210,000
32
10,000
21 KM 00
12,000
225.000
12,000
225,000
:tt
23.258
l-«)/J81
80,193
277,636
34,524
333.844
M
3.000
in. ,00
3,600
14,000
4,000
16,000
:iT
'*()';1 '00
119,0.%
163,600
;h6
310.000
S'J.^tOO
428,334
141,3.^>0
199,087
61,717
37
600
in^.<00
645
116, 190
600
108,000 1 m
15,000
TniOO
10,000
50,000
15,000
75,000
39
327, SS3
2u. ■J31
415,525
a-?. 242
416,000
34,000
40
10(1. fOO
i:\(O0
140.000
15,000
100.000
16,000
41
1,000,000
1,160,000
1,200.000
42
875.000
■}H7.rO0
800,000
400, 000
600,000
300,000
13
30 000
1-0,(00
30,000
120, 000
32,000
128,000
44
5,000
*-, 00
5,000
2-2,000
5,000
20,000
45
2,700
iu,uOO
2,000
30,000
3,000
40,000
4«
1,000
5,000
1,200
6,000
3.000
15,000
47
IS.fKW
68,000
14,900
74,.^
10,200
61,200
48
92.000
161,000
40.000
70,000
70.000
142, 2,t0
49
68.723
66,373
3.5,000
•Si), 878
18,340
18, 774 .SO
1 975
24,687
h]
715
17,875
2,500
75,000
3,000
100,000
52
300
9.000
200
6.000
150
4.. 500
i^i
r.00
2,000
600
2,000
1,000
3,000
.54
.55
230. Oas, 769
—
270, 989, 420
248, 925,054
800.000
241.312,093
181,586,587
6,000,000
r^
214,897,.H25
800,000
445, 7Sr,, 094
wi
58
I
427, 898, 680
r.*.»0,714.474
59
1
Digitized by
Google
80
MINERAL BESOUBGES.
Mineral products of the Ihiied SMU^Jc
Product.
METALLIC.
Pig iron, value at Philadelphia long tons.
Silver, coining value troy ounces.
Gold, coining value do. . .
Coppier, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do. . .
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum (crude), value at San Francisco troy ounces .
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Stone .
Petroleum barrels.
Natural gas
Brick clay
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.
Cement barrels.
Mineral waters gallons sold .
Phosphate rock long tons.
Salt barrels.
Limestone for iron fl ux long tons.
Zinc white short tons.
Gypsum do...
Borax pounds. .
Mineral paints short tons.
Grindstones
Fibrous talc short tons.
Asphaltum do . . .
Soapstone do . . .
Precious stones
Py ri te 1 ong ton s .
Corundiun ^ short tons.
Oilstones, etc. « pounds.
Mica do. . .
Barytes (crude) short tons.
Bromine pounds.
Fluorspar short tons.
Feldspar long tons.
Manganese ore do. . .
Flint do...
Graphite pounds.
Bauxite long tons.
Sulphur short tons .
Marls do. . .
Infusorial earth do...
Millstones
Chromic iron ore long tons.
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Magnesite short tons.
Asbestos do...
Rutile pounds.
Ozocerite (refined) do...
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified.
Grand total
Quantity.
6,489,788
4&, 783, 632
1,604,927
231,270.622
161,919
55,903
33,260
19,000
100
204,328
500
102,039,838
41,624,611
27,612,025
41,160
6,503,295
9,678,648
448,567
8,055,881
6,438,000
20,000
U0,000
7,589,000
26,500
20,000
63,800
16,000
64,331
589
1,500,000
48,000
20,000
807,386
6,000
8,700
29,198
30,000
400,000
300,000
1,600
1,500
8,491
100
1,000
43,500
Value.
$107,000,00
59,195,00
33,175.00
33,833.9.1
13.399,2.1
5,500.8.1
1,413, 1'i
65. a
20, W
127, 6J
2,0
253,731.8
101,860,5
89,020,4
25, 500, (
17, 947, (
22, 629, (
7,600.(
300, <
5,021,
1,679,;
2,018,
4,374,
2,719,
1,600.
m,
45.^.
405.
281.
210.
831.
250,
139,
167,
91,
18
70
110
95
80
60
279
127
151
7
81
2(
1(
286, 15<
253,73
90
540,78
a Prior to 1889 quantity and value are for rough stone quarried; since 1890 they are for finished pr
Digitized by
Google
SUMMARY.
tke caUndar yean 1880-1903 — (k)ntinued.
31
1889.
1890.
1891.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
7,606,642
51.S:>4.851
1.590,869
231,246,214
156.897
68,860
26,484
47,468
115
258,663
1120, 000. OOO
66, 396. 686
:?-J,><«r.,180
2*;.W7..K)9
13,794.235
ri,7l!l.S'24
i.r^i. .'>oo
<J7. .T35
2S, (>00
i:.l..^98
9,202,708
54,500,000
1,588.880
265,115.183
148,630
63.683
22,926
61,281
988
223,488
8151,200,410
70,464,645
32,845,000
80,848,797
12,668,166
6,266,407
1,203,615
61,281
177,508
134,093
8,279,870
58.330,000
1.604,840
295.812.076
178,554
80,873
22,904
150,000
1,289
118,498
125,289
100
$128,387,985
75,416,565
83,175,000
38,455,300
15,534,198
8,083.700
1,036,386
100,000
217,957
71,099
26,058
600
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
500
2,000
600
2,500
12
267,246,167
305,872,422
300,408,748
13
95,685,543
40,714,721
94,504,746
65,879,614
42,809,706
26,963,340
21,097,099
8,000,000
635,578
5,000,000
1,748,458
2,937,776
4,196,412
8,159,000
1,857,600
764,118
500,000
483,766
439,587
244,170
171,537
231,708
188,807
202,119
105,665
82,980
50,000
106,313
125,667
45,835
39.370
240.569
89,780
72,662
2,366
5; 850
63,956
28,872
35,165
80,000
81,092
111,320,016
41,489,858
110,420,801
66,383,772
47,000,000
35,865,106
18,742,725
8,500,000
766.000
6,000,000
2,600.750
8,213,795
4,752,286
2,760.811
1,600,000
574,523
617,500
681,992
450,000
389,196
190,416
252,309
118,833
273,745
89,895
69,909
75,000
86,505
104,719
56,328
45.200
219,050
57,400
77,500
6,012
117,901,287
45,236,992
117,188,400
73.944,735
47,294,746
14
15
16
85,163,513
45,822,672
54,291,980
30,526,563 , 17
15,500,084 ' 18
9,000,000 19
329.665
7.000.000
12.780.471
550.245
8,005.565
6,818.000
16,970
392.000
8,000,000
18,907,418.
510,499
8,776,991
5,521,622
448.000
8.222,792
18,892,732
587,988
9,987.945
5,000.000
23,700
208,126
13,380,000
49,652
900.000
6,680,951
2,996,259
8,651,150
4,716,121
2,800,000
1,600,000
628,051
869,700
678,478
476,113
493,068
242,264
243,981
235.300
338,880
90.230
150,000
100,000
118,363
54,880
78,330
50,000
239,129
60.000
110,000
11, 675
39,600
67,500
21,988
16,587
20.580
18,000
4,390
3,960
800
7,000
20
21
22
23
24
25
?6
267,769
' 8,000,000
84,807
182,995
9,500,000
47,782
27
28
29
80
23.746
51,735
12,715
41,354
40,841
13,670
63,054
45,054
16,514
31
32
33
34
98,705
2,245
5.982,000
49,500
19,161
418,891
9.500
6.970
24,197
21,118
99,854
. 1,970
106,536
2,265
1,376.000
75,000
81,069
348,000
10.044
10,000
23,416
16,000
35
36
37
60,000
21,911
387,847
8,250
8,000
25,684
13,000
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
728
1.150
189,622
8,466
1,844
3,593
1.200
135,000
46
47
153.620
2,532
69.880
50.240
23,720
58,985
16,291
48
49
50
, 2,000
! 13*955
8.599
6,788
1,372
7,200
439
66
800
50,000
61
52
80
1,000
50,000
i.866
3,000
2,500
7i
400
350,000
4.560
1,000
26,250
54
55
66
1
282.623,812
267,246,167
1,000,000
312,776,503
806,872,422
1,000,000
321,767,846
300,403,748
1,000,000
57
58
59
1
550.809,979
619,648,925
623,171,594
60
i
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82
MINEBAL RE80UBCES.
Mineral products of the United Statetfi
Product.
1892.
Quantity.
METALLIC.
Pif iron, epot value long tons.
Silver, coining value troy ounfces.
Gold, coining value do. . .
Ctopper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do...
Quiclullver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces.
9,167,000
63,600,000
1,896,875
862,971,744
173,654
87,260
27,998
259,885
1,790
92,252
162,000
80
Total value of metallic products .
NONMETALUC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum burels.
Brick clay
Cement barr^.
Stone
126,856,567
46,850,450
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline quartz do. . .
Garnet for abrasive purposes , do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Borax pounds.
Bromine do . . .
Fluorspar short tons.
Gypsum do...
Marls do. . .
Phosphate rock long tons.
Pyrite do...
Salt barrels.
Sulphur short tons.
Baiytes (crude) « do...
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
Zinc white do . . .
Asbestos do...
Asphaltum do...
Bauxite long tons.
Chromlc iron ore do. . .
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.
Feldspar do...
Fibrous talc do. . .
Flint do...
Fuller's earth do...
Graphite pounds.
Limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesite short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
Mica pounds.
Mineral waters gallons sold .
Monazite pounds.
Ozocerite (refined) do...
Precious stones
Pumice stone short tons.
Rutile pounds.
Soapstone short tons.
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified ;
Grand total
60,509,136
* 8* 758,621
i*77i
13,500,000
879,480
12,250
256,259
125,000
681,571
109,788
11,698,890
2,688
82,108
7,869
51,704
27,500
104
87,680
10,518
1,500
470,400
16,800
41,925
22,400
5,172,114
1,004
13,613
75,000
21^876,604
60,000
100
23,908
Digitized by
Google
8UMMARY.
83
the calendar years IS80-1 90S— Continued.
1893.
1894.
1895.
Quantity.
1
Value.
1^,810.426
Quantity.
Value.
865,007,247
Quantity.
Value.
8ia5,196,550
1
7,124,502
H, 657, 388
9,446.308
1
60.000,000
77,576,000
49,501.122
64,000.000
55.727,000
72,051,000
•>
1.739,081
a5, 955, 000
1,910.816
39,500.000
2,254.760
46,610,000
3
339.7«5,972
:«,054.601
364,866.808
33,141,142
385,913.404
:^, 012, 470
4
163,982
11.8:^9,590
159,331
9, 942, -254
170.000
11,220,000
5
78,832
6.30H,r>«)
75.328
5,288,026
89,686
6,278,020
0
30, IM
1,108,527
30,416
934,000
36,104
1,337,131
/
339.629
266,90:i
550,000
316,250
920,000
464,600
s
1.503
270.540
1,387
249, 706
2,013
304,169
0
49,899
22,197
9,616
3,269
10,302
3.091
10
8,938
1.788
It
75
517
100
GOO
150
900
281,479,931
12
250,212,649
218,382,494
13
*'
128,885,231
122,751,618
118.820,405
107.663,501
135, 118, 193
115,749,771
14
48,185,906
86,687,078
46,368,144
78.488,063
51,786,122
82,019,272
16
14,846,250
13, 964, 400
13,006,660
16
48,412,666
28,932,326
49,344,516
86,622,095
52,892,276
67,632,296
17
9,000,000
9 000,000
9,000,000
5,J82,264
18
8,002,46^
6,262,841
8,362.245
5,030,081
8,731,401
19
33,886,578
142,326
36,534,788
96,936
88,319 181
90
1,713
1,495
2,102
106,256
21
6,024
18,054
9,000
27,000
'??
?8
888,787
223,214
206,768
?4
22,582
2,584
11, 718
4,954
20,614
?6
16,645
13,887
22,542
?«
185,173
136,873
165.881
?7
8,699,000
662,425
14,680.130
974,445
11.918,000
695,900
28
848,899
104,520
879,444
102,450
617,421
134,343
29
12,400
84.000
7,500
47,500
4,000
24,000
80
258,615
096,616
289,312
761,719
265,508
807,447
31
75,000
40,000
75,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
82
941,868
4,138,070
996,949
8,479,547
1,038,551
8,606,094
33
76,777
256,652
105,940
363,134
99,549
322.845
34
11,816,772
4,064.668
12,967,417
4,739,285
13,669,649
4,423,084
36
1.200
42,000
500
20.000
1,800
42,000
36
28.970
88,506
28,335
86.983
21,529
68,321
37
8,422
10,346
6,768
10. 145
14,458
20,676
38
87.724
580, 8M
41.926
498,093
60,695
621,552
39
24,050
1,804,420
19,987
1,399,090
20,710
1,449,700 40
50
2,500
325
4,463
795
18,525
41
47,779
872, -282
60,570
853,400
68,163
848,281
42
9,079
29,507
11,066
86,818
17,069
44,000
43
1,450
21.750
8.680
68,231
1.740
16,795
44
448,000
900,000
403,200
800,000
403,200
800,000
46
20,678
68.307
19,264
167.000
8,523
30,000
46
8.% 861
408,436
89,906
436,060
39,240
870,895
47
88,281
68,792
42,560
819,200
13.747
6,900
21,038
41,400
48
49
843,108
63.232
918.000
64,010
52,582
50
3,968,055
2,874,838
8,698.550
1,849,275
6,247,919
2,623,974
51
7W
7,040
1,440
10,240
2,200
17,000
62
7,718
66.614
6,308
58,635
9,547
71,769
58
66. »n
23,544.495
88,929
52,388
.55, 831
54
4,246.784
21,569.608
8,741,846
21,463,648
4,254,237
56
180.000
7,600
&46,866
86,193
1,578,000
137, 150
56
57
264.041
132,250
113,621
58
59
::: ::::::::::;:i
150
2:?, IM
450
401,325
307, 714, 785
218,382,494
1,000,000
627,097,279
100
21,495
350
266,495
338,172,239
281,479,931
1,000,000
60
21,071
255,0»n|
828.257.318 :
250,212,649 j
1.000,000 j
61
(^2
6;^
frt
~ ■ -
574,469.907 |
620.652,170
66
M R 1903
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34
MINERAL RE80UBCES.
Mineral products of the United States for
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
26
27
28
29
80
31
32
33
34
85
36
87
Product.
METALUC.
Pig iron, spot value long tons..
Silver, coining value .troy ounces. .
Gold, coining value do
Ck>pper, value at New York City pounds. .
Lead, value at New York City short tons. .
Zinc, value atNew York City do
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco fiasks. .
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds. .
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons. .
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces. .
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALUC (SPOT VALURS).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement barrels.
Stone
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline auartz do. . .
Garnet foi' abrasive purposes do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Borax pounds.
Bromine do. . .
Fluorspar short tons.
Gypsum do...
Marls do . . .
Phwphate rock long ions.
Pyrite do...
Siilt barrels.
Sulphur short tons.
Barytes (crude) do...
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
Zinc white do. . .
Asbestos do. . .
A.sphaltum do. . .
Bauxite long tons.
Chromic iron ore do. . .
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.
Feldspar do. . .
Fibrous talc do. . .
Flint .
.do.
Fullers earth do. . .
Graphtte (crjTJtalline) pounds.
Graphite (amorphoiLs) short tons.
Limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesite short tons.
Manganese ore - long tons.
Mica (sheet) pounds.
Mica (.«*crap) short tons.
Mineral waters gallons sold .
Monazite pounds.
Ozocerite ( refined) do. . .
Precious stones
Pumice stone short tons.
Rutile pounds.
Soapstone short ions.
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products ,
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .
1896.
Quantity.
8,623,127
58,834,800
2,568,132
460,061,430
188,000
81,499
30,765
1,300,000
2,478
17.170
163
137,640,276
48,523,287
60,960,361
"9," sis," 473
2,120
6,000
3,846
13,508,
516,
6.
224,
60,
930,
116.
13,850,
6,
17,
10,
48,
20,
80,
18,
403,
10,
46,
12,
635,858
760
102
500
4,120,
1,
10,
25,796,812
80,000
100
22,183
Grand total .
Value.
$90,250,000
76,069,236
53,088.000
49,456,603
10,528,000
6,519,920
1,075,449
620,000
347,539
4,464
944
287, 860, 155
114,891,515
81,748,651
13,002,512
58,518,709
9,000,000
6,473,213
30,142,661
113,246
18,000
826,826
26,792
22,567
127,098
675,400
144,501
52,000
573,344
30,000
2,803,372
320,163
4,040,839
87,200
46,513
16.301
580, 455
1,400,000
6,100
577,563
47,338
6,667
800,000
35,200
399,443
24,226
59,360
48,460
2,060,000
11,000
90,727
65,441
1,750
4,136.192
1,500
97,850 .
850
854,065
833,954,110
287,860,165
1,000,000
622,814,266
Digitized by
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8UMMABY.
the calendar years ISSO-lQOS-^-ConiAnned,
35
/
18»7.
1898.
1899.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
9,662,680
995,122,299
11,778,984
S1U>,.'^57,000
13,620,703
S245. 172,654
1
58,860,000
69. f^47. 172
54,488,000
70.;^84,485
54,764,500
70,806,626
2
2.774,«85
57.;ifi:ija)
8,118,398
«V1. 163,000
3,487,210
71,053,400
8
; 494,078,274
M, ant. 180
626.512,987
r. 1,^66,276
568,666,921
101, '222, 712
4
1 212,000
11,SH.\728
222,000
1f:,r.50,000
210,600
IS, 1145,000
5
99,980
b. !'>,;«)
115,399
1U.;{85,910
129,061
1J,K40,865
6
26.648
99:\, 446
31,092
1.188,627
80,464
l,l-')2,745
7
4,000,000
1 , biXi, 000
5,200,000
1,716,000
5,200,000
1.716,000
8
3,061
442,1^00
3,238
.^32,101
2,861
r^,189
9
23.707
7,H23
11.145
3,956
22,541
8,566
10
11
150
900
225
1,913
800
1,800
12
802,681,147
843,748,268
625,779,567
18
147,617,619
U9,5a^,l24
166,593,628
132, tm, 713
193,323,187
167,962,104
14
46.974,714
7'.l,301.964
47,668,076
7r>, IM,.-^
53,944,647
88,142,130
15
K-l.S'2r., 122
15,2iX), ,S18
20,074,873
64,603,904
16
60,475,516
'10,>s71,W2
55,864,288
44, I93,;3&9
57,070,860
17
S,(KH).(iO0
9. (MX), t100
11,250,000
18
10.989,468
x,17^<,•J83
12,111,208
9, Sn9, fiOl
15,520,445
12,889,142
19
34.6C7.772
36 (H)7 •J84
44,090,670
'/O
2,165
106, 574
4,064
275, ()64
4,900
150,600
21
7,600
22,600
8,812
2;>, t»90
13.600
89,000
22
2,654
80,&t3
2,967
8*'..,S50
2,765
98,825
28
368, a5S
4H9 769
675,686
87,082
?4
8,885
22,835
2,788
in. (i91
4,334
85
■'-"> '*32
2.^> V>34
28,115
208,283
W
1 1'.t '.»70
1W),788
71
i6,'666,'66o
1,0&0,UOO
16,000,000
1.120. (TOO
40,714,000
1,139,882
28
487.149
129,094
486,979
125,014
433,004
108,251
29
6.062
87.159
7,675
r,3,060
15,900
96,660
30
288,982
756,864
291,688
7.\%280
486,235
1,287,060
31
60,000
80,000
60,000
SO, 000
60,000
30,000
32
1.089,845
2,678,202
1,806,885
'^,v<^,m
1,516,702
5,084,076
38
148.201
801,541
193,364
59-., hOI
174,734
548,249
84
15,978,202
4,920,020
17,612,634
6,2I2.r^
19,706,614
6,867,467
35
2,275
45,560
1.200
32, 960
4,830
107,500
36
26.042
58,295
81,806
im, :^
41,894
139,628
87
19,620
81.282
6,247
9. ;^71
10,280
18,512
38
60,913
795.793
58,850
r.9i,.^
63,111
728,389
39
25,000
1,750,000
83,000
2,310,000
40,146
3,2U,680
40
580
6,450
605
10,300
681
11,740
41
75,945
664,682
76,837
675. (49
75,065
553,904
42
20,690
67,662
25^149
75,437
85,280
125,598
43
44
568,115
978.448
585,450
i, 384, 766
843,279
1,646,828
45
12.516
43,100
18,440
32,395
24,202
211,545
46
57,009
896,936
54,356
411,430
54,655
438,150
47
18.466
26.227
21,425
42,670
29,852
180,345
48
i 17,113
112,272
14.860
106,600
12,381
79,644
49
f 1,254.402
\ 1.108
1 64,277
/ 2,360,000
\ 890
} 75,200
/ 2,900,732
\ 2,324
1 167,106
150
151
4.247,688
2,124,000
,S, 275, 819
2,638,000
6,707,436
4,695,205
62
1.148
18,671
1,263
19,075
1.280
18,480
53
11.108
96,505
15,967
129,185
9,935
82,278
54
82,676
80,774
129,520
103,534
108,570
70,587
55
740
14,462
3,999
27,564
1,605
60,878
56
23,265.911
4.599,106
28,8.53,40«
8,051,833
39,562,136
6,948,080
57
44.000
1,980
250,776
13,542
360,000
20,000
58
69
130,675
160,920
13,200
700
185,770
10,000
1,030
60
158
600
140
400
230
61
100
850
62
2],S28
365,629
22.231
287,112
353. 848, .520
343,748,268
1,000,000
24,765
330,805
63
827.684.8^
802.581.147
1.000.000
V
445,428,461
625,779,557
1,000,000
64
65
66
<- .
631.21&.fi22
698,596,788
972,208.006
67
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30
MINFRAL RESOURCES.
Mineral jtrodiuts of (he rutted States for the calendar y€ar8 J880-190S—Q<MiMv[in^.
Product.
Quantity.
Value.
Pig iron, spot value long tons..
Silver, coining value troy ounces. .
Gold, coining value do —
('cppcr, value at New Yorlc City pounds..
Lead, value at New York City short tons. .
Zinc, value at New Yorlc City do
Quicksilver, value at 8au Francisco flasks. .
.Vluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds. .
Antimony, value at San FrancL-co short tons. .
Nickel, value at Philadelphia ix>unds. .
Tin do. . . .
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces. .
13,7h9,242
1259, 944. (
57,647,000
74,633,1
3.H29.897
79, 171, (
606, 117. 166
98, 494. (
270, H24
23,,^1,(
123,886
10,654.
28,317
i.aai.i
7,150.000
1.920.
4.226
837.
9,715
3,
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement ba rrels .
Stone
Corundum and emery short t^ms.
Crystalline quartz do. . .
Garnet for abrasive purposes do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc.
I 212.316,112
' 51,22J,3.->3
63,620,529 |
*i7,'23i,'i.^"
4,305 ,
14,461 I
3,186
3,616
Borax short tons. . | ^24
Bromine pounds. . 521,
Fluorspar short tons. . 1 8,
Gypsum do 594,
Litnium do —
Marls do.... 60,
Phosphate rock long tons. . 1, 491,
Pyrite do.... 204.
Salt Imrrels.. 20,869.
Sulphur short t<m8. . 3,
Barytea (crude) do — 67,
Cobalt oxide pounds. . 6,
M ineral pai nts short tons. . 72,
Zinc white do.... 48,
Asbestos do 1 • 1.
Asphal tum do 54.
Bauxite long tons. . 23,
Chromic iron ore do
Clay (all other than brick) short tons.. 1,221,
Feldspar do 24,
Fibrous talc do 63,
Flint do.... 32,
Fuller's eart h do ' 9.
Graphite (crystalline) pounds. .' 5, 507,
Graphite (amorphous) short tons..;
Limestone for iron flux longtons.. 7,495,
Magni*site short tons. . 2,
Manganest* ore ., long tons. . 11,
Mica (sheet) pounds. . 456,
Mica (scrap) short tons. . 6,
Mineral waters gallons soM . . 47, 558,
Monazi te pounds. . 908,
Ozocerite ( rellned) do |
Precious stones
Pumice stone short tuns |
Rutile poun<ls. . 300 ;
Soapstone short tons. . 27, 943
Tot<»l value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metiillic product**
Estimated value of mineral products unspecified
602
235
444
4.')0
462
520
000
216
615
342
525
680
471
222
840
a54
389
184
140 I
660
821
500
495
698
8.\5
611
4:«
252
771
283
497
784
000
550,42.-..
220, "^MX
«J,7o7
23, t.i»>
75, 9^1'
12, OD*'
13,28;^
41,321
10-J
4(
12:
71(
2
S:
17
17
84
14
1, (VJ
5, ;>'
1"
3,ti
1,^
1
A
]
3,<
M2,
5r>o,
1,
Grand total .
1.063,
a Refined.
/'Crude.
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8UMMABY. 37
Mineral products of the United Slates for the calendar years 1880-1903 — Continued.
1901.
Product.
METALLIC.
PigiTon, spot value long toim..
Silver, coining value troy ouneey. .
<T<>ld, coining value do
Copper, value at New York City pounds. .
Lead, value at New York City short tons..
Zinc, value at New Y'ork CMty do
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco fltusks. .
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds. .
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons. .
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds. .
Tin do
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces..
Total value of metallic products
NONmCTALUC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tontt.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Oment barrels .
Stone
Corundum and emery short tons.
(YT«taIIine quartz do. . .
Garnet for abrasive purposes do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
UiNlone^, etc
Arsenoun oadde short U»ns.
Quantity.
15,878,354
55,214.000
3,805,500
602,072,519
270, 700
140, 822
29. 727
7,150,000
2,639
6,700
1,408
225,828.149
60,242,560
69,389,194
j""26,'668*787'
Borax .
.do.
Bromine fK >n nds.
nu( •r'pjar short tons.
G vitMi m do
Liinium do...
MarN do.. .
Ph' t^phate nn-k lon^ tons.
P>rite tio...
H*i] t barrels.
.*^ulphur
Barytes (crude j short tons.
Co^Mtli oxide lM)un(is.
Mint-nil paints short t<»ns.
Zinc white do...
.A.-l»e^tf>S do . . .
A'^ptialtum , d'>...
Bauxit4" long t<»nM.
(•hn»mir inm on* <io...
("lav lall other than brick) short tons.
tVNl-^imr <lo...
Fibrous lule <l<».. .
Flint «!....
FnH«'r'«« earth <lo. . .
GrK^.hiie ( (ostallint' ) ImhukIs.
♦ iraphiie (amorj»hon>) short loin.
Limt-t<-ne for iron rlux loiij; t<»n<.
Ma^rn^-^ite ^liori ton^.
M;.ni;.int^-v<» ore lont; tons.
Mira .«h«^'t) poiiniN.
Mk-11 tMTJijM short ton>«.
Mineral waters KalloiissnM.
M'-na/ilo ImmiikN.
*»/jK .rite 1 rrtiiuMl) «io. ..
Pr»tn HIS st« »TM's
I'l^i-iK e slone short toiH.
kimle pouiMN.
'{
300
o5,344
h 17, KS7
552,043
19, 5HG
633. 791
1,750
99.K80
1.4.h;{,723
241.691
20,566.661
«■)
49. 070
13, 3(H)
61 . 4lK)
46, 500
747
r)3.131
18, 9(Vi
368
1,367.170
31.711
69,2(HI '
;n. i-ti I
11. ii-i
3.'.»(;7,(;iJ I
.sn. (
S..M(i. li^
11 /.''.•:.
;u'-<i. Old
•J. 171
.V>.771. 1N.S
74M.7;_;t; I
Value.
$242,174,000
71,887,800
78,666,700
87,300,515
23,280,200
11,265,760
1,382,306
2,238,000
539,902
8,5:-)l
N^|r.t.,n......
\ rdi^ium an*l
vanadium
■^l.'-^^n '
2.s,6j:5 I
27,526
518,266,259
236,422,049
112. 504, 020
27.067,500
66,417,335
13,800,000
15.786.789
55,615,926
146,040
41.500
158, 100
580,703
52,950
57, 179
158,300
18,000
697,307
314,811
154, 572
113,803
1,506,611
43.200
124, 880
5,316,40;i
1,2.')7,879
6,617,449
(C)
157. M4
24. (.H8
7H9. %2
3,720,000
13, 498
555, liT)
79. 1»1 1
5,790
2. 57G, mi
:.*20. 4->2
■Ki.C^IO
1 J'», I'M
%, H3.')
1(;7,7U
lU.-^oO
IIC.TJJ
ly.7l'.»
z^y. u.'j I
Total vahu' of nonmetallif min<ral pro<lu«t>
Tntnl vnlue<»f nu-tallic pnxlucls
E.-tiniaUHl valu.' «»f jnineral pn)durts unspe<i
.')».7.'js(;,it:r.
.'.l^.i^(;f.,2:.y
l.(KMI.(«rt»
Grand total .
1. ( IN ;..v.L', •_•*.•!
aKefined.
'ConiMncd w itli l»\ rih
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38 MINERAL BE80UB0E8.
Mineral products of the United States for the calendar years 1S80-190S — Continaed.
Product
METALLIC.
Pif iron (spotyaloe) long tons.
Silver, CGoning value troy ounces.
Qold, coining value do...
Copper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zine. value at New York City do...
Quicksilver, value at Ban Francisco flasks.
Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces.
Total value of metallic products.
NONMETALLIC (SPOT VALUM).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natural gas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement barrels.
Stone
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline quartz do...
Garnet for abrasive purposes do...
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Arsenious oxide short tons.
Borax (refined) do...
Borax (crude) do...
Bromine pounds.
Fluorspar short tons.
Gypsum do...
Litninm do...
Marls do...
Phosphate rock long tons.
Pyrite do...
Salt barrels.
Sulphur
Barytes (crude) short tons.
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
Zinc white do...
Asbestos do...
Aspbaltum do...
Bauxite .*. long tons.
Chromic iron ore do...
Clay (all other than brick)....- short tons.
Feldspar do. . .
Fibrous talc do . . .
Flint do...
Fuller's earth do. . .
Glass sand do . . .
Graphite (crystalline) pounds.
Graphite (amorphous) short tons.
Limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesite short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
Mica (sheet) pounds.
Mica (wrap) short tons.
Mineral waters gallons sold.
Monazite pounds.
1902.
Quantity.
17.821.807
55,500,000
8,870,000
650,608,644
270,000
156,927
34,291
7,800,000
8,561
5,748
94
260,216,844
36,940,710
88,766,916
*25,'758,*664
4,251
15,104
8,926
5,665
1.353
17,404
2,600
513.890
48.018
816,478
1,245
12,489
1,490,814
207.874
23,849,281
61,668
3,780
78.049
52,645
1,005
105,458
29,222
815
1,455,857
45,287
71,100
36,365
11,492
943,135
8,936,824
4,789
12,189.248
2,830
7,477
373,266 '
1,400 I
64,859,451 i
802,000 :
Value.
$»72,776,(
71,757.f
80,000,(
76,668,1
22,140,1
14,625,1
1,467,1
2,284,
634,
2.
642,258,
Zircon
Precious stones
do....
Pumice stone
...short tons..
700
8,810
Rutile
pounds..
Talc and soapstone
Uranium and vanadium
...short tons..
do....
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
617
Total value of metallic products '.
642*
E^sUmated value of mineral products unspecitied - -- . ..
1
Grand total
1.2GO,
290.858,
76,173,
80,867
71.178
15,000
25,366
64,55S
IW
8^
132
661
5;
»
221
8
2,44
9
12
27
2,08
2
1
4,65
9^
6.6(
'\
9-
4,0
7
1
2,0
2
6
1
]
8,'
a Included under pyrite.
^Included under estimated unspecified product
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SUMMARY.
39
MinertU produds of the United States /or the calendar years 1880-1 90S — Continued.
Product.
MrrALUc.
Fig iron. TAlae at Philadelphia long tons .
Silver, coining value troy ounces.
QoW, coining value do. . .
Copper, value at New York City pounds.
Lead, value at New York City short tons.
Zinc, value at New York City do...
QaicuUver, value at San Francisco flasks.
Alamlnum, value at Pittsburg pounds .
Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.
Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.
Tin do...
Platinom, value (crude) at San Francisco troy ounces.
Total value of metallic products
NOKMETALUC (SPOT VALUES).
Bituminous coal short tons.
Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.
Natunlgas
Petroleum barrels.
Brick clay
Cement barrels..
Stone
Corundum and emery short tons.
Crystalline auartz do. . .
Qainet for aorasive purpoees do. . .
Grindstones
Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.
Millstones
Oilstones, etc
Axsenioos oxide short tons.
Borax (crude) do...
Bromine pounds.
Floontpar short tons.
QvTMum do...
iiihiom do...
MarU do...
Phaq>hate rock long tons.
Pyrite do...
Sulphur do...
Salt barrels.
Barytes (crude ) short tons.
Cobalt oxide pounds.
Mineral paints short tons.
ZhM; white do...
Asbestos do...
A^thaltum do...
Baaxlte long tons.
Chromic iron ore do. . .
Clay (all other than brick ) short tons.
Fddspar do...
Rbroustalc do...
Flint do...
Fuller's earth do...
Glassand do...
Graphite (crjnrtalline) pounds.
Graphite (amorphous) short ions.
limestone for iron flux long tons.
Magnesite short tons.
Manganese ore long tons.
Mka (sheets) pounds.
Mica (scrap) short tons.
Mineral waters gallons sold.
Mooazite pounds.
Zircon : do...
Prerioas stones
Pom ice stone short tons.
Radle pounds.
Talc and soanrtone short tons.
rimninm ana vanadium do . . .
Total value of nonmetallic mineral products
Total value of metallic products
btimated value of mineral products unspecifled .
Grand total
Quantity.
18,009,252
54,800,000
3,560,000
698,044,517
280,000
159,219
35,620
7,600,000
3,128
114,200
(«)
110
282,749,348
66,613,454
100,461,887
"29,' 899,* MO
2,542
8,938
3,960
9,219
34,
598,
42,
1,041,
1,
34,
1,581,
c283,
18,968,
60,
120,
62.
62,
101,
48,
1,650,
41,
60,
56,
20,
823,
4,538,
16,
12.029,
3,
2,
90,
1,
51,242,
397
000
122
,962
887
255
087
160
835
891
230
233
693
044
155
591
719
744
825
100
693
757
000
000
26,671
19
Value.
$344,850,000
70,206,060
73,591,700
91,506.006
28,520,000
16,717,995
1,544,984
2,284,900
M8,433
45,900
(>2,080
624,318,008
851,687.938
152,036,448
35,815,860
94,694,050
15,000,000
31,931,341
67.960,468
64,102
76,908
132,500
721,446
76.278
52,562
866,857
36,696
661,400
167.580
213,617
8,792,943
23.425
22,521
5,319,294
1,109,818
5.286,988
152, 150
d 228, 000
646,222
4,801,718
16.7C0
1,005,446
171.306
2,260
2,649.042
256.733
421.600
156.947
190,277
855,828
225,554
6,423,732
10,595
25.335
17,128
41,990
9,041,078
64,680
570
321,400
2,666
1,419,721,569
« So meullic tin; between 19 and 20 short tons of high-grade concentrates shipped to England from
South Carolina.
*Sot including 16,000 worth of platinum reported as contained in slimes from copper ore from the
lUmbler mine, Wyoming.
« Indoded under pyrite in 1901. 1902, and 1903. «
' Sot Including value of 60 short tons of cobalt ore produced in Idaho.
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IRON ORES.
Bv John Birkinbine.
PROBUCTION.
In the year ending December 31, 1903, the quantity of iron ore
produced in the United States was 35,019,308 long tons. This is a
decrease of 634,827 long tons, or about li per cent, from the maxi-
mum of 35,554,135 long tons in 1902; but the quantity mined in 1903
is the second largest recorded, and is greater than the combined totals
of (iermany and Luxemburg and of the British Empire (the nearest
competitors of the United States) in the year 1902. The data for 1903
for the countries named are not 3^et available, but the same compari-
son will probably prove true for this year also. The average iron
content of the ore mined in the United States is also higher than that
obtained in the two countries mentioned, and therefore the ore can
produce a greater amount of pig iron.
The total yearly production of iron ore in the United States from
the year 1889, when statistics were first collected by the United States
Geological Survey, to the close of the year 1903, is as follows:
ProducOon of iron ore. in the United SlateSy 1889-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
vm
WW
1891
W92
1W& I minimum)
UM
W»
1«6
wn
Long tons.
14,518,041
16.086,(M3
14,591,178
16,296,666
11,687,629
11,879,679
16,967,614
16,006,449
17,618,046
Year.
Quantity. ■
1899
1900
1901
1902 (maximum) .
1903
Long tons.
19,433,716
24,683,173
27,653,161
28,887,479
36,654,135
35,019.808
Total for fifteen years I 305, 521, 317
Average for fifteen year8 20, 368, 088
The average of the annual production of iron ore mined in the
Tnited State.s in the last fifteen years exceeds the maximum output of
any other country in any one year, the maximum production for (ler-
niany and Luxemburg being 18,964,294 metric tons in 1900," and for
Great Britain 18,031,957 long tons in 1882.
The iron ore obtained in 1903 came from 22 States and 2 Territo-
ries, Vermont and Montana reporting no ore mined in 1903, and
Nevada being added to the list.
■ LOe data give the production of iron ore in Germany and Luxemburg in 1903 as 21,230,639 metric
Digitized by
^^ott^le
42 MINERAL RESOURCES.
PRODUCTION BY VARIETIES OF IRON ORE.
As in previous reports the iron ore produced has been divided into
four general commercial classes, as follows:
1. Red hematite^ including all anhydrous hematites (sesquioxidesof
iron) known by various names, such as red hematite, specular, mica-
ceous, fossil, slate iron ore, martite, blue hematite, etc.
Some of the ore which is classed in this report as red hematite is
designated locally as brown hematite, but such ores are mainly hydrated
portions of deposits of red hematite and are therefore classed as red
hematite.
2. Brown Jiematite^ including the varieties of hydrated sesquioxide
of iron recospiized as limonite, gothite, turgite, bog ores, pipe ores,
etc.
3. Magnetite^ those ores in which the iron occurs as magnetic oxide,
and including some martite which is mined with th% magnetite.
4. Carbonate^ those ores which contain a considerable amount of car-
bonic acid, such as spathic ore, blackband, siderite, clay ironstone, etc.
In 1903 the quantity of red hematite mined in the United States was
30,328,654 long tons, or 86.6 per cent of the total for the country, a
decrease of 203,495 tons, or about 1 per cent, from the 1902 produc-
tion of 30,532,149 long tons. Minnesota contributed over one-half of
the red hematite ore, followed in order by Michigan and Alabama,
each of these States with the exception of Michigan showing an increase
over the 1902 totals.
The total quantity of brown hematite mined in 1902 (3,305,484 long
tons) decreased in 1903 to 3,080,399 long tons, a loss of 225,085 tons,
or 7 per cent. Alabama was the most important contributor of this
class of ore, followed by Virginia and West Virginia, and Tennessee.
The production of magnetite in 1903 was 1,575,422 long tons, a
decline of 113,438 long tons, or 7 per cent, from the 1902 total of
1,688,860 tons. The three principal States mining this class of ore
are New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, ranking in 1903 in the
order named.
The carbonate ores, the least important class, show an increase, the
1903 total of 34,833 long tons being 7,191 tons, or 26 per cent, more
than the quantity mined in 1902, 27,642 long tons. As in 1902 all of
this class of ore was obtained in Ohio and Maryland.
The following table shows the quantities of the different classes of
iron ore rained in the year 1903 by States, except where two or more
States have been combined to preserve the confidential character of the
reports. The different States are arranged according to their rank as
producers.
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ISON OBES.
43
Production of iron ore in the United States in 1903^ \
[Long tons.]
f States and varieties.
State.
Red
hematite.
Brown
hematite.
Magnetite.
Carbonate.
Total.
Minnesota
Michigan
Alabama
TenneflKe
Virginia and West ViiKinia
Wisconsin
Pennsylvania
New York
New Jersey
Geoigia
Nerada^NewMexico, Utah. and Wyoming.
Colorado
North Carolina
MtescHiri
Texas
Kentucky
Connecticut and Massachusetts .
Ohio
Maryland
Total .
871,396
592.933
779,691
371,189
31,609
646,042
15.420
83,820
7,397
905,269
481,515
764,948
29,011
202,542
' 5, 159
4,604
426,637
451,481
484,796
124.648
235,599
3,621
49,359
23,327 '
318,804
13,800
249,288
17,588
14,021
34,050
8,900
30,729
142,843
4,775
20,328,654 ■ 3,080,399 1,575,422
57,664
29,688
5,145
34,833
15,371,396
10,600,330
3,684,960
a52,704
801,161
675,053
644,699
540,460
484,796
443,452
392,242
252,909
75,252
63,380
34,050
32,227
30,729
29,688
9,920
35,019,308
The statistics of the production of iron ores in the United States in
the last decide and a half have been collected annually by the United
States Geological Survey, and a summary of the totals of the different
classes of iron ore mined is presented in the table below, together
with the grand totals for the entire period, and the perc/cntage which
the total for each class bears to that of the entire country.
Production of iron ares in the United States, by varieties, 1889-190S.
[Maxima in italics.]
Year.
Red
hematite.
Brown
hematite.
Magnetic.
Carbonate.
Long tons.
I»92,ft61
377,617
189,108
192,981
134,834
87,278
73,039
91.423
83,295
55,373
81,659
76,247
51,663
27,642
34,833
1.989,143
0.7
0.1
Total.
1889.. ..
Long tons.
9,066,288
10,627,650
9,827,398
11,&16.619
8,272,637
9,347,4^4
12,513,996
12,676,288
14,413,318
16,160,684
20,004,399
22,708,274
24,006,025
SO, 6S£, 11^
30,328,654
Long tons.
2,523,087
2,659,938
2,757,564
2,486,101
1,849,272
1,472,748
2,102,358
2,126,212
1,961,954
1.989.681
2,869,785
3,231,089
3,016,715
S,S05,l^U
3,080,399
Jjong ions.
2,506,416
2,670,8S8
2,317,108
1,971,965
1.330,886
972,219
1,268,222
1,211,526
1,059,479
1,237,978
1,727.430
1,537,651
1,813,076
1.688,860
1,575,422
24,788,976
8.1
4.5
Long tons.
14,518,041
ino
16,036,043
vm\
14, 591, 178
mn
16,296,666
MS..
11,587,629
18M...
11,879,679
lt«5
15,957,614
mc »
16,005,449
van
17,518,W6
un
19, 433, 716
^fm
24,683,173
1900
27,553,161
1*01
28,887.479
i«tt.
55. r>5tt, 155
nes
35,019.308
Tocal
241,411,812
79.0
86.6
37.331,387
12.2
8.8
305.521,317
Pereentagea ol totals for 15 years
100.00
I^voentages of total for 1903
loaoo
Digitized by V^OOQIC
44 MINERAL BESOURCES.
The year 1902 is credited with maximum quantities of both the red
hematite and the brown hematite varieties; the year 1890 shows the
greatest production of the magnetite, and the year 1889 of the
carbonate.
The output of concentrated ore in the year 1903 was 269,469 long
tons, most of which was magnetically separated, the remainder having
been passed throusrh jigs.
In 1903 there were also produced 73,264 tons of zinc residuum for
use in the production of spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese.
liAKE SUPERIOR REGION.
This district stands preeminent as a producer of iron ore, its annual
output exceeding that of any foreign country and the average chai*ac-
ter of the ore being excellent.
In the year 1903 there was obtained from the Mesabi and Vermilion
ranges in Minnesota, the Marquette Range in Michigan, and the Me-
nominee and Gogebic ranges in Michigan and Wisconsin, a total of
26,573,271 long tons of iron ore. Of this ore 51 per cent, or 13,452,81^
long tons, was obtained from the Mesabi Range; 15 per cent, or
4,093,320 tons, was won from the Menominee; 14 per cent, or 3,686,214
tons, was mined on the Marquette Range; 13 per cent, or 3,422,341
tons, came from the Gogebic Range; and 7 per cent, or 1,918,584 tons,
was credited to the Vermilion Range.
In addition to the above-named ranges in the United States, wbicTn
by common consent compose the Lake Superior iron ore region, a
sixth, the Michipicoten Range, was opened in Canada in the year 1900
but its product in 1903, 223,976 long tons, is not included in the above
data. The total production of the Michipicoten Range to the close o
the 3"ear 1903 is only 815,152 long tons. The greater portion of thi
ore has been sent to the United States, and is non-Bessemer i
chai'acter.
The production of iron ore in the Ltike Superior Region (not inclu<
ing the Michipicoten Range), from 1889 to 1903, inclusive, by range
is as follows:
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mON ORES.
45
Production of Lake Superior iron ores, by ranges, 1889-190S.
[Maxima in italics.]
Range.
1889.
1890.
1891.
• 1892.
1693.
Mmrquette
Long tons.
2,631,026
1,876,157
2,147,928
864,508
Ldngtons.
2,863,848
2,274,192
2,914,081
891,910
Long tons.
2,778,482
1,856,124
2, (Ml, 754
945,105
Long tons.
2,848,552
2,402,195
3,058,176
1,226,220
29,245
9,5&i,388
Jxmgtons.
2,064,827
1,563,(M9
1,466,815
815, 735
684,194
Menominee
GoifeWc
Vermilion
MeBabi
7,621,465
Total
7,519,614
8,944,031
6,594,620
Range.
Marquette...
Menominee .
Gogebic
Vermilion . . .
Meabi
189i.
Long tons.
1,935,379
1,255,265
1,523,451
1,065,229
1,913.234
Total.
7,682,648
1895.
Long tons.
1,982,080
1,794,970
2,625.475
1,027,103
2,839,350
Long tons.
2,418,846
1,763,235
2,100,398
1,200,907
3,082,973
Long tons.
2,673,785
1,767,220
1,381,278 I
4,220,151
Long tims.
2,987,930
2,275,6&1
2,552,205
1,125,538
4,837,971
10,268,978 10,666,859
12,205,522 ' 13,779,308
Range.
Marquette..
Menominee
Gogebic
Vermilion..
Menbi
Toul.
1900.
Long tons. <
3,634,596 ;
3,281.422 {
2,725,648 ;
1,643,984 I
6,517,3a5 !
Long tons.
5,91*5,063
3,680,738
3,1(M,033
1,675,949
8,158,450
17,802,955 ; 20,564,238
1901.
Long tons.
8,597,089
3,697,408
3,041,869
1,805,996
9,303,641
21,445,903
Lmig tons.
8,734,712
h,ltSl,t50
S,6SS,79S
2,057,532
13,080,118
26,977, J^U
1903.
Long tons.
3,686,214
4,093,320
3,422,311
1,918,584
13, h5Z, 812
26,673,271
This table shows that until 1895 the Marquette Range, embracing
the oldest developments, was the most prominent producer, except in
the years 1890 and 1892, and that since 1895 it has either occupied
tjecond or third position. In late years the Menominee Range has
alternately occupied second and third position, but it has never ranked
first. The Gogebic Range took first place in 1890, and again in 1892;
it then ranked second or third until 1898, inclusive; and subsequently
it has occupied fourth place as a producer.
The most recently developed range, the Mesabi, took first rank as a
producer in the fourth year of its history, 1895. This position it has
Bteadily maintained until now its annual output is equal to that of the
other four ranges comhined.
All of the ranges except the Mesabi showed a falling off in produc-
tion in the year 1903. The years of maximum production are: For
the Marquette Range, 1900; for the Menominee, Gogebic, and Ver-
milion rangers, 1902; and for the Mesabi, 1903.
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46
lOKEBAL B£SOUBO£S.
Cargo analyses of the Lake Superior iron ores as shipped i
year 1903, together with some expected analyses for 1904 (fun
through the courtesy of the Lake Superior Iron Ore Associatiot
as follows:
Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 1903.
GOOEBIG RANGE.
[The upper line of figures opposite each ore represents its analysis when dried at 212° Fahreul
lower line, when in its natural condition.]
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
nesin.
Sul-
phur.
Loss
by ig-
nition
Percent.
I'erccnt.
Perct.
Pcrct.
Pcrd,
Prrct.
Pcrct
Perct.
Prrct.
Ashland
1 60.89
1 53.9M6
0.0897
6.58
0.280
.2235
3.13
2.7985
0.130
.1162
0.090
.0801
0.012
.0107
3.03
.03549 6.88&I
2.7091
Anvila
61.626
I 53.20
.0495
.0427
6.06
5.22
.79
.68
1.145
.988
.335
.289
.166
.14
.0245
.021
2.695
2.326
Anvil special «
f 52.00
I 45.76
.050
.044
6.80
5.10
10.00
8.80
.97
.26
.22
.17
.149
.005
.004
3.02
2.657
r 69.00
I 62.968
.14 J 9.00
Argosa
.12666
8.078
j 68.2855
1 56.6262
J 62.8198
55.8950
.0443
.03964
.0365
.03248
6.3451
4.7827
A.G234
4.1137
.5276
.4721
Atlantic
i
Aurora
Best
[ 65.90
1 49.73
.059
12.82
.90
.80
1.219
1,084
.32
.28
.45
.40
.011
.0097
3.25
.052 10,96
2.89
Bonnie
f 51.80
I 46.76
.066
.0505
12.00
10.88
4.621
4.17
1.53
1.88
.06
.045
.16
.14
.015
.0135
5.33
4.81
Brotherton «
f 62.00
1 56.5192
.027
.02461
7.50
6.887
.57
.6196
.899
.8196
.21
.1914
.21
.1914
.003
.0027
1.19
l.OMi
Buckeye
J 69.96
.071
8.96
.41
1.98
.59
.67
.019
2.50
I 52.5789
.06226
7.8670
.3595
1.7363
.5174
.5875
.0167
2.192:
Car>'
j 60.07
.078
6.96
.41
1.01
.20
.13
.006
4.92
54.3213
.07054
6.2849
.3708
.9183
.1809
.1176
.0054
4.449
Gary Empire
J 67.86
.062
6.30
3.05
1.16
.26
.13
.006
5.26
1 62.2534
.05599
5.6895
2. 7M5
1.0476
.2258
.1174
.0054
4.75a
J 56.0189
( 55.7025
j 63.170
.0767
.07627
.036
17. 4557
17.8570
5.100
.4011
Chicago
.3988
*
Colby
.500
1.390
.246
.117
.006
3.420
1 67.6416
.03279
4.6456
.4554
1.2662
.2241
.1066
.0055
3.115
f 61 2745
.ff>77 ' 11 4.'V«
5 2216
Geneva
I 46.0958
.05187
10.3010
4.6942
Hildreth
[ 51.63
.080
13.91
.59
2.45
.39
.46
.009 ' 3.71
I 47.4844
.06954
12.0906
.5128
2.1296
.3390
.3998
.0078
3. 2*24
Iron Belt
f 59.91
1 52.4692
.042
.08678
8.95
7.8384
.40
.3603
1.66
1.3662
.30
.2627
.40
.3503
.020
.0175
8.75
8.284
J 62.800
.046
6.200
.780
1.620
.347
.258
.006
2.920
66.5200
.(M140
6.5800
.7020
1.8680
.3123
.2822
.0046
2.628
Ironton Manguncsc .
56.200
.0-17
9.050
4.740
.600
.650
.480
.006
2.950
50.4957
.04223
8.1314
4.2589
.5391
.5810
.4318
.0054 2.650
J 6L10
I 53.77
.037
.033
\
Jack Pot
... 1
1
Lawrence
62.47
1 56.2606
.054
.01863
4.64
4.1788
.44
.3963
L46
1.3149
.11
.0991
.12
.1081
.008
.0072
3.96
8.666
Lyon a
f 5S.75
.048 9.76
.20
1.08
.95
.10
.040
8.40
1 52.875
.M32
8.775
.180
.927
.855
.360
.0360
3.060
a Expected analysis for the season of 1904.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
IRON OBE8.
47
OmtplHe cwemge cargo analyses of lAike Superior iron ores of season 190S — Continued.
GOGEBIC RANGE— Continued.
Ore.
Meln>^'
Mot«><»rn
Mikailo
Monti^al
MontniM'
New Era ,
NVw Era No. 2
Newport**
Norden
Nome
Ottawa
(ntawa Manirane?«o n.
Piilm«a
Rand
IlitWe
SuTKlay I>;ikert
Tayli.ri
TiM-ii
WirjMnart
Wivtinnin «
Yi>
Iron.
Pho8-
phonm.
Prrcmi.
[ 60.88 j
I 54.348 I
55.910
49.9835
58.00 I
50. 57fiol
63.78 I
57. 657
60.45
56.18
57. .lO
51.118
56.92
52.06
.■16.18
50.23
62.6623
56. 5962,
63.1134'
66.2571
68.17 I
62. .5391.
54.46 I
49. laiO
62.00 '
54.97.'>
62. 4:m
51. 9059'
66.25 I
49.79
62.00
56.6618
58.60 I
52.15 '
62.86.'iH
.55. 08Ki
61.100 '
54.8067
50.00
44.5000
62.0339
54.9:M1
HnicB. I
Percent
0.043
.038
.043
.01844
.167
.13690
.044
.03978
.076
.069
.032
.028
.069
.063
.031
.0277
.0751
.0GG63;
.0375
.03*43
.061
. a'v»09
.0C.8 I
. 0(^132'
.010 !
.0133
.01806
.017
.0116
.026
.02376
. o.v>
.019
.0511
. 04478
.CM3
.0.'W57
.av>
. 04895
.0:^6 !
.031S8
Peret. \
5.90
5.267 j
12.850
11.4879
12.40
10.8128
3.68
3.3267
6.56
6.988
10.68
9.49
11.63
10.638
4.19
3.74
3.8108,
3.3811
4.1580'
3. 7063'
5.18
4.6786
4.36 '
3.931H
5.27 '
4.67
3. 1654
2. 7826
12.41
11.01
7.r.o
6. S5r.>
9.18
8. IHI
3. 8.S6:V
3. 40.V)
9.180
8.2:^15
10. 00
8. 'Mm
5. 12
4. 7997
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Per cl.
Lime.
Perct.
Perct.
0.65
1.39
0.08
.58
1.21
.07
.390
1.150
.246
.3487
1.0281
.2199
.40
1.03
.59
.3488
.8982
.5145
.42
.94
.08
.3797
.&198
.0723
.64
.72
.48
.49
.657
.138
.61
1.92
.20
.569
1.706
.177
.66
1.05
.29
.60
.96
.2S.>
6.22
.81
.22
5.56
.72
.19
Mag-
nesia.
Perct.
0.06
.07
.172
.1538
.12
.1016
.06
.0512
.21
.19
.18
.16
.19
.17
.18
.16
Sul-
|)hur.
Perct.
0.019
.0169
.007
.0063
.009
.0078
.006
.OOM
.016
.0146
.009
.008
,015
.0137
.008
.007
Loss '
by ig-
nition.
Mois-
ture.
Perct.
Perct.
4.70
4. 195
10. 728
1.610
1.4662
10.600
1.76
1..5347
12.80
3.68,
3.3267
9. 60
4.37
3.989
8.717
3.21
2.85
4.09
3.74
5. 15
I
1.37
.20
1.2374
.1806
1.18 1
.12 '
i.06ir
. 1082
.91 1
.19
.SO*;
.16.8
. 225s'
.09 I
.013
.on:
.005
5. 29
4. 7779
6.76
1082 .asi2 .0(Mr, G.O'.HVJ
.18
.16
.0115 1.21
.010 3.76
8. .53
1.51
i.:«<;
1.13
1.032:
3.77
3. 3<U
.21
. 1S.5
.07
. 2:iO
. 223
.19
.n;s
. 2 167
. 205
.009 I 3. 19
.0079 3.0Sy ■ 11. IS
.00<; 1.02 '
. WCvl . 0321 8. Cl
.014 2.11 '
.1)125 2. lis I 1(1. S5
. 7590 . .
1
■ I" :;:!■'
.730
. S'.H)
215
. ()sr»
.(HtT
2. 7(M)
. «Wl.s
. 79s:i .
h»29
. 07<;2
.(kh;:;
2. 1219 Kt.I.tMi
. 00 . .
.12(H1 ..
11. <H)
.73
5 .012 :5. SN
Ahln.tUsfOPi
X\U,tA
'Ki f lint*, hard.
MAK(iFKTT': K.\N<iE.
r "
I 56,
I 66.81
j 63.33
62.8003 0.03;J1
62.1279 .o;i;yj4
2312 .0474
4668 .04167
Oil
010 I
aExpe('te<^l amilysis for lli
7.9191 '
7. KAi\
1 MTllT
5 132(i*
4.5122
1" (iss-J
:>.■_'!
rjl^f'Il nf VAW.
Digitized by
Google
48
MINERAL RESOURCES.
MARQUETTE RANGEM>)nUnued.
ConipUte average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 1903 — Con
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Perct.
Manga-
nese.
Perct.
Alumi-
na.
Perct.
Lime.
nesia.
Sul-
phur.
L088
by ig-
nition
Per cent.
PercerU.
Perct.
Perct.
Prrct.
Perct
Angeliiie, hematite .
64.69
57. 51
f 62.24
I 55.35
f 51.74
0.047
.042
.099
Angeliiie, south
1
.088
1
Beaufort a
.260
7.93
0.15
1.01
2.44 2.58
0.080
11.02
I 47.4352
.23837 7.2702
.1375
.9260
2.2370, 2.3663
.073310.103
Bedford
60.1813
53.2258
38.4412
37.9436
62.7731
62.2658
63.50
62.992
58.50
68.032
59.9002
[ 65.2330
f 53.0833
I 51.1969
40.00
.1609 j 7.9131
.13*46 6.9985
.0434 j 41. .5627
.04284 41.0244
.1142 1 5.7504
.11326' 6.7119
.14 8.00
.13888 4.960
1^11
i
Beresford
::::::;:l::::::
I
Beresford No. la
1
.14
.13888
.0603
.05560
.4760
.45908
.016
11.50
11.408
7. 9878
7.3654
10.6146
10.2374
38.40
Beresford No. 2"
I
Bemhart
i
1
Bessdc
BreituuK Silieiou.s«..
.95
2.30
.81
.11
.008 j 1.95
J 61.0652
I 52.0830
[ 60.41
I 53.698
.0^3
.08014
.053
.0-17
5.4283
4.6307
6.M
5.90
Buffalo
Cambria t
.98
.87
2.63
2.337
.90
.80
.32
.28
.010 ' 2.71
.0088 2.A0A
Cambridge
f 60.16
I 51.3741
57.4046
50.2290
.703
.60043
.0969
.08479
5.15
4.3986
7. 1371
6.24.V)
.57
.4868
1.10
.9395
2.73
2.3316
.67
.4868
.036 1.90
.0307,' 1.622
Cameo
Cameron "
f 59.70
I 52.54
.213
.187
7.01
6.168
.22
.19
2.91 j .26
2.56 . .23
.39
.34
.032 2.09
.028 1 1.84
Castleford
f 56.5791
I 5.5.093^1
f 64.00
1 63.49
.0875
.08674
.060
.a595
16.2241
16.0823
4. .55
4.51
Champion No. 1,
Crushed a
.20
.198
2.38
2.36
.32
.317
.29
.288
.013
.0129'
('hampion, Hema-
[ 52.2.'»
.397
9.ai
.28
1.67
3.16
1.81
.(m 6.a5
titea
I 47.76
.363
8.99
.256
1.53
2.89
1.65
.018 5.80
Charlotte"
f 55.00
I 48.40
.ia5
.092
12.26
10.788
.32
.28
2.61
2.208
.49
.43
.75
.66
.016 2.40
.014 1 2.11
Chatfonl
51.4015
1 46. 8828
f 45.:i.5
I 41.85
.1220
.11127
.061
.mi
20.9279
19.0870
28. .54
26.512
1 1
Chestt-r No. l*e
.33
.3069
1.76
1.6275
.89
.8277
.65
.6045
.009 1.7s
.0083 1.65.>
Chester No. J n
f 40.80
I 38.72
.027
.0252
36.16
33.809
.478
.4469
1.422
1.3296
.22
.2057
.25
.23:^8
.006 2. 12
.0a56 1.9.S2
Cliffs Shaft, Crushed.
f 62.60
[ 62.0679
.102
.10095
4.29
4.2535
.180
.1784
2.09
2.0722
.750 .570
. 7436 . 5651
.016 .820
.0158 .813<
Cliffs Shaft, Lump...
J 63.40
1 63.1590
.116
.11565
4.25
4.2338
.190
.1892
2.23
2.2215
.930 .700
.9264 .6973
.019 1 .900
.0189 .896.'
Comrade
1 ''''
[ 51.9847
.098
.09761
13.67
13.6166
.120
.1195
2.%
2.9184
.:m 1.890
. I9S0' 1.8826
.017 1 1.000
. 0169 . 9961
a
Expected analyy
s for th(
i season of 1904.
DJgiti
zed by '
ZOQ
)Qle
IBON OBESt
49
Compute average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 1903 — ContiDued.
MABQUBTTE RANGE— Contmued.
Ore.
Iron.
PhOfr
pbonu.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
Mag-
nesia.
Sul-
phur.
Per ct.
Loss
by ig-
nition.
Mois-
ture.
Per cent.
PercaU,
Pcrct.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Per ct.
Foley No. la
f 63.65
1 67.285
0.030
.027
4.64
4.176
0.12
.108
1.89
1.701
0.25
.225
0.15
.135
0.006 1.71
.005 1.539
10.00
Foley No. 2n
1 58.50
.027
13.98
.22
.73
.37
.002
.003 1.25
Imperial Wcb«l«?r a..
1 52.44
I 47.03
.256
.229
13.49
12.10
.198
.177
1.20
1.076
1.37
1.228
1.39
1.246
.011 7.38
.009 ' 6.62
10.32
Jackion, South
f 42.90
.078
29.26
2.81
1.49
.31
.29
.021 3.24
I 39.2964
.06687
26.8022
2.5740
1.3648
.2840
.2666
.0192 2.9678
8.40
Ukp
1 60.80
i 63.2690
.110
.09717
5.64
4.9823
.470
.4162
2.43
2.1466
.430
.3798
.380
.3357
.011 3.45
.0097 3.0477
11.66
L&ke Beamner
r 63.44
.0389
6.56
.240
1.53
.230
.110
.009 1.30
66.4679
.03461
4.9400
.2186
1.3618
.2047
.0979
.0080. 1.1571
10.99
l-*lMf» .. .
f 69.465
1 62.01
.0706
.0617
6.16
6.888
.34
.297
2.10
1.837
.41
.358
.09
.078
.013 ' 3.34
.011 2.92
12.52
Marva.
f 60.00
I 62.80
.106
.092
7.20
6.836
.32
.28
2,51
2.208
.49
.43
.75
.66
.016
.014
2.40
2.11
12.00
f 60.70
I 60.3358
.092
.09144
10.03
9.698
.180
.1789
2.02
2.0078
.700
.6958
.820
.8150
.020
.0198
ilirhlgHmme
.60
f 86.78
i 35.861
.046
.04486
43.09
42.013
Moorea
2.50
Negaunei* Bessemer .
f 60.30
I M.1976
.057
.06123
7.25
6.6163
.35
.3145
2.77
2.4896
1.00
.8988
.52
.4673
.020 1.90
.0179 1.7077
10.12
Nefiraanee non-Bes-
J 57.61
.104
9.23
iemer
51 7914
09350
8 2978
10 10
Norfolk Bessemer,
f 66.55
.056
15.26
.27
3.35
.38
.21
.034 1 .15
Crushed a
1 64.91
f 57.17
.0643
.126
16.08
13.91
.267
.27
3.31
3.08
.376
.38
.208
.21
0336 148
1 15
Norfolk Non-Bess.,
.034 , .15
Crttfheda
I 66.51
f 63.00
I 52,7688
.1245
.056
.04606
13.75
2.30
1.9264
.267
.43
.3601
3.04
1.37
1. 1476
-.376
1.05
.8794
.208
.93
.77^9
03;i6 148
1.15
16.24
Princeton No. la
.021 1.60
.0175 1.3401
Princeton No. 2
1 61.11
1 51.0207
f 66.85
i 66.856
f 62.62
1 61.94
.157
.13107
.047
.0466
.045
.0445
6.57
5.4862
.497
.4149
1.576
1.3158
,73
.6094
.66
.5510
.029 1 2.01
.0242 1.6781
16. 51
Republic Crushed a. .
1
1
.75
Republic Kingstona.
7.21
7.132
.12
.118
1.42
1.404
.42
.415
.30
.296
.027 .31
. 0267 . 306
1.08
67.77
67.0M
44.00
48.159
.050
.0494
.066
.0649
1
Republic Specular a .
1
1.13
Richmond
33.45
82.81
.18
.176
1.41
1.38
.24
.235
.17
. 006 1 2. 16
.0058 2.118
1.91
RON^
f 69.08
.146
6.41
.32
2.45
..0
.18
.029 2.16
i 63.17
.131
5.769
.297
2. -20
.45
.16
.026 1 1.94
10. (X)
Sali-bur>-
f 60.80
1 63.2810
.096
6.71
.250
.2209
2.90
2.66.S4
.500
.4418
• HOC
.70*^9
.010 1.95
.(H)8.H 1.72:^
.08394 5.9289
11. »M
Scot.h
f 61.70
I 61.2125
.134
.13294
6.70
6.&470
.120
.1190
2.60
2.5794
. 450
. 4 I(V1
. .'HiO
. 5,555
.on . :v>o
.(ii:{H .3172
.79
f 60.98
1 58.08
f 44.20
i 43.6077
.038
.036
.046
.04538
Sheffield
4. 75
SUrWe<<ta
35.20
34. 72s:i
.060
.6 IS
. 6;?98
.519*.'
.l:U
.i:v_»2
.(•1)1 2.16
.(Hi:n> 2. loll
l.:u
TiMen Silica
f 41.50
( 40.9439
.040
37.25
. 270
. 2. W
. S.-X )
. 1212
.110
. lov>
.(Mr.> 1.17
.(KISS 1.151:;
.03946 3(^.7.ias
l.:tl
a Expected analy.sis for the season of VMM.
M R 1903 i
Digitized by
Google
50
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Complete average cargo artalyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — Ckmti
MENOMINEE RANGE.
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Perct.
0.220
.1974
Alumi-
na.
Perct.
2.400
2.1540
T.ime.
ne^.
Sul-
phur.
L088
by ig-
nition.
Perd.
1.470
Armenia
Percent
r 66.400
I 50.6190
j 54.7272
I 51.0137
J 58.24
1 58.8246
r 68.00
I 62.200
f 68.4426
1 54.6590
f 54.090
1 49.6222
f 65.66
I 61.2406
1 55.6102
I 49.4791
1 59.7686
1 55,7286
] 69.2768
i 51.8355
J 40.70
I 39.6255
J 68.100
I 62.7548
f 65.76
I 49.8963
1 40.82
1 40.199
f 65.40
i 50.86
1 61.15
Percent.
0.248
.21809
.0629
.05863
.650
.60868
.30
.2700
.4618
.48065
.289
26513
.680
.62601
.6410
.48135
.0656
.06117
.1328
. 11613
.015
.01460
.684
.62107
.168
. 14141
.029
.0286
.283
.287
.028
Perct.
10.000
8.9750
10.3939
9.6886
4.41
4.0878
9.00
8.10O
4.7917
4.4733
6.240
5.7246
4.45
4.0967
6.8689
6.6667
6.2752
6.8610
6.6490
4.8526
38.56
37.5420
4.500
4.0860
7.40
6.6230
36.06
36.50
5.70
5.18
6.26
Perct.
1.600
1.3462
PeriA.
1.660
1.4809
Perct.
0.007
.0063' 1.8193
AJax
1
Baltic
.26
.2881
3.22
2.9482
.89
.8149
.88
.7599
.048 5.M
.0394
5.4387
Bangoro ■ ...
1 i " "
1 j..^_. _
Barton
1
1
Basic
4.150
3.8072
1.18
1.0668
1.260
1.1669
2.32
2.1368
1.450 2.600
1.3302 2.3852
2.49 1.07
2.2923 .9850
.008 1 3.400
Bristol
.0073' Z.XWi
.008 i 6.98
.0074. 6.42K
Brunswick
Chapin.....
Clearfield
Clifford
.10
.0974
.240
.2179
.16
.1842
.16
.147
.23
.209
.82
.7983
1.860
1.6889
8.46
8.0967
.82
.807
3.74
3.399
.32
.3116
2.720
2.4698
1.40
1.2630
.99
.97
1.90
1.727
.86
.3605
1.270
1.1582
2.60
2.SG70
1.07
1.06
2.43
2.209
.013
.0127
.007
.0064
.210
.1879
.012
.0118
.083
.076
1.20
Crystal Falls
Davidsona
1.168i
2.900
2.633!
4.76
Davy
4.251!
2.10
Florence
2.068
4.80
4.36
Porest<»
Genesee
J 59.720
1 64.3810
f 60.0264
1 56.565
j 44.1640
48.8401
58.100
58.2428
51.300
I 49.2224
( 55.75
52.9468
j 56.00
1 62.0968
1 61.57
.747
.68022
.0612
.05665
.0872
.03693
.805
.27950
.046
.(M414
.210
.19W4
.252
.2344
.419
5.200
4.7351
6.0908
5.6382
24.2807
24.1026
6.600
6.0482
11.220
10.7656
6.87
6.5747
7.28
6.7725
11.65
.460
.4189
1.570
1.4296
2.230
2.aH06
1.320
1.2020
.008
.0073
2.860
2. 604;
Granada
ixray
Great Western
Qroveland «
.980
.8981
1.100
1.0555
.41
.38M
.60
.5581
1.980
1.8145
2.490
2.3892
3.08
2.9251
2.62
1.210
1.1088
3.610
3.8678
3.10
2.040
1.8695
4.620
4.4329
2.41
.008
.0073
.008
.0077
.011
.0104
.019
.0176
2.950
2.70a
5.290
Hemlock
5.075
4.63
Hiawathaa
2.944i; 2.2888
.28 ! .21
4.397
7.65
Hilltopa
2.3443 .2604 .1963
7.116
i
Hope
( 69.4928
I 50.9882
[ 56.700
1 51.1326
.2620
.22455
.660
.60588
8.7978
7.5401
6.300
5.7834
' t
i 1
Kimballa
.210
.1928
l.GOO
1.4688
2.500
2.2950
1.900
1. 7442
.008
.0073
3.100
2,«5«
a Expected analysis for the season of 1904.
Digitized by
Google
ntON 0BE8.
51
Oo/mplde average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — Continued.
MENOMINEE RANGE— Gontiiiued.
Ore.
Iron.
Lunonti
Lertda
Lincoln .*
LorettDo.
Manganate No. 1
Manganate No. 2
Michigan No. 1 a
MIcfaigmnNo. 2a
Mime
Paint RiTero
F^wabic
Penrabic Oeno*
Qninneaec.
TDbin ...
Toledo...
Tyrone «.
ViTian ..
Walpole .
Percent,
56.360
51.3349
59.035
54.785
57.200
52.1664
56.85
54.169
52.78
48.5068
50.48
46.6061
59.00
58.965
50.00
46.750
60.40
57.37
56.800
5L238iy
68.70
56.0484
42.00
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
44.270
48.2841
57.95
58.146
54.85
50.78
59.870
54.6486«
54.0
48.9078
58.48
54.2811
41.00
89.3682
58.67
54.6570
Percent,
0.650
.50215
.0828
.886
.80648
.019
.017
.566
.52066
.575
.58064
.825
.2974
.225
.2104
.026
.0847
.640
.582401
.010
.009U
.011
.027
.02687
.814
.2879
.068
.058
.780
.71198
.009
.00815
.050
.04640
.013
.01248
.102
.09602
Manga-
Perct,
7.500
6.8825
6.9622
6.4549
7.740
7.0589
11.01
10.188
4.45
4.096(
4.62
4.2652
5.25
4.804
7.25
6.779 '
8.82 I
8.628 {
6.900 I
6.2790
5.00
4.55601
34.70
Perct.
0.460
.4191
.640
.583;
.22
.20
8.18
2.9258
4.85
4.4775
85.200
84.87631
4.46
4.09
9.58
8.86
4.400
4.0168
17.21
15.5871
8.78 I
8.1496
85.77
34.8464
8/51
7.9279
.21
.199
.480
.4868]
.14
.1276
.130
.12701
.82
.29
.28
.259
.560
.50201
.11
.0996
.13
.1207
.20
.1920
.15
.1397
I
Alumi-
na.
Perct.
1.510
1.87561
2.170
1.9790
1.82
1.675
2.98
2.7413
2.95
2.7284
Lime.
Perct.
2.840
2.1317
1.430
1.3042
.85
.82
1.70
1.561
2.12
1.9572
.79
.75
2.900
2.6890
L06
.9659
1.62
1.050
L0254
2.61
2.80
2.76
2.65
1.080
.98581
1.55
1.4068
1.10
1.0210
1.94
L8628
L50
1.8974
1.91
L81
L540
1.4014
.37
.8371
.62
.462
.4512
L12
1.027
1.45
1.34
2.250
2.0688
.68
.6159
1.14
1.0581
.59
.66651
1.18
1.0993
Mag-
nesia.
Perct.
L280
L1661
1.860
1.6968
.80
.786
L87
1.2606
L22
L1263
Sul-
phur.
L068
by ig-
nition.
Perct.
0.006
.0073
.006
.0078
.025
.023
.025
.023(
.026
.0240
I
1.87
1.776
1.100
1.0010
L3
1.2119
L61
.672
.6561
L80
1.19
8.45
3.19
.890
.8124
1,61
L4582
L88
1.7450
.92
.8834
2.37
2.2079
.017
.016
.009
.0082
.004
.003(
.013
Mois-
ture.
Per ct. Per cL
2.100
L9131' 8.900
2.690
2.4533'
.91 ;
.887
7.12
6.5497
7.66
7. 0625
7.2867
4.80
4.06
2.800
2.5480
1.03
.968
1.21
.006
.0059
.056
.051
.027
.0241
.006
.0078
.005
.0045
.002
.0019
.014
.0184
.007
.0065
1.850
L8067
4.58
4.20
4.00
3.699
2.180
L9899
1.43
1.2952
1.87
1.73571
L90
1.8244
2.06
1.9191
MESABI RANGE.
Adams
AdamK, No. 2
Admiral* ...
6L0446
54.6627'
57.7159
49.1548!
63.800
58.828(
69.96
50.52
0.0862
4.6891
.03241
4.1096|
.0757
5.2713
.06447
4.4894
.027
4.900
.02489
4.5178
.066
5.24
.046
4.41
0.5687
.5092'
.7016*
.5975
.300
.2766
.87
.78
8.800
7.92
8.01
8.60
6.50
5.01
9.000
8.88
2.340
8.29
7.509
8.720
9.43
7.18
3.98
6.84
T
10.4545
0.620
.5716
2.84
1.97
I
0.280
.2121
.16
.14
0.180
.13
0.006
.0055
I 14.8882
2.140 •
1.9731 7.800
^•«2 i
4.07 I 15.66
a Expected analysis for the season of 1904.
Digitized by
Google
52
MIKEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — Conti
MESABI RANGE— Continued.
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
nesm.
Sul-
phur.
Loss
by ig-
nition.
Albany a
Percent.
r 60.00
1 53.0400
1 63.20
I 56.60
J 60.50
{ 55.660
r 61.93
i 66.6111
f 62.00
I 67.0400
f 59.00
I 53.6900
J 61.2441
i 65.0483
J 60.00
1 54.00
62.7807
I 56.7237
1 63.100
i 57.2817
1 57.00
[ 50.0745
r 58.00
i 51.91
f 58.87
1 62.928
r 60.25
1 58.1646
r 60.7764
I 54.6149
f 61.67
I 66.2924
[ 63.0445
I 57.6279
j 62.00
1 68.038
f 62.6554
t 57.0477
j 60.84
1 52.64
f 56.89
I 50.16
J 62.00
1 56.7300
r 61.00
i 54.9000
1 61.6846
I 54.8448
j 62.10
i 65.7658
f 61.1178
I 52.9020
Percent.
0.077
.06807
.079
.0707
.038
.03496
.044
.04015
.055
.05060
.040
.08640
.0467
.04107
.069
.0581
.0321
.02902
.089
.03587
.044
.03865
.040
.0868
.067
.05124
.064
.05647
.0453
.04071
.036
.08286
.0328
.02998
.037
.03464
.0295
.02686
.073
.068
.047
.0406
.035
.03202
.040
.08600
.0610
.05482
.057
.05119
.0490
.01241
Perct.
8.74
8.3062
2.89
2.14
Perct.
0.76
.6630
.28
.26
Perd.
1.80
1.5012
1.89
1.24
Perct.
0.80
.2652
.23
.206
Perct.
0.19
.1680
.15
.18
Perd.
0.008
.0071
.016
.014
Perd.
7.01
Beaver
6.2234
4.45
8.98.1
Bewemer . ,
Biwabik
Butler a
4.54
4.1427
4.60
4.1400
9.32
8.4812
4.9478
4.4468
.49
.4471
.49
.4508
.989
.8644
.7586
.6818
1.87
1.2501
1.20
1.1040
1.766
1.6061
.32
.2920
.82
.2944
.24
.2184
.08
.0780
.06
.0786
.06
.0465
.010
.0091
.010
.0092
.014
.0127
4.47
4.078S
4.47
Cass a
4. 112^
5.20
4.732(
Chlsholm ...
1
i
Clairtona
1
8.6830
8.2399
4.150
3.7640
9.05
7.9604
.6361
.6752
.200
.1814
.98
.8609
1
Clark
Commodore"
Corsica
1.210
1,0976
1.27
1.1167
.240
.2177
.19
.1669
.060
.0544
.18
.1581
.004
.0086
.009
.0079
8.400
3.083f
6.22
6,4643
Crosby <«
Croxton
6.38
6,735
8.78
3.8855
6.0045
4.4972
4.13
8.7699
8.9870
3.6446
.718
.6455
.98
.8648
1.446
1.2999
1.77
1.6618
.22
.198
.29
.2559
.16
.144
.22
.1941
.010
.0090
.009
.0079
G.04
Cyprus
5.430
6.35
5.603i
Duluth
Elba
.96
.8763
1.08
.9402
.20
.1826
.11
.1004
.008
.0073
4.70
4.290!
Franklin
1
4.1599
3.7876
6.05
4.37
11.69
10.19
8.00
7.8200
5.27
4.7430
3.8914
8.4666
4.160
3.7267
6.1829
5.8518
'
Qenoa
Hawkins
.27
.22
2.13
1.88
.19
.17
.14
.12
8.95
3.50
1 1
1
Holland n
.41
.3690
.92
.8280
.29
.261
.11
.099
.012 3.37
.0108 3.033(
Island
Jordan
.625
.5612
.2879
.2492
.628
.5639
2.3817
2.0615
.153
.1374
.IM
.1383
.006 3.584
.Oa'>4 3.218-
a Expected analysis for the season of 1904.
Digitized by
Google
IBOK OBES.
53
OmtpleU ctrerage cargo anah/aes of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — Continued.
MESABI RANQE--Continaed.
Ore.
Iron.
Phos-
phorus.
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
^^.
Sul-
phur.
Perct.
Loss
nitlon.
Mois-
ture.
Percent.
f 53.691
I 46.972
r 68.50
I 62.06
f 60.00
i 56.2000
f 61.00
1 54.9000
f 69.95
1 63.96
1 68.41
1 52.79
1 57.676
1 50.828
r 65.20
i 58.777
f 62.63
1 56.9808
f 60.00
i 55.1340
J 60.00
Percent.
0.0826
.07226
.09
.08
.046
.(M140
.061
.05490
.071
.064
.089
.085
.0621
.05473
.047
.042
.027
.02456
.035
.03216
.060
PercL
PercL
Perd.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
Kanawha
1
12.514
5.00
4.45
7.87
7.2404
3.81
3.4290
8.24
2.92
10.22
9.24
0.60 2.50
- .53 2.22
.423 .958
.3891 .8813
.975 1 .924
.8775 .8816
.38 1.67
.84 1.50
0.70
.62
.16
.1472
.05
.0450
.24
.22
0.40
.36
.03
.0276
.04
.0360
.12
.11
Kinney <«
11.00
La Rue o
0.012
2.72
Leetoniaa
.0110 2.5024
.009 j 6.93
8.00
Leonard «
.0081
.008
6.2370
8.50
10.00
.007
7.66
10.00
Lincoln
****!
9.63
1
Loni?yeaT.. ....
1
11.872
MaboniBK
Malta
Minorca <*
1.90
1.71
5.60
5.0949
8.62
7.9209
.28
.26
.70
.6369
.64
.5881
1.06
.955
.80
.7278
1.76
1.6173
.15
.135
.28
.2547
.29
.26ty>
.05
.015
.18
.1638
.18
.16M
.019 3.20
.017 ' 2.88
.012 2.45
.0109 2.2290
.008 2.53
.0074 2.3248
9.85
9.02
8.11
Morrl'4 a
1
'
Mi^rrowa
f 60.00
i 54.6000
J 63.4528
1 54.9330
1 62.3949
I 51.1228
f 60.00
54.0000
j 59.8843
54.3963
J 62.5452
1 56.1166
60.3268
52.5822
60.50
54.4500
57.4201
50. '2267
( 64.00
1 56.32
J 62.18
( 56.0000
J 62.53
I 57.3163
Ij 58.4383
[ 48.4858
j 57.9121
li 51.5085
a
.061
.05561
.0429
.03713
.0491
.(M259
.045
.04050
.0540
.04905
.0412
.03696
.0503
.043M
.065
.a5H50
.0599
.05240
.040
.0352
.063
.ai674
.028
.02.568
.0690
.05724
.0776
.06902
Expecte<]
7.52
6.8432
4.3351
8.7530
5.1103
4.4328
7.00
6.3000
6.6604
6.0500
4.1964
3. 7651
6.6447
5. 7917
4.75
4.2750
7.6562
6.6971
.810
1.391
.22
.2002
.05
.0455
.016 1 4.94
.7371 1.2658
.2093 1.9757
.1812 1.7104
.2417 2.1360
.2096 1.8528
1.10 1.50
.9900' 1.3500
.0145 4.49.54 9.00
M4»anlain
. .1 j 1.3.4270
Oliver
1 1
' 13. '2.577
Pearce a
.18
.1620
.30
.2700
.020 1 5.G2
.0180 5.0580
10.00
Penobscot
i
;
9.1644
1
I
PiiNborv-
\
1
10. 2784
.3198 2.3682
.2787, 2.0642
1
Preble
*
12. S377
>«untr}*<j
t
10. 00
^iianm
12..VJ76
*iu-I'HIl^4»"
VI. m
"Uiilinjf '* ..-.-.
3.81
3. 4316
6.44
5.9061
4.3472
3. 6068
6.85%
6.1011
I anal y si
.65 1 1.36
.58M 1.2249
.52 .H9
.4769 .81«V2
.6192
.5137
.10
.(t9(H)
.17
. 1.m9
.05
. oi:^
.13
AVSl
.010 6.(i'J
•f*rta«
-pp.«-«- .No. 1
.(110 •2.i:r>
i7.(i:;oT
Pl.^'Iair
1
llJtiTl
8 for the
gca«oi»
of IMOI.
Digitized by
Google
54
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores of season 190S — C^on ti
MESABI RANGE-Contliined.
Ore.
1
Silica.
Manga-
nese.
Alumi-
na.
Lime.
Mag- 1 Sul-
nesia. phur.
1
Loe« 1
nitiOT.!
Percent. 'Percent.
1 59.4478' 0.0621
1 50.8306 .06810
f 64.100 ' .038
i 68.81181 .03486
1 62.4480' .0863
1 86.1025 .08261
1 61.00 j .037
I 64.9061 .08330
1 65.00 .085
I 48.4000 .08080
1 59.6991 .0688
I 51.6698 .05479
1 59.02 1 .062
1 63.196 .0469
r ffi no 1 HRi
PercL
4.6467
8.8876
3.600
8.3090
8.4268
8.0772
7.84
6.1667
10.68
9.3984
6.4679
4.7826
Perct.
0.4409
.8770
.850
.8211
.6451
.6795
.69
.6811
.69
.6072
Perct.
2.6804
2.2919
.760
.6978
Perct.
Perct.
Perct.
rcrct
1
•1
Stephens
1
Stevenson
0.316
.2890
0.148
.1358
0.004
.0087
1.420 ,.
1.9028/
Thompson
'1
)
TopBrown«
Troy o
1.11
.9991
3.17
2.7896
.29
.2610
.25
.2200
.21
.1890
.74
.6612
.010
.0090
.138
.1214
2.86
2.574J
6.43
4.7784
\
]
Tubal
1
Union
1
,r,-_, , w* f 62.50 .075
Virginia Minesa.... ^^ ^^
1
».,..-..
.
S.00
2.7000
3.670
3.8666
1
1
If
Wallace
1 62.950 .061
I 67.6652 .04668
.892
.3684
.858
.7846
.215 .157
.1966 .1435
.006 ' 2.100
.0065 1.9200
8
VERMILION RANGE.
63.9292
60.6527
62.3289
58.5416
f 63.0881
I 59.646
J 67.0021
65.50
J 61.2853
1 '60.7384
f 64.0700
I 60.3768
1 65.0337
1 6L5926
f 66.7906
[ 66.5053
1 58.9729
( 68.4490
1 66.8901
1 61.9303
0.0444
.04212
.0684
4.7889
4.4918
4.0973
1 l...
Chandler
5,
Jura
.06424 8.8488
.0859 1 6.1426
.08895, 4.8626
.0296 2.1245
6
Pioneer
5^
Pilot
.02894 2.0769
.1113 1 9.1355
.11089! 9.0606
.0538 3.5972
.06070 3.3899
.0323 1 3.4602
.08059 3.2676
'
'I'.
1
1
Red Lake
,^
1
Savoy
f).'/
1
!
Sibley
1
.S.'JJ
Soudan Vermilion
Lump
.1015 8.2170
.10107 3.2038
1
■It
1
Soudan Silicious
.05045
.0386
.03G45
14.0806
3.4910
3.2962
1
.s^
Zenith
5.57
MICHIPICOTEN RANGE.
Helen .
57.65
64.06
0.094
7.40
6.989
0.28
.215
1.48
1.888
0.12
.11
0.10
.09
0.177
.166
7.64
7.16
6.22
a Expected analysii} for the season of 1904.
Digitized by
Google
IRON ORES. 55
DISTRIBUTION OF IRON-ORE PRODUCTION IN 1903, BY
STATES.
Minnesota. — The iron ore mined in this State in 1903 (15,371,396
long tons), all of the red hematite variety, came from the Mesabi and
Vermilion ranges in the Lake Superior region. The State shows an
increase of 238,746 long tons, or about 2 per cent, over the 1902 total
of 15,137^650 tons. The shipments, however, were less in 1903 than
in 1902, and the stocks of ore on hand at the mines increased.
Minnesota has a unique record as a producer of iron ore. Until the
year 1884, when the Vermilion Range was first exploited in what was
then a wilderness, no ore was mined in the State, but in that year the
initial production of 62,122 long tons was obtained. The output has
increased rapidly year by year. Mining on the Mesabi Bange began
in 1892, since which time it has made marvelous progress, the Range
attaining the preeminence in the Lake Superior district in the year
1895 which it has since held. The State, as a whole, shows a yearly
increase in the iron-ore production from the time iron ore was first
obtained in 1884 to the close of the year 1903, a period of twenty years.
No other State in the Union has such a record. In addition, the known
reserves of iron ore on the Mesabi Range are greater than on any other
of the Lake Superior ranges, and explorations are being prosecuted
on both the Mesabi and the Vermilion ranges.
It is hard to understand from figures what is represented by the
15,371,396 long tons of iron ore mined in Minnesota in 1903. In this
connection a comparison with some of the more prominent of the older
producers may be appropriate. The Cornwall Ore Hills in Pennsyl-
vania were first opened in 1740, and since that period they have pro-
duced to the close of 1903 over 18,000,000 tons of ore. The Lake
Chaniplain district since its initial exploitation in 1804 is reported to
have contributed over 20,000,000 tons. The magnetite deposits of
New Jersey were probably first worked about the year 1710, and since
that time the output has reached a total of nearly 22,000,000 long tons.
Thus it will be seen that Minnesota in the single year 1903 produced,
in round numbers, three-fourths of the total output for nearly two
centuries of either of these three celebrated regions or, say, one-fourth
of the combined output of all three.
Michigan, — Michigan holds second rank as a producer of iron ore
with a total of 10,600,330 long tons, a decrease of 534,885 tons, or
nearly 5 per cent, from the 1902 output of 11,135,215 tons. Of the
19<j3 total, 10,592,933 tons were red hematite, giving it second rank
in this class of ore, and the remainder 7,397 tons was of the magnetite
variety. As in the case of Minnesota there was an increase in Michi-
gan in the stocks of ore on hand at the mines. All of the iron ore
obtained comes from the Marquette, Menominee, and Gogebic ranges,
which are treated collectively under the head of the Lake Superior
region.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
56 MINERAL RESOURCES.
The production of 1903 shows a decline from the maximum output
of 1902, but with that exception it is the largest quantity mined in
any one year in the history of the State.
Alabama. — This State occupies third position as a producer of iron
ore, with a total of 3,684,960 long tons, of which 2,779,691 tons were
of the red hematite variety, and 906,269 tons were brown hematite.
The total production in 1903 was 110,486 tons, or 3 per cent greater
than in 1902 when 3,574,474 tons were obtained. All of this increase
was in the red hematite ores, the brown hematites showing a decrease.
The State occupied third position as a producer of red hematites, and
first of brown hematites.
Tennessee. — This State, which ranked fifth in 1902 with a total of
874,542 long tons, showed a falling off of 21,838 long tons, or 3.5 per
cent in 1903, when 852,704 tons were mined; but Tennessee advanced
to fourth place owing to the decrease in the combined output of Vir-
ginia and West Virginia. The State contributed 481,515 tons of
brown hematite ore, and 371,189 tons of red hematite, occupying in
these classes third and fifth rank, respectively.
Virgmia and West Virginia. — These two States (which have been
combined in order not to disclose individual statistics) in the year 1903
supplied 801,161 long tons of iron ore, a decline of 186,797 tons, or
19 per cent from the 1902 total of 987,958 tons. Of this quantity
764,948 tons were brown hematite, 31,609 tons red hematite, and 4,604
tons magnetite, giving the States second, tenth, and seventh place,
respectively, in these classes of ores.
Wisconsin. — This State produced 675,053 long tons of iron ore in
the year 1903, a decline of 108,943 long tons, or 14 per cent from the
1902 total of 783,996 tons. Of the total production 646,042 long tons
were of the red hematite variety, in which class the State occupied
fourth place, and the remainder, 29,011 long tons, was brown hematite.
The State ranked sixth as an iron-ore producer.
This year witnessed the initial production of iron ore in the new
Baraboo Iron Range, near the town of Freedom in southern Wisconsin.
In 1903 Mr. S. Weidman made an investigation for the Wisconsin
geological and natural history survey of the occurrence of iron ore in
the Baraboo Range, which is summarized as follows in Bulletin No.
225 of the United States Geological Survey:^
A pre-Cambrian quartzite formation, having an estimated thickness of 3,000 to 5,000
feet, forms an east-west synclinorium about 20 miles long and ranging in width from 2
miles on the east to 10 or 12 miles on the west, resting on a basement of igneous rock.
The upturned north and south edges of the quartzite form, respectively, the north and
the south ranges of the Baraboo bluffs, standing 700 to 800 feet above the surround-
ing country and above the intervening valley. This valley is occupied by formations
younger than and conformable with the quartzite. Mr. V^eidman has named these
a Contributions to Economic Geology, 1903: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 226, 1904, pp. 218-220.
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ntoN OBES. 57
formadons the 8eeley slate and the Freedom formation. The Seeley slate has an esti-
nuited thickness of 500 to 800 feet, and above this is the Freedom formation, mainly
dolomite, which has a thickness estimated to be at least 800 feet, and which bears
the iron-ore deposits in its lower horizon.
Flat-lying Paleozoic sediments, unconformably overlying the pre-Cambrian rocks,
occupy the smronnding area and partly fill the valley. Paleozoic rocks range from
Upper Cambrian (Potsdam) in the valley bottom to the Ordovician (Trenton) on
the upper portions of the quartzite ranges. The Potsdam sandstone has a thickness
ranging from a few feet to a maximum of about 570 feet in the valley. Glacial drift
ie abundant over the quartzite ranges and in the valleys in the eastern half of the
district, but occurs only in the valleys in the western half.
The iron ore occurs in the lower horizons of the Freedom formation and is mainly
I bessemer hematite, with soft and earthy, hard and black, and banded siliceous
phases. A very small amount of hydrated hematite or limonite is also present
The rocks immediately associated with the ore and into which the ore grades are
dolomite, cherty ferruginous dolomite, ferruginous chert, ferruginous slate, and femi-
ginoos dolomitic slate — in fact, all possible gradations and mixtures of the minerals
dolomite, hematite, quartz, and such aiigillaceous minerals as kaolin and chlorite.
In the ferruginous rocks associated with the iron ore, the iron occurs as hematite and
also in the form of carbonate, isomorphous with carbonate of calcium, magnesium,
and manganese, in the form of ferrodolomite and manganic-ferro-dolomite, and as
silicates combined with various proportions of alumina, lime, magnesia, and manga-
nese, as chlorite and mica, and also very probably to a small extent as iron phosphate.
The ore deposits thus far found are all in the valley between the quartzite ranges,
and because of the structure of the pre-Cambrian series it is hardly possible that ore
deposits will be found elsewhere than in this valley.
The iron ore is a stratified formation and is conformable with the associated strati-
fied rocks, both below and above. The ore bodies, therefore, have the dip and
strike of the associated rocks, and are found dipping at various angles from nearly
horizontal to nearly vertical.
At the Illinois mine, 3 miles southwest of North Freedom, and on the south limb
of the syncline, the ore deposit has a thickness of 30 to 35 feet, and bears an average
of 54 to 58 per cent metallic iron. The dip of the ore body and adjacent formation
i0*about 50** N. Between the ore and the underlying Seeley slate are 100 feet of
mltemating beds and thin seams of iron ore with a considerable thickness of dolomite
and ferruginous dolomite, ferruginous chert, and ferruginous slate. Between the
ore deposit and the overl3ring dolomite are alternating strata of similar character
grading up into the nearly pure dolomite. North of the Illinois mine a thickness of
000 feet of dolomite is known to occur.
Underground exploration seems to show that the conditions and character of the
rock existing at the Illinois mine prevail generally, as should be expected, throughout
the valley wherever the iron formation and overlying rocks have not been eroded
by the subsequent pre-Potsdam erosion. In general, there appears to be a highly
ferruginous horizon near the base of the dolomitic formation, having a variable
thickness, probably ranging from 400 to 500 feet. This ferruginous horizon bears
one or more deposits of iron ore separated by intervening strata of associated ferru-
ginoos rock. In one of the drill holes in the west end of the district nearly 200 feet
nf iron ore and paint rock were penetrated immediately beneath the unconformable
Fotsdam sandstone, the average content of iron for this distance being about 45 per
cent
fhe iron ore is believed by Weidman to be mainly a product of metamorphism of
what was originally a deposit of nearly pure ferric hydrate, deposited in shallow
hgooxm and protected bays and formed in a manner similar to bog and lake ore
at the present day, throogh chemical and organic processes acting upon and within
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58 MINERAL RE9OUE0E8.
shallow waters unusually rich in iron. The evidence of shallow water, and not
deep sea, in which the iron was originally deposited, is furnished by the numerous
sun cracks in the ferruginous carbonaceous slate immediately associated with the ore
strata and the presence of carbonaceous matter in the iron ore and associated rocks.
The process of metamorphism, it is believed, has been mainly that of dehydration of
the original ferric hydrate, analagous to the partial dehydration of the originally
hydrated silicates, chlorite, and kaolin of the underlying Seeley slate.
These deposits of Bessemer ore, within convenient railroad haul of
the blast furnaces at Chicago, 111., may prove an important adjunct to
the ore supply of these furnaces.
Pennsylvania. — This State contributed 644,599 long tons of iron ore
in the year 1903, being a decline of 178,333 long tons, or 22 per cent,
from the 1902 total of 822,932 long tons. Three classes of ore were
mined in 1903; 426,637 tons were of the magnetite variety, 202,542
tons brown hematite, and 15,420 tons red hematite, giving the State
third, sixth, and twelfth place, respectively, in these classes of iron
ore.
This decline is due almost entirely to the diminished output of one
of the large mines, the Cornwall Ore Hills, to which Pennsylvania
was indebted for its position as a prominent producer for a number
of years.
JS^eio York, — In the year 1903 New York mined 540,460 long tons
of iron ore, a decrease of 14,861 tons, or 3 per cent, from the 1902
total of 555,321 tons. Of this quantity 451,481 tons were of the mag-
netite variety, 83,820 tons were red hematite, and 5,159 tons brown
hematite ore, giving the State second, eighth, and fourteenth position
in these respective classes of iron ore.
JS'ew Jersey. — All of the iron ore mined in New Jersey is of the
magnetite variety, in which class of ore it occupied first place in 1903,
with a total of 484,796 long tons. This was an increase of 42,917
long tons, or nearly 10 per cent, over the 1902 production of 441,879
long tons.
The construction of several modern furnaces has been the predomi-
nating and instigating cause of the increased output in New Jersey,
and it is probable that an augmented production may be expected in
the near future.
Georgia. — In the year 1903 Georgia produced 443,452 long tons of
iron ore, an advance of 78,562 tons, or 22 per cent, over the 1902 total
of 364,890 long tons (including the quantity mined in North Carolina,
which in the year 1903 is reported separately, owing to the increasing
number of mines).
Of this total 318,804 long tons were brown hematite and 124,648
tons were red hematite.
Nevada., New Mexico^ Utah^ and Wyoming. — Nevada, New Mexico,
Utah, and Wyoming contributed in the year 1903 392,242 long tons
of iron ore, the greater portion of which, 235,599 long tons, was of
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IRON ORES. 59
the red hematite variety, the i*emainder being magnetite with a small
amount of brown hematite. The increase over the year 1902 output
of 362,034 long tons was 30,208 tons, or 8 per cent. In 1902 Montana
was a producer of iron ore, while the Nevada mines were idle; in the
year 1903 the reverse was the case.
Oolcrado. — In the year 1903 the amount of iron ore mined in this
State was 252,909 tons, being 40,388 tons, or 14 per cent less than the
1902 production of 293,297 tons.
Of this total 249,288 tons were of the brown-hematite variety, the
remainder, 3,621 tons, being red hematite.
The determination of exact statistics in regard to the iron ore mined
in Colorado is difficult, as much of the ore comes from mines produc-
ing precious metals, but when iron ores do not contain sufficient
quantities of silver, gold, lead, or manganese to cause them on that
account to be valued at or in excess of about $12 per ton, and are used
as fluxes by the smelters, they have been classed as iron ores.
Other States. — None of the other States reached a total production
of 100,000 tons. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Texas supplied
brown hematite ore; Maryland, brown hematite and carbonate; Mis-
souri, I'ed and brown hematites; North Carolina, brown hematite and
magnetite; and Ohio, carbonate ore.
PROMTNENT IRON^ORE MINES.
In the year ending December 31, 1903, there were 141 iron-ore
operations which produced over 50,000 tons each, the total being
31,301,938 long tons, or 89 per cent of the United States output. In
1902, 126 mines produced 31,561,628 long tons.
Of these larger mining operations 116 contributed 28,660,132 tons
of red hematite, 15 supplied 1,336,337 tons of brown hematite, and 10
reported 1,305,469 tons of magnetite. Of these operations 1 reported
over 1,500,000 tons, 1 over 1,300,000 tons, 2 over 1,200,000 tons, 2
over 1,000,000 tons, 2 over 800,000 tons, 2 over 700,000 tons, 3 over
600,000 tons, 4 over 500,000 tons, 3 over 400,000 tons, 9 over 300,000
tons, 13 over 200,000 tons, 35 over 100,000 tons, and 64 between
100,000 tons and 50,000 tons.
Of these larger mining operations 48 were in Minnesota, 46 in Mich-
igan, 19 in Alabama, 6 in Tennessee, 4 each in Wisconsin and New
Jersey, 3 in New York, 2 each in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Colorado,
and Georgia, and 1 each in New Mexico, North Carolina, and Wyoming.
The table below gives a list of the mining operations in the United
States which in the year 1903 produced over 50,000 long tons of iron
orp« together with the States in which they are located and the quan-
tity contributed by each, except 12 mines, the managers of which
objected to such publication, these being grouped at the end.
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60 MINERAL BE80URCE8.
Prominent iron-ore mines of the United States^ wiih their production in 1903.
Long tons.
Fayal, Minn 1,519,450
Mountain Iron, Minn , 1, 336, 864
Adams, Minn 1,265,501
Red Mountain Group, Ala 1,231,409
Stevenson, Minn 1,014,608
Mahoning No. 3, Minn 1,010,327
Nome Group, Mich 865,141
Biwabik, Minn 807,511
Lake Superior, Mich 706,267
Pioneer, Minn 703,925
Chapin, Mich 683,481
Spruce Mining Company, Minn 663, 290
Burt, Minn 627,049
Amgon, Mich 552,898
Cleveland Lake, Mich 459,650
Cleveland Hard Ore, Mich 65,753
525,403
Chandler, Minn 518,738
Pewabic, Mich 500,855
Aurora and Vaughn, Mich 468, 518
Hull, Minn 429,860
Cornwall, Pa 401,470
Ashland, Mich 373,933
Penn Iron Mining Company, Mich 358, 421
Genoa, Minn 346,678
Lake Angeline, Mich 325,200
Tilden,Mich 323,972
Regent Iron Company, Mich 321,680
Savoy-Sibley, Minn 312,655
Clark, Minn 304,328
Newport and Bonnie, Mich 295, 507
Lincoln, Minn 284,677
Rust, Minn 257,413
Cliffs Shaft, Mich 252,506
Bristol (Claire), Mich 250,300
Sellers, Minn 247,691
Sunrise, Wyo 214,880
Pillsbury, Minn 214,026
Chisholm, Minn 213,003
Minnesota Iron Company, Minn 202, 558
Leetonia, Minn 200, 163
Brown Mining Company, Tenn 198, 841
Glen, Minn 191,942
Champion, Mich 190,902
Jordan, Minn : 190, 353
Zenith, Minn 180, 708
Negaunee, Mich 179, 282
Sali8bur>, Mich 176,107
Montreal and Ottawa, Wis 173, 149
Port Henry No. 21, N. Y 164,895
Great Western, Mich 163, 795
Utica,Minn 168,154
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IBON ORES. 61
Long tons.
Atlantic, Wis 156,627
Duluth, Minn 150,053
Elba, Minn 142,987
Beaaiort, Mich 141,900
FieiTo and Union Hill, N. Mex 137,843
Crystal Fallfi, Mich 137,169
Riverton Group, Mich 131,673
Tobin and Geneeee, Mich i 131,022
Cyprus, Minn ..1 122,641
Cundy. Mich 120,616
Ironaton IVIinee, Ala 120, 572
Republic and West Republic, Mich 120, 218
Florence, Wis 116, 180
Albiiny, Minn 112,315
Day, Minn 111,587
Hemlock River, Mich 110, 749
Clifford, Mich 108,277
Mikado, Mich 107,750
Oriflkany,Va 107,293
Volunteer, Mich 107,035
Minorca, Minn 105,587
Loretto, Mich 104,498
Grmoea Gap, Ala 101,719
Bartow, Ga 97,758
Agnew, Minn 96,073
CYoxton, Minn 95,877
BalUc, Mich 95,553
Rddmnnd, Ala 93,636
Brotherton, Mich 93,061
Longyear, Minn 90, 650
Helen-Bcas, Ala 88,223
Richards, N.J 87,782
Princeton, Mich 87,396
Cmrvy WeetCary,and Superior, Wis 87,393
Stephens, Minn 87,055
Sunday I^e, Mich 85,338
UuD<Hit, Mich 80,394
Sparta, Minn , 77,933
£«ireka, Tenn 76,538
Lone Pine 1, 2, and 3, Ala 76,356
Laura, Minn 75,552
^ith, Tenn 74,379
Mannie, Tenn 74, 357
Winthrop, Mich 72,433
Houston, Ala 71,690
Hammond Bros. & Company, Ala 70, 172
Tinnehill. Ala 69,622
Ia Follette Coal and Iron Company, Tenn 69, 270
Hawking Minn - 67,244
ifinnfieW, Mich 65,244
Sbaron, 3£inn 64, 835
La Beiie, Minn 64,563
Ptttit, Minn ^»378
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62 MINERAL RESOURCES.
Long tons.
Union, Minn 60,079
Franklin, Minn 60, 049
Hiawatha, Mich 60,000
Yale, Mich 59,460
Orient, Colo 58,848
Anvil, Mich 58,229
Estelle Mining Company, Ga 57, 419
North Alabama Mining Company (Slope No. 1 ), Ala 67, 216
Cambria, Mich 56,620
Grant, Minn 55,945
Richmond (Gribben), Mich 55, 593
Lillie, Mich 55,162
Greeley Group, Ala 54, 499
Alfretta, Ala 54,484
Midas, Colo 64,448
La Rue Mining Company, Minn 53, 375
Verona, Mich 53,231
Hillman, Ala 53,166
Quinnesec, Mich 53,160
Cass, Minn 52,905
Scotia, Pa 52,763
Hartford, Mich 52,152
Chateaugay, N. Y 51,654
Pinkney Mining Company, Tenn 50, 928
Pearce, Mmn 50,439
St. Clair, Minn 50,257
Total 29,735,431
Twelve mines not reported by name 1, 566, 507
Total 31,301,938
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM IiAKE SUPERIOR REGION.
The greater portion of the iron ore mined in the Lake Superior
region is sent by rail to seven shipping ports for transportation by
water to ports on Lakes Erie and Michigan, and from these ports most
of the ore received is forwarded by rail to Mast furnaces and rolling
mills in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Illi-
nois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Kentucky, etc. Owing to the large stocks
carried over and to the reduced demand, the distribution of Lake
Superior iron ores will probably extend in 1904: over a greater terri-
tory than that named. Five of the seven shipping ports — Two Har-
bors, Duluth, Superior, Ashland, and Marquette — are located on Lake
Superior, and two — Escanaba and Gladstone — are on the northwestern
shore of Lake Michigan. Duluth and Two Harbors are in the State
of Minnesota, Superior and Ashland in Wisconsin, and the others in
Michigan.
Climatic conditions interfere with shipments by water and limit the
season of ore transportation to about seven months.
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IBON 0BE8.
63
The total amount of iron ore forwarded by water from the Lake
Superior region during the year 1903 wa8 23,649,550 long tons, and in
addition 632,045 tons were sent to points of consumption by all rail, a
total of 24,281,596 long tons. The ports of Duluth and Two Harbors
in 1903, as in 1902, head the list, but the relative positions are reversed,
Duluth now ranking first with 6,356,473 long tons, followed by Two
Harbors with 5,120,656 tons. Escanaba is third with a shipment of
4,277,561 tons, Superior fourth with 3,978,579 tons, Ashland fifth
with 2,823,119 tons, Marquette sixth with 2,007,346 tons, and Glad-
stone last with 85,816 tons.
The shipments by ports from 1895 to 1903, inclusive, as supplied by
the Iron Trade Review, are as follows:
Lake shipments of iron orCy 1896-1 90S ^ by ports.
ShippififiT port.
Two Harbon*
Eecaiutba
Duhitb
AahUnd
Marquette
Superior
Gladstone
Total
All-rail shipments
Gland total
Shipping port.
Two Harbors
Eieaoafaa
Daluth
Ashiaod
MAfqaette
Soperlor
GladstcMie
TWal
An-fmn shipments
<;rmnd total
1896.
Long tons.
2,118,156
2,860,172
1,598,783
2,350,219
1,079,485
117,884
109, 2U
10,233,910
195,127
10,429,037
1896.
1897.
Long tons.
1,818,992
2,321,981
1,968,982
1,566,286
1,561,813
167,246
220,887
9,644,036
290,792
Long tons.
2,651,465
2,802,121
2,876,064
2,067,637
1,946,519
531,825
341,014
12,215,645
263,993
9,934,828 12,469,638
1899.
Long tons.
2,698,245
2,806,513
2,635,262
2,391,088
2,245,965
550,403
335,956
13,655,432
369,241
14,024,673
Ixmg tons.
3,973,783
3,?20,218
3,609,965
2,703,447
2,738,596
878,942
381,467
17,901,358
350,446
18,251,804
1900.
Long tons.
4,007,294
3.436,781
3,888,986
2,633,687
2,661,861
1,622,899
418,854
18,670,815
480,078
19,059,393
1901.
Long ions.
5,018,197
4,022,668
3,437,955
2,886,252
2,854,284
2,321,077
117,089
20,157,522
431,715
20,589,237
1902.
Long tons.
5,605,185
5,413,704
5,598,408
3.553,919
2,595,010
4,180,568
92,375
27,039,169
531,952
27,671,121
Long tons.
5,120,656
4,277,561
5,356,473
2,823,119
2,007,346
3,978,579
85,816
23,649,550
632,015
24,281,596
Most of the iron ore shipped from the upper lake ports is received
tt the Lake Erie ports, the quantity during the year 1903 being
I*»,681,731 long tons of iron ore. The diflFerence between this quan-
tity and 23,649,550 tons, the total tonnage forwarded by water from
the shipping port«, represents the quantity forwarded to blast fur-
nace- located on or near Lake Michigan, at Detroit, etc. There should
be added to the total shipments the (juantity of iron ore sent to the
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64
MimSBAL BE80UBGES.
United States from the Michipicoten Range of Ontario. The ore won
from this Canadian range in 1903 was 223,976 long tons, of which
170,666 tons were sent to the United States, and 32,745 long tons were
supplied to Canadian furnaces, the remainder being placed on the
stock pile. This would therefore show a total of 4,138,485 long tons
sent to blast furnaces at or near Chicago, Milwaukee, and in the lower
peninsula of Michigan.
In 1903 Cleveland occupied first place as an iron-ore receiving port,
with a total of 4,434,160 long tons of iron ore, followed by Ashtabula
with 4,242,160 long tons, Conneaut with 3,903,937 tons, Buffalo and
Tonawanda with 2,149,901 tons, Fairport with 1,434,342 tons, and Erie
with 1,257,798 tons. Of the other Lake Erie ports, Lorain, Toledo,
Huron, and Sandusky, none received 1,000,000 tons, but they ranked
in the order named.
The following table presents the receipts of iron ore at lower lake
ports from 18&5 to 1903, inclusive:
Iron-ore receipts at Lake Erie pnrtSf 1895-190S.
Port
Ashtabula, Ohio
Cleyeland, Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio
Buffalo and Tonawanda, N. Y
Erie, Pa
Fkdrport, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Lorain, Ohio
Huron, Ohio
Sandusky, Ohio
Total
1895.
Long tons.
2,474,791
2,312,870
244,967
719,742
811,989
914,617
260,790
214,219
146,442
12,361
8.112,228
1896.
LongUms.
2,272,822
2,818,170
827,623
645,101
847,849
941,446
801,794
191,445
226,515
58,667
8,026,432
1897.
LongtoHB.
3,001,914
2,456,704
495,327
797,446
1,311,526
1,008,840
416,488
855,188
198,231
79,792
10,120,906
1898.
Long tone.
2.684,668
2,645,818
1,404,169
1,075,975
1,092,364
912,879
414,012
586,066
126,755
136,200
11,028,821
1899.
Longtotu,
3,841,538
8,222,682
2,320,696
1,580,016
1,809,961
1,241,018
792,848
1,112,946
263,600
87,499
15,222,187
Port.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1906.
Ashtabula, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio
Buffalo and Tonawanda, N. Y.
Erie, Pa
Fairport, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Lorain, Ohio
Huron, Ohio
Sandusky, Ohio
Totol.
LongUm$.
8,709,486
8,876,644
2,556,681
1,616,919
1,240,715
1,085,554
645,147
1,090,285
821,914
1M,M2
15,797,787
LongtoT^s.
3,981,170
8,831,060
3,181,019
1,475,886
1,379,877
1,181,776
798,298
721,662
431,311
33,017
Longtont. \
4,796,805
4,878,318 I
4,300,301
2,266,798 '
1,717,268 I
1,538,744 j
1,037,671 I
1,442,417 I
520,646 ,
165,556 I
17,014,076
22,649,424
LongtOM.
4,242,160
4,434,160
3.903,937
2,149,901
1,257,798
1,434.342
652,806
990.490
486,106
180,532
19,681,731
The bulk of the iron ores when received at lower lake docks is loaded
on cars and forwarded directly to the blast furnaces, but quantities are
also held in stoc-k »t the receiving ports to be shipped during the winter
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IBON 0BE8.
65
or as required at the furnaces. The quantity of ore on hand at lower
lake portH on December 1, 1903, according to figures compiled by the
Iron Trade Review, was 6,371,085 long tons, the largest stock of ore
recorded with the exception of the year 1902, when the accumulation
was 7,074,254 long tons. The stock on hand at lower lake ports on
December 1, for the years 1896 to 1903, inclusive, is shown in the
annexed table:
Stork» of iron ore at lower lake ports f J896-190S.
Port.
AahUboU, Ohio
OereUnd^Ohio
Fairport, Ohio...
■ii«,Pa
Lorain, Ohio....
Coime«it« Ohio .
Toledo. Ohio....
HaiOD. Ohio
BafUo^N.Y...
SuaOmkj, Ohio
TWal
At close of navigation, December 1-
1896.
Long tons.
l,a01,8Q2
1,200,792
606,470
836,718
224,264
292,460
U8,132
101,000
207,199
84,876
4.416,712
1896.
Long tout.
1,441,666
1,419,811
773,906
366,222
281,288
276,800
116,969
200,076
82,267
80,491
4,964,984
1897.
LongtoM.
1,886,694
1,478,356
826,312
484,871
817,509
860,895
194,614
230,029
111,660
84,786
6,923,766
6,136,407 5,530,283
Port.
At close of navigation, December 1—
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
AihtahoK Ohio .
aeveland, Ohio .
Fklrport^Ohio...
■lie, P&.
Loniii,Ohio
ConneMit,Ohio..
Toledo, Ohio
Himm,Ohio
BoSalo, N. Y ....
T,Ohio..
Long tons.
1,8U,469
1,837,446
611,717
480,734
261,838
680,614
242,376
211,877
282,100
96, m
Long ton*.
1,769,145
1,878,060
710,590
470,718
196,863
604,106
264,196
231,601
198,100
47,384
Long tons.
Long tons.
1,967,136
1,911,911
1,500,604
1,337,750
924,286
846,946
722,966
667,409
328,304
288,581
678,679
691,864
310,023
106,710
232.764
263.249
319,367
282,890
95,175
96,275
Total.
6,904,070
6,869,663
7,074,264
6,371,085
This accumulation of 6,371,085 tons of iron ore a lower lake ports
in 1903 was not drawn upon as heavily as in previous years, and at the
opening of navigation on the Lakes, May 1, 1904, there remained on
the docks 4,534,103 tons, the largest total heretofore recorded.
In the spring of the year 1904, owing to strikes of employees of the
lake carriers and to the practical disorganization of the Lake Superior
Ore Association, efforts were made to approxiniate the quantity of
Lake Superior ore on hand at blast furnaces. The total reported was
doae to 7,000,000 long tons on May 1, which, added to the stock of
ore on hand at the lower lake ports, made a reserve of 11,500,000 tons
at that date on which the furnaces could draw.
M B 1903 6 r^^^^T^
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66
MINERAL KE80URCES.
The stocks of iron ore on hand at the lower lake ports on May 1 for
the years 1896 to 1904, inclusive, is given in the following table:
Stocks of iron are at Imver kike ports^^ 1896-1904.
At opening of navigation, May 1 —
Port.
I 38%.
Ashtabula, Ohio.
Cleveland, Ohio .
Fairport, Ohio...
Eric, Pa
Lorain, Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio. .
Toledo, Ohio....
Huron, Ohio
Buffalo. N.Y
Sandusky, Ohio..
Long ion».
636.254
fi06,693
346, 847
137,826
118,820
112,400
10.593
55, 173
16,644
8. 442
Total j 1,949,698
1897.
lA)nfj tons.
926,865
979,705
480,984
l.'V3,26l
180,605
207,034
66,337
162,292
50,477
48,937
1898.
Long tons.
1,031,441
853,776
501,592
236,485
158,797
69,047
71,726
143, 170
53,081
48,800
I^ng tons.
855,691
472,946
289,417
95.626
168.C>46
6,116 !
22,915
82,055
72,757
7,086
1900.
Long tons.
678, 789
386,291
282,298
97,894
126, 212
8,649
52, 616
48, 412
35,195
4,300
3,256,497 3.167,915 I 2,073,254 i 1,720,666
At openinjjr of navi^'ation, May 1 —
Port.
1901.
Ashtabula, Ohio .
Cleveland. Ohio .
Fairport, Ohio...
Erie, Pa
Lorain. Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio..
Toledo, Ohio
Huron. Ohio
Buffalo. N.Y
Sanduvky. Ohi....
T..l:il
Long tons.
1.046,974
806.119
30<), 706
225, 412
1 10. 562
69. 755
138, 457
135,043
118.007
6:i,14H
:5,o:)0,i.h;^ I
1902.
lAmg tons.
921,712
624,865
472. 325
223, 972
*M^, 992
152.891
111,511
129, 635
73. S(;i
37, 100
2.848.194
19(i:i.
Dmg tonit. Long tons.
1,073.967
1,559,028
82<), 347
9f>8, 5as
555. 709
579, 077
426,741
474, 275
190.311
237,404
125, 400
128.018
126,831
160.216
147,817
208.008
<i(),241
150,106
56.500
fiS, S«>3
3,592.3(>7
4,.S34.103
A AJ^FK OF IROX OHKS.
The total value at the mines of the 35,019,308 long tons of iron ore
produced in the I'nited Stntos in tlie year 1903 was ^♦5r>.32S,415, or
vl.S9 per ton, an increase of 5 cents per ton, or 3 per cent, over the
1902 figures of .^l.S4.
The sidliiij.,^ prices of the Lake Superior ()r<^s, which form the greater
portion of the United States total, have i?i latt* years heen fixed by the
Lake Supj^rior ()i-e As.^ociation, and in tlie year liH»3 these ligures were
the same as in l!*oti, jis follows: A basis ])rice of 5?4.50 per long ton,
free on board at 1o\v<m- lake ]X)rts, for old Kange Bessemer ores guar-
anteed to contain (13 per cent of mc^tallic iron, 0.045 per cent of phos-
phorus, and 10 per rvni of moisture when dried at 212 F. For old
Ranoj' non-P>ess(»mer or(v^, frec^ on board at lower lake ports, basis
price. S^3.rit» ])er ton, guaranteed to contain <»() per cent of iron and
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IBON 0BE8.
67
12 per cent of moisture. For Mesabi Range Bessemer ores, free on
board at lower lake ports, basis price $4 per ton, guarantee, 63 per
cent of iron, 0.045 phosphorus, 10 per cent moisture. For Mesabi
Range non-Bessemer ores, free on board at lower lake points, basis
price, $3.20 per ton, guarantee, 60 per cent of iron and 12 per cent
moisture. These Mesabi non-Bessemer ores are divided into three
classes, according to physical structure, with a diflFerential of 15 cents
between the first and second classes and 10 cents between the second
and third classes, or a total differential of 25 cents between the first
and third classes.
The returns collated show that the highest average value at the
mine in 1903 was placed on the Colorado iron ores, viz, $3.12 per ton,
and the lowest on Texas ores, $1 per ton. Generally speaking, there
were but slight changes in the various States between the prices which
prevailed in 1902 and in 1903. Of the States comprising the Lake
Superior region, Michigan reported the same average price as in 1902,
$2.40 per ton, Minnesota an advance of 17 cents, and Wisconsin a
decline of 1 cent from the respective 1902 valuations of $1.58 and ^2.30
per ton.
The following table gives the total production and value of the iron
ore produced in 1903, by States, together with the average value per
ton at the mines:
QtiatUity and raltte of iron ore produced in 1903^ by Staiej^.
State.
Mlnn««otft
MichiK&n
Xlabama
Tentiesaee
Virginia and Went Virginia
Wwn>Tij4n
Penn^lvania
NVw York
New Jenvy
G^>rvia
X* Ta<lii. New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
Oilonido
V rth CarDlina
MU^mri
T-Ta5
K«-ntu< ky
ranDK'tirui and Maiwachusetta
o^Io
Vary land
ToUl.
Quantity.
Total value
at mint's.
Average
vulue
fier ton.
Ltmg Omn.
15,371,8%
$-.6.8;«,(M3
fl.75
10, 000, 3;«
2.5,48:^,075
2.40
3,r»g4,9(>0 1
3, 9:^9, 000
1.07
S.V2, 704
1,075,619
1.2G
801,101
1.432,024
1.79
r.75,o.->3
1.542,517
2. 29
044,599 '
1,0<V2, 4.M
1.65
MO, 400
1.2<)9,.H99
2.21
48-1,790
l.:«0.745
2.74
443, 452
571.124
1.29
392,242
012. 199
1.56
2.52,909
787, .S21
3. 12
75.252
99. S.S5
i.:i:{
63,380
110.127
1.71
34,a50
31.(i.'><)
1.00
32. 227
40. .5-17
1. 11
30. 729
82, 21 1
2. TkS
-29. TnSS
51.9-V.
1 . 75
9, 920
22.012
2. 2H
35, 019. :^1s
(U',.;-;2s. i]:>
1.S9
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68
MINERAL RESOURCES.
STOCKS OF IRON ORBS.
On December 31, 1903, the total stock of iron ore on hand at the
mines was reported as 6,297,888 long tons, an increase of 2,463,171
long tons, or 64 per cent, over the 3,834,717 tons reported at the close
of the year 1902. As would naturally be expected, the greater por-
tion of this ore, 5,976,249 long tons, was in the Lake Superior region,
of which 3,810,751 tons were in Michigan. The large stocks of ore in
this district are due to the fact that the greater part is forwarded to
lower lake ports by water, and when navigation is suspended the
stocks accumulate rapidly. The ore on hand at the mines at the close
of the year 1903 was 18 per cent of the production of the United
States during the year.
The following table gives the stock of ore on hand at the mines on
December 31, 1903, by States:
Stocks of iron ore on hand December SI, 1903, by States.
state.
Michigan
Minnesota
Wisconsin
Alabama
New York
Kew Jersey
Texas
Tennessee
Nevada and Utah
Quantity.
LongtoM.
3,810,751
1,920,438
245,060
126,157
60,741
48,427
18,500
16,668
18,750
State.
Georgia and North Carolina
Pennsylyania
Missouri
Virginia and West Virginia ....
Ohio
Maryland
Connecticut and Massachusetts
Total
Quantity.
LongtoM.
14,999
9.6M
5,865
4,528
2,350
6U
6,297,888
IMPORTS OF IRON ORE.
The following tables furnished by the Bureau of Statistics of the
Department of Commerce and Labor show the imports and exports
of iron ore into and from the United States during the calendar year
1903.
Considerable quantities of iron ore are annually imported into the
United States. The Bureau of Statistics reports this import for 1903
as 980,440 long tons, valued at $2,261,008, or $2.31 per ton; this was a
decrease in quantity of 185,030 long tons, or 16 per cent from the
1902 total of 1,165,470 long tons, which was valued at $2,583,077, or
$2.22 per ton. The island of Cuba, where the mines are owned by
American companies, contributed 63 per cent of the imported ore, fol-
lowed by Canada, Spain, and Newfoundland. Smaller amounts were
supplied by Algeria, the United Kingdom, British Columbia, Bel-
gium, and Germany.
In considering the valuation of these ores it should be borne in
mind that the value is placed on them at the port of shipment and
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IRON ORES.
69
does not include freights nor the duty of 40 cents per ton. It is also
evident from the relatively high value placed, on the ores from some
countries that the estimate is based on some other constituent than
the iron contained in the ore.
The following table shows the importation of iron ore by countries
for the years 1897 to 1903, inclusive:
QuanUty and value of iron ores imported into the United Stales^ 1897-1903 ^ by countries.
Imported from—
1897.
QuanUty. Value.
LongtonB,
883,820
66.196
8,504
Coba
^Min
French Africa
Italy
Greece
Kevfoondland and Labrador
United Kingdom
OolomUa
Portugal j 8,612
Other oonntries 8,238
29,250
358
ToUU.
489,970
$454,709
167,878
7,785
29,431
4,091
5,881
9,187
1898.
Quantity. Value.
Long ton*.
165,623
13,885
7,200
678,912
367
$187,721
84,982
26,581
5,385
929
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
360,813
145,206
22,233
48,863
16,765
77,970
172
Hi9,616
889,058
51,746
122,786
27,656
77,970
994
7,560
13,121
187,208 I 255,548 ;
674,082 1,062,847
/
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Imported from—
Qnan-
Uty.
Value.
Quan-
Uty. •
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
X"-
Value.
Qil)^
Lang
Umt.
481,265
268,604
20,000
18,961
23,850
140.535
397
3,000
$687,496
494,668
28,686
50,945
81,685
142,686
3,274
4,864
tons.
526,583
180,810
$705,086
399,364
Long
tons.
696,375
153,627
19,167
$1,576,619
618.685
$1,501,480
Of^in
388,259 ! 94,720
85,707 7,830
196,139
14,586
ItalT
"••5 •-•
12,950
a79,860
490
42,896
79,860
16,989
1
Vewfoandland and
lA^ra<V>r
81,920
1,269
81,918 !a86,730
17,882 ' 6,843
86,680
United Kingdom
Coknnbia
31,868
Britifh Columbia
2,875
400
4,313
3,415
5,661
861
9,312
3,478
525
207
789
Ofmany...
145
181
5,588
700
25
1,839
854
10,189
1,621
100
1,820
■^Vrlandf
Qnefaec, Ontario, etc...
Veoezoela
163,883
406,431
203,824
509,711 169,681
424,440
Sweden and Norway . . .
500
2,866
4,850 300
2,964
Krux-e
5,341
699
469
980,440
242
897,831
1,165,470
Total
1,808,196
966,950
1,660,273
2,683,077
2,261,008
• XeirfooBdland only.
^<H thi4 amount H7 tons, rained at $442, came from Mexico, and 12 tons, valued at $27, from the
rtttoch West Indieii.
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70
MINERAL BESOUKOfiS.
The greater portion of the iron ore imported into the United States
is received at the Atlantic ports, the total in 1903 being 805,629 tons,
principally at the ports of Philadelphia -and Baltimore, at which
303,722 and 490,920 tons, respectively, were brought in.
The lake ports rank second with 169,681 long tons, most of which
came from tiie Michipicoten range in Canada and was sent to Buffalo.
It is only in late years since the opening of this range that these ports
have become prominent as receivers of foreign ore.
Small quantities were imported at Pensacola, Fla., and at the Pacific
coast ports, the latter being used principally at the Irondale Furnace,
Washington, when it is active, and at the precious-metal smelters.
The iron ore imported by customs districts into the United States
in the years 1898 to 1903, inclusive, is given in the following table:
Imports of iron ore
into the United States
, 1898-19€iS, by cuOams districts
1896.
1899.
1900.
Port.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Baltimore, Md
Long tons.
144,218
$178,906
888,268
5,767
830,594
120
75
9516,888
7.875
549,180
708
176
Long tons.
448,660
8,881
414,064
25,878
15
$629,507
Delaware
5,805
PhUadelphia, Pa
42,861
119
74,226
1,815
589,749
New York N. Y
63.540
Boston Mass
71
NGWT>ort News Va.
15
602
•
Norfolk and Portsmouth Va
Total Atlltotic porta
187,208
255,548
669,804
1,074,271
891,948
1,288,172
Caoe Vincent N. Y
196
20
489
52
Buffalo Creek N. Y . ...
1,023
2,456
286
52
211
1,181
267
586
Cuvaboca Ohio
6,141
Cbamplain, N. Y ^
641
904
1,655
168
GSD
Detroit, Mich
78
Genesee, N. Y
442
Oswesratchie, N. Y
125
1,089
260
2,045
2,064
Vermont
454
Erie
Miami
Total lake ports
2,824
4,569
5,366
10,285
Saluria. Tex. (total Gulf Dorts)
2
17
Puget Sound, Wash
1.912
3,746
424
3,781
San Francisco, Cal
San Diego, Cal
Lob Ansreles. Cal .
Total Pacific ports
1,912
8,746
424
3,781
Pittsbuig, Pa
40
244
98
958
Evansville, Ind I
Total Interior ports
40
244
93
958
255,548
Total imports
187,208
674,082
1,082,847
897,831
1.303,196
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IRON ORES.
Imports of iron ore into the United Stales^ 1898-190S — Continued.
ri
Port
19(
Quantity.
M.
1902.
1903.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Baltimore Md
1
Long tons. '
481,085 t73S.071
Long tons.
600.711
$1,401,326
LoTigtons.
490,920
$1,232,546
DcUtwftre .-
Philadelphia, Pa
298,256
15,865
459,696 1 838,848
46,863 1 14.546
597,896
39,800
142
8,130
303,722
6,940
650
3,397
560,880
New York. N Y
19,759
Boaton, Maae
60
197
2,436
Newport News, Va
8.825
Norfolk and Portamouth Va . .
1,850 1-860
Total Atlantic porta
800.005
1,240,482 1 9M,352
2,047,293
805,629 1,824,445
Cane VinoenL K Y
1
,
BnflaloCreek, N. Y^
53,827
146.696 1 63.286
133,877
808,951
38
112
23,167
122,021
171
56
57,798
CiiTahoga, Ohio
107,810 256.936 ' 123.476
305,804
Champlain, N. Y
Detmit. Mich
68
32
149 34
49 • 78
1
928
133
Genesee, N.Y
Oswegatchle, N. Y
Vennont
2,088
48
4,485
186
139
18
22,821
8,962
209
72
57,024
9,905
182
760
23,326
273
1,190
Erie
58,814
ICianii ...
169,681
4,100
Total lake norta
163,863
408,401
203,809
509,688
424,440
Penmcola, Fla. (total Oulf
6,660
Pu^t Sonnd, Wawh
2,875
660
87
4,313
4,875
442
............
6,661
1,241
9,812
12,581
626
200
789
1,989
Ran T>l4»o Cal . . ^ . t -
Loa Anirelea. Cal
857
8,461
25,364
306
2,785
ToUl Pacific porta
3,512
9,630
7,259
1,030
5,563
Pittaborg, Pa
60
20
730
30
50
742
Total interior porta
70
760
50
742
Total importa
966,950
1.650,273
1,165,470
2,583,077
980,440
2,261,00b
EXPORTS.
Until about five years ago the exportation of iron ore from the
United States was comparatively unimportant, but in 1899 and in
Mib»equent years moderate quantities have been shipped, the greater
portion of which was sent to blast furnaces located in the Province of
Ontario, Canada, and elsewhere in eastern Canada. Some shipments
were a]K> made to European countries, and it is not improbable that
thiH will be rejjeated. The total exports in the year 1903 were 80,611
tooK, valued at $255,728. This was a decrease of 7,834 tons from the
1902 shipments of 88,445 long tons.
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72
MINERAL RESOURCES.
In the following table will be found the exports of iron ore from
the United States, by customs districts, for the years 1899 to 1903,
inclusive:
Exports of iron ore from the United States^ 1899-1 90S, by customs districts.
CustomN district.
1899.
1900.
Quantity. Value.
1901
Quantity.
* Value.
Quantity. |
Value.
New York
Long tons.
Long tons.
Longtofu.
Niagara
17,857
11,389
10,634
703
172
7
3
930,000
20,012
22,465
2,930
823
42
15
........................
Superior
11,004
38,485
$35,213
113,962
8,982
84,966
$19,754
Dulnth
83,744
Paso del Norte
Saloria
Detroit
34
120
40
7SJ
Huron
Cbamplain
9.219
24,258
NewDort News
8
120
1,809
128
300
5,083
Buffalo Creelc
9,849
1,543
104
31,061
Mempbremagog
4,191
Vermont
200
40,665
l&i,756
Total
76,287
51,460
64.708
168,466
Customs district.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
New York *
Long tons.
204
802
19,157
49,233
$2,227
1,708
63,772
162,454
Long tons.
831
$2,000
Niagara
Superior
70,870
5,006
223,482
Duluth
13,463
Paso del Norte
Saluria
Detroit
115
408
Huron
Champlain
18,876
78,348
4,814
16,548
NewiKjrt News
Buffalo Creek
58
251
90
285
Memphrcmagog
Vermont
294,168
80,611
Total
88,445
255,728
CLTBA.
As all the active iron-ore mines in the island of Cuba are situated in
the province of Santiago de Cuba, in the southeastern section of the
island, and are owned and operated by American companies, most of
the ore produced is shipped to the United States.
The Juragua Iron Company (Limited), the pioneer, made its first
shipment in 1884, and contributed up to the close of 1903, 4,067,693
long tons of iron ore, the total for the latter year being 165,898 tons.
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IKON ORES.
73
The only other company active is the Spanish- American Iron Company,
which commenced exporting ore in 1895 and supplied 2,244,841 tons
to the close of 1903, of which 467,723 tons were shipped in the latter
year. In 1892 and 1893 the Sigua Iron Company produced 20,438 tons,
and in 1901 and 1902 the Cuban Steel Ore Company produced 41,241
tons; but both of these operations have been abandoned.
The total amount shipped from the island of Cuba from the year
1884 to 1903, inclusive, was 6,374,213 long tons, of which all but 81,060
tons were sent to the United States.
A summary of the shipments of Cuban ore from the time of opening
to date, which has been prepared by Mr. Josiah Monroe, of Philadel-
phia, is of interest.
SkipmenU of iron ore from mines in ike province of Santiago de Cuba, 1S8^190S,
Year.
Jaragua
Iron
Company
(Lff).
Siflmalron
Company.
Spanish-
American
Iron
Company.
Cuban
Steel Ore
Company.
Total.
18S4
LongUmt.
25,295
80,716
112.074
94,240
206,061
260,291
963,842
264,262
385,236
837,155
156,826
307,508
296,885
a248,256
LongtoM.
Long tons.
L^U>^.
Long tons.
25,295
80,716
112,074
94,240
206,061
1886.
18M
1887
1888
ism.
260,291
863,842
vm
un
264,262
18C
6,418
14,020
841,654
351,175
180
18M
156,826
882,494
412,995
454,285
1815
74,991
114,110
6206,029
84,643
215,406
292,001
<'834,883
455,105
rf467,728
18K
1897
18M
83,696
161,788
154,871
199,764
221,089
155,898
168,339
377,189
446,872
UN
MDO.
tm
17,651
23,590
552,248
699,734
623,621
1N2
ifn
TMaI
4,067.603
20,438
2.244,841
41,241
6,374,213
a Of thiB quantity, 5,982 tons were sent to Pictou, Nova Scotia.
bOt this quantity, 51.587 tons were sent to foreign ports.
e Of this quantity, 12,601 tons were sent to foreign ports.
^f Of this quantity, 10.900 tons were sent to foreign ports.
Total 81,060 tons sent to foreign ports.
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STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1903.
By James M. Swank,
Qtnend Manager of the American Iron and Steel Asgociation.
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE IRON TRADE TS 1903 A^STD 1904.
The prosperity which characterized the iron trade of the United
States from the beginning of 1899 to 1902 and throughout the early
part of 1903, as noticed in previous reports, was suddenly checked
about the middle of the last year by a sharp reaction in the stock mar-
ket, which caused a decline in the demand for iron and steel and a
consequent decline in prices. Production in the first half of the year
had been on a large scale, fairly comparable with any half year since
the beginning of the boom of 1899, and prices had been as a whole
satisfactory, but in the last half of the year both production and prices
declined rapidly. Soon after the beginning of the year 1904, however,
there was a revival of activity in production, but prices did not rally.
Apiil and May, 1904, were especially active months, but with slight
increase in prices. June and July were characterized by a sluggish
demand. August, September, and October were again active months.
Prices, except in some special products and for special reasons, have
been remarkably uniform all through 1904. In September and Octo-
ber there was a distinct revival of confidence and hopefulness in the
iron trade, and as this report is written, in the latter part of October,
there are few signs of the reaction which began a little more than a
year ago. The prices of pig iron have advanced in October. The
stock market has recovered its buoyancy, and this recovery has been a
leading cause of the revival of the iron trade. Details of production
aod prices and of imports and exports for 1903 and immediately pre-
ceding years will be found in succeeding pages. Some prices for the
fint ten months of 1904 have been added.
76
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MINERAL RESOURCES.
GENERAIi STATISTICAIi SUMMARY.
The following table gives the shipments in 1902 and 1903 of Lake
Superior iron ore, the shipments of coke and of anthracite coal, the
total production of iron ore, coal, and coke, and of all iron and steel,
the imports and exports of iron and steel, etc. :
Summary of iron, lieel, etc., statistics for the United States for 1902 and 190S,
[Long tons, except for coke and nails.]
Article.
Shipments of iron ore from Lake Superior
Total production of iron ore
Shipments of Pennsylvania anthraci te coal
Total production of all kinds of coal
Total production of coke short tons..
Shipments of Connellsyille coke do
Shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke do
Production of pig iron, including spiegeleisen and ferromaaganese
Production of spiegeleisen and f erromanganeso
Production of Bessemer steel ingots and castings
Production of open-hearth steel ingots and eastings
Production of all kinds of steel
Production of structural shapes, not including plates
Production of plates and sheets, except nail plate
Production of all rolled iron and steel, except rails
Production of Bessemer steel rails
Production of all kinds of rails
Production of iron and steel wire rods
Production of all rolled iron and steel, including rails
Production of Iron and steel cut nails kegs of 100 pounds. .
Production of iron and steel wirenaHs do —
Imports of iron ore
Exports of iron ore
Imports of iron and steel value . .
Exports of iron and steel do
1902.
27,571,121
85,654,135
31,200,890
269,277,178
25,401,730
14,138,740
1.191,486
17,821,807
212,981
9488,368
6,687,729
14,947,250
1,800,326
2,665,400
10,996,188
2,935,392
2,947,938
1,574,293
13,944,116
1,638,762
10,982,246
1,165,470
88,445
841,468,826
197,892,036
1903.
24,289.878
35,019,308
59,362,881
819,068,229
25,262,360
18,345,230
1,693,403
18,009,252
192,661
8,692,829
5,829,911
14,534,978
1,095,813
2,599,665
10,215,220
2,946,756
2,992,477
1.503,455
13,207,697
1,485,83S
9,631,661
960,440
80,611
941,255,864
$99,085,865
The shipments of Lake Superior iron ore in 1903 were 3,281,243
tons less than in 1902, but the country's total production of iron ore
in 1903 was only 534,827 tons less than in 1902. The shipments of
Connells\dlle coke in 1903 declined 793,510 short tons as compared
with 1902. The shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke increased
501,967 short tons as compared with 1902. The total production of
coke in 1903 was 139,370 short tons less than in 1902. The shipments
of Pennsylvania anthracite coal in 1903 increased 28,161,941 lon^ tons
over the shipments of the strike year 1902. The production of all
kinds of coal in 1903 increased 49,791,051 long tons over 1902.
The production of all kinds of pig iron increased 187,945 long tons
in 1903 over 1902, but the production of spiegeleisen and ferroman-
ganese decreased 20,320 tons. The production of Bessemer steel
decreased 545,534 long tons; open-hearth steel increased 142,182 tons;
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
77
all kinds of steel decreased 412,272 tons; structural shapes decreased
204,513 tons, and plates and sheets 65,744 tons; Bessemer steel rails
increased 11,364 tons, and all kinds of rails 44,544 tons; iron and steel
wire rods decreased 70,838 tons; iron and steel cut nails, 197,869 kegs;
iron and steel wire nails, 1,350,585 kegs, and all kinds of rolled iron
and steel, 736,419 long tons.
Our imports and exports of iron and steel in 1903 corresponded
closely with the imports and exports in 1902. The imports in 1903
amounted in value to $41,255,864, against $41,468,826 in 1902, and the
exports in 1903 amounted to $99,035,865, against $97,892,036 in 1902.
The imports in 1903 were, of course, largely in response to orders
sent abroad before the reaction of that year. In the year 1904 the
imports will be much less than in 1903 and the exports will be much
greater.
IMPORTS OF IBON ANI> STEEIi.
The following table, compiled from statistics obtained from the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, gives
the quantities and values of our imports of iron and steel and manu-
facturesT thereof in the calendar years 1902 and 1908:
Imports of iron and steel into the Untied States in 1902 and 190S,
1902.
Article.
Quantity.
Value.
1903.
Quantity. Value.
P!g icon, spiegeleisen, and ferromanganene .
Scrap iron and scrap steel
Bar iron
Iron and steel n\\»
Hoop, band, andscrol] iron or steel
Steel ingots billets, blooms, etc
Sheet, plate, and taggers iron or steel
Long tons.
619,354
109,510
28,844
63,522
8,302
289,818
7,l56
$10,935,831
1,606,720
1,286,238
1,576,679
131,052
7,943,818
545,789
Boiktinf form5 and all other structural shapes,
fitted tor use
Tin plates
Wire rods, of iron or steel
Wire and wire rope, of iron or steel .
Anvih
ChaiM
Catlery
fOe>, file blanks, rasp«, and floats. . .
Firearms
Sbotffun barrels, in single tubes
Mtchlnery
Seedkai
All other
60,115
21,382
8,469
203
676
4,023,
1,033,
606,
29,
55,
1,672,
80,
953,
263,
4,230,
417,
4,076,
Long tons.
599,574
82,921
43,896
05,555
1,525
261,570
11,557
8.865
47,360
20,836
5,018
260
873
til, 173, 802
1,273,941
1,904,469
2,159,278
74,898
7,831,299
540,272
266,265
2,999,252
1,028,977
728,430
35,378
62,481
1,903,895
82,939
687,917
198,126
8,927,165
466,294
4.421,291
Total.
1,206,811
41,468,826
1,178.797
41.255.864
Of tlie pig iron imported in recent years a large part was spiegel-
eisen and ferromanganese, but in 1902 and 1903 there was a great
increase in the imports of foundry and Bessemer pig iron.
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MINERAL BESOUBGES.
IMPORTS FOB CONSUMPTION OP FERROMANGANESlfi,
SPIEGBIiEISEN, AND PERROSILICON.
The Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor
furnishes the following statistics of the imports of ferromanganese,
spiegeleisen, and ferrosilicon which were entered for consumption in
the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1903. These imports are included
in the statistics of imports of pig iron, spiegeleisen, ferromanganese,
and ferrosilicon given in the preceding table.
Imports of ferromanganese^ spiegeleisen, and ferrosilicon into the United States in 190 J ^
1902, and 190S.
Article.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value,
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Ferromaiurajiefle
Long tons.
20,761
26,827
822
1870,828
677,246
21,224
Long tons.
50,888
62,813
16,944
91,818,036
1,473,853
962,110
Long tons.
41,518
122,016
14,880
$1,699,666
2,709,317
379,900
Spiegeleiflen
Ferrosilicon
IMPORTS OP TIN PliATES SINCE 1872.
The following table gives the quantities and foreign values of our
imports of tin plates in the calendar years 1872 to 1903. The decline
in imports since 1891 is a result of the tariff of 1890. The domestic
consumption of tin plates and terne plates has greatly increased in late
years.
Imports of tin plates into the United States, 187S-190S.
Year.
1872
1873,
1874,
1875,
1876,
1877,
1878.
1879,
1880,
1881,
1882,
1883,
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
Quantity.
Long tons.
85,629
97,177
79,778
91,054
89,946
112,479
107,864
154,250
158,049
183,005
213,987
221,233
216,181
228,596
257,822
283,836
Value.
113,898,460
14,240,868
18,067,658
12,098,885
9,416,816
10,679,028
9,069,967
13,227,659
16,478,110
14,886,907
17,975,161
18,156,773
16,858,650
16,991.152
17,504,976
18,699,145
Year.
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Quantity.
Longtonfi.
296,238
331,311
329,435
327,882
268,472
253,155
215,068
219,545
119,171
83,851
66,775
58,915
60,386
77,396
60,115
47,860
Value.
$19,762,961
21,726,707
23,670,158
25,900,9(»
17,102,4S7
15.559,423
12,068.167
U,482,380
6,140.161
4,366,828
3,311,658
3,738,667
4,617,813
5,2»4.7S9
4.023,421
2,999.252
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
79
EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEIi.
As reported by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Com-
merce and Labor, the domestic exports of iron and steel in the calendar
years 1902 and 1903 were as follows:
Exports of iron and steel in 1903 and 190S.
Article.
PigiiDD
Scmpuidold
Bar iron
Sieel bars or rod« other than wire rocl»*.
Steel wire rods
Iron mils
Steel rails
Bllleta, ingoU, and blooms
Hoop, band, and scroll
Iron sheets and plates
Steel sheets and plates
Tin plates and teme plates
Stmctnral iron and steel
Wire
Cat nails and spikes
Wire nails and spikes
All other, including tacks
Car n heels number.
Cft?tingn, not elsewhere specified
Culler>-
Firearms
Cash registers number.
Lockii. hinprcj*, eXfi
Saws
Tools, not eb«where specified
Electrical machinery
Laundr}' machinery
Metal-working' machinery
Printing preswos and parts of
Pnmp«» and pu roping machiner>'
Strwing machi -ncj*
Shf lemaking n^achinerj-
Fire engine* tmniber..
L>»f <)motive engines do
Sutionary en^nes do —
I'art!* of engines and boilers
Tvpewriting machines, and parts of
\\..h1- working machinerya
\\\ tether machiner>'
\^\^*s and fitting?*
Saft-s number,.
Sral'-s an4 balances
Stoves, rangt"*. and parts of
All oihtr manufactures
1902.
Quantity.
Long tons.
9,4U
22,249
9,300
24,618
211
67,466
2,409
1,674
3,4S4
14,866
1,666
63,859
97,843
7,198
26,580
2,244
21,714
Value.
14,018
11
:if;s
,2K0.
$602,947
149,013
869,519
608,144
881,067
4,639
1,902,396
74,938
82,322
229,887
726,647
143,691
2,828,460
5,140,702
339,227
1,181,140
275,628
141,969
1,685,600
282,454
976, 907
1,220,791
7,ai4,375
345, 895
3, 930, 495
5.937,613
519,CH>5
2,863,709
843, 613
2,510,300
4,606,791
788, 377
23,008
3,966,007
072, 957
•2, 432, 098
3, 575, iKVJ
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
20,879
8,034
19,380
17,802
22,449
181
30,656
5,446
2,141
4,782
13,312
292
30,641
108, 521
8,890
31,453
2,321
18,966
20,9;W,519
5 J 07,1 S3
102,0i:>,
50<», S77
8(;s. 09')
ui, o.vj, 7rK;
Tcial
Arrirnltunil iraplements, additional.
Ir >n «ir*i
88,-115
17,9sl,r,97
20,260
8
2S7
i.7;iO
37'J,399 97,>9-J,030 t 3:ii5,079
8384,334
117,972
796,631
929,915
713,718
8,808
937,779
141,924
101,839
273,618
667, 713
28,481
1,788,656
5,628,726
424,985
1,410,105
288,395
136,569
1,76.5,901
389,837
1,206,951
1,825,503
6,980,357
495,729
4,658,972
5,104,502
552,291
3,310,088
1,113,121>
'Jt. 72*.\ 2KS
5, 340, 174
831,99.')
10, tKi7
3. iW, rvji
714,508
2, '273, 83^1
4,537,390
:i-i9, :«s
■2(>,0<)8,8]0
5, 919, 340
•209,514
702, :m'>
9S 1.475
9, 073, 059
99,03.'), M'.5
"Included in "All other machiniTv, etc.,' prior in July i, l'jo3.
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inNERAL BE80UB0E8.
EXPORTS OF AGRICUIiTURAIi IMPIiEMENTS.
The exports of agricultural iiuplemeuts, not separated in the fore-
going table, amounted in the calendar year 1903 to $22,951,805,
against $17,981,597 in 1902, $16,714,308 in 1901, $15,979,909 in 1900,
$13,594,524 in 1899, $9,073,384 in 1898, and $5,302,807 in 1897.
IMPORTS ANI> EXPORTS OF IRON AND STBBIi SINCE 1872.
The following table, compiled from the reports of the Bureau of
Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, shows the for-
eign value of the imports of iron and steel and manufactures thereof
in the calendar years from 1872 to 1903, including tin plates; also the
value of the exports of iron and steel and manufactures thereof, except
farm implements, in the same years:
Value of imports and exports of iron and steel into the United StateSy 187i^-190S,
Year.
1872
187S
1«74.
1875
1876
1877
1878.
1879
1880.
1881
1882.
1888
1884.
1885,
1886.
1887.
Imports.
176,617,677
60,006,688
87,662,192
27,368,101
20,016,603
19,874,899
18,018,010
38,881.669
80,448,862
61,656,077
67,075,125
47,506,306
37,078,122
81,144,662
41,680,779
56,420,607
Exports.
112,606,539
14,173,772
17,812,239
17,976,883
18,647,764
18,549,922
16,101.899
14,228,646
16,156,703
18,216,121
22,348,834
22,716,040
19,290,896
16,622,611
14,865,087
16,286,922
Year.
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Imports.
|42,aU,689
42,027,742
44,640,418
41,988,626
33,882,447
29,656,689
20,848,676
25,772,186
19,506,587
13,835,960
12,474,572
15,800,679
20,443,911
20,396,015
41,468,826
41,255,864
Exports.
119,678.489
28,712,814
27,000,184
30,736,507
27,900,862
30,169,368
29,943,729
85,071,563
48,670,218
62,787,260
82,771,650
106,600,047
129,688,480
102,534,675
97,802,086
90,086,865
IMPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL INTO THE UNITED STATES
SINCE Z884.
In the following table the total weight of imported iron and steel,
including tin plates, is given for the last twenty years. In none of the
years, however, is the weight of machinery, hardware, cutlery, fire-
arms, and similar manufactured products included.
Imports of iron and steel into the United States^ 1884-190S.
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1884
654.606
578, 478
1.098.666
1,783,256
914,940
748,650
665,771
1891
557,882
494,468
438,496
309,249
378,208
265.500
167,834
1898
144,885
178,220
209,956
221,292
1,206,811
1,178,797
1886
1892
1899
1886
1898
1900
1887
1894
1896
1901
1888
1902
1889
1896
1903
1890
1897
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AMERIOAK IBON TRADE.
81
FBOOUCTION OF IRON ORE IN 1902 ANI> 1903.
The following table, compiled from statistics obtained by Mr. John
Birkiabine for the United States Geological Survey, gives the
production of iron ore in 1902 and 1903, by States:
Production of iron ore in the United States in 190£ and 1903, by States.
state or Territory.
1902.
1908.
MlniMaoca .
Micbigan..
VifftnU and West Vin^nia.
WlMOOiill
hennsylTania
N«wYork
XewJeney
Geocsia
Noctb GaicUna
Momaiia, Nerada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
Off|ffrnlf>
TexM
Kentucky
Oonnecticat, Maaachtuetta, and Vermont .
Ohio
JCazylaod
I/mgtont.
]5, 137, 650
11,185,215
8,574,474
874,542
987.958
783,996
822,082
555,821
441,879
864.890
362,084
298,297
66,806
6,516
71,006
29,093
22,657
24,867
IVHal 85,554,185 | 35,019,808
LongUnu.
15,871,396
10,600.330
3,684,960
852,704
801,161
675,058
644,509
540,460
484,796
443,452
! 75,262
392,242
252,909
63,880
84,050
32,227
30,729
29,688
9,920
The production of iron ore in any given year must not be confounded
with the shipments of iron ore in that year.
FBOBUCnON OF IRON- ORE Sr^CE 1870.
Previous to 1870 statistics of the production of iron ore in the
United States are incomplete. The figures in the following table for
1870 and 1880 are for the census years ending on May 31. For
1889 (also the census year) and all subsequent years they are for cal-
endar years. The iron-ore statistics for all years subsequent to 1889
have been compiled by Mr. Birkinbine for the United States Greo-
logictl Survey.
ProdwHon of iron ore in the United States since 1S70.
[Long ton?.]
Tear. Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
IJ30 • nn Ml
19QS
11,687,829
11,870,670
1899
24,688,178
7.i».ae2
14.518,011
1*. 086,048
14,991.178
18,898,888
1804
1900
27,658,161
m»
1896
16,067,614
16,006,440
17,618,048
10,488,716
1901
28,887,470
'^^-- —
1806
1902
85,664,186
na
1807
1908
86,010,808
P»
«»
Il»l906 — a
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MINEBAL BB80UB0ES.
IjAJTb superior iron-orb shipments.
The Iron Trade Review gives full details of the shipments of iron
ore from the Lake Superior region in 1903 and in preceding years.
The total shipments by water and by all-rail routes in 1903 amounted
to 24,289,878 long tons, against 27,571,121 tons in 1902, a decrease of
3,281,243 tons, or almost 12 per cent. The shipments in 1903 from
the Helen mine on the Canadian side, 203,419 tons, are not included.
Of these shipments 170,672 tons were shipped to Lake Erie ports in
the United States.
The following tables give the shipments in long tons of Lake Supe-
rior iron ore in the last four years by ranges and by ports and all-rail.
The figures include all shipments to local furnaces.
Shipments of Lake Superior iron ore^ 1900-1908^ by ranges and by ports,
[Lon^ tons.]
Bfarquette niuge . .
Menominee range.
Qi^eblc range
Vermilion range . .
Mesabi range
Iron Ridge mine. . .
Total.
BHcanaba
Marquette
Ashland
Two Harbors .
Gladstone
Superior
Duluth
All-rail
1900.
8,457,522
3,261,221
2,875,295
1,665,820
7,809,635
19,059,893
Total.
3.486,784
2,661,861
2,688,687
4,007,294
418,854
1,522,899
8,888,986
489,078
19,059,893
1901.
1902.
3,245,346
3,619,083
2,938,155
1,786,063
9,004,890
20,593,537
4,022,668
2,854,284
2,886,252
5,018,197
117,089
2,821,077
3,487,955
486,015
20,508,537
3,868,025
4,612,509
3,663,484
2,084,263
13,342,840
27,571,121
5,418,704
2,605,010
3,558,919
5,605,185
92,875
4,180,568
5,596,406
581,962
27,571,121
vacR.
8,040.245
8,749,967
2,912,912
1,676,699
12,892,512
17,913
24,289,878
4,277.661
2,007,346
2,823,119
5,120,656
85,816
8,978,579
5,856,478
640,328
24,289.8:ffi
The Marquette range is wholly in Michigan, the Menominee and the
Gogebic ranges are partly in Michigan and partly in Wisconsin, and
the Vermilion and the Mesabi ranges are in Minnesota. The 17,913
tons of iron ore shipped in 1903 from the Iron Ridge mine, at Iron
Ridge, Dodge County, Wis., can not strictly be credited to the Lake
Superior region, Dodge County being in the southern part of Wis-
consin. Prior to 1903 this mine was never included in Lake Superior
statistics. The newly developed Baraboo iron ore field is in the adjoin-
ing counties of Sauk and Columbia. The production of the Baraboo
district in 1903 was a little less than 19,000 tons, but no ore was
shipped. Shipments from this district began in 1904.
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AMEBIOAN IBON TBADB.
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SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE PROM NEW JERSEY MINES.
The shipments of iron ore from the mines in New Jersey were as
follows from 1892 to 1903, inclusive:
Shipments of iron ore from New Jersey mineSy 189g-190S.
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity. , Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
469,236
828,028
1896
262,070
239,634
269,771
800,768
1900
339,914
419,762
399,984
472,490
1897
1901
277,483
1896
1902
285,417
1899
1903
UB2.
vm.
1M6.
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM THE CORNWAI^Ii MINES.
The following table shows the shipments of iron ore, in long tons,
by the Cornwall mines ill Pennsylvania, from 1892 to 1903, inclusive:
Shipments of iron ore from Cornwall mines,' 189S-190,i,
[Long tons.]
Year.
\m
^m
\m
vm
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1 Year.
Quantity.
634,714 j
438.705 1
1896
1897
463,059
419,878
584,342
763,152
1900
668,713
1901
747,012
871.710
1898
1902
694,177
614,598
1899
1903
401,469
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM READING DISTRICTS.
The shipments of iron ore from some of the leading iron-ore districts
of the country in the last three years were as follows:
Shipments of iron ore from some leading iron-ore districts in 1901, 190f, and 190S.
[Long tons.]
District.
Uke Saperior mines of Michigan and Wisconsin
VcrmiUoDand MeaaU mines of Minnesota
MlarMiri mines
Contwall Biines, Pennsylvania
!Cev Jetaej mines
Chateangay mines, on Lake Cbamplain
Ptoit Henry mines
BsUAory region. Connecticut
Aikfhany County. Va
Ckanbefry mines, North Carolina
TiniMtt Coal. Iron, and Railroad Co.'s Inman mines in Ten-
The luw company's mines in Alabama
Oilboai. Etowah, and Shelby counties, Ala . A .
Tolal of the above districts.
1901.
1902.
9,802,684
10,790,963
94,374
747,012
419,762
70,025
167,642
19,472
212,690
180
26,904
1,416,728
202,096
12,144,018
16,427,108
66,645
694,177
899,964
88,688
366,487
28,276
199,690
30,810
4,948
1,276,969
422,746
28,968,816 31,068,490
1903.
a9, 720, 637
14,669,241
67, 477
401,469
472,490
65,707
378,666*
24,256
196,126
60,108
24,347
1,802,207
240,227
27,507,866
• ftttr»^«^f 17,918 toDs of iron ore shipped from the Iron Bidge mine, in Wisconsin,
Digitized by V^OOQIC
84
MIKEBAL BR80UBGES.
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM CUBA.
In the calendar year 1903 only two companies shipped iron ore from
Cuba, namely, the Juragua Iron Company (Limited) and the Spanish-
American Iron Company, the shipments by the Juragua Company
amounting to 167,230 long tons and the shipments by the Spanish-
American Company amounting to 467,628 tons: total, 624,858 tons.
Of the total shipments by the Spanish- American Company 456,826 tons
were sent to the United States and 10,802 tons to England. All the
shipments of the Juragua Company were made to the United States.
The total shipments of iron ore by companies from Cuba to all coun-
tries from the opening of the mines in 1884 to the close of 1903 were
as follows, in long tons: The Juragua Iron Company (Limited) and the
Juragua Iron Company, the latter company succeeding the former
late in 1903, 4,069,025 tons; the Sigua Iron Company, 20,438 tons; the
Spanish-American Iron Company, 2,244,746 tftns; the Cuban Steel Ore
Company, 41,241 tonsu total shipments since 1884, 6,375,450 tons.
With the exception of 5,932 tons of iron ore shipped by the Juragua
Iron Company (Limited) in 1897 to Pictou, Nova Scotia, and 51,537
tons shipped to foreign countries by the Spanish- American Iron Com-
pany in 1897, 4,200 tons shipped in 1899, 12,849 tons in 1901, and
10,802 tons in 1903, all the iron ore referred to above was shipped to
the United States. The total shipments to foreign countries amounted
to 85,320 tons, and the total shipments to the United States to 6,290,130
tons.
IMPORTS OF IRON ORB IN 1901, 1902, AND 1903.
The following table, furnished by the Bureau of Statistics of the
Department of Commerce and Labor, gives the quantities and value of
iron ore imported into the United States in the calendar years 1901,
1902, and 1903, by customs districts:
Imports of iron ore into United States m 1901, 190S, and 1903 j by customs distrids.
Customs district.
Baltimore. . . .
tlewYork...
Philadelphia
Puget Sound
Vermont
Another
Toul..
1901.
Long tont.
484,035
15,866
296,265
2,875
48
165,872
966,960
Quantity. Value.
$788,071
45,863
469,698
4,818
186
416,142
1902.
Quantity.
Long Urns,
600,711
14,546
888.848
5,661
18
206,686
1,650,278 1,165,470
Value.
$1,401,826
80,800
697,896
9,812
72
534,672
2, 588, on
190S.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons*
490,920
6,940
808,722
525
760
177,578
$1,282,646
19.759
660,880
789
1,190
446,844
960.440 2,261,00f)
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
85
The impoils of iron ore in 11K)3 included 170,206 tons from Canada,
valued at $425,129, received chie% at Lake Erie ports. There were
also imported in 1903 from Newfoundland into the customs district
of Philadelphia 86,730 tons, valued at $86,680.
TOTAIi IMPORTS OF IRON ORB SINCE 1879.
The following table gives the imports of iron ore into the United
States in the calendar years 1879 to 1903, inclusive. In 1879 this
country for the first time imported iron ore largely from Europe.
Prior to that year such iron ore as was imported came chiefly from
Oanada, more than one-half coming from that country in 1873, 1874,
and 1875.
Tbtoi imports of iron ore into the United States^ 1879-190S,
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1879
284,141
493.406
782,887
589.655
490.875
1888
687,470
853,573
1,246,880
912,856
806,585
526,951
168,541
524,153
682.806
1897
489,970
lao
1889
1898
187,098
674,082
897,831
U81
1890
1899
1882
1891
1900
U88
1892
1901
966,950
194 . .
487.820
890.786
1,039.433
1.194,901
1 1893
1902
1,165,470
980,440
IMffk
i 1894
1903
isas
1895
M87
'l896
IMPORTS OF MANGANESE ORE SINCE 1889.
The following table, furnished by the Bureau of Statistics of the
Department of Commerce and Labor, gives the imports of manganese
ore into the United States from 1889 to 1903, inclusive:
Imports of manganese ore into the United States, 1889-1903,
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
4,286
34,154
28,825
58,572
68.118
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
vm
1894
44,655
86.111
31,489
119,961
114.885
1899
188,849
UM
1895
1900
256,252
165,722
285.576
146, ttK
un
1896....;
1901
vm..
1897
1902
vm
1898
1908
The United States produces annually only a few thousand tons of
maDgaoese ore, but most of the iron ores of the United States contain
varying percentages of manganese.
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86
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
AVERAGE MONTHI.Y PRICES OF IRON AND STEEL.
In the following table are given the average monthly prices of lead
ing articles of iron and steel in Pennsylvania in 1901, 1902, and 1903,
and in the first ten months of 1904. The prices named are per long
ton, except for bar iron, which is quoted by the 100 pounds from store
at Philadelphia and from mills at Pittsburg, and for steel bars by the
100 pounds at Pittsburg mills:
Average monthly prices of iron and steel in Pennsylvania from January i, 1901 ^ to October fO^
J904i inclusive.
Year and
month.
1901.
January
February . . ,
March ,
April
May
June
July
Augrust
September.
October ...
November.
December .
1902.
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
Auffust
September.
October ...
November .
December .
1903.
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
^long
ton.
Perlong
ton.
$18.00
$16.05
18.25
16.00
18.87
16.00
19.50
16.00
19.50
16.00
19. 12
16.00
19.00
15.87
19.00
16.60
18.60
15.60
19.90
15.60
21.25
16.75
21.50
16.25
21.80
17.65
21.25
18.37
23.00
19.44
26. -25
20.37
26.00
21.00
24.60
22.87
24.70
24.20
24.00
24.50
24.25
24.50
24.80
24. 45
24.26
24.87
23.62
24.20
'28.60
24.00
23.76
23.75
24.50
23.50
24.90
22.70
24.50
21.37
23.60
20.62
22.00
19.00
19.37
18,00
18.76
17.50
Perlong
ton.
$14.50
14.19
14.00
14.87
14.30
14.06
13.87
13.75
13.75
13.75
13.94
14.44
15.66
16.62
17.75
18.19
18.35
19.44
20.80
21.00
20.60
20.25
20.94
20.90
20.60
20.00
19.50
19.10
18.62
18.00
17.50
15.81
14.94
II
0} 0/
1^
g5i
Perlong
ton.
$13.25
13.66
14.62
14.56
14.62
14.15
14.00
13.87
13.81
14.10
14.69
15.12
16.00
16.37
17.44
18.66
19.75
20.06
21.00
20.69
20.81
21.60
21.06
•20.55
20.50
20.50
20.87
20.45
19.87
18.87
17.90
16.04
15.25
Perlong
ton.
$13.43
14.60
16.87
16.94
16.70
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.31
16.37
16.70
16.94
17.37
18.76
20.76
21.56
21.60
22.19
22.50
23.00
28.81
22.92
22.85
21.91
21.85
21.28
20.01
19.72
18.93
18.36
17.22
5 .
0
it
Perlong
ton.
r26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
'28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
•28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
•28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
1&
as
I
Perlong
ton.
$19.75
20.31
22.87
24.00
24.00
24.37
24,00
24.20
24.87
26.70
27.00
27.50
27.60
29.37
31.25
31.50
32.20
32.87
31.75
81.75
31.00
30.40
28.50
29.20
'29.60
80.00
30.62
80. -20
30.25
28.87
27.40
27.00
27.00
a OS
S « 4
.3
Period iPer 100 \ Per 100
pounds, pounds.^ pound*.
$1.75
1.75
1.75
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.20
•2. -20
2.20
2. -20
2.20
•2. -20
2.-20
2. 20
2.20
2. -20
2.20
•2.16
2.08
•2.01
1.93
1.81
$1.76
$1.20
1.82
1.27
1.90
1.44
1.90
1.50
1.90
1.50
1.86
1.50
1.75
1.52
1.75
1.50
1.75
1.50
1.76
1.52
1.75
1.60
1.76
1.60
1.87
1.56
1.90
1.50
1.90
1.60
1.96
1.67
2.02
1.80
2.10
1.80
1.86
1.72
1.96
1.75
2.00
1.75
1.92
1.69
1.86
1.60
* '2.00
1.68
2.00
1.64
2.00
1.60
2.00
1.60
•2.00
1.60
2.00
1.60
1.77
1.60
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.60
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AMEBIOAN IBON tBADE.
87
Avtrage momUy prices of iron and steel in Pennsylvania from January i, 1901, to October
SO, 1904, indwive — Continaed. ,
Tear and
month.
1-3
o
•g^
bfl'S.
5£
II
•5,08
II
":l
O,
gP
1'^
II
s
h
lie
PerUmg PerUmg
Um, ton.
October ..
Norember
December
1904.
Jaonary..
February..
March
April
May
Jnne
July
Ans:o8t
Seirtember.
October 20.
17.50
16. »7
15.40
15l87
15.00
16.70
18.87
15.85
14.60
14.12
14.55
15.50
16.00
16.70
16.00
15.85
16.50
15.50
15.45
15.75
15.40
15.19
14.94
15.00
15.00
15.00
PerUmg
Um.
14.05
13.75
18.75
18.50
13.50
13.60
13.75
18.55
18.31
13.12
13.00
12.87
13.00
PerUmg
ton,
14.20
13.00
12.80
12.81
12.75
13.17
13.09
12.62
12.27
11.92
11.89
11.75
1Z12
PerUmg
Um.
16.00
15.19
14.40
18.90
18.66
14.03
14.19
18.60
12.81
12.46
12.76
12.69
12.93
PerUmg
Um.
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
Per long
ton.
27.00
24.00
23.00
23.00
28.00
23.00
23.00
23.00
23.00
23.00
28.00
21.25
19.50
Per 100
pounds.
1.81
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
Per 100
pounds.
1.70
1.84
1.80
1.30
1.31
1.38
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.60
1.60
1.60
Per 100
pouTide.
1.60
1.87
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.38
1.85
1.82
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.88
1.80
AVERAGB TTEARIiY PRICES OF IRON AND STBBIi.
The following table gives the average yearly prices of leading
articles of iron and steel in Pennsylvania and of wire nails at Chicago
from 1899 to 1903. These prices are obtained by averaging monthly
quotations, which have in turn been averaged from weekly quotations.
The prices given are per ton of 2,240 pounds, except for bar iron and
bar steel and cut and wire nails, which are quoted by the 100 pounds
and in 100-pound kegs, respectively.
Average yearly prices of vran and steel, 1899-190S,
Article.
Old iron T-zmik, at Philadelphia
No. 1 foundry pig imn, at Philadelphia. .
Gfsj foige pig iron, at Philadelphia
Ormy loige pig iron, at Pittsburg
Beaemer pig iA>n, at Pittsburg
Bleel railfl, at mlllfl, in Penniylvania
3l«d biHetB, at milla, at Pittsburg
Bat bar iroo. from store, at Philadelphia
Bat bar Iron, at mills, at Pittsburg
Steel baa. at millB, at Pittsburg
cut naite, from store, at Philadelphia
WIrenaite. base price, atChloago
1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1908.
S20.86
19.86
16.60
16.72
19.08
28.12
81.12
2.07
1.95
1.98
2.21
2.60
$19.51
19.98
16.49
16.90
19.49
82.29
26.06
1.96
2.15
1.68
2.46
2.76
119.32
15.87
14.08
14.20
15.98
27.33
24.18
1.84
1.80
1.47
2.29
2.41
S23.8S
22,19
19.20
19.49
20.67
28.00
80.57
2.18
1.94
1.67
2.29
2.15
121.17
19.92
17.18
17.52
18.98
28.00
27.91
2.00
1.77
1.56
2.86
2.18
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88
HIKERAL BBSOtmOBS.
AVERAGE MONTHIiT PRICES OF STEEL BARS AT
prrrsBCTRG.
The following table, compiled from weekly quotations in the Ameri-
can Manufacturer, gives the average monthly prices of steel bars, per
100 pounds, at mills in Pittsburg from 1897 to 1908:
Average mmUhly prices of sUel bars at PiUtkurg, Pa., per 100 pounds^ 1897-190S.
Month.
1897.
189S.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
jAnoary . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
Kovember .
December.
fl.07
1.06
1.00
.96
.92
.90
.90
.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
H.OO
1.00
.99
.96
.96
.96
.95
.96
.99
1.00
1.01
1.00
fl.07
1.09
1.48
1.75
1.71
2.06
2.00
2.21
2.50
2.60
2.46
2.25
«2.26
2.25
2.26
2.12
1.94
1.79
1.24
1.06
1.12
1.15
1.18
1.20
fl.20
1.27
1.44
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.60
$L66
L60
L60
1.67
1.80
L80
1.72
L76
L75
Ld9
L60
1.68
$L64
L60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.00
LOO
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.87
1.S0
Average.
.97
.96 1.98 1.
1.47 1.67
1.66
The lowest quoted price at which steel bars were sold at Pittsburg
within the last seven years was 90 cents per 100 pounds, this price
prevailing in June, July, and August, 1897.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OF CUT NAIIiS AT PHTT.A-
DEIiPHIA.
The following table gives the average monthly base prices of cut
nails, per keg of 100 pounds, from store at Philadelphia, since 1896,
as reported to us by the Duncannon Iron Company:
Average monthly prices of cut nails at Philadelphia, from store, 1896^190$,
[Per keg of 100 pounds.]
Month.
January...
Febroary..
March
April ,
May
June
July
August.....
September.
October ...
November.
December.,
Ayerage.
1896.
12.80
2.80
2.45
2.46
2.45
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.53
2.58
2.00
al.70
2.86
1897.
$1.60
1.55
1.66
1.60
1.45
1.46
1.40
1.40
1.45
1.45
1.40
1.40
1.47
1896.
$1.86
1.85
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1899.
$1.40
1.65
1.75
1.96
1.96
2.20
2.80
2.85
2.60
2.75
2.80
2.80
2.21
1900.
$2.80
2.80
2.80
2.62
2.45
2.42
2.80
2.80
2.25
2.28
2.30
2.25
2.46
190L
$2.25
2.27
2.27
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.85
Z80
2.80
2.80
2.29
1902.
$2.80
2.20
2.25
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
Z80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.29
1908.
f2.8S
2.86
2.86
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.20
2.20
2.86
aBarly in 1893 the baro price and schedule of extras of cut nails were changed to correspond with
the wire-nail schedule, and in December, 1896, the schedule of extras was again changed to omrrespond
with the wire-nail schedule referred to on the following page.
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AMEBICAK IRON TRADE.
89
AYEBAOB MONTHIiY PRICES OF WIRE NAILS AT CHICAGO.
Tbe following table, compiled from quotations in the Iron Age,
^ves the average monthly base prices of standard sizes of wire nails,
per keg of 100 pounds, in carload lots, free on board at Chicago, in the
eight years from 1896 to 1903, inclusive:
Average monthly bcue prices of standard sizes of wire nails at Chicago^ 1896-1 90S,
[Per keg of 100 pounds.]
Month.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Juiaaiy
12.42
2.42
2.57
2.66
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
al.60
$L60
1.45
1.60
1.46
L42
1.42
1.86
1.87
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.60
$1.65
1.67
1.66
1.47
1.45
1.48
1.86
1.86
1.45
1.47
1.40
1.87
$1.69
1.73
2.09
2.26
2.85
2.60
2.70
2.80
8.10
8.20
8.28
8.68
$§.63
8.68
8.68
8.28
2.68
. 2.48
2.48
2.48
2.86
2.85
2.85
2.85
$2.36
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.46
2.46
2.42
2.85
2.25
$2.16
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.16
2.05
2,00
2.00
$2.08
r^bnauT
2.12
lUreh ^
April
2.20
2.15
May
2.16
Jwat. . .
2.16
Jvlj.. .
2.15
Ai^lMt . .
2.16
2.15
Oelober
2.15
^y«iljw
2,16
P***iDlMr . a . . -
2. 00
ATonfe ' ■
2.54
1.46
1.45
2.60
2.76
2.41
2.16
2.13
« A new daU e&rd was adopted in December. 1896. The ayerage price given for wire nails in Decem-
ber, 18W« on the new card, $1.60 per keg, would be eqoiyalent to $1.10 per keg on the old card, showing
ft Tery greftt decrease In prices.
AVEBAGS -WHOIiBHAIiE MONTHIiY PRICES OF TIN PliATES.
In late years foreign tin plates have not been an important factor in
0Qppljing the home market The prices of foreign tin plates will not
be foond in the following table, which gives the average monthly prices
of American Bessemer tin plates, I. C, 14 by 20, per box of 100 pounds,
at mills in Pennsylvania from January 1, 1901, to October 20, 1904,
ioclnsive:
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90
MINERAL RE8OUB0ES.
At^erage whoUmle monthly prices of tin plates at mills in Pennsyhnmia from January /,
1901 J to October 20, 1904, inclusive.
[Per box of 100 pounds.]
Month. 1 Price.
Month.
Price.
$4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
8.eo
3.60
Month.
Price.
18.60
3.60
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
3.80
8.80
3.80
3.65
8.60
Month.
Price
1901.
January
February
March
$4.00
4.00
4.00
1902.
January
February
March
1908.
January
February
March
1904.
January
February
March
tS.56
8.45
8.45
April
4.00
April
April
April
3.45
May ' 4.00
June ' 4.00
May
May
May
8.45
June
June
June
8.45
July 1 4.00
August 4.00
September j 4.00
October 4.00
November 4. 00
July
July. ..
July
8.41
August
September
-October
November
December
Average .
August '
September
October
November
December
Average.
August
September
OctobetM
November
8.30
3.90
3.80
December 4. 00
December
Avenge.
Average...
4.00
8.98
8.74
Foreifjfn tin plates are imported chiefly by the oil and canning interests
that the benefit of the drawback system may be secured in the export
trade.
AVKBAGE YEARIiY PRICES OF FOREIGN TIN PliATES.
The following table gives the average yearly prices of imported coke
Bessemer tin plates, I. C, 14 by 20, per box of 108 pounds, at New
York, freight and duty paid, from 1890 to 1898:
Average yearly prices of imported tin plaUis at New York, 1890-1898,
.
Year.
Price. ■
Year.
Price.
Year.
Price.
1890...
84.80 1
1898
$5.87
4.89
3.87
1896
.J I8.80
1891
5.34
5.30 '
1894
1897
1898
' 3«)
1892
1895
4.00
1
AVERAGE YEARLY PRICES OF DOMESTIC TIN PISTES.
The following table gives the average yearly prices of domestic Bes-
semer tin plates, 1. C, 14 by 20, per box of 100 pounds, at mills in
Pennsylvania, from 1899 to 1903, with the price in October, 1904:
Average yearly prices of domestic tin plates at mills in Pennsylvania from 1899 to October
20, 1904i inclusive,
[Per box of 100 potinds.]
Year.
1
Price.
Year.
Price, ij Year.
Price.
1899. .
$4.06
4.47
1901
$4.00
8.93
1908
j 1904 (October 20)
$8.74
1900
1902
8.80
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AHEBIOAN IBOK TBABE.
91
PRICES OP STEEIi SHIP PliATBS AT PITTSBUBG.
The following table gives the average monthly prices of steel ship
plates free on board at Pittsburg from October 1, 1900, to September
30, 1904. On September 6, 1904, the price was reduced from 1.6
cents per pound to 1.4 cents, or from $35.84 to $31.36 per ton.
Averoffe monUUy prices of steel skip plates at Pittsburg, Pa., from October i, 1900, to
September 30, 1904, inclusive.
[Per long ton.]
Month.
1900.
October ...
November.
December.
Price.
1901.
Jftmmry...
FebroMy..
lUreb
April
M*y
June
July
Aogtttt
September.
October
NoTember.
December..
1902.
January.
$24.64
28.00
80.24
81.86
81.96
83.15
35.84
85.84
35.84
85.84
35.81
35.84
35.84
35.84
85.84
85.84
Month.
1902.
Febroary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1908.
January
February... ^..
March ,
April
May
June ,
Price.
135.84
85.84
35.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
Month.
1908.
July
August
September
October
November
December
19M.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July I 35.84
August ' 35.84
September 32.48
Price.
$35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
35.84
•|
35.84
35.84
35. »4
35.84
35.84
35.84
AVERAGE QUABTEBIiY PRICES OF BEAMS AND CHANNEIiS.
The following table, which gives the average quarterly prices of
steel beams and channels at Pittsburg, Pa., from 1894 to 1904, has
been compiled for this report by one of the leading manufacturers of
btructural shapes in western Pennsylvania:
Average Quarterly prices of beams and channels at Pittsburg, Pa., 1894^1904.
[Price per 100 pounds.]
Year.
IW....
ur....
vm....
FlnA
qoAT-
tcr.
Second
"•ST
Thlid
quar-
ter.
Fourth
Aver-
age.
fl.21
91.20
«1.27
11.25
SI. 23
1.21
1.26
1.66
1.58
1.40
1.44
1.49
1.66
1.60
1.49
1.66
1.38
.98
1.09
1.24
1.15
1.16
1.19
1.20
1.17
L36
1.60
2.12
2.26
1.88
Year.
rirvi,
quar-
1 ter.
1900
'■ 12.25
1901
' 1.61
1902
1.60
1908
1.60
1904
1.60
Second
Third
Fourth
quar-
ter.
$2.21
quar-
ter.
$1.68
quar-
ter.
11.50
1.60
1.60
i.eo
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.46
Aver-
age.
11.91
1.58
1.60
1.60
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92
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
During the period covered by this table the lowest average quarterly
price for beams and channels was in the third quarter of 1897, when
the ruling price was 98 cents per 100 pounds, or less than 1 cent per
pound. The highest average quarterly price was in the last quarter
of 1899 and the first quarter of 1900, when the price was $2.26 per
100 pounds.
PRICES OF TiAKFi SUPERIOR IRON ORB.
The following table gives the prices at which Lake Superior iron
ore has been sold upon season contracts in 1902 and 1903, per long ton,
delivered at lower ports on Lake Erie; also the prices at which sales
were made in the spring of 1904 for season delivery. These prices
have been furnished by Mr. A. I. Findley, the editor of the Iron
Trade Review.
Prices of Lake Superior iron ore, 1909-1904^
[Per long Urn.]
Grade.
Meeabi Beesemer
Meeabi noD-BesBemer
Marquette specular No. 1 Beasemer
Marquette specular No. 1 non-Benemer.
Chapin
Soft hematites, No. 1 non- Bessemer ,
Uogebic, Marquette, and Menominee No. 1 Bessemer
hematites
Vermilion No. 1 hard non-Bessemer
Chandler No. 1 Bessemer
Marquette extra low-phosphorus Bessemer .
1902.
I8.00@SS.25
2.60® 2.86
4.65<^ 5.00
3.80® 4.00
3.91
8.00® 8.25
4.25® 4.65
4.07
4.60
5.40
1908.
af4.00
a8.20
4. 85® 5. 15
4.00®4.25
<i8.00
04.50
1904.
92. 75® IS. 00
2.85® 2.50
3.60® 8.86
3.10® 3.85
2.60® 2.80
8.00® 8.25
a Prices for base ores.
Quotations have been omitted for 1903 and 1904 for Chapin, Vermil-
ion No. 1 hard non-Bessemer, Chandler No. 1 Bessemer, and Marquette
extra low-phosphoixis Bessemer ores because none of these are now
on the market, these ores being mined for their own use by the
United States Steel Corporation and other companies which own the
mines from which they are obtained. For the first time since 1894
the Lake Superior iron-ore market became an open one for 1904 ship-
ments.
TOTAIi PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON.
High-water mark in the production of pig iron in the United States
was reached in 1903, notwithstanding the reaction in the latter part of
that year from the active demand for iron and steel that had prevailed
in immediately preceding years.
Twenty -two States made pig iron in 1903, against 22 in 1902, 20 in
1901 , and 21 in 1900 and 1899. The total production of pig iron in
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AMERICAN Iron trade.
93
1903 was 18,009,252 long tons, against 17,821,307 tons in 1902, 16,878,354
tons in 1901, 13,789,242 tons in 1900, 13,620,703 tons in 1899, and
11,773,934 tons in 1898. The production in 1903 was 187,945 tons in
excess of that in 1902, but the production in the second half of 1903
was 1,405,482 tons less than in the first half. The production in the first
half was, however, much the largest in our history. The following
table gives the half-yearly production of pig iron in the last six years:
Production of pig iron in the United States^ 1S98-190S, by half -years.
[Long tons.]
l^riod.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Flnthalf
5,860,708
5,904,231
6,289,167
7,331,586
7,642,569
6,146,678
7,674,618
8,203,741
8,808,574
9,012,733
9,707,367
8,301,885
Beoondbalf
TotMl
11,773,984
13,620,708
13,789,242
15,878,85^
17,821,307
18,009,252
The following table gives the production of pig iron, by States, in
1903 and 1903, in the order of their prominence in 1903:
Production of pig iron in 190f and 1903^
[Long tons.]
^Stales.
State.
1902.
1903.
State.
1902.
1908.
PeonsylTaniA
8,117,800
8,631.888
1,730,220
1,472,2U
401,869
587,216
892,778
808.229
278,987
209,960
8,211,600
8,287,484
1,692,875
1.561,896
552,917
544,084
418,368
824,570
288,516
270,289
Vf AhlfTAn , .
155,213
191,380
183,005
110,726
82,315
12,086
3,095
8,360
244,709
Ohio
New Jersey
211,667
199,013
102,441
nnfv>to
West Virginia
A%twim
Kentocky
5ewYork
North Carolina and
Georgia
VindniA
75,602
*
Connecticut
14,501
MmTwimw^A
Texas
11,653
Massachusetts
3,265
mKoodnuid Minnesota
Total
lOaoiiif, Colorado, and
17,821,807
18,009,262
Wftfblngton
PB0I>UCT10N OF PIG IRON ACCORDING TO FTTEIi USED.
The production of pig iron in 1903, classified according to the fuel
used, was as follows, compared with the four preceding years:
Production of pig iron according to fad used, 1899-1908,
[Long tons.]
Fuel used.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
ntvBfnnos, fiblefly ooki> , ,
11.786,886
1,666. 6S1
41,061
284,766
11,727,712
1,686,866
40,682
889,874
44,608
18,782,886
1,668,806
48,719
860,147
28.294
16,815,891
1,096,040
19,207
878,604
U,665
15,502,221
abcW|^^ and coke ....
1,864,199
ABtkndtR ainnfi , , , .
47,148
"TmiiimI
604,757
<*>mMj aad mk«
927
IVMal
18,620,706
18,789,242
15,878,864
17,821,807
18,009,268
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MIXEBAL BESOUBCES.
PRODUCTION OF Blk^BBMEB PIG IRON.
The following table gives the production of Bessemer pig iron, by
States, in each year from 1898 to 1903, in long tons. Bessemer pig
iron made with charcoal is included. Low-phosphorus pig iron is
included in the statistics for 1901, 1902, and 1903.
Ftoduction of Bessemer pig iron in 1898-1903^ by Stales.
[Long tons.]
State.
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Illinois
Maryland
West Virginia
North Carolina
Colorado
Missouri
Kentucky and Tennessee .
Wisconsin
Michigan ,
Minnnsota ,
New Jersey ,
New York ,
Virginia and Alabama
1896.
4,040,966
1,570,535
1,210,124
186,563
192,699
88.701
80,288
14,620
2,939
Total I 7,837,384
473,498
852,965
830,169
210,670
187,858
96,364
22,756
14,519
13,984
1900.
4,242,897
1,898,663
1.178,^1
260,688
169,802
118, 146
13,430
21,786
40,300
8,202,778 7,943,452
1901.
4,885,877
2,637,091
1,394,430
297,149
166,597
147,216
1902.
5,130,
2,927,
1.495,
296,
1908.
022
298
971
182,987
201,
9,
580 I
I
746 I
89,941
K2,328 I
66,681
9,596,793 ' 10,398,168 |
5,213,143
2,422,676
1,886,688
821,784
198.688
176,116
26.866
111,340
129,328
3,299
9,989,906
Of the production of Bessemer and low-phosphorus pig iron in
Pennsylvania in 1903 the Lehigh Valley made 106,184 tons; the
Schuylkill Valley, 77,882 tons; the lower Susquehanna Valley , 368,745
tons; AUegheuyCounty, 3,276,850 tons; the Shenango Valley, 806,708
tons, and the remainder of the State, 576,774 tons: total, 5,213,143
tons.
In Ohio in 1903 the Mahoning Valley produced 872,758 tons of
Bessemer and low-phosphorus pig iron; the Hanging Rock bituminous
district, 100,972 tons; the Lake counties, 715,608 tons; and other
parts of Ohio, 733,338 tons: total, 2,422,676 tons.
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
96
PBOOUCTIOK OF BESSEMER PIG IRON SIKCE 1887.
The production of Bessemer pig iron in the United States was not
collected separately from that of other kinds of pig iron until 1887.
Since that year it has been as follows:
Production of Bessemer pig iron in the United StaleSj 1887-190S.
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
1887
2,875,462
lass...
2,637,859
1889..
1890...
8,151,414
4,092,343
1891...
8,472,190
lan...
4,444,041
Year.
Quantity.
1898
8,568,598
3,806,567
5,623,695
4,654,955
5,795,584
7,387,884
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898 --
Year.
Quantity.
1899
1900
8,202,778
7,943,452
9,596,793
1901
1902
10,393,168
9,989,908
1908
PROBUcrrioN of basic pig iron.
The production of basic pig iron in 1896, with coke or mixed anthra-
cite and coke as fuel, was 336,403 tons; in 1897 it was 556,391 tons;
in 1898 it was 785,444 tons; in 1899 it was 985,033 tons; in 1900 it
was 1,072,376 tons; in 1901 it was 1,448,850 tons; in 1902 it was
2,038,590 tons, and in 1903 it was 2,040,726 tons. Basic charcoal pig
iron is not included in these figures. The production of basic pig iron,
by States, since 1899 is given in the following table:
Production of basic pig iron, 1899-190S, by States.
[Long tons.]
State.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Hew Toric and New Joaey
4,929
446.543
844,065
179,717
97,122
34,320
568,516
442,744
301,444
101,826
90,736
982,532
696,216
295,191
123,915
117,802
FennsylTani*— Allegheny County
^Bamfvivftiii* — Other ixmntiAH
470,848
267,760
106,093
80,882
791,175
626,078
MttTlAiMi. Vixglnia, Tenneaoee, and
267,999
OU^J^Qte. unaooDflin, JCinonri, and
237,672
Total
965,033
1,072,376
1,448,860
2,038,690
2,040,726
Maryland, Tennessee, Illinois, and Wisconsin did not make basic
pig iron in 1901 or 1902, as in some previous years, and Maryland,
Illinois, and Wisconsin did not make any in 1908, while Colorado for
the first time made basic pig iron in 1908.
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96
MINEBAL BESOUB0E8.
PRODUCTION OF SPIEGEIiEISEN^ AND FIIBBOMANGANEBE.
The production of spiegeleisen andferromanganese in 1903, included
in the total production of pig iron, was 192,661 tons, against 212,981
tons m 1902, 291,461 tons in 1901, 265,977 tons in 1900, 219,768 tons in
1899, 213,769 tons in 1898, 173,695 tons in 1897, 131,940 tons in 1896,
171,724 tons in 1895, 120,180 tons in 1894, and 81,118 tons in 1893.
The spiegeleisen and ferromanganese produced in 1903 were -made in
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Alabama, Illinois, and Colorado. In the
total for 1902 is a small quantity of ferrophosphorus, made in Alabama.
The production by States in 1901, 1902, and 1903, of speigeleisen
and ferromanganese was as follows:
Production of spiegeleisen and femmianganese in 1901, 190^, and 1903, by Spates.
[Long tons.]
State.
Splegeleisei
1.
1908."
Fenomanganese.
1901.
1902.
1901.
1902.
1908.
New Jerifiv i
28,789
188,986
302
«0,297
8,448
14,182
99,888
476
45,801
8.567
15,846
76,498
24
57,955
6,882
Penxisylvftiiia
57,406
2,049
182
44,453
120
34, 9n
Alabama
1,000
Illinois
Colorado .'. .
Total
281,822
168,406
156,700
59,689
44,578
85,961
The figures given for ferromanganese for 1902 include a small quan-
tity of ferrophosphorus made in one of the Southern States. Ferro-
phosphorous was not reported to us for 1903. As a rule, spiegeleisen
contains from 9 to 22 per cent of manganese, and ferromanganese from
46 to 82 per cent. The standard for spiegeleisen is 20 per cent and
for ferromanganese 80 per cent.
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON BT GRADES.
The following table gives the total production of pig iron ia the
United States in 1901, 1902, and 1903, by grades:
ProducUon of pig iron in 1901, 190£, and 1903, by grades.
[LonR tons.]
Grade.
1901.
1902.
1908.
BeMemer and low-phosphonu pig iron
Basic pig iron made with mineral fuel.
Foige pig iron
Foundry and high Bilicon pig iron
Malleable Bessemer pig iron
White and mottled and loiscellanous . .
Spiegeleisen
Ferromanganese
Direct castings
Total
9,606,796
1,448,850
689,454
8,648,718
256,582
87,964
281,822
60,680
8»662
10,iB96,168
2088,500
838,096
8,851,276
811.456
172,085
168,408
44,578
8,666
15,878,854
17.821,807
0,989.908
2,040,726
788,016
4,400,028
478,781
130,187
156,700
35,961
18,009.252
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AMEBIOAK IBON TBADE. 97
The Bessemer figures include low-phosphorus pig iron — ^that is,
iron running' below 0.04 per cent in phosphorus. Pig iron containing
from 0.04 to 0.10 per cent of phosphorus is classified as Bessemer.
The basic figures are confined strictly to pig iron made with mineral
fuel, and do not include the small quantity of basic iron that is annu-
ally made ^th charcoal, practically all of which is used by manu-
hctorers of steel castings. A few thousand tons of castings direct
from the furnace are included in the totals for white and mottled and
miscellaneous grades of pig iron for 1903. Ferrosilicon and high sili-
con pijr iron are included in the foundry figures.
Of the total production of pig iron in 1903 over 65.4 per cent was
Bessemer and low-phosphorus, as compared with over 58 per cent in
1902; 24.4 per cent was foundry, against 21.6 per cent in 1902; over
11.3 per cent was basic, against 11.4 per cent in 1902; 4.3 per cent
was forge, against 4.6 per cent in 1902; 1.06 per cent was spiegel-
eisen and ferromanganese, against 1.19 per cent in 1902; and 2.6 per
cent was malleable Bessemer, against 1.7 per cent in 1902. The pro-
duction of white and mottled and miscellaneous grades of pig iron and
of castings made direct from the furnace amounted to a little over 1
per cent in 1902, and to less than 1 per cent in 1903.
In 1903 the production of low-phosphorus pig iron amounted to
900,422 tons, against 164,246 tons in 1902. In 1903 low-phosphorus
pig" iron was made in New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Ohio.
STOCKS OF UNSOIiD PIG IRON.
The statistics of stocks of unsold pig iron do not include pig iron
made by the owners of rolling mills or steel works for their own use,
but only pig iron made for sale, which has not been sold. The stocks
of pig iron which were utisold in the hands of manufacturers or which
were under their control at the close of 1903, and were not intended
for their own consumption, amounted to 691,438 tons, against 49,951
tons at the close of 1902, 70,647 tons at the close of 1901, and 442,370
tons at the close of 1900. Warrant stocks not controlled by the
makers are not included.
The American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company held in its yards
on December 31, 1903, 47,200 tons of pig iron. On December 31,
1902, the company had no pig iron stored in any of its yards. At the
end of 1901 it bad 3,000 tons in its yards, and at the end of 1900 it
lad 16,400 tona.
MS 1903 7
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MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
NUMBER OP COMPIiBTBD FURNACES.
The whole number of completed furnaces m the United States at
the close of 1903 was 425, against 412 at the close of 1902 and 406 at
the close of 1901. The following table shows the niunberof com-
pleted furnaces at the end of each year since 1898, not counting aban-
doned furnaces in any year:
Number of competed fumaceSf 1898-190S, according tofud used.
Faelused.
189a
1899.
1900.
190L
1902.
1908.
Bltninlrioui coftl n-ntl cok^^ ^,,^
242
94
78
286
99
80
240
94
72
267
90
69
272
81
50
288
Anthracite and &nthracite and coke
77
r!hA.mnAl and charcoal and coke
00
Total
414
414
406
406
412
425
NUMBER OF FURNACES EN" BIx^ST.
The whole number of furnaces which were in blast at the close of
1903 was 182, against 307 at the close of 1902 and 266 at the close of
1901. The following classified table shows the number of furnaces in
blast at the close of each year since 1898:
Number of fumcuxs in blast f 1898-190S, according tofud used.
Fuel used.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
Bituminous coal and coke
1S2
80
20
191
68
80
156
46
82
188
64
24
222
62
88
120
Anthracite and anthracite and coke
39
Chaicoal and charcoal and coke
88
Total
202
289
282
266
807
182
The number of furnaces out of blast at the close of 1903 was 243.
Some of these furnaces were only temporarily banked.
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN THE FIRST HAIiF OF 1904.
The production of pig iron in the first half of 1904 was 8,173,438
long tons, against 8,301,886 tons in the last half of 1903 and 9,707,367
tons in the first half of 1903. The decrease in production in the first
half of 1904 as compared with the second half of 1 903 amounted to only
128,447 tons, but as compared with the first half of 1903 it amounted
to 1,533,929 tons. And yet the production in the first half of 1904
was greater than in any half year prior to the second half of 1901.
The production of Bessemer pig iron in the first half of 1904 was
4,530,946 long tons, against 4,509,289 tons in the last half of 1908 and
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AMEBIGAN IBON TBADE. 99t
5,480,619 tons in the first half of 1903. The figures for the first half
of 1904 include 87,582 tons of low-phosphorus pig iron, against 110,699
tons in the last half of 1903 and 89,723 tons in the first half of that
year.
The production of basic pig iron in the first half of 1904 was 1,061,901
long tons, against 836,923 tons in the last half of 1903 and 1,203,803
torn? in the first half of 1903. Basic pig iron made with charcoal is not
included in these figures.
The production of charcoal pig iron in the first half of 1904 was
213,356 long tons, against 272,040 tons in the last half of 1903 and
232,717 tons in the first half of 1903. In addition there were pro-
duced in Wisconsin and Washington 927 tons of mixed charcoal and
coke pig iron in the first six months of 1903. No pig iron has been
made with this fuel since the first half of 1903.
The production of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese in the first half
of 1904 was 114,206 long tons, against 81,986 tons in the last half of
1903 and 110,675 tons in the first half of 1903. The production of
ferromanganese alone in the first half of 1904 amounted to 26,541 tons,
BfrsAnst 14,118 tons in the last half of 1903 and 21,843'tons in the first
half of that year. In addition to the above, Tennessee made 304 tons
of ferrophosphorus in the first half of 1904.
The production of bituminous coal and coke pig iron in the first six
months of 1904 amounted to 7,337,279 long tons, of anthracite and
coke mixed to 607,624 tons, of anthracite alone to 15,179 tons, and of
charcoal to 213,356 tons. Included in the bituminous figures is a small
quantity of ferrosilicon made with electricity.
The stocks of pig iron which were unsold in the hands of manufac-
turers or their agents or were under their control in warrant yards or
elsewhere on June 80, 1904, amounted to 623,254 tons, against 126,301
tons on June 30, 1903.
On June 30, 1904, the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Com-
pany had 78,600 tong of iron stored in its various yards, virtually all
of which was controlled by the makers, and all of which was included
in the 623,254 tons of unsold iron reported on that date.
The whole number of furnaces in blast on June 30, 19u4, was 216,
•gainst 320 on June 30, 1903, and 286 on June 30, 1902. The number
of furnaces idle on June 30, 1904, was 209. Of the active furnaces
on June 30, 1904, 170 used bituminous fuel, 26 used anthracite coal
and coke mixed, 2 used anthracite coal alone, and 18 used charcoal alone.
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MINEBAL BBSOUBOES.
ANKTJAIi CONSUMPTION OF PIG IRON.
Our consumption of pig iron in the last five years is approximately
shown in the following table. The comparatively small quantity of
foreign pig iron held in bonded warehouses has not been considered.
Warrant stocks not controlled by the makers are included in unsold
stocks for each year.
Annual consumption of pig iron in the United States^ 1899-190S,
[Long tons.]
Pig iron.
Domestic production.
Imported
Stocks unsold Jan. 1. .
Total supply
Deduct stocks Dec. 31 .
Also exports
1900.
18,620,708
40,893
415,833
14,076,429
68,809
228,678
Approximate consumption j 18, 779, 442
13.789,242
52,665
18,910,116
446,020
286,687
13,177,409
1901.
15,878,854
62,930
446,020
16,387,804
73,647
81,211
16,282,446
1902.
1908.
17,821.307 18,00».2SQ
619,354 699,574
73,647 ' 49,951
18,514,808 18,658,777
49,951 I 698,489
27,487 20,879
18,436,870
18,039,909
It will be observed that, although the production of pig iron in 1903
exceeded that of 1902 by 187,945 tons, the consumption in 1903
was 396,961 tons less than in 1902. Of course these figures are only
an approximation to absolute accuracy.
MMESTONE CONSUMED IN MAKING PIG IRON.
The limestone consumed for fluxing purposes by the blast furnaces
of the United States in the production of 18,009,262 tons of pig iron
in 1903 amounted to 9,591,760 tons. The average consumption of
limestone per ton of all kinds of pig iron produced was 1,193 pounds
in 1903, against 1,192.8 pounds in 1902, 1,186.5 pounds in 1901, and
1,205.6 pounds in 1900. The consumption in 1903 by the anthracite and
bituminous furnaces was 1,207.3 pounds per ton of pig iron made,
and by the charcoal and mixed charcoal and coke furnaces it was 696. E
pounds. Oyster shells are regularly used by Muirkirk (charcoal
Furnace, in Maryland, for fluxing purposes, to the entire exclusion o1
limestone.
PRODUCTION OF BESSEMER STEEIj.
The total production of Bessemer steel ingots and casting in th
United States in 1903 was 8,592,829 long tons, against 9,138,363 ton
in 1902, a decrease of 645,534 tons, or 5.9 per cent. The followin
table gives the production of Bessemer steel ingots and castitigB in th
last five years by States. Of the 1903 production 18,099 tons wei
steel castings, against a similar production of 12,548 tons in 1902.
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AMEBIOAN IBON TBADE.
Produetum of Beuemer gleel in the United States, 1899-190S, by States,
[Long tons.]
101
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
PmiMylTaniA
3,968,779
1,679,287
1,211,246
727,092
3,488,731
1,388,124
1,115,571
692,344
6,684,770
4,293,439
2,1M,846
1,324,217
940,800
4,209,326
2,528,802
1,443,614
956,621
3,909,436
Ohio
2,830,134
Tiling ,
1,366,569
Other States
966,690
T^ital
7,686,854
8,713,802
9,138,368
8,502,829
There were no Clapp-Griffiths works in operation in 1903, and only
2 Robert-Bessemer plants were active. Eight Tropenas plants were at
work, as compared with 5 in 1902. In addition 1 plant made steel by
the Bookwalter process and 1 plant on the Pacific coast made a small
quantity of steel in a special surface-blown converter. One plant also
made steel by the Evans- Wills process. All these works produced
steel castings only.
During 1903 the Lackawanna Steel Company completed the Bessemer
department of its new plant at Lackawanna, N. Y. This department
is equipped with four 10-long-ton converters, which have an annual
capacity of 845,000 long tons of ingots. Steel ingots were first pro-
duced on October 13, 1903. The International Harvester Company
also completed its new Bessemer steel plant at South Chicago in 1903.
It is equipped with two 10-long-ton converters, with an annual capacity
of 500,000 tons of ingots. Steel was first made on September 3, 1903.
The following plants, which are equipped to make steel castings by
the Tropenas and other modifications of the Bessemer process, were
completed and put in operation in 1903: Isaac G. Johnson & Co.,
Incorporated, Spuy ten Duy vil, New York City, one 2-long-ton Tropenas
converter; Naval Gun Factory, United States Navy-Yard, Washing-
ton, D. C, one 2-long-ton Tropenas converter; Newport News
Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Va., one
2- long-ton Tropenas converter; and the Columbia Engineering Works,
Incorporated, Portland, Oreg., one 2-long-ton surface-blown converter.
Since the close of 1903 the following plants have installed or are
now installing Tropenas or other ''little Bessemer" converters:
Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Mass., one 2-long-ton Tropenas
converter; Providence Steel Casting Company, Providence, R. I., two
2-long-ton Tropenas converters; Southern Steel Works, Chattanooga,
Tenn., one 2-long-ton Tropenas converter; and the Milwaukee Steel
Foundry Company, Milwaukee, Wis., one 1-long-ton special steel
converter.
In 1902 a plant for the manufacture of steel castings by the
Evans- Wills process, which is a modification of the Bessemer process,
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102
MINERAL RE80UB0E8.
was erected at Rah way, N. J. Its first castings were madeonOctobcT
18, 1902. The plant is now equipped with two 4:,000-pound con-
verters. Steel castings by this process were made in 1903, but an
open-hearth furnace has been added in 1904.
PRODUCTION OF OPEN-HEARTH STEEIi.
The total production of open-hearth steel ingots and direct castings
in the United States in 1903 was 5,829,911 long tons, against 5,687,729
tons in 1902, an increase of 142,182 tons, or 2.4 per cent. As com-
pared with 1898, five years ago, when the production of open-hearth
steel amounted to 2,230,292 tons, there was an increase in 1903 of
3,599,619 tons, or over 161 per cent. The following table gives the
production of open-hearth steel ingots and castings, by States, since
1898:
Production of openrhearth steel in the United States^ 1898-1903, by Stales,
[Long tons.]
State.
New England
New York and New Jersey
Pennsylyania
Ohio
IlUnolB
other States
Total
1898.
1899.
47,381
57,124
47,957
61,461
1,817,521
2,893,811
79,886
117,458
183,103
246,183
54,444
71,279
2,230,292
2,947,316
1900.
1901.
74,522 '
67,361 I
2.699,502 .
130,191 I
285,551 ;
141,006 i
170,876
82,965
3,594,763
184,913
398,522
224,220
3,398,135 4,656,809
1902.
179,928
92,763
4,375,864
278,854
435,461
325,364
6,687,729
1903.
169,209
104,596
4,442,730
369,349
422,919
821,106
5,829,911
The open-hearth steel made in 1903 was produced by 111 works in
17 States: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Tennessee, Alabama,
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, Colorado, and Califor-
nia. Ninety-eight works in 16 States made open-hearth steel in 1902.
The States which have open-hearth furnaces, but which did not
produce open-hearth steel in 1903, were West Virginia and Kentucky.
In 1902 there were made 4,496,533 tons of open-hearth steel by the
basic process and 1,191,196 tons by the acid process; in 1903 the pro-
duction by the basic process amounted to 4,734,913 tons and by the
acid process to 1,094,998 tons. There was. a decrease in the produc-
tion of acid steel in 1903 as compared with 1902 of 96,198 tons, or a
little over 8 per cent, but an increase in the production of basic steel
of 238,380 tons, or 5.3 per cent.
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AMEBIOAK IBOX TBADE.
108
In the following table tbe production by States of both acid and
basic open-hearth steel ingots and castings in 1903 is given:
Productian of bcuic and add open-fiearth sUd in the United Stales in 190St by Stales.
[Long tons.]
State.
Basic open- Acid open-
hearth
steel.
hearth
steel.
Total.
New England
New York and New Jersey
PtoDsylTania
Ohio
UliiKiig
Other States
Total
106,778
71.687
8,567,408
806,675
890,518
801,017
68,481
88,061
885,287
60,774
82,406
20,089
169,209
104,596
4,442,780
869,849
422,919
321,106
4,784,918
1,094,998
6,829,911
PRODUCTION OF OPBN-HBARTH STEKL CASTINGS. '
The total production of open-hearth steel castings in 1903, included
above, amounted to 400,348 long tons, of which 134,879 tons were
made by the basic process and 266,469 tons were made by the acid
process. I n 1902 the production of open-hearth steel castings amounted
to 367,879 tons, of which 112,404 tons were made by the basic process
and 255,475 tons by the acid process.
The following table gives the production of open-hearth steel castings
by the acid and basic processes in 1903, by States:
ProducHam of open^keorih sled castings in the United States in 1903^ by States.
[Long tons.]
state.
Basic
castings
Add
castings.
Total.
Xev England, New York, and New Jersey
Bennsylrania
OUo, IlUsois, and other States
Total
6.311
14.483
116,066
80.78S
167,638
67.148
86.094
182.021
182.288
134.879
266.469
400.848
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Tennessee, Alabama, Indiana, Wiscon-
sin, Missouri, and California made open-hearth steel castings in 1903
in addition to the States specifically mentioned in the table.
The growth of the open-hearth steel-casting industry in this country
has been very rapid within the last six years, as is shown by the fol-
lowing table, the increase from 1898 to 1903 amounting to 279,761
long tons, or almost 232 per cent. The greatest growth has been in
Pennsylvania, the increase in that State alone from 1898 to 1903
amounting to 134,751 long tons, or over 285 per cent. The produc-
tion of open-hearth steel castings was first separately ascertained by
the American Iron and Steel Association in 1898.
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MINEBAL BBSOUBOBS.
ProdiuHon of open-hearth steel castings in the United States, 1898-190$, by States,
[Long tons.]
State.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1W6.
New England, New York, and New Jer-
sey
14,657
47,270
58,660
21,640
69,996
78,098
21,888
78,584
77,024
87,154
108,486
166,982
37,011
15S,899
178,439
96, OM
Pennsylvania
182,021
Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and other States.
182,283
Total
120,587
160,729
177,491
801,622
367,879
400.848
PRODUCTION OF CRUCIBIiE STBEIi.
The production of crucible steel in the United States in 1903
amounted to 102,434 long tons, against 112,772 tons in 1902, 98,513
tons in 1901, 100,662 tons in 1900, 101,213 tons in 1899, 89,747 tons in
189^, 69,959 tons in 1897, 60,689 tons in 1896, 67,666 tons in 1895,
61,702 tons in 1894, and 63,613 tons in 1893. Ten States made crucible
steel in 1903, namely, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Wiscon-
sin. The direct castings produced in 1903, included above, amounted
to 6,409 tons, against 4,965 tons in 1902 and 3,927 tons in 1901. Penn-
sylvania made a little less than three- fourths of the total crucible steel
production in 1903, against a little over three-fourths in 1902, the year
of maximum production in the whole country.
PRODUCTION OP MISCEIiliANEOUS STEBIi.
The production of steel in the United States in 1903 by various
minor processes amounted to 9,804 long tons, against 8,386 tons in
1902, 5,471 tons in 1901, 4,862 tons in 1900, 4,974 tons in 1899, 3,801
tons in 1898, 3,012 tons in 1897, 2,394 tons in 1896, 858 tons in 1895,
4,081 tons in 1894, and 2,806 tons in 1893. Blister, puddled, and
"patented" steel, including '* patented" steel castings, are included
in these figures.
PRODUCTION OP AL.L. KINDS OP STEEIi.
The production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings in 1903
amounted to 14,534,978 long tons, against 14,947,250 tons in 1902, a
decrease of 412,272 tons, or 2.7 per cent. The maximum production
of steel ingots and castings was reached In 1902; the year of next high-
est production was 1903. Blister, ''patented," and all other kinds
of steel are included in these figures.
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AMBBIOAK IBON TBADE.
105
In the follo^ng table the production in 1903 of all kinds of steel
ingots and castings is given by States, in long tons. Of the total pro-
duction, 430,265 tons were direct steel castings.
Production ofaU kind$ ofsUd in the United States in 1903, by Stales.
[Longtona.]
Stmte.
Beisemer.
Open-
hearth.
Cracible
andmiscel
laneouB.
Total
iDffota and
castings.
Maanchosetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
New York and New Jersey ,
FnuMylTmikia ,
I>elaware. Maryland. Virginia, West ViiginU, Dis-
trict of Colombia, Kentucky, Tennenee, and Ala-
Oldo
Indiana and niinois
Ifiehigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, Colorado,
Oregon, and Calif omia
62,978
8,909,486
766,406
2,880,184
1,866,669
168,806
169,209
104,696
4,442,780
180,241
369,849
497,898
66,886
2,886
23,819
80,461
50
10
3.314
2.199
171,594
191,896
8,482,627
966,697
2,699,496
1,867,281
286,891
Total.
8,602,829
6,829,911
112,288
14,634,978
The total production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings in the
United States in the fourteen years from 1890 to 1903 is given in
detail in the following table:
Production of all Hnds of steel ingots and castings in the United Stales, 1890-190S,
[Long tons.]
Tear.
Bessemer.
Open-
hearth.
Crucible.
Miscella-
neous.
Total
ingots and
castings.
l^gO
8,688.871
3,247,417
4,168,486
8.216,686
8,671,818
4,909,128
8,919,906
6,475,316
6,609,017
7,686,864
6,684,770
8,718,802
9,188,368
8,502,829
618,282
679,768
669,889
787,890
784,906
1,187.182
1,298,700
1,606,671
2,230,292
2,947,816
8,896.136
4,656,809
5,687,729
5,829,911
71.175
72,686
84,709
63,613
61,702
67,666
60,6»9
69,959
89,747
101,213
100,562
98.513
112,772
102,434
3,798
4,484
4,648
2,806
4.061
868
2,894
3.012
3.801
4,»74
4,862
6,471
8,886
9,804
4,277,071
um
8.904,240
IHB
4.927,681
fgff ,
4,019.996
igpi
4,412,082
UK . . ..
6,114,834
IgU
6,281,689
tM7
7,156.967
UM
8,982.867
IflM
10,689,857
MM
10.188.329
IMI
18,473,596
1«M
14,947,260
MM
14,634.978
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MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
PRODUCTION OF AIjI. KINDS OF STEEL CASTINGS.
In 1903 the production of all kinds of steel castings amounted to
430,265 long tons, against 390,935 tons in 1902, 317,570 tons in 1901,
192,803 tons in 1900, 181,112 tons in 1899, and 131,937 tons in 1898.
The increase in 1903 over 1902 was 39,330 tons, or over 10 per cent.
The following table gives by States the production of all kinds of steel
castings in 1903:
Production of all kinds of steel castings in the United Stales in 190S, by States.
[Long tons.]
State.
Open-
hearth.
Crnciblc
and
miscel-
laneous.
Total.
Maasachosetts, Connecticut* New York, and New Jersey. . . .
Pennsylvania
District of Columbia, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and
Ohio
Indiana, Hlinois, and Michigan
Wisconsin. Minnesota, Missouri, Colorado, Oregon, and
California ,
Total
6.837
86.094
1,626 182,021
1,414
5,704
3,018
54,270
106,296
19,667
5,827
2,068
10
1,714
2,199
48,2S6
185,715
55, QM
116,714
24.8B4
18.099 400,348
11,818
430,215
Of the total production of steel castings in 1903, Pennsylvania made
over 43 per cent, against over 39 percent in 1902; Illinois nearly 23 per
cent, against over 25 per cent in 1902; and Ohio over 12 per cent,
against over 8 per cent in 1902. No other State made 5 per cent in
1903 or 6 per cent in 1902.
PRODUCTION OF Alili KINDS OF RAIJjS.
The maximum production of Bessemer steel rails was reached in
1903, when 2,946,756 long tons were rolled, against 2,935,392 tons
in 1902, an increase in 1903 of 11,364 tons. In the following table
the production of Bessemer steel rails is given by States from 1898 to
1903. Rails rolled from purchased blooms, crop ends, "seconds,"
and reroUed, or renewed, rails are included. Renewed rails are rails
that have been in use and are rolled down to smaller sections after
reheating.
Production of aU kinds of steel rails in the United States, 1898-190S, by States.
[Long tons.]
State.
1898.
1,053,826
923,370
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
Pennsylvania
1,224,807
1,045,778
2,270,586
1.195,255
1.188,399
1,406,008
1,464,808
1,148,425
1,786,967
1,186,284
1.760.472
Other States
Total
1,976,702
2,883,654
2,870,816
2.985,892
2.946,756
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
107
In addition to Pennsylvania the States which made Bessemer steel
rails in 1903 were New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Illinois,
Wisconsin, Colorado, and Wyoming.
The production of Bessemer steel rails by the makers of Bessemer
steel ingots, included above, amounted to 2,873,228 long tons in 1903,
2,876,293 tons in 1902, 2,836,273 tons in 1901, 2,361,921 tons in 1900,
2,240,767 tons in 1899, and 1,955,427 tons in 1898. In the following
table is given the total production of all kinds of Bessemer steel rails
from 1898 to 1903, the rails rolled by makers of Bessemer ingots being
separated from those rolled by companies which did not operate Bes-
semer converters:
Production of all hinds of Bessemer steel rails in the United Slates^ 1898-190S,
fLong tons.]
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1906.
Bt mAkera of Bessemer
tncotf
1.966.427
21,275
2,240,797
29,818
2,361,921
21,788
2,886,278
34.543
2,876,293
59,099
2.878,228
78,528
BjallotbeiB
Total
1,976,702
2,270,685
2,883,654
2,870,816
2,935,892
2,946,756
As a rule the Bessemer rail mills were operated nearly to their full
capacity in 1903, the demand for steel rails being good throughout the
year. The new rail mill of the Lackawanna Steel Company, at Lacka-
wanna, N. Y., was completed and put in operation late in 1903, and
its first Bessemer steel rail was rolled on October 20 of that year.
Twenty-two plants rolled or reroUed Bessemer steel rails in 1903, of
which 6 were located in Pennsylvania, 3 in Maryland, 5 in Ohio, 2 in
Illinois, 2 in New York, and 1 each in New Jersey, Wisconsin, Colo-
rado, and Wyoming.
The total production of open-hearth steel rails in the United States
b 1903 was 45,064 long tons, against 6,029 tons in 1902, 2,093 tons in
1901, and 1,333 tons in 1900. The maximum production of open-hearth
rails was reached in 1903; the year of next highest production was 1881,
when 22,515 tons were made. Alabama rolled almost all the open-
hearth rails that were rolled in 1903, Pennsylvania being the only other
producer. Over 37,000 tons of the open-hearth rails rolled weighed
between 45 and 85 pounds per yard; a few tons weighed 85 pounds or
over; the remainder weighed less than 45 pounds.
The production of iron rails in 1903 was 667 tons, all rolled in Ten-
nessee, Alabama, Ohio, and California, and all weighing less than 45
poonds to the yard. In 1902 the production of iron rails was 6,512
tons, against 1,730 tons in 1901, 695 tons in 1900, 1,592 tons in 1899,
and 8,319 tons in 1898.
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MINEBAL BE80UR0B8.
The production of all kinds of rails in the United States in
amounted to 2,992,477 long tons, against 2,947,983 tons in 1902, an
increase of 44,544 tons. The year of maximum production was 1903;
the year of next largest production was 1902.
In addition to our large production of rails we imported 95,555 tons
of iron and steel rails in 1903. During the same year we exported
30,837 tons. In 1902 our exports of rails amounted to 67,666 tons and
our imports to 63,522 tons. Virtually all our imports and exports of
rails are steel rails.
WEIGHT OF Alili KTNDS OF RAHiS.
The following table gives the production of all kinds of rails in 1903,
according to the weight of the rails per yaixi. Street rails are included
in the total production of rails, but the quantity made in each year
can no longer be given separately.
Production of aU Hruh of rails in the United States, 1897-1903, by kind of raiU and by
weight per yard,
[Long tons.]
Kind of rAll8,
Under46 "^"^
Po^<^- 1 thfn Is!
85potmde
and over.
Total
218,888 1,665,849
7,257 87.789
1,168,069
58
2,946,7(6
Open-hearth steel rails
45,054
Iron rails
667
667
Total for 1903
221,262
261,887
155,406
157,531
188,886
128,881
88,896
1,603,068
2,040,884
2,226.411
1,626,093
1,569,840
1,'404,160
1,228,435
1,168,127
645, 1«2
488,822
602,058
579,524
458,210
885,561
2,992,477
Total for 1902
2,947,933
Total for 1901
2,874,639
Total for J900
2,885,682
Total for 1899
2,272,700
Total for 1898
1,961,241
Total for 1897.
1,647,892
The increase in the production of rails weighing under 45 pounds to
the yard, from 1897 to 1903, was 132,366 long tons; in rails weighing
45 and less than 85 pounds, 379,653 tons; and in rails weighing over
85 pounds, 832,566 tons. The increasing use in late years of rails
weighing over 85 pounds to the yard, especially in 1903, is strikingly
shown in the table.
PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAIi SHAPES.
Our statistics of iron and steel structural shapes embrace the produc-
tion of beams, beam girders, zee bars, tees, channels, angles, and other
structural forms, but they do not include plates or girders made from
plates. Plates are provided for under other classifications, and in the
general statistics of plates are included all plates cut to specifications.
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AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
109
Practically all the structural shapes and plates used for structural
purposes are made of steel. The total production of strictly structural
shapes in 1903 was 1,095,813 tons, and in 1902 it was 1,300,326 tons.
The production of structural shapes in 1902 and 1903, by States, was
as follows:
I^roducHon of iron and tUd ttructural. shapes in the United Slates^ J902-190S, by States.
[LongtODs.]
State.
1902.
1908.
State.
1902.
1908.
Uahkt, New York, and
New Jeney
62,564
1,178,700
82,884
1,004,875
IndUna, nUnois. Colo-
rado, and California . . .
TnfAl
18,762
24,868
PennsylTanla
1,300,826
1,096,818
Delaware. AJabama, and
Ohio
60,260 84.191
•
' 1
Pennsylvania made over 91 per cent of the total production in 1903,
against over 90 per cent in 1902; Ohio, 2.6 per cent, against over 3.7
per cent in 1902; and New Jersey over 3 per cent, against almost 3
per cent in 1902. No other State made 1.6 per cent of the total pro-
duction in either year.
In the following table we give the production of structural shapes
from 1892 to 1903. Prior to 1892 structural shapes were not sepa-
rated from other rolled products in our statistics.
Production of iron and steel structural skUpes in the United States, J89IB-190S.
[Long tons.]
Tear.
Qnantlty.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
vm
. 468,967
887,807
506,901
517,920
1
1896
496,571
588,790
702,197
860,876
1900
1901
816,161
yq$
1897
1,018,150
194
1806
1902
1,800,826
UK
1899
1908
1,096,818
The increasing use of structural shapes in the construction of large
office buildings, bridges, steel cars, etc., is shown in the table. Plates
or girders made from plates are not included.
PRODUCTION OP WIRE RODS.
The production of iron and steel wire rods in the United States in
1903 amounted to 1,503,455 long tons, against 1,574,293 tons in 1902,
1.365,934 tons in 1901, and 846,291 tons in 1900, showing a decrease
of 70,838 tons in 1903 as compared with 1902, or almost 4.5 per cent.
Of the total production in 1903, 1,508,425 tons were steel rods and 30
tons were iron rods; in 1902 the quantity of steel rods rolled was
ly574,067 tons and iron rods 206 tons. The following table gives the
prodoctioo of wire rods, by States, in the last four years:
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uo
MINERAL RES0UB0E8.
Production of wire rods in the United States, 1900-190S, by States.
[Long tons.]
State.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York
and New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Kentucky, Alabama, and Ohio
Indiana, Illinois, and Colorado
Total
184,602
240,688
244,781
226,526
176,101
886,087
422,679
881,117
201,658
609,802
440,458
422,880
846,291
1,865,984
240.024
478,719
424,172
865,640
1,574.293 1,603,455
Pennsylvania made the largest quantity of wire rods in 1903, with
Ohio second, Illinois third, and Massachusetts fourth. Eight other
States — Kentucky, Indiana, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Rhode Island, Alabama, and Colorado — also rolled wire rods in 1903, in
the order named. With the exception of Colorado, which first rolled
wire rods in July, 1903, all the States named also rolled wire rods
in 1902.
PRODUCTION OF WIRE NAII^.
The production of wire nails in the United States in 1903 amounted
to 9,631,661 kegs of 100 pounds, as compared with 10,982,246 kegs in
1902, a decrease of 1,360,586 kegs, or over 12 per cent. The wire
nails produced in 1903 were all made of steel, and were turned out by
67 works, as compared with 62 in 1902, 61 in 1901, 56 in 190(J, and 69
in 1899. For 1903 it was necessary for the first time to estimate the
production of two wire-nail plants.
The following table gives the production of wire nails by States in
1901, 1902, and 1903, in kegs of 100 pounds:
Production of wire nails in the United States, 1900-1903, by States.
[Kegs of 100 pounds.]
State.
1901.
1902.
1908.
New HampBhire, Massachusetts, Bhode Island, and Connecticut.
New York
71,668
186,118
8,118,508
8,688,894
2,716,748
127,001
809,651
182,864
4,219,604
8,261,918
2.902,006
166,218
230,264
190,624
Pennsylvania
3,918,272
Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Alabama, and Ohio
Indiana and U linois
2,588,310
2,867,820
Michigan, Wisconsin, Colorado, and California
835,471
Total
9,808,822
10,982,246
9,631,661
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AMEBIOAN IRON TRADE.
Ill
PRODUCTION OF CUT NAIIiS.
Oor statistics of the production of iron and steel cut nails and cut
spikes embrace only standard sizes of nails and spikes cut from plates.
They do not embrace railroad and other spikes forged from bar iron,
wire nails of any size, machine-made horseshoe nails, cut tacks, or
hob, clout, basket, shoe, or other small sizes of nails.
The production of -cut nails and of spikes cut from plates in 1903
was 1,435,893 kegs of 100 pounds each, against 1,633,762 kegs in 1902,
a decrease of 197,869 kegs, or over 12 per cent. In 1886 the maximum
production of 8,160,973 kegs was reached. In 1903 the production of
wire nails exceeded that of cut nails by 8,195,768 kegs, in 1902 by
9,348,484 kegs, in 1901 by 8,261,582 kegs, in 1900 by 5,660,485 kegs,
in 1899 by 5,713,790 kegs, in 1898 by 5,846,254 kegs, and in 1897 by
6,890,446 kegs.
Eleven States made cut nails in 1903, the same number as in 1902.
The following table shows the production of iron and steel cut nails
by States from 1898 to 1903, in kegs of 100 pounds. The wire nail
production is added to the table. Except Indiana and Virginia all the
States which produced cut nails in 1903 decreased their production as
compared with 1902.
Production of cut nails in the United States, 1898-190S, by Stales.
[Kegs of 100 pounds.]
State.
1896.
1899.
920,183
886,215
178,006
149,700
256,286
16,000
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
PfniMtylTMil* ■
768,171
892,008
184,942
127,708
87,899
12)000
777,611
261,216
168,469
156,968
198,280
17,000
883,469
128,788
150,222
179,474
240,657
14,630
762,729
99,938
271,362
167,963
804,990
36,780
726,000
59,240
OUo *..
West VixginiA and Indiana. .
nj
274,808
143,898
mtDota, Maryland. Virginia,
sod Kentncky
223,447
Mlaoail. Wisconsin. Col-
otftdo. Wyoming, and Cali-
foraiA., ....
9,500
Total cut nails
1^672,221
7,418.476
1,904,340
7,618,180
1,573,494
7,288,979
1,542,240
9,806,822
1.633,762
10,962,246
1,486,898
Total irire nails
9,631,661
Onod total
8,990,606
9,522,470
8,807,478
11,846,062
12,616.008
11,067,554
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112
Mll<rEBAL BEeOUBOES.
PBODUCnON OF CUT ANT> WIRE KAIIjS SINCE 1886.
In the following table is given the production, in kegs of 100 pounds,
of standard sizes of cut nails and spikes cut from plates from 1886, the
year of maximum production, to 1903; also the production of standard
sizes of wire nails for the same period. Prior to 1889, statistics of the
production of wire nails were not collected by the American Iron and
Steel Association. For the three preceding years, the statistics given
are careful estimates.
Production of cut and wire nails in the United States, 1886-1903.
[Kegs of 100 pounds.]
Year.
Cut nails.
Wire naite.
Total.
Year.
Cut nails.
Wire nails.
Total.
1886
8,160,978
6.908,870
6,493,691
6,810,758
5,640.946
6.002,176
4,507,819
3,048,933
2,425,060
600,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
2,435,000
3,135,911
4,114,886
4,719,524
5,096,945
5,681,801
8,760,973
8,168,870
7,993,691
8,245,758
8,776,857
9,116,661
9,227,348
8,144,878
8,106,861
1896
2.129,894
1,616,870
2,106,799
1,672,221
1,904,340
1,573.494
1,542,240
1,688,762
1,485.893
6.841.408
4.719,860
8.997,245
7.418,475
7.618.180
7,238,979
9,803,822
10,982,246
9.681.661
7.971,297
18C7
1896
6,835,790
1888
1897
11,104,044
1889
1898
8,990,696
1890
1899
9.622,470
1891
1900
8.807,47)
1892
1901
11.316.062
1893
1902
12.616,008
1894
1908
11.067,5M
PROBUCTION OF PliATES AND SHEETS.
•
The production of plate and sheet iron and steel in the United States
in 1903, excluding nail plate, amounted to 2,599,665 long tons, against
2,665,409 tons in 1902, a decrease of 65,744 tons, or over 2.4 per cent
Skelp iron and steel are not included in our statistics of plates and
sheets, but are classed with bars, hoops, etc., elsewhere. The follow-
ing table gives the production, by States, of all kinds of plates and
sheets in 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Production of plates and sheets in the United States, 190 1 -1908, by States.
[Long tons.]
state.
1901.
1902.
1903.
New England
New York and New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware and Maryland. . . .
WestVliginla
Kentucky and Alabama . . .
Ohio
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri. Wisconsin, Colorado, and
California
416
6,512
1,572,500
29,484
81,928
47,608
294,266
271,816
4,394
4.846
1,806,207
84,282
67,072
56,828
404,902
284,888
Total .
2,264,420
2,665,409
8.580
8.960
1,771,745
28.708
56,961
40,635
408,705
290,966
2,509,666
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AMERIOAN IRON TRADE
113
Fifteen States rolled plates and sheets in 1903, against 16 States in
1902. Of the total production of plates and sheets in 1903 Pennsyl-
vania made over 68 per cent, against over 67 per cent in 1902; Ohio
over 15.5 per cent, against over 15.1 per cent in 1902; and Illinois over
5.7 per cent, against almost 6 per cent in 1902. Indiana, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Delaware, Missouri, Maryland, Alabama, Massa-
chusetts, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and California also
made plates and sheets in 1903 in the order named. Michigan and
Wisconsin, which rolled plates and sheets in 1902, were not producers
in 1903, and Connecticut, which was not a producer in 1902, reported
a small quantity of plates and sheets in 1903.
The production of black plates or sheets for tinning in 1903, which
is included above, amounted to 490,652 long tons, against 365,743 tons
in 1902, an increase of 124,909 tons, or over 34 per cent. In 1901 the
production of these plates and sheets amounted to 398,026 tons. Of
the production in 1903, Pennsylvania made over 52 per cent, against
over 48 per cent in 1902. Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Illinois,
Maryland, and Missouri also made black plates for tinning in 1903 in
the order named. In 1902, in addition to the States named, Michi-
gan also made several thousand tons of black plates.
PRODUCTION OF TIN PliATES AND TERNE PliATES.
In the following table we give the production of tin plates and terne
plates in the United States from July 1, 1891, to December 31, 1903,
the production in 1902 and 1903 being partly estimated from the best
available sources of information. The production of tin-dipping
plants is included in all the figures that are given.
Production of tin pkUes and terne plates in the United StateSf 1891-1 90S.
[Long tons.]
Ymr.
QtutnUty.
UnClMtdz months)
tm
999
18,808
66.182
74,260
118,606
UK
UM
Vm .. r
Year.
Quantity.
1896..
160,862
256,098
826.915
860,875
802,665
1887
1898
1899
1900
Year.
1901
1902
1908
Quantity.
899,291
860,000
480,000
M B 1903 6
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114
MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
PRODUCTION OF Aljli ROIiliED IRON AND STEEL.
By the phrase rolled iron and steel we include all iron and steel
rolled into finished forms. Forged armor plate, hammered axles, and
other forgings are not included, nor such intermediate rolled forms as
muck bars, billet*^, tin plate and sheet bars, etc.
The production of all iron and steel rolled into finished forms in the
United States in 1903 was 13,207,697 long tons, against 13,944,116 tons
in 1902, the year of maximum production, a decrease of 736,419 tons,
or over 5.2 per cent. The increase in 1902 over 1901 amounted to
1,594,789 tons, or almost 13 per cent. Twenty -five States rolled either
iron or steel or both iron and steel in 1903, against 26 States in 1902.
The following table gives the total production by States of all kinds of
finished rolled iron and steel in 1902 and 1903:
Production of rolled iron and steel in the United States in 190S and 1903, by States.
[Longr tons.]
State.
1902.
Maine and Massachusetts.
Rhode Island and Con-
necticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee and Georgia. . .
173,463
95,200
181,443
139,310
7,642,636
61,409
339,773
41,329
247,812
170,320
25,398
1903.
167,627
181,182
255,905
145,282
7,171,982
47,673
372,009
43,631
252,331
158,280
23,208
state.
Alabama
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
W isconsi n
Missouri
Colorado and Wyoming.
Washington, Oregon,
and California
Total
1902.
131,298
2,019,962
415,049
1,686,806
89,297
232,752
64,741
200,771
35,357
1908.
13.944,116
112,245
1,883,648
406,076
1,481,662
77,693
204,685
75,470
169,409
38,904
13.207,607
Pennsylvania made over 54 per cent of the total production of rolled
iron and steel in 1903, against almost 65 per cent in 1902; Ohio over
14 per cent and Illinois over 11 per cent in each year; and Indiana
over 3 per cent in 1903, against almost 3 per cent in 1902. No other
State made over 2.9 per cent in 1903 or over 2.5 per cent in 1902.
Maine, Minnesota, and Kansas, all three of which States have rolling
mills, did not produce any rolled iron or steel in 1903, but Minnesota
made a small quantity of direct steel castings in both 1902 and 1903.
The single rolling mill in Maine, which wasactiv'e for a short time in
1902, was destroyed by fire in August of that year. It was rebuilt in
1903, but not put in operation until October, 1904.
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AMERICAN IKON TBADB.
115
PRODUCTION OP IBON BLOOMS AND BIIiliETS.
In 1902 and 1903 there were no forges in operation in the United
States for the manufacture of blooms and billets from the ore. In
1901 the blooms and billets so made amounted to 2,310 long tons,
against 4,292 tons in 1900, 8,142 tons in 1899, 1,767 tons in 1898, 1,456
tons in 1897, 1,346 tons in 1896, 40 tons in 1895, 40 tons in 1894, 864
tons in 1893, and 2,182 tons in 1892. All the ore blooms produced
since 1897 were made by the Chateaugay Ore and Iron Company, of
Plattsburg, N. Y., at its Standish Works, which were, however, idle
in 1902 and 1903. .
The iron blooms produced in forges from pig iron and scrap in 1903,
and which were for sale and not for the consumption of the makers,
amounted to 9,939 tons, against 12,002 tons in 1902, 8,237 tons in 1901,
8,655 tons in 1»00, 9,932 tons in 1899, 6,345 tons in 1898, 7,159 tons in
1897, 6,494 tons in 1896, 7,185 tons in 1895, 3,221 tons in 1894, and
6,605 tons in 1893. AH the pig and scrap blooms made in forges from
1895 to 1903, a-nd for sale, were made in New York, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland.
PBODrcmON OF ROIil^ED IRON AND STEBIi SINCE 188T.
The total production of all kinds of iron and steel rolled into finished
forms in the United States from 1887 to 1903 is given as follows:
Production of rolled iron and steel in the United States^ 1887-190S,
[Long tODfl.]
Year.
Iron and
gteel rails.
Plates and
sheets, ex-
cept nail
plate.
Wire rods.
Cut nails.
Bars, hoops,
shapes, and
all other.
Total.
1»7.
\m.
vm.
ttW.
un.
ttn.
iw.
MM.
u».
vm.
vm.
\m.
Ml.
HM.
2,139.640
1.408,700
1,622,204
1,885,807
1,307,176
1,651,844
1,185,458
1,021,772
1,306,186
1,122,010
1,647,892
1,961,241
2,272,700
2,385,682
2.874.689
2,947,983
2,992,477
608,365
609,827
716,496
809,961
678,927
761.460
674,846
662,900
991,409
965,776
1,207,286
1,448,801
1,903,505
1,794,628
2,264,425
2,665.409
2,609.666
279,769
868,851
457,099
586,607
627,829
587,272
678,402
791,180
623,966
970,736
071,683
086,898
846,291
865,964
574,298
608,466
806,432
289,891
259,409
251,828
228,312
201,242
186,113
108,262
95,065
72,187
94,054
70,188
85.016
70,245
68,860
72,936
64,102
2,184,279
2,034,162
2,874,968
2,618,660
2,644.941
3,033,439
2.491,497
2,155,875
8,005,765
2,781,982
8,081,760
8,941,957
4,996,801
4,390,097
5,785,479
6,683,645
6,047,998
5,235,706
4,617,349
5,236,928
6,022,875
5,390,963
6,165,814
4,975,685
4,642,211
6,189,574
5,515,841
7,001,728
8.013,870
10,294.419
9,487,448
12,^9,327
13,944,U6
18,207,697
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MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
8UMMABY OF IRON AND STEEL STATISTIC8 FOR 1902 AND
1903.
Summary ofiron^ steel, etc., statMcsfor the United States for 190^ and 1903.
[Long tons, except as stated.]
Item.
1902.
Production of iron ores
Imports of iron ores
Production of bituminous coal
Production of Pennsylvania anthracite
Production of all kinds of coal
Shipments of Pennsylvania anthracite
Imports of coal
Exports of coal
Production of coke short tons..
Production of pig iron
Production of splegeleisen and ferromanganese, included in pig iron
Production of Bessemer steel
Production of open-hearth steel
Production of crucible steel
Production of blister and patented steel
Productlonof all kinds of steel
Production of open-hearth steel castings
Production of all kinds of steel castings
Production of Bessemer steel rails
Production of open-hearth steel rails
Production of iron rails
Production of all kinds of rails
Production of structural shapes
Productlonof iron and steel wire rods
Production of plate and sheet iron and steel, except nail plate
Production of iron and steel cut nails and cut spikes, kegs of 100
pounds
Productlonof iron and steel wire nails kegs of 100 pounds..
Production of bar, bolt, hoop, skelp, rolled axles, rolled armor plate, etc. . .
Production of all rolled iron and steel, including cut nails and excluding
rails
Production of all rolled iron and steel, including both cut nails and rails.
Production of tin plates and teme plates
Production of ore, pig, and scrap blooms for sale ,
Value of imports of iron and steel ,
Value of exports of iron and steel
New railroad built (revised figures) miles.
Immigrants in the year ended Dec. 31
35,6M,1S5
1,165,470
282,336,468
86,940,710
269,277,178
31,200,890
2,551,881
6,126,946
25,401,730
17,821,807
212,981
9,138,363
5,687,729
112,772
8,386
14,947,250
867,879
890,935
2,935,392
6,029
• 6,512
2,947,933
1,300,326
1,674,293
2,665,409
1,683,762
10,982,246
5,883,219
10,996,188
18,944,116
860,000
12,002
t41,468,826
997.892,086
5,068
739,288
35,019,306
960,440
252.454,775
66.613,451
319,068,229
59,862,831
3,446,402
8,812,098
25,262,860
18,O09,2S2
192,661
8,502,829
5,829,9U
102,434
9,8(M
14,534,978
400,348
430,268
2,946,75<
45,05^
66-
2,992,47
1,096,81
1,503,45
2,699,66
1,435,89
9,681,6«
4,9«2,U
10,215,25
13,207,61
480,01
9,9
$41,255,8
$99,065,8
4,7
987.3
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AMEBIOAN IBON TRADE.
lit
STATISTICS OF STEEIi SHIPBUIIiDING.
In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, there were built in the United
States 108 steel vessels, and in the fiscal year 1904 there were built 98
steel vessels. The gross tonnage of the vessels built in the fiscal year
1903 was 258,219 tons, and the gross tonnage of the vessels built in the
fiscal year 1904 was 241,080 tons. In the fiscal year 1902 one iron
vessel, of 193 tons' capacity, was built at Wilmington, Del. This may
prove to have been the last iron vessel to be built in the United States.
Vessels for the United States Navy are not included in the figures
given below, which have been furnished by the Hon. Eugene T. Cham-
berlain, Commissioner of Navigation. The following table, received
from tiie Commissioner, shows the number and gross tonnage of the
steel vessels launched and officially numbered during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1903:
Number <tnd tonnage of sUd vemU launched and officially numbered in the United States
in the fiscal year 1903^ by ports.
Port.
SalUng.
Steam.
No.
Tons. No. Tons:
Bath.Me 3 6,
Boston, Maw 1 6,218
Bridgeport, Conn
New York, N.Y
Newark, N.J
Philadelphia. Pa
Wilmington. Del .'
Baltimore, Md
Rkhmond.Va
Xe wport N e w s, Va
Jacksonville, Fla
Memphis, Tenn
Loai«ville. Ky
St-Louin, Mo
I>Dbuqae, Iowa
Buffalo. N. Y
Cleveland, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Oetrr.ii, Mich
Port Huron, Mich
Marquettt', Mich
Grand Haven, Mich
Chicago. Ill ' 5
!^n Francisco, Cal ' 4
PonTownsend, Wash i 2
I
Total .
12, 184 100
Barges.
No. Tons.
47
3,522
361
70,983
5,404
8,955
223
17,594
194
240 j
88 I
5«8
384 ,
682
542
800 j
845 '
079
IIG
760
428
2G4
1,423
Total.
No. Tons.
240, 107
855
5.928 I 108
6,966
5,218
47
3,6-22
660
70,983
6.827
8,955
223
17,594
194
8
240
88
2.5S8
0, 735
45,682
11, M2
10,H00
22,700
11,079
116
14,760
10,428
264
258, 219
Of the 108 vessels built in the fiscal year 1903, 42 were built at ports
on the Great Lakes, their tonnage amounting to 128,414 long tons out
of a total toDiiage of 258,219 tons.
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MIlfEBAIi BE80UBCB8.
The following table, also received from Commissioner Chamberlain,
give^ the number and gross tonnage of the steel vessels launched and
officially numbered during the fiscal year 1904:
Number and tonnage of steel vessels launched and officially numbered in the United Stakt
in the fiscal year 1904, by ports.
Port.
Boston, Man
New York, N.Y....
Newark, N.J
PhUade]phia,Pa...
Wilmington, Del . . .
Baltimore, Md
Richmond, Va
New Orleans, La
Pittsburg, Pa
Burlington, Vt
Bu«Wo,N.Y
Gleyeland, Ohio....
Toledo, Ohio
Detroit, Mich
Port Huron, Mich..
Marquette, Mich . . .
Chicago, ni
San Francisco, Cal .
Total.
Sailing.
No. Tons.
8,708
11,582
15,290
Steam.
No. Tons.
2,508
1,225
46,815
6,680
9,166
446
58
1,195
1,979
66,837
8,133
23,593
17,980
16,723
18,028
1,866
222,307
Barges.
No.
Tons.
494
458
1,423
479
3,483
Total.
No. Tons.
96
8,706
14.669
1,226
46,778
8,103
9.156
446
»
479
1,196
2,606
66.S87
8.13S
28,593
17,980
16,728
U
211,060
Of the 98 vessels built in the fiscal year 1904,- 47 were built at ports
on the Great Lakes, their tonnage amounting to 153,402 long tons out
of a total tonnage of 241,080 tons.
IRON ANTD STEEIi WORKS OF THE TTNTTED STATES.
The American Iron and Steel Association has recently issued a new
edition of its directory to the iron and steel works of the United States,
and from this publication the following information is obtained which
shows the growth of the country's iron and steel industries from
November, 1901, to June, 1904 — particularly the increase or decrease
in the number of plants and in their productive capacity.
Whole number ofhlastfurndces. — In the edition of the directory for
1901 there were described 406 completed furnaces as being then active
or as having been reported as likely to be some day active. The annual
capacity of these furnaces as reported by their owners amounted, in
round numbers, to 24,800,000 long tons, not all of which capacity could,
of course, be employed at the same time, nor would some of the fur-
naces enumerated ever run again. In the edition for 1904 there are
described 428 completed furnaces, either active or reported as likely
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AJIEBIOAN IBON TBADE. - 119
to be some day active. Eliminating some of the furnaces in the latter
category as being probably dead for all time there remain about 410
live furnaces to-day. The annual capacity of these furnaces is placed,
in round numbers, at 27,675,000 long tons. The actual production of
pig iron in 1903 was 18,009,252 long tons.
Furnaces building. — When the directory for 1901 appeared 12 fur-
naces were being built, namely, 2 in New York, 1 in New Jersey, 3 in
Pennsylvania, 1 in West Virginia, 2 in Alabama, 1 in Michigan, and 2
in Colorado. In the edition for 1904 there are enumerated 17 furnaces
in course of erection or as being rebuilt, namely, 3 in New York, 5 in
Pennsylvania, 1 in Virginia, 2 in Alabama, 4 in Ohio, 1 in Michigan,
and 1 in Colorado. In the figures for both years projected furnaces
or furnaces that had been undertaken and work upon which had been
suspended are not included.
Fud used in blast furnaces. — ^The 406 furnaces described in the
directory for 1901 were classified as follows: Fifty-five used charcoal
as fuel, 5 used mixed charcoal and coke, and 346 used anthracite and
bituminous fuel. Of the 428 furnaces that are described in the
directory for 1904, 56 use charcoal -and 372 use anthracite and bitumi-
nous fuel. No furnaces now use mixed charcoal and coke. Five fur-
naces, not included above, make ferrosilicon, ferrochrome, ferro-
tungsten, etc., by electricity.
Oapadfy of furnaces according to fuel used. — ^The average annual
capacity of the 55 charcoal and 5 mixed charcoal and coke furnaces in
1901 was 14,179 long tons, and the average annual capacity of the 56
charcoal furnaces that are described in 1904 is 15,207 tons. The aver-
age annual capacity of the mineral fuel furnaces in 1901 was 69,252
tons; in June, 1904, it is 73,286 tons.
Boiling mills andsted works. — In the edition of the directory for 1901
there were enumerated 527 completed rolling mills and steel works, 28
in course of erection, 1 being rebuilt, 1 to be rebuilt, and 6 projected.
In the edition for 1904 there are enumerated 572 completed rolling mills
and steel works, 12 in course of erection, 1 being rebuilt, and 2*partly
erected. In addition the directory for 1904 mentions 14 •projected
pfauts. The annual capacity of the completed rolling mills in 1904
amounts to 26,978,050 tons of finished rolled products, as compared
with 23,220,350 tons in 1901.
PuddUng furnaces. — ^The number of puddling furnaces in Novem-
ber, 1901, each double furnace counting as 2 single furnaces, was
3,251. In June, 1904, there were 3,161 puddling furnaces. The highest
nomber of puddling furnaces reported in any edition of the directory
wag in 1884, when 5,265 were enumerated.
Bessemer sited works. — The total number of completed Bessemer
steel works in November, 1901, including 1 Clapp-Griffiths plant, 2
Bobert-Bessemer plants, and 9 Tropenas and '' special" Bessemer
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120 MIKBBAL BfiSOUBOES.
plants, was 47, and the whole number of converters was 100. In June,
1904, there were 32 standard Bessemer steel works with 75 converters,
1 Clapp-GriflBths plant with 1 converter, 2 Robert-Bessemer plants
with 3 converters, 10 Tropenas plants with 14 converters, 1 Book-
waiter plant with 1 converter, 1 Evans- Wills plant with 2 convertera,
and 4 plants with 7 converters which make steel by special processes;
total number of Bessemer plants, 51; total number of converters, 103.
The increase in the number of small Bessemer plants in the last few
years is noteworthy. Since November, 1901, 6 standard Bessemer
plants, vrith 15 converters, have been dismantled. In addition, 2 Tro-
penas plants with 3 converters have been abandoned. The annual
capacity of the completed and building Bessemer converters in Novem-
ber, 1901, was 12,998,700' long tons; in June, 1904, it was 13,628,600
tons, an increase of 629,900 tons. No basic-Bessemer steel is made in
this country.
Open-hearth sted works. — The directory for 1901 described 112 com-
pleted open-hearth steel plants, with 403 completed furnaces. In the
directory for 1904 there are described 135 completed plants, with 549
completed furnaces, and 28 building and partly erected furnaces. The
annual capacity of the 549 completed and of the 28 building and partly
erected open-hearth furnaces, in ingots and direct castings, in June,
1904, was 11,335,100 long tons, against an annual capacity in Novem-
ber, 1901, of 8,289,750 tons, showing an increase of 3,045,350 tons.
Orowth of basic sted. — In the directory for 1904 the character of the
product made at the open-hearth steel works, whether acid or basic steel,
or both, is indicated. Of the 403 completed furnaces in November,
1901, 236 were prepared to make basic steel and 167 to make acid steel,
and of the 46 building furnaces 33 would make basic steel and 13 acid
steel. The completed and building basic furnaces had an annual
capacity of 6,415,100 tons, and the acid furnaces of 1,874,650 tons.
In the directory for 1904, 185 open-hearth furnaces are described as
making acid steel and 364 as making basic steel; also 4 acid and 24
basic furnaces as being built or as partly erected: Total, 189 acid and
388 basic furnaces. The acid furnaces have an annual capacity of
2,015,900 long tons of ingots and castings, and the basic furnaces of
9,319,200 tons.
Crucible steel works. — In November, 1901, there were 45 completed
crucible steel plants, equipped with 2,896 pots, and their aggregate
capacity was 175,000 tons. In June, 1904, there were 57 completed
plants, the number of pots was 3,606, and the aggregate annual
capacity of the plants was 226,610 tons.
Steel castings. — In 1901 there were 56 open-hearth steel plants which
were prepared to make steel castings, and in June, 1904, there were
84 plants. The production of open-hearth steel castings has greatly
increased since 1898. As already mentioned, the number of small
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Bessemer plants has also increased since 1901, all of which make steel
castingfs. Steel castings are also made by 26 crucible plants, also by
a few plants which use special processes.
Rail miUs. — In the edition of the directory for 1901 there were
enumerated 45 rolling mills which were prepared to make standard,
girder, light T, and other iron and steel rails, and 3 mills as in course
of erection. In the edition for 1904 there are enumerated 44 com-
pleted rail mills, 1 building, and 1 projected.
Structural mills. — The whole number of works which are now
equipped to roll beams, beam girders, zee bars, tees, channels, angles,
bridge rods, building rods, plates for bridge work, structural tubing,
etc, is 70, as compared with 67 in November, 1901.
Plate and sheet mills. — In the directory for 1901 there were enu-
merated 153 completed plate and sheet mills, 7 building, and 1 pro-
jected. In the directory for 1904 there are enumerated 157 completed
mills, 2 building, 1 partly erected, and 4 projected.
Iron and steel skdp mills. — In the directory for 1901 there were enu-
merated 60 completed iron and steel skelp mills and 2 building. In
the directory for 1904 there are enumerated 61 completed mills and 2
projected.
Black-pUUe mills. — In the directory for 1901 there were enumer-
ated 46 completed black plate plants, 6 building, and 1 projected. In
the directory for 1904 there are mentioned 49 completed and 3 building
plants.
Tin-plate and teme-plate works. — In November, 1901, there were 55
completed tin-plate and terne-plate works, 7 building, and 1 projected.
In the directory for 1904 there are enumerated 53 completed works,
2 building, and 1 projected.
Wire rods. — In November, 1901, there were 32 completed wire-rod
mills, 4 building, 1 rebuilding, and 1 projected. In June, 1904, there
were 33 mills equipped to roll iron and steel wire rods.
Out-nail works. — In November, 1901, there were 32 rolling mills
which were devoted in whole or in part to the manufacture of cut nails
and cut spikes, containing 3,161 nail and spike machines. In June,
1904, there were 23 rolling mills which made cut nails and cut spikes,
equipped with 2,302 nail and spike machines.
Wire-nail works. — A full description of the wire-nail works of the
United States will be found in the supplement to the directory for
1901, published in 1903, in which 69 wire-nail works are described.
Natural gas. — In the directory for 1901 there were enumerated 110
completed iron and steel works which used natural gas and 7 were in
coarse of erection. In June, 1904, the total number of works which
used natural gas was 135, and in addition 2 works to use natural gas
#eie beings erected, 1 was partly erected, 1 was rebuilding, and 2 were
projected.
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122
MIKEBAL RESOURCES.
Forges and hloomeries, — The number of pig and scrap iron bloomeries
which made blooms, billets, etc., for sale in November, 1901, was 8,
nearly all of which were active in that year. The number of forges
which made blooms directly from the ore was 2. The number of
bloomeries enumerated in 1904 is 8 completed and 1 building. The
number of forges which make blooms directly from the ore is reduced
to 1, located in New York.
STATISTICS OF THE CANADIAN IRON TRADE FOR 1903.
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN CANADA.
The American Iron and Steel Association has received from the
manufacturers the statistics of the production of all kinds of pig iron
in Canada in the calendar year 1903. They show a decrease of 64,139
long tons, or nearly 17 per cent, as compared with 1902, but an increase
of 20,442 tons as compared with 1901.
The total production in 1903 amounted to 265,418 long tons, against
319,557 tons in 1902, 244,976 tons in 1901, and 86,090 tons in 1900. In
the first half of 1903 the production was 132,930 tons and in the second
half it was 132,488 tons, a decrease of 442 tons. Of the total produc-
tion in 1903 exactly 247,905 tons were made with coke and 17,513 tons
with charcoal. Nearly one-half of the total production, 126,892 tons,
was basic pig iron. Less than 1,000 tons of Bessemer pig iron were
made. Spiegeleisen and ferromanganese have not been made since
1899.
The following table gives the total production of all kinds of pig iron
(including spiegeleisen and ferromanganese) in Canada from 1894 to
1903. Prior to 1894 the statistics of pig-iron production in Canada
were not collected by the American Iron and Steel Association.
Production of pig iron in Canada^ 1894-1903,
(Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
1898
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1894
44,791
37,829
60.030
63,796
68,755
94.077
86.090
244,976
1902..
1903..
319,557
1895
1699
265,418
1896
1900
1897
1901
On December 31, 1903, the unsold stocks of pig iron in Canada
amounted to 19,168 long tons, as compared with about 20,000 tons at
the close of 1902, 59,472 tons at the close of 1901, and 12,465 tons
at the close of 1900.
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AMEBIOAN IBON TBADB.
128
On December 31, 1903, Canada had 15 completed blast furnaces, of
which 9 were in blast and 6 were idle. Of this total 11 were equipped
to use coke for fuel and 4 to use charcoal. In addition 3 coke fur-
naces and 1 charcoal furnace were being built or were partly erected
on December 31, but work on at least two of the furnaces had been
suspended for some time.
The statistics of the production of pig iron in Canada in the first six
months of 1904 have also been received from the manufacturers. The
figures show a decrease as compared with either of the two halves of
1903, as will be seen by the following table, which gives the produc-
tion by fuels, in long tons, in half-yearly periods:
Production of pig iron in Canada in 190S and 1904, by half -years, and by Hnd of fuel iued.
Fuel used.
First half
of 1903.
Second half
of 1906.
First half
of 1904.
Cbke
Longtont.
123,500
9,430
Longtont.
124,406
8,088
I^mgUms.
111,840
Chtrooal
8,808
Total
132,930
182,488
120,648
The deci^ease in production in the first half of 1904, as compared
with the first half of 1903, was 12,287 tons, and as compared with the
second half of 1903 it was 11,845 tons. Of the production in the first
half of 1904 35,291 tons were basic pig iron, against 69,325 tons in the
first half of 1903 and 57,567 tons in the second half of that year. A
small quantity of Bessemer pig iron was produced in the second half
of 1903, but no Bessemer pig iron was made in the first half of 1903
or in the first half of 1904.
The unsold pig iron held by manufacturers on June 30, 1904,
amounted to 36,868 long tons, as compared with 19,168 tons on Decem-
ber 31, 1903, and 13,585 tons on June 30, 1903. Of the unsold stocks
on June 30, 1904, a little less than 4,000 tons were made with charcoal,
the remainder being coke iron.
During the first half of 1904 the total number of furnaces in Canada
actually in blast for the whole or a part of the period was 10, of which
7 used coke and 3 used charcoal. The number of furnaces idle during
the whole period was 5, of which 4 used coke when last in blast and 1
used charcoal. Of the 15 completed blast furnaces in Canada on June
30, 1904, 7 were located in Nova Scotia, 3 in Quebec, and 5 in Ontario.
PRODUCTION OF STEEL IN CANADA.
The American Iron and Steel Association has also received from the
mano&cturers the statistics of the production of steel ingots and cast-
ings and of rolled iron and steel in Canada in 1903.
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124
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
The total production of steel ingots and castings in Canada in 1903
was 181,514 long tons, against 182,037 tons in 1902, a decrease of 523
tons. Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots and castings were made
in each year. Almost all the open-hearth steel reported in 1902 and
1903 was made by the basic process. The direct steel castings made
in 1903 amounted to 4,506 tons.
The following table gives the production of all kinds of steel ingots
and castings in Canada from 1894 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of ail kinds ofsted ingots and castings in Canada, 189jhl90S,
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1894
25,685
17,000
16,000
18,400
1898
21,540
22,000
28,577
26,084
1902
182,087
1896
1899
1903
181,514
1896
1900
1897
1901
PRODUCTION OP ROLLED IRON AND STEEL IN CANADA.
The production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel rails in 1903
amounted to 1,243 long tons, against 33,950 tons in 1902; structural
shapes, 1,983 tons, against 423 tons in 1902; cut nails made by rolling
mills and steel works having cut-nail factories connected with their
plants, 118,686 kegs of 100 pounds, against 114,685 kegs in 1902;
plates and sheets, 2,450 tons, against 2,191 tons in 1902; all other
finished rolled products, excluding muck and scrap bars, blooms,
billets, sheet bars, and other unfinished forms, 118,541 tons, against
119,801 tons in 1902. The total quantity of all kinds of iron and steel
rolled into finished forms in Canada in 1903 amounted to 129,516 long
tons, against 161,485 tons in 1902.
The following table gives the production of all kinds of iron and
steel rolled into finished forms in Canada from 1895 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of aU kinds of roUed iron and steel in Ckinada, 1895-1903,
[Long tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1895
66,402
75,048
77,021
1898 ...
90,808
110,642
100,690
1901
112,007
1896
1899 . .
1902
161,485
1897
1900
190S
129,516
On December 31, 1903, there were 18 completed rolling mills and
steel works in Canada, 1 building steel plant, and 1 projected rolling
mill. Of the completed plants, 2 were equipped for the manufacture
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AMEBIOAN IBON TRADE. 126
of steel castings only, 5 for the manufacture of Bessemer or open-
bearth steel ingots and rolled products, and 11 for the manufacture of
rolled products only. The building plant is being equipped for the
manufacture of basic open-hearth ingots only. The projected plant
is to be equipped for the manufacture of skelp and bar iron, the
former for use in a wrought-iron pipe plant which was put in opera-
tion on May 4, 1903.
Of the 18 completed rolling mills and steel works in Canada on
December 31, 1903, 3 were located in Nova Scotia, 5 in Quebec, 9 in
Ontario, and 1 in New Brunswick. The building plant is in Nova
Scotia, and the projected plant is in Ontario.
CHANGES IN CANADIAN IRON AND STEEL WORKS.
The Nova Scotia Steel and Coal (Company (Limited), of New (jlasgow.
Nova Scotia, has completed a new coke blast furnace at Sydney Mines,
Nova Scotia. The furnace was first blown in on August 30, 1904. It
is 85 by 17 feet, is equipped with 4 Roberts stoves, and has an annual
capacity of about 75,000 long tons of forge and basic pig iron. The
furnace is also equipped with one pig-iron casting machine. The com-
pany is also erecting a new open-hearth steel plant at Sydney Mines,
which is to be equipped with four 40-long-ton basic furnaces, of which
three are to be stationary Wellman furnaces and one is to be a tilting
furnace. Ingots only will be made, for which the plant will have an
annual capacity of about 60,000 long tons.
The Halifax Rolling Mills, near Halifax, Nova Scotia, have been
dismantled. They were built in 1878, and were equipped with two
heating furnaces, two trains of rolls, and twenty cut-nail machines.
They were formerly operated by the Halifax Rolling Mills (Company,
but had been idle for years.
The Montreal Steel Works, of Montreal, Canada, are now equipped
with two 15-long-ton acid open -hearth-steel furnaces, a second furnace
having been added in 1903. The 3,000-pound modified Bessemer con-
verter with which the plant is also equipped was not operated in 1903.
Tie works produce steel castings.
The Peck Rolling Mills (Limited) have succeeded Peck, Benny & Co.,
of Montreal. The rolling mill of the company was partly destroyed
by fire in 1903, but was rebuilt in the same year.
The Iron and Steel Company of Canada (Limited) has acquired the
rolling mill at Belleville, Ontario, formerly operated by the Abbott-
Mitchell Iron and Steel Company of Ontario (Limited). M. Wright
18 president, D. Jackson is vice-president, and J. F. Wills is managing
director, secretary, and treasurer.
The Toronto Bolt and Forging Company (Limited) is now the owner
of the rolling mill at Sunnyside, Toronto, formerly operated by the
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126
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
McDonell Rolling Mills Company of Toronto (Limited). George
Gillies is president of the new organization, T. H. Watson is secretary
and treasurer, John Stephens is general superintendent, and C. 0.
JoUey is assistant superintendent
The Page-Hersey Iron and Tube Company (Limited), of Guelph,
Ontario, which manufactures wrought-iron pipe, did not install in
1903 the 2 trains of rolls for the manufacture of skelp and bstr iron
which it proposed adding to its works; The company is now uncertain
when the rolls will be added.
THE WORIiD'S IRON TRADE IN 1903,
THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE AND COAL.
The following table gives the production of iron ore and coal in all
countries in 1903, except in some instances, when %ures for 1902 are
given. Tons of 2,240 pounds are used in giving the production of the
United States, Great Britain, Canada, Cuba, India, Natal, South Afri-
can Republic, New South Wales, New Zealand, other Australasia, and
** other countries," and metric tons of 2,204 pounds are used for all
other countries, the latter being used as the equivalent of long tons
in ascertaining the total production of all countries. The statistics are
from official sources. The Belgian coal statistics do not include
lignite.
WorlcP 8 production of iron ore and coal and lignite in 1908^ by countries.
Country.
Year.
United States
Great Britain
Germany and Luxemburg...
France
Belgium
Austria-Hungary a
Russia and Finland
Sweden
Spain
Italy
Canada
Cuba
South African Republic
Natal
India
Greece
New South Wales
New Zealand
Other Australasia
Japan
Algeria
Other countries (estimated) .
Total.
Iron ore.
1903
1903
1903
1902
1902
1902
1902
1903
1903
1902
1902
1903
1902
1902
1902
1902
1901
1902
1903
Quantity.
Tbng.
35,019,308
13,715,645
21,230,639
5,003,782
166,480
3,829,128
5,648,227
3,677,841
8,478.600
240,705
860,717
624,858
85,286
546,409
13,555
116,994
70,172
526,012
2,046,696
100,900,000
Per-
centage.
Year. Quantity. ^^
84.71
13.59
21.04
4.96
.16
8.80
5.60
8.65
8.40
.24
.08
.54
.01
.12
.07
.52
2.08
100.00
Coal and lignite.
1903
1908
1903
1903
1903
1902
1902
1903
1903
1902
1908
1903
1908
1903
1902
1903
1902
1902
1901
1902
1908
Tons.
319,068,229
230.834.469
162.312,075
85,002.992
623,870,820
89,904,818
15,506,924
820,890
2,798,113
418,810
7,189,852
2,258,284
718,548
7,480,589
8,546
6,854,846
4,862,702
916,442
8,945,988
285
5.782,883
870,498,000
Per-
86.65
26.46
18.65
4.02
2.74
4.58
1.78
.04
.82
.05
.26
.06
.86
.00
.78
.16
.11
i.oa
.00
.66
100.00
a Includes BosQia and Qerzegoy^oa,
b X4giUte Ao^ liipiq<3le4.
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AMERICAN IBON TRADE.
127
The iron ore figures for '* other countries" include 728,721 long
tons whiqh were mined by Newfoundland in 1902.
THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OP PIG IRON AND STEEL.
In the following table is given the production of pig iron and steel
in all countries in 1903, exc€7>t in a few cases in which figures for 1902
are given. Long tons of 2,240 pounds are used for the United States,
Great Britain, Canada, and ''Other countries," and metric tons of
2,204 pounds for all other countries, metrfc tons being used as the
equivalent of long tons in ascertaining the total production for all
countries. The statistics of steel production for the United States,
Great Britain, Germany and Luxemburg, France, Belgium, Austria-
Hungary, Russia and Finland, Sweden, Spain, and Canada embrace
bgots and in some cases direct castings, but for Italy complete ingot
statistics are not available and the statistics for finished steel have been
used.
World's production of pig iron and tied in 1903^ by countries.
Country.
United States
GrettBritaiD
GefBADy and Loxemboig.
nance
Aottria-Hun^aryb..
land Finland.
Italy
Cuada
Other coontrieB (estimated) .
Total.
Pig Iron.
Year.
1908
1908
1908
1908
1906
1902
1902
1903
1908
1902
1903
1908
Quantity.
Tons,
18.009,252
8,811,204
10,085,684
2,827,668
1,216,600
1,470,000
2,602,952
606,826
880 W4
043,835
265,418
210,898
46,420,000
Percent-
age.
88.80
18.98
21.73
6.09
2.62
8.17
5.59
1.09
.82
.09
.57
.45
100.00
Steel.
Year.
1903
1908
1903
1903
1908
1902
1902
1906
1906
1902
1906
1938
Quantity. ^'^J^S?*"
Tbnf.
14,584.978
a 5, 134, 101
8,801,515
1,905,006
981,740
1,190,000
2,118,971
818,887
199,642
108,864
181,514
84.778
85.510,000
40.96
14.46
2179
5.86
2.76
8.85
5.97
.90
.66
.81
.SI
.10
100.00
• Doea not include direct steel 'Ratings. b includes Bosnia and HerEegovina.
c Includes blast-furnace castings.
In tables that have previously appeared, the world's probable total
production of pig iron has been given as 825,000 long tons in 1800;
•8 1,825,000 tons in 1830; as 4,750,000 tons in 1850; as 11,900,000 tons
in 1870; as 17,950,000 tons in 1880; as 27,157,000 tons in 1890; as
40,400,000 tons in 1900, and now it is estimated as 46,420,000 tons in
1903.
Id 1879 the world's production of steel was estimated as amounting
to 3,021,000 long tons. The production of 1889 was estimated as
VDoonting to 10,948,000 tons. The figures given in the preceding
toUe abow that the production had incr^^^sed Xq 35,510,000 tons in 1903.
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PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES IN
1903.
By J.OHN BiRKINBINE.
PBODUCnON.
In the year ending Decen?ber 31, 1903, the production of manganese
ore in the United States was 2,825 long tons, valued at $25,335, or
$8.97 per ton. This is an apparent but not an actual decline from the
quantity reported in 1902 (16,477 tons) of 13,652 long tons, or 83 per
cent. In the total for the year 1902 was included a report, obtained
through the United States census local agent, of 9,000 tons from the
State of Montana, none of the ore being shipped (to which fact attention
was called in the report). This operation being omitted, the corrected
total for 1902 is but 7,477 long tons. Subsequent investigation has
shown that the ore reported was not actually mined, and it therefore
has not been included in the 1903 report, although exploratory work
has been prosecuted and a liberal amount of ore exposed. The geo-
graphical location of these reported deposits is not such as to encour-
age the expectation of immediate development and shipment upon a
liberal scale.
The following table shows the production of manganese ores in the
United States in the years 1896 to 1903 by States, together with the
total valuations and the average value per ton:
Prodnctum and value of manganese ores in the United *StateSj 1896-190S.
1806.
1897.
1898.
ttate.
Qnmntity.
Value.
Arenge
yalne
per ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
Akh«.
LongUms.
Lonffton$.
Longtons.
22
2,662
641
6,689
afi43
26.036
3,222
41,671
n86.50
AltaMM
CUUmSa
3,421
284
4,066'
S36,686
3,416
27,032
110.72
12.02
6.62
3,240
484
8,882
87
833,708
2,788
22,064
370
110.40
5.76
6.63
10.00
9.78
5.96
6.21
VM^pn
BorthCuolina..' 2
17
8.60
7.60
FaagjriTsnia ...
266 1,988
3M
11
3,650
2,882
98
83,630
8.00
8.45
9.21
881
5,662
2,276 1 5.97
▼fafSala
2,018
18
21,486
104
10.66
8.00
55,938 . 9.88
WotVbfinia...
1
8.10
Tol»l
10,068
90,727
8.99
11,106
96,606
8.60
15,967
129,185
M B1903 9
aBitixnated.
129
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130 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
Production and value of manganese ores in the United States^ 2896-2903 — Continaed.
1899.
Quantity.
11
Va
»0.
1901.
state.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
Jue.
Average
value
per ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Avenge
value
per ton.
Alabama
lAmgtOM.
Long tons.
LongtoM.
17
91
610
4,074
28
$U1
657
3,610
24,674
280
16.60
Arkansas
California
GeorgriA
356
115
3,089
16
S3, 781
855
28,377
160
$10.62
7.43
7.57
10.00
145
131
8,447
$1,580
1,310
26,816
$10.56
10.00
7.78
7.22
6.06
Missouri
laoo
Montana
137
514
3.76
North Carolina . .
90
12
19
765
68
183
8.50
4.83
7.00
Pennsylvania ...
Tennessee
Utah
30
196
6.50
400
2,500
4,275
8,287
31,250
52,858
8.22
12. SO
Virginia
6,228
10
63,069 8.52
80 1 8.00
7,881
69,924
8.87
12.36
West Virginia...
1
Total
9,985
82,278
8.28
11,771
100,289
8.62
11,995 ill6,722
9.7S
Ate.
1902.
1903.
St
Quanti
ty.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
1
Quantity, i Value.
Avenge
value
per ton.
Arkansas . ....... .
Long to
$422
10,175
20,830
40
$5.15
12.08
5.95
5.00
Long tons.
Callfomia
3,600
8
16
500
25
483
1,801
$116
2,930
263
2,415
19,611
t7.S
Qeoigia
5.86
South Carolina
10. S2
Utah --
5.00
Virginia
8,041
1
29,444
9.68
10.89
Total
•I '•'"
60, S
11
8.16
2,826 1 25,885
, -
In the 3'ear 1903 five States contributed manganese ores. Montana
and Arkansas, which were reported active in 1902, furnished no ore,
but Utah again supplied manganese ores. The chief sources of the
minei-al in this country, viz, the States of Virginia, Georgia, and
Arkatisas, showed a falling oflf. Utah has some deposits of manganese
ores which may in the future supply more ore than has been produced
heretofore.
Of the 1903 total 1,801 tons, or 64 per cent, came from Virginia,
500 tons from Georgia, and 483 tons from Utah; with these excep-
tions the quantities mined were small.
The table below shows the production of manganese ores in the
States of Virginia, Georgia, Arkansas, and other States, the total pro-
duction for the United States, and the total value for the 3'ears 188C
to 1903, as well as the totals for the twent3^-four years covered.
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MANGANEBB ORES.
Production of manQantte ores ia the United 8taie», 1880-1908.
[Maxima aro given in italica]
131
Tear.
Virginia.
Georgia.
Arkansas.
Other
States.
Total pro-
duction.
Total value.
yggf^
LongUma,
8.661
8,295
2,982
5,355
8.980
18,745
to, 667
19,885
17,646
14,616
12,699
16,248
6,079
4,092
1,797
1,715
2,018
8.650
5,6«2
6,228
7,881
4,276
8, Oil
1,801
Long tons.
1,800
1,200
1,000
Long tons.
Long torn,
800
800
876
400
400
450
269
14
1,672
1,846
6,897
1,948
LongioM.
6,761
4,895
4,532
6,155
10,180
28,258
80,198
Sh,6tU
29,198
24,197
25,684
28,416
13,618
7,718
6,308
9,547
10,088
11,108
15,957
9,965
11,771
11,995
7,477
2,825
186,415
1881
100
175
400
800
1,4US
8,816
5,651
4,812
2.528
5.839
1,650
6,705
2.020
1,984
2,091
8,421
8,240
2,662
866
145
91
82
78,425
1882
67,980
1888
92.825
18P4
122,160
1885
2.580
6,041
9,02U
5,568
6,208
749
8,575
826
724
1,277
8,856
4,065
8,882
6.689
8,089
8,447
4,074
8,500
500
190,281
1886
277,686
1887
SSS,8hU
1888
279,571
1889
240,550
1890
219,060
1891
239,129
18B2
129,586
1888
882
1,800
985
564
886
944
202
296
8,655
864
624
66,614
1894
53,635
1805
71,769
1896
90,727
1807
96,605
18(8,
129,185
1880.
82,278
1900
100,280
1901
116,722
1902
60,911
1908 . .
25,885
Total for 24 ycara
192,868
72,144
49.404
25,919
840.885
8.244,981
PRODUCTION OF MANGAKIFEROUS IRON ORES.
As has been the case in former reports the quantity of manganif-
erous iron ore mined has been included in the iron-ore statistics, but
18 briefly outlined here.
In the Lake Superior region considerable quantities of iron ores are
mined which contain from a fraction of 1 per cent up to 20 per cent or
more of manganese, and ores from the same deposit may be marketed
as iron ore, or as manganiferous iron ore, which is used in the produc-
tion of spiegeleisen. It is impossible to indicate clearly the quantities
of such manganiferous iron orgs as are employed in the production of
spi^eleisen from those which form integral parts of the blast furnace
charge in the manufacturing of pig iron.
The Colorado ores usually carry a higher percentage of manganese
than the Lake Superior ores, and though some of these are also used
in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, the bulk are employed as flux by
the smelters.
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182
MINXBAL BB80UB0E8.
The production of this class of iron ore by States in 1902 and 1903,
together with the value of the same, is given in the annexed table:
Produdionf percentage of manganese, and total and average value of numgan^erousvm
ores in 1902 and 190S,
1902.
1906.
Locality.
Quantity.
Percent-
age of
manga-
nese.
Reported
total
valne at
mines.
Arer-
vaine
per ton.
Quantity.
Percent-
age of
manga-
nese.
Reported
total
value at
mines.
Ayei-
per ton.
Colorado
Long torn.
18,275
884,989
8,000
18 to 82
ItolO
Not given.
•62,871
1,946,266
8,000
•8.96
2.20
1.00
LomgUms.
14,856
666,886
2,802
Not given.
lto28
Not given.
•55,710
1,611,557
4,488
13.75
Lake Superior region .
Virginia
2.67
1.60
Total
901,214
lto82
2,001,626
2.22
584,498
lto28
l,5n,750
2.69
1
The yearly quantity of this character of ore, its total valuation, and
the average value per ton from 1889 to 1903, inclusive, are given in
the following table:
Production of manganiferous iron ores in the United States f 1889-1908 •
[Maxima in italics.]
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Aversge
value
per ton.
1880
Longtona.
88,484
61,868
182,611
158,873
117,782
205,488
125,729
888,712
202,304
287,810
761.845
877,577
674,489
901, tU
584,493
•271,680
381,656
814,099
354,664
288.228
408,597
233,996
726,418
848,784
429,302
1 147 047
ta.a
1890
5.7i
1891
2.3
1892
2.3
1893
2.4
1894
l.t
1895
1.}
1896
2.1
1897
1.
1898
1.
1899
1
1900
1 087 814 ' ^
1901
1,475,084
s,ooi,eg6
1,671,750
1 ^
1902
2,
1903
2,
ARGENTIFBKOU8 MANGAlrtFEROUS IRON OIt:EI8.
In mining the silver ores of Lake County, Colo., a large quantity
mineral is obtained too low in the precious-metal content to make
valuable on that account (the limit being usually taken at about |
per ton), and it is used as a flux by the smelters. This ore has be
considered as an iron ore and is included in that report, but the qui
titles obtained annually from 1889 to 1903, inclusive, together w
their valuation will be found in the following table:
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MANGANESE OBES.
188
Productum of manganiferous silver ores in the United States, 1889-190S,
[Maxima in italics.]
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
1^ ,
Long tons,
64,987
61,840
79,611
62,809
a55,962
681,687
64,163
188,079
149,602
99,661
79,856
188.609
n8,m
194,132
179,206
8227,466
181,440
897,666
828,794
256.696
148,292
229,661
416,020
424,161
296,412
266,348
897,068
866,969
908,098
649,727
$8.50
vmo
3.60
lan
6.00
1892.
5. to
UM
4.76
UM
4.84
U9&
4.M
U95
•
8.01
1897
2.84
ifm
2.96
199
8.84
1900
4.76
isoi
3.79
M02
4.68
ISQS
3.63
« Including 1,600 tons from Montana, for which no value is given.^
Mncludlng 1,049 tons from Montana, for which no value Is given.
MANGANIFEROUS ZINC ORES.
In the manufacture of zinc from ores mined in northern New Jer-
sey a clinker is obtained containing iron and manganese, which is used
in the production of spiegeleisen. The annual quantity of this class
of material contributed from the years 1889 to 1903, inclusive, as well
as the total and average value of the same, will be found in the follow-
ing table:
Production of manganiferous zinc ore residuum in the United States, 1889-190S,
[Maxima in italics.] « .^
>
f Year.
Quantity.
Long tons,
43,648
48,560
38,228
81,859
37,612
26,981
43,249
44,958
83,924
48,502
66,010
87,110
62,311
66,246
78,264
Value.
Average
value per
ton.
/
impp ,.x
$64,660
60,700
57.432
25.937
30,686
20.464
24,461
20,455
18.718
a26,676
32,506
34,844
62,811
65,246
78,264
11.25
IMA . . , . • ' ^ ^ ■' ^ r...-,..T--.T-,-T-«T-,-.,,TT^-r
1.25
\gg^
1.60
UM .
.81
^g^ - - -
.81
^m,
.76
■
^n^
.57
\
UK
.46
*
ljH7
.66
nn
.66
t'l
ttgi
.50
m ,
.40
t^>
n
1.00
f*' '
YHL
1.00
tm ..
1.00
L
aAtimated.
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184
KnrEBAL BE80UBGE9.
PRODITCTION OF MANGANESE ORES AND MANGAOTFEU-
OUS IKON ORES.
The following table presents the production of ores carrying differ-
ent percentages of manganese mined in the United States in the years
1901, 1902, and 1908, together with their average value per ton:
Production of manganese ores and manganiferous ores in the United States in 1901^ 1902^
andlSOS,
1901.
1902.
Kind of ore.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
value
per ton.
MftnganeM oraci ^ .
Long tons.
U,995
574.489
228,187
62,811
$116,722
1,475,084
865.969
62,811
19.78
2.57
8.79
1.00
Longton$.
7,477
901. ii4
',^4,182
65,246
160, 9U
2,001,626
906,098
65,246
$8.15
Manganiferoos Iron ores
2.22
Manganiferous silver ores
Manganiferous zinc residuum a . .
4.68
LOO
Total
86«,982
2,510,076
2.90
1,168,069
8,035,881
2.60
of ore.
1908.
Kind
Quantity.
Value.
Averige
value
per ton.
Manganese ores
Longtont.
2,825
584.493
179,205
73,264
. «25,335
1,571,750
649,727
78,264
18.97
Manganiferous iron ores
2. 69
Manganiferous silver ores
3.63
Manganiferous zinc residuum^
1.00
Total
839,787
2,320,076
2.76
a As this is a by-product in the treatment of zinc ores, the value given to It is nominal.
PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES BT STATES.
ARKANSAS.
The State of Arkansas was at one time the third State in impor-
tance as a producer of manganese ore in the United States, the
deposits of this mineral being found in the vicinity of Batesville and
Cushman, Independence County, in the northern central part of the
State. Although the ore bodies encountered are often high in man-
ganese, they are expensive to mine and usually contain considerable
percentages of phosphorus, which makes them undesirable for use in
the manufacture of steel. These facts, taken in connection with the
limited transportation facilities, account for the gradual decline of the
industry from 6,708 long tons in 1892 until in 1903 the production was
given as nil. The accompanying table is, however, inserted to show
the quantities of manganese ore contributed by the Batesville district
from 1850 to date:
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MANGANESE ORES.
135
Production of manffaneae in the BalesvUle district of Arkansas from 1850 to 190S, inclusive.
[Maximum in italics^.]
Year.
ISO to 1867.
1888
1881
1882
18BI
1884
1885
1887..
1888..
18B8..
1810..
18n..
Authority.
Quantity.
Rsti mated
do
Railroad reports of shipments
do
do
do
Mineral resources of the United States .
do
do
do
Eleventh Census
Mineral resources of the United States.
do
Long tons.
400
10
100
175
400
800
1,483
3,316
5,651
4,312
2,628
5,339
1,650
1882.
.. ..do
6,708
2.180
1,984
2,991
3,421
3,240
2,662
366
vm
do
18N
do
18ft
do
t8»
do
WW
do
18M
do
1809
do
1800
do
145
1901
do
91
1902...
do „
82
1908.. .
do
None
ToUl
49,974
CALIFORNIA.
Small quantities of manganese ore are mined in California, and are
QBually sent to the chlorination works, the 1902 output of 846 tons
being the largest recorded. In 1903, however, but 16 tons were
reported. The table below shows the annual record from 1874 to 1903,
inclosive, the total being 11,347 tons:
Toicd production of manganese ores in California, 1874-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Long ions. '
6,000
53
386
706
Year.
Quantity.
18:4!ol«8*»
1897
long tons.
484
mt
1 899
541
vm
1899
115
un
1900
131
ME
1901
1902
1903
Total
610
UBI
400
278
284
846
MM
16
1886
ISK
11,374
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136
MINEBAL BE80UBGE8.
COLORADO.
In mining the silver ores of this State considerable quantities of ore
are obtained which contain varying amounts of iron, manganese, and
silver. When the percentage of the last metal is too small to make
the mineral valuable as a silver ore, that is, to pay the smelting charges
and have a sufficient value remaining as reimbursement for mining
expenses (say $12 per ton or less), it has not been considered as a silver
ore, but it is valued on account of its iron and manganese content ad a
flux in the smelters, although the silver may somewhat augment this
value. When the ore is sufficiently high in manganese, some of it is
utilized in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, the quantity so reported
in the year 1903 being 14,866 long tons, the remainder, 179,205 tons,
going to the smelters for fluxing purposes.
The following table shows the amount of the tifro classes of manga-
niferous ores mentioned above which have been mined in Colorado
from 1889 to 1903, inclusive:
Production
of manganiferous
ores in Colorado^
1889-1903
Ore.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1895.
1896.
Manganif erouB iron ores used
for producing spiegeleisen. .
Manganiferous silver ores
Long
tons.
2,075
64,987
Long
ions.
Long
ton$.
964
'79,511
Long
tons.
8,100
62,309
Long
tons.
6,766
64,462
Long
tons.
7,022
30,187
Long
tons.
13,464
58,506
lAmg
tons,
9,072
51,840
137,697
Total
67,062
51,840
80,475 . 66.409
60,228
87,209
66,970
146,609
Ore.
1897.
189
Long
18,
99,
8.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Manganiferous iron ores used
for producing spiegeleisen . .
Manganiferous silver ores
Long tons.
16,519
149,502
tons.
848
651
Long tons.
29,366
79,866
Long tons.
43.303
188,509
Long tons.
62,385
228,187
Longtons.j
13,275
194,132
Longtons.
14,856
179.206
Total
166,021
118, 499
109.210
231.812
290 B72
207.407
194,061
' 1
GEORGIA.
The two principal manganese districts in this State are the Carters-
ville, the only one active in late years, and the Cavespring. The
quantity mined in 1903, 600 long tons, is the smallest recorded since
1874, except in 1883 and 1884, when no output was reported. The
total quantity mined from 1866 to 1903, inclusive, was 92,094 long
tons, the annual production being given in the following table:
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MANGANESE OSES.
JProduciion of manganese ores in Georgia^ 1866-1903.
137
Ye*r.
Quuitity.
Year.
Quantity.
From 1M6 to 1873 (estimated)
Long toM.
5,560
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
1.800
1,200
1,000
2,580
6,041
9,084
6,568
5,206
1890
Ijong tons,
749
W\
1891
8,576
826
iSJS
1892
!«;$
1898
724
UJ7
1894
1,277
8.856
4,085
8.S82
6,689
3,089
8,447
4,074
3,500
MB8
1895
]gj9
1896
U80
1897
M81
1898
1^82
1899
1883 and 1884
1900
IgS^
1901
1886
1902
1887
1908
600
Total
92,094
18(49
a None reported.
VIRGINIA.
This State has been the principal producer of manganese ore in the
United States, the bulk being obtained from the Crimora mine, in
Augusta County, located Aear the railroad station of the same name.
The maximum output was 20,567 long tons in 1886. In 1903 only
1^801 tons were mined, the minimum output reported with the excep-
tion of the years 1894 and 1895.
The greater portion of the ore mined was used in chemical works,
etc, the demand of steel works for fen*o-manganese being met by
imports of manganese ores.
The total production of the State of Virginia from 1880 to 1903,
inclusive, is 192,868 long tons, and the annexed table shows the yearly
output
Production of manganese ores in Virginia, 18S0-190S,
[Maximum in italics.]
ma
us.
UH.
vm.
1S7.
vm
vm
vm
Quantity.
LongtoM.
3,661
8,296
2,962
5,855
8,980
18,745
to, 667
19,885
17,646
14,616
12,699
16,248
6,079
Year.
1898
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Total
Quantity.
Long
ton*,
4,092
1.797
1,716
2,018
3,660
5,662
6,228
7,881
4,275
3.041
1.801
192,868
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
138
MINERAL BE80UBCES.
IMPORTS OF MANGANESE ORES.
As spiegeleisen and f erro-manganese, which are both manufactured
from manganese ores and manganiferous ores, are used in the produc-
tion of steel, the limited supply of native ore is largely augmented by
that imported from foreign countries. On most of this no duty ia
levied. The quantity of manganese ore brought in during the year
ending December 31, 1903, as reported by the Bureau of Statistics,
was 146,056 long tons, valued at $1,278,108, or $8.75 per ton, as against
235,576 long tons imported in 1902, which were valued at $1,931,282,
or $8.20 per ton. This is a decline of 89,520 long tons, or 38 per cent
While there was a falling oflf in the quantity of manganese ore mined
in the United States and also of the importation of ore, the amount of
ferro-manganese and spiegeleisen imported increased from 69,034 long
tons in the fiscal year 1902 to 175,687 tons in 1903.
The principal foreign source of manganese ore was Brazil, which
contributed 76,910 long tons, or over one-half thfi total. The other
important countries are India, Cuba, Russia, Chile, Germany, and
Spain, ranking in the order named.
The following table, prepared from data furnished by the Bureau of
Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, shows the im-
ports of manganese ore by countries into the United States in the years
1899 to 1908, inclusive, together with the valuations for the same:
Imports of manganese ores into the United States during the calendar years 1899, 1900,
1901, 1902, and 190S, by countries.
Country.
1899.
Quantity. | Value.
Brazil
Russia, Black Sea
British East Indies
Cuba
Chile
Colombia
Turkey in Asia
Turkey in Europe
Japan
France
Germany
United Kingdom
French West Indies
Greece
Quebec, Ontario, etc
Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, etc
Austria-Hungary
Spain
Netheriands
Long tons.
28,115
73,397
17,950
16,359
17", 575
8,900
5,782
8,310
4,492
2,953
1,274
134
Total.
3,030
78
188,349
S299,877
598,644
&4,471
221,785
111,726
82, 489
46,822
61,241
81,657
21,080
34,927
6,697
10,526
2,586
Quantity.
Long tons.
64,451
132, 121
10,650
20,582
9,925
7,902
7,062
6,186
5,338
156
65
50
89
19
10
1,584,528 256,252
Value.
$590,825
812,592
30,787
269,348
69,670
86,678
49,482
43,693
44,707
1901.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
48,029
32,600
11,000
21,627
14,794
2,600
6,980
11,879
6,985
43,025
7,466
660
897
1,100
1,114
427
2,042,861
4,184
29
6,060
29
165,722
$460,024
224,798
40,148
307,064
104,364
84,800
43,653
87,380
62,443
76,827
10,563
8,669
1,U0
38,947
763
1.486,573
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
VAKOANESE OBKB.
139
Imports of mangcmege ores into the United States during the calendar years 1899^ J900,
1902, 290^, and 190Sy by countries— Continued.
Country.
1903.
Quantity.
BnzU
BmU, Black Sea
Roadft, Baltic and Whlt« seas .
Britiih East Indies
Cuba
Chile
I Long tons.
192,550
3,338
Value.
$1,
006,969
24,581
M,170
36,294
Colombia
Torkey in Eorope
JapaD
Germany
United Kingdom
Quebec, Ontario, etc .'
Sora Scotia, New Brunswick, etc.
Aoftria-Hongary
Spain
Belgium
700
12,609
2,481
2,155
451
140
69
10,464
165
Total.
235,576
352,487
285,571
3,385
88,979
37,064
68,241
10,814
820
2,311
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
76,910
1,596
3,980
85,960
17,721
3,461
1,962 ;
400
2,837
893
3
35
1
2,244
25
1,931,282
146,056
5738,885
15,565
39,800
226,796
111,670
25,555
10,693
77,985
23,138
303
1,395
85
5,836
552
1,278,108
An examination of the table shows that in earlier years Russia has
been the main reliance. The extent of these Russian deposits was
indicated in the report for the year 1897, and there are undoubtedly
large reserves obtainable from the Sharopan district; but in 1903 Rus-
sia's contribution to the United States was comparatively unimportant.
An examination of the importation of manganese ores in 1903 by
customs districts shows that the greater portion came through the
port of Baltimore, viz: 115,701 long tons, or 79 per cent of the total,
the remainder being brought in via Mobile, Ala. ; New Orleans, La. ;
New York, N. Y. ; Perth Amboy, N. J. ; Philadelphia, Pa. ; Newport
News, Va-; Chicago, III.; Pittsburg, Pa.; Boston, Mass.; Huron,
Mich., and a few scattering ports.
The table below, prepared by the Bureau of Statistics of the Depart-
ment of Commerce and Labor, shows the importations by customs
districts from 1899 to 1903, inclusive.
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140
MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
Manganese ore imported into the United States during the calendar years 1S99, 1900^ 1901
190^ y and 190S, by customs districts.
Custonyi district
Philadelphia. Pa...
Baltimore, Md
New York, N.Y
Perth Amboy, N.J.
Pittsburg, Pa
Newport News, Va.
Chicago, III
Boston, Mass
New Orleans, La...
PensACola, Fla
Mobile, Ala
Huron, Mich
Champlain, N. Y...
All others
Total.
1908.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
983
115,701
3,893
2,244
17
613
153
6
4,750
17,721
3
22
146,056
«25,600
999,835
72.091
5,836
1,459
18,332
6,397
408
84,170
111,670
2,007
1,278,106
1902.
Quantity. Value,
Long tons.
1,007
200,434
4,287
10
53
116
82
5,339
24,158
80
80
80
235,576
1901.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
130,927 24,396
1,583,903 I 120,579
77,978 8,108
850
1,616
4,874
1,450
46,281
188,157
240
240
366
8,935
8,100
896
72
2
165,722
$188,869
1,004,750
110,979
2,994
862
2,392
127,159
44,100
8,170
499
106
1.486,573
Customs district.
Philadelphfa, Pa
Baltimore, Md
New York, N.Y
Norfolk, Va
Pittsburg, Pa
Newport News, Va. . .
Chicago, 111
Boston, Mass
Passamaquoddy, Me .
All others
Total.
1900.
Quantity.
Long tons.
80,333
161,932
13,883
Value.
9726,545
1,134,823
176,944
1,578
1 I
2
61
256,252
24
SO
1,849
2,042,361
1899.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons,
90,583
80,006
14,762
2,901
44
26
16
5
4
2
188,349
f655,061
739,547
152, 9d0
32,248
2,473
1.851
596
116
83
96
1,584,628
In order to illustrate the dependence of the United States on for-
eign sources of manganese ores, the following table has been pre-
pared, showing the annual domestic production and value of manganese
ores, together with similar data in regard to the importations. This
will show that in the 15 years, from 1889 to 1903, inclusive, the total
amount of manganese ore mined was 191,639 long tons, valued at
$1,721,294, an average per year of 12,776 tons, valued at $114,753.
During the same period 1,583,006 tons of manganese ores were im-
ported, valued at $14,306,540, an average per annum of 105,534 tons,
valued at $953,769. From this table it will be seen that the total
domestic production in 15 years has been exceeded on two occasions
by the importations in a single year.
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KASQASWB ORES.
141
Rdative quanUUes and values of domestic and imported manganese ores, 1889-1903,
Year.
Domestic production.
Quantity. Value.
Imports.
Quantity. Value.
18»
lao
18W
1892
las
104
WKi
IW
\m
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Total for 15 years . . .
Arerttge for 15 years
LongloM.
24,197
25,681
28,416
13,618
7,718
6,808
9,547
10,068
11,108
15,967
9,935
11,771
11,995
7,477
2,825
1240,569
219,060
239,129
129,686
66,614
53.686
71,769
90,727
95,605
129,185
82,278
100,289
116,722
60,911
26,835
Long tons.
4,286
84,154
28,825
58,672
68,113
44,665
86,111
31,489
119,961
114,886
188,849
266,252
165,722
236,576
146,066
191,689
12,776
1,721,294
114,768
1,583.006
106,534
178,391
516,900
380,618
840,811
880,238
432,661
747,910
260,468
1,028,824
831,967
1,584,628
2,042,361
1,486,573
1,931,282
1,278,108
14,306,540
963,760
CONSUMPTION OF DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED METAIiUC
MANGANESE.
The consumption of metallic manganese, either as ferro-manganese
or as alloyed with iron in spiegeleisen, includes that which is imported
from foreign countries and that which is manufactured in the United
States, the manufacture of the richer alloy, ferro-manganese, being
mainly from imported ores.
On page 143 of Mineral Resources of the United States for 1902
the consumption of metallic manganese in the manufacture of various
classes of steel is given and from this an estimate is possible of the
approximate quantity of manganiferous alloys used in the United
States during the year. The Bureau of Statistics reports that during
the calendar year 1903, there were imported into the United States
41,518 tons of ferromanganese and 122,016 tons of spiegeleisen, and
the domestic statistics collected by the American Iron and Steel Asso-
ciation show that during the same time there were produced by the
blast furnaces of the United States 156,700 tons of spiegeleisen and
35,961 tons of ferromanganese, a total of imported and domestic metal
of 356,195 long tons.
The largest production of domestic spiegeleisen and ferromanga-
nese was in the year 1901 when 291,461 tons were reported, but in
1903 the total was only 192,661 long tons. In the following table will
be found the annual production of domestic spiegeleisen and f erro-
maiigaDese in the United States from 1893 to 1903, inclusive, compiled
from the reports of the American Iron and Steel Association.
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142 HIKEBAL BBSOUBOES.
Production of domegUc spiegdeisen and ferromanganesey calendar years IS93-I90S.
Year.
Qaantity.
1
Year.
QoanUty.
1893
Long tons.
81,118
120,180
171,724
131,940
173.696
218,769
1899
LtmgUm.
219,768
1894
! 1900
255,977
1896 . ..
1901
291,461
1896
1902
212,981
1flQ7
1903
192,661
1898
From the reports of the Bureau of Statistics the table below has
been prepared to show the imports of ferromanganese and spiegelei-
sen into the United States for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1884 to
1903, inclusive, together with separate data of both metals for the
years 1898 to 1903, inclusive. From this table it will be seen that the
maximum importation was in the year ending June 30, 1903, when
176,687 tons, valued at $4,866,760, were imported.
Imports offerromamjaneae and tqih'fjelel^m for fiscal years ending June SO, 188jhl90S,
Year.
1884.
1886..
1886.,
1887.,
1888.
1889.,
1890.,
1891..
1892.,
1893. ,
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900.,
1901.,
1902.,
1903.,
Ferroman-
ganese.
Spiegelel-
aen.
Long tons. Long tons.
6,346
10,392
10,684
8,995
37,618
53,121
Total.
Quantity. Value.
10,108
3,615
13,615
16,308
81,416
122,566
Longtxms.
94.210
65,406
99,426
150,205
108,973
93,032
106,771
54,239
55,080
49, 157
11,579
8,127
66,608
11,301
16,454
14,007
24,209
25,303
69,034
175,687
$2,353,366
1,587,108
2,188,363
3,327,128
2,868,600
1,757,035
3,032,006
1,556,969
1,347,364
1,273,468
230,840
284.409
1,632,466
491,898
518,756
1.178,098
952, 144
2,140,758
4,866.760
PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES IN FOREIGN
COUNTRIES.
As the most of the manganese ores used in the United States are
imported from foreign countries, it will be of interest to refer briefly
to the principal producers of this mineral.
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MANOANESE 0BE8.
CANADA.
149"
Manganese ore has been obtained in small amounts in the Provinces
of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but figures of production for the
year 1903 are as yet unobtainable. The quantity of ore mined in the
years 1886 to 1902, inclusivCj together with the total value and the
average value per ton for each year, is given in the following table:
Production of manganese ore in Canada, 1S8S-1902.
Year.
1886...
1887...
1888...
1889...
1860...
18n...
1882...
189B...
18M...
1886...
1886' .
18J7-.
1896...
18B»».
1900 <^.
1901...
2908...
Quantity.
Value.
Value
per ton.
SkoH tons.
1,78»
»41,499
«23.20
1,245
43,658
36.07
1,801
47,944
26.62
1,456
32,737
22.50
1,328
32,650
24.51
265
6,694
26.25
115
10,250
89.18
213
14,578
68.44
74
4,180
66.49
125
8,464
67.71
1234
8,975
82.19
15J
1,166
76.46
50
1,600
82.00
1,681
20,004
12.66
80
1,800
60.00
440
4,820
10.96
84
2,774
38.02
(■Exports.
e» NoTft Scotia mined 63 tons. New Brunswick's product was 1,518 tons.
<7 Nova Scotia mined 10 tons and New Brunswick 20 tons.
The geological survey of Canada supplies the figures showing the
quantity and value of the exports of manganese from 1873 to 1902
given in the following table. These figures apparently show that
there are sources of manganese ore which have not as yet been oflScially
located.
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144
MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
Exports ofmartganese ore from Canada^ 1873-1905,
Year.
NovaScotUL
New Bruiiflwick.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Ytlne.
1878
Short tons.
Short toriM.
1,081
776
194
891
785
520
1,782
2,100
1,504
771
1,013
469
1,607
1,877
887
1,094
1,877
1,729
238
69
10
45
A
$20,192
16,961
5,314
7,816
12,210
6,971
20,016
31,707
22,532
14,227
16,708
9,085
29,695
27.484
20,662
16,078
26,826
84,248
6,18L
2,026
112
2,400
3
ShoHloM.
1.081
782
203
412
891
626
1,886
2,179
1,704
891
1,826
608
1,684
«1,818
1,416
1,181
1.486
120,192
1874
6
9
21
106
106
154
79
200
123
318
184
77
a441
578
87
59
177
22
84
128
11
108
128*
15i
U
67
$42
200
728
3,699
4,889
7,420
3,090
18,022
11,520
8,635
11,054
5,054
854
14,240
5,750
8,024
2,588
568
6,180
12,409
720
6,848
8,975
1,166
826
2,828
16,973
1875
5,514
1876
8,069
1877
15,909
1878
10,860
1879
27,486
1880
34,797
1881
40,554
1882 :
25,747
1883
25,343
1884
20,069
1885
34,649
1886
66,SS8
1887
34.802
1888
21,832
1889
29.SS0
1890
1,906 86,831
1891
255 6,eM
1892
148 8,206
1898
188 , 12,521
1894
56 8.120
1895
108ft 6,351
128* 3,975
1896
1897
16i 1,166
1898
11 825
1899
3
82
70 1 2-410
1900*
34
440
172
135
1,720
1901
4,820
1902
4,062
1908
1,889
a 250 tons should be more correctly classed under the heading of mineral pigments.
mowing to changes in compiling customs returns, exports can no longer be given by Provinces.
CUBA.
In the report for 1902 there appears a summary.of the manganese
deposits of Cuba which have thus far been exploited, practically all
of which are found in the southeastern section of the island.
As far as can be learned the only mines active in 1903 were those
of the Ponupo Mining and Transportation Company in the Province
of Santiago de Cuba, shipments being made from the port of Santiago.
In the year 1903 the production of manganese ores from the Ponupo
mines was 20,349 long tons, and the shipments 18,796 tons.
The following table gives the annual exports of manganese ore from
the Santiago district of Cuba for the years 1888 to 1903, inclusive:
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MANGANESE 0BE8.
ExporU of manganese ore from Santioffo distrid, Oaha, 1388-1903.
145
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
188B
Longtont.
1,942
704
21,810
21,987
18,761
10,640
1896
Long tons.
None
IflM
1897
None,
18W
1898.. .
950
lan
1899
13,686
22,600
25,183
89,628
wan
1900
1388
1901
18M
1902
U85
1,894
1908
18,796
PANAMA.
There are important deposits of manganese ore in the Nombre de
Dios district of Panama, but no manganese ore was reported as mined
in the year 1903.
BRAZIL.
Brazil is at present the principal contributor of manganese ore to
the United States, the greater portion being obtained in the Minas
Geraes district, and a relatively small quantity from the Nazareth dis-
trict A summary of these deposits was given in the 1902 report.
No official data as to the shipments in 1903 are obtainable, but in the
following table will be found the exports of manganese ore from
Brazil from 1896 to 1902, inclusive:
Exports of BrcusUian manganese ore, 1896-190^.
I
TeftT.
Quantity.
LongUmt.
14,710
14,870
27,110
62,170
Year.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Qoantity.
Long ions.
al27,848
696,710
156,269
aEoTope, 75,910; United States, 51,438.
b Europe, 47,680; United States. 48,080.
CHILE.
Manganese ores occur in most of the provinces of Chile, but those
which are actively worked are in the provinces of Atacama and
SsotiagD.
Jd 1902 the manganese ore exported from Coquimbo was 12,990
metric tons, valued at $389,700 Chilean dollars ($142,241).
jf B 1903 10
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146
HIKEBAL BESOUBGBS.
The following table shows the exports of Chilean manganese ores
from 1885 to 1902, inclusive, together with the values in some of these
years:
Exports of Chilean manganese ores, 188S-190£.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1886
LongUms.
4,041
23,928
47,521
18,713
' 28,683
47,986
34,462
50,871
86,162
1894
LongtoM.
47,238
23,696
26,740
28,156
20,522
40,285
25,819
31,477
al2,785
$3n,374
1886
1896
186,747
1887
1896
202,335
1888
1897
1889 ...
1898
163,165
1890
1899
448,195
1891
1900
1892
$399,881
284,262
1901
1898
1902
142,241
a Prom €k>quimbo.
GREAT BRITAIN.
A small amount of manganiferous iron ore is obtained in Great
Britain, the quantity mined in 1903 being 818 long tons. The follow-
ing table gives the production and value of manganiferous iron ores in
the United Kingdom from 1884 to 1903, inclusive:
Production and value of manganiferous iron ores in the United Kingdom, 1884-i90S.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1884 .
Long tons.
909
1,688
12,763
18,777
4,342
8,852
12,444
9,476
6,078
1,886
$6,921
11,669
52,722
68,772
9,361
31,364
82,588
80,071
21,461
3,688
1894
Longtons.
1,809
1,273
1,060
609
231
415
1.362
1,646
1,278
818
|3,S62
1885
1896
3,32S
1886
1896
2,963
1887
1897
a 1,650
1888
1898
1899
1900
1901
974
1889
1,212
1890
3,285
1891
1892
1902
3,319
1893
1908
a Estimated.
BELGIUM.
Manganiferous iron ores are obtained in Belgium, the amount mined
in 1902 being reported as 14,440 metric tons, valued at 187,300 francs
($36,149).
The annexed table gives the annual production and value of man-
ganiferous iron ore in Belgium from 1880 to 1902, inclusive:
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UAVGAN^BE OBES.
Production of mangcmiferous iron ores in Bdgvam, 1880-190fS,
147
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1880 ,.
Metric ioM.
700
770
846
820
760
772
888
791
724
1892
Metric Urns.
16,776
16,800
22,048
22,478
23,265
28,872
16,440
12,120
10,820
8,610
14,440
$40,202
38,798
68,696
66,250
66,689
66,141
40,820
30,246
25,158
21,384
36,149
lan
1893
U82
1894
1883
1895....
1884.
1896
1885
1897
1886
750
12,750
27,787
20,906
14,256
18,498
1.787
80,079
62,726
47,864
33,968
49,022
1898
1887
1899
1888
1900
1889
1901
1890
1902
1»1 . ..
FRANCE.
Manganese ores are mined in two departments of France, in the
southern part of L'Ariege and in the western and central sections of
Sftone and Lioire, the production in 1902 being 12,536 metric tons,
valued at 327,600 francs ($63,227).
The f oUowng table gives the production and value of manganese
ores produced in France from 1886 to 1902, inclusive, together with
the average value per ton:
J^roduction and value of manganese ores in France, 1886-190S,
*
Year.
Qnantity.
Value.
Value
per ton.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Value
per ton.
ms
LongtoM,
7,566
11,982
10,878
9,842
16,781
15,101
81,894
87,406
82,239
$58,099
50,601
60,757
69,000
89,517
90,816
206,074
290,078
192,264
$7.08
4.28
6.69
6.99
6.69
6.98
6.43
7.76
5.96
1895
LongtoM,
30,385
80,797
86,612
81,896
89,270
28,634
21,952
12,838
$177,698
179,297
200,720
160,883
216,681
164,060
91,699
63,227
$5.85
1887
1896
5.82
vm
1897
6.48
1889
1898
6.11
im
1899
6.49
ttW....
1900
6.75
MS
1901
4.18
1881
1902
5.12
laM
QERB/
lANY.
The Kingdom of Prussia contributes the major portion of the man-
ganese ore obtained in Germany, but this is more strictly speaking a
manganiferous iron ore, the quantity mined in 1903 being 47,110
metric tons, valued at 463,000 marks ($110,194). The production of
tn£e manganese ore from other provinces of Germany was 884 metric
Urns, valued at 57,000 marks ($13,566).
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148
MINEBAL BE8OUB0BS.
The annual production of manganese ores mined in Germany from
1890 to 1903, inclusive, and the production and value of manganiferous
iron ores in Prussia from 1881 to 1902, inclusive, the later years being
furnished by Mr. E. Schr(kiter, of Dusseldorf , are as follows:
Production of manganese ores in Germany, 1890-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1890
LongtofM.
41,180
89,698
82,841
40,067
48,012
40,674
44,860
1897
longUm.
45, aM
1891
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
4^G»
1892
60,960
1888
1 58,260
1894
1 55,796
1896
49,025
1896
1908
47,286
Production and value of mamganew ores in Prussia, 1881-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity. Value.
1881.
1882.
1888.
1884.
1886.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891,
1892
Long tons.
10,911
4,597
4,502
7,629
14,464
24,649
86,967
26,877
48,811
89,497
86,278
80,892
179,104
88,745
28,423
43,118
81,802
177,066
228,489
147,280
216,881
174,428
174,624
101,844
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Long tons. \
88,384
$93,506
41,854
94,992
39,266
100,832
42,925
97,469
44,638
98,185
41,565
92,060
59,425
151,368
67,100
157,2n
54,984
166,662
48,110
126,140
46,866
110,194
ITALY.
The Kingdom of Italy in 1902 produced 2,477 metric tons of man-
ganese ores, valued at 103,740 lire ($20,022) and 23,113 metric tons of
maganiferous iron ore, valued at 276,601 lire ($53,384).
The following table shows the annual production of manganese ores
in Italy, together with the value of the same, from 1860 to -1902, inclu-
sive; also of manganiferous iron ores from 1874 to 1883 and from 1892
to 1902, inclusive, except 1895:
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MAKOAITESE OBES.
149
Production and value of manganese ctnd manffaniferous iron ores in Italy ^ 1860-190^.
Year.
Manganese ores.
Manganiferous iron
ores.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1»0
Long torn.
642
515
1,714
714
712
571
7U
677
661
768
630
779
1,125
3,106
3,169
3,760
6,800
6,704
6,560
5,614
6,373
8,629
6.868
11,204
871
1,774
5,473
4,363
3,573
2,168
2,113
2,391
1,223
797
748
1,544
1,860
1,606
2,965
4,287
5,919
2,147
2,438
112,873
9,174
15,661
6,674
8,667
6,716
7,191
8.079
7,894
19,406
8,646
9,796
12,811
46,548
58,697
64,341
61,074
56,546
46,567
83,842
40,682
45,219
67,201
62,975
7,570
10,899
80,943
21,872
15, OM
9,998
10,050
12,467
8,067
6,320
4,586
18,634
19,734
14,483
18,062
21,647
29,910
16,062
20,022
Long torn.
1«1
1882
]m .
U64
1865
1806
1867 ^
r
1868
1869
1810 .
1871
1872.. .•
1873
1874 ,
3,446
19,684
22,878
7,874
6,868
1,366
20,148
a29,526
a29,528
8,858
$6,765
96,600
98,315
26,248
15,297
2,679
68,214
a92,640
092,640
27,792
1835
187»
1877.
1878
187»
van
1881
1882
vm - T
1884
1885
1886 '.
VK
1888
1861
1860
lan
18K
4,549
8,666
5,718
8,028
14,445
8,971
186*.
18M.
UK
1866
9,842
20,926
10,974
29,402
26,877
28,906
22,748
19,800
vm
32,829
U6»
25,828
1869 s
74,449
64,655
58,131
nn
IIBI.
58,384
a In original. 90,000 metric tons, valued at 480,000 lire, poasibly an estimate.
SPAIN.
The manganese ore obtained in Spain comes chiefly from the Prov-
ince of Hoelva, where ores of the carbonate and silicate varieties are
obtained. Mr. Carl Doetsch, of Huelva, has supplied the following
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150
MINEBAL SESOUBCES.
table of exports of maDganese ore from that Province from the year
1869 (the beginning of the industry) to 1903, inclusive:
Exports of manganese ore from the Province of Hudva,
Year.
Metrictons.
Year.
MetrlctoM.
1859-60
27,898
1,102
6,400
18,266
20,690
24,292
81,871
41,050
85,306
20,646
17,102
24,297
27,055
15,510
25,588
18,860
6,973
7,295
86,475
4,750
27,572
4,828
1888
4,0tt
1861
1884
1862
1886
1868
1886
1864
1887
1865 ^
1888
1866
1889 . ....
1867
1890 4,720
1868
1891 1 3,884
1892 10-410
1869
1870
1898
6,394
. 7.S21
1871 '
1894
1872
1895 83,358
1896 . . . .... 90,821
1878
1874
1897 103.267
1875
1898
188,062
1876
1899
138,419
1877
1900
129,916
1878
1901 . . ...
91,C?2
62,944
1879
1902
1880
1908
54,540
18S1
Total/
1,817,0M
1882
The distribution of the exports in the years 1899 to 1903, inclusive,
was as follows:
Exports of Huelva manganese ores, 1899-190S,
Country.
Quantity.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
RAlgiiim ftn^ Liixembimg:
Metric Urns,
127,743
4,842
4,449
1,885
Metric tons.
126.482
1,218
2,221
Metrictons.
85,961
918
2,861
2,442
Metrictons.
57,927
12
1,828
8,182
Metric ioM,
68.429
England
France
1,111
Germany
Total
138,419
129.916
91,672
62,944
54,540
Mr. Doetsch estimates the total value of the exports in 1903 as
1,500,000 pesetas ($289,500).
From the north of Spain, also, a small amount of manganese ore,
estimated at about 1,000 tons per annmn, is exported.
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MANGANESE OBES.
PORTUGAL.
151
Most of the manganese ore mined in Portugal comes from the dis-
trict of Beja, in the Province of Alentejo, the production of 1901
bemg reported as 904 metric tons.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
The Kingdom of Austria mines some manganese ore, the quantity
produced in 1903, as reported by Prof. Hans Hoefer, being 61,789
metric centners, valued at 128,851 crowns ($26,157).
The following table gives the annual production of manganese ore
in Austria from 1876 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of manganese ore in Austriaj 1876-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1«6
Centner:
67,817
78,999
41,836
34,837
88,744
91,097
84,183
93,821
79,423
61,677
92,464
98,108
65,541
89,261
1890
Centners,
80,068
62,793
46,000
1877
1891
1S78
1892
1879
1893
54,000
101,120
a 92, 270
Metric tons.
1880
1894
wsi
1896
1882
1897
188S
6,012
6,132
6,411
8,804
7,796
6,646
1884
1898
1885
1899
18»
1900
1887... .' .
1901
1888..
1902
1889
1908
6,179
a Including Boshia.
Professor Hoefer gives the quantity of manganese ore mined in the
Kingdom of Hungary in 1903 as 124,895 metric centners, valued at
^970 crowns ($13,189), and in Bosnia and Herzegovina as 45,374
metric centners, valued at 136,122 crowns ($27,633).
The following tables give the production of manganese ores in Hun-
gary from 1897 to 1903, and in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1892 to
1903, inclusive:
Production of manganese ore in Hungary , 1S97-190S,^
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
MK...
Metric tons.
8,976
8,056
6,078
6,746
1901
Metric tons.
4,691
ttfc....
1902
7,847
2M
1908
12,490
mt
a Ungarischea Statiitichea Jahrbnoh.
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152 MINERAL BESOUBOBS.
Production of manganese ore in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1899-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1892
Long torn,
7,819
8,016
6,718
a5,a60
a5,286
1899 - --
Longttm,
5,536
1895
1900
1901
1902
1908
7,813
1896
6,147
1897
5,609
1898
4,465
! • •
aBosniflches Bureau Montan Abthellung.
SWEDEN.
The production of manganese ore in Sweden is unimportant, the
quantity mined in 1903 being 2,244 metric tons, valued at 36,550
kroners ($9,795).
The following table gives the official statistics of the annual pro-
duction and value of manganese ores in Sweden from 1888 to 1903,
inclusive:
ProdticHon of manganese ore in Sweden, 1S88-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1888
Long ions.
9,537
8,509
10,529
8,986
7,708
6,949
8,306
3,068
1896
Long ions.
2,028
2,706
2,821
2,581
2,609
2,285
2,806
2,244
17,197
1889
1897
12,616
1890
1898
11,060
1891
1899
11,990
1892
1900
13,179
1893
1901
1902
1908
11,256
1894
14,729
1895
9,795
RUSSIA.
Late official statistics in regard to the production of manganese in
Russia, the principal manganese producing country in the world, are
difficult to obtain.
According to a report lately presented by Mr. Ethelbert Watts,
consul-general of the United States at St Peteraburg, Russia, the ore
is mined in the provinces of Perm, Orenburg, Ekaterinoslav, and
Kutais (Caucasus). The latter province yields three-fourths of the
manganese produced in Russia, and nearly all of it is exported. The
total yield of the province in 1901 is given as 375,211 metric tons, a
decrease of 286,733 tons compared with the quantity mined in 1900.
The exports in 1901 were 355,545 metric tons, as against 461,125 tons
in 1900.
The following table shows the production of manganese ore in the
different provinces of Russia from 1885 to 1901, inclusive:
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MAK0ANB8E OBBS.
153
StaiMcs of manganese ores in Russia, (^
[In poods.]
1
18»..
las..
JS89..
1990..
1891..
1892..
189$...
1894...
UK...
1887.
1900.
1901.
Production.
Uml.
64,700
50,000
50,000
82,700
179,100
143,500
118,000
56,000
186,000
108,000
168,000
255,000
303,000
896,000
111,000
^^ C«nc«««.
250,000
226,850
89,600
841,500
528,100
660,000
1,795,000
4,740,000
8,562,000
2,287,000
2,782,000
3,417,000
3,640,000
5,919,000
8,640,800
4,242,100
8,277,200
1,822,800
4,243,200
10,468,100
6,126,000
10,560,000
11,678,000
11,198,000
9,943,000
9.662,000
12,343,000
16,066,000
34,077,000
40,363,486
22,569,085
Total.
695,500
542,100
353,550
995,100
763,800
139,700
904,000
411,000
599,000
863,000
398,000
699,000
063,000
102,000
107,000
Exports.
Caucasus.^ Total.
2,567,000
3,408,000
3,690,000
8,055,000
3,287,000
8,235.000
4,575,000
7,876,000
7,633,000
8,961,000
10,172,000
8,808,000
10,900,000
14,610,000
23,849,000
2,567,000
8,408,000
3,690,000
3,055,000
3,237,000
8,285,000
4,575,000
7,876,000
7,666,000
8,965,000
10,172,000
8,842,000
11,441,000
14,950,000
25,836,000
a One lOD^ ton equals 62 poods.
b Exports within Russia not included.
TURKEY.
Turkey has some good mangaDese deposits which are worked to
supply a portion of the foreign demand, none of it being used locally.
Mr. Hugh Whittall, of Constantinople, states that the ministry of mines
report the exportation of manganese ore from Turkey in the year 1903
as 49,100 metric tons, valued at 66,950 pounds ($325,812).
QREBCE.
Greece produces considerable quantities of manganese ore, the quan-
tity reported mined being given as 18,076 metric tons, valued at
542,280 francs, in 1901, and 14,962 metric tons, valued at 448,860
francs, in 1902. A considerable amoimt of manganiferous iron ore is
also obtained.
INDIA.
India in late years has attained considerable prominence as a pro-
ducer of manganese ores, the greater portion coming from the presi-
dency of Madras. The production of manganese ore in India in 1903,
locording to the report of Mr. L. Robertson, under secretary to the
jfovemment of India, was 165,006 long tons, valued at 1,991,117
rupees ($645,123), this year's production being the maximum.
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154
MIIfEBAL BES0UBCE8.
The following table gives the production of manganese ore in India
from 1894 to 1903, inclusive, the figures for the earlier years being
those of exports.
Exports of manganese ore from British India by sea to other countries, 1894-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Qnantity.
1894
Long tons.
11,410
15,816
66,869
73,680
60,449
1899a
Longlons.
87,126
1895
1900a
130,670
1896
1901a
162,097
1897
1902a
157,780
1898a
1903a
165,006
a Production.
JAPAN.
Manganese ores are mined in Japan, but the quantity secured is
moderate.
In the following table the first column, taken from the Financial
and Economical Annual of Japan, gives the production of manganese
ores from 1886 to 1901, inclusive, and the second column, taken from
the annual returns of the Empire of Japan (department of finance),
shows the exports of this mineral from 1881 to 1903, inclusive, together
with the value of the same from 1893 to 1903. As both sets of figures
are claimed as official, no attempt at harmonizing is made.
The exports of manganese ores in 1903 are given as 5,571,518 kin,
valued at 77,892 yen ($38,791). Of this quantity, 4,065,841 kin were
exported from Yokohama, 1,502,047 kin from Kobe, and 3,630 kin
from Osaka.
Production and comport of manganese ores, Japan, 1881-1908,
Year.
Produc-
tion.
Exports.
Value of
exports.
Year.
Produc-
tion.
Exports.
Value of
exports.
1881
Long Urns.
Long tons.
2
156
151
125
123
404
312
813
945
2,604
3,178
4,948
1893
Long tons.
15,655
13,007
16,679
17,482
15,081
U,207
11,049
15,430
15,858
LorigtoTts.
18,510
17,465
16,338
20,785
14,624
9,905
9,157
12,576
8,726
2,625
3,258
$106,016
99,007
97,906
136,668
102,248
77,853
76,089
111,750
98,214
1882 .- .
1894
1883
1805
1884
1896
1885
1897
1886
892
802
688
916
2,526
3,142
4,891
1898
1887
1899
1888
I
1900
1889
1
1901
1890
1
1902
1891
1
1903
38,791
1892
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MANGANESE 0BE3.
JAVA.
155
Manganese ores are exploited in the regencies of Pengasin and
Mangolaen, but no late reports are at hand. In 1899 the quantity
mined is given as 1,888 metric tons.
NEW ZEALAND.
In 1902 no manganese ore was mined in New Zealand, but in 1901
808 long tons were produced, valued at £614 ($2,988).
AUSTRALIA.
NEW SOUTH WALES.
No manganese ore was mined in this province in 1902, but in 1901
there was a production of 12 tons of manganese.
QUEENSLAND.
In 1902 Queensland supplied 4,600 tons of manganese ore valued at
£16,989 ($82,677). The following table shows the production and
value of manganese ore in Queensland from 1881 to 1902, inclusive:
Production and value of manganese ores in Queenalandy 1881-1884 and 1889-1902,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
im
LangUmi,
87
100
20
55
4
5
10
$1,268
1,094
290
799
87
97
126
1894
Lcmgtons.
140
855
300
300
67
785
75
218
4,600
$1,936
5,387
4,880
5,475
1.221
18,775
UB2
1896 :
un
1896
UM
1897
im
1898
\m
1899
WW.
1900
998
UR
1901
8,869
IW
1902
82,677
1
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
There was exported from South Australia to Queensland, in the year
1902, 18/^ tons of manganese ore, valued at £62 ($302).
WORIiI>'S PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES.
Contemporaneous data of the production of manganese ores in
foreign countries can not be secured, but in the following table are
pret^nied the latest reliable statistics which were obtainable, together
with the year which the figures represent. The tons are either long
or metric, except in the case of Canada, where the short ton is used.
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156
HINEBAL BESOUBOE8
World's prodsiction of manganese ores.
Country.
Year.
Piodac-
tion.
Country.
Year.
reduc-
tion.
North America:
United States
Canadaa
Cubao
South America:
Brazila
Chilea
Europe:
Austria
Bosnia and Herzegoyina
Hungary
France
Germany
Greece
1903
1908
1906
1902
1902
1908
1908
1908
1902
1908
1902
Tom.
2,825
186
18,796
156,269
12,990
6,179
4,587
12,490
12,586
47,994
14,962
Europe— continued:
Italy ,
Portugal
Russia
Spain ,
Sweden
Turkeya
Asia:
India
Japan
Javaa
Oceania:
Queensland
South Australia.
1902
1901
1900
1903
1903
1908
1908
1901
1899
1902
1902
Tom.
2,477
904
884,200
55,640
2,244
49,100
165,006
16,296
1,888
4,000
18
a Exports.
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GOLD AND SILVER
!
PRODUCTION.
The total statistics of the production of gold and silver for 1903 are
furnished, as heretofore, by the Director of the Mint, but the statis-
tical canvass made by the United States Geological Survey resulted in
some differences in the distribution of the product among the several
States and Territories.
During the calendar year 1903 the United States produced 3,560,000
fine ounces of gold, valued at $73,591,700, a decrease of $6,408,300, or
8.01 per cent, as compared with the production of 1902.
Of the 21 States and Territories yielding gold in 1903, 11
showed an increase in production, Nevada leading with an increase
of $492,700, or 17.02 per cent. Alaska, which led in increase in 1902,
was second in 1903, with an increase of $268,900. Kansas and Ten-
nesaee^ with productions valued, respectively, at $9,700 and $800,
reported for the first time in 1903. The other States and Territories
showing gains in 1903 were as follows: Arizona, $245,300; Utah,
$102,900; Idaho, $95,400; Montana, $38,300; Virginia, $10,400; Wash-
ington, $7,700, and Alabama, $1,900.
The greatest decrease in production in 1903 was in Colorado, where
the production fell off $5,928,600, or 20.82 per cent. California was
second in amount of decrease in 1903, falling off $687,600. Decreases
were also noted in the following States and Territories: Oregon,
$526,500; New Mexico, $286,500; South Dakota, $138,700; Georgia,
$35,800; Wyoming, $35,200; South Carolina, $21,200; North Carolina,
$20,200, and Maryland, $2,000.
The silver yield of the United States for 1903 amounted to 54,300,000
fine ounces, with a coining value of $70,206,060 and a commercial value
of $29,322,000, a decrease in quantity of 1,200,000 fine ounces, or 2.16
percent
Of the 21 States and Territories producing silver in 1903, 11 showed
increased production. Nevada, which led in increase of production
of silver in 1902, held the same position in 1903, showing an increase
of 1,304,300 fine ounces, or 34.82 per cent. This great increase is due
to further developments in the rich Tonopah district in Nye County.
The following States and Territories abo showed gains in production
167
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158
HmSBAL BESOX7B0ES.
in 1903 over 1902: Idaho, 652,600 ounces; Utah, 365,100 ounces;
Arizona, 344,000 ounces; Alaska, 51,600 ounces; California, 30,700
ounces; Oregon, 24,700 ounces; Texas, 8,200 ounces; Virginia, 3,600
ounces; and Tennessee, 700 ounces. Kansas reported silver for the
first time in 1 903, having a production of 97,400 ounces. The greatest
decrease in the production of silver in 1903 was in Colorado and
amounted to 2,685,800 fine ounces. Alabama, which reported 100 fine
ounces of silver in 1902, reported no production in 1908. Other
decreases were as follows: Montana, 601,500 ounces; Washington,
324,500 ounces; New Mexico, 276,500 ounces; South Dakota, 119,000
ounces; Michigan, 60,800 ounces; North Carolina, 9,900 ounces; and
Wyoming, 4,800 ounces.
The total value of the production of the precious metals by the United
States in 1903 (silver at conmiercial value) amounted to $102,913,700,
a decrease of $6,501,300, or 5.94 per cent, from the yield of 1902.
The following table shows the production of gold and silver in the
United States from 1792 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of gold and sUver in the United StateSf 179S-190S.
[The estimates for 1792 to 1878 are by Dr. R. W. Raymond, United States mining commlsioner, and
since by the Director of the Mint]
Year.
Total.
Gold.
SUver (coin-
ing yalne).
tl4,000,000
$14,000,000
Small
7,760,000
7.600,000
«250,000
1,068,827
1,008,827
50,000
1.189,867
1,189,867
60,000
939,086
889,085
50,000
10,060,000
10,000,000
50,000
40,060,000
40,000,000
60,000
60,060,000
60,000,000
60,000
56,050,000
56,000,000
60,000
60,060,000
60,000,000
60,000
66,060,000
66,000,000
50,000
60,060,000
60,000,000
50,000
56,060,000
55,000,000
50,000
56,050,000
56,000,000
60,000
56,050,000
66,000,000
60,000
50,600,000
60,000,000
500,000
50,100,000
50,000,000
100,000
46,160,000
46,000,000
150,000
46,000,000
48,000,000
2,000,000
48.700,000
89,200,000
4,600,000
48,500,000
40,000,000
8,600,000
57,100,000
46,100,000
11,000,000
64,476,000
63,226,000
U, 250,000
68,500,000
58,500,000
10,000,000
65,225,000
51,725,000
13,500,000
60,000.000
48,000,000
12,000.000
61,600,000
49,600,000
12,000.000
66,000,000
60,000,000
16,000,000
66,600,000
43,500,000
28,000,000
64,750,000
86,000,000
28,760^000
Digitiz
BdbyGoO
Qle
April 2, 1792, to July 81, 1834
July 81, 1834, to Dec. 81, 1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
GOLD AND SILVER.
159
Production of gold and gUver in the United /^cUes, 179^-1903 — Continued.
Year.
Total.
Gold.
Silver (coin-
ing value).
187*
1K74
1875
1876
vsn
vm
1879
ISO
1881
1882
1883
MM
1885
1886
1887
1888
1S89:
Mint..
Censtu
1890
isn
1892
19»
18&4
1W5
1»6
urn
M98
1W9
1900
1101
1902-
971,750,000
70,800,000
65,100,000
78,700,000
86,700,000
96,400,000
79,700,000
75,200,000
77,700,000
79,900,000
76,200,000
79,600.000
83,400,000
86.000,000
86,350,000
92,870.000
97,446,000
99,282,866
103,809,645
108,691,565
115,101,000
113,531,000
103,500,000
118,661,000
129,157,236
127,000,172
134,847,485
141,860,026
153,704,496
150,054,500
151,757,575
143,797,760
•86,000,000
83,500,000
33,400,000
39,900,000
46,900,000
51,200,000
38,900,000
36,000,000
34,700,000
32,600,000
30,000,000
30,800,000
31,800,000
36,000,000
83,000.000
33,176,000
32,800,000
32,886,180
32,845,000
38,175,000
83,000,000
35,955,000
39,500,000
46,610,000
58,088,000
67,363,000
64,463,000
71,053,400
79,171,000
78,666,700
80,000,000
78,691,700
•35,750,000
37,300,000
31,700,000
38,800,000
39,800,000
45,200,000
40,800,000
39,200,000
43,000,000
46.800,000
46,200,000
48,800,000
61,600,000
51,000,000
63,360,000
'69,195,000
64,646,000
66,396,686
70,464,646
75,416,566
82,101,000
77,676,000
64,000,000
72,061,000
76,069,286
69,637,172
70,384,485
70,806,626
74,533,495
71,387,800
71,757,675
70,206,060
The following table shows the production of gold in the United States
in 1902 and 1903 and the increase or decrease in 1903, by States and
Territories:
Production of gold in the several States and Territories in 190fS and 190S, and the increase
or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.
8Ute or Territory.
Value.
1902.
1908.
Increaise.
Decrease.
AM>ima
•2,600
8,845,800
4,112,300
16,792,100
28,468,700
97,800
1,475,000
•4,400
8,614,700
4,357,600
16,104,500
22,540,100
62,000
1,570,400
9.700
500
4,411,900
•1,900
268,900
246,800
Alofka , . . ,
Ariaooa..
Cililoaia
1687,600
Coiondo
6,928,600
Geonria.
35,800
^^■•*-
Idftbo
95.400
9,700
^UitU
MAfYkiul
2,600
4,378,600
2,000
HoDtUM
38,300
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160
HINEBAL RESOUBOES.
Production of gold in the several Slates and Territories in 1902 and 190S, ric.— Continoed.
state or Territory.
Value.
1902.
1908.
Increase.
Decrease.
Nevada
•2,895,800
531,100
90,700
1,816,700
121,900
6,965,400
•3,888,000
244,600
70,600
1,290,200
100,700
6,826,700
800
' 8,697,400
13,500
279,900
3,600
•482,700
New Mexico
$286,600
North Carolina
20,200
Oregon
526,500
South Carolina
21,200
South Dakota
1S8,700
Tenneasee
800
102,900
10,400
7,700
Utah
3,594,500
3,100
272,200
38,800
Virginia
Wftflhinflrtrtn . .
Wvomlnur ..
35,200
Total
80,000,000
73,591,700
1.274,000
7,682,300
Net decrease
6,408.300
The following table shows the production of silver in the United
States in 1902 and 1903, and the increase or decrease in 1903, by States
and Territories:
Production of silver in the several States and Territories in 1902 and 1903y and the increase
or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.
state or Territory.
Weight.
1902.
1903.
Increase.
Decrease.
Alabama
Fineovnces.
100
92,000
3.043,100
900,800
15,676,000
400
5,854,800
Pine ounces.
Pine ounces.
Pine ounces
100
Alaska
143,600
3,887,100
981,500
12,990,200
400
6,507,400
97,400
60,000
12,642,800
5,050,500
180.700
11,000
118,000
800
221,200
13,000
454,400
11,196,800
9,500
294.500
200
51,600
344,000
80,700
Arizona
California
Colorado
2,685,800
Georgia
Idaho
652,600
97,400
Kansas
Michigan
U0,800
13,243,800
3,746,200
457,200
20,900
93,800
300
840,200
12,800
446,200
10,831,700
5,900
619,000
5,000
. 60,800
601,500
Montana
Nevada
1,304,300
New Mexico
276,500
9,900
North Carolina
Oregon
24,700
South Carolina
South Dakota
119,000
Tennessee
700
8.200
365,100
3,600
Texas . .
Utah .
Virginia
Washington
324,500
Wyoming
4,800
Total
a 55, 500, 000
b54,300,000
2,882,900
4,082,900
1,200,009
Net decrease
aCommerclal value, 129,415,000; coining value, $71,757,575.
(» Commercial value, $29,822,000; coining value, 170,206,060.
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB.
161
The following table shows the approximate distribution of the pro-
daction, by States and Territories, of gold and silver in the United
States in 1908:
ApprfminaU diairibuiion of the production of gold and silver in the United States 'for the
calendar year 1903, by producing States and Territories.
[Ab esttmated by the Director of the Mint.]
State or Territory.
Gold.
Quantity. Value.
SUver.
Quantity.
Coining Commercial
value. value.
Total value
(silver at
commercial
value).
Azlaooa ...
Gilifaniia.
ColotMlo..
Geixgia....
Uabo
Mar^and
Michigan
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico....
North CftToHna.
Otegoo
South Carolina .
Sooth DakoU...
Tennenee
Texts
Vtah
Vlifinia
Washington
Wyoming
Fineounces.
213
416,788
210,799
779,067
1,090,876
8,000
7S,909
468
24
Fineounces.
•4,400
8,614,700
4,857,600
16,104,600
22,640,100
62,000
1,670,400
9,700
600
148,600
8,387,100
961,600
12,990,200
400
6,607,400
97,400
$186,666
4,879,281
1,204,864
16,796,410
617
8,418,608
125.961
177,644
1,829,084
608,010
7,014,708
216
8,618,996
62,696
213,425
168,892
U,838
8,411
62,411
4,872
880,243
88
4,411,900
8,888,000
244,600
70,600
1,290,200
100,700
6,826,700
800
178,868
664
18,689
175
8,697,400
18,600
279,900
8,600
60,000
12,642,800
5,060,600
180,700
11,000
118,000
800
221,200
13,000
464,400
11,196,800
9,600
294,600
200
64,646
16,846,600
6,629,989
288,632
14,222
162,666
888
286,996
16,808
687,607
14,476,671
12,283 !
880,768
27,000
6,826,842
2,727,270
97,678
6,940
63,720
162
119,448
7,020
245,876
6,046,272
6,180
169,030
108
$4,400
8,692,244
6,186,684
16,607,510
29,664,808
62.216
6,064,896
62,296
500
27,000
11,288,742
6,115,270
842,178
76,440
1,358,920
100,862
6,946,148
7,820
245,876
9,713,672
18,680
488,930
3,708
Total.
3,660,000
73,691,700 54,800,000
70,206,060 29,822,000
102,913,700
The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold
and silver in 1903 according to sources of production:
Ditiribution cf the production of gold and silver in the United States for the calendaryear
190S as to the sources of production.
[As reported by mint offlcen and agents.]
State or territory.
Gold.
SUver.
Quarts.
Placer.
Quartz.
Lead ores.
Copper ores.
AUtmma .....
Fineounces.
222
131,862
216,584
606,607
1,060,864
1,989
47,606
9
Fineounces.
15
288.209
4,800
189,122
29,025
1.280
86,281
22
Fineounces.
49
180,161
1,911,451
826,612
2,917,826
1,803
872,811
1
Fine minces.
Fineounces.
A^tlra
Ari.9m
195,000
144,482
a 10. 343, 248
1,800,000
lUffnrnla
496,927
Gni^mto
QaoiglA
Maho
6.042,226
Marykod
MhttBM
40,991
M s 1903 U
a Lead and copper ores.
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162 MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
DisirUnUlon of the production of gold tmd dliver in the United States, cte.— Continued.
state or territory.
Gold.
Quartz.
Placer.
Silver.
Quartz.
Lead ores.
Ck>pperorea.
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico —
North Carolina .
Oregon
South Carolina .
South Dakota . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
Wyoming
Fine ounces,
198,776
174,428
7,499
4,671
65,447
6,092
389,803
Fine ounces.
23,290
1,762
6.644
488
10,000
127
Fineoufnces.
4,091,168
6,161,631
12,349
Fine ounces,
460,903
466
104,242
Fineouwxi.
8,682,543
13,076
124,599
271
278,646
1,000
Total.
192,094
216
20,598
464,376
861,622
1,000
401
156,637
826
8,258,308 , 8,196.007
i 17,078
143,614 I 6,250
8,062,762
691,219
16,886,628
682,882 13,844,232
The following table shows the production of gold in the famous
Cripple Creek district of Colorado for the eleven years from 1893 to
1903, inclusive:
Production of gold in Cripple Creek digtrid, Colorado, 189S-190S.
1893 $2,010,367
1894 2,908,702
1895 6,879,137
1896 7,512,911
1897 10,139,708
1898 13,507,244
1899 15,658,254
1900 18,073,539
1901 17,261,579
1902 16,912,783
1903 12,967.338
Total 123,831,562
The following table shows the production of gold in the United
States in 1901 and 1902, and the increase or decrease in 1902, by States
and Territories:
Production of gold in the several States and Territories in 1901 and 190^, and the increase
or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.
State or Territory.
Value.
1901.
1902.
Increase.
Decrease.
Alabama
•3,100
6,886,700
4,068,000
16,891,400
27,698,600
124,600
1,869,300
•2.500
8,846,800
4,112,800
16,792,100
28,468,700
97,800
1,476,000
•600
Alaska
•1,460,100
29,800
Arizona
California
99,300
Colorado
776,200
Georgia •
26,700
894,800
Idaho
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GOLD AND SILVBB.
168
Pfxdudion of gold in the deveral SUxUb and TerrUcries in 1901 and 190^^ etc, — Continued.
State or Teiritoiy.
Value.
1901.
1902,
Increase. Decrease.
XArykiid
Michigan
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico....
North Carolina .
Oregon
South Carolina .
Sooth Dakota ..
Texas
rtah
Virgmia
Washington
Wyckming
12,500
$2,500
S30,
4,744,
2,963,
688.
56,
1,818,
46,
6,479,
5,
580,
12,
878,600
896,800
581,100
90,700
816,700
121,900
965,400
$30,800
370,500
68,600
157,300
85,200
1,400
75,200
485,900
1,594,500
3,100
272,200
38,800
600
95,700
2,200
308,300
26,100
Total
Xetincreaae..
78,666,700
80,000,000
2,889,500
1.333,300
1,656,200
The following table shows the production of silver in the United
States in 1901 and 1902, and the increase or decrease in 1902, by States
and Territories:
Production ofsUver in the several States and Territories in 1901 and 190^, and tJie increase
or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.
State or Territory.
Weight.
1901.
1902.
Increase.
Decrease.
AlftNtma
Fine ounces.
100
47,900
2,812,400
925,600
18,437.800
400
5,642,900
81,000
13,131,700
1,812,500
563,400
20,300
160,100
200
78,000
f^ne ounces.
100
92,000
3,043,100
900,800
15,676,000
400
5,8M,800
110,800
13,243,800
3,746,200
457,200
20,900
93,300
300
^0,200
12,300
446,200
10,831,700
5,900
619, 000
5,tX)0
fine ounces.
Fine ounces.
Alaska....
44,100
230,700
Ariz«>na
ralLfornia
24,800
Colorado
2,761,800
Gt^irgia .
Idaho
311,900
29,h00
112.100
1,933,700
M ichiffan
Montana . .'.
Nevada
N*«w Mfxiw
106,200
North Carolina
fKKJ
( frtgon . -
<ki,>00
S-jDih Carolina
100
262,200
12, 300
i^mth Dakota
Tfonessee .
T-xaa
472, 400
10,760,800
700
344,400
21,400
2r.,2(H>
Utah .
70.1MK)
5. 2CK)
271.r.0(i
VinrinLa
Wd>hintfton
WToming
1«"., 1(10
Total
^5, 214, 000
ar>5,500,000
:?,2V'^,2iiO
2HsL¥X)
3.0(>2.2(X)
Net increa** ........................
aCommerclal value, 829,415,000; coining value, $71,757,575.
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164
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold
and silver in the United States in 1901, by producing States and
Territories:
Approximate distribution of the production of gold and tUver in the United States for the
calendar year 1901, by producing States and Territories,
[As estimated by the Director of the Mint]
State or Territory.
Gold.
Quantity. Value,
Silver.
Quantity.
Coining
yalue.
Commer-
cial value.
Total value
(silver at
commercial
value).
Alabama
Alaska a
Arizona
California
Colorado
Georgia
Idaho
Michigan
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
North Carolina...
Oregon
South Carolina . . .
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
Wyoming
Total
Fine ounces.
160
888,096
1OT,615
817,121
1,889,673
6,028
90.427
1,490
229,496
148,874
88,802
2,685
87.960
2,250
818,446
29
178,518
266
28,082
614
$8,100
6,886,700
4,088,000
16,891,400
27,698,600
124,600
1.869,800
80.800
4,744,100
2,968,800
688,400
66,500
1.818,100
46,700
6,479,500
600
8,690,200
6,300
580,600
12,700
Ifne ounces.
100
47,900
2,812,400
ft26,600
18,487,800
400
6,542,900
81,000
18,181,700
1,812,600
668,400
20,800
160,100
200
78,000
472,400
10,760,800
700
844,400
21,400
1129
61,981
8,686,284
1,196,786
28,888.772
617
7,166,678
104,727
16,978,860
2,843,486
728,436
26,246
206,996
269
100,849
610,780
18,912,964
906
44^285
27,609
160
28,740
1,687,440
656,860
11,062,680
240
8.826,740
48.600
7,879,020
1,087,500
888,040
12,180
96,060
120
46,800
288,440
6,466,480
420
206,640
12.840
IS,160
6,914,440
5,770,440
17,446,760
38,756,180
124,740
6,195,040
79,400
12,628,120
4,061,800
1,026,440
67,680
1.914,160
46,820
6,526,900
284,040
10,146,680
6,720
787,140
25,640
8,805,600
78,666,700
56,214,000
71,887,800
88,128,400
111,795,100
The following table shows the distribution of the production of
gold and silver in the United States in 1902, by producing States and
Territories:
Approximate distribution of the production of gold and silver in the United States for the
calendar year 190i, by producing States and Territories.
[As estimated by the Director of the Mint]
Gold.
SUver.
Total value
(sUverat
commercial
value).
state or Territory.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Coining
value.
Commercial
value.
AiahnmA
Fine ounces.
119
406,780
198,933
812,819
1,877,176
4,730
71,862
121
«2,600
8,846,800
4,112,800
16,792,100
28,468,700
97,800
1,475,000
2,500
Fine ounces,
100
92,000
8,048,100
900,800
16,676,000
400
6,854,800
$129
118,960
8,934,613
1,164,671
20,267,960
617
7,609,842
968
48,760
1,612,848
477,424
8,808,280
212
8,108,044
12,668
8,894,560
6,726,148
17,269,624
86,77(i,9e0
98,012
4,678,044
2.800
66,724
Aliij»lr|^
Arizona
California
Colorado
Georgia
Idaho
Maryland
Michigan
110,800
! 148,267
68,724
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GOLD AITD SILVEB.
165
AppTOximaie dutribution of tJie production of gold and tilver, etc. — Continaed.
[Ab estimated by the Director of the Mint]
State or Tenltoiy.
Gold.
Quantity. Value.
Buyer.
Quantity.
Coining
Talne.
Commercial
value.
Total yalue
(silver at
commercial
value).
Kefvada
New Mexico
Korth OaroUna .
Olegou .........
Sooth Ofciolfna .
aoatfa Dakota..
Fine ounces,
211,671
140.069
25,086
4,380
87,881
5,896
836,952
•4,878,600
2,895,800
581,100
90,700
1,816,700
121,900
6,965,400
l^ezas
Utah
Yiigiiila
Washington.
Wyoming....
178,886
148
18,166
1,879
8,594,600
8,100
272,200
88.800
Fine ounces.
18,243,800
8,746,200
457,200
20,900
98,800
800
840,200
12,800
446,200
10,881,700
5,900
619,000
6,000
117,128,297
4,843,572
691,127
27,022
120,630
888
489,855
15,903
576,905
14,004,622
7,628
800,828
6,464
17,019,214
1,965.486
242,316
11,077
49,449
159
180,306
6,519
236,486
6,740,801
3,127
828,070
2,660
111,892,814
4,880,786
778,416
101,777
1,866,1^
122,069
7,146,706
6.519
286,486
9,835,801
6,227
600,270
41,460
Total.
8,870,000
80,000,000
65,600,000
71,767,576
29,415,000
109,415,000
The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold
and silver in 1902 according to sources of production:
DuiribuHon of the production of gold and silver in the United ^atesfor the calendar year
1909 as to sources of production.
[As reported by mint officers and agents.]
State or Territory.
Ariaona ...
Cklifomia.
1
Geotfia
y^bc
Maryland
lOehJgan
Montana
SefwU
Sew Mexico....
XothCuoUna.
Oregon
ioitli Carolina.
Sootli Dakota..
TeBaeaee
tnm
rttb
rtiyfafff
WmtingtoD
rfosdag
Total.
Gold.
Quartz.
Fine ounces.
117
124,156
199,140
612,569
1,348,046
4,180
88,500
94
191,229
144,211
12,297
8,727
77,086
7,257
345,716
192,167
181
16,116
8,816,717
Placer.
Fineounces,
25
276,554
2,100
205,478
81,444
1,036
84,547
87
21,626
757
6,812
808
11,798
27
8,000
2,188
697,964
SUver.
Quartz. Lead ores. Copper ores.
Fine ounces.
95
89,388
1,887,000
168,582
8,476,192
581
718,786
8
4,160,284
8,616,260
178,890
107,468
680
851,000
1
446,166
1,668,227
369,450
5,200
16,988,647
Fine ounces.
208,000
285,917
0 12,324,766
5,228,928
410,738
482,124
47,929
2,000
8,700,218
360,000
28,035,620
Fine ounces.
1,130,000
22,267
110,844
9,058,716
54,171
23,368
2,409,592
1,344
2,000
12,812,291
a Lead and copper ores.
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166
MIN£BAL BESOUBOES.
GOIiB AND SIIiVER IK 1903 BY IKDITTDUAIi STATES AND
TERRITORIES.
ALASKA.
By Alfred H. Brooks.
PBODUCTIOlf.
The wide fluctuations of the annual production of precious metals
in Alaska during the last five years, as shown in the accompanying
table, demand explanation. From 1898 to 1900 there was an increase
in value of over five and a half million dollars, followed by a falling
off in the succeeding year of nearly one and a half millions, which was
more than regained in 1902. The output of 1903 shows a still further
increase of some $300,000. These facts are presented in greater detail
in the following table:
Production of gold and silver in Alaska, 1898-190S,
[As estimated by the Director of the ftint.]
Year.
Quantity. Value.
18d9
1900
1901
1902
1903
Gold.
Fine
ounca.
122,187
264, 1(M
396,271
883,096
403,730
416,738
Quantity.
$2,624,800
6,469,600
8,171,000
6,886,700
8,846,800
8,614,700
Silver.
Fine
ounces.
92,400
140.100
73,300
47,900
92,000
143,600
Coining
value.
1119,467
181,140
94,772
61,981
118,960
186,665
Commer^
cial
value.
$64,616
84,060
46,446
28,740
48,760
77,644
Total value
(silver at
commercial
%'alue).
$2,679,316
6,643,560
8,216,446
6,914,440
8,394,660
8,692,244
The production of the quartz mines during this period has not varied
from year to year over 20 per cent, and the value of their silver output
is so small that it can be disregarded. The fluctuatioh of the total
production is, therefore, a reflection of the status of the placer-mining
industry. Moreover, as nearly five-sixths of the gold derived from
placers comes from the Seward Peninsula, it is patent that the produc-
tion of this district is the governing factor in the entire output.
The rapid exploitation of the rich placers at Nome, in 1899 and 1900,
especially the easily mined auriferous beach gravels, brought up the
total values with a bound, but this was, unfortunately, followed by a
reaction; for two favorable seasons sufliced to almost exhaust the
beach placers, and to make serious inroads on some of the bonanzas of
the shallower creek deposits. This fact, combined with a rich harvest
of legal complications which had arisen at Nome, together with a very
short and unfavorable season, led to a discouraging falling oflP of the
placers in 1901. Meanwhile, however, the more enterprising opera-
tors had recognized the necessity of improving the mining methods,
and consequently the building of ditches and the introduction of
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GOLD AND SILVER. 167
hydraulic methods had by 1902 gone far enough to bring the produc-
tion up over the eight million dollar mark again. The same general
conditions existed through 1903. Though^ many extensive plants are
being installed and 100 miles or more of ditches are being constructed
in the peninsula, but few of these are in operation.
The development of the bed-rock mines is relatively slow, and much
the larger part of the lode gold still comes from the famous Tread-
well group. In the Juneau district* much activity was displayed in
lode mining during 1903, and some large properties changed hands.
A few small gold mines were in operation in the Ketchikan district
and other properties were prospected, but it was on the copper deposits
of this region, rather than on the auriferous veins, that the attention of
the mining public was centered. Gold-bearing quartz veins have been
found in other parts of Alaska, but few of these have been developed
so far as to reach a productive stage. Perhaps the most significant
feature of lode mining in 1903 was the establishment as a commercial
success of the Big Hurrah quartz mine on the Seward Peninsula.
This little property, with its ten stamps, represents the only effort
at quartz mining in all northern Alaska.
The production of the Seward Peninsula placers is estimated to be
about $5,000,000, of which probably three-fifths was taken from the
Nome district, one-fifth from Ophir Creek, and the balance from three
or four less important camps. Outside of the general activity in ditch
construction and the installment of machinery, a very interesting inci-
dent of the year was the discovery of considerable gold-bearing gravel
in the northeastern^ part of the peninsula, in the valley of the Inma-
chuk River.
The Yukon region, including Fortymile, Birch Creek, Rampart,
Koyukuk, and the recently discovered Fairbanks district, had an
aggregate output for its placers of probably $1,000,000. Most of the
camps of this region are so isolated as to make the cost of mining a
very large percentage of the production. In only a few instances
have extensive mining plants been installed in this field, and most of
the gold is taken out in small quantities by more or less primitive
methods. The newly dbcovered Fairbanks^ district comprises a
dozen creeks tributary to the Lower Tanana, from which they are
only 15 to 20 miles distant. The auriferous gravels appear to occur
in considerable thickness, and the values though not high are fa^irly
uniformly distributed.
■Brookii, Alfred H.. Placer mining In Alaaka In 1908: Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 225, 1904, pp.
«^
*Spen«*r, Arthur C, The Juneau gold belt: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 226, 1904, pp. 28-42.
'XoAt, F. H., The Kotzebue gold placer field of the Seward Peninsula: Bull. U. S. Oeol. Survey
5a».l90t,pp.74-W.
'Priodle. L. U^ Gold placers of the Fairbanks district: Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 225, 1904,
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168 MINEBAL BESOUBGES.
In the Cook Inlet region steady progress is being made in the instal-
lation of hydraulic plants. The Christochina district, lying in the
CJopper River Basin, in spite of its isolated position, is being developed,
but only in a small way. With the settlement of the boundary dis-
pute, the Porcupine^ district promises to take a new lease of life.
The aggregate output of these three camps is probably less than half
a million. The discovery of gold placers in the Kobuk Valley made
in 1903, though yet of no importance from the standpoint of produc-
tion, indicates a wider distribution of the gold-bearing areas than had
pi-eviously been supposed.
ARIZONA.
By V. C. Heikes.
The Territory of Arizona has during the year past held its own in
the output of precious metals, and, in fact, shows a slight increase
over the preceding year. When the Tombstone mines are unwatered
and fully reopened there will be a notable increase and a probability
of some return to the production which made Tombstone famous about
twenty years ago. The increase will undoubtedly be in gold as well
as in silver, as records show the ores produced higher values in gold
at the water level, and assays taken lower down showed a considerable
increase in the amount of yellow metal to the ton of ore. The tables
appended to this chapter are those obtained from returns by producers
to the Director of the United States Geological Surve}'^ in answer to
interrogatories. According to these returns the yield of the Territory
in precious metals for 1902 and 1903 was as follows:
Production of gold and nilver in the Territory of Arizona in 190^ and 190S.
' 1902. I 1903.
I Quantity.
Value. Quantity.
Fine ounces, \ Fine ounces.
Gold 131,453 I 82,717,133 | 132,067
.Silver 1,610,564' JM0,070 2,109,456
Value,
$2,729,824
1,126,661
(iold increase •. $12, 691
Silver ineretu'^e 286,591
Average commercial value of silver in 1902, $0.5216 per ounce; in
1903, $0.5341 per ounce.
«i Wright. ('. W., The I'oreiii.iiie pliicer district. Alawka: Bull. V. S. <ieol. Sun'ey No. 236, 1904.
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GOLD AKD SILVER.
169
The following table shows the distribation of the total gold produc-
tion of the Territory of Arizona, by counties, in 1902 and 1903:
Prodtu^um of gold in Arizona in 190f and 190S, by counties.
Goonty.
1902.
Quantity. Value.
1908.
Quantity. | Value.
CocblK _
Coconino, Gila, and Maricopa
Graham
Moh»Te
Pimm
Pinal
SnntaCnu
Yavapai
Yuma
Total
Fine ounces.
20,146
887
1,291
2,526
471
160
18
81,931
24,023
$416,418
18,334
26,685
52,212
9,736
3,307
872
1,693,514
496,555
Fine ounces.
18,283
130
443
15,859
473
238
540
77,843
18,258
a $377, 910
62,687
a 9, 167
^327,806
b9,777
64,919
611,162
n 1,609,014
"377,392
131,453
2,717,133
132,067 2,729,824
a Decrease.
6 Increase.
The following table gives the production of gold derived from the
different kinds of ore treated:
Production of gold in Arizona in 190£ and 190S, by kinds of ore.
Milling ores.
Smelting ores.
Total.
Year.
Placer.
Siliceous
ores.
Orescya-
nlded.
Lead
ores.
Copper
ores.
Fine
ounces.
Value.
1902
Fine
ounce*.
497
568
Fine
ouncea.
22,088
22,404
Fine
ounces.
74,316
79,639
Fine
ounces.
8,702
3,600
Fint
ounces.
25,905
131 . 4.'« '
82,717.133
1903
25,856 132.0fi7
2,729,824
HCMHABT OF GOLD PBODUCED FBOM DIFFEBENT SOrUtES.
Placer hidlton. — The production remains small, Pima County having
the largest output, which came mainly from the Greaterville placers,
with small amounts from the Horse Shoe Basin in the Quijotoa dis-
trict. The placers are worked by the Mexicans and Papaj^o Indians
during the season of rains affording water for washing operations.
The gold is sold to storekeepers, who report yearly the output.
(jold ill siliceous ores, — The output of gold is largely from the
siliceous ores, and it is found free in quartz and in combination with
various ores having small percentages of sulphides. The most notii-
ble increase in gold from siliceous ores is found in Mohave County.
The decrease in Yuma County was due to the idleness during part of
the year of one of the largest gold properties.
Gold ores cyanided. — Yuma, Yavapai, and Mohave counties produce
the largest amount of cyanides, which are made mainly from ores
directly treated by the cyanide process. The mills of st'venil ljir<^^e
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170
MINERAL RESOUBCES.
properties have found the cyanide process advantageous in the treat-
ment of tailings.
Gold in lead ores, — The largest production of gold from this class of
ore has been reported in Yavapai County. The decrease is probably
due to the values of gold increasing in the ores carrying copper.
Gold in copper ores. — Yavapai County is credited "with the largest
output of gold from copper ores. Cochise County is next in impor-
tance, and on account of increased smelter facilities in the new town of
Douglas, it showed a notable increase over 1902. The other important
copper districts report very little gold associated with copper ores.
The following table shows the output of silver in the Territory of
Arizona for the years 1902 and 1903, by counties, comparing the two
years:
Production of silver in Arizona in 1909 and 190S^ by counties.
County.
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
rnP.hiHA ,
Fine ounces.
887,367
4,242
26,048
90,494
2,440
18,490
98,060
466,874
16,549
M62,851
2,212
18,587
47,202
1,278
9,644
51,148
243,521
8,632
Fine ounces.
1,406,815
5,265
13,644
54,169
2,450
8,461
4,080
602,087
17,985
1751, lis
Coconino, Gila, and Maricopa
2,812
7,287
Mohave
28,931
Pimft
1,809
Pinal
1,849
Santa Cruz
2,179
Yavapai
321,575
Yumft
9,606
Total
1,610,564
0840,070
2,109,456
M, 126, 661
a Commercial value, 10.5216.
2> Commercial value, 10.5341.
The production of silver in Arizona in 1902 and 1903, by sources, is
as follows:
Production of silver in Arizona in 190$ and 190S, by kinds of ore.
Milling ores.
Smelting ores.
Total.
Year.
Placer.
Siliceous
ores.
Orescya-
nided.
Lead
ores.
Copper
ores.
Fine
ounces.
Value.
1902
Fine
ounces.
Fine
ounces.
723.025
1,068,317
Fine
ounces.
68,562
50,158
Fine
ounces.
177,158
84,757
Fine
ounces.
641,819
906,204
1,610,564
2,109,456
1840,070
1903
20
1.126,661
SUMMABT OF 8ILTEB PRODUCED FBOM DIFFEREUT SOURCES.
Placer hdlion, — Only 20 ounces of silver was reported from all
sources.
Silver in siliceous ores. — The largest output of silver in this class of
ore is credited to Cochise County, which had a greatly increased pro-
duction over 1902. Reports from Yavapai and Mohave counties also
show an increase.
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GOLD AND SILVER. 171
SUver in ores cycmided, — Yavapai County reports show that the
largest amount of silver is won from ores and tailings treated by
cyanide. Mohave and Yuma counties follow in order of production.
Siher in lead ores. — The lead-bearing ores of Yavapai CJounty give
up the most silver, with Cochise next, both being credited with an
increase over 1902. Yuma County is placed third in the list of silver
producers from lead ores. Mohave County shows a potable decrease
in production, as do also Pima and Santa Cruz, as compared with the
output in 1902.
Silver in copper ores. — Yavapai Coupty has to its credit an increased
number of ounces of silver won from copper-bearing ores, the figures
showing an increase over 1902. Cochise County is second, and fully
doubles its output. The next in importance in the production of
silver from copper ores is Graham County.
■IKES CHABACTEBIZBD BT THEIB MAIN PBODUCT.
According to a tabulated list consisting of 183 mines known as pro-
ducing properties in distinction to mere prospects, only 117 were
actual producers in 1903. All the mines that have been idle for
several years were excluded from this list. As characterised by their
main product, these mines may be specified as follows: 38 copper, 7
lead, 55 gold, and ] 7 silver.
The mining of copper ore is the main industry in the several follow-
ing counties: Graham, credited with 10 properties; Gila, 8; Yavapai,
7; Cochise, 5; Coconino, 2; Pima, 2; Pinal, 2; Santa Cruz, 1; Yuma,
1. The total quantity of copper reported from these counties is
137,526,891 pounds.
Mining for silver is practically at a standstill; hence it is that so few
lead mines were heard from.
Only 1,390,550 pounds of lead were reported, distributed accord-
mg to productive mines, by counties, as follows: Cochise, 2 mines;
Mohave, 2; Yuma, 2; Santa Cruz, 1.
Gold is reported, by counties and mines, as follows: Yavapai County,
24 mines; Mohave, 9; Cochise, 7; Pima, 4; Pinal, 4; Yuma, 4; Santa
Cruz, 2; Maricopa, 1.
The value of the gold and silver output in Arizona for 1903, as
reported by the United States Mint and by the United States Geolog-
ical Survey, differs considerably as to gold and to some extent as to
silver. The cause of this discrepancy may be due to the shipping of
gold in the form of placer dust, amalgam, or bullion in bars, from the
State of Sonora, Mexico, into the Territory. Such gold would be
disposed of to the banks and eventually be shipped to the mint at
Denver, Colo., or to San Francisco, Cal., by express. It is possible
that this bullion is credited to the output of Arizona.
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172 MIKEBAL BES0UB0E8.
CALIFORNIA.
By Chas. G. Yale.
PBODUCnOlf.
Returns received by the United States Geological Survey show
California to have produced in the calendar year 1903 gold .to the
value of $16,300,653; silver (commercial value), $498,412; copper,
$2,533,355; lead, $7,074, and platinum, $952, a total of $19,340,446.
In ''Mineral Resources of the United States for 1902" the chapter
on the "Production of gold and silver" was prepared by Mr. George E.
Roberts, Director of the Mint. For that year he credited California
with a gold production of $16,792,100, and with a silver production
(commercial value) of $477,424. Comparing those figures with the
returns for 1903, the State shows a decrease in gold product of
$491,447, and an increase in silver product of $20,988, making a total
decrease of $470,459. This loss in annual product may be attributed
chiefly to labor strikes at various large producing gold mines and
copper mines producing gold, which caused the enforced idleness of
such mines for periods of from one to three months. These troubles
were not confined to any one section, but occurred in the Mother Lode
counties where many of the largest producers are situated, in Kern
County to the south of San Francisco, and in Shasta County to the
north. The mines ultimately resumed operations, though several
have had to employ nonunion men and are not working the same force
as formerly, work being thus more or less hampered.
Conditions vary but slightly from year to year in California mining,
much depending, however, on the winter rain and snowfall as to results
of water supply for the following summer. This affects not only the
gravel mines, but the quartz properties as well, the latter using the
water for power, either direct or transformed to electricity. The
winter of 1903-4 was an exceptionally favorable one as compared with
three or four preceding ones, there having been abundance of rain and
snow, giving plenty of flow in the streams in the spring. The result
of this abundant water supply has more effect on the returns of bullion
to come for 1904, however, than on the 1903 returns. The rainfall of
the winter of 1902-3 was scant, and most of the gravel miners working
their claims in the summer of 1903 had a very short water season in
consequence; and in the fall of 1908, before the winter rains set in, a
number of the larger quartz mills were compelled to ''hang up" all or
part of their stamps for a time, owing to lack of water for power.
These features, in addition to the labor troubles referred to, readily
account for the reduction in bullion in 1903.
The most noteworthy feature in connection with the gold production
in California is the marked and rapid advance of the gold-dredging
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB. 173
\iA\istTy. In fact, the increase of gold from this source did much to
make up for the deficiency in other classes of mines in 1903. The
total returns from the dredgers operated in 1903 were $1,475,749, as
compared with $867,665, an increase of $608,074. This result was
obtained from 25 machines operating at Oroville, Butte County, 3 in
Sacramento County, 1 in Siskiyou, 1 in Trinity, and 1 in Yuba. Of
the total for 1903 the sum of $1,329,998 came from Butte County, the
center of the dredging industry. The number of dredges in the first
part of 1904 at Oroville was 27, and in the sunmier of that year 2
of the largest dredges in the State were installed between Marysville
and Smartsville, on the Yuba River. Others have been built in Cala-
veras, Shasta, and Trinity counties, and more are bein^ constructed
at different points. Ground suitable for dredging purposes is being
prospected in many counties of the State, and is in great demand at
prices ranging from $500 to $3,000 per acre, according to prospective
value.
For the first time in the history of the State the output of the dredg-
ers has exceeded that of the hydraulic or the drift mines. This fact
alone shows the rapid advance of this branch of gold mining. The
hydraulic mines produced in 1903 the sum of $872,812, and the drift
mines $905,679. The dredge output exceeded each of these and came
within about $300,000 of equaling the product of hydraulic and drift
mines combined.
The principal section of hydraulic mining has changed of late years,
and is now in Trinity and Siskiyou counties, though Nevada County
shows a yield from this source of $124,439. Trinity produced $233,093
and Siskiyou $173,337 from hydraulic mines. Placer County leads all
others in drift mining, its output having been $331,002 from this
source. Sacramento County comes next with an output of $213,867.
Sierra, Butte, and Plumas counties have been eclipsed in this respect
by Sacramento, where little or no drift mining was carried on until
recent years. The operations in the Blue Ravine section above Fol-
aom have brought about this result. The largest drift mining opera-
tions, however, are still carried o"h in Placer County.
The quartz mines, however, continue to be the main source of the
California gold supply, the sum of $12,247,892 out of $16,300,653
having come from quartz in 1903. This shows that fully 75 per cent
of the California gold comes from the quartz properties, the other 25
per cent being from hydraulic, drift, and surface placer mines. The
largest amount of quartz came in 1903 from Nevada County, followed
in relative rank by the counties of Tuolumne, Calaveras, Amador, and
Kern, all of which show a yield in excess of a million dollars, Nevada
County alone producing over two millions. Among these counties,
Amador, Calaveras, and Tuolumne are mother lode counties; Nevada
fod Kern are not. Considering total output of gold from all classes
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174
MINERAL RB80ITB0ES.
of mining in 1908, the rank of the counties showing over a million
dollars each is as follows: Nevada, Tuolumne, Calaveras. Butte,
Amador, Kern. Of these, three are mother lode counties and three
are not.
The quartz-mining industry has been fairly prosperous during 1903,
but, as already stated, has been more or less hampered by labor
troubles. There has been increased development in both new and old
mines, and a number of old mines have been reopened and suitably
equipped. Some mines developed in previous years have had machin-
ery installed and have become producers. There is a constantly
increasing tendency to enlarge the capacity of the stamp mills at the
older mines, and new mills now erected are given more stamps origi-
nally than was formerly the practice. This is due to the possibility
of working lower grade ore than in the past and to the recognition of
the fact that such mines can be worked at a profit with extensive
reduction facilities, while small mills do not bring satisfactory results.
Some of the mines are yielding well at a depth of 2,500 feet, and
shafts are being sunk to 2,800 feet. The experience of the few mines
working at such depths has given greater confidence to those persons
with smaller mines, as the ore bodies have held out well, and in some
instances richer bodies have been discovered. Numbers of ''pros-
pects" are found each year and in due time become more or less
developed; but, as in all mining regions, the great difficulty with the
prospector is to turn these prospects into mines without the assistance
of capital. The capitalists desirous of investing, want ''going" mines,
and prospects, until pretty well developed by their owners, are not in
demand.
The following table shows the source of California gold, by counties.
It is possible that values in the column headed " Surface placer," which
includes ordinary placers, ground sluice mining, riverbed and bar min-
ing, ocean beach mining, etc., may be too high, as in some of the
answers to inquiry the miners fail to make the distinction between
surface and placer or deep, drift, or hydraulic mining, answering
simply "placer." Some of the gold attributed to this source should
probably be credited to the drift or hydraulic mining colunms.
Sources of California gold, by counties, 190S,
•
County.
Gold from
quartz.
Hydraulic
mines.
Drift
mines.
Dredging.
Surface
placer.
Total gold.
Alpine
«2,726
1,869,367
66,614
1,808,065
$2,726
1,884,506
1,541,921
Amador
$1,800
38,176
48,804
6,633
12,849
1,800
37,839
$1,060
64,064
26,927
$1,329,998
$12,791
48,060
20,219
4,250
48,496
3,140
3,850
Butte
Calaveras
1,896,506
10,888
Del Norte
Eldorado
288,865
17,809
14,106
364,316
22,749
41,6Si
Fresno
Humboldt
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GOLD JlTSJ> 8ILVEB.
175
Source of Califorma gold, by counties, 190S — Continued.
County.
Gold from
quartz.
Hydraulic
mines.
Drift
mines.
Dredging.
Surface
placer.
Total gold.
In JO..
Los Angles
Msden
Mariposa
Mono
Monterey
Nerida
Onmge
Placer
PlDmas
Riverside
SacruDento
aui Bernardino..
6an Diego
San Lois Obispo .
$101,104
1,041,5U
93,699
8,965
96,048
666,803
376,655
1,699
2,062.148
16,750
2,200
$124,439
122,570
128,080
137,154
12,653
67,185
48,944
831,002
29,532
800
218,867
$102,097
378,294
859,656
Siena
Siildjoa...
Trinity....
Takre
Tnolnmne.
Ventma . . .
Ynha
712,888
188,028
832,754
290,172
7,215
1,898,808
87
2,696
1,143
51,805
178,337
233.093
300
80,329
11,328
8,400
7,318
10,600
5,000
4,068
1,500
2,900
9,720
39,876
150
170,441
58,549
15,000
8,880
18,600
1,084
14,518
42,751
112,873
76,746
25,966
2,606
25,736
Total.
12,247,892
872,812
906,679
1,476,749
4,189
71,079
$101, 104
1,048,261
93,599
6,165
66,048
567,038
379,555
11,419
2,349,033
150
691,708
274,179
12,953
330,964
387,174
878,156
1,084
728,299
307,913
637,610
614,011
7,215
1,911,550
87
128,081
798,521
16,300,658
The returns from California received by the survey were from 512
producing quartz mines and 648 placer mines, including surface placers,
hydraulic, and drift, or 1,160 producing mines in all. In addition
returns were received from 1,098 quartz and 328 placer mines which
were in course of development but were not productive. These active
but nonproductive mines are therefore shown to number 1,426; and
there are also many additional mines which are idle or on which assess-
ment work only is done.
The following table shows the production of gold, silver, copper,
lead, and platinum in California in 1903, by counties, as per i-eturns
received by the United States Geological Survey:
iVoducfion of gold, silver, copper, lead, and platinum in California in 190S, by counties.
County.
Gold.
Placer. Qoarts.
SilTer.q
«~«»j£S?.
Copper.
Lead.
Plat-
inmn.
Total.
Value.
Inline.
Calavcru.
MSorte.
$16,151
tl, 475, 807
96,460
10,888
Value.
$2,726
1,800,357
66,614
1,806,066
Value,
$4
269
10
Value.
$52
6,892
2,467
73,949
Pounds. Value.
Pounds. Value Value.
15,000 $1,660
2,448,182
821,882
$210
Value.
$2,778
1,391,564
1,544,867
2,294,346
10,888
a Commercial t alue.
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176 MIKEBAL BB8OUB0E8.
Production of gold^ silver^ coppfr, lead, and platinum, etc, — Continued.
Gold.
SUver.a
Plat^
inum.
County.
Placer.
Quartz.
Placer.
Deep
mine.
Copper.
Lead.
Total.
KldoTado
Value.
$75,451
4,940
41,689
Value.
$288,865
17,809
Value.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Valw.
Vabie.
9364, 816
$111
22,860
Humboldt ....
$362
42,051
Inyo
101,104
1,041,511
98,599
8,965
66,048
565,808
876,666
1,699
2,062,148
23,850
117,660
1,807
18,860
4,800
$2,600
569
161.188
$6,830
! 184,2M
Kcm
6,750
1
1, 166,47*
94,906
6,165
70,742
675,677
Lasssu
Los Angeles...
Madera
2,200
$21
14
8,859
23,710
16
5,675
86,000
39,645
9,810
4,680
4,780
1,800
Mariposa
Mono
1,735
2,900
9,720
286,886
160
668,628
137,026
800
380,964
8,880
18,500
1,084
15,961
174,885
804,856
4,720
200
404.765
Monterey
Nevada
11,4S4
2,3&1,62»
Orange
Placer
160
128,080
137,164
12,668
76
760
865
4,000
1,900
520
247
280
603,344
pi^ifpmi
274,781
Riverside
12.968
RA.pra.Tn An trt
171
1
831,135
San Bernar-
dino
San Diego
San Luis Obis-
no
878,294
869,656
18,421
1,462
60,400
7,852
802 34
406,481
579,618
1,084
Shasta
712,888
188,028
882.764
38
214,028
271
949
16,458,409
200
2,171,497
28
3,113,824
Sierra
808,212
Siskiyou
Stanislaus
688,507
122,000
15,860
16,860
Trinity
Tulare .
328,839
290,172
7,216
1,898,808
87
2,695
41
184
lOO
614,336
7,215
TnoluniTie .
13,242
8,861
286
.......
1,919,921
Ventura
87
I'uba
125,386
41
\ 128,122
Total....
4,062,761
12,247,892
661
497,751
19,218,696
2,638,355
166,946
7,074
96a
19,840,446
Grand to-
tal
16,800,653
498,412
2,588,866
7,074
96fi
19,340,446
a Commercial value.
COLORADO.
CRIPPLE CBEKK.
During 1903 the production of Cripple Creek suffered a considerable
reduction, due to several causes. One of the most serious was a strike
which interfered greatly with the work from August to the end of the
year. Another was found in the drainage. Many mines were unable
to sink their shafts deeper until relieved by drainage tunnels from the
heavy influx of water. Finally, the payshoots in some mines undoubt-
edly showed a tendency to contract.
The El PasQ drainage tunnel, which was intended to unwater the
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB. 177
westeni half of the district to an elevation above sea level of 8,800 feet,
was completed in the last months of 1903, and this great enterprise
will be rewarded by an increased production in 1904. Two of the
important producers in the district, the Elkton and the Mary McKinney ,
have already been enabled to continue operations to the level of the
tunnel. The Portland mine, which is the largest property in the dis-
trict, produced 90,000 tons of ore having a gross value of $2,609,000;
dividends of $360,000 were declared during the year; extensive
development continued and opened a large amount of ore reserves.
Stratton's Independence continued its large production, and its divi-
dends amounted to $260,000 during the year. Other important dividend
payers were the Strong, the Grolden Cj^cle, and the Vindicator mines.
Valuable ore bodies were developed in the El Paso, the C. K. & N.,
and many other mines, the working of which will swell the production
of 1904. The extensive holdings of Stratton's estate were practically
idle during the last half of the year. Dividends of less than $100,000
were declared by the Mary McKinney, the El Paso, the Last Dollar,
the C. K. & N., the United Gold Mines, the Practical, the Acacia, the
Free Coinage, and the Modoc mines. Several beginnings were made
to utilize the low-grade oxidized ores of the camp. A cyanide mill
was built on the Fluorine at Copper Mountain by the Sioux Falls
Company, and another by the Homestake Company on Ironclad Hill,
and both were ready to begin operations at the close of 1903. The
capacity of these mills is only 200 tons per day, but if successful they
will be enlarged. The profits of mining and milling these ores are
expected not to exceed $5 per ton; the telluride ores, on the other
hand, can hardly be utilized unless they run at least $12 per ton.
In June, 1903, the resurvey of the Cripple Creek district was begun
by the United States Geologicftl Survey, with Messrs. W. Lindgren
and F. L. Ransome in charge. This examination was undertaken
jointly by the Survey and the State of Colorado, citizens of Cripple
Creek, Colorado Springs, and Denver having contributed to the
State's share of the expense. The resurvey was completed in April,
1904, and the results will be published in an extensive monograph.
A preliminary report of the principal results obtained will be pub-
lished in a bulletin to be issued by the Survey in the last months of
1904.
IDAHO.
By V. C. Hbikbb.
pBoovenoif.
The precious-metal industry of Idaho during 1903 shows a con-
siderably increased yield in sulver, by reason of the extended mining
operations in the Coeur d'Alene region, and a decrease in the yield of
gold. This decrease has been due in great measure to the reduced
M R 1903 12
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178
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
number of miners at many of the smaller placers, where operations in
the primitive manner heretofore oondaeted are no longer found suffi-
ciently remunerative. Nevertheless, the quantity of gold taken from
the placers has not suffered any material reduction and represents a
large percentage of the precious-metal value of the State. The work
already begun with improved dredging machinery and hydraulic
power will no doubt greatiy increase the future gold production.
For each of the last two years the water season has been very short.
Throughout this chapter silver is given in figures of commercial
value or amount obtained for it by producers when sold.
The following table shows the production of silver and gold for
1902 and 1908:
Production of gold and mlver in Idaho in'190£ and 190S.
1W2.
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Gold
Flneonnces.
72,182
6,188,025
•1,492,002
a3, 225,066
Fineoufuses.
65,850
7,398,970
11,861,119
Silver
6 3,951,790
a Silver at 10.5216, average commercial value.
b Silver at 90.5341, average commercial value.
From this table it appears that the decrease in the gold production
in 1903 as compared with 1902 was $130,883, and that the increase in
the silver production in the same period was $726,724.
The following table shows the output of gold in Idaho for the years
1902 and 1903 by counties:
ProducHan of gold in Idaho in 190^ and, 1903, by counties.
County.
Ada, Bingham, Canyon, Elmore, and Fremont .
Blaine
Boise
Cassia
Custer
Idaho
Kootenai
Latah, Kez Perces, Oneida, and Washington
Lemhi
Lincoln
Owyhee
Shoshone
Undistributed
Total .
1902.
Quantity. Value.
Fineouwxs.
4,047
516
12,750
2,244
8,342
9,746
863
■ 722
6,419
386
25,930
5,717
72,182
$83,651
10.666
263, &i3
46,383
69,079
201,450
7,603
14,924
132,681
7,979
535,973
118, 170
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Fine ounces.
1,656
50
7,533
233
5,949
12,777
624
3,267
8,819
79
19,665
2,880
2,419
1.492,002 I
132,142
1,033
155,707
4,816
122,965
264,101
12,898
67,529
182,289
1,633
406,476
o9,590
50.001
66,850 1,. 361, 119
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GOLD AND SILVER.
179
The table following gives the quantities of gold derived from differ-
ent sources in 1902 and 1903:
Jhroduction of gold in Idaho in 190S and 190S, by sources.
Milling oresL
Smelting ores.
Year.
Placer.
Siliceous
ores.
Ores cya-
nided.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.
Total.
1902
FIneounca,
17,694
18,827
Fine ounces,
80,268
21,425
Ffneounces.
28,916
24,633
Ftne ounces.
60
39
Fine ounces.
264
1,426
Fine ounces.
72,182
65,860
Value.
91,492,002
1,361,119
19(B
SOMSAIIT OF eOLD PBODVCEB IN IIUHO IN 190S FROM DIFFBEBNT S0DB0B8.
Gold in placer hvlUon. — Lemhi, Idaho, and Custer counties in the
order named were the largest producers of placer gold in 1903. Sho-
shone County, usually one of the largest producers of placer gold, has
during the last year shown a marked decline in the yield of this metal.
Gold in i^iliceoua ores. — Idaho County, owing to its increased pro-
duction of gold-carrying siliceous ores, greatly exceeds all other
counties in the gold output.
Gold in ores cyanided. — Owyhee County stands first in its produc-
tion of gold from ores treated by the cyanide method, with Custer
and Washington counties not far behind.
Gdd iih lead ores. — Very little gold is obtained from the lead ores
of Idaho.
Gold in copper ores. — Custer County is the only one whose copper
ores carry a fair amount of gold.
The following table shows the output of silver in Idaho for the
years 1902 and 1903 by counties:
Prod^tclion of silver in Idaho in 190£ and 1903^ bycounties.
County.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
A4*, Elmore, Fremont, Nez Pcrccs, Oneida,
and WanhinKton
Fine ounces,
4,2&9
200,900
19,660
76
282,146
8,618
16,284
2,902
696,442
6,001,881
12,222
104,789
10,260
39
121,087
4,443
8,468
1,614
863,264
2,608,981
Fine ounces,
60,951
834,393
8,482
• 4
130,660
6,026
14,448
10,434
762,601
6,071,118
$32,554
178,599
4,504
2
K«ine...
Bo4w
<i«ia
^ner
69,732
3,218
7,717
14«b<> .
Kuitcnai
LwBhi
6,578
407,307
ir«th^
S*****nnc ,
3,242,584
T.»UI
6,183.025
3,225,066
7,398,970
3,951,790
Digitized by V^OOQIC
180
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
The following table shows in detail the sources of silver in Idaho
during 1902 and 1903:
Production of silver in Idaho in 190^ and 190S, by sources.
Milling ores.
Smelting ores.
Year.
Placer.
Siliceous
ores.
Ores
cyanided.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.
Total.
1902
Fine
ounces.
2,688
6,058
Fine
ounces.
681,981
712,667
Fine
ounces.
95,905
157,960
Fine
ounces.
5,890,548
6,426,941
Fine
ounces.
11,903
95,854
Fine
ounces.
6,183,025
7,888,970
•8,225,086
8,961.790
190S
8UMHAET OF 8ILYEB PRODUCED IN IDAHO IN 190S FBOM DUTEBBNT SOUBCES.
Silver in placer hullion, — ^The gold from placer and surface mines
ranges from 630 to 950 fine. The silver production from this source
does not materially affect the total output.
Silver in silicemts ores, — Owyhee County yields largely from milling
ores, with Idaho County following.
Silver ores cyanided, — The yield in Custer County doubled in its
production of silver from cyanided ores. Owyhee County remained
the same as last year.
Silver in lead ores, — The Coeur d'Alene region of Shoshone County
is responsible for an increase of over 1,000,000 ounces in the silver
output compared with last year. Blaine County increased 100,000
ounces. Custer County decreased in its silver output.
Silver in copper ores. — The increased amount of copper ores mined
caused the silver output to be doubled in Washington, Custer, and
Kootenai counties.
MONTANA.
By A. N. WiNCHBLL.
PRODUCTION.
The most important development in precious metal mining in Mon-
tana during 1903 was the continued success and improvement in the
cyanide treatment of gold ores in central Fergus County, resulting in
still further increasing the gold production from that county, and, in
fact, placing it in the lead among the counties of the State as a pro-
ducer of the yellow metal. The Kendall, the Barnes-King, and the
Gold Reef properties were in successful operation throughout the
year.
Silver Bow County produces over 20 per cent of the annual gold
product of the Sta^ and more than three-fourths of the silver product
The generally prosperous condition of precious-metal mining in the
State is attested by the fact that in spite of two important interrup-
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GOLD AND SILVER, 181
tions to the mining' operations in that county the total gold production
of the State shows an increase, abd that the total silver production
suffered only a slight decrease as compared with that of the preceding
year.
The first of these interruptions, which lasted about two months,
affected all the properties of the Anaconda and the Washoe companies.
It was caused by the closing of the Washoe smelter at Anaconda to
permit of the completion and the connection of a new flue and stack
erected on the hill back of the smelter. The object of this new
arrangement is to render the fumes harmless by causing the injurious
elements to settle in the long flue on the mountain side, and by carry-
ing the lighter gases into the upper air currents.* The second inter-
ruption affected all the properties of the Amalgamated Copper Com-
pany, and lasted from October 22 to November 11, 1903. It was an
outgrowth of the mining litigation which has been carried on in Butte
for years.
During the year the Pittsburg and Montana Company very nearly
completed the building of a new smelter and concentrator at Butte,
intended to treat custom ores as well as the gold-silver-copper ores
from the mines of the company, which are located on the flat east of
Anaconda hill. The same company purchased and partly developed
some mines in Jefferson County, rich in iron pyrites, which it is planned
to use in the smelting of the other ores.
The matte furnace building at the Butte Reduction Works in Butte,
which was destroyed by fire, was immediately rebuilt in an improved
condition. Improvements, more or less extensive, were also made at
the concentrator of the United Copper Company at Basin, and at the
plant of the American Smelting and Refining Company at East Helena.
During a few months of the year the affairs of the Granite-Bimetal-
lic Company in Granite County were in the hands of a receiver, who
was discharged near the close of the year. The company has been
operating continuously since then.
NEVADA.
By Charles G. Yalb.
PBOOUCTION.
The returns received in answer to inquiries as to gold and silver
production in Nevada for 1903, show that the gold amounted to
$3,070,850, and the silver to $2,098,912 (conunercial value), a total of
$5,169,262. Compared with the figures of the previous year there is
shown an increase in gold of $175,050, and in silver of $113,426, a
total increase of $288,476. It is proper to state that the total figures
of the year's gold and silver production, as here given, are nearly
1060,000 leas than those given in the report of the Director of the
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182 MINERAL BE8OUB0ES.
United States Mint for the same period. Yet all the known pro-
ducers of the State have answered the inquiries made by the Survey,
and given the figures of prckluction.
In obtaining the exact facts, however, there are several diflSculties
to overcome. A large amount of leasing is done in Nevada, and it is
very hard to get at returns from these lessees. They only work dur-
ing certain months of the year and then leave for parts unknown; so
that letters sent them are returned ^' uncalled for." Many of the com-
panies owning mines worked by lessees return but small values of pro-
duction, amounting only to their royalties, and the sums obtained by
the lessees is unknown. Sometimes a company returns as answer
''no product," when its mine has been under lease to others, the com-
pany itself having done no work on its own account. Another great
hindrance in arriving at the true production of Nevada is the fact that
in a great many cases mines are either owned or controlled by Utah
and Colorado people, and the production is attributed by the smelters
to those States instead of to Nevada, where it originated. The small
individual owners or lessees in maR)*^ instances fail to make returns,
the aggregate of which would make a considerable addition to the
total. In view of these circumstances it is quite probable that the
actual amount of gold and silver produced in Nevada in 1903 was
somewhat higher than is indicated by the figures herein given. And
this, notwithstanding the fact that every effort was made to ascertain
the exact truth, many special letters having been written in addition
to the sending out of the usual circulars and cards.
About 600 mining operators responded to the inquiries of the Sur-
vey. Of these 145 were producers and 454 were doing development
or annual assessment work only, without any yield of bullion. Of the
producers 132 had quartz and 13 had placer mines. Of the assessment
or development claims 446 were quartz. The record of the respective
counties is as follows: Churchill, 14 quartz mines being developed,
with no producers; Douglas, 7 quartz and 2 placer mines, with 4 pro-
ducers; Elko, 11 producing quartz mines and 2 placers, with 18
quartz mines and 1 placer in development stage; Jlsmeralda, 16
producers and 40 nonproducers; Eureka, 14 producers and 17 non-
producers; Humboldt, 8 quartz and 2 placer-producing mines and
48 nonproducers; Lander, 5 producing mines and 16 nonproducers;
Lincoln, 12 ^producers and 48 mines in development stage; Lyon,
12 producers and 21 nonproducers; Nye, 9 producers and 79
nonproducers; Ormsby, 1 producer reported and 14 mines are being
developed; Storey, 17 productive mines and 25 nonproductive;
Washoe, 17 producers and 49 nonproducers; White Pine, 18 quaiiz
mines and 6 placers which are productive, and 50 quartz mines and 6
placers which are not.
The largest aggregate output shown by any one county is in the case
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GOLD AND SILVEB.
183
of Nye, where the Tonopab mines are Hituated. From this camp only
the highest grade or^ were shipped out for treatment, as there were
no reduction works of any kind at the place. Since the period of this
inquiry a railroad has been completed to the camp (July, 1904), so
that all ores may now be shipped and the yield will be very greatly
increased. The largest producer in the State, the Tonapah Mining
(Company, is in this county.
Lincoln County also shows a yield of considerably over a million
dollars. The Bamberger-Delamar mines at Delamar are in this county
as are also the Quartette and the Duplex mines at Searchlight. Ac-
cording to returns received, the^e two counties of Lincoln and Nye
are the only ones in the State showing a yield of over a million dol-
lars each^ and the figures for the latter amount to practically two
millions. The new and exceptionally rich camp of Goldfields, in
Esmeralda County, since very productive, was just commencing to
show some yield at the end of 1903. Quantities of very high grade
ore have si nee been shipped. The gross yield of the Comstock mines
is practically shown by the figures for Storey County — $453,785, of
which $329,656 was gold and the remainder was silver. Including the
yield of copper and lead as well as of gold and silver, the total
production of Nevada for 1903, as shown by returns received by the
Survey, amounted to $5,8^,927, as is set forth in the following
tables:
ProducHcm afprtdom nuials in Ntvoda in IdOS, by counliei.
Coonty.
Gold.
Placer. Deep.
Silver.
Copper.
Lead.
Total.
DOQgkfl....
Uko
EBDcralda. .
Aireka
Humboldt..
Under
Lineoh)
Lyon
iiye
Onwby
Storey
Waiboe
White Pine.
Vatme.
18.897
14,028
40,000
1,000
6.761
Total
Gnnd total.
66,186
VMiue,
$1,700
187,826
180,681
88,051
84,231
88,820
1,091, M5
380,979
646,163
8,000
829,656
46,882
118,690
Vaiue.
•2,000
82,848
174.630
52.609
6,562
130,786
101,602
63,166
1,804,872
6,000
124,182
21,494
78,727
ViJilue,
Vidue,
114,150
28,261
16,176
13.033
391
2.255
399
700
6,018
200
86,192
8,006,164
8,070,360
2,096,912
2,006,912
6,779
6,779
161,886
151,886
Value.
248,847
396,345
151,886
80,793
169,896
1,196.242
1295.144
1,956,543
14,000
463,788
66,826
290.570
5,327.927
5,327.927
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184
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Sources of Nevada goldy 190S, by counties.
Ck>uDty.
Gold from
quarU.
Hydmolic
mines.
^^ kouigoid.
Douglas
Elko
Esmeralda..
Eureka
Humboldt..
Lander
Lincoln —
Lyon
Nye
Ormsby
Storey
Washoe
White Pine.
Total.
11,700
187,826
189,681
88,061
84,231
88,820
1,091,595
280,979
646,158
8,000
829,656
45,882
118,690
•897
14,028
82,600
10,000
80,000
1,000
6,761
15.097
201,854
189, 6S1
88,051
74,251
88,320
1,091,595
231,979
646,153
8,000
829,656
45,832
125.451
8,005,164
24,925
40,261
8,070,850
OREGON.
By Chables G. Yale.
PBODLCTION.
According to the returns received from operators in Oregon, that
State produced $1,412,208 in gold and $62,241 (commercial value) in
silver in 1903. With the value of copper and platinum added, the
total yield was $1,477,516. When these figures are compared with
those for 1902 furnished the Survey by Director Roberts of the United
States Mint, the gold yield shows a decrease of $404,492 and the silver
an increase of $12,792, a total decrease of $391,700. The yield was
made by 302 producing mines, 72 quartz mines and 230 placer,
hydraulic, and surface mines. The quartz mines produced $941,188;
the hydraulic mines, $356,969; and the placers, $114,051. In addition
to these the returns show 477 quartz and 57 placer mines upon which
development or annual assessment work was done. The largest yield
was from Baker County, followed, in relative rank, by the counties of
Josephine, Grant, Jackson, Douglas, Lane, Malheur, Wheeler, Curry,
Coos, Lincoln, Crook, Wallowa, and Union.
The following table shows the number of producing quartz and placer
mines, and the number on which development or annual assessment
work was done in 1903, in the respective counties of Oregon, as reported
in the returns received by the survey:
Producing and nonjyrodudng mines in
Oregon in
190Sf by hinds and by counties.
County.
Producing mines.
Development or as-
sessment mines.
Quartz.
Placer.
Quartz.
Placer.
Baker
19
• l'
1
84
2
1
126
8
11
10
COOB
Crook :
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB.
Producing and norqtroducing mines in Oregon in 1903, etc — Continaed.
185
County.
ProdociDg mines.
Development or as*
sessment mines.
Quarts.
Placer.
Quarts.
Placer.
Cnny
2
7
12
10
28
8
12
40
60
5
66
70
5
8
DouflM
5
Qant
5
Harney
Jftckaon
12
11
8
56
78
8
Jofepbine
17
Une
Uncoln •
1
8
2
Malhenr
8
1
64
6
11
Unico
WaUovm
1
8
Wheeler
2
T^jtol..
72
280
477
57
This table shows that returns were received from more than 800
mines in Oregon, but practically three-fifths of these were nonpro-
dactiye, being* in the development stage only. The falling off in yield
is due to the lowered production in 1903 of some of the large pro-
ducers. The productive regions are in the Blue Mountain section in
eastern Oregfon, the mountainous section of the southwest, and more
or less in tl^e Cascades along their whole length in the State. The
most extensive developments have been in Baker, Wallowa, Grant,
tod Malheur counties, in eastern Oregon. Baker County is the center
of this section and the scene of the largest operations. It is the most
productive county in the State.
The sources of the gold in the counties of Oregon is shown in the
following statement:
Sources of Oregon gold, 1908, by counties.
County.
Gold in
quarts.
Hydranlic
mines.
Surface
placer.
Total gold.
Btkrr
|609»097
1,680
441
1,150
19,962
85,872
20,421
160,006
81,125
165,860
$17,099
6,830
600
9,118
5,798
4,035
19,470
40,179
1691,546
Coo*
8,410
Crook
1,041
Qmuj
4,894
16,566
12,906
88,068
141,948
14,657
Dot^lm
42,381
Gant...
102,818
JackBOQ ..
122,979
Jonphlne
842,183
Lttr
81,125
UoCOtB
8,000
1,800
8,000
Malbcw
12,000
14
15,927
29,227
rateQ
14
WaUova.
860
1.282
850
Wteder
16,800
18,062
Totel
•41,188
866,969
114,061
1,412,206
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186
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
ProdxuAion of gold, silver , coppery and platinum in Oregon in 190$^ by countiei.
County.
Gold.
Silver.
PlaU-
num.
Total.
Quartz.
Placer.
Quartz.
Placer.
Copper.
B&ker
Value.
1609,097
1,580
441
1,150
19,982
85,372
20.421
160,006
81,125
Value.
$82,449
6,830
600
13,507
22,349
16, Wl
102.568
182,127
Value.
$12,609
10
1,000
Value.
$11
Pounds.
Value.
Value.
Value.
|7(H,066
COOB
«640
9,080
Crook
2,041
Curry
480
8
15, W7
Doufrlaii
686
34,489
11
13,003
535
43,024
Qrant
4,000
$376
137.128
Jackson
2
32
122, «2
Josephine
14,S0O
1,663
856,731
Lan4^
31,660
Lincoln
8,000
17,227
8,000
Malheur
12,000
14
29,227
Union
4
IS
Wallowa
850
18,082
1 850
Wheeler
' 18.082
941,188
1,412,208
Total
471,020
62,196
62,241
45
18,000
1,989
1,939
1,128
1,128
1,477,516
Grand total . . .
1,477,516
NOTB.— The department of chemistry of the UniTcrslty of Oregon, at Eugene, has issued a bulletin
on the " Mineral Resources and Mineral Industry of Oregon for 190;Y' which contains full descrip-
tions of the various districts and mines, and to which those desiring details are referred*
SOUTH DAKOTA.
By E. P. Porter.
PRODUCTION.
During the year 1908 a vast amount of development work was accom-
plished in South Dakota, which, while increasing somewhat the pro-
duction of precious metals for that year, should mean a greatly increased
production for 1904. Several new reduction plants were completed,
aggregating a capacity of 1,200 tons, and work was begun and is in course
of construction on many other plants. There were more companies
formed in 1902 than in 1903, but many did not start active operations
until 190H. This is especially noticeable in the district around Elk
Creek, Rochford, and Keystone. In addition to the formation of new
companies, several of the larger companies have consolidated, which
will enable them to make a total production far greater than they
could have done if operating individually. Much systematic develop-
ment work has been done throughout the phonolite belt, west of Dead-
wood, and encouraging reports come from along Deadwood and False
Bottom gulches.
Successful treatment of low-grade ores by the cyanide process,
increased transportation facilities, and steadily increasing mill capacity
all tended to increase South Dakota production for 1908, and had it
not been for the closing down of the Golden Reward smelter and a
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GOLD AND SILVEB, 187
^ing off in three of South Dakota's steady producers, the increase
irould certainly have occurred. The good results obtained in pros-
pecting the free-milling ore veins of the Homestake system by local
and Colorado companies have given an impetus to the development
outside of the phonolite ore districts, and the year 1903 witnessed
the transformation of many prospects into gold producers. No less
than 10 companies are operating in the phonolite belt west of Dead-
wood, and several veins are being developed to a considerable depth.
The success obtained by the Penobscot Company has stimulated mining
in the Garden City district Several deals have been consummated
and several companies formed for the development of ore bodies of
the same character as that found at the Penobscot. Among the com-
panicH that made their initial production in 1908 are the Columbus
Consolidated, the Golden Crest, the Lexington Hill, and the Golden
Empire, all in Lawrence County. Those increasing their output for
1903 were the Homestake, the Hidden Fortune, the Penobscot, the
Spearfish, and the Wasp Number Two. Several new reduction plants
have heen completed during the year 1903, which, with their daily
capacity, are as follows: The Horseshoe, 500 tons; the Hidden Fortune,
800 tons; the Penobscot, 200 tons; the Jupiter, 150 tons; the Golden
Crest, 50 tons; the Extreme, 50 tons; Lundberg & Dorr, 100 tons; and
the Branch Mint, 250 tons.
Other companies that have mills in course of construction or that
are contemplating the erection of reduction plants are: The Reliance,
300 tons; the Columbus Consolidated, 1,000 tons; the Victoria, 300
tons; the Phoenix, 300 tons; the Dead wood Standard, 125 tons; the
Dakota, 120 tons; the Minnie May, 50 tons; the Gilt Edge, 125 tons;
the Lexington Hill, 300 tons; the Ruby, 100 tons; the Tinton, 300
tons; the Ohio Deadwood, 100 tons; and the Sunbeam, 100 tons.
It is less than ten years since the first cyanide plant was built in the
Black Hills, and the number of plants now in operation and under con-
struction demonstrates the success of this mode of treatment. The
following mills are at present treating ore by the cyanide process:
Homestake, Horseshoe, Golden Reward, Penobscot, Spearfish, Dead-
wood Standard, Wasp Number Two, Lexington Hill, Columbus Con-
solidated, Jupiter, and Imperial. The Homestake Company still leads
the list of producers in South Dakota, with the Golden Reward second,
and with the Horseshoe, the Spearfish, and the Penobscot running
close for third. Following these come many other properties pro-
dudng from $5,000 to $100,000.
Placer mining seems to be gradually dying out, and the production
MDounted to but a little over $10,000 in 1903, obtained mainly in
Lawrence County and in the southern part of Pennington County.
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188 MINERAL HE80UECK.S.
A brief summary of the principal work accomplished by some of
the companies in various counties follows:
Ouster County. — At the Clara Belle new machinery in the way of a
hoist and pump has been installed. The shaft has been sunk to a
depth of 180 feet, showing some fine specimens of free-milling gold.
It is the intention of the owners to continue the shaft in order to
explore the ore bodies thoroughly. The Copper Butte Mining Com-
pany has been prospecting with diamond drills, and expects to start
in 1904.
A new steam hoist, compressor, drills, etc., have been installed at
the Cuyahoga Company's property, and plans have been made to sink
to a depth of 500 feet. The Extreme Mining Company has completed
its 10-stamp mill and has considerable ore on hand for concentration.
The concentrates will be shipped to outside smelters.
The Gladiator Consolidated Company has been developing the Gold
Fish Group, and has the main shaft down 100 feet. The company
contemplates erecting a new reduction plant. The Grantz Mining
Company, operating the Roosevelt Group, has sunk a shaft 280 feet,
and the ore found justifies the prediction that this property will be
one of the big mines of the Black Hills. A contract has been let to
sink a shaft 100 feet at the Gold Standard Company. Active work
was started at the Interstate Mining Company properties in January,
and has continued throughout the year. A new hoisting plant was
installed at the Ivanhoe, capable of attaining a depth of 500 feet. The
shaft is at present 200 feet in depth and will be pushed rapidly to 400
feet. At the Minnie May a contract has been let for a new mill, steam
hoist, air drills, etc. At the North Star practically no ore was treated
in 1903. Active work was carried on at the Saginaw by sinking shaft
and following diamond drill hole. The mine has at present reached
a depth of 300 feet. Among recent organizations are the Custer
Mountain Mining Company and the White Cloud Mining and Milling
Company. The latter is installing complete hoisting machinery.
Louwrence County, — ^The mill at the Alder Creek Company's mine
was active for a short time, but was closed down for several months.
The ore from this mine is obtained chiefly through open cuts. At the
Anaconda the shaft has been sunk to a depth of 200 feet and a crosscut
has been started. A new hoisting pump has been installed at the Bear
Gulch mine. At the Big Four Mining Company's mine new machinery
was installed and preparations were made to sink to a depth of 500
feet. The Black Hills Belt Development Company sunk a shaft to the
depth of nearly 1,000 feet, but shut down last spring, not finding
any ore.
The Branch Mint Company completed their reduction plant and
started work January, 1904. The Rossiter cyanide plant was running
most of the year on ore from the Buxton and Bonanza mines, recently
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GOLD AND 81LVBB. 189
purchased by the lessees. In July the plant was shut down and the
ore was treated at their 100-ton plant, located at the mine. At the
Uncle Sam mine of the Clover Leaf Mining Company, extensive devel-
opment work was carried on below the 700-f oot level, and drifts were
run to a considerable distance. The mill was in operation the entire
year, although not to its full capacity.
The main shaft in the property of the Columbus Consolidated
reached a depth of 600 feet. Crosscuts were driven at the 200-foot
and 500- foot levels, cutting large bodies of ore. The capacity of the
plant was increased to 70 tons per day, and the plant was operated for
a short time daring the year. New machinery was installed at the
Caster Peak mine. The cyanide plant of the Dakota Mining and Mill-
bg Company was closed down most of the year for the purpose of
enlar^ng. The mill will probably be remov^ from Deadwood to the
mine before the capacity is increased, l^e mill of the Deadwood
Standard ran steadily during the year, and paid its first dividend. It
18 stated that this company treats by cyanide cheaper than any com-
pany in the Black Hills, as ore running as low as $3 per ton has been
treated at a profit. Plans are on foot to double the mill capacity. The
property of the Galena S. and S. Company, embracing some 2,000
acres, has been purchased by eastern capitalists, and work is to be
resumed. The Garden City group was also sold to outsiders. The
Golden Crest plant was enlarged and placed in conunission. The com-
pany claims to save 85 per cent of the values. The first clean-up was
made in December. The Golden Beward cyanide plant was operated
contmuously during the year. The smelter was closed down in Feb-
ruary, and the smelting ore was shipped to outside smelters. It is
expected that the smelter will resume operations early in 1904, after
the several damage suits are settled.
The Hercules Gold Mining Company has its new 4-compartment shaft
down 300 feet The ore body is widen mg and work is progressing.
The Hidden Fortune Mining Company carried on extensive develop-
ment work and completed its 800-ton cyanide plant. Some ore was
shipped to Omaha smelters. A trial of the mill was made, and the
mill was afterwards closed; then amalgamation plates were installed
tod the mill started in November.
Many improvements were made at the Homestake during the year,
among which were an increase of a hundred stamps to the Amicus mill
and a new 200-drill compressor.
The Horseshoe Company's plant was closed down for some time
daring 1908. Work was resumed in May and shipments made to the
Imperial cyanide plant and to Denver, pending the completion of the
MO-ton cyanide plant This was accomplished in September, since
which time the company has been operating steadily.
Coosiderable ore was treated at the Imperial before it closed down,
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190 MnnsBAL besouboes.
the capacity of the plant was increased, and operations were resumed
in January, 1904.
The Lexington Hill Grold Mining Company, a new company, made
its initial production, operating an old mill on Spruce Gulch, which
was included in the sale of ground to them. Nearly 100 tons a day
were treated while the mill was in operation. At the Lucky Strike
mine the shaft is being continued to a depth of 200 feet, following the
vein from the surface. The triple-compartment shaft on the Oro
Hondo was sunk 500 feet lower during 1903, and a drift was starts at
the 600-foot level. A new hoist was erected at the Pennsylvania and
sinking was resumed. The Penobscot increased its production quite
materially, operating a 125-ton cyanide plant continuously, and ship-
ping between 50 and 100 tons per day to the smelter. At the Pluma
mine development work was carried on extensively during the time
that work on the new mill was stopped, pending settlement of litiga-
tion. The company is at present cross-cutting at the 300-foot and the
500-foot levels. The former cross-cut has been run 630 feet and the
latter 100 feet. A considerable amount of ore has been brought down
awaiting completion of the cyanide plant for treatment.
The Reliance Mining and Milling Company, a consolidation of sev-
eral other large companies, started active operations, and was engaged
in erecting a 300-ton plant. At the Ruby Gold Mining and Milling
Company's property the new mill is about completed. The Spearfish
Company operated steadily during the year, making regular clean ups.
At one time during the year the company held an option on the Dead-
wood Standard group, but finally gave it up. A new 12-drill com-
pressor was purchased, and preparations were made to increase the
capacity of the mill. Plans were completed for erecting a new plant
at the Tinton Mining Company's property. The Two Johns Company
started to unwater its shaft, preparatory to resuming operations. The
Wasp Number Two operated steadily during 1903, with the exception
of four days. This was the longest shut down since the company
started, and was caused T>y needed repairs. The Wasp was one of the
mines that quarried the quartzite.
Among the new organizations formed in 1903 the following have
carried on continuous development: The Aurizone Mining Company,
Columbia Commercial Gold Mining and Milling Company, Gilt Ekige
Maid Mining Company, Gold Copper Mining and Development Com-
pany, Gold Eagle Mining Company, Gt)ld Stake Mining Company,
Leo Mining Company, and the United Ruby Gold Mining Company.
Among companies installing new machinery and not mentioned
previously are: the Elliptic, the Rex, the Gladiator Consolidated, the
Tintanic, and the Wanconda.
Pennington County, — The Black Hills and Duluth Copper Company,
after prospecting the greater part of the year with a diamond drill,
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GOLD AND SILVER. 191
has purchased machinery, and will sink to a considerable depth
before attempting any lateral work. A new plant will be bought to
replace that of the Castle Creek Gold Mining Company, recently
destroyed by fire. The new leaching plant of the Central Black Hills
Copper Company was completed, but not in time to operate in 1903.
The capacity is 100 tons; the process, lixiviation. After the copper
has been extracted the ore will be treated by cyanide process. Work
on the Cochran Mining Company, abandoned by the lessees, was
resumed by the owners.
At the Colombia Gold Mining and Milling Company 's properties the
shaft was sunk to 200 feet and cross-cutting was commenced. At this
time work was stopped, pending a settlement with the miners. A
plant is contemplated. Work at the J. B. shaft of the Cumberland
Mming Company was suspended for a short time during the year
while a new air compressor was being installed. The shaft is now
down 500 feet, and drifting has been started. Considerable work was
accomplished at the Dakota and Calumet Copper Mining Company's
properties. An aerial tram was erected, pumps were installed, and a
small smelter was built. Drifting on the Golden Slipper was continued
from the 450-foot level by the Empire State Mining Company. The
Golden West 10-ton mill was operated several months, and cross-cut-
ting' was started at the 150-foot level in the main shaft on the Yellow
Bird group. The company expects to enlarge mill to 100-ton capacity.
Work was resumed on the Gopher property after an idleness of several
years. The property is well equipped with two shafts, 110 feet and
105 feet deep, respectively.
The Holy Terror operated but a short time during the early part of
the year and then suspended work on account of several damage suits.
The mine was allowed to fill with water, submerging a $7,000 pump
which was left in the bottom of the shaft. The Lakota Gold Mining
and Reduction Company has cleaned out the Grizzly Bear mine and
is erecting a 20-stamp mill and an aerial tram. Following the pur-
chase of the Ida Florence group and the Bismarck mill, the Mainstay
Mining Company inaugurated a new era of development, and has
since opened a large body of good ore which is to be treated in the
old Bismarck mill. The l^ational Smelting Company started opera-
tions on ore from the Horseshoe, the Penobscot, and other mines in
Lawrence County. Flux for the smelter is obtained from the Monte-
zuma group at Deadwood.
The success of the cyanide process, operating on the black sands
found in Rapid Creek, near Pactola, has been so far successful that 4
niore plants are to be erected at once. The plant operated in 1903
handled about 300 cubic yards daily, and the new plants will be of
the same capacity.
Work has commenced on the new shaft at the Redf ern Gold Mining
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192
MINEBAL HESOUBOES.
Company. At the Sunbeam Mining Company's properties the shaft
has attained a depth of 450 feet, and drifting has been carried on from
the bottom. Enough ore has been shown to warrant a new 20-8tamp
mill. This mill was completed late in December. The Tycoon Mining
Company has opened large bodies of ore and has decided to combine
cyaniding with amalgamation. The 10-stamp mill is to be enlarged.
Two new companies started operation in 1903, namely: The Burling-
ton Mining Company and the Yellow Jacket Gold Milling Company.
Mention should be made of many other properties in South Dakota
which are doing meritorious work toward making this State foremost
among the gold-mining States.
UTAH.
By V. 0. Hbikbb.
PBOOUCTIOH.
In the production of gold and silver, Utah's output for 1903 was
much greater than for 1902, making, indeed, a very satisfactory
showing, the increase being due to greater smelting facilities, better
transportation rates, and the improved processes of treatment. The
statement of production is as follows:
Production of gold and silver in Utah in 190£ and 190S,
1902.
1906.
Increase
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
(value).
Gold
Fineowuxi.
174,547
11,842,016
93,007,686
6,176,7%
Fineounoet,
210,162
12,204,011
W. 844, 069
6,618,161
«786,88S
196,829
SUver
The following table shows the production of gold in Utah in 1903
and 1903, by counties:
Produ/cHon of gold in Utah in 1909 and 190S, by covmUes.
County.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Beaver, Iron, and Piute
Fine ounces.
28,741
29,909
26,806
15,068
76,826
8,682
1490,726
618,219
654,080
811,766
1,656,788
76,107
Fineomuxe.
28,686
66,009
48,656
16,817
66,660
5,086
9488,566
1,364,406
900,282
816,602
1,169,075
106,148
Juab and Utah
Salt Lake
SnniTnlt and WiMwtch t - - - r r -
Tooele
Washington, Sevier, Grand, and Boxelder . . .
Total
174,647
3,607,686
210,162
4,344,009
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GOLD AND 8ILVEB.
193
The following tables give the quantities of precious metals derived
from the different kinds of ore treated:
Production of gold in Utah in 190^ and IGOSy by kinds of ore.
Year.
SUiceous
ores.
Ores cyan-
Ided.a
Lead ores.
Ctopper
ores.
Total.
1SQ2
Fine ounces.
6,056
6,884
Fine ounces.
98,631
79,166
Fine ounces.
83,434
83.035
Fine ounces.
87,426
92,078
Fine ounces.
174,647
210,162
UQg
a Produced in Iron, Piute, and Tooele counties.
The gain in gold is accounted for by the greatly increased produc-
tion of gold-bearing copper ores in Juab and Salt Lake counties,
especially in the latter, owing to more extended mining operations in
the West Mountain (Bingham) district, as is shown in the following
tables:
Production of gold in Juab County, Utah, in 190S and 190S, by hinds of ore.
Year.
SiUceous
ores.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.o
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Wtt.
Fine ounces.
1,348
762
Fine ounces.
16,081
15,622
Fine ounces.
11,246
49,603
Fineounces.
28,625
65,987
$691,679
1,363,951
UQI
a The decreue ia doe to tiie closing of the Centennial Eureka mines in the Tintic district.
ProduOion of gold in Salt Lake Oounty, Utah, in 190S and 190S, by kinds of ore.
Year.
SiUceous
ores.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
yarn
Fineounces.
22
4
Fineounces.
606
1,076
Fineounces.
26,179
42,476
Fineounces.
26,806
43,656
$564,060
UOI
900,282
The yield of gold from the lead ores of the Tintic district, in Juab
County, and of Park City district, in Summit County, is about the
wne for 1903 that it was for 1902, as is shown in the following table:
ProdMdwn of gold contained in lead ores in Juab and Summit counties, Utah, in 1902
andlOOS.
Year.
Juab County.
Summit County.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
lan
Fineounces,
16,031
16,622
$881,361
822,907
Fineounces.
16,026
14,744
$810,567
lam
804,758
M B 1903 13
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194
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
Regarding the production of silver in Utah the large argentiferous
lead mines at Park City continue to be great shippers and to hold their
own in ore reserves, to which facts the increased mineral output of
the district is chiefly owing. West Mountain (Bingham) and Tintic
districts have also contributed large amounts of silver derived from
the copper ores.
Utah as a producer of metals is undoubtedly showing notable devel-
opment, especially in the production of copper-carrying gold and
silver. The silver is derived from the following kinds of oi*es:
Production of silver in VUtk in 190^ and J90S, by kinds of ore.
Year.
Siliceous
ores.
Orescya-
nided.
Lead ores.
Copper
ores.
TWal
value.
1902
Fineouneet,
80,704
66,681
Fine ounces.
184,823
116,141
Fine ounces.
10,648,489
9,317,074
Fineounces.
1,033,549
2,714.165
86,176.796
1903
6,518.151
Production of silver in Utah in 1909 and 1903^ by counties.
1902.
1908.
Connty.
Quantity.
Value, a
Quantity.
Valae.0
Beaver, Iron, and Pinte
Fineounces.
247,258
2,813,818
509,988
7.990,200
264,870
15,986
$128,970
1,467,688
265,981
4,167,688
188,156
8,812
Fineounces.
188,548
8,622,596
969,849
7,109,209
268,682
55,127
188,06$
Juab and Utah
1.984,818
Salt Lake
517.996
Summit and Wasatch
8,797,028
Tooele
140. 8S8
Washington, Sevier. Millard. Grand, and Box-
elder
29,448
Total
11,842,016
6.176,795
12,204,011
6,518,151
a Commercial value.
WASHINGTON.
By Charles G. Yale.
PBOOUCTIOII.
The returns received from the State of Washington indicate an
increase in gold production over that of the year 1902 amounting to
$225,665, or nearly double; the silver production shows a decrease of
$126,281; and the total increase for the year of the value of the com-
bined gold and silver production is 1109,384, or about 16.5 per cent,
when the figures of 1902 and 1903 are compared. The gold and silver
comes almost entirely from quartz mines, the total placer operations
of the State, in both hydraulic and drift, only amounting in value to
about $5,000, from Asotin, Kittitas, Lincoln, and Okanogan counties.
Digitized by ^OOQ K:^
GOLD AND SILVER. 195
The principal increase in gold came from the counties of Chelan, Ferry,
Okanogan, and Whatcom. Ferry County was the largest producer
of gold as well as of silver. The rank of the counties in relative pro-
duction of gold is as follows: Ferry, Chelan, Snohomish, Whatcom,
Okanogan, Kittitas, Stevens, King, Asotin, and Lincoln. Their rank
in silver production is: Ferry, Stevens, Snohomish, Okanogan, What-
com, Skagit, and King. The greatest production of copper was in
Snohomish County, and the most lead came from Stevens County.
A very large proportion of the known mining claims in the State of
Washington are in the development stage and nonproductive. Many
are held by annual asse^ment only. This may be seen by the follow-
ing statement of the proportion of productive and development or
assessment mines in the different counties, based on returns received
in reply to inquiries: In Asotin County there were 1 quartz producer
and 1 small placer, and 4 claims in which assessment or development
work was done in 1903. There were 5 unproductive claims in Cowlitz
County and 2 in Clarke County. In Chelan County 3 producers made
returns and 51 mines reported as being in development or assessment
stage. In Ferry County 11 quartz mines reported as having produced
in 1903 and 72 reported as being in development stage. In King
County only 1 producer reported, but there were 68 in the develop-
ment or assessment stage. In Kittitas there were 5 productive quartz
mines and 48 doing development work, and 2 productive placers and
♦) in course of development In Lincoln County there were 1 small
producer and 20 other mines in process of development. In Okanogan
7 quartz mines reported as producers and 125 as in the develop-
ment stage, and 5 placers, with 8 others doing assessment work. Pierce
County haxi 1 quartz producer and 9 claims in course of development;
and Skagit had 1 producer and 17 worked but unproductive mines.
In Skamania County 5 claims were being developed. Snohomish
County had 6 productive mines and 130 unproductive ones. Stevens
had 12 productive mines and 130 in development or assessment stage.
In Whatcom County there were 3 producers and §3 nonproducers.
It thus appears that out of 808 mines in Washington from which
reports were received in 1903, only 60 were productive and 748 were
in the development or assessment stage. This statement shows that
the Washington mining industry is badly in need of the investment of
capital to bring the majority of the claims to a productive stage. It
»howH also why there is a comparatively small annual production
when the number of known mines is considered.
In the report of the Director of the United States Mint on the pro-
duction of precious metals for 1902 only 25 producing mines are
reported from Washington. More than double this number reported
to the United States Geological Survey in 1903. This accounts for
the increase shown in the product.
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196
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The following table shows the production of precious metals in
Washington in 1903, by counties:
Production of precious metals in Washington in 190S, by counties.
County.
Gold.
Silv
Deep.
er.
Copper.
Lead.
Total
Deep. 1 Placer.
Placer.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.! Value.
value.
Asotin
990 : Hfion
S6
1096
Chelan . . .
80,090
275,897
1,584
2,636
80.090
Ferry
1,798
36
2,472
•83,464
20
75,471
110,000
!
368,861
King
!
1,004
Kittitas
7
1
4,441
Lincoln .
i
36
Okanogan
83,537
20,656
118,207
16,000
6,800
1292
71,917
Pierce
50
44
50
Skagit
865
29,876
54,865
12,030
8,400
1,200
889,512
252
48
15,628
1.161
Snohomish
70,661 '
2,502 I
36,888 1-
292,863
19,038
38,720
2,622
139,806
Stevens
75,412
Whatcom
48.418
4.906
Total
502,979
201,776
201,789
13
500,579
66,242
66,242
406,412
16,075
16,075
791,991
Grand total
507,885 ---
791,991
WYOMING.
By E. P. Porter.
PBODuerioN.
The mining in Wyoming in 1903 as compared with 1902 has been
marked mainly by two features, the resumption of the production of
copper and the amount of dead or development work accomplished.
Several changes in the management of different companies have
occurred, and in most cases for the better, as renewed activity has
resulted and development work of a permanent character has been
effected.
The mining sections of Wyoming are as a rule situated in districts
far from good railroad transportation, hence it is hard to secure the
capital necessary for thorough prospecting and development, but in
sevei*al cases in which ore has been shown preparations are being made
to build railroads.
Though copper is at present the paramount mineral included under
the head of the precious metals of Wyoming, yet the gold sections are
not to be overlooked.
Wyoming has heretofore produced its quota of gold, but the year
1903 fell short of former years, owing to leases being made pending
sales, and to the prosecution of nothing but development work when
sales were made. Again, several free-milling properties showed, with
depth, changes in the character of the ore, and experiments were
carried on for the proper treatment of the resulting refractory ore».
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GOLD AND SILVER. 197
The copper production increased from practically nothing in 1902
to nearly $150,000 in 1903, and the year 1904 opened with a brighter
future than ever before in the history of Wyoming. It is safe to say
that within the next five years Wyoming will take high rank among
the mineral-producmg States of the country.
.The two deepest mines in the State are the Ferris-Haggerty copper
mine in Carbon County and the Carissa gold mine in Fremont County.
The Ferris-Haggerty has attained a depth of some 700 feet, and has
several thousand feet of drifts, crosscuts, raises, etc., showing in all
cases the permanent character of the veins. Estimates made place the
ore blocked out in the mine at 250,000 tons, principally copper, with
slight traces of gold and silver. In addition to the underground work
considerable surface work has been done; notably, one of the longest
aerial trams has been built, conveying the ore 16 miles from the mine
to the smelter; in addition the company has a concentrator capable of
treating 300 tons a day and a smelter with a capacity of 500 tons, pro-
ducing blister copper. This is hauled 40 miles to the railroad and is
shipped to the east for refining.
The Carissa mine has attained a depth of 450 feet
Albany County. — Foremost among the properties of Albany County
is the New Rambler mine located on Douglas Creek, which company in
1903 shipped considerable copper ore to Denver and Chicago smelters,
although at a considerable disadvantage on account of the long haul
over difficult roads. One of the principal features in the ore from
this mine is the platinum contained, which was successfully extracted
this year from the electrolytic slimes. Development work was carried
on the entire year, and shipping will be again resumed as soon as the
roads become passable. The gold production in this county comes
principally from placers. The largest operator, the Douglas Creek
Placer Mining Company, was idle in 1903, being under bond and lease
to foreign parties who contemplate erecting a large dredge capable of
handling 2,000 cubic yards of gravel per day. The Acme Gold and
Copper Mining Company, successors to the Wyoming Mining and
Transportation Company, with a large acreage in the Gold Hill dis-
trict carried on development work during the year and is prepared
for an active campaign for 1904. The American Copper Company
has recently installed a new steam hoist, pumps, compressor, and
drills, and is engaged in sinking a 2-compartment shaft. It has pre-
pared to go to a considerable depth to strike the vein.
Other prominent properties which are advancing regularly in devel-
ofMnent are the Wyoming Queen, the New Lincoln, the Michigan and
Wyoming, the Strong, the. Medicine Bow, and many others in the
MQthem part of the county. Some work was done at Laramie Peak,
in the northern part of the county, on the Three Cripples, the Tender-
loot, and the Esterbrook.
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198 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
Among the new discoveries is the Antlers property, an immense
body of siliceous ore which is adapted to the cyanide process. Steps
are being taken toward the erection of a cyanide plant.
Big Horn County. — ^Active work was carried on during the year in
Sunlight Basin near Cody, at Kirwin, and on Copper Mountain near
Thermopolis.
The ore is principally copper, and oc/curs in andesite. Considerable
machinery was shipped in for the purpose of the further development
and determination of the ore bodies.
Carbon CoimPy: — ^The whole county of Carbon seems to be impreg-
nated with mineral veins, from the line of the Union Pacific Railroad
on the north to the Colorado line on the south; and though few of the
properties shipped any ore in 1903, the new policy of the North
American Company, which has agreed to accept custom ore, will
cause many of the properties to ship in 1904.
Development work was carried on very extensively in the several
camps around Encampment, Saratoga, Battle, and Rambler. Mention
has been made of the Ferris-Haggerty mine, which is the foremost
property in Carbon County. At the Doane-Rambler, in Battle Lake
district, a new drainage tunnel has been run, and a crosscut driven
from this tunnel to the main shaft. A new hoist has been installed, and
sinking has been continued. There are, in addition, air compressors
and machine drills. Several shipments were made from this property
during the year 1903.
Upward of 50 steam hoists have been installed in this county during
the year, which shows that permanent work is to be carried on.
At Pearl, Colo., on the Wyoming and Colorado line, such develop-
ment work has been done that it has been deemed advisable to erect a
large smelter, and preparations are rapidly advancing toward the com-
pletion of this work.
Fremont County. — For years this county has produced most of the
gold in Wyoming, but in 1903 no ore was treated, although in devel-
opment work the properties have been more active than for some
time. The principal work was carried on by the Dexter Mining and
Development Company, which is running a big operating tunnel to
cut the veins of the Rose, the Tabor-Grand, and several other old-time
producers. This company also owns about 600 acres of placer ground,
with a very complete hydraulic plant, which was idle in 1903. The
old Tabor-Grand mill was also purchased by them, and will be used
for the present for test runs and the determination of treatment, until
the new and larger plant can be erected.
The Wyoming Central Gold Mining and Milling Company has
installed a new steam hoist, and is engaged in sinking a 2-compart-
ment shaft. A reduction plant, capable of treating both its own and
custom ores, is to be erected'in the near future. At the Carissa mine,
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GOLD AKD SILVER. 199
one of the oldest mines in the State, the main shaft is down 460 feet.
The vein has been crosscut, showing a width of 125 feet, and a drift
on the vein to a distance of 800 feet has been run. California parties
have recently examined this property, with an idea of purchasing it
and erecting a new reduction plant.
Laramie Ccninty. — In the Silver Crown district work has been carried
on steadily, although the leaching plant, owned by the Hecla Mining
and Smelting Company, treated no ore. The values in this district
are mainly copper.
Much more could be written on the possibilities of mining in Wyo-
ming, but the only attempt made here is to give a brief summary of
the work accomplished and in course of completion during 1903.
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COPPER.
By CHAia.ES Kirghhoff.
GENERAIi TRADE CONDITIONS. .
The copper-mining industry of the United States has had a prosper-
ous year in 1903. Consumption took care of nearly the whole of the
product, considerably increased as it was, and when the home markets
were adversely affected by the general industrial and financial depres-
sion of the latter half of the year heavy purchases for foreign con-
sumers, at fair prices, checked any serious decline. The good prices
obtained daring the spring and early summer, copper rising to 15
cents a pound, carried the average for the year fairly above 13 cents,
which is naoderately remunerative to the majority of producers.
There has been a good deal of activity in the development of new
mines, and a good deal of capital has been judiciously spent in placing
many of the older mines on a sounder basis, as to equipment and as to
ability to cope with increasing depth and, in many instances, with
declining grade of ore. A moderate increase in the production is
probable during the current year, notably in Arizona, in Utah, and on
Lake Superior.
It may be doubted, however, whether consumption during 1904 will
equal that of 1903, since the financial situation does not encourage the
proKpect of even normal activity in the development of new enter-
prises in electrical lines, in railroad construction, in shipbuilding, or
in general manufacturing.
PRODUCTION.
The following table shows the production of copper in the United
States since its rise to the dignity of an industry. For the earlier
Tears the best available sources have been drawn upon for the esti-
niates given. Since 1882 the figures are those collected by this office.
201
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202
MINEBAL BKSOUB0E8.
Production of copper in the United J^cUeSy 184S-190S.
[Long tons.]
Year.
production. Superior.
Id45.
1846.
1847.
1848.
1849.,
1850..
1851..
1862..
1858..
1854.
1855..
1856..
1857..
1858..
1859..
1860.
1861..
1862..
1863..
1864..
1865..
1866..
1867.,
1868..
Total
Lake
1870.
1871..
1872.
1878..
1874..
1876.
1876.
1877..
1878. ,
1879.
1880.,
100
160
800
600
700
660
900
1,100
2,000
2,260
8,000
4.000
4,800
6,600
6,800
7,200
7,600
9,000
8.600
8,000
8,600
8,900
10,000
11,600
12,600
12,600
13,000
12,600
15,600
17,600
18,000
19,000
21,000
21,600
28.000
27,000
Percentage
of Lake
Superior
of total
prodQc-
tion.
12
26
213
461
672
672
779
792
1,297
1,819
2,598
8,666
4,255
4,068
8,985
6,888
6.718
6.065
6,797
6,576
6,410
6,138
7,824
9.346
11,886
10.992
11,942
10.961
13,433
15.827
16,089
17,086
17,422
17,719
19,129
22,204
12
17.8
71
92.2
96
88
86.6
72
6i9
80.8
86.4
9L7
88.6
74.8
63.8
?i8
89.5
67.4
68.2
69.7
76.4
69
78.2
8a6
96.1
87.2
9L9
87.7
86.7
87.6
89.4
89.9
88
82.4
83.2
82,2
Year.
Totalpro-
duction.
United
States.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
82,000
40,467
61,674
64,708
1886 1 74,062
1886 70,430
1887 ' 81,017
1888 1 101,054
1889 1 101,239
Lake
Superior.
24,363
25,489
26,653
80,961
32,209
86,124
38,941
38,604
89,Sfri
Percent-
age of
Lake Su-
perior
of total
produc-
tion.
76.1
62.9
61.6
47.8
43.6
51.3
4L9
38.2
88.7
Montana.
11,011
19,256
80,267
26,362
35,138
43,704
48,849
Percent-
age of
Montana
of total
produc-
tion.
21.3
29.8
40.9
86
43.4
48.2
48.8
Arizona.
10,668
11,935
10,187
6,990
7,910
14,196
13,654
Percent-
age of
Arizona
of total
produc-
Uon.
20.7
18.4
13.7
9.9
».7
14
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OOPPEB.
203
ProdactUm of copper in ike UnUed Slates^ 184S-190S—Coniiaaed,
Year.
Fotalpro-
duction,
United
States.
Lake
Superior
age Of
Lake Su-
perior
of total
produc-
tion.
Montana.
Percent-
age of
Montana
of total
produc-
tion.
Arizona.
Percent-
age of
Anzona
of total
produc-
tion.
ueo
U5,966
126.839
154,018
147,083
158,120
169,917
205,884
220,571
285,060
258,870
270,588
268.782
294,428
8U,627
45,273
60,992
54,999
60,270
51,081
57,787
64,078
64,858
66,291
65,808
64,988
69,772
76,165
85,898
88.9
40.2
85.7
34. -x
82.3
84
8L2
29.4
28.2
25.9
24
25.9
25.9
27.5
60,487
60,028
72,860
69,290
81,729
84,900
99,071
102,807
92,041
100,508
120,865
102,621
128,975
121,677
48.5
89.5
47.3
47.1
5L6
60
48.2
46.6
39.2
39.6
44.7
88.2
43.8
88.9
15,584
17,800
17,160
19,200
19,878
21.408
32,660
86,398
49,624
60,399
52,820
68.883
53.547
65,914
13.4
1891
14
1892.
11.1
mi
13 1
18M
12.6
195
12.6
189S
15.8
1M7
16.5
18W
21.1
1BB9
23.4
1900
19.5
WOl
21.7
UQ2
18.2
UOB
21.1
Previous volumes of Mineral Resources contain a detailed statement
of the copper production of the United States, territorially, from 1883,
when the statistics were first collected by this office, to 1893. Since
then the production has been as follows:
Total copper production in the United StateSf 1899-1903,
[Pounds.]
Source.
1896.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
Lakcf Superior
112,605,078
48,902,824
155.209,188
280,742
289,682
1,135.880
7,695,826
20,000
36,367
114,308,870
44,514,894
188,072,756
31,884
120,000
1,147,570
6,481,413
129,880,749
47,958,553
190,172,150
143,719
218.832
2,184.708
6,079,243
143,824,069
72,934,927
221,918,179
2,701,664
690.287
8,602,012
6,022,176
145,282,060
Aiixona
81,680,735
230,288,141
New Mexico
701,892
o^ifhmta
11,987,772
Utah
3.919,010
Ootocado, Incladin^ co|^>er imel-
ten«
11,873,083
irp*v4i
Ukho.
1,425,914
188,277
Booth Dakota
2,440,338
WMhlngiofi
39,785
782,798
7,456,888
limine and N^w Hammhire . . r - r . r . .
2,874,514
2,186,473
3,105,086
4,704,998
4,063,178
v*maot
Tfuntwec and Southern States
MWdle States
4,472,017
Lesd deaUrerlsers, etc fr
1,400,000
Total domestic capper. ........
329,354,896
10,431,574
854,188,374
10,678,484
380,613,404
05,300,000
460,061,480
05,900,000
494,078,274
0 12. 000. 000
^nm imparted pTrites and ores and
watte
Total (inclading copper from
*^ipofted pTrltes)
839,785,972
864,866,808
385,913,404
465,961,430
606,078,274
•Cof«»
Ht. 10010
tetseted.
., tlteci In Colorado, purchasing argentiferous copper ores and mattes in the open mar-
Kt. tooiees not knovn. The quantity of Montana matte which goes to one of these works has been
^ for 18M tbe quantity stated corers only that part of the Incidental copper product the source of
vu^ eoQld not be ascertained.
/Google
Digitized by'
204 MINEBAL RE80UBCE8.
Total copper production in the Thiied States, 1893-1903— Con^vned.
Source.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Lftke SuDerior
158,491,703
111,158,246
206,173.157
1,592,871
16,926,634
8,750,000
16,274,561
147,400,338
133,054,860
226,126,855
8,965,441
26,221,897
9,584,746
11,648,608
145,461,496
118,317,764
270,788,489
4,169,400
28,511,225
18,854,726
7,826,949
156,289,481
130,778.611
229,870.415
9,629,884
88,667,456
20.116,979
9.801,783
170,609,228
119,944,944
288,903,820
6,614,961
25,088,724
28,980,901
8,422,080
192,400.577
Arizona
147,648,271
MontaDa
272,5S6,854
New Mexico
7,800,832
California
17.776,756
Utah
88,802.602
Colorado, Including
copper smeltersa
Alaska
4.168,868
1.839,500
Wyoming, ..^,^-^,,,--^-
233,044
487,896
1,266,920
1,261,898
3,104,827
556,775
110,000
17,020
4,208,776
407,635
290,162
16,147
2,696,712
698,608
480,511
768,610
889,228
164.801
227,500
445,663
209.297
18.609.047
600,000
1,023,189
Nevada
160.000
Idaho
778,906
South Dakota
173,202
Washington
80,756
Maine and NewHamp-
ghire
5,396,226
8,553,336
4,410,564
3,600,000
4.880,496
8.000,000
6,860,089
531,630
Vermont
Tennessee and South-
ern States
18, 855,612
Middle States
Lead desilverizere, etc.«»
500,000
Total domestic
copper
526,512,987
0 19,750,000
568,666,921
023,800,000
606,117.166
0 86.880.000
602,072,519
c64,000,000
669,608,644
040,000.000
698,044,517
From imported pyrites
and ores and matte. . .
•82,000,000
Total (including
copper from im-
ported pyrites) .
616,262,987
602,466,921
642.497,166
666,072,519
699,608.644
730,044,617
a Copper smelters in Colorado, purchasing argentiferous copper ores and mattes in the open mar-
ket, sources not known. The quantity of Montana matte which goes to one of these works has been
deducted.
b Since 1901 the quantity stated covers only that part of the incidental copper product the sooroe
of which could not be ascertained.
0 Estimated.
LAKE SUPERIOR DISTRICT.
In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources tiie production of the
individual mines has been tabulated from 1884 to 1891, both inclusive.
Since that time some of the producers have reported to this office only
with the understanding that the returns be regarded as confidential.
The production of the majority of the mines is, however, given accu-
rately in the published annual reports to stockholders. From these
the following table has been compiled:
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COPPER.
Productwn of some of the leading Lake Superior copper mineSf 1S97-190S.
[Pounds.]
205
Mine.
1^97.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Tunanurk
Qirincy
20.222,529
16,924,618
11,201.103
2.906,284
5,109,663
611,172
2,816,296
19,660,480
16,354,061
12,682.297
2,623,702
4,377,399
291,339
4.688,114
42,766
18,565,602
14,301,182
11,858,049
1,280,000
4,675,882
19,181,605
14.116,551
12,667,181
8,663.710
4,980,149
18,000,852
20,540,720
13,723,487
3,757,419
4,666,889
16,961,628
18,988,691
18,416,396
5,269.140
4,949,366
15,286,098
18,498,288
16,069,636
5,309,080
6,505,598
Oh*coU
FiinkUn
AtUntic
Centna
WolreriDe
Baltic
4,766,646
621,336
4,778,829
1,785,060
4,946,126
2,641,482
6,478,181
6,285,819
4,165,784
5,730,807
8,569,748
908,479
2,845,805
9,024,084
10,580,997
10,564,147
9,237,051
8,184,601
6,284,327
2,576,447
ChABipion
TrimooDtAin ....
UeR07»]e
2,171,955
677,146
873,297
Hofaftwk
Van
42,800
122,239
Cdumet and Hecla. — The annual report of the Calumet and Hecla
Mining Company for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1904, shows a
production of 76,620,145 pounds of refined copper as compared with
76,632,912 pounds in the fiscal year 1902-3. The balance sheet for
the last three fiscal years compares as follows:
Balance sheet of the Calumei and Hecla Company for the fiscal years ending April SO^
1902, 190S, and 1904*
1904.
1908.
1902.
AflBITS.
C^fh. Viana rpcelTablc copper, and mlner&l
16,070,918
757,691
461,621
6,206
$6,118,436
600,276
609,584
6,583
$3, 960, 576
149,937
866,668
Inmoee fond »
BlUireceiTable
Employees aid fond
ToCal
7,286,338
7,234,879
4,467,171
LLiBILITin.
Bnftii in tranffft ...,, -
67,682
•
M,397
165,686
17,629
819, 661
AMfond
BiUiimrable
805,617
880,000
819,284
804,174
871,576
Total
703,299
6,583,039
677,856
6,667,024
874,891
8,692,780
Ikkoce
President Agassiz, in his annual report, states that the new openings
on the conglomerate belt in the vicinity of the Red Jacket shaft have
continued unsatisfactory, and that rock mined in that district shows
» decrease of about 15 per cent in copper from former years. The
marked cutting out of the southern extension of the copper-bearing
gruund has continued. Last fall the opening of the Kearsarge amyg-
daloid was started and three shafts have been located on the lode.
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206
MINERAL BES0UBGE8.
The quality of the rock encountered is fair. During 1903 five of tie
heads of the Calumet mill have been remodeled and the work on the
six remaining heads has been started. It should be completed by
May, 1905. The remodeling of the Hecla mill should be completed
in the spring of 1907.
Quincy. — ^The Quincy Mining Company did not, in 1903, reach the
product of 1 902. There were mined 1,024,164 tons, of which 1,006,173
tons were hoisted, while 958,935 tons were stamped. The product was
21,159,785 pounds of mineral from the stamp mill and 4,060,435
pounds of barrel copper from the rock houses, which produced
18,498,288 pounds of refined copper, against 18,988,491 pounds in
1902. In spite of the increased quantity of rock handled, the total
hoisted in 1902 having been 984,594 tons, the yield was smaller.
There was realized from copper, $2,447,361.82; from interest, |11,-
457.18; and from Hancock real estate account, 16,347.12. The working
expenses at the mine were $1,573,863.46, the taxes in Michigan, |59,-
406.10, and the cost of smelting, transportation, and other expenses,
$175, 184. 82. The construction cost was $117,775. 38, leaving as the net
income $538,926.36, out of which dividends aggregating $550,000 were
paid.
Tamarack. — ^The Tamarack Mining Company made a slightly smaller
output in 1903 than in 1902, but through the opening up of ground
tributary to No. 5 shaft, which is better than the average in yield, has
improved its position.
In 1903 there were mined 803,262 tons, while there were stamped
657,920 tons, yielding 24,055,512 pounds of mineral, and 15,286,093
pounds of refined copper, an average of 23.2 pounds of refined copper
per ton of rock stamped as compared with 24.2 pounds in 1902, when
the product was 15,961,528 pounds. The cost of mining and stamping
was $2.32 per ton of rock stamped in 1903 as compared with $2.30 in
1902, the cost of stamping alone being 26.24 cents and 23.30 cents, re-
spectively. Principally through the fact that the amount expended for
construction was less, the cost per pound of refined copper declined.
The figures were for 1903 and 1902, respectively: Cost per pound at
mine, 9.97 cents and 9.51 cents; cost of construction, 0.15 cent and
0.97 cent, and cost for smelting, freights, selling expenses, etc., 1.38
and 1.42 cents; the totals being 11.50 cents for 1903 and 11.90 cents
for 1902.
The gross value of the copper at an average of 13.02 cents per
pound was $1,990,045.53, to which must be added $52,177.67 for
interest receipts and other income. The running expenses at the mine
were $1,524,119.29, and the smelting and other expenses $210,390.72,
leaving a gross profit of $307,713.19. After deducting construction
expenses of $22,647.64 there was a net profit of $285,065.55, out of
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COPPER. 207
which a dividend of $90,000 was declared, making the total dividends
since 1888, $8,580,000.
(hccola. — During 1903 the output of the Osceola company was
increased over 1902. There were stamped 924,400 tons of rock, as
compared with 836,400 tons in 1902, the quantity of mineral produced
increasing from 18,430,012 pounds to 21,904,243 pounds, yielding
respectively 13,416,396 pounds and 16,059,636 pounds of tine copper.
The Osceola branch is producing from 25,000 to 30,000 tons of rock
per month, containing from 16 to 17 pounds of refined copper per ton,
and this it is expected can be maintained for an extended period. The
principal developments of the year have been in the Kearsarge branch,
the South Kearsarge having averaged a monthly shipment of rock of
over 27,000 tons during the last half of 1903, an increase of over
11,000 tons per month over the best month of 1902. At the North
Kearsarge branch the shipments of rock from No. 1 shaft, it is hoped,
will reach a total of 20,000 tons per month, while Na 3 shaft has pro-
duced an average of 23,000 tons of rock per month. All work on the
Tamarack Junior branch has been stopped.
A very considerable reduction in costs has been effected, the cost of
mining and stamping per ton of rock having fallen from $1.59 in 1902
to $1.43 in 1903, while the cost pf stamping has declined from 21.74
cents per ton to 17.44 cents per ton. The costs per pound of refined
copper were 11.77 cents in 1902 and 10.29 cents in 1903, distributed
as follows, respectively: Cost per pound at mine, 9.91 cente and 8.23
cents; construction, 0.64 cents and 0.81 cents; and smelting, freights,
eastern expenses, commissions, and all other charges, 1.22 cents and
1.25 cents.
The results of the fiscal year were : Gross value of copper pro-
duced, $2,087,692.48, and Imlance of interest, receipts, and other
income, $18,231.62. The running expenses at the mine were
$1,321,193.47, and the cost of smelting, transportation, commissions,
and all other charges, $201,576.59, leaving a gross profit of $583,154.04.
From this must be deducted construction expenses aggregating
^29,418.59, leaving as the net profit for the year $453,735.45, out of
which a diridend of $96,150 was paid. Deducting from the surplus
thas left of $357,585.45 the balance of liabilities at the end of the
previous fiscal year of $226,025.82 leaves a balance of assets of
$131,559.63. The Osceola is producing now at the rate of over
^,000,000 pounds of copper per annum.
Atlantic. — The yield of the rock of the Atlantic mine, which was
0.5547 per cent of copper in 1902, increased to 0.638 per cent in 1903.
TTiis is accounted for mainly by the smaller proportion of rock treated
from "A" shaft, which was found to be very much poorer than the
•verage. In one week's run the actual yield of mineral ran as low as
0.327 per cent During 1903 there were stamped 431,397 tons of rock,
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208 MINERAL EESOUKCES.
which produced 7,670,660 pounds of mineral, or 5,505,598 pounds of
refined copper, as compared with 4,949,366 pounds in 1902. The costs
per ton of rock treated were: 91.91 cents for mining and surface
expenses, 5.63 cents for transportation to mill, 22.39 cents for stamp-
ing and separating, 14.97 cents for smelting, freight, and marketing,
a total of $1,349. Including the cost of construction, the cost per ton
of rock treated was $1,384. The copper, which sold for an average of
13.12 cents, realized $722,386.47- The working expenses at the mine
were $517,384.05; smelting and freight, $64,567.87, and interest on
loans, $4,199.70; thus leavmg a mming profit of $136,234.85. There
were received $25,000 for the sale of land; and on the other hand,
there were expended in construction and in exploration $10,893.19,
showing a net gain for the year of $150,341.66.
Franklin. — The Franklin Mining Company produced 5,309,030
pounds of copper in 1903, as compared with 5,237,460 pounds in 1902.
About 10,000 tons per month of stamp rock comes from the old
Franklin mine, the remainder of the tonnage coming from the Penin-
sula conglomerate of the Franklin Junior. There were hoisted 349,263
tons of rock, of which 347,458 were stamped, yielding 8,132,310
pounds at the mill, and 766,077 pounds of mass and barrel work. The
total receipts were $685,840.95, including $49,694.62 of cash on hand,
there having been sold 4,712,388 pounds at an aggregate of $634,391.74.
The running expenses at the mine were $535,811.28 and the smelting,
freight, and insui-ance amounted to $75,640.46. The outlays for con-
struction including the cost of installing a fourth head at the mill were
$41,803.68.
Copper Range Consolidated Compway. — The Copper Range Consoli-
dated Company controls the Baltic, Champion, and Trimountain mines
and the Copper Range Railroad Company, and is interested largely in
the Michigan Smelting Company. During 1903 the Copper Range
Company acquired 95,532 shares of stock, out of a total of 100,000
shares, of the Trimountain Mining Company through an exchange of
shares. One of the terms of the agreement was that the parties own-
ing the majority interest of the Trimountain Mining Company should
pay to the Copper Range Consolidated Company a sum equal to the
entire amount of the net indebtedness, which on examination of the
books on September 1, 1903, showed to be about $840,000. In pursu-
ance of this agreement there has been paid on the principal to Decem-
ber 31, 1903, the sum of $133,031.63. The Copper Range Company
owns 50,000 shares of the Champion Copper Company, the other half
being owned by the St. Mary's Mineral Land Company.
The Copper Range Consolidated Company is the second largest pro-
ducer of the Lake district, there being produced during the year 1903
30,382,446 pounds of copper, which, sold at an average of 13.3453
cents, yielded $4,054,634. The. mining, smelting, and marketing
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OOPPEB. 209
expenses were $2,700,647, and taxes and interest $167,931, leaving a
net income of $1,186,055. Out of this dividends of $300,000 each to
the Champion Copper Company and to the Trimountain Copper Com-
pany were paid, leaving $586,055. The earnings of the Copper Bange
Railroad Company were $116,584, and the receipts under the Tri-
mountain agreement and other earnings carried the total to $1,015,908,
frona which must be deducted $133,763, being one-half the undivided
profits of the Champion, which belongs to the St. Mary's Mineral
Land Company, leaving as the balance of net income for 1903 $882,145.
The Baltic mine which began production on a moderate scale in
1899 reached nearly full output in 1903; with an equipment of four
Nordberg stamps. There were stamped 490,237 tons of rock, which
yielded an average of 21.58 pounds of copper per ton, as compared
with an average of 22.842 pounds in 1902. The total production was
10,580,91^7 pounds in 1903, as compared with 6,285,819 pounds in 1902.
The average selling price being 13.431 cents, the receipts were
$1,421,211. Since the mining and smelting expenses were $897,562,
and taxes and interest were $42,202, the net profit was $481,447. The
improvement and construction expenses amounted to $83,818, which
left a surplus of $397,629. A previous deficit was $216,831, so that
the year ended with a surplus of $180,798.
The Champion mine increased its production from 4,165,784 pounds
in 1902 to 10,564,147 pounds in 1903, and since its new 4-stamp mill was
not in full operation during the whole of the year, it is likely to make
an even larger output in 1904. The company stamped 389,082 tons of
rock, which yielded 14,710,245 pounds of mineral, the yield in fine
copper having been 27.15 pounds per ton of rock. The copper sold
at an average of 13.37 cents, the gross receipts being $1,412,711,
while the expenses at the mine were $646,959; the smelting, freight,
and selling expenses were $156,745, taxes and interest were $41,480,
and construction cost $274,669, leaving a surplus of $292,858, divi-
dends aggregating $300,000 being paid.
The Trimountain, which lies between the Baltic on the north and the
Champion on the south, also increased its production from 5,732,160
pounds in 1902 to 9,237,051 pounds in 1903. Since the full capacity
of the 4-stamp mill was not available during the whole of the year, a
further moderate increase is expected. The Trimountain stamped
5<>7,377 tons of rock, which produced 11,558,048 pounds of mineral
and 9,237,051 pounds of fine copper, the average contents of the rock
rnmhed being 18.20 pounds per ton, as compared with 27.55 pounds
in 1902. The receipts, copper having averaged 13.428 cents, were
$KuT7,364, and the value of the copper on hand was $143,347, a total
of $1,220,711. The expenses at the mine were $867,103; smelting,
freight, and commissions $132,277, taxes and interest $82,788, and
oonrtruction $274,913, leaving a deficit of $136,370. Dividends of
M R 1903 14
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210 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
jSOOjOOO were paid, which increased the deficit to $436,370, which,
added to a previous deficit of $291,063, made the total deficit at the
end of the fiscal year $727,433.
Woloerine, — During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, the Wol-
verine Copper Mining Company hoisted 328,412 tons of rock and
stamped 314,091 tons. The production of mineral was 12,152,690
pounds, which yielded 9,300,695 pounds of copper. This was sold at
an average of 12.75 cents per pound, the total receipts, including
$6,680 for interest, being $1,192,425. The total expenses were
$600,688, leaving a mining profit of $591,737. The outlays for con-
struction were $34,496, so that the net profit was $557,241. Dividends
to the amount of $390,000 were paid.
Mohawk, — The Mohawk, which is working on the Kearsarge lode,
began regular work in January, 1903, with two stamps, but the third
stamp, owing to delays, did not go into conmiission until February,
1904. When, in addition, the 60-drill compressor is in operation the
capacity of the mill is expected to be increased by 50 per cent. Ulti-
mately, therefore, a production of about 9,000,000 pounds of copper is
indicated. In 1903 the company hoisted 346,365 tons of rock and
stamped 288,441 tons, which yielded 8,825,500 pounds of mineral, or
6,284,327 pounds of fine copper, an average of 21.79 pounds per ton.
The cost per ton of rock hoisted was $1.37 and per ton of rock stamped
$1.65. The cost of copper per pound at the mine was 7.55 cents, and
the" cost of smelting and freight was 1.23 cents, making the total 8.78
cents. Including the outlays for construction the cost per pound of
copper was 11.02 cents.
The total receipts were $839,631, including $823,940 for the sale of
6,284,327 pounds of copper, at an average of 13.11 cents. The
expenses at the mine were $474,503; for smelting and freight, $69,680;
for general expenses, $7,965, and for construction, $218,075, leaving
a surplus of $69,408. There were received from assessments $202,825,
and taking into account a previous deficit of $18,766, there was a sur-
plus at the end of the year of $253,467.
hie Royale. — For the first six months of 1903 the Isle Royale Cop-
per Company had in operation only one head of stamps, the rock being
obtained from territory tributary to No. 2 shaft. In July, it was
decided to reopen No. 1 shaft and start a second head, which carried
the shipments to about 22,000 tons of rock per month. In December,
however, shaft No. 1 was destroyed by fire, and the mine was thrown
back on the operation of shaft No. 2. During 1903 there were stamped
199,493 tons of rock out of 232,851 tons hoisted, as compared with
203,672 tons stamped in 1902. The production of mineral in 1903 was
4,408,615 pounds, as compared with 5,219,305 pounds in 1902, the
production of fine copper l>eing, respectively, 3,134,601 pounds and
3,569,948 pounds. The costs compare as follows for 1903 and 1902:
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OOPPEE. 211
At mine, 9.81 cents and 11.23 cents, respectively; construction and
exploration, 0.23 cent and 0.53 cent; smelting, freight, etc., 1.81
centsand 1 . 69 cents; the totals being 11.85 cents in 1903 and 13.45 cents
in 1902 per pound of refined copper.
The total income was $444,594.52, of which $441,313.56 was for
copper sold at an average of 13.12 cents per pound. The running
expenses at the mine were $307,437.32; the smelting, freights, and
setting expenses were $56,617.61, and the exploration expenses,
W,258.79, leaving a net profit of $73,280.80.
Mas8. — ^Tbe Mass Mining CJompany produced in 1903 2,576,447
pounds of fine copper. The receipts from copper, assessments, etc.,
aggregated $345,813, while the expenditures were $434,225.
Wino^ia. — ^The Winona Copper Company is still engaged in a sys-
tematic development of the mine, which is operating on the Winona
amygdaloid, using one head of the Atlantic mill for stamping. Dur-
ing the year 1903 there were crushed 51,434 tons of rock, from which
there was produced 1,687,331 pounds of mineral, yielding 1,036,944
pounds of refined copper, or 20.16 pounds per ton stamped. The
receipts for copper at the rate of 13.489 cents per pound, assessments
which yielded $105,124, and interest $2,254, aggregated $247,252,
while the expenses were $192,858. ,
Adventure. — ^The Adventure mine, which produced 2,182,608 pounds
of refined copper in 1903, received from sales $301,134. The mining
expenses were $337,413; the smelting, freights, etc., $29,949; taxes,
^14^,051, and construction account, $61,611, leaving a deficit of $141,890.
Michigan. — ^An effort is being made to determine whether the Mich-
igan Copper Mining Company possesses a paying mine. A good deal
of ground has been opened, arrangements have been perfected to
extend the tracks of the Mineml Range Railroad to the mine, and to
transport the rock to Keweenaw Bay where the use has been obtained
from the Mass Company of one head capable of crushing 500 tons of
rock per day of twenty-four hours. Shipments of rock began in Novem -
ber at the rate of 250 tons per day, which were doubled in the spring
of 1904. The mine produces a considerable quantity of mass copper,
and the stamp rock has yielded an average of 13.8 pounds of ingot
copper.
Ahmeek, — The Ahmeek Mining Company will appear for the first
time this year as a moderate producer of copper. The company is
opening up the Kearsarge lode, on the old Seneca property, and adjoins
the Mohawk. The company has secured one head at the Tamarack
mill, where the rock broken in development work will be stamped.
Cmtennial, — The Centennial Mining Company, which has concen-
trated its efforts on the development of the Kearsarge lode on its
property, has leased two stamps of the Arcadian mill, which will bo
<mpible of handling 1,000 tons of rock per day.
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212 MINERAL BESOUBGES.
MONTANA.
The copper production of Montana was hampered during 1903 by
the continuance of the litigation in Butte, which has held back this
great district for some years. With the exception of the product of
the Indian Queen mine, and of some copper produced by the American
Smelting and Refining Company and the National Smelting Company,
of Rapid City, S. Dak., the total product of Montana is from the Butte
district. The Amalgamated Copper Company controls the Anaconda,
Colorado, Parrot, Butte and Boston, Boston and Montana, and Washoe
properties, the ores of the Anaconda, Colorado, and Parrot companies
being reduced at the Washoe smelter. The Butte Reduction Works
treat the ores from the mines owned by Senator W. A. Clark, and
the United Copper Company smelts the ores of the Minnie Healey,
Cori*a-Rock Island, and Rarus mines. The Pittsburg and Montana
Mining Company has been developing its mines during 1903 and has
been erecting a smelting plant. The Speculator mine ships its ores to
the smelters of the district. None of the companies of the district pub-
lish annual reports, so that statistics relating to the yield of the ores,
to costs, or to financial results are not available. Statements are annu-
ally filed with the tax commissioner of Montana, which cover a fiscal
year, but since they do not embrace figures as to the output of copper,
silver, and gold, they permit only of approximations as to the capacity
of the district to meet the world's competition in the copper market
ARIZONA.
Arizona has resumed its growth, checked in 1902 by the falling off
in the output of a few of its leading mines through temporary causes.
With the newer mines, like the Calumet and Arizona, and the Shan-
non, reaching their full production in 1904, and with the enlarged
operations of a few of its older producers, a further increase is very
probable.
The Warren district, of which Bisbee is the center, and which has
been famous for the old Copper Queen mine, has been the scene of an
extraordinary activity in mining development. Conspicuous among
the properties which have already developed large ore bodies are the
Calumet and Pittsburg Company, which lies to the easi of the Calu-
met and Arizona and is separated from it by the Lowell mine of the
Copper Queen, and the Lake Superior and Pittsburg, which lies south
and southeast of the Calumet and Arizona and joins both the Lowell
and the Calumet and Pittsburg properties.
During 1904 there will be completed the new Douglas smelting
plant of the Copper Queen Company, whose suppi}' of ore will be
drawn not only from the Copper Queen itself but also from the mines
controlled by Phelps, Dodge & Company, the Moctezuma and- the
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COPPEB. 213
Sierra de CoHro in Socorro, the Globe, and others. The plant will
also be used, an custom works for the smelting of copper ores and dry
gold and silver ores. The works have 6 smelting furnaces of 2,000
tons aggregate daily capacity, one furnace being in reserve.
The Calumet and Arizona Mining Company has rushed into promi-
nence as a copper producer in 1903. Having produced in 1902 only a
little over 2,000,000 pounds, the company made 10,272,427 pounds
during the first six months of 1903, and 15,263,430 pounds during the
second half of the year. During 1903 the company mined 150,070
tons of ore, shipped 148,584 tons, and smelted 145,916 tons, from
which there was recovered an average of 8.88 per cent of copper.
The value of the gold and silver in the metal was $144,862.39, or an
average per ton of refined copper of $11.35. During the year the
highest price obtained for copper was 14.48 cents, and the lowest
11.50 cents, the average for the refined copper sold being 13.088 cents,
or, deducting refining charges and commissions, 12.013 cents, and less
freight, insurance, assaying, sampling, and weighing 11.558 cents.
The smelting works are now treating an average of 600 tons per
day of 24 hours, which, with a small outlay, can be brought up to
900 tons per day, equal to a capacity of 35,000,000 pounds per annum.
The United Verde Company produced somewhat more copper in
1903 than it did in 1902, although it has not yet returned to the
normal output of former years. During 1903 the smelting plant was
remodeled and enlarged, so that the production may be considerably
increased.
In the Verde district a new producer of importance will appear in
1904 in the Equator Mining and Smelting Company, in which Senator
W. A. Clark is largely .interested. The property consists of the Iron
King mine and a smelting plant with 250 tons weekly capacity. Con-
siderable quantities of ore were in the roast yards at the close of 1903.
The George A. Treadwell Mining Company did not produce any
copper worth mentioning during the trial runs of its smelter in 1903,
but is expected to become a steady producer during 1904.
The Imperial Copper Company does not expect to begin production
until the middle of the current year.
In the Clifton district progress is being made. The operations of
the largest producer, the Arizona Copper Company (Limited), are indi-
cated by the latest report for the six months ending March 31, 1904.
At the mines electric haulage has been introduced with success. In
the concentrating plants there were treated during the six months
281,552 tons of ores, which yielded 35,093 tons of concentrates. The
leading plant treated 43,049 tons of tailings and produced 1,488,246
pounds of copper, the acid plant making 1,826 tons of sulphuric acid.
In the smelter 49,646 tons of copper ore and concentrates and 1,491,441
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214 MINERAL RESOURCES.
pounds of copper from the leaching works were smelted, which pro-
duced 14,756,742 pounds of copper. The mine proiSts were £119,379,
after deducting general expenses and taxes. The net earnings of the
Arizona and New Mexico Railroad, owned by the company, were
£89,842, making a total of £159,221. There were paid £10,505 for
interest, £12,265 for dividends on preferred stock, and £107,659 on the
share capital.
The Detroit Company did not produce quite as much copper in 1903
as it did in 1902, the figures being 18,917,158 pounds in 1902 and
16,558,232 pounds in 1903. No enlargement is contemplated at the
present time.
The Shannon Copper Company, which first entered the ranks of pro-
ducers in 1902 with a product of about 2,340,000 pounds, increased its
output to 6,588,720 pounds in 1903, and in 1904 will probably exceed
12,000,000 pounds, a second section of the concentrating plant having
been completed during the current year. The company has closed a
contract for treating the ores of the Standard Consolidated Copper
Company, of the Clifton district. The latter company is an amalga-
mation of the Coronado Mining Company, which has been a producer
of ore on a moderate scale; the Standard copper mines, which have
marketed some high grade ore, and the San Jose mines, now in course
of development.
In the Globe district the most interesting event has been the amal-
gamation of the Old Dominion and the United Globe properties, fol-
lowed by comprehensive improvements which will lead to a greatly
increased output. The Old Diminion Copper Mining and Smelting
Company has been an active producer for many years, but its opera-
tions were based on the smelting of its oxidized ores, with the object
of making black copper in one fusion. Metallurgically, much better
results can be obtained by smelting to a matte and Bessemerizing the
latter. The United Globe mines in the same district can advanta-
geously furnish sulphur ores, the siliceous ores of the property going
to the Douglas smelter, owned by the same interest. As soon as the
amalgamation had taken place suitable ores from the Copper Queen
mines had been shipped to the Old Dominion smelter and delivered at
a cost varying from $1 to $3 per ton after taking into account the
values of the copper contained, an arrangement which will cease when
the company begins concentrating its own sulphides. Under the new
management a new well-equipped shaft has been sunk on the Old
Dominion, and a new smelter is being built, with three furnaces, 44
inches by 180 inches, at the tuyeres. The matte is to be Bessemerized
in a 2-stand plant. There is also being built a concentrator, with a
capacity of 250 to 300 tons per day, which will be completed in 1904.
In the meantime the company, which produced 7,479,721 pounds of
copper in 1903, has reached during the spring of 1904 a production of
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OOPPEB. 215
1,300,000 to 1,500,000 pounds per month by operating the old smelter,
with two furnaces. It is estimated that with the new equipment a
considerably larger output, approximately 2,000,000 pounds per month,
will be maintained.
UTAH.
Dtah has been the scene of great activity, the problem of treating
the lead ores of the Bingham district in particular having been fully
solved. Since 1900, when this development began seriously, the pro-
duction has more than doubled, and a further increase is assured.
The Utah Consolidated Mining Company, which has succeeded the
Highland Boy Gold Mining Company, an English company, is the largest
copper producer in Utah. During the 3^ear 1903 there were mined
1^,899 toDS of sulphide ore, 6,276 tons of oxidized ore, and 81 tons of
lead ore; a total of 190,256 tons, of which 6,390 tons were sold. The
smelter at Murray treated 176,125 tons of sulphide ore and 6,015 tons
of oxidized ore, an average of 482.5 tons per day of sulphide ore. The
product was 13,023,633 pounds of bullion, which, when refined yielded
12,715,693 pounds of fine copper, 198,811 ounces of silver, and 20,028
ounces of gold, as compared with 11,840,431 pounds of copper, 160,915
ounces of silver, and 19,078 ounces of gold in 1902. The company is
increasing the capacity of the smelter by 40 per cent, so that it will
enter the second half of 1904 with a productive capacity of 18,000^000
pounds per annum. The company received from sales of copper,
silver, and gold, $2,028,934, and expended for mining $338,524; for
exportation and mine development, $6,263; for smelting and ore trans-
portation, $515,202; and for refining charges, freight, and selling,
$235,246. Taking into account miscellaneous and other outlays and a
reduction in the stock of bullion on hand and of copper in process,
there remained a profit of $1,038,637.
The United States Mining Company works the Telegraph, Old Jor-
dan, and Commercial mines at Bingham, and the Centennial, Eureka,
and Tintic mines in the Tintic district, and has a smelting plant of four
furnaces to which a fifth has been added, with a sixth to follow. In
11^03 the company produced about 8,500,000 pounds of copper, so that
the output is likely to be considerably increased during the current
jear. The company has also begun the building of a lead-smelting
plant
I The Bingham Mining Company, which operates mines both in the
I Tintic and in the Bingham district, has considerably increased its
! operations during 1903 and early in 1904. The company has issued
J $1,000,000 of convertible 6 per cent bonds to pay for properties
acquired, and to take up $300,000 of debenture bonds. The company
haH a Hmelting plant of four furnaces, which handled in 1903 at the rate
of 13,500 tons, and with a fifth stack early in 1904 were smelting 20,000
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216 MINERAL RESOURCES.
tons per month, of which about 45 per cent was custom ore. The com-
pany has entered into contracts for the smelting of the copper concen-
ti-ates of the Utah Copper Company for seven and one-half years. It
is estimated that a production of about 14,000,000 pounds per annum
will be attained.
The Tintic Mining and Development Company, in the neighborhood
of the Highland Boy and Boston properties has been developing it'*
Yampa mines, and during the year completed a smelting plant with a
capacity of 250 tons per day, which it is estimated will produce from
6,000,000 to 7,000,000 pounds of fine copper in the form of matte.
The Utah Copper Company has been developing a large body of low-
grade ore in the Bingham district and is completing a concentrating
plant of 500 tons daily capacity. If the results are satisfactory, a very
much larger plant is to be built.
Similar ore is being treated by the Ohio Copper Company^ which
has acquired the Columbia mine.
The Boston Consolidated Copper and Gold Mining Company, Limited,
is a Bingham property which is shipping ore to the Bingham company's
smelter under a 2-year contract, which provides that there be fur-
nished 200 tons per day of ore carrying not less than 3 per cent of
copper.
There is being developed on a very comprehensive scale the Cactus
group of mines at Newhouse, near Frisco, in Beaver County, by the
Newhouse Mines and Smelters, an undertaking carried out by Mr.
Samuel Newhouse. The Frisco branch of the San Pedro, Los Angeles
and Salt Lake Railroad is being extended to Newhouse, and conti*act8
have been let for the first 800-ton unit of a concentrating plant, the
property including the Wah-Wah springs, from which the water has
been piped and which will furnish a supply for a very large plant
The ore is pyritic, easily concentrated, and contains about 5 per cent
in copper, and some silver and gold. A contract has been closed with
the American Smelting and Refining Company for smelting the product
for a series of years.
The Majestic Mining and Smelting Company, which operates mines
in the vicinity of Milford, built a smelter at Lewisville which produced
a small quantity of matte during a trial run. The company has been
in financial difiiculties, and the plant is now idle.
A little more than 1,500,000 pounds of copper was made in 1903 by
the Utah and Eastern Copper Company, with mines and smelting works
in Washington County. It is expected that a larger production will
be attained during 1904.
As a smelter of custom ores the Utah plant of the American Smelt-
ing and Refining Company is an important factor in the utilization of
its copper resources.
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OOPPEB. 217
CALIFORNIA.
Owing chiefly to the decline in the production of the Mountain Cop-
per Company the output of copper from California has shown a fur-
ther decline. Because of a fire and labor troubles, the Mountain
Company made only 13,189,714: pounds of copper as compared with
19,500,000 in 1902. During 1903 the Keswick smelting works smelted
124,678 tons of ore, 118,978 tons being mined in that year. The
Bullj Hill Company, also in Shasta County, yielded a little over
2,300,000 pounds. The Balaklala in the same district is developing
its mines and is about to build a smelting plant. The Trinity has not
yet made plans for work on a large scale. The Great Western Gold
Company, another Shasta County property, has completed a smelting
works. The Fresno Copper Company is an English Company which
hafi) just ordered a large smelting and bessemerizing plant. At Campo
Seco the Penn Mining Company has been producing matte in 1903
containing 2,210,000 pounds of copper. Besides this only small
quantities of cement copper have been marketed by several of the
old mines.
TENNESSEE AND THE SOUTH.
The Tennessee Copper Company is forging ahead, having in 1903
produced 10,690,389 pounds of fine copper, as compared with 8,108,534
pounds in 1902. A third furnace and a new blowing engine were in
coarse of construction, which according to the estimate of Mr. J. Parke
Channing, the president, will carry the output to about 14,000,000
pounds. It has been determined to increase the smelting capacity from
300,000 tons per annum to 600,000 tons by enlarging the smelter from
three to six furnaces. The production of ore could be made by operat-
ing the nunes double shift. The new construction will extend over
eighteen months, so that the enlarged output will not come into play
until well into 1906. The company is carrying out the plan of smelt-
ing unroasted or green ore, which will not only reduce the operating
costs but will increase the extraction, and will make a net saving of not
kais than 1 cent per pound on the copper.
Mr. Randolph Adams, the general manager, in his annual report,
states that there were raised and shipped from the Polk County mine
75,153 tons, from the Burra Burra 120,046 tons, and from the London
92.366 tons, a total of 287,465 tons, the ore reserves standing at the
^ of the year at 2,775,000 tons, an increase of 725,000 tons during the
vflir. The charge smelted during the year consisted of 248,067 tons
<rf roasted ore, the equivalent of 275,630 tons of green ore; 8,859 tons
of faliceous ore, 218 tons of green ore, 25,336 tons of converter slag,
2,2h2 tons of blast-furnace by-products, 27,232 tons of quartz flux, and
5,977 tons of matte resmelted— a total of 317,466 tons, which required
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218 MINERAL RESOURCES.
the consumption of 39,606 tons of coke. The production amounted
to 1,922,772 pounds of fine copper in Bessemer pig, 8,736,117 pounds
of refined copper, and 31,500 pounds suspended in refining, the yield
calculated on the green ore being 37,615 pounds per ton of ore.
The detailed operating costs, free on board Tennessee, are as follows:
Operating costs of Tennessee copper ore^ free an board.
I Cost.
^^™- j Per ton of iPerpound
ore.
o! copper.
Mine development i 80.1^8
Mining, hoisting, etc ' .6696
Crushing and sorting
Railway
Roasting
Credit to ore in process in roast yards
Blastfurnace
Engineering and laboratory
General
Converting
Ctnti.
1.78
Cost of fine copper in pig.
Refining
Cost of fine copper as ingot.
.0761
.20
.1454
.38
.8300
.88
.0442
.12
1.1437
S.04
.0324
.09
.1443
.38
.2692
.72
2.9892
7.96
.0971
.25
3.0863 8.20
The treasurer, Mr. J. H. Susmann, reports that sales were made of
3,023,544 pounds of pig copper, at an avemge selling price of 12.17
cents, the approximate cost being 7.95 cents at works, 0.66 cent for
freights, insurance, and selling expenses, and 0.30 cent for taxes,
legal, and administrative expenses, a total of 8.91 cents. The sales of
refined copper were 9,655,545 pounds, at an average price of 12.98
cents, the approximate costs being 8.20 cents at works and 0.96 cent
as above for other costs, a total of 9.16 cents. There were inventoried
at the beginning of the year 2,450,077 pounds of copper, and at the
end the stock at works and on dock was 912,354 pounds.
The profit and loss account shows profits aggregating $500,419.52,
which includes $74,326.57 for ro^^alties on iron ore mined, tolls on
converting outside copper matte, and on merchandise, while the
expenditures include $7,500 to bond-issue account, $25,000 interest
on $500,000 bonds, and $50,354.52 for depreciation. The sum of
$61,785.74 was expended on construction. Two dividends aggregat-
ing $437,500 were paid. The capital stock is $5,000,000, of which
$625,000 is in the treasury.
The second producer in Tennessee is the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper
and Iron Company (Limited), with a production of about 3,000,000
pounds. Mr. W. H. Freeland, the general manager, reports that
prior to August, 1902, the company roasted all its ore in open heaps
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COPPEB. 219
before smelting. As the result of successful experiments in the smelt-
ing of green ore, roasting was abolished and the mines were shut down
until the large stock of ore in the roast yards was exhausted in Sep-
tember, 1903, when mining operations were resumed. Since then the
ore has been smelted without preliminary roasting. The practice con-
skts of two operations, viz, the smelting of the green ore to a low-
^rade matte, carrying in the neighborhood of 20 per cent of copper,
followed by a second smelting or concentration of the first product to
a 50 per cent matte. In the first operation 3 per cent of coke is at
present used in the charge, but it is expected that even this small
amount will be dispensed with in the future. The second operation
coDsomes a quantity of coke equivalent to 1 per cent of the original
ore. Early in the current year a daily tonnage of over 400 tons of
ore was being treated in this manner, which indicates an annual output
of about 4,600,000 pounds of copper.
ALASKA.
Through shipments of ore to Pacific coast smelters, and to the T^oma
Smelting Company in particular, Alaska has for the first time entered
the ranks of producers with the prospect that important additions to
the output will be made during the current year, when several local
smelting plants will render more extensive operations possible. The
greatest progi'ess has been made with the opening up of the deposits
on Prince of Wales Island. The Alaska Copper Company, of Copper-
mount, shipped some rich ore in 1903 and is building a smelting plant.
A 400-ton plant is under erection also for the Brown-Alaska Copper
Company.
WYOMING.
There has been only a moderate amount of copper produced in
Wyoming, the bulk of it coming from the Encampment district, in
Houthern Wyoming. The principal interest is the North American
Copper Company, which owns the Ferris- Haggerty mine and the 16-
mile aerial tramway from that mine to the Encampment smelter. A
good deal of underground work has been done, and the smelter has
been enlarged to a capacity of 500 tons per day and a converting plant
has been added, so that the current year will witness a considerable
increase in the output. A considerable number of other mines in the
dbitrict are being developed. The Rambler Mining and Smelting
Company has shipped a small quantity of matte, but was closed down
at the end of the year.
IDAHO.
A soudl quantity of copper was produced during 1903, during a
*>rief period of operation of the smelting plant of the White Knob
Copper Company at Mackay. The company will probably produce
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220 MINERAL BESOUROES.
more regularly in 1904. At Mineral City the Ladd Metab Company
has erected a furnace and ha8 shipped some matte. Small quantities
of Idaho ores reach some of the larger smelting works.
CANADA.
According to official returns, the production of Canada amounted in
1903 to 43,281,158 pounds of copper, valued at $5,728,261. The sta-
tistics of the Minister of Mines of British Columbia show a production
in 1903 of 34,359,921 pounds as compared with 29,636,057 pounds in
1902. The Bureau of Mines of Ontario reports a production, during
1903, of 10,662,000 pounds, the greater part thereof being obtained
as an incidental product in working the Sudbury nickel deposits.
The most important copper-producing section in British Columbia
is the Boundary district, which produced, approximately, 625,000 tons
of ore in 1903, the greater part of which was smelted in the local
plants of the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting, and Power
Company at Grand Forks, the British Columbia Copper Company,
and thd Montreal and Boston Company. Air of them work large
bodies of low grade ores, carrying some silver and gold. The largest
of them is the Granby Company, which increased its smelting plant in
1903 to 6 furnaces with a capacity of 2,100 tons of ore per day, and is
now working on the plans for an addition of 8 furnaces, which will
bring the capacity up to 4,800 tons per day. The company has com-
pleted a Bessemer plant and has introduced the use of the steam shovel
in its mining operations. It is estimated that when the proposed
enlargements are completed the plant will produce 4,000,000 pounds
per month.
The Montreal and Boston Copper Company has been consolidated
with the Dominion Copper Company, the Morrison Mines (Limited),
the Athalstan or Jackpot Gold Mining Company, and a three-quarters
interest in the Emma mine, the new company being known as the
Montreal and Boston Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company.
The company proposes to increase the smelting capacity to about 1,200
tons per day, and to add a converter plant. The last annual report of
the Montreal and Boston Company for 1903 shows that there were
smelted during the year 112,246 tons of ore, producing 2,551,142
pounds of copper, 7,705 ounces of gold, and 58,725 oundes of silver,
jfor which there was received, in the form of matte, $403,602. The
smelting plant ran only intermittently, owing to shortage of coke dur-
ing the spring and early sununer. The cost, including purchases of
ore, were $453,882.
The British Columbia Copper Company, which controls the Mother-
lode mine, produced close upon 4,000,000 pounds of copper, 50,000
ounces of silver, and 13,500 ounces of gold during 1903. The smelt-
ing plant is to be enlarged, and a converting plant is to be added. The
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COPPEB. 221
works are to be operated by electricity from the power plant of the
Cascade Water Power and Light Company, at Cascade, on the Kettle
RiTer.
TheRossland district has increased its product, the shipments having
been about 377,000 tons of ore. The greater part of this ore is treated
at the Lie Roi smelting works at Northport, Washington, while the
Trail smelters handle the bulk of the remainder. The siliceous ores of
the district are being successfully concentrated in mills built and build-
ing which employ the Elmore process. The Velvet Mine (Limited)
is erecting a pyritic smelter.
As indicating the character of the ores, it may be noted that the
Le Roi Mining Company mined and shipped to the Northport smelter
155,765 tons of dry ore, which carried 1.526 per cent of copper, 0.709
ounce silver, and 0.373 ounce gold.
In the coast district development has been favored by the operation
of the Crof ton smelter of the Northwestern Smelting and Refining
Company, at Crof ton, Vancouver Island, and of the Tyee Copper Com-
pany (Limited) at Ladysmith. The annual report of the latter com-
pany for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1904, shows that there were
mined 48,624 tons of ore at a cost of $2.21 per ton. The smelting plant
handled, besides, 7,126 tons of custom ore, and 1,176 tons of ore from
stock. There were produced 5,554 tons of matte, containing 4,446,987
pounds of fine copper, 143,303 ounces of silver, and 8,778 ounces of
^rold, the total value, less refining charges, being $678,837. The ore
yielded 3.96 per cent of copper, 2.55 ounces of silver, and 0.156 ounce
goId« The total receipts were -€128,632, and the expenses were £103,-
242, including X45,954 for mine expenses and -€39,886 for smelter
expenses. The profits for the year were £25,390 on a capital of
£180,000.
MEXICO.
The oldest of the larger copper enterprises in Mexico is the Boleo
Company « operating in the Santa Rosalia district in Lower California.
It is known as a Roths<»hild enterprise, and its stock is held in France.
During 1903 the company mined 230,490 tons of ore, which yielded
10,480 metric tons of copper, the aveitige yield being 4.56 per cent.
The net profits were 5,829,449 francs, of which 2,500,008 francs were
paid out in dividends to stockholders, and 460,002 francs were paid on
founders' shares.
The Boleo Company is interested in the Inguamn Company, another
Mexican copper enterprise under Rothschild management. It is a low-
gnde proposition in the State of Michoacan, which has been prospected
for a number of 3'ears, and which it is now proposed to develop fully.
The Greene Consolidated Copj^M* Company, of Cananea, has con-
tinwHl its exceedingly rapid development, having produced during the
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222 MINERAL BE80UB0BS.
calendar year 1908 about 45,000,000 pounds of copper. During the
year 1904, however, the company has been producing at a rate of over
5,000,000 pounds per month, and there has been a further develop-
ment of its capacity. An eighth furnace has been completed, a sixth
stand of converters has been installed, and a very large new conceD-
trating plant has been added.
The Moctezuma Company, at Nacosari, Sonora, produced in 1903
about 8,900,000 pounds of copper. Its ore will, upon the completion
of the Douglas smelter, go to that plant for reduction.
In southern Mexico the most important producer is the Teziutlan
Copper Company, in the State of Puebla. The plant consists of two
Herreshoff furnaces, the matte being bessemerized. The production
is about 400 tons of copper monthly.
CUBA.
The famous old El Cobre mines near Santiago are being developed
by an American company, which has been un watering the old work-
ings and is now building a smelting plant at Punta Sal, on Santiago
Harbor, 9 miles from the mines.
GERMANY.
The only great copper producer in Germany is the Mansfelder
Kupferschieferbauende Gewerkschaft, whose cost of production is
such that the. profits and losses alternate as the prices of copper
and of silver rise or fall. In 1903 there were mined 686,838 tons
of cupriferous slate, at a cost of 28.09 marks per ton. The four
smelting plants handled 685,880 tons of ore, and 474 tons of sandy
ore were added in the matte smelting, so that the total was 686,354
tons. The total production of copper was 19,258 metric tons, an
increase of 509 tons over 1902. This included 17,266 tons of refined
copper, 1,883 tons of electrolytic, and 109 tons of refined obtained
from foreign products. The desilverizing plant yielded 97,358 kilo-
grams of fine silver. There were also made 20,785 tons of chamber
acid. The average price obtained for refined copper in 1903 was
122.81 marks, as compared with 112.57 marks in 1902. The total
receipts for 1903 were 30,900,828 marks, as compared with 29,044,079
marks in 1902. The expenditures were 29,117,745 marks and
29,634,971 marks, respectively, so that there was a surplus of
1,723,083 marks in 1903, as compared with a loss of 590,908 marks
in 1902. The corporation carries on a number of other operations,
which carried the total profit in 1903 to 6,037,853 marks, as compared
with 108,110 marks in 1902.
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COPPER. 223
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
The min<^ of the Peninsula are not showing any notable growth, but
they continvie to be an important factor in the copper trade of the
world.
The Rio Tinto Company (Limited) produced, in 1903, 35,810 long
tons of copper, 21,565 tons being refined copper and 14,245 tons being
metal in pyrites shipped. The sales for the year were 36,361 long
tons, consisting of 22,208 tons of refined copper, 1,484 tons in sul-
phate, and 12,669 tons in pyrites. There were mined for shipment,
during 1903, 688,919 tons, as compared with 627,967 tons in 1902, and
there were mined for local treatment 1,229,619 tons in 1903 and
1,237,322 tons in 1902. The average content of copper, however,
declined from 2.517 per cent in 1902 to 2.390 per cent in 1903. The
actual shipments were 667,748 tons of pyrites and 118,171 tons of sul-
phur ore. Of the pyrites shipped, the United States took 163,245
tons. The net profit on the sale of produce was £1,648,110, and there
were received from interest and rents £43,613. There were paid in
dividends £1,214,688.
The Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company shipped, in 1903, 4,548
long- tons of precipitate and 421,226 tons of pyrites. The net profit
for the year was £218,960.
The mines of the company are approaching exhaustion and the effoiis
to acquire other profitable copper properties have not been successful
thus far. Mines in Norway, purchased some time since, did not come
up to expectations and have been disposed of.
Ifason and Barry (Limited), who work the San Domingos mines in
Portugal, had a fairly prosperous year, making a profit of £85,056.
The copper production of the company is decreasing.
Among the more recent Spanish pyrites mines are the Pena Copper
Mines (Limited), which are just beginning to produce. In 1903 the
output was 179,160 tons of ore, of which 155,887 tons were put down on
the heaps for leaching, the balance being reserved for export without
treatment There are now on the heaps 433,623 tons, from which
there were produced, in 1902, 624 tons fine copper in precipitate, and
in 1903, 924 tons. The average contents of the ore mined in 1902 was
47.^ per cent of sulphur and 1.36 per cent of copper, the percentages
in 1903 being, respectively, 46.11 per cent and 1.25 per cent. The
net profit in 1903 was £21,599.
THE WORIiI>'8 PRODUCTION.
Messrs. Henry R. Merton & Co., of London, have compiled the fol-
lowing statement of the world's production, the figures being modified
bj thiK office when^ official statistics are available.
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224
MINEBAL BB80UBCE8.
The capper pwducticm of the world, 1896-1903.
[Long tons.]
Ccmntiy.
■UBOPK.
Qreat Britain
Spain and Portogal:
RioTinto
Thanis
Mason and Barry
Sevilla
Tinto and Santa Rosa .
Other mines
Germany:
Mansfeld
Other German
Austria
Hungary
Sweden
Norway
Italy
Russia
Turkey
1896.
1887.
I
656
84.501
12,000
08,900
1,026
556
83,923
a 11, 000
a4,800
810
1896.
Total.
KOBTH AMKRICA.
United States
Canada
Newfoundland
Mexico:
Boleo
Other Mexican .
18,265 ,
1,800
1,066 '
206
600
2,500 *
8,400
5,882
500 '
2,560 I
17.960
2,185 I
1.210
446
545
8,450
8,480
6,941
975
88,M8 90,829
206,884
4,190
1,800
9,940
1,210
Total 222,524
SOUTH AMERICA.
ChUe
Bolivia:
Ooroooro.
Peru
Ar§rentina....
Total.
AFRICA.
Algiers
Cape of Good Hope:
Cape Company
Namaqua Company .
Total .
Japan
AUSTRALASIA.
New South Wales
South Australia
Tasmania
Queensland
Total .
23,500
2,000
740
100
220,571
5,988
1,800
10,170
ci4,200
242,679
26,840
5,470
1,960
7,450
21,000
4,467
4,877
1,928
11,272
21,900
2,200
1,000
200
25,800
5,290
2,160
7,440
23,000
6,922
4,705
4,956
640
83,705
all, 160
8,600
800
815
2,805
18,045
2,040
1,110
480
480
8,615
2,965
7,291
470
1899.
89,461
285.060
8,040
2,100
9,485
07,000
261,625
24,850
2,060
3,040
125
80.066
50
4,660
2,400
7,110
25,175
5,743
6,000
5,200
16,583 15,943
685
34,370
9,448
8,600
1,200
1,000
2,660
20.785
2,676
915
590
520
3,610
3,082
7,588
920
253,870
6,731
2,700
10,885
a9,000
1900.
777
1901
682
35,782 I 35,348
7,966
8,460
1,460
1,580
2,676
7,427
3,729
1,292
1,640
4,186
282,636
25,000
2,500
5,166
82,780
4,140
2,350
6,490
27,560
5,394
a6.600
(19,000
20,894
18,890
18,780
2,020
2,940
865
1,015
490
886
450
820
3,985
3,875
2,797
a 3, 000
7,898
6,263
520
980
480 I a500
84,480 1 8^810
6,710 { 6.SH)
3,390 2.430
1,545 1,106
1,285 j 1,4N
2,440 2.645
18,730 18,975
2,855
1,027
485
455
4,565
3,370
8,675
1,100
2,280
1,0%
810
4»
5,915
3,100
10,S»
1,400
91.089 91,841
270,568
8,446
2,700
268,782
18,496
2,836
11,050 I 10,796
all, 000 al9.685
303,784 I 820,044 866,280
91,552 I H<K»
294,423
811,«r7
17.486
19,321
2,586
2,710
10,785
10,480
a30,000
040.000
25,700 30,780 28,960
2,100
8,220
75
86,096
4,420
2,800
02,000
9,520
730
02,000
7,850
240
43,060 89,020
5,072
2,400
2,750
1,700
6,720 , 7,472 4,450
28,121
27,475 29,776
_l_
05,600 6,802
a5,386 6,770
010,000 1 012,000
dM 3,061
21,270 I 28,633
8,796
6,847
a9,650
8,784
29,076
884, 1»
30.930
02,000
7.800
185
40,865
4,630
600
5,230
31,360
08,000
«7.000
a9.N52
4.916
29,468
a Estimated.
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OOPPEB.
225
IMPORTS.
In former volumes of Mineral Resources tables have been published
showing the imports from 1867 to 1894, inclusive, of fine copper con-
tained in ores. From 1895 to 1903 only the gross weight of the ore
and of the regnlus (matte) are given. These are presented in the fol-
lo¥ring table:
Otpper ore and reguhut or matte imported and entered for consumption in the United States,
1895-1908,
Ore.
Tear ending December 31—
Quantity.
Pounds.
IW 8,921,920
im 2,620,800
^m 43,919,680
IMS 107,283,440
\m : 120,934,616
1300 109,123,840
1»1 131,790,400
1902 834,010,800
19tt 607,407,860
Matte.
Value. Quantity.
!
^13,689 '
126,580 I '
683,497 I
565,245 I
1,141,180 j
2,164.386
3,084,306 !
1,706,245
1,357.248
Pounds.
3,104,640
3,427,200
2,974,720
1,583,680
7,763,885
27,534,080 i
75,913,600 I
52,978,240
30,461,760
Value.
$125,853
210,725
'226,704
92,135
784,232
2,966,449
11,310,357
6,215,396
1,932,526
Total value.
9339,542
837,805
910,201
657,380
1,925,412
5,130,835
14,394,663
7,921,641
8,289,774
The fine copper content of the copper ore and matte imported has
always been a diflBcult matter to estimate, since it varies from very low-
jrrade ores to high-grade mattes. The country from which the mate-
rial has been imported, and the valuation, has always served as a guide,
bnt the chief reliance has been the reports of smelters and refiners in
this country of the copper content of the material handled by them.
The greater p»rt of the tonnage from British North America is ore,
including as it does the Le Roi ores smelted at Northport, Wash., the
cusUrni ores treated at the Tacoma and other smelters, and the copper
content of the Ontario mines going to Atlantic tide-water works.
Besides this there are the nickel-copper mattes of the Sudbury district,
the copper content of which is reported to this oflBce.
The imports of ore and of matte are shown in the following table for
the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1903:
h^nrts of copper ore and matte, by countries, in the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1908,
Country.
Ottmaaj
C^iilrf n^idom
AAMi 5ofth America .
Xotfeo
^ ^hcr eoontrics .
TMy
1901.
Quantity.
Long tons.
153
1,011
55,641
80,469
8,470
303
Value.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
145,219
53,498 j
3,060,815 '
9,378,197 [
2,130,305
26.611
lAmg ion$.
169
l.'>4,787
22. 2M
3W
43
Value. Quantity. ' Value.
~l
S43,232
139,281
2,318,616
6,127,894
62,463
4.294
Loug tons.
175
686
243,918
39,261
77
7*.M
$47,383
1(M,396
1,758,013
l,2M,3(i8
2,N'>
10,207
96, 017 I 14, 692, &I5 181, 566 8, 69.1. 780 284, 911 3, 177, '232
I ' I I
H s 1903 15
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226.
MINERAL BESOUBGES.
Since July, 19()3, the Bureau of Statistics has collected figures show-
ing the fine copper content of this material. The following table
presents the figures for the six months ending December 31, 1903:
Import of copper orCj matter and reguLus into Hie United States for six monUis ending
December Sly 190S.
Country.
July.
AufTust.
QuanU- y , QuanU-
ties. ^^^^- lies.
Value.
September.
«S»". y^^
October.
V' '^'^-''
10
17,076
18,996
United Kingdom:
Long tons —
Pounds
Germany:
Long tons —
Pounds
British North America:
Long tons. .
Pounds 1,035,665
Mexico: |
Long tons j 5,949
Pounds 1,461,994
Cuba: I
Long tons. .
Pounds
Soutli America:
Long tons. .
Pounds
! iu.:::h-
j
|«2,5
I 95,8
177,387
Total:
Long tons 24, 955
Pounds 2,504,625
1275,315
11,294,
}l28,l
2,457
702,760
1 ,.
12,292,
85,621
)....
I 54,980
I 85,664
12,561,836
I 323
I 143,816
I ""
I 5,040
K
200
158,331
17,8
504
f 20.856 1
11,041,671 r
f V
I 656,:
[:
|UO,e88
2,542
S,162
918
W,301
■256,501
{ 86.
12,765,
|l84,887
f 23,897 b
11,697,823 Ij
19i9»
November.
Country.
Quantities.
Value.
December.
Quantities.
Value.
Total, fdx months.
Quantities. Value.
United Kingdom:
Long tons
Pounds
Germany:
Long tons
Pounds
British North America:^
Long tons
Pounds
Mexico:
Long tons
Pounds
Cuba:
Long tons
Pounds
South America:
Long tons
Pounds
Total:
Long tons.
Pounds ...
16,791
1,878,879
8,883
746,851
701
212,848
$144,564
96,976
8,476
1,314
I:
I
\ 1,652,
I '•
I 1,685,
1:::::::::
1
1
2,205
•860
122,967
197,288
49
20,882
2,341,488
251,329
f 32,
1 8,246,
821,178
306
287,954
42.1
4,211 j
142, T23
8,858,908 I
19,810 j
5,887,580 I
786
217,888
77
22,061
163,745
14,848,822
$41,780
11, 0»
760,121
668,870
8,979
2,865
1,488,709
NOTS.— The pounds given in this table are the estimated copper content of the ore, etc.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
COPPER.
227
A study of these returns and of the reports from smelters and
refiners justifies the estimate of 32,000,000 pounds for the fine copper
content of the ore and matte imported during 1903.
The growth of the Bessemerizing plants at the smelting centers
tends to restrict more and more the shipment of matte, so that foreign
copper reaches us more and more in the form of converter bars, which
appear with ingots in the import returns. This source of uncertainty
in the international movement of copper material tends, therefore, to
disappear.
The sources of the imports of copper in the form of pigs, bars, old
materiaL, etc., are shown in the following table for the calendar years
1901, 1902, and 1903:
Imports of copper pigs, bars, ingots, plates, old and other unmanufactured, in the calendar
years 1901, 190^, and 190S,
Country.
KOI.
Quantity. Value.
I Pounds.
Prince j 1,0:2,178
Gennany ' 8,117,961
rniu-d K I ngdom 48, ^88, 699
British North America . . . 953, 576
Cuba 1,013,460
'Hber Went Indies 890,206
Mexico ' 23,024,876
J«pan 224,880
AU other countries ' 241,115
Total 78,826,410
$159,344
;>37,409
7,589,801
100,460
125,255
43,685
8,245,664
83,185
27,663
1902.
Quantity. Value.
Poundg.
848,623
l,2i5,864
27,762,888
386,861
801,016
190,972
68,665,175
2,643,913
690,416
U, 812, 216 I 103,129,568
$106,645
169,202
4,008,936
40,873
82,921
15,397
8,245,926
816,662
71,197
18,061,169
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Pminrl^.
1,426,279
1,600,766
18,788,558
15,923,700
467,882
317,112
89,361,100
3.604,643
4,717,945
186,707,995
$214,297
218, 000
2,994,404
1,840,604
60,687
81,555
10,978,497
422,756
511,348
17,262,148
A considerable part of the imports from the United Kingdom is
Mister copper originating in other countries, notably the Australian
colonies, which comes to this country for refining. The Mexican cop-
per is almost entirely in the form of converter bars, some American
matte going to Mexican works for conversion to be returned to this
country for refining.
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228 MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
Copper imported and entered for conmmipHon in the United States^ 1890-190S.
Year ending December 31—
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Bars, ingotii, and pigs.
Quantity. 1 Value.
Pounds.
6,189
2.566
22,097
554,348
606,415
7,»79,822
9,074,879
12,646,652
86,892,944
64,282,583
62,404,489
71,001,718
112,420,258
132,762,834
$859
389
2,588
58,480
42,688
726,347
750,976
1,142,626
3.094,541
9,350.582
9.981.060
11,478.422
12.615,708
16,784,082
Old, fit only for re-
manufacture.
Quantity. Value.
Pound8. '
284,789
184,407
71,485
69,875
160.692
1,336.901
2.422.654
1,780,390
1,986.183
6,678.146
8.864,756
2,818,767
2,119,081
3,285,597
«26,473
9.686
6,114
6,M6
15,726
109.840
196.419
158.829
168,405
758.010
878.967
825,850
219,267
389.614
Old, taken from bot-
toms of American
ships abroad.
Quantity.
Pound*,
Value,
16,826
1,14S
Year ending December 81—
Plates rolled,
sheets, pipes, etc.
Manufac-
Sheathing metal, in tures not
part copper. j otherwise
specified.
Total valne.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Value,
1890,
1891
1892,
1893
1894
1895
1896,
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Pounds.
4,209
122.219
1,788
7,066 ,
12,681
27,156 I
34,481 '
3,116
11,793
827 '
5,821
19,248
83,798 ,
34,973 I
•917
23,291
600
1,065
1,821
2,586
4,834
430
2,193
331
3,416
6,761
22,089
17,899
Pounds.
87,468
228,486
417,134
1,670
8,422
6,698
3,183
16,282
5,801
13,763
22,783
5,237
8,912
8,071
S4,467
29,112
51,880
167
1,470
389
306
1,929
979
6,810
2,367
807
491
373
924,752
12,926
49,764
16,166
8.851
13,166
20,963 !
80.729
20,071
13,629
8,145
8,610
6,521
10.836
$67,468
75,40S
110.446
89.149
66.699
851,828
973.485
1,834,443
8,286,889
10,128,862
10,818,944
11,820.459
12,864,021
17,163.208
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OOPPEB.
229
EXPORTS.
The exports of copper in different forms have been printed in former
volumes of Mineral Resources for the period beginning June 30, 1863.
Below, the figures are submitted from 1890:
Qjpper and copper ore of domestic production exporUdfrom the United States, 1890-190S,
[Cwts. are long hundred weights of 112 pounds.]
Ore and matte.
Year ending De-
cember n—
t
Q.Tiantity.
Vm ' 431,411
UW I 672,120
IW 948.010
MB ; 836,040
UN. 87,040
W» ' 276,480
law 414.286
Vm 1 181,280
M» 186,860
vm 1 74,540
WW .....j 200,140
IW 219,666
!« 201.992
\m ' 137,659
I
Value.
$4,413,067
6,565,620
6,479,758
4,267,128
440,129
1,681,261
2,893,914
1,199,029
755.448
442,868
1,832,829
2,586.549
1,826,131
855,867
Pigs, bars, sheets, and old.
Quantity.
Powndt.
10,971.809
69,279,024
80,515,736
138,964,128
162.393,000
121,328,390
259,223,924
277,255,742
291,955,905
246,826,881
837,978,761
194,249,828
854,668,849
810,729,524
Value.
11,865,879
8,844,804
3.488,048
14,213,378
15,824,925
12,222,769
27,822,280
80,597,645
88.508,869
41,190.287
55,285.047
81,692,563
48,892,800
41,170,059
Value of
manufac-
tured
product.
$139,949
298,619
245,064
464,991
878,040
1.084,289
819,017
958,879
1.190,989
1,852,409
2,257,563
1,842,886
2,092,798
2,889,729
Total value.
15,918,896
16.703,543
10,162,870
18,935.497
16,148.094
14,988,809
81,035,211
32.755,058
86.545,251
48,485,654
58,875.439
36.071,448
46,811,729
44,865,165
The destination of the exports of copper for a series of years is
shown by the foUowing table, the data having been furnished by the
Bureau of Statisties:
£iporia of capper ban and ingots for 1898. 1899, 1900, 1901, 190S, and 190S, and coun-
tries to wfddi exported,
[Pounds.]
CoDittiy.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
ntted Kingdom .
ftSMOt
Sct&etlmMli.
hi^
Xexi©
MtUi north
VcilliMUes..
88,448,870
18.613.183
63.900,506
42,801,846
72,418.688
8,788,672
7.840,276
7,478.730
268.976
1.628,606
6.143
843.066
50.676,849
6.069.466
68.450,866
49,286.189
69,804.699
8.449,666
2.680,610
6,854,287
285,222
965,626
5,509
270.614
63.622.445
12,564,191
67,725,969
67,848,848
101,898.894
6.650.285
6,660,423
11,258,115
296,684
1,616.778
1,817
1,060,282
86.819.100
4.661.406
84,607,042
87,487,180
61,762,002
6,046,776
2,880,270
8,616,964
217.437
1,282,577
3,082
1,018,044
88.972,029
8,431,560
63,519.881
56,604,758
96,868,472
9,108,904
a28.589,742
251.812
2,811,885
97
69,764
47,140,717
4,207,720
53,746,221
71,130,077
96,927,346
7,774,016
10,411,679
b 16. 516, 663
165,283
2,644,831
68,971
Total 291,966,906
246,826,881
837.973,761
194,249,828
354,668,849 810,729.524
•Other Suqype, inclnding Austria and Russia.
mother Europe.
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230
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The recovery of the export trade, which followed the collapse of
the effort to hold prices up to a high level in 1901, is well shpwn in
these figui'es. Practically all of the metal which goes to the Nether-
lands is in transit to Germany, and a considerable part of the copper
shipped to England finds lodgment ultimately in other countries.
Besides the exports of copper shown in the above table, largely of
domestic origin, some foreign copper is reexported directly. The
Bureau of Statistics reports that there were exported of foreign cop-
per in 1899, 2,560,149 pounds; in 1900, 1,281,782 pounds; in 1901,
12,888,083 pounds; in 1902, 11,629,877 pounds; and in 1903,2,093,103
pounds. In addition, 14,446 long tons of foreign copper ore, matte,
and regulus were exported in 1902, and 6,150 long tons in 1903.
The following table shows the ports from which copper was exported:
Domegiic exports of ingots^ bars, and old copper in 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 190$, and
190S, by ports,
[Pounds.]
District.
Baltimore, Md
Boston and Charlestown, Mass.
Newark, N.J
Newport News, Va
Norfolk, Va
NewYork,N. Y
Philadelphia, Pa
New Orleans, La
Galveston, Tex
Detroit, Mich
Huron, Mich
Burlington, Vt
All other districts
18d8.
Total.
87,027,133
439,368
673,180
2,638,868
6,249,820
178,400,314
68,624
15,508,831
444,920
728,689
118,827
410,410
246,921
291,955,905
1899.
90,786,853
1,568,197
4,085,580
4,707,267
134,412,540
2,733,692
7,469,628
8,700
820,121
107.662
434,840
206,856
216,826,331
1900.
86,2B4,2S1
1,496,387
2,016,000
280,178,643
12,468,680
3,937,850
469,819
149,.^
678,589
314,527
837,978,751
District.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Baltimore, Md ,
Boston and Charlestown, Mass.,
Newport News, Va ,
Norfolk, Va
New York, N.Y
Philadelphia, Pa
New Orleans, La ,
Detroit, Mich
Huron, Mich
Burlington, Vt
AU other districts
54.877,865
27,917
1,668,567
133,540.150
8,526,130
1,806
387,923
92,062
434,692
293,226
103,607,256
426,069
5,070,026
598,339
236,622,515
5,804,743
1,819
812,828
208,849
1,516,405
88,296,071
512,053
1.969,177
1,771,9«
211, 879. OK.
8,-845,307
3,0!4
611,327
261,820
491,921
1,087,786
Total.
194,249,828 354,668,849
310,729,624
The exports of copper from New Orleans in 1898 and 1899 were
Mexican bars, which were shipped through that port, and were merely
in transit
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COPPER.
231
The data submitted permit of the following summary showing the
available supply of copper for the years 1894 to 1903, both inclusive:
Supply of copper for the United States, 1894^1903,
[Poundii.]
Source.
1884.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
Production of domestic copper
Imports:
Fine copper in ore and matte,
entereil for consomption
Ban aim) f iicrot" --
854,188,874
10,C78,434
606,415
160,592
380,613,404
a5, 800, 000
7,979,822
1,336,901
460,061,430
05,900,000
I 11,897,272
494,078,274
012,000,000
16,578,420
526,612,987
019,750,000
Old coDDer
54,166,467
Total
365,633,815
395,229,627
477,358,702
522,666,694
600,429,454
EzportB:
Tngotnand ban*
162,898,000
5,750,000
121,328,390
16,200,000
259,223,924
22,881,936
6277,255,742
c406,598
011,000,000
291,955,905
Fine copper content of matte...
23, 647, 968
0 5,420,000
Total
168,143,000
186,528,390
282,105,860
288,662,340 | 321,023,873
Available suddIt
197,490,815
258,701,237
195,252,842
283,994,354 | 279,405,581
Sooroe.
1899.
190O.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Prodoctton of domestic copper
lBport«:
Fine copper in ore and matte,
enteref for oonaomption
568,666,921
a28,800,000
71,922,340
606,117,166
086,380,000
68,796,808
602,072,519
064,000,000
78,826,406
659,506,644
d 40, 000, 000
103,129,568
698,044,517
0 32,000,000
136,707,995
Total
664,889,261
711,298,974
789,898,925
802,688,212
866,752,612
Ingots and bass-
Domestic
246,82C,831
2,650,149
a8, 500, 000
388,121,071
1,281,782
09,000,000
1
194,249,828 354,668,849
12,888,088 11,629,877
015,000,000 011,000,000
810, 729, 624
FoRism
2,093,103
07,500,000
Total
252,876,480
848,402,853
222,137,911 1377,298,726
820,822,627
Available snnDlv
411,512,781
862,891,121
517,761,014
426,889,486
546,429,886
«&timated.
(> Domestic.
<? Foreign.
d Deducting estimated content of foreign matte exported.
STOCKS.
All the large producers of copper, with the exception of one leading
producer of the Lake district, have submitted a statement of the stock
of metal, the blanks calling for stock at works, in transit, or in agents'
hand», exclusive of material in course of conversion at the works, but
inclosive of converter bars, matte, etc. , which must be shipped for
farther treatment. The stocks do not include the amounts on hand at
the refining works nor those carried by merchants, bankers, or specu-
Ittoru, nor does the statement deal with the copper in stock at works
of consomerB.
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232
MINERAL RESOURCES.
In the aggregate, the reporting mines, which represent a total pro-
duction in 1903 of 537,570,584f pounds of copper out of a total of
698,000,000 pounds, had a stock of 157,215,138 pounds on January 1,
1903, and a stock of 177,117,166 pounds on January 1, 1904, thus
showing an increase of about 20,000,000 pounds.
CONSUMPTION.
The data submitted, subject as they are in a number of respects to
the limitations which the estimates impose, still justify some conclu-
sions as to the consumption of copper in the United States, the esti-
mate for the years 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903 being aj3^ follows:
Estimated consumption of copper in the United States in 1900, 1901, 1902, and 190S.
[Pounds.]
1900.
1901.
• 1902,
1908.
Available suddIv
862,891,121
6,000,000
517,761,014
135,000,000
42.5,339,486
546,429,885
Deduct increase in producers' stocks
20,000,000
Add decrease in nroducers' stocks
126,848,646
Estimated consumption
866,891,121
882,761,014
651,688,131
666,429,885
This indicates a practically stationary consumption as compared with
1902, which harmonizes well with the known developments in iron
and in other metals.
PRICES.
The following table summarizes the highest and lowest prices
obtained for Lake copper, yearly, in the New York markets from 1860
to 1895:
Highest and lowest prices of Lake Superior ingot copper, by years, 1860-1895.
[Cents per pound.]
Year.
1861
1862.
1863
1864
1866,
1866,
1867.
1868,
1869,
1870,
1871,
1872,
1873,
1874,
1875
1876,
1877.
Highest. Lowest.
24
27
32J
38i
25
60i
42
29J
24i
26i
231
27
44
86
25
23}
23}
20i
191
17*
201
29
89
28
26*
2U
211
2U
19
21|
27i:
21 !
19 I
2u :
181
17i
Year.
Highest. Lowe««t.
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882.,
1883..
1884..
1885..
1886.,
1887.,
1888.,
1889.,
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
17*
211
25
201
201
18|
15
lU
12i
171
17A
17*
17*
15
121
12*
10*
121
16J
15J
18*
16
17{
141
11
10
m
11
14
lOi
104
91
9
9*
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COPPER.
238
The following table shows the highest and lowest prices, monthly,
during the last eight years:
Highest and lowest prices of Lake Superior ingot copper, by moitihs, J896-190S,
[Cents per pound.]
January.
Febmary.
March.
April.
May.
June.
Ye*r.
1
!
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
i
1
1
1896
lOi
11
17
16*
17
18
12*
91
u*
lOA
13*
16*
16*
101
12
11*
12
111
18
16*
17
18*
18*
10
11*
11
17
16
16*
12
12*
11*
11*
12
18
17
17
12*
14*
10*
11*
11*
17
16*
16*
12*
18*
. '1
11 101
11* 11
12*1 11*
19*' 18
17* 17
17 I 17
12* 12
16 14*
11*
11*
12*
19*
17*
17
121
14*
10*
10*
12
18*
16*
16*
12
14*
111
11*
11*
18*
16*
17
121
141
11*
1887
10*
11*
1806
1809
18
1900
16*
16*
12*
14*
1«1
1902
MOJ
July.
August.
Septe
mber. October.
November.
December.
Year.
n
1
1
»
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1896
Hi
UI
18*
16*
17
12*
14*
11
11
11*
18*
16*
161
12
13
11*
11*
12*
18*
16*
16*
12*
13*
10*
11
11*
18*
16*
16*
111
18
10*
11*
12*
18*
16*
161
12
18*
10*
11*
12*
18*
161
16*
11*
18*
10*
11*
12*
18*
16*
16*
12*
14
10*
11
12*
17
161
16*
11*
12*
11*
11
121
17*
17
161
12
14
10*
10*
12*
17
16*
16*
11*
12*
11*
11
12*
17
17
16*
12*
12*
11*
10*
12*
16*
161
1«7
vm
l>«9
1900
UOI
12*
MOB
11*
1906
111
From the annual reports of some of the Lake Superior companies
it is possible to obtain a close estimate of the average selling price of
Lake copper. The following table gives the results for 1902 and 1908:
Average selling prices of Lake copper in 1909 and 190S,
1902.
1908.
Mine.
Quantity
sold.
Average
price per
pound.
Quantity
sold.
Average
price per
pound.
Tviutnck X
Povmds,
16,961,628
18,416,396
4.940,866
8,669,748
6,286,819
OmU.
11.87
11.78
li.88
11.91
11.87
Poundi.
16,286.098
16,060,636
6,506,678
3,134,601
10,680,997
10,664,147
9,237,061
1,039,944
18,498,288
4,712,888
Cent*.
18.02
O««ola
18.00
AtUntk
13.12
UeBoyal
13.12
Bftltic
13.43
CUaploD
13.87
Trt^mntafn
18.43
Wtaooa
13.49
Qmaey
13.24
FiwkMn „
18.72
Qtiifial aT^ni^
U.86
18.26
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284
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The following table shows the fluctuations in prices in the English
market:
Average vidtw of copper ijt Englandf 1898-190S,
[Per long ton.]
Year.
1897 •
1898 1
1899 !
1900 1
1901 \
1902
1903
Standard
Best selected
copper.
copper.
£ «. d.
£ s. d.
49 2 61
52 5 2
61 16 7i
55 810
73 13 81
78 2 0
73 12 Ci
78 8 9
66 19 8i
73 8 8
52 11 5i
56 12 7
58 3 2
62 14 71
In detail the fluctuations, monthly, of good merchant copper in the
linglish market were as follows, from 1897 to 1903, inclusive:
Fluctuations in good mercharU copper in England^ 1897-190S.
[Per long ton.]
Month.
£ 8.
50 10
61 6
50 4
48 16
May 48 10
January . .
February ,
March . . . .
April
1897.
June
July
August
September. .
October
November . .
December 48
48 12
49 8
48 10
48 0
d.
8i
6
Oi
9
Hi
14
OJ
101
6
8
lU
£ 8.
48 19
d.
2
8i
24
24
91
0
1
74
81
2
8i
Hi
1900.
8, d,
18 14
10 Of
5 11
2 04
19 3i
15 7
8 lOi
8 54
19 8
£ «.
70 14
71 14
72 11
78 12
1901.
£ f. d,
71 17 0
71 5 4
69 13 2
69 14 10
69 15 7
68 18
67 14
66 9
114 66 2
71 64 4
3|j 65 12
3i\ 52 9
1902.
£ 8.
48 10
55 5
53 10
52 18
54 8
54 0
52 19
52 1
52 16
52 6
51 3.
51 1
1908.
£ 8. ft
53 13 7^
67 10 H
64 0 74
61 19 14
61 18 5
57 11 3i
56 16 lOi
58 12 0
56 19 81
55 15 0}
56 11 2|
56 10 0
THE COPPER MARKET IN 1903,
The year opened with copper fairly active on both sides of the
Atlantic, and the market, which was 12 cents for Lake copper and 111
cents for electrolytic copper, gradually hardened until at the end of
January 12^ and 12f cents was paid for Lake and 12^ cents for electro-
lytic copper. The metal developed further strength in February,
closing at 13f cents for Lake and 13^ cents for electrolytic. During
March the demand continued unabated, the price being carried up
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COPPER. 235
from 13i cents to 14f cents for Lake in the la«t few da} .s. The move-
ment culminated in the latter part of April with 15 and J5i cents for
I^ke and l-tf cents for electrolytic copper. An uneasy feeling in finan-
cial circles in this country and a weakness in the London speculative
market caused consumers to hold aloof, and Lake copper receded to
14r} cents and electrolytic to 14i cents. May was dull, with Lake cop-
j>er hovering close to 141 cents. In June the range was a narrow one,
although some good sales were eflfected. The month closed with Lake
down to 14i cents and electrolytic to 14 cente. The financial outlook
being increasmgly uncertain, the copper market yielded rapidly in
July, coming down to 13 cents for Lake and 12f cents for electrolytic.
This brought out buyers, and in the middle of August a somewhat bet-
ter feeling in financial circles was reflected by a rise to 13| cents.
The niarkets were dull and somewhat irregular in September, closing
at 13f and 13i cents. October brought sagging prices, and the decline
had reached 12i cents for Lake and 12i cents for electrol^^tic, when
suddenly the announcement came on the 23d of October that all the
mines and smelting works of the Amalgamated Copper Company had
been closed down. This brought a rush of buyers on both sides of the
Atlantic, our market rising to 13f and 14 cents for Lake copper, to
which the market settled down, until, as suddenly as they had ceased,
operations at the Amalgamated properties were resumed on Novem-
ber 11. There was an immediate decline, aided by the general stagna-
tion in all industrial activities, and November closed dull at 12i cents for
Lake and 12f cents for electrolytic copper. Heavy selling pressure
on the part of the large producing interests caused a further decline
in the early part of December to llf and 12 cents for Lake and 11^ to
Hi cents for electrolytic copper. At these prices very large pur-
chases were made for European account, and the year closed with the
market tending upward, at 12i and 12i cents for Lake and 12 to 12^
cents for electrolytic copper.
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236
MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
THE KNOr^lHII COPPER TRADE.
Since England is one of the leading copper markets of the worhl
the following tables, showing the import and export movement, are
of great interest:
British imports and exports of copper.
[f^ng tons.]
Year.
Impor
Bars, cakes,
and ingots.
tsof— 1
Copper In |
ores and
furnace |
products. 1
91,788
94,403
99,356
88,003
68,851 !
77,80<1
75.398
76,127
71,726
82.730
84,69^1
82.814
70. 179
70,047
Total
Imports. '
1
Export.i.
Apparent
English
eonsrump-
tion.
1890
a 49, 461
44, 213
ft 35. 015
41,829
56,157
42,135
60, 458
60,428
67,978
58.880
70, 247
66,764
90,022
«V_>, 879
141,249
138.616
ia4.371
129,832
1-25,008
119,941
ia5.856 '
136,555
139,704
141,610 I
1M,941
149,578 i
160,201
i:«.926 1
89, 747
76,056
82,542
70,986
i>l,689
65,990
59,334
56,542
<;3. 370
75,271
.56,997
70,396 \
69, 156
76,:^05 1
66,170
1,891
59.223
1892
c 48, 367
1893
66,817
1894
rf50,3:»
1895
d 50, 692
1896
d 76. 036
1897
rf69,787
1898
rf69,2>4
1899
rf60,877
d81,S96
1900
1901
d70,17H
rf80,22:^
1902
1903
d 56. 621
n Including 3,501 tons of Chilo bars transforrod fn>iii France to England.
ft Including 3.585 tons of (^hile bars transforrcHl from France to England.
<• Add 4.001 tons for comparison with foniu-r years, the difference arising from the new method of
making up stock.
d DcHlucting copper content of sulphate ex]>orted (13,078 tons in 1898, 10,045 tons in 1899, 10,728 tons
in 1900, 9,001 tons in 1901. and 10.^22 tons in 1W2).
The following figures for the years from 181)0 to 1903, both inclusive,
taken from tlie board of trade returns, supplemented 1)V Messrs. James
Lewis Sc Son, of Liverpool, show in detail the form in which the
copper is brought into (xroat Britain:
Imports of (-(tppcr into Great Britalt), 1896-190S.
[Long tons.]
Character.
l.s^xi.
1MJ7.
1S1»^.
1S99. 1
1900.
1901.
1902.
1901.
run* in pyrilcs
ll,7'_'t-.
i.-..:.7(;
ir..r.26
17.529 •
IS. 519
16,:«9
15. 279
ls.:>^
I'lirc in pncipitate .
•i:\, \a\
■j:.. \r.\'l
21 . :v.\s
2t,;is7
23, 462
-0:^7
17.874
IS. 216
I Ml re in ore . .
\'> t*>'t
II '.»H)
1 1 -uu
l'> M 1
17 .ss<>
I6,<>.s:^
27, 7:»5
15 OCls
14 'Vl<»
I'nre in matte
■l\uv.'.
1^. in'.r,
2l.:^(.N)
24,827
21,988
22. 7^1
Uiirv. cakes, et<'
60, |.')S
i:r>. s.-x;
60. 12>
l;^>r...-,v.
67.978
5.^,sS) '
70,217
m, ICA
90. 022
ir.0. 2t)l
«k2. S79
Total
l:-.*.), 7<ii
111. mo
151,941
149,578
i:ifl.92i>
M('ssrs. Jjinios L(»\vis tSc Son. of Liverpool, estimate as follows the
imports of copper products into Liverpool, Swansea, London, and
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COPPER.
237
outport^ (except Newcastle and Cardiff, estimated in recent years at
about 6,CMM) tons):
Import* of cojfper into Liverpool^ Swansea, and London, 1896-1903.
[Long tons.]
Coontiy.
1896.
(Tiile
I'nited Stated
Spain and Portugal
^paln and Portugal (precipi-
tate)
Spain and Portugal (pyrites) .
▲u'itialasia
Cape of Good Hope
Venesnela
Japan
IteUy
Norway
Canada
S**wf4>undland
Mtxico
rVni
Wata River
< »ther countries
15,923
89,676 I
6,298
11,474
14,726
10,635
5,905
107
8,492
418
628
Total tons fine .
2,467
7,792
741
»i
797
1897.
14,982
82,792
7,697
17,386 j
15,676 I
10,218 I
7,676 I
21 !
8,664 I
100 I
180
127
2,484
6,217
998
190 '
1,613
1900.
17,784 ! 19,752
88,979 I 20,773
7,298 , 7,084
16,664 <
16,626 ;
18,409 i
9.881 I
19,875
82,256
9,721
17,028
18,519
16,847
17,529
17,086 I 19,977
7,076 ; 8,927
1901.
24,624 ;
21,426 I
7,780
16, 3M
16,339 I
20,586
8,2W
1902.
23,789
43,632
7.860
13,592
15,279
26,261
6,060
2,086
177
1,859 '
4,888 ,
8,011
124 ;
1,807 I
7,812
6,763
167
119
182
679
10
25
2,044
1,589
5,679
8,781
5.163
8,220
63
73
8. 232
3,633
7,820
20
?28
1,669
8,268
9.512
84
4. 75e;
6,331
523
431
1,100
7,945
7,580
212
1,289
1908.
20,968
19,255
8,189
12.998
18,398
21,848
7,891
121,073 121,760 I 132,568 I 136,488 1.56, 1H6 148,250 l 160,9(V4
5,748
110
622
1,286
9,681
7,797
131
2, 850
137,775
The qiiantitien of copper in different forms imported into Great Britain
and France from the United States are given in the foUowin^^ table:
ImjMjrU of copper into EngUind and France from the United States, ISUO-IOOS,
[Long tons.]
Country.
1890.
1891.
4
19,109
7.007
1892.
1893.
1894.
5
2. i;w
2>. ;v>7
'MK \\*'^
9, 2 IS
1895. 1
1
18%.
England:
(In*
5
18,897
1,269
20.171 ,
1,733 '
18
24.<ki8
1,^27
26.113
4,340
30, 453
1899.
•20. 700
_n.92^
12. ISi
4.K,130
19^K).
1
1
Matte
Ban- and ingot«.
8,:i37 1
12,2:)0
2<V .'»S7
n.MOfi
32, 393
1902.
10.016
29. 7.S0
T<»tjil
•2t;. 120
8,329
39, 79«;
Fr»noe
21,998
England
I'nitfi! SlaH"« Into
and France
21,904 '
1897. j
34,449
lh98.
39, 7 JS
IWl.
f.l , 79 J
Country.
loai.
Eni^land:
Sfatte
5. i')?
27, .^1
32,S.'iO
26, ityj
59,015
2.181
36, 7W
22. 7.->:i
61,724
3M
211, 739
2i,it'»:;
2i.6«r>
45, 7NS
2, 7»~
2'.». 2»"
32.0;; J
2'.>. 1(X>
61,1:! I
l.\112
21. \\\
1 l.<»<t^
:i-i. n9
2. "*'.»'.•
111,7:'.:;
2«>. tV>
/3, Os7
118
Brm and inirots. --
I'.t.OMl
Total
Fr»nc<*
V.».2-2S
2:{.%1
rnit«^l .*;taU'« into
and France
England
i;-i, 1^9
Digitized b
yGoO^
7le
238
MINERAL EE80UBCE8.
The exports of copper from Great Britain, estimating the fine con
tents of alloys, have been as follows:
Exports of copper from Great Brilain, 1897-1908,
[Long tons.]
Character.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902,
1908.
English, wrought and un-
wrought, and sheete
Yellow metal, at 60 per cent. . .
Bras8, at 70 per cent
35,951
6,609
3,936
14,844
40,223
6,172
3,733
13,078
42,992
4,156
8,994
10,045
28,632
5,279
4,2:m
10,728
37,763
5,497
4,072
9,004
35,379
7,901
4,462
10,822
40,081
8,519
5,210
Sulphate of copi>er
13, Ml
Total
61,340
10,046
63,206
13,242
61,187
24,129
48,863
18,862
56,326
23,074
58,564
21,414
1 67,171
Fine foreign
1 9,m
1
Total
71,386
76,448
85,816
67,726
79,400
79,978
1 76,905
TITE GERMAN COPPER TRADE.
Gennany is an increasingly important factor as a consumer and
manufacturer in the copper ti-ade of the world. As will be obscr>cd
from the following estimate of the consumption, by Aron Ilirsch &
Sohn, of Halberstadt, Germany, has quite recovered from the depres-
sion of the years 1901 and 1902:
Copper conmimption of Germany y 1896-1903,
[Metric tons.]
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
66,264
38,856
1901.
1902.
190a.
ImiX)rtation8, except ores:
From the United States
42,504
26,619
50,420
28,983
62,473
33,299
47,742
37,504
42,422
80,616
60,274
31 475
64, OW
JK 715
From other countries
Total
68,123
12,462
79,403
12,568
86,772
14,957
85,246
20,304
100,120
15,618
73,038
14,825
91 749 1^ '^i
Less reexports
13,571
14,618
Production Inclusive of content of
65,671
29,489
66,885
29,468
70,816
30,704
64,942
87,676
84,602
82,428
58,218
81,572
78,178
30,728
86.1«
80,149
Home consumption
85,160
38,889
96,303
33,091
101,519
36,724
102,618
40,176
116,925
46,939
89,785
42,240
108,906
45,261
116,818
61,272
Exports of manufactures
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COPPER.
239
Aron Hirsch & Sohn have for some years estimated the sources of
copper consumption, and have reached the following figures:
Consumption by manufaduren* requiremerUSf 1900-190S.
[Metric toDfl.]
Use specified.
Electrical works
Copper ronin^ mills (rods and sheets)
BruB rolling mills and wire works
Chemical works and bine yitriol
Shipyards, railroads, for castings, alloys, German silver, etc
Total
1900.
43,000
18,000
35,000
2,000
19,000
117,000
1901.
26,000
16,000
29,000
2,000
17,000
90,000
1902.
37,000
18,000
32,000
2,000
19,000
106,000
1903.
46,000
18,000
32,500
2,000
18,500
117,000
It is of interest to observe that the chief cause. of the fluctuations
io the consumption lies with the electrical industry.
Aron Hirsch & Sohn estimate that about 15,000 to 20,000 tons of
old copper pass back annually into consumption.
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By Chables Kirchhofi!\
INTRODUCTION.
Taken as a whole, the year 1903 was a prosperous one for the lead
miDing and smelting interests of the United States. Consumption,
titbough not as heavy as it was in 1902, was large enough to absorb
easily the increased production of our mines and to call for a consider-
able quantity of the metal drawn from foreign sources. Prices aver-
aged higher than they did in 1902.
A farther step in the concentration of the lead interests was taken
during 1903, the United Lead Company having secured control of
nearly ail the manufacturing plants making sheet lead, pipe, and shot
to the number of 21. It has been estimated that the annual consump-
tion of metal by the enlarged company, which has hitherto been a pro-
ducer of white lead only, is 85,000 tons. The older consolidation of
white-lead plants — the National Lead Company — is estimated to require
t like amount. During 1904 negotiations were carried very far toward
the fusion of these two companies, which would bring a very large
production of the lead manufa(*turing capacity of the country under
one control.
PRODUCTION.
The following table presents the figures of the total gross production
of lead in the United States from 1825. Up to the year 1882 the
figures have been compiled from the best data available. Since 1882
ibc sUtistics are those collected by this OflSce, with the exception of
tlie year 1889, when they were gathered by the Census Office.
M K 1903 16 241
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242
MINERAL BBSOUBOE8.
Production of lead in the United Slates^ 1S^5-190S,
Year.
Quantity. '
Short tons.
. Year.
QuanUty.
Short (OM.
Year.
QuanUty.
Short tOM.
Year.
' Quantity.
ShoritoM.
1825
1,500
1848
25,000
1867
16,200 '
1886
180,629
1X30
8.000
1849
28,600 <
1868
16,400
1887
145, 7TO
1H31
7,500
1850
22,000
1869
17,600 1
1888
151, 9W
1832
10,000
1851
18,600
1870
17,880
1889
156,897
1838
11,000
1892
16,700
1871
20,000 1 1890
143,6»
18*1
12,000
1863
16,800
1872
25,880
1891
..1 178,664
1835 '...
18,000
1854
16,800
1873
42,540
1892
.J 173,305
1836
16,000
1865
15,800
1874
62,080 1
1893
..1 168,«2
1837
18,600
1856
16,000
1875
59,640 1
1894
..( 162,686
1838
16,000
1857
15,800
1876
64,070
1896
170,000
1839
17,600
1 1858
16,300 ;
1877
81,900 , 1896
..| 188,000
IMO
17,000
1859
16,400 ,
1878
91,060 1 1897
212,000
1841
20,500
1860
15,600
1879
92,780 J 1898
222,000
1W2
24,000
1801
14,100
1880
97,825
1899
...| 210.500
1843
25,000
1862
14,200
1881
117,085
1900
270,824
1844
26,000
1863
14,800
1882
132,890 , 1901
...1 270,700
1845
30,000
1864
15,300
1883
143,957 1902
270,000
1846
28,000
1866
14,700
im
139,897 1903
280,000
1847
28,000
, 1866
16,100
1885
129,412 |j
,
For many years the onl}' method for arriving closely at the lead
product of the mines of the United States has been to depend upon
the smelting works to furnish statistics showing the source of the
material worked by them. These statistics of production do not
necessarily agree with the commercial statistics, which include the
lead obtained by smelting foreign ores and by desilverizing foreign
base bullion in bond. To avoid misapprehension, these must
be clearly and sharply separated. The figures given in the table of
production are arrived at by making an allowance for loss in smelting
the ores and in refining the base bullion derived from that smelting.
The returns of the smelters in the United States agg'regate as
follows:
Lead content of ores smelted by the work* in the United States, 1894-1908, by States.
State or Territory.
Colorado
Idaho
Utah
Montana
New Mexico
Nevada
Arizona
California
Washington
Oregon, Alaslia, South Dakota, Texas
Missouri, Kansas, Wisconsin, Illinois,
Iowa, Virginia, and Kentucky
Total lead content American ores
smelted
Content Mexican ores
Content Canadian ores
Content miscellaneous or unknown
1894.
1895.
Short tons.
Short tons.
60,613
46,984
33,308
31,638
23,190
31,305
9.637
9,802
2,978
8,040
2,264
2,683
1,480
2,053
478
949
150
381
1897.
1896.
Short tons. Short tons. Short tons.
46,300
170,383
« 21, 000
53,596 ■
44,808
46,662
35,678
11,070
3,461
1,178
1,166
691
1.006
51,887
182,331
16,437
5,040
197,496
16,403
10,100
2,118
40,676
68,627
40.637
12.980
9,128
969
2,184
638
66,642
222,499
18,480
19,616
844
67, 8K
59,142
39.299
10.745
6,797
4,714
2.224
482
1,849
64,409
285,578
10,630
17.877
a Estimated.
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LEAD. 243
Lead conierU of ores Hmelted by the works in the United States, 189jhl90S, by Stales — Con.
State or Territoiy. | 1899.
I Short tofU.
fokmdo 70.308
Idaho 52,1M
I'toh 29,987
¥<ntao« ' 10,227
New Mexico 4,856
Xeridt 8,888
Ariiona 3,877
CaWomia | 487
Waafaingion
Onfoo, Alaska, South Dakota, Texas. . .
Mlnoari. Kansas, Wisconsin, Illinois,
Iowa, VHrginia, and Kentucky 54,444
Total lead content American ores '
■melted j 280,090
Content Mexican ores ! 10,298
Ontent Canadian ores | 6, 1 10
Content ffiiKellaneons or unknown 772
I
1900.
1901.
Short tons. \ Short tons.
82,187 I 78,265
85,444 79,664
48,044 ' 49,870
I 6,791
1,124
1,873
4,045
520 I 881
1,029
I
67,172
I
284,204
11,841
I 9,615
804
1902.
Short tons.
51,838
84,742
53,914
4,438
741
1,269
599
176
1908.
Short tons.
45,564
51,129
3,808
618
2,237
1,498
55
1,457
538
2,184
1,765
79,445
86,507
280,797
8,765
2.164
8,975
292,874
2,881
The production of soft lead was 83,444 short tons, this being the
lead obtained directly by smelting nonargentiferous ores in the works
of Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa. The balance of the 86,597
tons credited to these Staters, or 3,153 tons, was derived from Missouri
and Kansas nonargentiferous ores by the smelting furnaces connected
with desilverizing plants, which must, therefore, undergo the same
allowances for loss in smelting and desilverizing that are taken into
account when dealing with the argentiferous ores in the above table.
The total lead content of ores which passed through both the processes
<*f smelting and desilverizing was, therefore, 209,430 short tons.
.Wuming the yield to be 94 per cent, a total of 196,864 tons of com-
mercial lead is reached. To this must be added the 83,444 tons of soft
lead, and the resulting total is 280,308 short tons as the production of
the United States in 1903. In order to indicate the fact that it is an
^j^Umate, this figure is rounded off to 280,000 short tons of lead.
PRODUCTION OF DESILVERIZERS AND SMELTERS.
It was first in 188<; that the treatment of foreign material in Ameri-
can works attained some importance. At first it was foreign ores
that were smelted. Subsequently growing quantities of foreign base
huUion were imported to be desilverized in bond, the greater part of
the refined lead thus made being expoi'ted. In the beginning it was
possible to arrive at the net American production by deducting from
the total pig lead production of the works the lead content of the for-
"fn base bullion and ores. The commercial statistics and the domes-
tic production statistics were identical. Later on the supply to the
Remarkets included, besides the product of our own mines, vary-
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244
MINERAL RBSOUBGES.
ing quantities of "exempt" lead, being a certain tonnage of lead
obtained from foreign material which did not pay a duty.
The following table shows the total production of refined lead in the
United States, irrespective of the source from which it was drawn, the
production of desilverized lead, and of soft lead. A column is also
added showing the amount of lead reported by the works as having
been obtained from foreign base bullion and foreign ores.
Production of refitted lead in the United Stales, 188S-190S.
Year.
1883.
1886.
1887.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1H97.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Total pro-
duction.a
Desilver-
ized
lead.«'
Soft
lead.i>
From for-
eign ores
and base
bullion.
Short tons.
Short toHS,
Shorttons.
Shorttau,
143,967
122,167
21,800
139,897
119,965
19,982
129,412
107,437
21,975
135,629
114,829
20.8U0
c5,000
160,700
186,562
25,148
r 15,000
180.556
161,466
29,090
1 «.«
182,967
158,709
29,268
26,670
161,764
180,403
31,851
18,124
202,406
171,009
81,397
! 28.858
218,262
181,684
81,678
8J.967
229,338
196.820
32,518
65,»1
219,090
181,404
37,686
o9,739
241,882
201,992
39,890
76.173
264,994
221,457
48,687
77. 7»
291,036
247,488
43,558
8s,e;i
310,621
267,842
42,779
99, WS
304.892
263,826
40,566
95,«6
377,679
829,658
48.021
106,856
381,688
323,790
57.898
112,422
377,061
808,011
74.060
i 100.606
878,618
296,074
83.444
88,a4
a Including loreigu base bullion refined in bond.
b Including a small quantity of lead produced in the Southern States.
e Estimated.
Hard lead. — Since 1891 special returns from desilverizers have been
made on the quantity of antimonial or hard lead produced. The quan-
tity was 4,043 tons in 1891, 5,039 tons in 1892, and 5,013 tons in 1893.
In 1896 the production of hard lead was 7,507 tons, rising to 8,867 tons
in 1897, and declining again to 8,473 tons in 1898. It amounted to
6,345 tons in 1899, to 9,906 tons in 1900, to 10,656 tons in 1901, to
9,169 tons in 1902, and to 9,579 tons in 1903.
DOMESTIC PRODUCERS.
The principal increase in the production of lead during 1903 has
taken place in southeastern Missouri, although in the Rocky Mountain
region the rapid development of the Coeur d'Alene mines in Idaho has
more than compensated for the steady decline in the lead product of
Coloi*ado. Utah has held its own fairly well in recent years.
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LEAD. 245
In southeastern Missouri steady propfress has been made in spite of
domewhat adverse labor conditions. The principal older producers
have increased their output. Thus the St. Joe, Doe Run, Desloge,
Central, and Mine la Motte companies produced 44,545 short tons of
lead in 1903, as compared with 41,192 tons in 1902 and with 35,132 tons
in 1901. In the case of the Desloge company this includes some lead
smelted on contract by custom smelters. The St. Joe Lead Company
has been making extensive improvements in its mines and in its smelt-
mg plant at Herculaneum, and is completing a large new concentrating
plant at the Hoffman shaft which will considerably increase the pro-
duction of lead.
The Desloge C!onsolidated Lead Company is also building a new mill
which will add materially to its capacity. The Central Lead Company,
in the Flat River district, is not expected to make quite so much lead in
1904 as was produced in 1903. The Mine la Motte property is being
developed to enlarge the output under new management. The National
Lead Company has prepared for an increased production. This com-
pany is completing a large and modern smelting plant at Collinsville,
111., for the reduction of the ores and concentrates from their own
mines and from other properties. Hitherto the entire production of
the mines of the company in St. Francois County was sold to the
Federal Lead Company, the Pennsylvania Smelting Company, and the
Markle Lead Works. The latter were sold to the United Lead Com-
pany on June 1, 1903, and have since been shut down. The Federal
Lead Company, which owns the Derby property, did not produce
heavily, nor did the Commercial Lead Company, which has leased the
Columbia lead property, make its normal product. In the Fred-
ericktown district the North American Lead Company started its mill
and entered the ranks of producers.
The Joplin-Gralena district, in southwest Missouri and southeast
Kansas, has shown a further falling off. According to local statis-
tkians the sales of lead ores during 1903 were 28,656 tons, as compared
with 31,625 tons in 1902 and with the maximum of 35,177 tons in 1901.
The principal producing camps were Webb City and Carterville, with
9,830 short tons, valued at $547,060; Joplin, with 8,084 tons, valued at
^1,130; Ehienw^, with 3,010 tons, valued at $161,695; and Galena-
Empire, with 2,842 tons, valued at $156,535. The local smelters, the
Picber Lead Company, the Galena Smelting and Manufacturing Com-
pany, successors to C. V. Petraeus & Co., and the Granby Mining and
Smelting Company, produced 17,343 tons of pig lead in 1903, as com-
pared with 18,628 tons in 1902 and 15,464 tons in 1901. A certain
quantity of the lead ore of the district is, however, converted directly
into a pigment
The Coeur d'Alene district, in Idaho, has become by far the most
important producer of lead in the United States, the returas showing
Digitized by V^OOQIC
246
MINERAL RESOURCES.
that the lead content of the Idaho ores treated l)v the .smelters of the
country amounted to nearly 100,000 short tons. The principal event
of the year has been the formation of the Federal Mining and Smelt-
ing Company, which acquired the Mammoth and Standard properties,
now known as the Mace mines, the Tiger-Poorman mines, at Burke,
and the Empire State and Idaho properties. The company also acquired
the Everett smelter, which was subsequently sold to the American
Smelting and Refining Company. Among the large mines of the
Coeur d'Alene which did not go into the consolidation are the Bunker
Hill and Sullivan, the Hercules, and the Morning. An important
undertaking which was completed during the year was the transmis-
sion of electric power from Spokane to Burke by the Washington
Power Company. The line is 101 miles long and is expected to con-
fer important advantages upon the mining and dressing plants of the
district.
Colorado is declining as a producer of lead, but Leadville continiles
to send out a very large tonnage of low grade smelting ores. During
the year the Western Mining Company was formed as a subsidiary
company to the Guggenheim Exploration Company, closely identified
with the American Smelting and Refining Company. It acquired the
A. Y. and Minnie, the A. M. W., and the Mahala mines, of Leadville,
and the Ute and Ulay mines, of Lake City.
In Utah the Park City district continues to lead, among the princi-
pal shippers of lead-silver ores and concentrates being the Daly -West
and the Silver King, the former having marketed 9,086 tons of lead.
A large tonnage has also come from the Bingham and Tintic districts.
SMELTING AND REPINING IN BOND.
The records of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Com-
merce and Labor make the following exhibit, the monthly details
]>eing given in the table published elsewhere:
Official returns of tmrehouHf tranmctio-M in lead during 1901 , 190S, and 190S.
In warehouse at beginning of year. .
Direct importation
Deduct in warehoutie at end of year
Addition by liquidation
ToUl
1901.
1902.
1908.
Pounds.
42,379,270
221,030,779
263,410,049
83,225,677
280,184,372
692,977
280.777,849
Pmtndt.
83,225,677
200,571,818
47,817,806
197, 818, OW
233,796,995
47,817.806
246,630,814
21.887,901
185,979.189
253,875
186,233,064 |
224,242,913
1.771.740
226,014.668
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LEAD.
247
The disposition of this was as follows:
Dispositiim of lead hi imrehoxuies m 1901^ liH^^y and 1903,
Exported
Withdimwn for consumption
Deducted by liquidation
Total
1901.
Pounds.
194,199,419
16,035,929
28,373,644
133,6687892^
1902.
1903.
Pimnds.
167,834,807
14,084,741
60,246,184
Pounds.
163,774.605
40,074,163
82,164,625
2:«, 164, 682
236,013,283
IMPOBT8 AND T5XPOBT8.
In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources tables of imports and
exports of lead have been presented which go back to the year 1867,
the figures being supplied by the Bureau of Statistics. The following
tables supply the data since 1890:
Lec^ imported and erderedfor consumption in the United States, 1890-190S.
Oreanddrom.
Year ending December 31 -
Quantity. | Value.
Pigs and bars.
Quantity. | Value.
Pounds.
ymo I 11,065,865
Ifm. ' 40,692,478
MB2 1 54,249,291
ins 58,487,319
\mi , 33,020,250
\m..
1W9..
I»0..
1901..
1«RZ..
46,050,674
87,829,683
81,036,882
16,610,607
6,824,556
10.209,742
10.324,119
14,499,839
4^,156,180
$504,067
1,120,067
1,278,114
1,004,295
437,999
687,222
631.381
536,094
331,116
125,344
623,802
272,396
316,005
716,128
Pounds.
19,336,233
3,392,562
1,549,771
3,969,781
39,168,629
109,651,082
10,551,148
16,050,987
311,502
3,473,262
3,673,616
3,604,167
12,443,616
8,972,636
•593,671
104,184
110,953
129,290
896,496
2,052,209
191,479
314,649
8,787
78,062
76,141
88,056
319,036
256,136
Year ending December 81—
vm..
1891.
IMU.
U«t.
vm.
vm.
vm.
MR.
vm.
vm.
iw
Sheets, pipe, and
shot.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
91,660
334,179
90,136
69,798 .
44,080 I
128,008 I
96,010 I
96,891
242,769 I
110,37? ,
27,946 I
56,735
224,209
17,008 ,
95,691
12,406
6,207
2,965
2,050
6,030
3,818
4,042
9,889
4.402
1,393
2,773
7,765
810
Not other-
wise speci-
fied.
SI, 136
604
2,063
1,691
536
1,277
644
513
312
8,626
877
1,234
6,268
1.689
Total
■ value.
11,104,466
1,287,261
1,397,837
1,138,231
1,336.081
2,746,738
827,322
854,198
349,604
216,484
702,218
364.469
648.068
978,266
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248 MINERAL RESOUBCB8.
Lead, and manufactures of lead, of damesHr produdum, exported, 1890-190S.
Tear ending Deoember 81—
1890.
18»1.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1895.
1896.
MannlACtures of lead.
Quantity.
Pounds.
18W I -«»•'"»
Pigs, bars, and old.
1806.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190B.
f c266,0
,062
'^ 814, 348
0 368,600
490.460
c464,428
364,220
Value.
$181,080
178,887
154,876
506,090
466,758
164,088
164,877
rf49,816 1
« 160, 466 J
d97.862 \
• 112,927 J
<* 115, 137 1
« 154, 496 J
«« 180, 768 'l
• 240,149 I J
178,762
280,940
<t 158, 809
« 256, 163
d 127, 530
« 867, 622
Quantity. Value.
Total
value.
PountU,
1,696,879
M6, 360. 462
57,725,624
118,960
98,115
1,998,778
4,787,107
6,642,760
112,644
a $41, 240
60,773
442,496 I
223,037
4,460
4,286
88.664
214,842
286,548
6,210
$181,090
173.887
154. S75
508,080
^,99S
214,856
607. S7S
433,319
215,»
273,919
450.571
624, S4
696.010
491,362
a Not enumerated between 1868 and July 1, 1894.
b Part of this is foreign lead returned by collectors of customs by mistake as domestic
lead.
dValueof type.
0 Value of all other manufactures.
According to the returns of the Bureau of Statistics the sources of
imports of lead in the calendar years 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898^ 1899,
1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903 were as follows:
Sources of imports of lead.
Country.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
United Kingdom
Pounds.
8,161,411
1,113,148
36,618,228
Pounds.
1,365,182
Pounds.
1,120,628
Pounds. ' Pounds.
2,326.987 117,821
Germany
Other Europe
1,235,961
1,101,151
lll,96e
Total refined pig lead
45,892,787
2,601,118
2,221,679
2,826,987
429.273
British North America
15,860,906
188,312,146
25,672,883
130,888,178
44,171,421
137,364,677
84,453,299
142,030,670
17,871,875
173,482,976
Mexico
Total ore and base bullion.
Other countries
154,173,052
981,116
156,061,006
1,656,898
181,536,098
1.560.635
185,818,412
176,483,969
480,384
191.804,851
1,142.960
Total imports
200,996,955
160,818,517
179,291,290
192,877,074
Digitized by
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LEAD.
Sources of importtf of lead — Continued.
249
Country.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
rnited Kingdom
Pound*.
567,482
225,222
111,905
Pounds.
402,552
671,294
2,453
Pounds.
792,607
962.878
1,342,193
Pounds.
1,552,772
1,409,926
461, 331
ft^fmiinjr
Other Enrope
Total refined pig lead
904,609
1,076,299
3,087,678
3, 414, 029
BritHi NATth Amerl<*A
42,189,262
178,602,486
52,130,002
163.453,S26
19,464,937
187,484,666
19,200,806
186,136,779
Mexico
ToUU ore and base bullion
220,741,748
7,147,092
215,588,528
8,282,502
206,949,603
5,196,174
206,387,585
4,061,872
Other countries
Total importfl
228,793,449
224,942,829
215,232,465
212,813,486
The subdivision by groups representing refined pig lead and lead in
ore and base bullion is made by this office.
WABEHOIT8K TRANSACTIONS.
The following table, furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, shows
the warehous<e transactions of lead in ore and in base bullion monthly
daring 1903, and the corresponding totals for the years 1902, 1901,
1900, 1899, 1898, and 1897:
ImpcrU of lead in ore and hose bullion during the calendar year 190S, shomng warehouse
transactions by months.
Month.
Jmxmry....
ffltmrnxj ...
M«rh
April
JUy
June
Joly
AHfttsl
8e|4ember.
Remaining
in warehouse
first day of
each month.
KoTcmber.
(1904).
Total. 1W8.
Total, i«s.
T*tl,MOO.
Pounds.
47,817,«)6
44,088,434
43,468,390
37,031,992
29,319,386
32,177,140
29,641.027
31,490,807
26,971,689
18,736,106
19,666,226
20,216,388
21,887,901
Entered warehouse.
Of direct Im-
portation.
Pounds.
13,416,662
18,201,734
16,923,276
13,896,297
11,476,274
22,906,571
17,948,698
20.707,629
11,699,200
17,118,432
19.228,653
15,296,869
From other
districts.
197,813,975
200,671,318
221,030,779
226,644,190
188,612,454
170,017,006
168,865,627
Pounds.
14,660,800
6,882,416
9,280,918
7,860,288
10,912,397
10,266,396
10,756,421
8,998,412
7,732,888
7,286,913
4,923,218
5,710,699
105,270,665
142,620,006
204,702,170
249,674,008
216,031,498
177,837.309
167,963,678
Additions by
liquidation.
Pounds.
27,481
26,806
25.603
24,634
1,165,027
41,903
63,758
10,041
69,014
47,475
217.426
63,6?2
1,771,740
253,876
592,997
1,676,397
l,lu6,682
1.326,934
906,862
Digitized by V^OOQIC
250
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Imports of lead in ore and Ixtse bullion during the calendar year 190Sj etc. — Continuwi.
Month.
January
February
March
April
May...;
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January (19M)...
ToUl, 1903.
Total, 1902
Total, 1901
Total, 1900
Total, 1899
Total, 1898
Total, 1897
Withdrawn from warehouse.
For exporta-
tion.
I For transpor-
tation.
Pounds.
8.575,189
11,634,877
12,961,813
12,569,471
11,131,729
20,224,499
17,680,476
15,426,271
13,765,658
13,871,260
15,846,277
10,088,210
163,774,605
157,834,807
194,199,419
195,917,622
151,202,762
147,978.988
109,847,156
For consump-
tion.
Pounds.
6,Vn,22i
8,447,096
6,345,108
8,419,020
7,802,960
13,209,419
6,229,444
9,354,996
7,511,246
6,385,469
7,155,324
7,486,695
96,273,002
96,588,390
201,870,647
217,565,289
204,545,816
163,405,296
183,006,461
Poundt.
2,184,375
2,448,218
9,574,288
5,995,227
517,589
831,650
1,897,490
8,915.275
5,909,628
1,647.117
321,866
331,430
40,074,153
DeductiofDs by
liquidation.
Poundi.
14,097,437
2,784,966
2.51O,0(r7
1,24S,666
1,964,414
1,110,587
540, 2S9
1,668, 8M
490,658
1,994.292
32,164,fifi5
14,084,741
16,085,929
15,829,631
14,408,027
7,844,184
28,929,569
60,245,133
23,373,644
28,842,770
27,691,976
28,650,885
7, 769,583
CONSUMPTION.
The consumption figured for 1901, 1902, and 1903, when a complete
statement of stocks was first available, may be compared with estimates
of previous years, which were made on a somewhat different basis, in
some cases with partial data as to stocks, and in others without any
reliable figures relating to them.
Estimate of the consumption of lead in the United StaieSy 1S94-190S.
1894.
Supply-
Total production desUverized lead. .
Soft lead
Importu, foreign refined ,
Stock, domestic, beginning of year
stock, foreign in bond, beginning of
yearu
Total supply
Deduct—
Foreign base bullion and ores refined
in bond and exported
Lead in manufactures exported
under drawback
Stock, domestic, close of year
Stock, foreign in bonda
Total ,
Apparent home consumption
Short tons.
181,404
37,686
8,200
7,496
8,302 I
^,088 I
1895.
29,000
950
8,586 I
7,181
45,717 I
192,371
Short tons.
201,992
39,890
22,947
8,586
7,181
280,5%
18,130
2,000
9,567
9,865
39,652
241,044"
Short tons.
221,457
43,637
2,020 I
9,557 '
9,865
57,612
1,500
9,299
4,124
1897.
1898.
I
Short tons. .*v*oi< tow.
247,483 267,827
43,653 * 42,779
2,000 437
72,635
213,901
9,299 '
4,124 I
~866,"469
62,409
500
17,606
6,694
"87^2ir
17,608
6.691
335,842
84,686
219,248
227,452
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
LEAD.
251
EstimaU of tlie consumption of lead in tlie United States, 1894-1903 — Continued.
1899.
Supply-
Total pruducUon desilverized lead. . .
Soft lead
Imports, foreign refined
Stock, domeetic, beginning of year. . .
Stock, foreign in bond, beginning of
yeara
fotal supply
Deduct—
Foreign base bullion and ores refined
in bond and Exported
Lead in manufactures exported
onder drawback
Stock, domestic, close of year
Htock, foreign in bonda
Total
Short Urns.
263.826
40,566
216
1900.
Short tons.
829,658
48,021
452
7,341
11,820
311,948 I 389,451
73,813
1,000
Apparent borne consumption .
11,820
85^6^
^26,315^
1901.
Short toil*.
323,790
57,898
538
39,050
21,190
442,466
97,959
1,000
21, 190 I
~120Tl49^|
97,100
1,000
53,733
16,613
168,446
269,302 I 274,020
1902.
Short tong.
303,011
74,050
1,544
53,738
16,613
448.^1
76,962
1,000
11,506
28,909
113,466
33M85
1903.
Short tons.
296,074
88,444
1,707
11,595
23,909
415,729
90,363
1,000
9,199
10,094
111,246
304,483
a Lead in ore and bullion.
The exports of lead from foreign base bullion and ores given in the
above table are from the direct returns of the refiners themselves.
The returns show clearly that the United States, with its production
of 280,000 tons of lead from its own mines, does not yield enough lead
for its own consumption in normal years. The returns of the Bureau
of Statistics indicate that the bulk of this is supplied from the lead
obtained from refining foreign, and chiefly Mexican, base bullion.
PRICES.
In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources the highest and the
lowest prices of lead at New York were given for each month since
1870, the figures being compiled from market quotations. The fol-
lowing table shows the fluctuations since 1890:
Highefi and lowest prices of Imd at Neu^ York CUtfy monthly, 1890-1903.
[Cents per pound.]
Y«»r.
January.
February.
March.
April.
Highest
Lowest
Highest
Lowest.
Highest 1 Lowest. | Highest.
1-K)we8t
\m
3.85
3.80
8.85
8.75
3.95
3.85 4.071
3.85
m
4.50
4.05
4.50
4.25
4.371
4.25
4.824
4.10
ME
4.30 1
4.10
4.25
4.05
4.22l'
4.10
4.80
4.20
WW
8.90
8.85
8.96
3.90
4.06
3.85 4.124
4.06
\m
3.25
3.15
8.35
. 3.20
3.45 ,
3.25 1 8.45
3.371
\m..t-
3.124
3.06
3.12i
3.071
3.10
3.071' 3.121
3.06
im
3.15
8
8.20
3.071
3.224
8.07l' 3.071
3.024
im
3.121
3.02i
3.55
3.371
3.80
3.121
3.65
3.40 1
3.70
3.35 3.40
3.60 3.624
8.25
\m
3.70
3.56
um
4.26
3.90
4.70
4.871
4.60
4.76
4.871
4.25
4.70
4.871
4.45
4.76
4.871
4.30 4.85
4.70 4.75
4.374 4.374
4.274
mn
4.75
4.66
iw
4.87i
4.874
»c
4.10
4
4.10
4.06
4.10 1
4.05 4.10
4.06
m
4.10
4.06
4.10
4.06
4.65 I
4.10 4.65
Digitized by Vj(
4.36
)OQle
252
MINERAL RB80UK0E8.
IRgheM and loiveM jfrires of lead at New York City, monthly y J890-19aS—Con\iQXied.
Year.
1890.
1891.
1892.
189S.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Year.
May.
Highest. Lowest.
4.35
4.871
4.25
4
3.40
3.25
3.05
8.871
3.80 j
4.50
4.70
4.371
4.10
4.35 ;
4
4.20
4.20
3.75
3.30
3.071
3
3.22i
8.60
4.37*
4
4.37i
4.05
4.30
June.
July.
August
Highest. Lowest I Highest. Lowest Highest Lowest.
4.50
4.60
4.20 :
3.90
3.871
3.30
3.05 j
8.60 I
3.90
4.60
4.25
4.87i
4.10
4.35
4.25
4.35 I
4.06
8.45
8.25
3.26 \
3
3.25
3.75
4.45 ,
8.75
4.371
4.05 I
4.10
4.60
4.40
4.724
4.85
4.45
4.30
4.63
4.40
4.25
4
4.15
4
3.60
3.80
8.76
125
3.65
3.87i
3.70
S.SO
8.60
3.80
3.65
150
3
2.90
2.90
2.66
3.90
3.65
4.10
170
4
3.80
4.10
190
4.60
4.50
4.60
4.50
4.25
4
4.371
4.25
4.374
i.m
4.374
4.37J
4.10
4.06
4.10
4.06
4.10
4.06
4.10
4.05
1891.
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
September.
Highest Lowest.
5
4.55
4.15
3.95
3.30
3.45
2.80
4.35
4.05
4.60
4.374
4.374
4.10
4.40
4.674
4.40
4
3.75
3.10
3.324
2.724
4.25
3.90
4.55
4.35
4.374
4.06
4.10
October.
Highest. Lowest
5.26
4.55
3.95
3.75
8.15
3.35
2.924
4.25
3.90
5
4.10
3.85
3.25
3.05
3.30
2.724
3.85
3. GO
November.
December.
Highest. Lowest Highest. I Lowest
5.25
4.35
3.85
3.374
3.124
3.274
3.05
3.85
3.70
4.60
4.574
4.60
4.374
4.3->
4.374
4.374
4.374
4.374
4.10
4.05
4.10
4.40
4.85
4.40
4.60
4.10 I
3.70 I
3.30
3.10
3.15
2.85 ,
3.75
3.65
4.574;
4.35 I
4.374;
4.05
4.10
4.60 I
4.25
3.85 I
3.30 .
8.124]
3.30 I
3.05 I
3.75
3.80
4.75 I
4.874,
4.874|
4.10
4.25
4.06
4.25
170
120
lOIi
120
2.96
165
160
4.571
4.S5
4
4.05
4.10
Pi'ices have been under the almost complete control of the American
Smelting and Refining Company, which advanced the market from
4.10 cents a pound during the early months of 1903 to 4.35 cents, New
York, on March 10, and to 4.65 cents on March 13. Toward the end
of April the price was restored to 4.35 cents, and in the middle of
June to 4.10 cents. In September 4.40 cents was established as the
price, but it was reduced to 4.10 cents again in November. In Decem-
ber the price was fixed at 4.25 cents. During the year, therefore, the
price for lead was considerably higher than it had been in 1902.
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zi:n"o
By Charles Kibcuhoff.
PRODUCTION.
The lar^e production of spelter in 1902 was only slightly exceeded
in 1903.
The development of the industry is shown by the following figures:
Production of npdUr in the United States, 1S7 3-1903,
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1835....
ShoHtoM,
7,848
15,888
28,289
88,765
86,872
88,544
40,688
42,641
50,840
55,908
66,860
63,688
80,878
1892
Short tmu.
87,260
78,832
76,328
89 686
1875
1898
18n
1804
MS
1896
uai
1896
81,499
99,980
115,899
129,061
128,886
140,822
166,927
169,219
1884
1897
180
1898
IflH
1899
1887
1900
un
1901
1989
1902
ygn
1908
mi 1
Iq the different States the production has been as follows:
Ptoduriion of spelter in the UniUd States, by Slates, 188S-1903.
IWQ.
Eastern
and South-
ern States.
8hoHUm$.
5.696
6,840
7,861
8,062
6,762
7,446
9,661
10,265
9,114
Illinois.
ShoHtons.
18,201
16,792
17,694
19,427
21,077
22,279
22,445
28,860
26,248
Kansas.
Short tons.
7,866
9,010
7,850
8,602
8,982
11,955
10,482
13,668
15,199
Missouri.
Short tons.
2,600
6,780
6,230
4.677
6,870
8,660
18.465
11,077
18,127
Colorado.
Short tons.
Total.
Short tons.
88,766
86,872
88,644
40,688
42,641
60,840
55,908
58,860
68,683
253
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254 MIKEBAL RE80UBCE8.
Production of speller in the United States^ by SUUes, i«S:f-/S05— Continued.
Year.
Eastern
and South-
ern States.
1892.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902..
1908..
Sfu)rt tons.
a8,945
t4,217
<i9,582
ft 4, 918
a8,802
ft8.882
a7,400
«» 1,876
a 9, 484
t8,697
a8,ld9
ft2,427
a 7, 218
fr8,866
8,681
8,805
8,259
8,603
12,180
12,301 I
Illinois.
ShoH tons.
28,711
081,888
029,596
028,972
036,732
036,173
0 87,876
047,103
050,118
38,750
0 44,896
0 47,096
047,659
Kansas.
Short tofu.
22,747
24,716
22,815
25,588
26,776
20,769
40,132
52,021
62,136
74,240
86,564
Missouri. Colorado. Total
Short tont.
16,258
16,667
18,787
11,992
14.998
14,001
18,125
19,533
18,107
14,741
18,068
11,087
9,994
Short tons. Short Urns.
! 80,873
877 ;
87.260
78,8S2
75, %»
89,786
81.499
99,980
115.399
129,061
123.886
dl40.822
< 156, 927
/159,219
a Eastern.
bSontbem.
0 Including Indiana.
(< Including 2,716 short tons dross spelter.
0 Including 2.675 short tons dross spelter.
/Including 8,802 short tons dross spelter.
Returns have not been received from the Sandoval Zinc Company,
whose output has been estimated, with the reports of former years as
a guide.
CONDITION OF THE INDUSTRY.
Colorado appears for the first time as a producer of spelter, the
plant of the United States Zinc Company at Pueblo, Colo., controlled
by the American Smelting and Refining Company, having started
during the year.
There have been quite important additions to the productive capacity
during 1903. The Illinois Zinc Company, at Peru, III., constructed a
new furnace of 800 retorts, dismantling one of the older pattern, of a
capacity of 168 retorts, which would make a net increase during the
year of 632 retorts. The Granby Mining and Smelting Company took
over the works of Lanyon Brothers Spelter Company at Neodesha,
Eans., on March 1, 1903. The La Harpe Smelting Company began to
smelt ore on September 19. A second block was started on November
13, making four furnaces running from that date to the end of the
year. A third block was put in operation early in the current year.
The Cherry vale plant of the Edgar Zinc Company, owned by the United
States Steel Corporation, was increased by 33^^ per cent during 1903,
making the capacity of the works 22,800 tons annually.
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ZINC.
255
The Cockerill Zinc Comimny, of which Mr. A. B. Cockerill is presi-
dent, was building a large new plant at Altoona, Kans., in 1903, which
will be in operation during the second half of 1904. Mr. William
Lanyon, long connected with the zinc industry, was building works at
Caney, Kans., which are to be in operation in the summer of 1904.
The Cherokee-Lanyon Zinc Company erected a new block at Gas,
Kan8.« and the United Zinc and Chemical Company enlarged the plant
at lola, Kans. The two older plants at Girard, Kans., operating
under the names of the Girard Zinc Company and the Kansas Zinc
Mining and Smelting Company, were moved to Chanute, Kans., in
1903 and rebuilt. They began operating in January, 1904, under the
name of the Chanute Zinc Company. Mr. A. B. Cockerill has pur-
chased the works of the Nevada Spelter Company, at Nevada, Mo.,
which were partly dismantled after they had been sold to the Prime
Western Spelter Company. Mr. Cockerill has repaired the plant and
it is being operated in his name individually. The Gi'aselli Chemical
Company has built works at Clarksville, W. Va. The New Jersey
Zinc Company is planning a large new plant in the Chicago district.
Zinc oxide. — The production of zinc oxide for 1903 is estimated at
119,124,160 pounds, exclusive of the lead-zinc pigment made directly
from the ores by the United States Reduction and Refining Company,
of Canyon City, Colo., which amounted to 4,950,000 pounds. This
plant was increased about 50 cent during the year, but was in opera-
tion only about two-thirds of the time on account of a fire at the works.
The capacity of the oxide plant of the New Jersey Zinc Company at
Pkimerton was increased about one-third by the addition of 96 furnaces,
completed in the latter part of 1902. These were all in operation
daring 1903.
THE ZINC MINES.
The production of southwest Missouri and Kansas declined quite
diarply during 1903. Mr. Jesse A. Zook, of Joplin, has compiled for
the Diiily Globe the following statement of ore sales for 1901, 1902,
and 1903, by camps:
SaU$ of zinc and lead ore in the JopHn-Galena dittrid in 1901 ^ 1902, and 190 J.
Oftmp.
iflftai
OakntUMl Empiie.
<^rtmine
»rtfcnty
***•'«
Aiit»»
Zinc ore.
Quantity.
1901.
Short
Um§.
67,232
33,990
44,348
13,741
4,235
20,436
1902.
Short
totu.
73,090
80,839
h
,693
13,679
19,395
10,929
1903.
Value.
ShoH '
tons, j
63,870 12,436,465
23,402 I 769,095
44,917 < 1,539,545
I
17,600 ; 612,515
18,785 j 4(M,225
5,720 I 201,965
Lead ore.
QuanUty.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Short
Short
Short
tons.
tons.
tons.
12,227
10,206
8,(m
5,270
3,096
2,892 1
(8,772
1 840
I 9,118 9,880 i
1,479 1,&10 3,010 1
566
261 238 1
1,182
735 1
Value.
$431, 130
156.585
547,060
161,695
12,696
89.856
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256 MIKEEAL BBSOUB0£8.
Sales of zinc and lead are in the Joplin-Oalena dMrid in 1901, 1902, and i505— Conf d.
G&mp.
Oronogro
Zincite
AlbA*nd Neck City
Granby
Carthage
Cave Spring
Spurgeon and Spring City
Central City and Roaring
Springs
StottHCity
Carl Junction
Miscellaneous
Total 1903 .
Total 1902.
Total 1901 -
Total 1900.
Total 1899.
Zinc ore.
Quantity.
1901.
SAort
tons.
16,480
9,462
7,638
7,941
4,283
8,804
4,512
[3,470
[ 8,614
1,124
6,723
8,963
1902.
ShoH
toru.
9,225
7,508
7,048
8,459
5,958
4,594
4,883
8,680
1,481
7,051
4,336
1903.
Short
tons.
7,607
6,408
9,454
8,067
6,458
2,410
2,751
2,813
5,592
6,602
227,689
256,338
256,920
244,629
255,088
Value.
Lead ore.
Quantity.
1901. 1902.
1257,996
219,230
874,895
198,286
180,075
87,280
75,760
88,185
11,710
201,380
232,090
7,835,145
7,863,603
6,318,249
6,688,944
ShoH
taw.
877
176
26
1,075
10
364
1,883
292
189
46
177
ShoH
Urns.
477
205
288
1,060
28
242
1,169
234
972
1908.
ShoH
ton*.
221
128
158
809
199
296
916
263
11
696
Value.
$11,100
6,915
8,075
44,140
10,390
15,830
47,680
14,465
S7.990
28,530 1,546,005
80,142 I 1,4&4,81S
84,908 1,610,981
29,176 1,402,678
The smaller product of 1903 is principally due to the fact that the
majority of operators declined to operate their concentrating milk
during the night shift. Prospecting was not active in 1901, and since
it takes about two years for development after the ore has been located
by the drill, comparatively few mines entered the productive stage in
1903.
For previous years the ore sales have been as follows:
Ore sales in the Joplin-Oalena district, 1894-190S,
Year.
Zinc ore.
Lead ore.
Total value
both ores.
1894
ShoH tons.
147,310
144,487
155.383
177,976
234,455
255,088
244,629
256,920
266,838
227,689
ShoH tons.
32,199
81,294
27,721
80,105
26,687
23,888
29,176
84,988
90,142
28,620
$8,535,736
1895
3,775,929
1896 . .. .
3,857,355
1897
4,726,302
3898
7, 119, 867
1899
10,715,307
1900
7,996,622
1901
7,929, 23D
1902
9,318,<^1
1908
9,381,150
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ZINO.
257
The average base prices, from month to month, for the ores of the
district have been as follows in 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Average base prices of tmc and lead ores in the JopUn-Oalena distriet in 1900, 1901, 190£,
and 190S, by months.
Month.
Zinc, per
Bhort ton.
Lead, per 1,000 pounds.
1906.
1902.
1901.
1900.
1908.
1902.
1901.
1900.
JaoiMiy
180.60
31.07
SS.88
82.48
86.22
36.64
34.78
85.28
85.16
82.47
80.10
30.18
$26.76
27.00
28.00
28.86
29.23
84.10
84.87
82.60
33.00
88.68
82.10
29.25
•28.78
23.96
23.70
24.68
24.88
24.22
24.38
23.88
22.^
24.63
26.16
28.24
830.23
29.36
28.46
28.42
26.92
26.00
24.23
26.67
24.66
24.26
24.46
26.40
126.38
26.11
29.27
29.66
26.43
26.20
26.28
26.60
27.66
27.94
26.86
26.63
821.00
21.61
21.66
21.76
22.00
22.80
24.00
24.10
24.60
24.76
24.96
26.00
«22.80
22.60
28.10
22.76
28.69
28.62
28.49
22.90
23.16
28.15
23.14
22.86
128.00
PebniaiT
27.60
March.
26.60
ADfil
26.86
Vav
24.60
JOXK
22.80
July
21.85
Aognst
23.00
Ffp^fmb^
23.00
October
22.71
KovHntwr
22.80
December
22.19
Year
88.72
80.88
24.21
26.60
27.06
28.06
22.99
24.16
There has been a good deal of activity in the development of the
old zinc ore districts of southwestern Wisconsin. A considerable num-
ber of new concentrating mills of the Joplin type have been erected,
and it is probable that a considerably larger output will follow.
iDcreasiog quantities of zinc ores and concentrates are coming from
a number of camps in the Rocky Mountain region. Leadville has
continued its shipments, a goodly share even going to the zinc smelting
pbiot at Pueblo. Kokomo, Rico, and Creede contribute to Colorado's
total. Material is also sent from the Magdalene district in New Mex-
ico, and from Park City and Frisco, in Utah. For the first time ship-
ments to United States smelters have been made from the Slocan
district in British Columbia.
u B 1903 17
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258
MINERAL BE80UBOE8.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
The imports of zinc in its different forms liave ceased to be of any
consequence. For a series of years they were as follows:
Zinc imported and entered for consumption in the United States^ 1S67-190S,
Year ending-
June 3(^
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
187S
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1886
December 81-
1886
1887
1889..
1880..
1891..
1892.,
1898..
1894..
1895..
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1902..
1903..
Block or pigs.
Quantity.
Sheets.
Pounds.
6,762,611
9,327,968
13,211,675
9,221,121
11,169,040
11,802,247
6,839,897
3,598,570
2,034,262
947,822
1,266,894
1,270,184
1,419,791
8,092,620
2,860,216
18,406,391
17,067,211
6,869,788
3,516,840
4,800,830
8,387,647
3,826,947
2.052,559
1,997.624
808,094
297,969
425.183
387,788
744,301
1,040,719
2,905,451
2,605,028
2,783,329
1,767,766
666,434
895,064
403,355
Value.
«256,866
417,278
690,832
416,497
608,355
522,624
831,399
203,479
101,766
56,082
63,260
57,753
68,294
371,920
125,457
736,964
656,606
208,852
113,268
136,188
276,122
146,156
77,845
101,385
41,199
16,520
22,790
13,788
26,782
82,096
109,520
104,669
143,567
86,653
22,766
36,636
19. 161
Quantity.
Pmtndt.
8,142,417
3,557,448
8,306.728
9,542,687
7,646,821
10,704,944
11,122,143
6,016,836
7.320,718
4,611,360
1,341,833
1,265,620
1,111,226
4,069,810
2,727,324
4,413,042
3,309,239
962,253
1,889,860
1,092,400
926,150
295,287
1,014,878
781,366
21,948
27,272
28,913
89,947
42,513
27,821
15,971
39,712
86,878
155,144
157,787
136,587
258,770
Value.
•3U,767
203,883
478,646
609,860
409,243
698,886
716,706
424,604
444,589
296,808
81,816
69,381
68,060
210,280
129,158
207,082
141,828
86,120
64,781
40,820
82,626
12,658
43,356
48,495
1,460
2,216
1,985
2,061
2,773
1,358
786
2,724
6,364
10,801
10,467
8,839
8,537
Old.
Quantity.
Founds,
115,203
266
27,764
64,398
14,855
41,643
96,899
167.954
165,670
150,168
818,537-
326,331
Value.
I Value of i
-imanuiac-t
TMal
Tftlne.
f6,556
21
580
899
267
886
3,417
6,932
6,379
3,277
8,299
11,772
11.835
1,623
2,083
21,696
26,866
58,668
66,813
48,304
26.830
18,427
2,496
4,892
8,874
8,571
7,603
4,940
6,606
4,795
2,064
9,162
11,329
12,060
19,580
9,740
20,677
16,479
11.816
9,953
9,800
11,459
11,211
8,824
21,257
89,549
32,706
10,376
1509,968
622,779 •
1,071,081
947,0U
948,964
1,178,077
1,108,918
676.297
572. 63S
872,817
147.661
132, OS
109,718
565,721
262,218
948,986
802,ff2
249,767
180, lOS
186,620
319,977
170,794
140,781
154,570
42,659
45,969
41,275
28,196
40.407
43,521
122,661
122,021
165,667
128,090
76,069
76,882
49.846
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ZINC.
259
Imports of zinc oxide f 1886-190S,
Year ending —
Dr>-.
Pound*.
JanelO,U«6 2,288,128
December SI —
U8S 8,626,289
1887 \ 4,961,080
1888, 1,401,842
1889 ' 2,686,861
1890 2,681,468
1891 1 2,889,351
1802 1 2,442,014
1886 1 8,900,749
In oil.
Pound*.
98,666
79,788
128,216
51,985
66,240
102,298
'128,140
111,190
254,807
Year ending-
Dry.
December 81-
1894
1895
1896
1897 ,
1898 ,
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Pound*.
3,871,292
4,546,049
4,572,781
5,564,768
8,842,235
8,012,709
2,618,806
8,199,778
8,271,885
8,487,042
In oil.
Pound*.
59,291
129,843
811,028
602,357
27,060
41,699
88,706
128,198
168,061
166,084
ELcporU of zinc and zinc ore of domegtic productianj 1864-190S,
Year ending —
June 80-
18M.
1865..
IMS.
1867.
1809
1870
M71
1872
M7J
1874.:
1875
1876
1877
1«7»
1879
1880
1881
1882
1881
18M
1885
December SI —
1888
MB7
18Bi.
vm.
18K.
18M.
M7.
I
Ore or oxide.
Quantity. Value.
CwL
14,810
99.871
4,485
8,676
8,844
16,286
9,621
8,686
284
2,660
8,088
10,178
6,428
16,060
10,660
18,024
11,890
10,904
3,045
4,780
6,840
26,620
4,700
4,560
26,760
77,860
115,820
18,880
980
480
41,600
165,200
210,400
506,940
751, 100
788,600
995,240
708,760
1116,481
U4,149
25,091
82,041
74,706
65,411
81,487
48,292
20,880
2,804
20,037
20,659
66,259
34,468
88,831
40,899
42,086
16,405
13,786
11,609
16,685
22,824
49,455
17,286
18,034
73,802
195,118
149,435
41,186
1,271
5
1,008
47,408
211,850
299,870
726,944
1,133,663
1,167,684
1,449,104
987,000
Plates, sheets, pigs, or
Quantity. Value.
Pound*.
95,788
184,188
140,798
312,227
1,022,699
U0,167
76,880
62,919
78,958
43,566
38,090
134,542
1,419,922
2,545,820
2,182,949
1,868,302
1,491,786
1,489,562
852,333
126,043
101,685
917,229
186,670
62,284
879,785
8,295,684
4,294,656
12,494,335
7,446,984
3,607,060
3,060,805
20,260,169
28,490,662
20,998.413
13,509,316
44,802,677
6,780,221
6,473,135
3,041,911
112,209
22,740
13,290
80,587
68,214
10,672
7,823
5,726
4,656
3,612
4,245
11,651
115,122
216,680
170,654
119,264
132,805
124,688
70,961
9,576
7,270
75,192
9,017
4,270
44,049
126,291
278,182
609,549
418,678
144,074
158,175
1,013,620
1.356.538
1.088.950
742,521
2,217,693
288,906
300,557
163,879
Value of
manufac-
tures.
Total yaluc.
11,000
4,388
1,118
667
168
734
4,666
4,991
13,626
16,789
19,096
85,782
28,587
88,921
166,794
224,787
99,406
60,061
51,001
71,021
188,165
118,282
99,288
82,046
114,197
71,854
1128,700
186,889
88,881
62^628
142,920
65,411
92,159
56,115
26,606
6,960
28,649
25,904
82,248
150,708
800.978
211,068
161,800
149,878
138,374
83,224
30,927
36,085
188,178
43,092
41,402
168,588
844,991
466,588
877,629
639,781
243,485
204.234
1,U2,029
1.638,909
1,471,994
1,6U,697
8,450.644
1,538,636
1,868,858
1,221,788
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260
MINERAL RE8OUB0B8.
During 1903 there was exported a' fair quantity of New Jersey ore
via New York, and Colorado shipped a larger quantity via Gralveston.
Exports of zinc ore^ by customs ditirictSj during 1901, 1902 , and 190S.
Customs district.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. 1 Value.
New York
Long tons.
24,092
2,039
291
13,003
1694,995
62,145
8.512
402,032
Long tons.
20,883
$582,229
Longtan».
28,722 1 1649,970
PhiladelDhia
Galveston
27,817
290
687
186
831,620
8.600
17,610
6,145
11,227 ' 331,880
Npw Orleans
NpwDort News
All other districts
239 1 5,680
Total
39,425
1,167,684
49,762
1,449,104
35,188 I 967,000
The following table shows the destination of the ore exports:
Exports of zinc ore, by countries, during 1901, 1902, and 190S,
Country.
Austria-Hungary .
Belgium
Netherlands
Germany
United Kingdom .
1901.
Quantity. Value.
lAjng tons.
18,167
26,187
1
120
Total.
39,425
$406,734
767,296
40
8,616
1902.
Quantity.
Lmig tons.
90
30,138
19,244
290
Value.
92,700
896,824
611,980
8,600
1,167,684
49,762 ' 1,449,104
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
80
11,813
28,168
116
17
36,188
•2.400
346,380
634,200
8,4fi0
600
987.000
The exports of spelter, by customs districts and by countries of
destination, are exhibited in the following tables:
Exports of zinc, by customs districts, during 1901, 1902, and 190S.
Customs district.
New York
Philadelphia
Norfolk and Newport News.
Bal timore
New Orleans
Detroit
Huron
All other districts
Total.
1901.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
3,827,740 I $169,832
710,200 I 80,631
1,171,068 53,074
936,227
134.986
38,607
6,862
6,780,221 I 288,906
1902.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
1,456,101
4,277,241
16,626
1,844
8,838
196,649
622,537
6,478,135
863,731
196,156
900
78
229
9,361 1
1908.
Quantity, i Value.
28,132
Pounds.
698,836
689
1,704,491
62,900
6,567
179,840
183,188
305,910
300.557 3,041,911
$86,884
49
86.068
3,897
468
10,607
10.592
15,300
163,879
Practically all the spelter shipped from Atlantic coast ports is the
high-grade spelt(*r made from New Jersey and Virginia ores.
The destination of the exports of zinc is shown in the following
table:
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ZING.
261
ExporU of zinc, by countries^ during the calendar years 1901, 1909, and 1908.
1901.
Country.
I Quantity.
Poui^.
83.545
1,000
Belgiam
Germany
Netherlands
United Kingdom I 5. 167,274
Ouiada ' 1,085,020
An other countries ! 498,382
Value.
$8,770
50
Total 6,780,221
218,841
43,758
22.492
288.906
1902.
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity.
Pounds.
Pounds.
162,351
68,851 I
5,256,329 I
234,390
751,214 '
97,394
3,197
237,345
12,256
40,865
Value.
1,767,391
401,584
872,986
6,478,135
300,557
3,041,911
S89.985
23,305 .
60,089
168,879
CONSUMPTION.
The consumption of spelter was satisfactory in 1903, the require-
ments of the galvanizing and brass industries being good until the
closing months of the year. The reports of stocks are more complete
than they have been in the past. Producers who in 1903 made
99,224 short tons of spelter, reported their stocks to be 9,926 short
tons on January 1, 1904, as compared with 6,407 short tons on Jan-
uary 1, 1903. The following table gives an estimate based on the
data available:
Ettimaied coTimmpiion of spelter, 1896-1903.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899. 1 1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
PiodoctioD
Short
tons.
81,499
428
ShoH
tons.
99,960
1.279
1.768
ShoH
tons.
115,399
1,308
2,014
Short j Short
tons. \ tons.
129,051 123.886
1.892 1 961
897
Short
tons.
140,822
857
3.908
ShoH
tans.
156,927
448
Short
tons.
159,219
202
124.847
157;375
Total Kupply
81,927
4
10,130
1,675
108,027
118,716
181.840
145,087
169,421
D«laei-
ExDOfta of forpiffii
14.245
18
10.499
I 23
6, 756 22. 410
ExDorta of domestte
8,890
3,237
1.466
1,521
Inefeaae of stock during year. . .
8,016
3,519
Total
11,809
70,118
14.245
10,517
6,755
25.448
8,390
141^697
4,698
162.682
5,040
ipfarent home consumption
88,782
108.199
124,585
99.399
154,381
Consumption, therefore, was very well maintained in 1903.
PRICKS.
Tlie spelter market early in the year displayed a hardening tendency,
»fter opening with prices as low as 4.56 to 4.57i cents at New York.
Month after month prices advanced steadily until 5.75 cents was
latched as a minimum in May and June, and as high as 6.25 cents
was paid. Six cents as a minimum was paid in September and Octo-
^T. November, however, brought the general uneasiness in the
BKtal trades, and with it the market declined quite rapidly in that
iBonth and in December, the market closing at 4.62i cents.
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262
MINERAL RE80UTM3E8.
The following table summarizes the prices of spelter since 1875:
l*ricen of common Weatem »pdter in Neiv York CUy^ 1875-189''*.
[C^ntfl per pound.]
Year.
Highest.
Lowest.
1875 -. --
7.35
8.00
6.50
5.75
6.25
6.75
6.00
6.00
4.75
4.65
4.62
6.20
6.37
1876....
1877....
1
5.50
1878
4.25
1879
4.12
1880
4.62 1
1881
4.75
1882
4.50
4.80
4.00
4.00
1883
1884
1885
Year.
Highest, Lowest
1886
4.60
1887
5.87
1888
5.87
1889
5 35
1890
6.10
1891
6.00
1892
4.90
1888
4.50
1894
4.00
1895
4.35
4.25
4.40
4.d0
4.62
4.20
4.3
4.86
S.55
S.2S
S.10
Price of common Western spelter in New York City, 1896-190Sy by vumths.
[GeDts per pound.]
Year.
January.
Febniar>-.
March.
April.
Highest.
Lowest.
Highest.
Lowest.
Highest.
Lowest
Highest
Low^t.
1896
4.05
4.10
4.00
5.70
4.75
4.15
4.80
4.90
4.00
3.90
3.90
5.15
4.50
4.02
4.25
4.55
4.15
4.10
4.10
6.50
4.75
4.02
4.25
5.05
4.00
4.00
8.90
5.70
4.55
3.92
4.00
4.97
4.15
4.15
4.25
6.50
4.70
8.95
4.85
6.76
4.10
4.10
4.15
6.26
4.50
3.87
4.20
6.06
4.20
4.15
4.30
6.80
4.76
4.05
4.46
5.75
4.05*
1897
4.10
1898
4 15
1899
6.20
1900
4.66
1901
1««
1908
8.92
4.40
&50
Year.
May.
June.
July.
Angnst
Highest.
Lowest.
Highest.
Lowest.
Highest
Lowest
Highest 1 Lowest
1896
4.15
4.20
4.80
7.00
4.55
4.02
4.65
5.80
4.00
4.10
4.10
6.75
4.60
3.92
4.40
5.75
4.15
4.25
5.15
6.75
4.40
4.00
4.85
6.25
4.00
4.16
4.30
6.16
4.15
3.95
4.80
6.76
4.10
4.80
4.80
6.26
4.28
3/92
5.36
6.26
8.90
4.20
4.46
6.00
4.15
3.90
5.00
5.87
3.90
4.35
4.75
6.00
4.16
4.00
5.60
6.00
3.66
1887
4.25
1896
4 45
1899
5.30
1900
4.10
1901
8.92
1902
5.35
1903
5.80
Year.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Highest.
Lowest
Highest.
Lowest
Highest
Lowest
Hlghert.
Lowest
1896
3.70
4.85
4.824
5.76
4.10
4.10
6.50
6.10
3.60
4.25
4.70
5.20
4.05
4.00
5.80
6.00
8.75
4.80
5.15
5.50
4.15
4.85
6.60
6.12
8.65
4.15
4.82J
6.15
4.05
4.07
6.40
6.00
4.26
4.26
6.25
5.00
4.80
4.87
6.86
6.00
3.75
3.90
5.15
4.60
4.10
4.30
6.10
5.26
4.25
8.90
5.80
4.70
4.25
4.60
6.00
6.26
4 15
1897
Sl75
1896
4.90
1899
4.56
1900
4.05
1901
4.80
1902
4.60
1908
4.66
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ZINC.
263
THE WORIiB'S PRODUCTION.
Me88r8. Henry B. Merton & Co. (Limited), of Liondon, on the basis
of detailed reports, make the production of spelter in Europe as
follows:
Production of zinc in Europe, 1896-190S,
[Long tons.]
Coantr7 or district.
Rhine. Belgium, and Hol-
land
sawda
Great Britain
ADitria and Italy
Prance and Spain
Pioland
Total
United flutes
Total world's prodao-
tkm ,
rnited States percentage of
woild's prodnctkm
1896.
179,780
96,876
24,880
9,256
28,460
6,166
1807.
184,466
94,046
23,660
8,186
82,120
6,760
844,856
72,767
417,122
17.4
348,115
487,883
20.4
1808.
188,815
97,670
27,940
7,115
82,136
5,575
1899.
189,965
98.590
81,715
7,190
32,965
6,225
859,250
108,061
462,811
22.8
366,630
115,224
1900.
186.820
100,706
29,830
6,975
80,620
5,876
360,325
110,612
481,864 470,937
28.9
28.6
199,285
106,385
29,190
7,700
27,265
5,935
375,760
125,734
601,494
26.1
200,140
115,280
89,610
8,460
27,080
8,150
898,670
140,114
1908.
216,690
116.835
43,415
9,026
27,920
9,746
422,630
142,169
638,784 564,789
26.0
26.2
The leading producers are Vieille Montague, with 76,905 long tons;
Hoheolohe, with 28,575 tons; Schlesische Actien-Gesellschaft, with
27,445 tons; the Lanyon Zinc Company; G. von Giesche's Erben, with
26,160 tons; and the Edgar Zinc Company, followed by the Stolberg
Company, with 20,750 tons, and the Soci^t^ Asturienne, with 20,330
ton5i.
According to the annual report of the Vieille Montague Company,
the production of spelter was 84,906 metric tons, the rolling mills
having produced 68,313 tons of sheet zinc, and the zinc-white works
10,450 tons. The gross profit was 7,505,704.99 francs and the net
profit 6,256,017.81 francs. There were placed to reserve 2,145,203.56
fnmcs; 457,601.78 francs went to the administration, 114,400.44
francs to the directors, and 3,600,000 francs were distributed as
dividends.
The Soci^t^ Anonyme M^tallurgique de Prayon produced 13,352
metric tons of spelter and made a gross profit of 767,990 francs.
After writing off, there were left 449,137.36 francs net profit, out of
which dividends aggregating 325,000 francs were paid, while 81,075.28
francs went to the administration.
The zinc mines of Upper Silesia in 1903 produced 208,785 metric tons
of cahunine, valued at 1,774,792 marks; 343,968 tons of blende, valued
tt 18,676,294 marks; 7,643 tons of pyrites, valued at 8.14 marks per
ton; and 5.470 tons of lead ore, valued at 76.70 marks per ton. There
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264 MINEBAL RESOUBOES.
were employed 8,597 men, those over 16 years of age earning 830.8()
marks per annum and those under 16 years earning 227.45 marks per
annum, and 2,640 women, who earned an aveiuge of 285 marks per
annum.
The number of zinc works was 23, and they employed 6,792 men
and 1,275 women, whose wages were 6,959,638 marks. The men over
16 earned 982.61 marks per annum; the boys under 16 years 277.47
marks, and the women 338.57 marks per annum. The consumption of
materials was 103,669 tons of calamine, 281,289 tons of zincblende,
1,707 tons of furnace accretions, and 4,545 tons of zinc ashes. There
were also consumed 1,225,007 tons of fuel and 48,085 tons of fire clay.
The production was 118,522 tons of spelter, valued at 46,753,863 marks;
16,745 tons of cadmium, valued at 81,649 marks; and 1,318 tons of
lead, valued at 285,634 marks.
The rolling mills emplo^^ed 792 workers, to whom 645,089 marks
were paid in wages. The consumption of spelter was 39,080 tons, and
the product was 38,039 tons of sheet zinc, 377 tons of lead, and 454
tons of by-products, with a total value of 17,545,177 marks.
One zinc-white plant produced 1,107 tons of zinc white.
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ALUMINUM AND BAUXITE.
By Joseph Stbuthers.
AliUMINirM.
PRODUCTION.
The production of aluminum in the United States during 1903 is
estimated at 7,500,000 pounds, aa compared with 7,300,000 pounds in
1902, and 7,150,000 pounds in 1901. It has not been possible to obtain
exact statistics of the production of aluminum, but judging from
the extension of the uses of the metal and its alloys for such construc-
tional and decorative work a^ requires lightness and no great strength,
together with the increased quantity of aluminum, in the form of
wires and bars, used to replace copper for conducting the electric
current, it is fair to assume that the production of the light metal in
the United States is steadily on the increase. This assumption is
strengthened by the fact that the quantity of bauxite (the crude min-
eral from which aluminum is extracted) consumed during the last
few years has been successively larger and larger, the consumption
being based on the domestic production plus the quantity imported.
The following table shows the production of aluminum in the United
States for each year since the inception of the industry in 1883:
ProdtutUm of aluminum in the United States, 1883-1903.
Year.
tm.
UK.
I*t7.
Quantity.
•
Year.
PoundB.
83
150
283
3,000
18,000
19,000
1 18»5 1
!l896 !
1897 !
!l898 '
1899
' 1900
01,281
150,000
259, 88&
333. G29
550,000
1902.
1903.
ToUl .
Quantity.
Pounds.
920.000
1.300,000
4,000,000
5,200,000
6,500,000
7,150,000
7.150,000
7,300,000
7,500,000
48,462,779
265
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266
MINERAL RESOURCES.
It is to be rejrretted that the secretive policy concerning the devel-
opment of the industry continues to be pursued by the various com-
panies manufacturing aluminum. Doubtless a free interchange of
ideas on the reduction, refining, and working of the light metal,
as well as on the special practice followed in making its various alloys,
would help to develop this branch of the metal industry, and in con-
sequence benefit each and every contributor to the general fund of
knowledge. The rapid and phenomenal progress in the iron and steel
industry in the United States is largely attributable to the willingness
of each individual manufacturer to describe and discuss his own
practice, and thus, by cooperation, help the others, and in turn be
helped by them.
At the present time five companies having 10 plants at different
localities are engaged in producing metallic aluminum by the electrolytic
process. Metallic aluminum is the sole product of the works operated
by the Pittsburg Reduction Company; all of the foreign companies
manufacture other electrolytic products as well.
Aluminum works in America and Europe^ 190S.
Name of company.
The Plttuburg Reduction Co.
The PittsbuiK Reduction Co.
The Pittsburg Reduction Co.
The Pittuburg Reduction Co.
(Royal Aluminium Co.)
The British Aluminium Co. .
Soci^t^ Electro - Metallur-
gique Fran^^ise.
Compa^rniedes ProduitMChi-
miques d* Alais.
Aluminium - Industrie - A k -
tien-Gesellschaft.
Aluminium - Industrie • A k -
t ien-Oesellschaf t.
Aluminium - Industrie- Ak- I
tien-Oesellschaft.
Location of works.
Horsepower.
Avail-
able.
I
Nia^ra Falls, New York.
Niagara Falls, New York ,
Massena Springs, New York . 1 , 200
Shawenegan Falls, Quebec, 6, 000
Canada.
Foyers, Scotland
Le Pras, Savoy, France.
In use.
I 14,000
ProoeM.
Hall !S1,600,000
Capital.
Hall.
5,000 , Hall.
5,000 I Heroult 3,S6O,00D
5,000 Heroult 1 2.880,000
8t. Michel, Savoy, France ..
Neuhausen, Switzerland
Rheinfelden,- Baden, Ger-
many.
Lend Gastein, near Salz-
burg, Austria.
14,000
12,600 ,
6,000
4,000
5,000
15,000 I 15.000 I Heroult .
2,000 ; Hall& Minet.
4,000 ' Heroult
5,000 Heroult
3,077,000
The chief point of interest affecting the aluminum industry in the
United States during the year 1903 was the final adjudication of the
many lawsuits and counter lawsuits which from time to time have
been instituted in behalf of the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Com-
pany, of Cleveland, Ohio, and the Pittsburg Reduction Company, of
Pittsburg, Pa. In October, 1903, the United States court of appeals
rendered a decision against the Pittsburg Reduction Company (oper-
ating the Hall patents) for infringement, since 1892, of the rights of
the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company, operating the Bradley
patents. The sum involved was approximately $3,000,000. On Octo-
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f
f
A
\
1
11
ALUMINUM AND BAUXITK. 267
ber 13, 1903, a friendly agreement was entered into by the two compa-
nies to the effect that the Pittsburg Reduction Company should pay a
given 8um for the quantity of aluminum made by it up to the date of
the agreement, and should continue the manufacture of aluminiun
under license of the Bradley patents untjl the time of their expiration,
in February, 1909, paying a royalty for all metal produced in the
future; the operation of the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Com-
pany is to be restricted to the manufacture of aluminum alloys,
atthon^ it may handle and sell aluminum in all forms at the works of
tJie company at Lockport, N. Y. The settlement involved also an
agreement by the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company not to
appeal the old case of the Pittsburg Reduction Company v. the Cowles
E^lectric Smelting and Aluminum Company, wherein the latter com-
pany was enjoined by the United States circuit court from manufac-
turing aluminum metal. By the terms of this agreement there will
be no future litigation between the two companies.
The patent of C. M. Hall, covering the cryolite-alumina electrolyte,
was applied for July 9, 1886, and was granted April 2, 1889; but in
its specifications externally heated crucibles were described. The
patent of C. S. Bradley (No. 468,148), which was applied for on Feb-
ruary 23, 1883, and granted only on February 2, 1892, covers the
invention of dispensing with external heating in such electrolytic pro-
060866 by the use of a sufficient electric current to keep the electrolyte
in a fused condition. The Bradley patent was proved, by a suit decided
in 1897, to belong to the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company.
In the early days of aluminum manufacture. Hall, at the works of the
Pittsburg Reduction Company, dispensed with the external heating of
the crucible, and it was decided that by so doing he infringed the
Bradley patent. The case is somewhat complicated for the reason that
in 1893, as a result of an action brought by the Pittsburg Reduction
Company against the Cowles Electric Smelting and Aluminum Com-
pany, it was decided by the court that the latter company had infringed
the Hall patent. It now appears that neither company can manufac-
ture alnminum by its present methods without infringing a patent
wiuch is the property of the other. However, the agreement of both
eompanies, mentioned above, removes any possible conflict and places
the manufacture of the metal on a proper business basis.
The Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company apparently now con-
trok tiie electric smelting industry in the United States, as, in addition
to the electric smelting of aluminum, the following companies are more
w leas subsidiary to it: The Co\^les Smelting Company, the Union
Ourlnde Company, the British Aluminium Company, the Electric Gas
Company, the Acetylene Illuminating Company, the Wilson Aluminium
Company, and the Acetylene Company.
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268 MINERAL RE8OUB0E8.
PROGRESS OF THE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES DURING
1903.
The new plant of the Pittbburg Reduction Company at Massena
Springs, N. Y., was put into operation in September, 1903. The
equipment includes four SOO-horsepower sets generating current at 500
volts, and provision is made to extend the works up to a consumption
of 12,000 horsepower should the increasing demand warrant the out-
lay. The St. Lawrence Water Power Company at present supplies
the electric current used in the extraction of the metal. In addition
to the manufacture of aluminum, this company has installed a plant
for the manufacture of carbon electrodes used in the reduction furnace,
and has also a wire mill under construction.
The Pittsburg Reduction Companj^ now has the large capacity of
17,200 horsepower, which is equivalent to 4,850 tons of metal yearly,
a quantity that almost equals the combined output of the European
producers.
The Pittsburg Reduction Company has two plants at Niagara Falls,
N. Y., the upper one using 4,000 horsepower, near the grounds of the
Niagara Falls Power Company above the Falls, and the lower one on the
edge of the gorge, using 6,500 horsepower, supplied by the Hydraulic
Power and Manufacturing Company. The Pittsburg Reduction Com-
pany was the tirst manufacturing plant to use the power of the Niagara
Falls Power Company in 1893, and, as an inducement, it is understood
that a contract was entered into for the supply of electric current at a
cost not exceeding $18 per horsepower per j^ear, including the installa-
tion by the power company of transforming machinery at the aluminum
plant.
At the upper plant the alternating current is first passed through
12 air-cooled stationary transformers, which reduce the potential of the
current to 115 volts, and raise its amperage correspondingly with a con-
version loss of 3 per cent. The current then passes to six 800 horse-
power rotary transformers, giving a direct current of 160 volts, with an
accompanying loss of another 3 per cent. Five of these rotary tran.^-
formei's, running at a full capacity, furnish two currents, each approxi-
mately of 10,000 amperes and 160 volts. These currents ma3^ also be
produced by running all six transformers at five-sixths of their full
capacity.
The details of equipment and working of the plants at Niagara Falls,
as given by Prof. Joseph Richards," is briefly sunmoarized as follows:
At the upper works there are two lines of crucible fomaces, technically termed
** re<liicing pots,** each being supplied with current by uninsulated aluminum bars,
each 12 inches by 1 inch in cross section, which can carry 800 amperes per square
inch of section.
Each pot absorbs 65 volts and has a voltage drop of 5 volts. The electrodes are of
carbon, 3 inches in diameter and 18 inches long, each carrying 250 amperes. About
a Electrochemlft And MetaUuivist, October, 1902, p. 49.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
ALUMINUM AND BAUXITE. 269
OD^Iydf the enei^ of the carrent is consamed in the chemical work of decompoe-
ing the alumina and half in maintaining the proper temperature and fluidity of the
mohen bath for the electrolysis — from 850*" to 900® C. The efficiency of the furnace,
bned on the amperage, is stated to he hetween 80 and 90 per cent.
The bath in the cmcible consists of cryolite, to which is added aluminum fluoride
18 the solvent, and purified alumina. The action of the current sets free metallic
tfaminum, which settles to the hottom of the crucible and is there collected in a
molten condition; and oxygen, which combines with the carbon of the electrode and
forms carbon monoxide, finally escaping to the upper surface of the material in the
cmcible, where it is burned to carbon dioxide, with its characteristic blue flame.
Altiioagh 4,000 horsepower are used, there is no odor of chlorine in the furnace
room, except daring the casting of the metal or when a pot is being trimmed.
The alominum metal produced is more than 99 per cent pure and contains on the
ftTerige 0.1 per cent of iron, 0.3 per cent of silicon, and smaller quantities of copper,
titanium, carbon, and sodium. The metal is cast into rough ingots, each weighing
about 20 pounds, which are shipped to New Kensington, Pa., for remelting and con-
venion into merchant shapes.
Daring 1903 a furnace plant has been added, similar to the one at Massena Springs,
in which to make the carbon electrodes for the electric furnaces. The company has
also installed an electric furnace for refining bauxite, in order to obtain a purer prod-
Oct from the alnminum furnaces.
At the lower works the current, produced at the power-house by nine 750 horse-
power Westinghonse dynamos, coupled direct to turbmes with horizontal shafts, is
carried 250 feet distant to the reduction room of the aluminum plant by means of
alominum cables having a cross-sectional area of 28 inches. Each dynamo gives a
'lirect carrent of 2,000 amperes at a potential of 280 volts, the full nine supplying
the 6,500 horsepower required to operate the three lines of fumacee.
The daily output of the lower plant, which is operated exactly in
the same manner as the upper one, is about 11,000 pounds of metallic
alaminum, which ji^ives a total daily output from both plants of the
company approximating 19,000 pounds. Bkirly in the year 1903 the
company employed 150 men at the lower works and 200 men at
the upper works. The fewer number of men at the larger works is
doe to the fact that crude metal only from refined material is made
ther^.
During the year 1903 H. Meissonier, of Paris, France, published his
important book, L' Aluminum, Se^ Propri^t^s, Ses Applications, 222
pigeH, Gauthier-Villars, Paris and New York, $2.50. The work sum-
marizes the knowledge of aluminum acquired up to date, from the
trettment of the crude ore tq the refining of the metal, and its manu-
fiwture into various alloys.
PRICES OP ALUMINUM AND ITS CHIEF ALLOYS.
Despite the increasing demand for aluminum, due to the extension
of its uses both as metal and as alloys, the price per pound has con-
tinned practically stationary throughout the years 1901, 1902, and
1W8. The prices in the United States during the years mentioned
are given in detail in the following table:
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270
MINEBAL BESOUB0E8.
Prices per pound of aluminum and its alloys during 1901, 190^^ and 1903.
No. 1 (aluminum, 99.75 per cent)
No. 2 (aluminum, 90 per cent)
Nickel-aluminum casting metal (10 per cent nickel)
Special casting alloy (80 per cent aluminum)
Small
lots.
OaiU,
87
34
89
35
100-pound
lots.
Oent«.
30
1,000 pound 2,000-poaiul
lots. I lots.
OmU.
CatU.
34
82
34 I
29 ;
»
3S
J7
The price of in^i^ot aluminum during 1903 was adjusted by an agree-
ment between all of the aluminum producers in the world.
IMPORTS.
In the first table below are given the quantities and valuei< of the
aluminum imported into the United States from 1870 to 1890, and
in the second table are given the quantities and values of crude and
manufactured aluminum imported from 1891 to 1902.
Aluminum imported and entered for consumption in ttie United SteUes, lif70-lS90.
Year ending-
June 80—
1870. . .
1871...
1872...
1878...
1874...
1875...
1876...
1877...
1878...
1879...
1880...
Quantity.
Pounds.
Value.
198
341
2
2
683
2,126
434
1.356
189
1,412
181
1,551
261
2,978
284
3,423
341
4,042
Year ending-
Quantity.
June 30—
1881..
1882..
1883..
1884..
1885..
Dec. 81—
1886..
1887..
1888..
1889..
1890..
I
Pounds.
517
557
425
595
4S9
45e2
1.260
1,849
2.061
Value.
•6.071
6,450
5,070
8,416
4,786
5,8»
12,119
14,0K6
4. MO
7,062
Imports of crude and manufactured aluminum, 1891-190S.
Calendar year.
Crude.
jQuantity. Value.
1891,
1892,
1893
1891
1895
1896
1897
1898,
1899
1900
1901.
1902,
1908
Potmds.
8,922
43
7,816
5,806
25,294
698
1,822 i
60
53,622
256,559
564,803
745,217
496,655
96,266
51
4,688
2,514
7,814
591
1,082
30
9,425
44,455
104,168
215,082
189,298
Leaf.
^^IW.""^ Value.
10,088
11,540
18,700
10,780
6,610
4,657
4,260
2,000
693
1,103
210
Quantity. Value.
SI, 135
1,202
1,908
1,210
646
528
368
174 i
112
102
Platea, sheets,
bars, and rods.
Pounds.
82
4,424
«3.068
L8,442
8,991
4,254
2,418
4,264
2,776
7,764
5,319
4,652
2,548
4,276
2,818
Manufao-
tures.
Total
Talue.
SI. 161
1,036
1,679
886
1,841
2,866
221
4.676
5,808
3,111
261
1,289
1,856
•8,565
2.289
8,265
4,U0
10,801
8,479
4,729
18,870
17,288
50,444
109,748
218,851
148,471
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ALUMINUM AND BAUXITE.
271
The import duty on aluminum in the United States is 8 cents per
pound for ingot metal and 13 cents per sheet for manufactured metal.
PROGRESS OF THE INDUSTRY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES DURING
1903.
In Canada, the Royal Aluminium Company, which is controlled by
the Pittsburg Reduction Company, utilizes 5,000 of its 6,000 horse-
power capacity in the manufacture of aluminum by the electric-furnace
process. The power is supplied by the Shawenegan Water and Power
Company, which has expended more than $3,000,000 in developing
the power plant at Shawenegan Falls, on the St. Maurice River. The
power available at the falls ranges from a minimum, during low water,
of 150,000 horsepower, to a maximum, at high water, of 600,000 horse-
power; of this power the company has increased its capacity so as to
utilize 100,000 horsepower at the first of the year 1904.
The works of the Soci^t^ Electro-M^tallurgique Franyaise, at Le
Praz in Savoy, are mainly used for the manufacture of metallic
aluminum, although ferrochromium and other iron alloys are also
made. Among the dynamos used to generate electric power are two
worthy of special note. These are of unipolar type and furnish a
direct continuous current of 7,500 amperes at 35 volts when operated
at 300 revolutions per minute. No commutating device is used, con-
sequently losses by hystereses and Foucault currents are avoided.
Although these dynamos are very heavy and expensive, this disad-
vantage is more than offset by reliability and high eflSciency of work-
ing. The total water power available at the works amounts to 14,000
horsepower, from which electrical energy exceeding 7,000 horsepower
is obtained by various dynamos numbering 32 in all. The current
used for the electro-metallurgical work is generated by seven 6-pole
Thury dynamos, giving a normal continuous current of 3,000 amperes
at 110 volts, when run at a speed of 250 revolutions per minute.
These dynamos, grouped in two sets of three each, holding the seventh
*me in reserve, generate a current of 9,000 amperes at from 110 to 130
volte (the voltage varying with the resistance of the electrolytic baths);
and the work has been so satisfactory that the company contemplates
the installation of an additional group of 14 machines of this same
type. Aluminum is used in place of copper for conducting the electric
mrrent
The plant of the Compagnie des Produits Chimiques d'Alais, at
Calypso, near St. Michel, Savoy, France, uses a current of a potential
energy of 4,000 amperes. The crucibles of the electric furnace are
1 meter long, 0.55 meter wide, and 0.20 meter deep. Copper bars
are u^ed to conduct the electric current from the dynamos to the
farnaceH and along the furnace sides; the carbon anodes are attached
thereto by means of stirrup-shaped connections, which allow a vertical
movement of any or all of the anodes as may be desired. The bath of
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272 MINERAL BESOUBOB8.
fused material is covered with a layer of charcoal, which diminishes
the loss of heat by radiation. The proper alumina content of the bath
is maintained by spreading a fresh layer of the material on the top of
the charcoal, and from time to time pushing small quantities of it into
the molten bath. The condition of the electrolyte in each furnace is
continuously indicated by the brightness of a 10-volt incandescent
lamp. The molten aluminum, containing from 99.5 to 99.6 per cent
of metal, is removed from the bottom of the bath every hour by tilt-
ing the furnace, which is supported on trunnions for this purpose.
During the year 1903 the works of the Aluminium-Industrie- Aktien-
Gesellschaft, at Neuhausen, have been considerably extended. The
second plant, situated at Lend Gastein, near Salzburg, Austria, for-
merly using 9,000 horsepower, has been augmented by the erection of
a new power plant at Rauris, 8 kilometers distant; the height of the
fall of water is 130 meters, and at present three turbines furnish 6,000
horsepower, which gives a total capacity of 15,000 horsepower at the
Lend reduction works. The third plant of this company, at Rheinfel-
den, in Baden; Germany, has been greatly improved by the installation
of apparatus for regulating the head of water. The company now has
at its three plants a total of 24,000 hoi*sepower, and a further exten-
sion of its hydraulic power is in contemplation. The chief product is
aluminum, but high-grade carbide is also made, and experimental
work is now being carried on in other electrolytical and electric
furnace processes.
The capacity of the works of the British Aluminium Company at
Foyers, Scotland, is being increased by the addition of two 520-kilo-
watt Dick-Kerr dynamos, with attached turbines to operate them.
The manufacturing works of the company, also, are being increased
in order to handle the future increased output. These factories are
situated at Larne, Ireland, and at Greenock and Milton, Staflfordf^hire,
England. Toward the end of the year 1903 it was reported that the
financial affairs of the company had been greatly strengthened by the
repayment of the entire £10,000, which it was empowered to borrow
in priority to the debenture stock.
TECHNOLOGY.
Uaes. — ^The metal aluminum is used mainly for the transmission of
electric currents, in place of copper, although a large proportion of
the output is manufactured into articles for domestic and culinary use.
Other uses of growing importance are, — for the construction of parts
of machines and apparatus which require lightness rather than great
strength; in the manufacture of special alloys; as a substitute for
stone and zinc in lithographic work; and for the production of intense
heat by the combustion of the metal in the powder called thermit
(which is the basis of three important branches of metallurgical work).
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ALUlCtNUM AND BAUXITE. 273
Alominum is also used in the manafacture of a special explosive
called ammonal; in the rubber industry for making lasts and boot
trees upon which rubber shoes and boots are made; in cast-iron
foandry practice as a substitute for the ordinary wooden patterns;
as a substitute for wood in making bobbins for spinning and weaving
machines treating silk fiber; and in powdered form for the manu-
facture of white metallic paints, a use to which it is particularly
suited on account of its nonsusceptibility to atmospheric influences.
Among the proposed new uses of aluminum is its substitution for the
glass carboys or earthenware vessels employed for the transportation
of nitric acid, and also as a substitute for zinc in lining cisterns and
other receptacles for storing water.
Electrical canditctors. — ^The use of aluminum as a substitute for
uncovered overhead transmission lines is still expanding in the United
States, and is one of the most important outlets for the domestic prod-
uct Despite the severe criticism of this use of the light metal, chiefly
on account of corrosion, a number of electric light and railway com-
panies have purchased very large quantities for transmission purposes
during 1903, as is shown by two reported contracts, among many
others, for 500,000 pounds and 298,245 pounds of aluminum wire,
respectively. Drawn wires seem to be more suceptible to corrosion
by atmospheric influence than rods, and to counteract this disadvan-
tage the manufacturers, it is reported^ are now putting on the market
a so-called "weatherproof wire," which is coated with a preparation
that forms a through protection for the metal. In order to overcome
the difficulty encountered in soldering aluminum conducting wire, a
patent was granted on March 24, 1903 (No. 723,717), to J. D. Nicholson,
by which a compound ingot of copper and aluminum is drawn into a
wire having a copper core and an aluminum covering. The core of
copper can be readily soldered without raising the resistance of the
joint
Ammonal. — ^A company has been formed to manufacture, on a com-
mercial scale, the new explosive, ammonal, which is composed of
powdered aluminum and ammonium nitrate, in respective proportions
depending upon the explosive strength desired. Ammonal is reported
to be extremely safe to handle, impervious to water, and of great
explosive strength.
Alloys. — Apart from those alloys which contain a small proportion
of aluminum with other metal or metals, as, for instance, aluminum
brcmze, the principal metals forming useful binary alloys with alumi-
mun are magnesium, tungsten, and zinc. Other metals forming useful
ternary idloys^with aluminum are copper, nickel, and zinc. A very
iater«flting sununary of the progress that has been made in the manu-
factnre and uses of aluminum alloys is given by Prof. Joseph W.
Uchards in a paper read before the American Society for Testing
m B 1908 ^18
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274
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Materials, at Delaware Water Grap, July 3, 1903, a brief abstract of
which was published in the Engineering and Mining Journal, October
3, 1903. Of the numerous alloys mentioned, those with zinc are the
cheapest and most efficient. Zinc-aluminum alloys containing ap to
15 per cent of zinc are malleable and ductile, and castings containing
as high as 33 per cent of zinc, when formed in sand molds possess a
tensile strength of 25,000 pounds per square inch, and when chilled,
of 40,000 pounds per square inch. A full description of the recent
alloys, magnalium. Wolf rammm, McAdamite, aluminum-silver, albra-
dium, and aluminum-zinc, are given in the report of this OflSce on
aluminum and bauxite for 1902.
TJiermit. — One of the most promising fields for the consumption of
aluminum is the so-called thermit process, invented by Doctor Gold-
schmidt, which produces an intense heat by the oxidation of metallic
aluminum in intimate contact with metallic oxides. The utilization of
the heat so produced is of great value for welding in place steel rails
and broken iron or steel castings; for reducing refractory oxides of
the rare metals tungsten, chromium, and molybdenum, yielding a
metallic product free from carbon; and for preventing the formation
of large pipes in the tops of steel ingots. A considerable advancement
in these specialties has been made abroad, but so far but little has
been done in the United States. For the conduction of the electric
current, especially in trolley lines, the great advantage of welding
both the track and the third rail is obvious, for the reason that the
ends of adjacent rails may be welded together without removal from
the track at a cost stated to bo less than the usual connection by means
of fish plates and copper binding wires, and when the rails of a track
are welded in this manner, they are practically continous and the con-
nections are permanent, which avoids the frequent and costly repairs
so necessary to maintain a perfectly good conductor for the electric
current. During 1903 no less than 20,000 track joints were made by
the thermit welding process. The system has been introduced into the
cities of Leeds, Glasgow, and Nottingham, and an English company is
using the process for welding 25 miles of rails in Singapore.
For the welding of wrought-iron pipes the thermit process has been
largely used, between 30,000 and 40,000 joints having been made by
it. This method is cheaper than the usual flange joint, and is of spe-
cial value for pipes or tubes to be used under high pressure, or for
the transportation of liquids, such as alkalies or petrolemn, which
attack the materials commonly used for packing.
Electroplating. — Much work has been done both in electrolytically
depositing other metals on aluminum and in depositing aluminum on
other metals. Various processes have been described and various
patents obtained during the last year, but usually they were of little
value. In many cases it is a difficult matter to obtain a sound and
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ALUMINUM AND BAUXITE.
275
adherent film of metal on aluminum by electro-deposition, due in part
to the porosity and irregular degree of purity possessed by commer-
cial aluminum. The following summary of the work of Mr. A.
Fischer presents^ the chief point of aluminum progress:
Coatmgs of copper, silver, nickel, zinc, and tin may be obtained directly upon
alamintiin; but films of gold, brass, and arsenic are best applied upon a primary
layer of copper, nickel, or silver. Aluminum coated with copper or silver can be
'oxidized" with no attendant danger of the deposit coming off, but the use of hot
iH)lutions of alkali sulphides must be avoided, else the deposit will become blistered.
Details of the methods of treatment to be followed with the various
metals are given in Mr. Fischer's paper.
WORLD'S PRODUCTION.
The following table shows the world's production of aluminum in
1900, I'JOl, and 1902.
WarlcTa prodticUon of aluminum in 1900, 1901, and 190£,
Goantiy.
1900.
1901.
1902.
QoADtity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
United States
Metric tons.
3,244
r2, 238, 000
526,600
364,000
1,225,000
Metric Urns.
3,244
1,200
560
2,500
r2, 238, 000
560,000
Metric tons.
3,311
1.855
600
2,500
12,284,900
638,830
Pranof
1,026
Tnited Kingdom
669
2,600
.■^wltzerlAnd
1,225,000
1, 201, 425
Total
7,339
4,352,600
7,504
7,766
BAUXITE.
PRODUCTION.
There was a large increase in the production of bauxite in the United
States during the year 1903, due mainly to the development of the
industry in Arkansas, the total quantity shipped amounting to 48,087
long tons, valued at $171,306, as compared with 29,222 long tons,
valued at $128,206, in 1902. These figures show an increase in quan-
tity of 18,865 tons, or about 65 per cent, and in value of $43,100, or
;^ per cent. At the present time, Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas,
in the order of their outputs, furnish the total supply of bauxite in
the United States. The mineral occurs in other States, notably
North Carolina and South Carolina, but the deposits are not of suffi-
'Tent extent or purity to be of commercial value.
The chief factor of interest during 1903 was the completion and the
putting into of)eration of the mining plant of the Pittsburg Ecductio?!
« Electro-ChemI(»l Industry, vol. 1, No. 16, December, 1908.
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276 MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
Company at Bauxite, Ark. The plant has been carefully designed
with the view of replacing hand labor by machinery, wherever possi-
ble. Mechanical conveyors and elevators transport the crude ore
from the cars through the mill and finally store the finished product
in bins ready for shipment. A description of the mine and mill
equipment is given in the Mineral Resources for 1902 under the sec-
tion devoted to Aluminum and Bauxite.*
A second point of interest to the industry is the new refining plant
of the Pittsburg Reduction Company at East St. Louis, which was put
in operation during the latter part of the sununer. The plant is simi-
lar in detail to the refining plant of the company at New Kensington,
Pa. The crude ore, which was formerly shipped from Arkansas to
New Kensington, is now refined at East St. Louis, by the soda process,
which removes the impurities, iron oxide and silica. The equipment
includes a bank of coke ovens for coking Illinois coal, which, so far,
have given very satisfactory results.
Prior to 1890 the consumption of bauxite in the United States was
mainly of ores imported from France, but the discovery and working
of deposits in the United States has very appreciably reduced the pro-
portion of the foreign ore now imported. During the last two years,
however, the low ocean freight rates have rendered it commercially
advantageous to import ore from France, where it is mined and placed
free on board at a comparatively small expense. In fact, French ore
could be laid down at New York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore, includ-
ing the import duty of $1 per ton, cheaper than the crude ore could
be delivered by freight from the mines in the South or West. The
French ores, which contain a high percentage of iron oxide, can not
be used advantageously for the manufacture of aluminum sulphate,
but are utilized chiefly for making aluminum hydrate, which is used in
the manufacture of the metal. Although a large part of the quantity
of bauxite consumed in the United States is used for the manufacture
of aluminum, a fair proportion, stated variously at from one-quarter to
one-half of the total, is used in the manufacture of chemical salts of
aluminum, and during the last year or so, in making artifical corun-
dum, of which abi-asive wheels are constructed. Another important
use for bauxite ore that has been made abroad, but to a minor extent
only in the United States, is as a refracting material for lining fur-
naces in which the corrosive action of the basic slag must be resisted.
The deposits of bauxite in Arkansas are situated on the hillsides,
and the ore is very easily mined by first stripping the slight over-
burden and then blasting, which breaks down the ore and renders it
easily movable by pick and shovel into wagons, and thence by tram-
way to the railroad. In general, nearly all of the bauxite mines con-
a Almnlnmn and Bauxite: Mineral Reaouroes U. S. for 1902, tJ. S. Geol. Sturey, 1901, pp. 236>23S. .
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ALUHmUM AND BAUXITE.
277
tain ores of different grades, which are first sorted by hand or by
screen and then dried in the air naturally or in kilns or furnaces
before it is in proper form for the market. Recently, for the purpose
of drying the ore, a revolving cylindrical type of furnace has been
used with very satisfactory results. The sorting by screens is prefer-
able to hand sortings when the ore will admit of this method of classi-
fication; and occasionally when clay occurs associated with the bauxite,
a common log washer is used to remove the sterile clay.
If tiie bauxite is to be used for the manufactur^of alum, it is merely
crashed, dried, and shipped in bulk in box cars, but if for the manu-
Aicture of aluminum metal or artifical corundum, which requires a low
silicon content, the crushed ore is first passed through a log washer in
order to remove the sterile siliceous gangue.
The subjoined table gives the production and value of bauxite for
each year since. 1889:
Production ofbauxUem the United States, 1889-190S, by States.
GalendAT year.
Oeoigia.
Alabama.
Arkansas.
Total.
Value.
lgg§
Long tons.
ITS
1,844
8,801
5,110
2,415
2,060
8,756
7,818
7,607
LongtoM.
Long tons.
Long tons.
728
1,844
8,598
10,518
9,179
11,066
17,069
18,864
20,590
25,149
35.280
23,184
18,905
27,322
48,087
12,866
6,012
ino
un
292
5,406
6,764
9,016
18,818
11,051
13,068
11,675
84,188
29,507
35,818
44,000
47,838
57,662
75,487
125,596
89,676
79,914
120,366
171,806
laga.
laii
ijfM
UB5
uw
iaf7.
un,
15,736
19,
14,499
789
5,045
8.445
867
4,645
25,718
WW
nn .- -
18,068
22,677
22,874
1182
Mi
The figures showing the output and value of the production of bauxite
during 1908 have been received directly from the individual producers,
tad have also been approximately confirmed by Mr. William G. Neilson,
of the Bepabtic Mining and Milling Company.
CONSUMPTION.
In order to show the annual consumption of bauxite and its value in
the United States during the last five years, the following table has
been compiled, which includes the annual production, imports, exports,
•ad consumption, together with the value of each, respectively.
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278
MINERAL RESOURCES.
l^'oductiotiy imports^ exportSj and congamption of bcmrite in the United Stales, 1898-190S,
Year.
Total production. | Importe.
Exports.
Consumption.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1898
Long tons.
25,149
35,280
23,184
$76,437
126,698
89,676
79,914
121.465
171,806
Long tons.
1,201
6,666
8,656
18,313
15,790
14,889
$4,238
23,768
32,967
67,107
54,410
49,684
LoTigtonti.
1,000
2,0G0
1,000
1,000
Nil.
$2,000
4,567
5,000
3,000
Long tons.
25,390
39,916
30, MO
36,218
43,112
62,976
$77,675
1899
144,799
1900
119,643
1901
1902
18,905
27-322
144,021
175,875
1903. . ! 48.0R7
230,990
'
WORLD'S PRODUCTION.
The following table shows the world's production of bauxite in 1900,
1901, 1902, and 1903:
WorUr 8 proditction of bauxite^ 1900-1 90S,
Country,
1900.
1901. j 1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
$89,676
92,596
6,750
Quantity.
Value. 1 Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. Value.
United States
France
Metric
Urns.
23,556
58,580
6,873
Metric
tons.
19,207
76,620
10,857
$79,914
124,168
14,515
Metric
tons.
29,785
%,900
9,192
$128,206
174,686
13,396
Metric
tons,
48,859
$171,306
United Kingdom...
6,226
Total
87,959
189,022
106,184
218,697
135,877
816,286
ALUMINUM SALTS.
The principal salts of aluminum are aluminum sulphate and crystal-
lized alum, for the manufacture of which bauxite and Greenland cryo-
lite are consumed. The Pennsylvania Salt Company possesses the
exclusive privilege of importing cryolite into North and South
America. In 1903 the production of aluminum sulphate was 80,726
short tons, valued at $1,614,520, as compared with 80,076 short tons,
valued at $1,938,671, in 1902, and that of crystallized alum was 7,574
short tons, valued at $210,910, as compared with 8,539 short tons,
valued at $299,600, in 1902. These statistics do not include the pro-
duction of sodium aluminate. The companies producing one or both
of these salts during 1903, in the order of output, are: The Gen-
eral Chemical Company, the Pennsylvania Salt Company, Harrison
Brothers, the Cochrane Chemical Company, Charles Lennig & Co., the
P>ie Chemical Company, the Detroit Chemical Company, the Merrimac
Chemical Company, and the Jarecki Chemical Company.
The production and imports of alum and aluminum sulphate into
tlie United States from 1898 to 1903, inclusive, are given in the fol-
lowing table:
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aliimindm: and bauxite.
279
Production and imports of alum and cUuminum mdphaie into the United States, 1898-1903,
Production.
Import8.a
Year.
Alum.
Aluminum sulphate.
Short
tons.
Value.
Per
ton.
Short
tons.
Value.
Per
tOD.
Short
tons.
Value.
Per
ton.
im
18,791
27,276
20,531
7.775
8,539
7,574
$568,730
845.556
615,980
233,260
299,500
210,910
$30.00
31.00
30.00
30.00
27.00
27.86
56,663
81,805
61,678
74,721
80,075
80,726
$1,416,676
2,106,479
1,480,272
1,798,304
1,938,671
1,614,520
$25.00
25.76
24.00
24.00^
24.25
20.00
^898
I>858
M,169
b 1,091
fr928
ft 776
$16,187
14,963
22,283
20,781
16,808
14,463
$18. 18
1^
17.49
i«o
19.07
isoi
19.05
1$0B
18.11
18.64
• Includes alumina, alum, alum cake, aluminum sulphate, aluminous cake, and alum in crystals
or ground.
VTbere was also imported in 1898, 1.205 short tons ($76,884) of aluminum hydrate, or refined
abort tons ($119,202) ; in 1900, 2,207 short tons ($148^) ; in 1901, 1 986 short tons
bauxite: in 1899. 1,926
(1146,462); in 1902, 339 short tons ($21,235); and in 1903, 1,886 short tons
),465).
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QUICKSILVER.
PRODUCTION.
The production of quicksilver in the United States during 1903
amounted to 35,620' flasks of 76i pounds each, valued at $1,544,934,
a.s compared with 34,291 flasks, valued at $1,467,848, in 1902. an
increase in quantity of 1,329 flasks, and in value of $77,086.
TEXAS.
The production of quicksilver decreased in Texas from 5,319 flasks;
valued at $239,350, in 1902, to 5,029 flasks, valued at $211,218, in
1903. During the year Prof. William B. Phillips, director of the
University of Texas mineral survey, published a carefully prepared
statement in regard to considerable extensions of the quicksilver-bear-
ing area in Texas. It is evident that quicksilver mining in Texas
should increase for several years before reaching the maximum.
CALIFORNIA.
The product from the mines, which has been carefully described in
previous reports, amounted to 30,526 flasks, worth $1,330,916. The
following table gives the production of quicksilver in California
suicel850:
Tbfo/ produCtum of guichilver in CaUfornia, 1860- 190S.
[Flaaks of 76| pounds net]
Yc«r.
Qoantity.
Tear.
Qnantity.
Year.
Quantity.
UN. .
7,728
27.779
20.000
22,284
80,004
88.000
80,000
26,204
81,000
18,000
10,000
8S,000
42,000
40,581
47,489
68,000
46.&60
47,000
I 47,728
1800
88,811
80,077
81,686
81,621
27,642
27,766
60,250
72,716
79,396
68,880
78,684
59,926
60,851
62,782
46,725
81.913
82,078
29,961
^88,825
1888
83,260
m
1870
1889
26,464
tttt.
1871..
1890
1891
1892
1883
22,926
1872
22,904
UM
1878
27,993
vm
1874
30,164
UK
1876
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1906
Total
30,416
vm
1876
86,067
UM
1877
30,765
UB9
1878
26,691
\m
1879
31,09?
i«i
1880
29,451
lie..
1881
26.317
uo... .
1982 -
26,720
ISM
1888
28,972
1884
80.526
IM..
1885
1,948.557
ttC
1886
UB
1887
■InrtikHng 65 flaiks from Merada.
5 Indudee 65 flaskg from Oregon.
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282
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The production of quicksilver in California, by counties, for 1902
and 1903, is given in the following table:
ProdiicUon of quicksilver in California^ by counties^ during 1909 and 190S,
[Flasks of 76i pounds net.]
County.
Colusa
Lake
Napa
San Benito
San Luis Obispo.,
Santa Clara
Sonoma
Trinity
Total
1902.
Quantity.
5CM
3,797
7,300
7,289
2,546
5,779
1,519
238
28,974
Value.
121,748
161,406
311,339
306,096
107,686
243,599
66,373
10,251
1,228,498
1903.
Quantity. Value.
510
2,130
7,859
8,160
4,692
4,658
2,361
266
30,526
$21,708
85,520
359,006
370,000
185,430
200,830
97,766
11,156
1,330.916
PRICES.
The variation in average prices for quicksilver, per flask, in San
Francisco during the years 1902 and 1903, by months, is shown in the
following table:
Average price of quickgHver, per flask, at San Francisco during 190IB and 1903, by month.
Month.
Price.
January $46.30
February.
March
April
May
Tune
July
1902.
44.29
45.66
46.00
44.83
45.77
48.89
1908.
Price.
946.00
46.00
45.63
45.25
45.25
45.25
45.25
Month.
August
September
October
November
December
Average
1902.
Price.
S42.71
42.85
42.37
42.64
45.00
44.10
190S.
Price.
$45.25
45.33
45.25
44.60
44.50
45.29
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QUICKSILVER.
283
IMPOKT8.
The following table shows only slight changes in the imports of
quicksilver, which have been merely nominal for the last ten years:
QuickgUvfr imported and entered for consumption in tJie United StaieSy 1867-190$,
Year ending—
Quantity.
Value.
$15,248
68
11
107,646
187,832
189,943
74, 146
52,098
20,957
50,164
19,558
135,178
217,707
48,463
57,738
288,057
593,867
44,085
90,416
Year ending-
Quantity.
Value.
1«7
Pound*.
December 31—
1886
Pounds.
629,888
410 Q<U
1249,411
171,431
56,997
162,064
445,807
1868
152
1887
18$9
1888 182,850
1889 841,514
1890 1 802,871
1891 123.9fi6
1870
239,223
304,965
370,853
99,898
51,202
6,870
78,902
wn
1«72
61,355
1873
1892
96,318
41,772
40,133
1874
1898
17,400
1875
1894
7
15,001
805
45,539
81
181
2,616
1,441
(«)
(«)
6
1876
1895
7,008
1877
88,250
1896
118
1878
294,207
519, 125
116,700
138,517
597,898
1,552,738
1897
20,147
1879.
1898
51
isso.. . ...
1899
83
Iffll
1900
1,051
188B
1901
789
ISSS
1902
2,166
1884
136,615
257,659
1908
1,065
1885
a Not stated.
EXPORTS.
The following table gives the exports of quicksilver from San Fran-
cisco only during the year 1903, amounting to 10,722 flasks, valued at
>W6,845:
Exports of domeHic Quicksilver from San Francisco during 1903 ^ by countries,
[Flasks of 761 pounds.] «
Country.
Quantity.
Value.
I'hioa fHfinalrfintf^'i
5,250
3,826
1,870
671
47
25
10
7
6
5
3
2
1213, 125
Mfxico
143,474
I»f«n...
56,476
:I ilHlaiU
29,181
•tr.U^ Columbia.
2,074
\"Tf%
1,092
0.tARV« --.- - -
449
Ci*«BWa.
263
fmlTidor
263
ItM^*, Aitatlc
225
tminiCMmi.
185
ncuifua -
89
I^lil
10,722
446,845
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284
MINERAL BBSOUROES.
In the following table the quantity and value of quicksilver exported
from the United States from 1880 to 1903, inclusive, are given:
ExporU of quickgilver from the United SUites, 1880-1903,
[Flasks of 76i pounds net.]
Year.
Quantity.
Valoe.
87,210
fl,U9,952
86,107
1,025,299
38,875
988,454
80,072
806,858
7,870
199,685
6,802
209,758
8,091
204,956
11,894
441,112
10,684
406,899
5,111
213,717
2,069
98,192
8,714
145,502
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884.
1885
1886
1887
1888.
1889
1890
1891.
1892 ' 8,618
1898 16,631
1894 14,408
1895 15,542
1896 19,944
1897 18,178
1598 ' 12,880
1809 ' 16,517
1900 10,172
1901 11,219
1902 j 18,247
1908 : 17,677
S13S,«26
512,410
397.608
482,085
618.437
894. MO
440,687
609,686
425.812
475,009
575.009
719,119
WOKIiD'S PRODUCTION AND VAIiUB.
The following table gives the production in metric tons and the
value of quicksilver in various countries in 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902:
WotWb production and value of quickgilver m 1899^ 1900, 1901, and 190B.<^
[Metric tons.]
Country.
1899.
1900.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
United States
1.067
586
206
862
1,861
11,462.746
492,021
246,000
821,814
1,481,229
9S8
510
260
804
1.005
11,802,686
Austria
490,068
Italy
812,000
I^iimI^
270,266
ppRin „ , , , .
1.1«.560
Total
3,521
8.993,809
3.152
3,577.444
Country.
1901.
1902.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty.
Value.
United States
1,081
526
278
754
11.882,305
547,513
861,400
(*)
1,106,890
1.190
511
260
1,425
11.467.848
568.929
Austria
Italy
310,000
Russia
(tf)
Spain
1,911,387
Total
2,588
3,897,108
3,886
4,288,244
a Mezioo exported 824 tons of quicksilyer in 1899. 885 tons in 1900. and 886 toni In 190L
5 Statistics not yet available.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
rNTRODUCTION.
There are included under the head of steel-hardening metals, nickel
and cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, and
uranium, which are named in the order of the importance of their
production and use for steel-hardening purposes. In this list manga-
nese would naturally be included, but on account of its very extensive
production and very large use in the purification of steel it is treated
separately.
These metals are not added to the steel to cause chemical reactions
to take place, by which harmful ingredients are made to go into the
slag or to pass off as gases, as is the case in the use of ferrosilicon or
ferromanganese (spiegeleisen), which are added to the furnace in the
original manufacture of the steel. These other f erro alloys are not
added until after the steel has been manufactured, and their use is as a
physical addition to the manufactured steel for the physical benefits that
they confer upon it, and hence they accomplish their purpose in a man-
ner entirely different from that of the ferrosilicon or ferromanganese.
The special steels resulting from these additions vary among them-
selves, having individual properties of tensile strength and elastic limit,
of conductivity, heat, and electricity, of magnetic capacity, and of
resistance to impact, whether as shell or as armor plate. It was only
about twenty years ago that the first of these metals, nickel, began to
be used to any extent for the purpose of hardening steel, but since
their introduction their use for this purpose has continued to increase
steadily. Experiments are still being carried on with some of these
metals in order to determine their actual conmiercial value with
re^rd to the qualities that they impart to steel. In the arts it is
the ferro alloy of these various metals that is first prepared and is then
introduced in the required quantity into the manufactured steel, but
thiD ferro alloy is never added to the molten mass during the manu-
facture of the steel. All these metals give characteristic and distinct
properties to steel, but in all cases the principal quality is the increase
in the hardness and the toughness of the resulting steel. Some of the
1:86
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286 MINERAL RESOURCES.
metals — as nickel, chromium, and tungsten — are now entirely beyond
the experimental stage and are well established in the commercial
world as definite steel -hardening metals, and new uses are being con-
stantly devised for the diiferent steels, which are causing a constant
increase in their production. Others, as molybdenum and vanadium,
though they have been proved to give certain positive values to steel,
have not been utilized to any large extent as yet in the manufacture of
molybdenum or vanadium steel, partly on account of the high cost of
the ores containing these metals. Titanium and ui-anium are still in
the experimental stage; and, although a good deal has been written as
to the value of titanium as an alloy with steel, there is at the present
time very little if any of it used in the manufacture of a commercial
steel.
Since the introduction of the electric furnace and the consequent
methods that have been devised for reducing ores, it has become pos-
sible to obtain these ferro alloys directly from the ores by reducing
them in the electric furnace, and hence experiments have been con-
ducted on a much larger scale than formerly.
The prices of the various ferro alloys vary considerably. Ferro-
chrome in December, 1903, was quoted at $120 to $225 per long ton
of 2,240 pounds, cost, insurance, and freight. New York, on the basib
of 60 per cent, with variations up and down at $1.75 per unit. Ferro-
tungsten was quoted at 40 cents per pound, or $896 per ton, onlOOinr
cent, cost, insurance, and freight. New York. Ferromolybdenum wa.^
quoted from $1.50 to $2.50 per pound, or $3,360 to $5,600 per ton, on
100 per cent, cost, insurance, and freight. New York; in May, 1004,
this had dropped to $1.25 per pound on 100 per cent, cost, insurance,
and freight. New York. Ferrovanadium was quoted at $7.50 per
pound, or $16,800 per ton, on 100 per cent, in the English market, and
$6.40 per pound in the French market; for ton lots the price has been
(juoted as low as $4.50 per pound. Ferromanganese has, during the
last two or three years, been very steady, and on contract, 100-ton lots
and over, was quoted at $50 per ton, duty paid, with freight paid cast
of the Mississippi River. In May, 1904, this price had dropped to ^
per ton. Ferronickel allo}'^ and metallic nickel vary from 50 to 50
cents per pound for the nickel content.
The minerals which form the source of these metals are as follows:
Nickel and cobalt are obtained from nickeliferous pyrrhotite, genthite,
garnierite, and a nickeliferous lead ore such as is found at Mine La-
motte. Mo. Chromium is obtained exclusively from the mineral
chromite. Tungsten is obtained from the three minerals, wolfram-
ite, hubnerite, and scheelite. Molj'bdenum is obtained chiefly from
molybdenite, with smaller amounts from wulfenite. Vanadium is
usually found associated with uranium, and is obtained from c^rnot-
ite and in smaller quantity from vanadiuite. Uranium is obtained
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 287
chiefly from the two minerals carnotite and uraninite (pitchblende).
Titanium is found chiefly as ilmenite (ferrous titanate) and rutile
(titanium oxide).
MANGANESE STEEIi.
Besides the use of ferromanganese for the chemical effect which it
[iroduces in the manufacture of steel in eliminating injurious sub-
ijtances, it is also used in the production of a special steel which pos-
sesses to a considerable degree combined hardness and toughness.
Such steel contains from 0.8 to li per cent of carbon and about 12
per cent of manganese and is known as "Hadfield manganese steel."
If only 1.5 per cent of manganese is added, the steel is very brittle,
and the further addition increases this brittleness until the quantity of
manganese has reached 4 to 6.6 per cent, when the steel can be pul-
verized under the hammer. With a further increase, however, of the
quantity of manganese, the steel becomes ductile and very hard, reach-
ing its maximum degree of these qualities with 12 per cent of manga-
nese. The ductility of the steel is brought out by sudden cooling, a
process the opposite of that used for carbon steel. These properties
of manganese steel make it especially adapted for use in the manu-
facture of rock-crushing machinery, safes, and mine car wheels.
NICKEL. AND COBAIiT.
The two metals, nickel and cobalt, are treated together for the
reason that nearly all of the ores that contain one of these metals con
tain also a small percentage of the other, and in the reduction of the
ores lK)th nickel and cobalt go into the matte which is afterwards
refined.
NICKEL STEEL.
Nickel finds its largCvSt use in the manufacture of special nickel and
nickel-chromium steels, and the use of these steels for various pur-
poses in the arts is constantly increasing. The greatest quantity of
nickel steel is used in the manufacture of armor plate, either with or
without the addition of chromium. There is probably no armor or
protective-deck plate made which does not contain from 3 up to 5 per
<*ent of nickel. Nickel steel is also used for the manufacture of
ammunition hoists, communication tubes, and turrets on battle ships,
and for gun shields and armor.
The properties of nickel steel or nickel-chromium steel that make it
^»pecially adapted for these purposes are its hardness and great tensile
<rength, combined with great ductility and a very high limit of elas-
ticity. One of the strongest points in favor of a nickel-steel armor
plite is that when it is perforated by a projectile it does not crack.
The Krupp steel, which represents in composition about the universal
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288
MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
armor-plate steel, contains, approximately, 3.5 per cent of nickel, 1.5
per cent of chromium, and 0.25 per cent of carbon.
Another use for nickel steel that is gradually increasing is the
manufa<;ture of nickel-steel rails. During 1908 there were over 11,000
tons of these rails manufactured, which were used by the Pennsylva-
nia, the Baltimore and Ohio, the New York Central, the Bessemer
and Lake Erie, the Erie, and the Chesapeake and Ohio railroads.
These orders for nickel-steel rails resulted from the comparison of
nickel-steel and carl)on-steel rails in their resistance to wear during
the five months' trial of the nickel-steel rails that were used on the
horseshoe curve of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The advantages that
are claimed for the nickel-steel rail are its increased resistance to
abrasion and its higher elastic limit, which increases the value of the
rail as a girder. On sharp curves it has been estimated that a nickel-
steel rail will outlast four ordinary rails.
In regard to the comparative cost of nickel-steel and carbon-steel
i*ails an interesting comparison has been made by Mr. John McLeod,''
which may be summarized as follows:
Comparative cost of nickelrsUd and oarbonsUel raila.
Nickel-steel
rails.
Carbon-Steel
rails.
Coet of the tonnage of rails neoesbary to maintain a certain cuire for
a given period
0956.00
A8M.00
One ton of rails made of 8| per cent nickel steel contains 78.4 ponnds
of nickel which, at 20 cents per pound, equals a credit of
15.68
a 16. 00
Credit for scrap rails
648.00
Total credit
81.68
48.00
Gross cost (as above)
56.00
81.68
8100
Total credit (as above)
48.00
Net cost
24.82
86.00
•
al ton.
l>8tons.
Nickel steel has also been largely adopted for forgings in large
engines, particularly marine engines, and it is undei'stood that this is
now the standard material for this purpose in the United States Navy.
There is a very great variety of these forgings and drop forgings,
which include the axles and certain other parts of automobiles, shaft-
ing and crank shafts for Government and merchant-marine engines
and stationery engines, for locomotive forgings, the last including
axles, connecting rods, piston rods, crank pins, link pins, and pedestal
cap bolts, and for sea- water pumps.
Another important application that is being tried with nickel steel
is in the manufacture of wire cables, and during the last year such
cables have been made by the American Steel and Wire Company, but
a Proc. Am. Soc for testing materials, vol. 3, 1903. Reprint, p. 26.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 289
no comparison can as yet be made between them and the ordinary
carboD-steel cables with respect to their wearing qualities.
In the manufacture of electrical apparatus nickel steel is beginning
to be used in considerable quantity. The properties of this steel
which make it especially valuable for such uses are, first, its high ten-
>dle strength and elastic limit, and, second, its high permeability at
high inductions. Thus steel containing from 3 to 4 per cent of nickel
has a lower permeability at low inductions than a steel without the
nickel, but at the higher inductions the permeability is higher. A nota-
ble instance of the use of this material is in the field rings of the 5,000-
boreepower generators built by the Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
facturing Company for the Niagara Falls Power Company. These
field rings require very high tensile strength and elastic limit, and in
order to reduce the quantity of material it is desirable that they have
high permeabUity at high inductions. This result was secured by using
a nickel steel containing approximately 3.75 per cent of nickel. Steel
containing approximately 25 per cent of nickel is nonmagnetic and has
a very low resistance temperature coefficient. This property is occa-
sionally of value where a nonmagnetic material of very high tensile
strength is required. The high electrical resistance of nickel steel of
this quality, together with its low temperature coefficient, makes it
valuable for electrical resistance work where a small change in the
resistance due to change in temperature is desirable. The main objection
to using nickel steel for this purpose is the mechanical defects that
are often found in wire that is drawn from this quality of nickel steel.
For rock drills and other rock- working machinery nickel steel is
used in the manufacture of the f orgings which are subjected to repeated
and violent shocks. The nickel content of the steel used in these f org-
ings is approximately 3 per cent, with about 0.40 per cent of carbon.
The rock drills or bits are made for the most part of ordinary crucible
cast steel which has been hardened and tempered. There is a field
for investigation here in respect to the value of some of the special
steels in the manufacture of rock-drill steels or bits.
A nickel-chrome steel is now being made which is used to some extent
in the manufacture of tools.
Nickel steel in the form of wire has been used quite extensively and
for many purposes — for wet mines, torpedo-defense netting, electric-
lamp wire, umbrella wire, corset wire, etc. — where a noncorrosive wire
is especially desired. When a low coefficient of expansion is desired —
u in the manufacture of armored glass, in the mounting of lenses,
mirrors, lever tubes, balances for clocks, weighing machines, etc. —
nickel steel gives good satisfaction. For special springs, both in the
form of wire and flats,- a high carbon nickel steel has been introduced
to a considerable extent Nickel steel is also being used in the manu-
M B 1908 19
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290 MINEBAL RE80UB0ES.
facture of dies and shoes for stamp mills, for cutlery, tableware,
harness mountings, etc.
Nickel steels containing from 25 to 30 per cent nickel are used abroad
to some considerable extent for boiler and condenser tubes and are now
being introduced into this country. The striking characteristic of
these steels is their resistance to corrosion either by fresh, salt, or acid
waters, by heat, and by superheated steam. The first commercial
manufacture of high nickel-steel tubes began in France in 1898, and
was followed in Germany in 1899; but it was not until February, 1903,
that these tubes were made in the United States. Since then, however,
Mr. Albert Ladd C!olby« states—
The difficulties of their manafacture have been so thoroughly bvercome that the 30
per cent nickel steel, seamless, cold-drawn marine boiler tubes, now a commercial
proposition, are made in practically the same number of operations and with bat a
slightly greater percentage of discard than customary in the manufacture of ordinary
seamless tubes, and, furthermore, the finished 30 per cent nickel-steel tube will stand
all the manipulating tests contained in the specifications of the Bureau of Steam
Engineering, United States Navy Department, for the acceptance of the carbon-steel
seamless cold-drawn marine boiler tubes now in use. In addition, the nickel-steel
tubes have a much greater tensile strength.
Although the first cost of the nickel-steel tubes for marine boilers
is considerably in excess of the carbon-steel tubes, yet, on account of
the longer life of the nickel-steel tubes, they are in the end cheaper than
the others. At the present time 30 per cent nickel-steel tubes cost
from 36 cents to 40 cents per pound, as compared with 12 cents to 15
cents per pound for the corresponding mild carbon-steel tubes. Thus
their initial cost, when used in the boilers of torpedo-boat destroyers,
is 2.13 times as great as the other kind and 2.43 times as great when
used in the boilers of battle ships, but the nickel-steel tubes will last
two and one-third times longer than those made of the carbon steel,
and when finally taken from, the boilers they can be sold not only
for the market price of steel-tubing scrap, but also at an additional
price of 20 cents per pound for their nickel content. Thus it is seen
that 30 per cent nickel-steel boiler tubes are really more economical
to purchase than carbon-steel boiler tubes.
In addition to marine boilei"s, high nickel-steel tubes can be used to
advantage for stationary boilers, automobile boilers, and locomotive
safe ends. It is the higher elastic limit of the 30 per cent nickel-steel
boiler tubing that will prevent the leaks which are constantly being
formed where the mild carbon-steel tube is used. The leaks are due
to the expansion of the flue sheets when heated, which compress the
tubes at the points where they pass through the flue sheets and cause
in the case of the mild carbon-steel tube a permanent deformation:
this results in the leakage and necessitates the frequent expanding of
the tubes. In the high nickel-steel tubes this difficulty is overcome
a Proc. 11th G werftl Meeting Soc. Naval Arch, and Marine Eng., Nov. 19, 1908.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 291
by their higher elastic limit. This deformation and the resulting
leakage are especially true of locomotive boilers. For automobile
tabular boilers a 23 to 25 per cent nickel-steel tubing is used, each
coiled section being made from one long piece of nickel-steel tubing,
which, by a special heat treatment, is enabled to withstand this bend-
ing without cracking.
Nickel-steel tubing containing 12 per cent of nickel has been used by
the French since 1898 in the manufacture of axles, brake beams, and
carriage transoms for field artillery wagons, and the desired result in
the reduction of weight has been obtained without loss of strength
and without stiffness of the wagons. A 5 per cent nickel-steel tubing
has been used in the manufacture of bicycles since 1896.
Much work and experimenting have been done on nickel steel; yet,
on account of the wide range in physical properties of steels which con-
tain from 2 to 45 per cent of nickel and oi the variations which occur
in each grade with varying quantities of carbon and with the addition
of small quantities of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, etc., the
further study of the alloys of nickel with iron is of great importance
to the metallurgist who may be in search of a steel which will be
adapted for certain particular purposes. One of the foremost men
who has studied the ferro alloys and their application in the manufac-
ture of steel is Mr. R. A. Hadfield, manager of the Hecla Works,
Sheffield, England. The results of his investigations have been
embodied in a series of very valuable publications.
COBALT STEEL.
Some experiments « have been made with cobalt in the manufacture
of a ferrocobalt which was used in making a cobalt steel. The pres-
ence of cobalt in the steel considerably increased its elastic limit and
itts breaking load, but thus far no commercial use has been made of
this steel. On account of its high price it is impossible for a cobalt
steel to enter into competition vnth nickel steel, as the properties which
cobalt gives to steel are not distinct enough to make it of more value
than the corresponding nickel steel.
The main use of cobalt, which is in the form of the oxide, is in manu-
facturing pigments, the principal one being known as cobalt blue.
As the demand for cobalt oxide is small, there could easily be an over-
production of this compound.
SOURCES OF SUPPLY.
There is still but little nickel or cobalt mined in the United States,
and the chief sources of supply of these metals are the large mines in
the Sudbury district, Canada, and the mines of New Caledonia, an
• Badfleld. R. A., Iron and Steel Metallnigist and Metallographlst, January, 1904, p. 10.
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292
MINERAL RESOURCES.
island belonging to France, in the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of
Australia.
An interesting occurrence of a cobalt-nickel ore has recently been
discovered in Canada during the building of the Temiscaming and
Northern Ontario Railroad. The deposits were found about 5 miles
south of the village of Heileybury on the Ontario side of the northern
part of Lake Temiscaming. They are about 90 miles northeast of the
town of Sudbury, near which are situated the nickel mines referred to
above. The ore of these new deposits is distinct from that of the Sud-
bury district, and consists principally of the minerals smalltite, nic-
colite, and safflorite.
The International Nickel Company, which controls the largest
deposits of nickel ore at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, has recently remod-
eled its entire plant at Copper Cliff and now has a-most modern nickel-
copper smelter. The ore which they are treating contains from 2 to
5 per cent of nickel and from 1^ to 8 per cent of copper, and is a
nickeliferous pyrrhotite. The general composition of the ores fw)m
the various mines of the company is shown by the following analyses:
Analyses of nickel ore from mines of the International Nickel Company, {<^)
Constituent.
Cliff mine.
No. 2 mine.
CretehtoD
mine.
Copper
8.06
2.97
26.21
26.06
19.08
2.23
3.36
46.47
11.87
26.18
1.69
Nickel
5. IS
Iron
46.70
silica
9.65
Sulphur .'
27.79
Total
82.36
90.10
89.96
a Chemist of Canadian Copper Company, Copper Cliff, Ontario, analyst.
This ore is crushed at the mine and roasted in heaps, where it
remains for about one hundred days, during which time the sulphur
is reduced to about 10 per cent. At the end of this time the ore is in
fine shape for the blast furnace, being in large lumps and very porous
and free from water. It is conveyed from these roast heaps to the
top of the pocket trestle in dump cars, where it is dumped down
through the bottom of the pockets into 2-ton side-dump-charge cars
and hauled to the furnaces by electric locomotives. In dumping the
ore into the furnaces care is taken to keep the bright spots covered
with charges of ore. In charging the furnaces 10 per cent of icoke is
used, and during the operation the metal content is raised from 7 to
30 per cent. This could easily be increased to 40 or 60 per cent, but
it seems more advantageous to produce a 30 per cent matte, adding
enough green ore to the charges to keep the tenor down to that point.
By keeping the proportion of metal in the matte down to 30 per cent,
a higher per cent of iron is retained in the matte, with a correspond-
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 293
ingly less quantity of oxidized iron for the slag, but, therefore, with
higher percentage of silica in the slag. In order to obtain this reac-
tion the proper adjustment of fuel and blast is an important governing
factor. The composition of the ore is such that without any outside
additions or flux a slag is obtained having a general composition as
follows:
Composition of slag from nickel smeUing.
Constituent.
Per cent.
Sffla
29
Iron
41
Uqw and ma^esla ,
10
Total
80
Occasionally it is necessary to add a little pure quartz in order to
keep the silica up to 29 per cent, which has been found to be the lowest
safe economical quantity of silica to run.
As the slag and matte run from the furnaces into the settlers the
specific gravity of the slag is 3.78 and that of the 30 per cent matte is
5.20, and consequently they can be separated very readily.
The matte is tapped from the settler as needed, poured into a con-
verter which has a siliceous lining, and blown. By this operation the
sulphur goes oflf as sulphur dioxide, freeing the iron first, which unites
with the silica of the lining and forms a slag. The danger point ap-
proaches with the diminishing quantity of iron; for when the iron is
exhausted, the nickel will be the next metal to go into the slag. The
operation is therefore stopped while there is still from 1 to 2 per cent
of iron in the matte and the tenor is 80 per cent nickel and copper,
called " white metal.'' The matte formerly shipped from the Copper
Cliffs smelter contained from 73 to 75 per cent metal. The new plant
b producing an 80 per cent or better matte. It was for this pui^pose
that the new plant was designed, namely, to reduce the cost of handling
and smelting with the production of a higher grade matte rather than
to increase the production itself.
PRODUCTION.
The main supply of nickel and cobalt produced in the United States
H from Mine La Motte, Mo., where it is obtained as a by-product in
i«d smelting by the Mine La Motte Lead and Smelting Company.
The production amounted in 1903 to 661 tons of matte. The nickel
content of this matte was 114,200 pounds, valued at $45,900, and the
cobalt oxide content was 120,000 pounds, valued at $228,000. This
i»tn increase in production of 108,452 pounds of nickel and of 116,270
poonds of cobalt oxide, as compared with 5,748 pounds of nickel and
3,730 pounds of cobalt oxide produced in 1902.
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294
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The production of nickel and cobalt ores in the United States during
1903 amounted to 135 tons, which were obtained from Oregon arid
Idaho during development work, and only 21 tons, valued at $1,900,
were shipped.
In the following table are shown the production and value of nickel
obtained from domestic ores from 1887 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of nickel from domestic ores in the United StateSy 1887-190S.
[Pounds.]
\ear.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1887
205,566
204,328
252,663
228,488
118,498
92,252
49,899
9,616
10,302
9133,200
127,632
151,598
134,093
71,099
50,739
22,197
8,269
8,091
1888
1889
1890
1391
1892
1898
1891
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
QoanUty.
Value.
17,170
»4,4M
28.707
7,8B
11,145
3,966
22,541
8,566
9.715
8,888
6,700
8,561
5.748
2,701
U4,200
45,900
In the table below is given the production of cobalt oxide in United
States from domestic ores from 1869 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of cobalt oxide in the United States, 1869-1903.
[Pounds.]
Year.
Quantity.
I
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Qnautitr.
1869
811
3,854
5,086
5,749
5,128
4,145
3.441
5,162
7,828
4,508
4,876
7,251
1881
8,280
11,653
1,096
2,000
8,423
8,689
a 18, 340
8,491
13,955
6.788
7,200
7,869
1898
8.«2
6,768
14.45S
10,700
19,620
6,247
10,230
6,471
13,360
3,730
120,000
1870
1882
1894
1871
1888
1896
1872
1884
1896
1873
1885 -.
1886
1897
1874
1898
1875
1887
1899
1876
1888
1900.
1877
1889
1901
1878
1890
1902
1879
1891
1903
1880
1892
1
a Including cobalt oxide in ore and matte.
CANADIAN PRODUCTION.
As nearly all of the nickel used in the United States is obtained
from Canada, with only a small amount from New Caledonia, a table
is given below showing the quantity of nickel ore mined and smelted
in Canada, together with the quantity of matte obtained from it, for
the years 1896 to 1903, inclusive:
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295
ProducUon of tdchd in Canada, 1896-190S,{a)
Year.
Ore
produced.
Ore
smelted.
Matte
obtained.
Nickel In
matte.
VM
Long tons.
109,097
98.156
123,920
203,118
216,696
326,945
269,588
136,633
Long Urns.
73,506
96,093
121,924
171,230
211,960
270,380
233,338
209,030
Long Urns.
9,783
14,034
21,101
19,215
23,448
45,134
24,691
13,832
Pounds.
3,897,000
vm •...
3,998.000
5,567,000
189B
1S99
5,744,000
7,060,000
8,882,000
1900
1901
1902
10,693,410
12,506,510
19(0
a Aa reported by the director of the bureau of mines, Ontario, Canada.
IMPORTS.
In the following tables are given the quantity and value of cobalt
oxide and nickel imported into the United States, the larger part of the
nickel being obtained from the Canadian mines. The quantity of nickel
matte, etc., imported into the United States in 1903 was over 2,000,000
pounds less than in 1902, but with an increase of over $50,000 in value.
As compared with the imports of 1901, this is a decrease of over
81,000,000 pounds in quantity but of only $355,000 in value. This
decrease in quantity and relative increase in value is due to the high-
grade matte that was shipped from the smelters to the refiners located
in the United States.
Cobalt oxide imported and entered for conmmptUm in the United States, 1868- J 90S.
Year ending —
Oxide.
Year ending-
Oxide.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
June SO—
wa.
Pounds.
17,208
2,330
6,019
2,766
4,920
4.714
6,500
2,604
U,180
11,066
8,698
15,208
18,467
13,887
12,764
22,828
43,611
28,138
Dec. 31—
1886
Pounds.
19,366
26,882
27,446
41,466
33,388
23,643
32,883
28.884
24,020
36,165
27,180
24,771
33,781
46,791
64,073
71.969
79,964
73,350
829.643
U0t
1887
39,396
1870
1888
46,211
82.332
1871 '
1889
1872.
1890
63,202
187^
1,480
1,404
678
4,440
19,762
2,860
7,681
9,819
21,844
17,768
13,067
25.968
16,162
1891
43,188
1874
1892
60,067
1876
1898
42,694
1875
1894
29,857
1877
1896
39,839
187S
1896
36,212
1879
1897
34,773
\9ti^
1898
49,245
1991
1899
68,817
vm
1900
8S,65l
UB
1901
184,208
UM
1902
151,115
W^
1903
145,264
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296
MINERAL RESOtJBOES.
Nickel imported and entered for conmmpiion in the United States, J86S-190S.
Year ending-
Nickel.
Nickel oxide, alloy of
nickel with copper,
and nickel matte.
Ty)tal
value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
June 30—
1868
Poundi.
8118,058
134,827
99,111
48,183
27,144
4,717
5,883
3,167
Pounds.
$118,066
1869
134,327
1870
99,111
1871
17,701
26,140
2.842
3.172
1,255
4,438
13,911
62,044
1872
27,144
1873
4,717
1874. .
6.88S
1876
12
156
716
8,518
8,814
61,869
185,744
177,822
161,169
a 194, 711
105,603
277,112
439,087
316,895
867,288
247,299
910,245,200
ft4, 487,890
ftl2, 427,986
ft9,286,733
ft 20, 355, 749
ft 23, 718, 411
ft27,821,232
ft60, 090,240
ft 44, 479, 841
< 57, 600, 800
yU7,364,337
it 33, 942, 710
136,217,985
86
10
824
7,847
5,570
40,311
107,627
125,736
119,386
129,738
64,166
141,546
206,232
188,290
156,331
116,614
148,687
428,062
886,740
810,581
629,910
620,425
781,488
1,584,262
1,216,258
1,188,884
i 1,849, 620
1^1,437,649
11,498,889
8,1«
1876
10
1877
5,978
7,486
10,496
38,276
17,933
22,906
19,015
9,522
8,887
7,829
25,768
14,606
17,924
13,098
10,346
1878
16.684
1879
13,399
1880
66,069
1881
122,130
1882
148,660
1888
182,484
1884
129,733
1885
64,166
December 81—
1886
6141,546
1887
c206,2K
1888
tf 138, 290
1889
« 156, 331
1890
/ 666, 571
855.465
260,665
172,476
876,279
1891
8:a,i63
1892
428.062
1893
386,740
1894
310,581
1895.-
629.910
1896
620,425
1897
781,483
1898
j
1,534,262
1899
1, 216,263
1900
1.183,884
1901
1
1,849.620
1902
1 ' * '
1,437.649
1903 !
1.498,889
1 1
<i Including metallic nickel.
b Including $465 worth of manufactured nickel.
c Including $879 worth of manufactured nickel.
d Including $2,281 worth of manufactured nickel.
t Including $131 worth of manufactured nickel.
/ Classified as nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is the element or material of
chief value.
0 Classified as nickel and nickel matte.
ft Includes all nickel Imports except manufactures; nearly all of this is nickel in matte from Canada,
containing about 20 per cent nickel.
i Ore and matte. In addition 456,188 pounds of nickel, nickel oxide, etc., were imported, valued at
$139,786.
J including $209,956, the value of imports of 685,697 pounds of nickel, nickel oxide, alloy, etc. and
S2,4^. the value of imported manufactures of nickel not specially provided for.
fc Besides nickel ore and nickel matte, these figures include 762.030 pounds, valued at $251,149, oi
nickel, nickel oxide, and alloys in which nickel is the chief constituent of value, and $30,128, the
value of manufactures of nickel not specially provided for.
' Besides nickel ore and nickel matte, these figures include 521,345 pounds, valued at $170,670, of
nickel, nickel oxide, alloy in which nickel is the material of chief value, and $37,284, the value of
manufactures of nickel not specially provided for.
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297
EXPORTS.
As a very large part of the Canadian production of nickel matte is
refined in this country, it would naturally be expected that there would
be considerable nickel exported from the United States, and in 1903
this amounted to 2,414,499 pounds, valued at $703,550. The quantity
and value of nickel exported in the United States since 1894 are given
in the following table:
Exports of nickel oxide and matUfrom the UniUd States^ 1894-190S,
Tear.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
UMa
Pounds.
1,235,588
1,061,285
2,756,604
4,255,568
5,657,620
1247,568
239,897
600,833
997,891
1,859,609
1899
Pounds.
5,004,877
5,869,906
5,869,655
3,228,607
2,414,499
n, 151, 454
1,882,727
1,521,291
924,579
703,560
195
1900 . .
tm
1901
in?
1902
1908
vm,
a Latter six monthii; not separately classified prior to July 1, 1894.
FOREIGN PRODUCTION.
There is given in the following table the production of nickel in
Canada, France, and Germany from 1889 to 1903 as far as the statis-
tics could be obtained. The French production is from the New Cale-
donia mines and the German from the New Caledonia and the
Norw^pan mines. In comparing this table with that of the nickel
imported into the United States it must be borne in mind that the
imports represent nickel matte, ore, etc., and not the metallic nickel,
as is given in the table below.
Production of nickel in Canada^ France, and Germany , 1889-190S.
Y«r.
Canada.
France.
Germany.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Ifll
Pounds.
1,436,742
4,G»,G27
2,418,717
8,982,962
4,907,480
8,888,626
8,897,118
8,997,746
6,617,690
5,744,000
7,080,000
9,189,M7
10,688,410
12,606,510
S496,2d6
988,282
2,776,976
1,399,966
2,076,861
2,061,120
1,860,984
1,188,990
1,899,187
1,820,838
2,067,840
8,827,707
4.604,628
6,025,908
6.002,204
MetrUstans.
880
880
880
1,244
2,046
1,646
1,646
1,646
1,246
1,540
1,740
1,700
1,800
1,600
$824,900
817,800
819,200
1,174,680
1,176.720
1,175,720
1,063,220
876,880
704,425
887,800
1,003,600
1,020,000
1,440,000
1,080,800
Metric tons.
282
434
694
747
893
622
698
822
898
1,108
1,116
1,876
1,659
1,605
•279,680
436,480
644,480
696,630
774,680
449,860
675,890
666,900
710,980
670,482
669,517
946,884
1,184,263
1,122,271
vm
vm
MB.
vm..
UH.
1«
IW
iw
UK
vm
m
na..
ne
i«i
*■
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298 MINERAL RESOURCES.
CHROMIUM.
The only mineral that is being mined as an ore of chromium is
chromite, whose chemi(*4il composition is represented by the formula
FeCrjO^. At the present time nearly all of this mineral that is used
in the United States is imported, being obtained from Asiatic Turkey,
New Caledonia, and Canada. The only State in the United States that
is now producing any chromite is California. The North Carolina
deposits, located near Burnsville, Yancey County, have recently been
sold and are now being thoroughly developed. These deposits were
formerly 20 miles from railroad transportation, which was prohibitory
to their being worked; now, however, the railroad passes within 3
miles of them.
CHROMIUM STEEL.
The largest use of chromium is in the manufacture of a ferro-
chromium alloy which is used in the manufacture of chrome steel.
In the manufacture of armor plate ferrochrome plays a very im
portant part, and, although it is sometimes used alone for giving
hardness and toughness to the armor plate, it is more commonly used in
combination with nickel, making a nickel-chromium steel armor plate.
Other uses of chrome steel are in connection with five-ply welded
chrome steel and iron plates for burglar-proof vaults, safes, etc., and
for castings that are to be subjected to unusually severe service, such
as battery shoes and dies, wearing plates for stone crushers, etc. A
higher chromium steel which is free from manganese will resist oxida-
tion and the corrosive action of steam, fire, water, etc., to a considerable
extent, and these properties make it valuable in the manufacture of
boiler tubes. Chromium steel is also used to some extent as a tool
steel, but for high-speed tools it is being largely replaced by tungsten
steel, which seems to be especially adapted to this purpose.
In the manufacture of chromium steel it has been found to be
much more advantageous to use the ferrochromium alloy instead of
the pure chromium metal, for the main reason that it is diflScult to
introduce chromium into a steel bath by using the metal, especially if
it is free from carbon, as the pieces of chromium melt with great dif-
ficulty, and they are apt to float on the bath. On the other hand, a
ferrochromium alloy with low carbon is very fusible and becomes
evenly distributed through the steel bath, thus making a purer and
more homogeneous chromium steel.
Ferrochromium is made in an electric furnace and is produced
directly from the ore. In the United States the company producing
the largest quantity of ferrochromium is the Wilson Aluminum Com-
pany, whose electric furnaces are located at Kanawha Falls, W. Va.
Besides the manufacture of ferrochromium this company also makers
ferrotungsten, ferromolybdenum, fi^rrosilicon, ferrovanadium, and
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
299
ferrotitanium. The company obtains its chief supply of chrome ores
from the Daghardi mines, in Asia Minor, and the Thiebargi mines, in
New Caledonia.
Typical analyses of the Turkish and New Caledonian ores which are
imported by the Wilson Aluminum Company are as follows:
Analyses of chromite ores.(o)
Constituent
Turkish
ore.
New Cale-
donian ore.
Chromic oxide r, r •.,... ^ ^„,,,,^,, ,
Percent.
60.30
15.50
13.10
7.00
14.10
Percent.
54.50
Ferrous oxide
17.70
Alumina r ,,,
11 00
gilica
8.10
lime
1.60
8.00
M»n«*iA
Total
100.00
95.90
a Chemist of Wilson Aluminum Company, analyst.
There are two grades of ferrochromium made from these ores,
which are known as crystalline and solid. The crystalline ferro-
chromium can be broken into very small pieces, and is often preferred
by those who use it in small quantities and under comparatively low
temperatures. The following tables of analyses illustrate the chem-
ical composition of crystalline and solid ferrochromium:
Analyses of crystalline ferrochromium alloys. {<*)
Constituent.
Chranium.
Iron
Silicon
Sulphur
Pboiphorus.
Carbon
Total .
Percent.
67.000
24.380
.490
.007
.005
8.050
Percent.
68.000
20.000
1.250
.199
.007
10.500
99.966
o Chemist of Wilson Aluminum Company, analyst.
Analyses of solid ferrochromium alloy. («)
Constituent.
1.
2.
3.
Chiuminm
Percent.
71.980
22.610
.550
.061
.008
4.789
99.998
Percent.
70.070
22.770
.480
.089
.009
6.601
Percent.
69.880
lion .
24.010
flnk-m
.540
f^>vhnT
.078
Pluiphoras
.008
Ckrbun ..
5.464
Totsl . . , , ,
99.969
99.960
a Chemist of Wilson Aluminum Company, analyst.
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300 MINERAL RESOURCES.
FeiTochromium has also been made by the Wilson Aluminum Com^
pany from the chromium ores from the Black Lake district, Quebec
Province, Canada.
The analysis of the ore used was as follows:
Partial analysis of chromium ore from Black Lake district , Quebec f Omada.(a)
Constitaeot.
Percent.
Chromic oxide
5a 00
FerrouB oxide
:
19.50
Silica
4. no
Ma^esia
ILOO
Total
ffi.40
a Chemist of Wilson Aiumlnam Company, analyst.
From this ore there was obtained a f erro-chromium alloy having the
following chemical composition:
Analysis of ferrochromium alloy obtained from Black Lake ore,{<')
ConsUtuent.
Percent
Chrominm ..., r, ,--^--..^,.-^,,,, ,,-,^,.^, . ^--, .,-,,,.,.
66.00
Iron
28.60
Silicon
.50
Carbon -- - -
4.90
Total
100.00
a Chemist of Wilson Alnminom Company, analyst
The Wilson Aluminum Company has been supplying the ferro-
chromium used by the Bethlehem and the Carnegie steel companies
for the armor plates, which these companies have manufactured for
the Governments of the United States, Russia, and Japan.
In connection with the chemical composition of the ferrochromium
alloy it may be of interest to give analyses of some of the ferrochro-
miums made by the George G. Blackwell, Sons & Co., of Liverpool,
England. This company makes two distinct grades of ferrochro-
mium, one of which is very low in carbon. The two following
analyses, which were made by Dr. George Tate, of London, represent
their standard ferrochromium.
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Analyses of BlackweU ferrochromium, «
301
Constftuent
1.
2.
Chromiam
Percent.
64.050
26.460
1.880
.046
.026
8.560
Trace.
Percent.
63 600
Iron
21.190
Silicon
1 600
SalDbur -
005
Phofphoros
030
Ctrbon
9 830
M*f>e*iww
.216
Hiuiet^rininfid
.621
IVrtal
100.001
100 262
This company is also making what it calls a refined f errochromium
which is low in carbon and contains from 62 to 68 per cent of chromium;
it is of two qualities, known as No. 1 and No. 2. The No. 2 quality
contains a higher percentage of carbon than the No. 1, but it is still
considerably lower in carbon than the ordinary ferrochromium, and
can be sold at a cheaper rate than the No. 1. The general composition
of these two ferrochromiums is represented by the analyses given
below:
Pariicd analyses of BlackweU ferrochromiufns.<*
Constitaent.
riimniiizii .
Cwboa
Sfllcoo
Salpbor
PbcKpliomi.
Per cetU.
62. 00 to 68. 00
.60to 1.00
.20to .26
.06 to .08
.01 to .05
Trace.
Total i 62.76 to 69.38
Ptr cent.
62. 000 to 68. 000
1.600 to 2.600
.200to .300
.080 to .150
.015 to .020
Trace.
63. 796 to 70. 970
Another ferrochromfe alloy that is manufactured by the George G.
BlackweU, Sons & Co., contains 74.5 per cent of chromium, 23.8 per
cent of iron, 1 to 3 per cent of carbon, and 0.2 of silicon. This ferro-
^•hrome alloy has been made especially for use in the manufacture of
chromium steel to be used in the manufacture of tools.
The percentage of chromium that is used in the chromiuna steels
varies from 2.5 to about 5 per cent and the carbon from 0.8 to 2 per
('ent As a chromium steel free from carbon does not harden, it would
f^eem that a certain per cent of carbon is essential in order for the
cfarcHnium to give the desired hardening action to the steel, which is
very energetic when this small amount of carbon is present. It may
be that the chromium causes the formation of a very hard iron carbide,
or doable carbides of iron and chromium. The hardness, toughness,
iod stiffness which are obtained in chromium steel are very essential
aChemJst of Qeorsre O. BlackweU Sons & Co., analyst.
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302
MINERAL BBSOURGB8.
qualities, and are what make this steel especially beneficial for the
manufacture of armor-piercing projectiles as well as of armor plate.
For projectiles chromium steel has thus far given better satisfaction
than any of the other special steels, and is practically the only steel
that is used for this purpose. The value of chromium steel for this
purpose is well brought out by Mr. R. A. Hadfield, manager of the
Hecla Works, Sheffield, England, who states^ that a 6-inch armor-
piercing shot made by his firm was fired at a 9-inch compound plate,
which it perforated unbroken. It was then fired again from the same
gun and perforated a second plate of the same thickness, the shot still
remaining unbroken.
OTHER USES OF CHROMITE.
Chromite is used quite extensivelv in the manufacture of chromimn
salts for pigments, and also to some extent in the manufacture of
chrome bricks. These chrome bricks are used in smelting furnaces and
open- hearth steel furnaces, and in the lower parts of soaking pits. In
the construction of steel furnaces and smelters a chromium brick,
being a neutral one, is used to separate the magnesia brick, which is
a base, and the silica brick, which is acid. They are also used in the
back part of the uptakes of the port ends in order to neutralize or
prevent the eating action of the slag that comes over in the form of
cinders. In the soaking pits their use is to counteract the eating
effect of the scales that drop off the steel billets when they are heated.
These bricks are manufactured by the Harbison- Walker Refractories
Company, of Pittsburg, Pa., which makes them in all shapes desired.
PRODUCTION.
There is only one State — California — that produced any chromite
during 1903, the quantity being 150 long tons, valued at $2,250, as
against the production of 315 long tons, valued at $4,567, in 1902.
This is a decrease of 165 tons in quantity and of $2,317 in value. In
the following table is given the production of chromite in the United
States since 1885:
Production of chromite^ 1885-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1886.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
Ijmgiom.
2,700
$40,0^0
2,000
30,000
8,000
40,000
1,500
20,000
2,000
30,000
3,699
63,986
1,872
20,580
1,600
25,000
1,460
21,760
8,680
58,231
140
1,400
868
5,790
816
4.567
160
2.250
a The Iron and Steel Metallurgist and Metallographist, January, 1904, p. 8.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
303
IMPORTS.
The largest quantity of chromite used in the United States is
imported from Turkey, with smaller quantities from New Caledonia
and Canada. Be.sides the chrome ore, there is also considerable chro-
mate and bichromate of potash and chromic acid imported. Prior to
1884 there was little or no chromite imported, and the supply was
obtained from Maryland and Pennsylvania. Since then, however, the
importation of this ore has been steadily increasing. In the following
table are showu the quantity and value of chrome ore and chromate
and bichromate of potash and chromic acid imported and entered for
consumption in the United States since 1867:
CkromaU and hichr&mcUe of potash j chromic acid, and chrome ore imported and entered
for consumption in the United States, 1867-190S,
Year ending —
Chromate and bichro-
mate of potash.
Quantity. Value.
Jane SO— Poundt.
1«7 876.206
l«m 777,855
laee 877,432
WTO I 1,236,946
Vm I 2,170,473
1872 1,174,274
1578 1 l,m,357
1874 ; 1,387,061
187?» 1,417,812
VSn , 1,665,011
1877 2,471,669
1878 1,929,670
I§79 i 2,624,408
1880 ' 3,606,740
1881 4,4(M,237
1882. ; 2,449,876
UBS * , 1,990,140
Chromic acid.
Chrome ore.
Quantity. Value. | Quantity. Value,
Pounds.
mi.
I
2,693,115
1886 1 1,448,689
December 31—
nm 1,986,809
1887 !* 1,722,465
UM 1.766, 489
1889 1 1,680,385
UW I 1,304,186
IWl..
M6..
UK..
urn,
um.
mo.
.1
756,254
496,972
976,706
1,483,762
2,046,910
962, 7»l
1,829,473
1,160,710
1,130,966
111,761
430,996
a 227, 216
188,787 I
68,634
78,288
127,388
223,629
220,111
178,472
218,517
183,424
175,796
264,392
211,136
221,161
850,279
402,088
261,006
208,681
210,677
92,666
139, 117
120,306
143,312
137,263
113,613
56,897
94,066
78,981
125.796
181,242
80,638
108,497
86,134
73,510
7,768
29,224
Long tons.
82,174
Total
value.
514
922
41
45
120
13
32
6
124
62
290
$3
8
5
49
276
13
22
45
10
36
634
772
3,708
6,680
2,083
2,429
71,220
6,829
83,134
35,452
63,462
90,817
3
89
42
338
120
101
6,671
281
2,974
634
203
201
611
837
414
387
6,467
1,768
6,860
7,282
10,861
11,116
2,677
12
3,356
1,404
4,440
6,474
4,363
4,459
4,930
6,364
3,470
5,230
8,669
11,670
16.301
15,793
17,642
20,112
89,670
22,982
$73,586
289
43,721
20,812
46,735
60,782
57,111
108,764
66,579
58,629
38,3&1
82,845
187,400
187,439
272,234
284,826
806,001
863,108
682,697
292,025
$88,787
68,634
78,291
127,341
223,534
220,160
178,748
218,530
183,446
176,840
264,402
211,171
221,161
860,282
402,177
261,048
209,019
284,388
92,834
182,939
146.688
190,328
191,019
171,358
164,864
149,838
138.261
164,997
264,601
268,326
301,393
360,126
3&1,696
319,991
403.193
693,712
824,199
A Inelodes a anuUl amount of chromic acid, not reported separately.
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304 MINEBAL RESOURCES.
As is seen from this table, there was a large falling oflf in the quan-
tity of chrome ore imported during 1903 as compared with 1902.
CANADIAN PRODUCTION.
The Canadian chromite deposits which are located in the vicinity of
Black Lake and Colraine, Quebec Province, again became producers
of this mineral in 1902, when the production amounted to 900 short
tons, valued at $13,000, which in 1903 had increased to 3,383 tons,
valued at $33,830. Most of this chromite was shipped to the United
States.
TUNGSTEN.
Owing to the many inquiries that have been made for tungsten ores
there has been an unusual amount of prospecting for them during 1903,
with the result that many new localities have been discovered where
these ores are found in greater or less quantity. Thus far, however,
none of the new deposits have been developed sufficiently to determine
the actual amount of ore that they contain. It was found impossible
during the latter part of 1903 to fill orders for 100 tons per month of
tungsten ore, and none of the producers of these ores were willing to
contract to furnish this quantity at the price quoted of $180 to $200
per ton for a 60 to 65 per cent ore.
The principal mining for tungsten ores during 1903 was in Colorado
and in the vicinity of Dragoon, Ariz. These latter deposits have been
developed quite extensively by the Primos Chemical Company. The
ore consists principally of hiibnerite, with very small quantities of
scheelite, and is easily concentrated, giving a product containing from
70 to 72 per cent of tungstic acid. The deepest work done on the
property is 100 feet below the surface, and to this deptl^ the ledges
continue firm. Nearly all of the ore that has been taken out during
the development work has been concentrated and used in the manu-
facture of f errotungsten or of metallic tungsten. An average analysis
of the concentrates from this ore is as follows:
Analysis of tungsten ore from Dragoon^ -4m. (a)
Constituent.
Per cent
Tungstic acid
70.22
Silica ,
.30
Iron
1.90
Man^new ... . , . . . . . . . ... . x . . ...
19.82
Lime
4.87
Magnesia - - -
S.40
Total
100. SI
aPiimos Chemical Company, Piimos, Pa.
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS.
805
The tungsten property, located near Osceola, White Pine County,
Nev., was bonded during 1903, and development work was carried on
to determine what production per month could be made from these
TUNGSTEN STEEL.
The demand for tungsten ores for use in the manufacture of f erro-
tuDgsten to be used in the manufacture of tungsten steel continues to
bcrease, especially from abroad. Tungsten steel is used to some extent
more generally abroad than in the United States, in the manufacture
of armor plate and' armor-piercing projectiles. For this purpose it is
used in combination either with nickel or chromium, or with both of
these metals.
The use for which tungsten steel seems to be best adapted is in the
manufacture of high-speed tools and magnet steels. The property
that tungsten imparts to the steel is that of hardening in the air after
forging and without recourse to the usual methods of tempering, such
as immersion in oil, water, or some special solution. For high-speed
toob tungsten steel is especially adapted, as it retains its hardness and
catting edge even at the temperature developed in the use of these
high-speed tools. The value of tungsten steel for permanent magnets
is on account of it retaining comparatively strong magnetism and of
the permanence of this magnetism in the steel. This property makes
the tungsten steel particularly desirable in instrument work where the
calibration of the instrument depends upon the permanence of the
magnet used. For compass needles tungsten steel has been used by
W. and L. E. Gurley with entire satisfaction.
Ferrotungsten is manufactured like ferrochrome by reducing the
ores directly in an electric furnace. These alloys vary in their tungsten
content from 30 to 80 per cent, according to the purpose for which the
ferrotungsten is to be used. The composition of some of these ferro-
tongstens on the market are shown in the table of analyses below.
No. 1 being a ferrotungsten naanufactured by the Wilson Aluminimi
C(Hnpany, of Kanawha Falls, W. Va., and No. 2, by George G. Black-
well, Sons & Co., of Liverpool, England.
Analyses of ferrotungsten.
CoDftitaeiit
1.
2.
TBf^rtn
PercaU.
83.90
12.10
8.80
.50
Percent.
78.80
bn. ..
10.90
Oiteo
8.20
■Hnn .
1.87
iVapitutUB
.10
.11
99.80
Total
94.98
MB 1903 20
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806
MINEKAL BBSOUBOES.
The Blackwell Company also manufactares a tungsten-nickel alloy
containing 73 to 75 per cent tungsten, 23 to 25 per cent nickel, 2 to 2.5
per cent iron, 0.75 to 1 per cent carbon, and 0.25 to 0.50 per cent
silicon.
The quantity of tungsten that is used in tungsten steel varies from
3 to 10 per cent, and is occasionally as much as 24 per cent; but the
percentage is usually nearer the lower figure. The carbon varies from
0.4 to 2 per cent. The Taylor- White tungsten-steel contains from 3
to 4 per cent of chromium, and is made in two grades, one for cutting
soft steel and gray cast iron and the other for cutting hard steel.
The tungsten content in both grades remains constant, but there is 3
per cent of chromium in the grade use for cutting soft steel and 4 per
cent in that used for cutting hard steel. The following analysis rep-
resents the composition of these two grades of tungsten steel:
ChmpoiiUon of the grades of Taylor- WkUe tunggten sUeL
Constitaent.
For cutting
hard steel.
For catting soft
rt eL
Ttuunten
PereenL
8.60
4.00
1.25
PfTcad,
8.»
Chnfinlmn. ^ ». . ,
S.QO
Carbon
0.76 to too
Total...
13.75
12. 26 to 12.50
Tools made from these steels retain their cutting power even when
the friction is so great that the edge of the tool becomes red-hot
Prof. Henry M. Howe,*» gives the composition of many of the self-
hardening tungsten steels as lying within the following limits:
General con^f>09Uion oftungtten tied.
Constitaent.
Percent
Tav^givten , - - - , , . , , , .
8.44 to 21 00
Chromlnm .... ,
00 to 8.00
Carbon
.40to 2.U
giUcon
21 to S.00
Total
4. 06 to 86. 19
There is considerable variation in the opinion of the various steel
makers as to the value of tungsten in the manufacture of armor plate.
As is well known, it is used to some extent at the present time by the
European steel manufacturers for armor plate. In combination with
nickel and chromium, it will undoubtedly give results equal to the
nickel and chromium steels. Some of the manufacturers go as far as
to say that a tungsten steel will make better armor plate than either
alron, Steel, and Other Alloys, 1908, p. 824.
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THE STESL-HABDSNINQ MBTALS. 807
nickel or chromium steel. Two of the mam objections to the use of
toogsten steel at the present time for this purpose are the scarcity of
the supply and its higher cost.
PRODUCTION.
The production of crude tungsten ores in the United States during
1903 was 2,451 short tons.
Most of this ore was concentrated, and there were sold 292 short
tons of concentrates, valued at $43,689, which is approximately $149
per ton. The prices varied from $110 to $250 per ton, according to
the percentage of tungstic acid. This production was obtained
from Colorado, Arizona, and Connecticut, given in the order of the
importance of their output.
IMPORT'S.
During the last two years there have been imported into the United
States small quantities of tungsten ores and tungsten alloys. In 1903
the imports of ferro-tungsten-chrome alloy amounted to $18,136 in
value, and in 1902 the value of the imports of tungsten ore and alloys
was $7,046. Tungsten ores are admitted free of duty.
MOIiYBDENTJM.
The use of molybdenum steel continues to increase, and hence there
is an increasing demand for the ores of this metal. The main use of
ferromolybdenum is in the manufacture of a tool steel. The proper-
ties which molybdenum gives to steel are very similar to those given by
tungsten, the main difference being that it requires a smaller quantity
of molybdenum than of tungsten to obtain the same results. Ferro-
molybdenum is produced, like ferrotungsten, by reducing it from the
ore in an electric furnace. There are now two molybdenum-nickel alloys
being produced, one of which contains 75 per cent molybdenum and 25
per cent nickel, and the other 50 pei* cent molybdenum and 50 per cent
nickel. Besides these constituents the alloy contains from 2 to 2.5 per
cent iron, 1 to 1.5 per cent carbon, and 0.25 to 0.50 per cent silicon.
The molybdenum steel which is made from these alloys is recommended
for large cranks and propeller-shaft forgings, for large guns, rifle
barrels, and for wiring and for boiler plates. The molybdenum
increases the elongation of steel very considerably, and for wire draw-
ing such an increase at a comparatively small cost is important.
There are many localities where molybdenum ores occur in quan-
fty, but, owing to the uncertainty of the value of the concentrates,
many of these properties still remain undeveloped. The year 1903,
^ever, saw a great deal of prospecting for these ores, with the
'^sult that a number of new localities were discovered that give prom-
ise of developing into large deposits. Wulfenite was discovered on
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308 MINEBAL RESOURCES
the property of the Troy-Manhattan Copper Company, at Troy, Ariz.,
and after the deposit was opened and developed the company erected
a 40-ton concentrating mill and is now preparing the concentrates for
market.
The deposit of molybdenum at Cooper, Me., has been developed
very extensively by the American Molybdenum Company, and during
the last year the company has erected a cleaning and concentrating
plant for treating this ore. Other properties that were partly devel-
oped in 1903 are as follows:
One mile east of Climax, Sunmiit County, Colo., on the north side
of Bartlett Mountain, a deposit of moybdenum has been developed by
Mr. H. Leal, of Cresco, Nebr. Mr. T. L. Quigley, of Ophir, Mont,
has located a deposit of molybdenum about 2 miles east of Orphir, in
Carpenters Gulch. Another deposit near Dillon, Mont., has been
developed by Mr. L. D. Graeter. The molybdenum mines of the
Crown Point Mining Company, in Chelan County, Wash., produced
some very large clusters of crystals of molybdenum during 1903, which
were sold. One large crystal, or cluster of crystals, weighed 300
pounds.
At the Mammoth mine. Mammoth, Ariz., work was continued by
Mr. Charles Eudall, 6i Tucson, in separating the wulf enite from the
old tailings of this mine.
PRODUCTION.
The production of molybdenite. ore during 1903 amounted to about
6,200 tons of crude ore, very little of which was treated and most of
which is still lying on the dumps. Most of the wulf enite ore that was
mined was concentrated, and these concentrates, together with the con-
centrates of the molybdenite, amounted to about 795 short tons, valued
at $60,865. There is still wide variation reported in the prices of
molybdenite ore, which range from $100 to $3,000 per ton. It is
more than probable that the actual value of molybdenum concentrates
at New York will be in the neighborhood of $200 per ton.
URAXIUM AKI> VAl^AMUM.
VANADIUM STEEL.
On account of the extremely high price and scarcity of vanadium
ores, the metal has thus far been employed very little in the manufac-
ture of ferrovanadium for use in the production of vanadium steel.
It is claimed by many that the beneficial properties imparted to steel
by vanadium exceed those of any of the other steel-hardening metals.
These are exaggerated statements, but it may be found that smaller
quantities of vanadium will give in some cases the same results that
are obtained by comparatively large quantities of the other metals.
One property claimed for vanadium steel is that it acquires ita maxi-
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THE STEEL-HARDENING METALS. 309
mom of hardness not by sudden cooling, but by annealing at a tem-
perature of from 700^ to 800^ C. This property would be particularly
adrantageous for high-speed tool steel and for points of projectiles.
There is, however, at the present time little or no vanadium steel on
the market and no special production of ferro vanadium alloys. Since
the discovery of the deposits of vanadium in Colorado and Utah they
have been thoroughly developed, largely through the efforts of Mr.
A. B. Frenzel, of Denver, Colo. He has also made experiments in
the reduction of these ores, and now claims that a process has been
perfected by which vanadium can be obtained at such prices that the
ferrovanadlum alloy can be manufactured so as to enter into compe-
tition with the other ferro alloys. The main source of supply of
vanadium is Montrose County, Colo. These ores also contain more or
ksB uranium and are mined for both metals.
URANIUM.
Experiments have been made with f errouranium as to the value of
the qualities that it gives to steel. Although it increases the stiffness
and the toughness of steel to a considerable degree, these qualities are
not distinct enough from the like qualities imparted to steel by other
metals to warrant the use of f errouranium for this purpose when its
much higher cost is considered. The principal use of this compound
is as a pigment in the manufacture of porcelain and glass.
PRODUCTION.
During 1903 there was considerable development work done upon
Qimnium and vanadium deposits, which resulted in the production of
432 short tons of crude ore. Of this amount 30 tons of partially con-
centrated ore, valued at $5,625, were sold. In 1902 the production of
oranium and vanadium minerals, as reported to the Survey, amounted
to 3,810 tons, valued at $48,125. The 1903 production consists prin-
opally of the mineral camotite, with a small amount of uranium.
IMPORTS.
Nearly all of the uranium and vanadium ores mined in the United
States are exported. On the other hand, there is imported each year
a considerable quantity of uranium and vanadium salts, which in 1903
were valued at $13,498, as against imports to the value of $12,491 in
1908.
TTTANTUM.
The actual commercial value of titanium as a steel-hardening metal
has not been thoroughly demonstrated. Experiments have shown that
from 0.5 to 3 per cent of titanium increases the transverse strength
•nd the tensile strength of steel to a very considerable degree.
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310 MnTEBALBEBOUBOES^
Until the development of the electric furnace it was practically impos-
sible to produce either titanium or an alloy of iron and titanium, but
since the introduction of this furnace ferrotitanium can be produced
directly from the ores. The fusing point of ferrotitanium is materially
affected by its titanium content, and it is impracticable to fuse an alloy
containing over 12 per cent of titanium in connection with cast iron in
a cupola. Up to this point, however, no difficulty arises in fusing the
alloy and incorporating the titanium in the iron. It is to the manu-
facture of a special cast iron that ferrotitanium seems to be especially
adapted. The titanium in the iron gives greater density to the metal,
greatly increases its transverse strength, and gives a harder chiU or
wearing quality to a wheel made from such an iron. For the manu-
facture of car wheels it would seem that the titanium iron would be
especially useful.
A ferrotitanium has been manufactured by the Wilson Aluminum
Company from a titanic iron ore from Caldwell County, N. C, which
has the following composition:
Analysis of North Carolina titanic iron ore.
Constituent.
Percent
Titanitim oxide
12.00
Ferrous oxide
38.00
Alumina
ILfiO
Silica .--
7^
Total
99.00
This company has also made ferrotitanium from rutile concentrates
mined in Nelson County, Va*, and containing from 96 to 99 per cent
of titanium oxide.
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PLATINUM.
PRODUCTION.
The center of interest in platinum mining in the United States has
shifted from Shasta and Trinity counties, Cal. , to southern Oregon,
where, in the neighborhood of Grants Pass and Kerby, considerable
platinum and iridosmium are found in the placer gold. In collecting
this material another heavy mineral has proved commercially profit-
ible— that is, the natural alloy of iron and nickel called josephinite,
which is found associated with the platinum and gold. The production
of platinum increased slightly from the year 1902. The quantity of
pure platinum contained in the platinum sand amounted to 110 ounces
of refined metal, worth $2,080.
In addition to the above supplies of platinimi sand, it is interesting
to note that the platinum contained in the copper ores of the Rambler
mine, Wyoming*, has come definitely on the market, being obtained in
the form of slimes in the treatment of the copper ore and matte from
this mine. Detailed descriptions of this property were given in the
preceding report of this series.
The following table shows the production of platinum in the United
States since 1880:
Produc^on of crude pUOmum m the United States^ 1880-1900, and of refined metal from
domestic ores in 1901-1908,
Ye^r.
Quaotfty.
Value, a
Year.
Quantity.
Value, a
Ml.
Ovneet.
100
100
200
200
IfiO
260
50
448
600
600
eoo
100
$400
400
600
600
450
187
100
1.888
2,000
^000
2,500
500
1892
Ounces.
80
76
100
150
168
150
225
800
400
1,408
94
110
$550
ML
18W
617
Mtt
1804
600
UK.
1896
900
UN.
1896
944
vm
1897
900
UM.
1898
8,875
1,800
2,500
27,526
1,874
fe2,080
ma
1899
UK.
1900
1901
UK.
1902
UU.
1908
•Tht ditef TariatSoDs in price haye been due to the quality of the crude grains. In 1901 and 1902,
ko*tT«r, the aTeiage price for the refined metal has been given.
^Sot Indodinc 96,000 worth of platinum reported as contained in Bllmea from copper ore from the
, Wyoming.
811
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312 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
IMPORTS.
The imports of platinum during 1903 were valued at $2,055,933, dis-
tributed as follows: Unmanufactured, 1,426 pounds ($328,103); ingots,
bars, sheets, and wire, 6,308 pounds ($1,591,941); vases, retorts, and
other apparatus, vessels and parts thereof for chemical uses, $128,890;
manufactures of, not specially provided for, $6,999. The imports
during 1902 were valued at $1,987,980, distributed as follows: Un-
manufactured, 632 pounds ($171,967); ingots, bars, sheets, and wire,
6,713 pounds ($1,778,395); vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels
and parts thereof for chemical uses, $34,913; manufactures of, not
specially provided for, $2,705.
PRICE.
The price for pure platinum in wholesale quantities at New York
continued during the whole of 1903, as during the last seven months
of 1902, at $19 per ounce.
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LITHIUM.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
SOURCES OF SUPPIiY.
The only localities where lithium materials were produced in 1903
were at Pala, San Diego County, Cal., and at the Etta and Bob Inger-
80II mines in the Black Hills, S. Dak. There are three different
minerals that are mined at these localities for their lithium contents,
lepidolite and spodumene, both lithium silicates, and amblygonite, a
lithium phosphate. Of these i;hree, the latter contains the highest
percentage of lithia. For comparison, analyses of these three minerals
are here given, the first two of amblygonite and lepidolite from Pala,
CaL, and the third and fourth of spodumene from Goshen, Mass.,
and Branchville, Conn.
Analyses of amblygonite and
lepidolite from Palay San Diego
County, Cal
., 190e.
Constitnent
Amblygo-
nite.«
LepidoIite.a
TltK^ (Ifthlntn rtvMA) .
Percent.
8.26
1.99
45.47
33.09
Trace.
1.86
6.28
3.56
Percent.
4.91
flOk*
48.61
PbMpbontB pentoxide
Alnmiiui . , .
22 36
IWB oxide
Trace.
Uam
.64
PMMh
16.16
Soda
.88
t^a* on Ignition (water, etc.)
4.65
l^adeieimined (chiefly fluorine)
ridcinmlnMf (^hfl^fly ?ni^nff^np«^) .
2.05
100.00
99.66
a Rudolph L. Scldner, Brooklyn, N. Y., analyst.
h Small amount.
313
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814
MINERAL BE8OUB0E8.
Analyses of spodumetie.
Constituent.
BpodmneQe.
810, :
63.27 Gi25
AltO,
23.73 27.20
PeO..
MgO.
CaO..
MnO.
Na,0.
Li«0..
HsO...
P
1.17
2.02'
.11 '
1.45
.99
6.89
.36 ,
Tnoe.
.»
7.B
.9i
Total
Specific giayity .
loaas
3.19 ,
99.90
a Annals New York Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1879, p. 822.
l» Am. Jour. Sci., 8d eeriee, vol. 20, 1880, p. 259.
Amblygonite occurs in the same locality as the lepidolite at Pala,
San Diego County, Cal., but the deposit of this mineral was only
discovered in 1902. Since then it has been thoroughly developed and
the American Lithia and Chemical Conjpany of New York City reports
that a lens of amblygonite 33 feet wide and exposed to a depth of 11
feet has been brought to view. It has been estimated that over 400
tons of this mineral are now exposed. The production of lithiam
minerals from this locality in 1903 was restricted on account of
litigation.
Besides the Pala locality of lepidolite, two new localities have
recently been discovered, one 7 miles east of Julian, San Di^
County, Cal., which is being developed by Mr. F. F. Griffith, of Los
Angeles, Cal., and the other near Banner, San Diego County, Cal.,
which was located by Mr. E. H. Davis, of Mesa Grande, Cal. The
former locality also contains some amblygonite.
All of the spodumene is obtained from the mines in Custer and
Pennington counties. Black Hills^ S. Dak., and principally from the
Etta mine.
The lithium minerals that are mined are all shipped to New York,
where a part is exported and the remainder is reduced by chemical
companies.
PRODUCTION.
In 1903 the quantity of lithium minerals produced in the United
States amounted to 1,155 short tons, valued at $23,425 at the railroad.
This is a decrease of 90 tons in quantity and of $2,325 in value, as
compared with the production of 1,245 short tons, valued at $25,750,
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LiTmuM. 315
in 1902. In the early part of 1903 there was a small demand for the
lithium minerals, but toward the close of the year there was more call
for these minerals, and, if this demand continues, the production of
1904 should be considerably greater than that of 1903. A number of
individuals who produced no lithium in 1903 began mining in 1904,
owing to orders received from abroad. As the uses of lithia are
limited, there could readily be an overproduction of the crude min-
erals; but if the cost of these could be reduced, so that they might be
used in the manufacture of lithium carbonate or nitrate for red fire in
pyrotechnics, there would be an increased demand for these lithium
minerals.
IMPORTS.
It has been estimated that there are about 55,000 pounds of lithium
salts used in the United States each year, of which usually about one-
third are imported. In 1903 these imports amounted to 5,596 pounds,
valued at $3,669.
In 1902 the imports were 5,530 pounds of lithium carbonate, valued
at $8,038, and 15,686 pounds of other lithium salts, valued at $14,913.
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ANTIMONY.
By Joseph Struthers.
INTRODUCrnON.
Tie outlook for the production of metallic antimony from domestic
tntimony ores in the United States is very unpromising, since the
smelting process for the extraction of the metal is complex and costly,
and but few metallurgists are conversant with all the details necessary
for successful treatment. Moreover, the large production of antimony
ores and metal in foreign countries, together with the low rate of ocean
freights, and the removal, in April, 1902, of the import tax on crude
antiniony (which, in reality, is partly refined antimony sulphide ore),
leave no opportunity for competition by the domestic product.
There are many deposits of antimony minerals, chiefly the sulphide,
in the Western States, but even prior to the removal of the import tax
on crude antimony in 1902, the production of metal from domestic
intiinony ores has never reached any prominence, the largest quantity
80 produced in a year being 296 tons in a total of 4,000, or approxi-
mately 7.4 per cent of the total annual production from ores. These
statistics are of the year 1896. There has been no conmiercial produc-
tion of metallic antimony from domestic antimony ores since 1901, in
which year 60 tons were made by the Chapman Smelting Company, of
Sin Francisco, Cal.^ Small quantities of metal have been produced
experimentally from time to time, but as they do not reach the mar-
ket they are not included in the statistics of production. Prior to
1902 the Chapman Smelting Company smelted a relatively small quan-
tity of domestic antimony ores, but due chiefly to the removal of the
duty on crude antimony in April, 1902, these works have since made
DO output of antimony metal from domestic ores.
Although many deposits of antimony minerals are located in the
Western States, the outlook for their development is very discour-
aging. The low rates of ocean freight from foreign countries, where
tke cost of mining is extremely cheap, permit the delivery of ores
Bttr the market at a cost so small that the western ores, being in
repons where the costs of fuel and labor are high, can not be profit-
*Wy smelted at the mines, nor can they be shipped to refineries on
account of the high railroad freight rates, hence there is no competi-
tion against the foreign product A large part of the supply of
317
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818 MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
antimony in the United States is in the form of hard lead, obtained as
a by-product in the smelting and refining of lead-silver ores, and this
branch of the antimony industry will naturally develop concurrently
with the advance in lead smelting.
The control of the production and trade of antimony in the United
States continues in the hands of Messrs. Mathison & Co., of London.
operating the smelting plant at Chelsea, Staten Island, New York, and
afiBliated with the Chapman Smelting Company, of San Francisco, Cal.
USES.
The chief use of antimony metal is in the manufacture of alloys of
lead, tin, zinc, and other metals. The addition of antimony to lead
increases its hardness up to twelvefold, and the addition of a small
quantity of bismuth (from 0.5 to 2 per cent) to the lead-antimony alloy
(type metal) causes it to expand at the moment of solidification and to
yield a casting with clean, sharp faces, which is of special value in the
manufacture of type.
The most important alloys of antimony are: Type metal^ composed
of lead and antimony, with or without the addition of tin and bismuth;
ha/rd lead^ produced in refining antimonial lead, containing various pro-
portions of antimony (the commercial product has an antimony content
of from 16.5 to 27 per cent, and generally averages about 25 per cent);
hritannia metal H,nd pewter , used extensively for tableware, the former
being an alloy of tin with from 10 to 16 per cent of antimony and 3
per cent of copper, and the latter an alloy of tin with a smaller con-
tent of antimony; antifriction fnetal^ also called white metal and babbitt
m^tal, which consists of antimony and tin with the addition of small
quantities of lead, copper, zinc, bismuth, and nickel.
The principal salts of antimony are, tartar emetic^ an antimony-
potassium tartrate, used in medicine and as a mordant in dyeing vege-
table fiber; antimmiy cinnabar^ a fiery red-colored pigment, consisting
of antimony trisulphide with a small amount of antimony trioxide,
used in oil painting; and antimony petitamlphide^ used as a red pig-
ment in vulcanizing and coloring rubber.
PRobuCTION.
There are four sources of supply of antimony in the United States,
in the following order of importance:
1. Hard lead, or antimonial lead, obtained as a by-product in smelt-
ing both foreign and domestic lead-silver ores, which contain a small
percentage of antimony.
2. Antimony regulus, or metal, from foreign countries.
3. Antimony ores (including the so-called "crude" antimony) from
foreign countries.
4. Antimony ores from domestic deposits.
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AwnMomr. 319
The quantity of hard lead (antimonial lead) produced in the United
States daring 1903, as a by-product in smelting impure lead-silver ores,
UDounted to 21,237,440 pounds, containing approximately 5,115,319
pounds of metallic antimony (equivalent to an average content of 24.1
per cent of antimony in the hard lead), as compared with 20,970,000
pounds of hard lead, containing 5,808,000 pounds of antimony metal,
in 1902, an increase for the year 1903 of 267,440 pounds of hard lead,
bot a decrease of 692,681 pounds in the actual amount of antimony con-
tained therein. The reason for this decrease in the total quantity of
antimony was due to the fact that, in 1902, one concern produced
hard lead averaging 25.5 per cent of antimony, while in 1903 its per-
centage dropped to from 16.5 to 17. The average antimony content of
hard lead ranges from 16.5 to 27 per cent.
Hard lead is used largely in the manufacture of antifriction and
otheralloys, and this alloy is obviously an important source of antimony
supply in the United States.
Hie net imports into the United States of foreign antimony, in the
form of regulos or antimony metal, amounted during 1903 to 4,694,309
pounds, valued at $260,144, as compared with 5,388,739 pounds, valued
at $333,601, in 1902, a decrease in quantity of 694,430 pounds, and in
value of $73,457 for the year 1903.
Imported antimony ores contain from 35 to 65 per cent of antimony,
and for all commercial purposes the average metal content may be
tak^ as 52.5 i>er cent. Ores containing a low percentage of antimony
are not of sufficient value to stand the cost of transportation, although
sometimes they are mixed with higher-grade ores in order to have
their metal content and value increased to an amount at which they
can be shipped with profit The smelting loss on the treatment of
antimony sulphide ores for the production of the refined metal approxi-
mates 20 per cent of the metal content, so that the average extraction
of metal from imported ores may be taken at 42 per cent. On this
basis the quantity of metal derivable from the net imports of foreign
ores during 1903 is 1,140,100 pounds, as compared with 1,314,000
pounds in 1902, showing a decrease of 173,900 pounds for the year 1903.
There was no antimony metal produced from domestic antimony
ores in the United States during the years 1902 and 1903. The latest
recorded production was in 1901, when 50 tons of metal was produced
from this source at the works of the Chapman Smelting Company,
^ Francisco, Cal. As elsewhere mentioned in this report, the pro-
duetion of antimony metal from domestic ores in the United States has
Krer attained any prominence when compared with the total con-
sumption of antimony metal and alloys in the United States.
^^ ^^ggi^g&te quantity of antimony available as metal or alloy in
tbe hard lead produced from foreign and domestic lead-silver ores and
imported for consumption as regulus or antimony ores during the
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320
MINERAL RESOURCES.
year 1903 amounted to 6,115,319 pounds, as compared with 5,808,000
pounds in 1902, showing a decrease of 692,681 pounds for the year
1903.
The annual production of metallic antimony in the United States
derivable from foreign ores and contained in the hard lead produced
from 1880 to 1903, inclusive, is shown in the following table:
Production of metallic antimony from domestic and foreign ores and thai contained in hard
lead in the United States, 1880-1903.
Year.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1888.
1884.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1900.
1901.,
1902.,
1903.,
Contained in hard
lead.a
Quantity.
f>hoTt tons.
(«»)
{*>)
C)
(«»)
('')
(«»)
809
1,011
1,260
1,263
1,187
1,563
1,877
2,217
2,118
1,586
2,476
2,235
2,904
2,558
Value.
$136,752
170,950
219,
225,540
213,706
236,169
268,249
320,856
348,051
307,314
490,916
457, 150
505,340
445,092
Produced from forei^
and domestic ores.
Quantity. Value.
Short toM.
50
50
50
35
75
100
115
129
278
metallicl50
ore 380 j.
250
200 I
©460
«601 ,
«844 I
ol,120 I
c 1,275
<? 1,750
4403
d657
d570
910,000
10,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
10,000
7,000
15,000
20,000
28,000
40,756
47,007
56,466
45,000
36,000
68,000
84,290
121,944
184,050
251,875
846,980
82,752
129.166
103,841
Total.
Quantity. Value
Short toM,
1.289 '
1,790 I
1.508 I
1,387 I
2,013 '
2,478
3,061
3.238
2,861
4,226
2,639
3,561
3,128
$177,508
217,957
275,416
270, MO
249.706
304,169
S47,5»
442. aoo
682,101
569,1»
837,896
5t9.«2
6S4,50S
548,433
a Estimated at 25 per cent of the total quantity of hard lead produced from both foreign and
domestic ores, except for tlie year 1902, when an average of 27 per cent was taken, and in 1908, when
the reported quantity averaged 24.1 per cent.
feNo statistics available.
c Principally from imported ores.
d Exclusive of foreign ores imported and reexported.
IMPORTS.
The subjoined table gives the aggregate quantity and value of anti
mony ore (including crude antimony) and metallic antimony (regulus)
imported into the United States from 1867 to 1903, as reported by the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor. An
inspection of the table shows that the quantity of ore imported has
increased from 116,495 pounds in 1893 to the maximum quantity of
6,089,134 pounds in 1900, a year in which there was a marked over-
importation of both ore and metal.
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ANTIMONY.
821
In 1903 the importation of antimony ore entered for consumption
was 2,714,617 pounds, valued at $54,316. In 1902 the net importa-
tion of antimony ore was 3,129,069 pounds, valued at $62,968. The
fltitistics of net importation for 1903, as compared with 1902, show a
decrease in quantity of 414,452 pounds, and in value of $8,652.
The annual imports of antimony metal, or regulus, and crude anti-
mony or ore, which have been entered for consumption in the United
States during the period 1867 to 1903, inclusive, are given in the
subjoined table:
Anl&Kwny and antimony ore imported and entered for consumption in the United States,
1867-1908.
Year endin^^
Metal and reguluB.
Grade antimony and ore.
Quantity. Valne.
Quantity. Value,
Total
yalue.
Joneao—
1«7...
1870..
1871..
vm,.
vsn..
W4..
187S..
187»..
1877..
1878..
1879..
un..
1882..
1884..
PMjambcr Sl-
1886
1887
18B0.
lan..
un..
1888.
18M.
18V7.
PouruU.
Pounds.
1,038.886
1,845,821
1,227.429
1,015,039
1,968,806
1,166,821
1,253,814
1,288,228
946.809
1,115,124
1,256,624
1,880,212
2,019,889
1,806,945
2,525.838
8,064,050
1,779,887
2,579,840
2,997,965
2,668,284
2,814,044
2,676.130
8,815,659
2,618,941
8,960,864
2,780,482
2,668,487
8,490,901
2,576,871
2,282,245
2,108,599
2,990,915
3,654,822
8,640,605
5.388,789
4.694,809
168,919
83,822
129,918
164,179
148,264
287,586
184,498
148,409
181,860
119,441
135.817
130,950
143,099
265,773
253,054
294,234
286,892
150,435
207,215
202,563
169,747
248,015
804,711
411,960
327,307
892,761
243,341
193,988
228,968
158,975
143,870
148,671
241,685
287,987
254,529
883,601
260,144
6,460
8,821
20,001
20,851
84,542
. 25,150
841,730
1,114,699
697,244
281,860
215,918
218,866
862,761
68,040
146,809
611,140
1,483,581
192,344
116,495
375,468
668,610
1,180,828
3.719,186
8,749,222
8,968,654
6,089,134
M, 682, 801
63,129,069
2,714,617
82,364
3,081
2,941
203
609
700
2,314
1,259
2,341
2,349
18,199
18,019
11,254
6,489
7,497
9,761
8,785
2,178
5,568
29,878
36,232
7,388
5,253
a 18, 805
14,718
21,402
55,400
50,256
47,427
75,866
22,720
62,968
54,316
868,919
83,822
129,918
164,179
150.628
240,567
187,489
148,612
181,969
120,141
187.631
182,209
145,440
268,122
271,258
812,253
296,146
156,924
214,712
212,824
178,682
250,198
310,279
441,888
400,099
248,594
212,793
180,377
198,770
196,927
289,112
363,808
278,066
896,669
814,460
1 8787, Talae of gnnind antimony for which no quantity was given.
»Kxeludefl exports.
M R 1903 21
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822
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
The large increase in the quantities of antimony regulus and ore
imported and exported during 1902 was due to a peculiar condition of
the freight rates from China, which were about 10 shillings per ton
from China to New York and 80 shillings from China to England.
The freight rate from New York to England being about 10 shillings
per ton, shipments were made first to New York, whence the mefaJ
was transshipped to England, and thus practically one-third of the
cost of direct transportation was saved. According to the report of
one of the principal importers, there has been no radical change in the
freight conditions during the year 1903.
CONSUMPTION.
The consumption of antimony in the United States from 1880 to 1903
is given in the subjoined table, the imported ore being estimated to
contain an average of 62i per cent antimony, and to yield 42 per cent
of refined metal by smelting operations. Crude antimony, which is
refined or concentrated ore and not metal, is included in the quantity
of ore impoi'ted. Antimony regulus is taken as equivalent to the
metal. The antimony contained in hard lead is calculated at 25 per
cent, except for 1902, when an average of 27 per cent was taken, and
in 1903, when the reported average was 24.1 per cent.
EaimcUed consumption of antimony in the United States^ 18S0-190S.
Year.
Contained
in hard
lead.
From do-
mestic ores.
From im-
ported ores
and crude
antimony.
Imported
metal or
regulos.
Total
1880
Short loM.
1881
1882
1888
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
18«0
1891
1,011
1,260
1,258
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1,877
2,217
2,118
1,666
2,476
2,286
2,904
2,668
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Short tons.
50
60
60
60
60
50
86
75
100
115
129
278
150
260
200
5276
5291
5246
5260
284
151
50
Nil.
Nil.
Short toHt.
7
221
292
188
61
57
58
95
18
38
160
877
60
80
100
M76
5810
5699
5870
1,041
1,699
363
667
670
ShoHtOM,
1,010
904
1,268
1,532
890
1,290
1,499
1,277
1,407
1,388
1,658
1,809
1.976
1.890
1,827
1,760
1,288
i,ia
1,062
1.496
1,827
1,887
2,694
2,347 1
Skoftiim.
«1,06?
ol,17J
al,(15
• 1,776
• 1,011
al,S97
al,502
al,4l7
al,U5
al,491
«1,9I7
2,9^5
3,415
2,92S
<il,627
a2,200
8,76«
4,203
4,290
4,866
6.068
" <476
6,266
6,475
a Not including antimony contained in hard lead, for which statistics are not available.
5 Separation estimated. All antimony smelted, whether from domestic or foreign ores, was reported
as of domestic productton.
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ANTIMONY.
328
The decrease in the total quantity of antimony estimated to have
been consumed in the United States in 1901, as compared with 1900,
was due to the very large overimportation of antimony ore and, to a
less extent, of antimony re^us in 1900. The above table" shows the
constantly increasing quantity of antimony obtained from foreign ores
from 1893 to 1903, inclusive, which has been due mainly to the cheap
ocean-freight rates from foreign countries where the ores are mined
and partly refined at a low cost.
WOBIiD'S PRODUCTION.
The following table, showing the output and value of antimony metal
of the world in 1901 and 1902, has been compiled from the official gov-
ernmental reports of the respective countries:
Worlds 8 production of cmtimony metal in 1901 and 190S,
Country.
1901.
Quantity. Value,
1902.
Quantity. Valoe.
rnltodStateea.
Aoitria
Prancefr
Qtmukj^
Hongaryd
lUly
/apan
Short tons.
408
126
1,969
2,788
7n
1,898
474
S61.820
10,434
240,000
268,250
82,920
195,660
68,787
40,824
Short tOM.
687
26
1,901
8,858
758
1,202
$129,166
1,787
207,475
881,188
81,200
91,286
844
42,492
Total.
8,698
968,585
8,741
884,494
a Does not include the antimony contained in hard lead.
^ Tnclndes product of Algeria.
« Includes quickfdlyer.
tf Grade antimony and regulus.
PRICES.
From 1893 to July, 1897, there was a steady decline in the price of
antimony, which dropped from 16 cents per pound for Cookson's brand
to 7 cente. Beginning with August, 1897, the price began to advance,
and in May, 1899, it reached 12 cents per pound, and then remained
Mmrly constant throughout the rest of the year. During 1902 there
WMB a slight falling off in price, and the year closed with Cookson's at
1<>4 cents per pound. The following tables show, by months and years,
the ruling prices of the several brands of antimony, as reported to
The Iron Age and the Engineering and Mining Journal, from 1895 to
1903, inclnsiye.
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824
MINEBAL BESOUB0E8.
Prices of antimony at New York, 1896-1908^ by months.
[Gents per poand.]
Month.
1895.
Oook-
Bon's.
Hallett's.
Japanese.
1896.
^,^" Hallett'8.papaneee,
1897.
Cook-
Hallelf 8. J^Moeie.
January . . .
February .
March
April
May
June
July
August ....
September.
October...
NoTember .
December ,
8ito8|
8ito8i
7}to8i
7} to 8
7(to8
8 to8i
8
8
7|to8
71 to 7 J
71 to 71
7tto7i
7tto7i
7tto71
7 to7i
7
7 to7t
7tto7i
n
n
7 to7i
7
6Jto7
6Jto7
61
6}
7
7
6{to7
6}
61 to 6}
61 to6i
8i
8i
8i
8i
8 to8i
8
8
8
8
7ito7t
7tto7t
7ito7t
7ito7t
7*
7*
7*
7ito74
7*
7i
n
U
ek
61 to 61
6i
7
7
7
7
6Jto7
6{to7
6}to7
6ito7
6ito7
6t
6ito6|
61
7Jto7i
71 to 7*
71to7i
71 to 71
71 to 71
71 to 74
7 to 71
7 to8i
8 to81
8 to81
8 to81
8 to8i
61to6f
61 to 61
6|to7i
7 to7i
7 to7i
61to7
6|to71
7|to71
71 to 71
71 to 71
71 to 71
71 to 71
61 to 6)
6|to6i
6|to7
7 to7l
6} to 7}
6|to6i
61
6tto7
7 to7J
7 to7i
7 to7i
7 to7i
Month.
Cookson's. Hallett's. Japanese.
1898.
Cookson's. Hallett's.
1899.
United
States.
Cookson's. Hallett'&
January..
February .
March
April
May
June — .-.,
July
August ....
September
October...
November
December
8 to81
8 to81
8 to8i
8it09
9ito9i
9ito9|
91 to 91
9|to9|
9|to9|
91 to 91
91 to 91
9|to9|
7ito71
71 to 71
71 to 71
71 to 8
8|to8f
8|to9
9
9
9
9
9
81 to 9
7tto7i
81
8}to9
9
9
9
9
81 to 9
81 to 81
10 to 101
101 to 10)
111 to 12
111 to 12
111 to 12
111
11*
111
111
111
lli to 111
111 to 111
91to 91
91 to 101
101 to 101
101 to 10)
101 to 10)
101
101
101
104
104
101 to 101
101 to 101
94
94 to 9)
10* to 10}
10* to 10)
10* to 104
10*
10*
10) to 11
10)toU
10*
10 to 104
10 tolO*
10*toU
10* to 11
104 to U
11
11
11
104 to U
104
104
104
10*
10*
9) to n
91 to 10
9) to 10
9)
91
91
94
94
91
91
94
9* to
Month.
1901.
^,^; Hallett's. Others.
1902.
Cook-
son's.
Hallett's. Others.
1908.
Cook-
HaUettfs. Othen.
January
February...
March
April
May
June
July
August
September..
October
November . .
December ..
10* to 10*
lOi
101
10*
104
101
lOi
101
101
10*
10*
101
9*
n
8* to 91
8) to 9
8|to9
8)
8)
84 to 8}
8* to 8)
8) to 84
8*
8*to8|
8|to9
8) to 9
84 to 9
84 to 8)
84 to 8)
8* to 8*
8* to 8*
8 to8*
8 to81
8 to 8*
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AimHOKY. 826
THE TBEATMENT OF ANTIMONY ORBS IN JAPAN.
Antimony metal has been produced from its ores in Japan for
centuries. The chief mine is in the island of Shikoku, from which
high-^rade stibnite is obtained and shipped to Sanchobar on the coast,
where it is smelted and refined to metal. The smelting operation is
executed in a very simple manner. A clay crucible, having a small
hole bored through its bottom, is placed upon a second one. The
upper crucible is filled with powdered antimony ores (stibnite, anti-
mony sulphide) and tightly closed with a clay cover; coal is then
heaped around the upper crucible and ignited. The heat serves to
melt the stibnite, which separates or liquates from the gangue of the
ore and flows through the hole in the bottom of the upper crucible
into the lower one, from which it is ladled into molds and cooled.
The concentrated antimony sulphide thus obtained is subsequently
reduced to metallic antimony, which is shipped in boxes to various
markets.
PATENTS.
In France M. H. L. Herrenschmidt obtained a patent (No. 333340,
June 24, 1903) to treat antimony sulphide ore in a blown converter.
The process is canried out as follows: The hearth of the converter is
first covered with a layer of wood, which is then lighted. As soon as it
is well ignited a layer of coke is added, followed by a layer of antimony
suli^ide ore containing from 40 to 60 per cent of antimony. Above the
ore charge is a final layer of coke, and of antimony oxysulphide pro-
duced as a by-product in a former smelting in the converter. Air is
then blown through the tuyeres and in connection with the heat of the
burning fuel it transforms the antimony sulphide into volatile oxysul-
{riiide, which passes off with the furnace gases, and is condensed and
ooDected in a suitable receiver. During the smelting operation a cer-
tain pn^)ortion of metallic antimony is reduced and tapped off. The
oxysuliriiide is subsequently distilled with a proper reducing agent,
forming metallic antimony and a poor oxysulphide residue, which
is returned to the converter as a part of a later charge.
Mr. T. Crisp Sanderson, of Chelsea, Staten Island, New York, has
patented a method for the continuous smelting of antimony ores
(United States patent No. 714040, November, 1902), for which is
claimed advantages in fuel consumption, labor, volatilization losses,
and other Actors of cost The method is briefly described as follows:
A bath of ferrous sulphide is formed in the hearth of a reverberatory
furnace, and after closing the chimney damper the charge of anti-
mony ore is shoveled into the furnace and quickly rabbled into the
molten ferrous sulphide. As soon as it has become thoroughly mixed,
•etip iron sufficient to decompose the antimony sulphide is introduced,
and the temperature of the furnace raised to the proper degree. The
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836 MIKEBAL BE8OUB0B8.
bath is then thoroughly rabbled and the iron decomposes the antimony
sulphide, forming metallic antimony and ferrous sulphide. When the
reaction is completed the metallic antimony is tapped from a sump in
the furnace until iron sulphide appears; the tap hole is then closed
and the slag which floats on the surface of the bath of iron sulphide is
removed by skimming. Owing to the formation in the furnace of
iron sulphide from the reaction between the scrap iron and the sul-
phur of the ore, a certain quantity must be removed in order to lower
the bath to its original level. Before tapping off the excess of iron
sulphide an additional quantity of scrap iron is sometimes added to
the bath and rabbled, so that some of the antimony remaining in the
slag will be reduced; any metallic antimony so formed, however, will
contain too much iron, and it is therefore left in the furnace for the
succeeding charge,, which removes the iron from it. Oxidized anti-
mony ores may be treated in a similar way, using iron or carbon, or
both, for the reducing agent. The Sanderson continuous process has
been in successful operation at Chelsea, Staten Island, N. Y., for a year
or more.
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A-R8e:n^io.
By Joseph Struthebs.
INTROBUCnON.
OCCURRENCE.
Arsenic ores and, to a lesser extent, metallic arsenic occur widely
distributed in many countries, but in very few places are the deposits
of sufficient extent to be of commercial value.
The most common mineral (mainly used for the manufacture of
arsenic compounds) is arsenopyrite, the double sulphide of iron and
arsenic (FeAsS), commonly called *' mispickel " or " arsenical pyrites."
Other important minerals are the two sulphides, realgar (As^Sg) and
orpiment (As,S,), and the two forms of the sesquioxide (As^O,), arseno-
lite and claudetite. Arsenic also occurs in combination widi nickel and
cobalt, both as a sulphide and as an arseno-sulphide, and, to a minor
extent, as an impurity in several other metallic minerals.
USES.
The chief use for arsenious oxide is in the manufacture of Paris
^reen, although it is used to a minor extent to make Scheele's green,
London purple, lead arsenate, sodium arsenate, potassium arsenate,
and other arsenic salts. In the arts or trades, Paris green is used to
exterminate the potato beetle and other insects injurious to vegetables.
Paris green has a peculiar light-green shade possessed by no other
pigment; but, owing to its pois5nous character, its use as a dyestuff is
very restricted. Arsenic, as a vermicide, is used in various ways; either
in the form of the oxide or of an arsenate salt (called " sheep dip") for
parasites affecting sheep and cattle; also as a weed killer. The oxide
is used in the manufacture of fine-grade glassware and special enamels;
18 a fixing and conveying substance for aniline dyes; as a preservative
for raw hides, both in taxidermy and in storage for manufacture into
leather, and to a minor extent in the preparation of certain medicinal
eompoondfl and embalming fluids.
887
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838 lONEBAL BXSOUBCES.
PROBUCTION IN THE UNITEB STATES.
The production of arsenious oxide (technically known as *' white
arsenic,'' and sometimes ^^ arsenic'') in the United States during 1903
amounted to 611 short tons, valued at $36,691, as compared with 1,353
tons in 1902, and 300 tons in 1901, the last-named year being the date
of the inception of the white ai*senic industry in the United States.
The entire domestic product has been made solely at the plant of the
Puget Sound Reduction Company, Everett, Wash., and the large
increase in the domestic production during 1902 promised success to
the undertaking. Owing to various conunercial reasons, however, the
by-product plant was operated at its full capacity only during the first
quarter of the year 1903. It was shut down from March 1 until Sep-
tember 1, 1903, when, at the latter time, the works came under the
control of the American Smelting and Refining Company. During
the last three months of the year the by-product plant was used only
for roasting small quantities of arsenical lead ores, and no white
arsenic was shipped to the market.
The arsenic ores treated at this plant consist mainly of arsenopyrite,
containing on the average about 14 per cent of arsenic and 0.7 ounce
of gold and 3 ounces of silver per ton. A part of the ore treated
contained only 2 per cent of sulphur, the ai'senic being present chiefly
in an oxidized form.
The by-product plant for the condensation and collection of the
white arsenic is quite simple in construction and efficient in operation.
There is a long brick flue, 20 feet high, connecting the Wethey mechan-
ical 6-hearth 60-ton roasting furnace with the dust chamber, which
latter is 5 feet high, and covers an area of about 125 by 150 feet
This chamber is built of 4-inch brick walls, and is divided into four
equal parts, so arranged that by the use of valves or dampers any one
section can be cut out from the other, and the condensation may thus
be carried on continuously.
The arsenical compounds in the ore are decomposed during the
roasting, and are ti*ansformed chiefly into volatile arsenious oxide,
which passes out with the waste gases of the furnace, and is subse-
quently condensed by their cooling and lessened velocity, and settles
on the floor of the dust chamber, or becomes attached to the sides and
roof in beautiful festoons of pure white crystals resembling snow.
At stated intervals each section is cut out from the system and the
accumulated deposit of white arsenic is shoveled into hand barrows
and carried to storage-bins until needed for subsequent refining in a
small reverberatory furnace.
After the arsenic has been expelled by the roasting, the ore is dis-
charged from the furnace and treated with lead ore in a shaft furnace
for the extraction of the gold and silver contents.
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ABSENIO. ^ 829
Despite the fact that the domestic output of arsenical compounds is
not sufficient to supply more than one-quarter of the total consump-
tion in the United States (large quantities being annually imported
from Canada, Germany, and Spain), the development of this impor-
tant industry is of exceedingly slow growth.
The manufacture in the United States of arsenic compounds from
domestic ores should be developed, in order to supplant the large
quantities which are annually imported from Europe and Canada. A
^nee at the table of imports given on page 10 of this report shows
the growing importance of this branch of the arsenic industry.
Daring 1903 there were imported from Canada, England, Germany,
and Spain 1,211,299 pounds of arsenious acid, valued at $38,505, and
7,146,362 pounds of arsenic sulphide and orpiment, valued at $256,097,
18 compared with 1,385,700 pounds of arsenious oxide, valued at
$12,424, and 6,725,198 pounds of arsenic sulphide and orpiment,
valued at $237,631, in 1902.
Hie white arsenic trade is peculiar, in that its consumption depends
on a number of variable conditions. Much of the product is used by
sheep raisers to kill the ^' sheep tick," which lives in the wool of the
animal. In the latter part of 1902 the demand in Australia for this
porpose became greatly diminished, possibly due either to the exter-
mination of the tick or to the accumulation of stocks by the sheep
raisers; and as a result there was an increase in the quantity exported
from Germany and England to the United States during 1903, at
prices which hindered to some extent the development of the industry
in the last-named country.
Prior to the year 1899 the world's demand for arsenic and its com-
pounds was met by the output of the arsenic mines of Cornwall and
Devon, in England, and of the by-products from the metallurgical
worits at Freiberg, Germany, at which arsenious oxide is made, not
only from arsenic ores, but also from arsenical ores of other metals,
thereby rendering the latter more amenable Jor subsequent treatment
and consequently more valuable.
It is probable that the future of the arsenic industry in the United
States depends more upon the beneficiation of arsenical ores of other
metals (chiefly those containing gold and silver) than upon the direct
treatment of ai*senic ores for the extraction of the metal itself.
A recently discovered deposit of arsenic is being exploited by the
United States Arsenic Mineral Company of Pittsburg, Pa., at Pilot
Mountain, 17 miles from Christ iansburg, Montgomery County, Va.
Astatement from this concern outlining its work up to January 1, 1904,
reports tiie driving of a 215-foot adit into the hillside, supplemented
with a 55-foot drift extending to an 8-foot vein of ai'senic ore of 25 per
cent arsenic content, which can be mined at a cost of 70 cents per ton.
A baikUng 300 by 70 feet has been erected for the mills and furnaces.
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880 KOnSBAL BXSOUBOBS.
and dwelling houses, store, office, laboiutory, and other buildings have
been built. The plant is equipped with a 125-horsepower Westing-
house engine; two 75-horsepower return-tubular boilers; four dynamos,
one of 75-horsepower and three of small power; a 13 by 20 inch
Blake crusher; a 27-foot Howell-White calcining furnace; rolls, pumps,
pulverizers, etc. The capacity of the plant, when completed, is placed
at 140 tons of refined arsenic per month. The region is wild and
mountainous.
The white-arsenic plant at the Washoe copper smelter, Anaconda,
Mont. , was nearly completed by January 1, 1904. Large brick settlinpf
chambers have been erected alongside of the flue of the Brunton
roasting furnaces, in order to condense and collect the arsenical fumes
f <L rmed during the roasting. The arsenic-refining department has be^
equipped with suitable reverberatory furnaces, in which the crude flue
deposit will be refined and the purified product subsequently ground
and packed for the market in air-tight barrels, each of a capacity of
400 pounds. The daily capacity of the by-product plant is reported to
be several tons of flake arsenic.
An unconfirmed report went the rounds of the technical press during
1903 to the effect that the Mineral Creek Mining Company, owning
an arsenic property at Mineral Creek, Washington, had mined and
accumulated a stock of 1,000 tons of realgar (a sulphide ore of arsenic),
which is awaiting the completion of a smelting plant at that place.
Mineral Creek is situated near Elba, on the line surveyed for the
Tacoma Eastern Railway.
An interesting discovery of metallic arsenic was made during 1903
at Washington Camp, Santa Cruz County, Ariz. The deposit is in
masses attached to the walls of small pockets in dolomitic limestone.
The size of the masses is generally small, although in one instance a
piece weighing 20 pounds was found. This specimen is now in the
National Museum at Washington, D. C. It is quite probable that
other pockets containing arsenic would be found if the deposit were
exploited, but, owing to the distance from the market and the high
cost of fuel and labor, there appears to be no inunediate prospect of
developing the property.
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AB8BNI0.
881
WORIiD'S PKOBUCTION OF ARSENIC.
The statistics of the world's production of arsenic and its compounds
from 1895 to 1903, inclusive, are given in the following table:
The worlds s annual production of arsenic, 1896-190S,<^
[Metric tons,]
Canada.
Germany.l*
Italy.«»
Japan.
Portugal.
Year.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
1 Tom.
18K NIL
«4,842
22,725
41,676
48,000
15,420
Tons.
3,^
2,682
2,987
2,677
2,423
2,414
2.649
2,827
2,768
«207.187
221,165
295,897
253,528
267,250
268,250
256,750
260,000
258,500
Tons.
100
320
200
215
304
126
6
$8,000
24,400
18,600
15,700
26,483
12,098
120
iP)
Tons.
7
6
13
7
5
5
10
(«)
Tans.
1806
Nil.
1897
NU.
Nil.
52
275
6S0
726
288
524
751
1,068
1,081
527
786
•20,369
IMB
44,764
18l»
61,856
isoo
62,522
im
85,277
mL
1908
88,068
(0)
8pain.d
United Kingdom. « ' Tiurkey . /
United States. «
Year.
Quan-
Uty.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
MH,..
184
271
244
111
101
150
120
1,068
«18,890
27,100
29,256
13.320
12,156
18,086
14,400
87,040
Tons.
4,875
3,674
4,282
4,241
8,890
4,146
8,416
2,165
917
•260,990
227,415
873,975
268,935
271,180
835,140
197,270
96,910
Tons,
Tons.
MH..
im
vm
uit
uoo
274
(a*)
(Qh)
821,600
iph)
1901
272
1,226
554
tl8,000
1908
81,180
19Qi
86.001
'
« Fhn offlciAl reports of the respective countries.
* MelalUe anenlo and arsenious oxide.
«6tatistks not available at time of publication.
'Amnlc sulphide; in addition to these quantities, during 1908 there were produced 22 tons of
cfpiBMQt. valued at •8,837.
« Amnions oxide.
/BxportB.
# Hoi reported.
A la 1901, 1902, and 1908 the quantity exported is reported at about 500 tons per year.
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882
lOKXRAL BESOUBOSB.
IMPORTS.
The significance of the importation of arsenic and its compotrndsfor
the manufacturing industries of the United States may be appreciated
from the statistics given in the following table for the period 1898 to
1903, inclusive:
ImporU of metaUic aneniCy wkUe arMnic {arsmious acid) , and anenie 8ulphide$ (orpmad
and realgar) in the United StateSy 189S-190S.
Vea,.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Qoantity. Yaloe.
1898
Pmindt.
6,092,377
7,063,442
6,984,278
5,813,387
7,242,004
8,686,681
«180,883
218,636
237,747
215,281
852,284
870,847
1899
PomOM.
9,0*0,871
5.765,569
6,989,668
8,110,898
8,867,661
fW.711
1894
1900
36(.800
1895
1901
S6,HS
1896
1908
«.»
1897
1908
29t,«B
1898
PRICES.
The average monthly price per pound of standard^ English brands of
white arsenic during the year 1903 was as follows: January, February,
and March, 3 cents; April, May, and June, 3i cents; July, 3 cents;
August and September, 3i cents; October, November, and December,
3f cents.
Spanish white arsenic ruled lower than the English brands, due not
to inferiority but tp the comparative newness of the brand, whidi
required a concession in price in order to establish its introduction in
the New York market. It was reported that in October, 1903, a
consolidation, having for its object an advance of prices, had been
effected among the largest European manufacturers. That there was
good authority for the unconfirmed rumor is attested by the fact that
prices for arsenic white (including the Spanish brand) were firmly
maintained at 3i cents per pound during the closing quarter of the
year. The European combination, however, did not have sufficient
control of the situation in the American market to continue the high
price after the close of the year, mainly for the reason that American
competitors promptly took advantage of the higher standard of price
and placed a considerable quantity of the domestic product on the
market. As a natural result the price declined early in the year 19(H.
THE ARSENIC rNT>U8TRT IN FOREIGN COUNTREBS.
Canada. — ^The output of white arsenic in Canada during the year
1903 was 514,000 pounds, valued at $15,420, produced at the works of
the Canadian Gold Fields Company (Limited), Deloro, Ontario. These
works were closed early in the year for the reason that the changed
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ABSENIC. 833
duuracter of the ore obtained from the lower levels of the mine neces-
sitated a remodeling of the plant, and at the same time it was deemed
desirable to enlarge the works also, so that an increased output could
be made at a smaller cost per ton of product. It was also reported
that the proposed consolidation of the interests of several companies
in tiiat district was an additional factor in shutting down the works.
The manufacture of white arsenic as a by-product in the treatment
of arsenical gold ore has been carried on very successfully in recent
years by the Canadian Gold Fields Company (Limited), the production
being 113,474 pounds in 1899, 606,523 pounds in 1900, 1,346,983
pounds in 1901, 1,600,933 pounds in 1902, and 514,000 pounds in 1903,
the works being operated only during the first three months of the
last-named year. At the end of this time the deposits of arsenical
goki ore above the water line, containing only a small per cent of
anenic, had become exhausted, and the remaining ore was essentially
an arsenic ore carrying a small quantity of gold. A description of
the Canadian arsenical gold ores and their metallurgical treatment is
given in Mineral Resources for 1902.
Id Hastings County, Ontario, there are many extensive deposits of
arsenopyrite, generally containing gold to the extent of from 2 to 6
pennyweights per ton. In most cases these ores are free from zinc and
lead, and Uieref ore are exceptionally well suited to the production of
white arsenic. The Canadian Gold Fields Company (Limited), at Deloro,
has developed a cheap process for the direct extraction of gold from *
this class of ore in the raw state — i. e., without previous roasting, the
reported cost being less than $1.50 per ton of ore treated. This fact
natorally makes the field for arsenic a very promising one, and it is
within Uie range of possibility that in the future Canada will become
the source of arsenic supply not only for the United States but for
Europe as well. In the latter country most of the old works have
been closed down on account of the high cost of production. The
white arsenic produced from the Deloro ore is of exceptional purity,
analysb showing from 99.6 to 100 per cent of arsenious oxide. Fur-
thermore, its freedom from sulphur has gained for it a world-wide
reputation for excellence.. It is stated on good authority that at
Deloro die cost of making white arsenic is about one-third of the
cost at Cornwall, England. This economy has resulted largely from
the application of modern methods of treatment.
Arsenical ores also occur at other places in Canada, notably metallic
usenic and mispickel in Nova Scotia, and other ores in British
Colombia, in Western Ontario, and in the Sudbury district. The
litest reported discovery of arsenical ore is a deposit of smaltite
(aidttl arsenide) on the line of the Simis Kaming Bailroad, now being
hmh by the Ontario government.
fyam. — Daring 1903 the firm of Girones y Henrich completed the
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884 MINERAL BE8OUB0B8.
construction of a smelting plant at Badalona, 6 miles north of Barce-
lona, and began to produce white arsenic. At this plant auriferous
arsenical py rite, argentiferous galena, and cupriferous py rite, obtained
from the numerous small mines in the province of Gerona, are treated,
and in the year 1903 the company treated 5,737 metric tons of mis-
pickel, from which 1,088 tons of white arsenic, valued at 435,200
pesetas ($82,994), were produced.
United Kingdom. — According to the Fortieth Annual Report on
Alkali Works, etc., by the chief inspector (published in 1904), a fur-
ther reduction took place in the number of works registered for the
manufacture of white arsenic in the United Kingdom. Ten years ago,
in 1893, more than 35 works, situated in Cornwall, Devon, and South
Wales, were engaged in the manufacture of white arsenic and an out-
put exceeding 5,000 tons of refined material was made, but during the
year 1903 only 22 works were in operation, yielding less than 1,000
tons of product.
The decline in the English white arsenic industry has been due
largely to the competition of foreign manufacturers. In 1899 the
Great Devon Consol arsenic mine, one of the most important in England,
was shut down; and recently the entire metallurgical plant was dis-
mantled and the mine shafts were allowed to become flooded by dram-
age water. During 1903 a small output of arsenic was produced by
this company from the waste arsenical pyrite of the duifip heaps, but
the work was conducted on a small scale during a very limited period
only. At the close of the year 1903 there were probably not more
than 500 tons of '^Drayton" arsenic in stock.
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TIN.
By Joseph Stbuthebs and Joseph Hyde Pratt.
rNTBOBUCTION.
As in former years, there was no commercial production of tin from
domestic ores in the United States daring the year 1903, although
many hundred tons of metallic tin and chemical salts of tin, chiefly
the chlorides, have been obtained by the chemical or electrolytic
treatment of new tin scrap from tin can and fruit tin factories. But
as tin from these sources is manifestly of secondary origin the
quantity so produced can not be properly classified as a first mineral or
metal product in the sense that these terms are used in the statistics
presented by the United States Geological Survey.
The treatment of new tin scrap, known as "detinning," has become
of considerable importance in the United States, and at least ten com-
panies were actively engaged in this special branch of the industry
during the year 1903. The average yield from tin scrap is approxi-
mately 2 per cent of metallic tin. In addition, a large number of
smaU concerns in the principal cities recover the tin from old tin cans
and similar material by a smelting treatment in a furnace, the tin
being obtained in the form of solder, which is either used as a basis
for making new solder or is treated chemically to yield metallic tin or
tin salts. The residue of scrap iron is generally utilized in the manu-
facture of sash weights and other castings of inferior quality of iron.
A smelting plant for the furnace treatment of tin ores was erected
atBayonne, N. J., during 1908. The works included four reverber-
•tory furnaces of a combined capacity of 50 tons of oi'e a day. The
I^ant was designed to treat tin-ore concentrates from the Malay
Peninsula, but before the completion of the works a prohibitory tax
was placed on the export of tin ore from the Malay Peninsula, which
destroyed the inmiediate prospects of the company operating the plant.
SOUTH DAKOTA AKI> WYOMING.
Hie mineral cassiterite, tin dioxide (SnO,), containing 78.6 per cent
of metallic tin, has been found in no less than 17 States and Territories
of the United States, yet in only two or three places have attempts on
A large scale been made to place the industry in this country on a pro-
ductive footing. Notable among the discoveries of domestic tin ore
386
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386 MINEBAL RESOUBOBS.
are the deposits at Harney Peak, in the Black Hills of South Dakota,
and the deposits in North and South Carolina, and in Alaska. The
development of these deposits, however, has not as yet been carried
forward to a commercially productive stage.
The Harney Peak Tin Mining, Milling, and Manufacturing Company
reports, through its receiver, that during 1903 there has been no
development of the properties beyond the regular amount of work
required for the annual assessment. The court having jurisdiction
would not permit the company to make any extended test of the prop-
erties or expend any money except in connection with a part of the
placer ground, concerning which it was necessary to satisfy the Land
Office that tin ore was present in the gravels. There was abundant
proof of the presenc>e of tin ore, but the experiments were on too small
a scale to determine accurately the average quantity of tin that the
gravels would yield.
Although there has been no appreciable development of the Harney
Peak properties, the Tinton Tin Company, controlled by Chicago inte^
ests, has been working during the last two years on its claims located
in what is known as the "Nigger Hill" and "Bear Gulch" district
west of Dead wood and Lead, S. Dak., and 75 miles northwest of Bar-
ney Peak. This new district is partly in Lawrence County, S. Dak.,
and partly in Crook County, Wyo., being on the border line of the
two States. The Tinton Tin Company has been operating a small con-
centrating plant, but owing to the lack of proper smelting facilities m
the United States it has shipped to European ports for treatment a
carload of concentrates said to contain an average of 62.5 per cent of
metallic tin.
A thorough sampling of the deposit, subsequently confirmed by
mill runs of several hundred tons of ore, has proved the existence of
large blocks of ground that contain workable quantities of tin ore.
One parcel of property, 140 by 50 feet, and another 90 by 6 feet,
yielded an average mill return of 1.16 per cent of metallic tin, which
was 0.16 per cent greater than the assays of hand samples made in the
laboratory. The cassiterite in the properties of the Tinton Tin Com-
pany occurs in pegmatite greisen or altered granite, and is generally in
the form of coarse granules, although at times large masses of fine
grains of the mineral are found between the strata of the schist and
the porphyry. The concentrating mill of the company is equipped
with crushers, rolls, and a Bartlett table.
The quantity of ore so far treated has averaged 1 per cent of
metallic tin and the concentrates therefrom have ranged from 62.5 to
65 per cent of metallic tin. The metalliferous impurities present con-
sist of a very small quantity of pyrite and iron sesquioxide.
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TIN. 337
AliASKA.
The tin deposits of the York region, Seward Peninsular, Alaska,
have been fully described by Arthur J. Collier,^ in Bulletin No. 229, .
of the United States Geological Survey, published in 1904.
In the year 1900 Mr. Alfred H. Brooks, of the United States Geo-
logical Survey, discovered tin ore in the placers of the Anikovik
River and its tributary, Buhner Creek. It was not until 1902, how-
ever, that the occurrence of tin-bearing gravels was discovered on
Buck Creek, 20 miles north of the town of York. During 1903 Mr.
Collier reported upon the tin-ore deposits of Lost River, Buck Creek,
and Cape Mountain, the results of his investigations being embodied
in the bulletin referred to. Mr. Collier concludes his report for the
Survey with a brief description of tin ores and associated minerals,
the methods of assaying tin ore, the occurrences of tin ores in the
United States, the production of tin in foreign countries, and a list of
the more important papers relating to tin deposits that have been
published in recent years.
Several tons of tin ore have been shipped from the deposits of Buck
Creek, and several companies have been operating their claims during
1903. In one instance an average of 27 pounds of concentrates con-
taining 60 per cent of metallic tin were obtained from a cubic yard of
gravel.
Cassiterite is found irregularly distributed over an area of 450
square miles of the Seward peninsula, and though many discoveries
of lode tin other than those referred to in the preceding paragraph
have been prospected none has yet been proved of workable value.
CAEOIilNA TIN BEIiT.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION.
What may be called the Carolina tin belt extends from Graffney,
Cherokee County, S. C, in a general northeasterly direction across this
county, across the southeastern corner of Cleveland County, N; C, and
across Gaston and Lincoln counties, N. C. The tin deposits found in
Rockbridge County, Va., may be a continuation of the Carolina tin
belt across Catawba, Iredell, Yadkin, and Surry counties, N. C. The
general direction of the rocks carrying the tin ore is the same as that
of the rocks in Virginia, and the continuation of this direction from the
Qirolina deposits would approximately cross those places in Rockbridge
County, Va,, where tin ore has been found. The rocks that outcrop
in Surry County, N. C, Are also in this same line and have the
•Comer, Arthnr J.. The Tin deporita of the York Region, Alaska: Bull. U. S. Oeol. Survey, No. 229^
an
M s 1903 22
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388 KHTERAL BB8OUB0E8.
same general direction. The principal locality in South Carolina wiiere
tin ore has been found is about 1 mile north of Gaffney, on land
belonging to Capt. S. S. Boss. For a distance of 13 miles from a point
' about a mile northeast of the Ross mine no tin minerals have as yet
been found. The next place in the belt where tin is known to occur is
a short distance northeast of Grover, S. C, a station on the Southern
Railroad. From this point tin ore has been found almost continuously
for over 14 miles to within a few miles of Lincolnton, Lincoln County,
N. C, and it is reported to have been found a few miles northeast of
Lincolnton, but no authenticated record of this discovery can be
obtained. No tin has thus far been found in North Carolina northeast
of the Lincolnton locality nor in Virginia until the Rockbridge County
deposits are reached.
The principal deposits that have thus far been located are the Bo88
mine at Gaffney, S. C. ; the deposits in the vicinity of the town of
Kings Mountain, N. C; on the southern end of Chestnut Ridge, about
2i miles northeast of Kings Mountain; and on the John E. Jones plan-
tation, 7 miles northeast of Kings Mountain.
The Southern Railroad passes over a considerable portion of the tin
belt, following almost the general direction of the formation from
Kings Mountain to Gaffney. At the former place the railroad turns
sharply to the east, crossing the tin belt, which continues toward the
northeast. Thus, any commercial deposits that may be developed will
have good railroad facilities, not being more than a few miles from the
railroad. Those on Chestnut Ridge are not over 2 miles from the rail-
road, and the ore mined could easily be hauled to the railroad at small
expense. If the Jones deposit proves to contain tin in any large quan-
tity it would still be profitable to haul the ore to the railroad at Bes-
semer City, a distance of about 4 miles, if it did not prove feasible to
build the railroad to the deposits.
GEOLOGY.
The section of North Carolina and South Carolina in which the tin
belt occurs is close to the border of the large area of Archean gneisses,
which extend over a large portion of the western part of North Caro-
lina and the northwestern part of South Carolina. Bordering these
gneisses on the east there is a series of granites and other igneous
rocks extending from Cherokee County, S. C, across Mecklenburg,
Cabarrus, Rowan, Davidson, Guilford, Oewwell, and Person counties,
N. C, which have a general north to northeast direction. At the
extreme southern portion of North Carolina and extending into South
Carolina there is between these granites and gneisses a band of meta-
morphic rocks, consisting of slates, schists, limestones, quartzites, and
conglomerates, whose age is unknown. These occur quite extensively
developed in Cherokee County, S. C, and in Gaston, Lincoln, and
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TIN. 339
Gfttawba counties, N. C, and extend for a very short distance into
Iredell County, N. C. No more of these rocks are observed in this
northeast direction until they again outcrop in the northeastern por-
tion of Yadkin County, whence they extend nearly across Stokes
County and almost to the Virginia line. They are in every way iden-
tical with those found farther south, and represent the same geological
formation. Penetrating these rocks in Gaston and Lincoln counties,
N. C, there is a mass of granite which is from 5 to 10 miles wide.
The general strike of these metamorphic rocks is northeast. It is
in this belt of metamorphic rocks in North Carolina that the tin ore is
found. The veins carrying the tin have approximately the same strike
as the metamorphic rocks, but near the South Carolina line there is a
rather sharp bend to the westward, so that from there to Gaffney,
S. C, the direction of the tin belt is about N. 55° E., and it leaves the
schists to the east and passes through the Archean gneisses. The
rocks in the vicinity of Gaffney, S. C, are almost entirely gneisses,
dmilar to those found in North Carolina to the west of the metamor-
phic rocks. These gneisses have been referred to the Archean rocks.
There are, then, rocks of two distinct geological periods in which the
tin veins have been found: (1) Those associated with the Archean
gneisses, which are found in the vicinity of Gaffney, S. C, and (2)
those associated with the schists, which are of a later period and with
which all the North Carolina tin is found.
As has been stated above, the main country rocks are for the most
part crystalline schists and gneisses, the former being micaceous,
chloritic, and argillaceous, and the latter micaceous and homblendic.
The strike of the schistosity of these rocks is usually in a general
northeast direction and they dip for the most part at very steep angles
to the westward. The veins in the gneisses dip toward the east at very
steep angles.
The King8 Mountain region of North Carolina is geologically situ-
ated in a band of metamorphic rocks composed of slates, schists, lime-
stones, qoartzites, and conglomerates, whose age up to the present
time has not been definitely determined. The width of this belt near
Kings Mountain is about 10 miles, and it extends in a direction about
N. 10^ to 20^ E. Just east of Lincolnton, Lincoln County, it joins
another band of similar rock, the two being separated east of Kings
Mountain by a mass of granite. To the west of these metamorphic
nxdu are the Archean gneisses, with which the tin veins of Gaffney,
S. C, are associated. The strata of these metamorphic rocks are tilted
at very high angles to nearly vertical, and, in the resultant alteration
and erosion to which they have been subjected, the quartzites have
Ksisied these influences the most, so that they now form the tops of
the peaks and ridges, such as Kings, Crowders, and Anderson moun-
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840 MINERAL BESOUBCES.
tains, which rise 500 to 1,000 feet above the average elevation. It is
undoubtedly the mass of granite to the east that has tilted these meta-
morphic rocks and thrown them into their present position.
There are several amphibolite dikes that have been observed cutting
these schists, but they have made very little change in the position
of the schists through which they penetrated beyond a metamorphic
action. These sedimentary rocks were tilted into their present posi-
tion before the intrusion of these dikes, which follow partly the lami-
nation of the schists and their general trend, but in a few instances
cut across the schist. In two or three instances, where these dikes cut ,
across the schists, there are approximately parallel to them veins of
tin ore. Pegmatitic dikes are also conunon throughout this belt of
metamorphic rocks in North Carolina and in the gneisses farther to the
west in South Carolina. They may be followed almost continuously
from 3 miles above Grover, S. C, to the Jones mine, 7 miles northeast
of Kings Mountain, N. C. In one place a short distance below Kings
Mountain the pegmatitic dike is fully 200 feet wide. They follow in
many cases the planes of the lamination of the schist, which represent
lines of least resistance. Where the pegmatitic dikes cut across the
schists they may be following old fractures that were produced at the
time of the intrusion of the amphibolite dikes.
About one-half mile below Kings Mountain the pegmatitic rocks
begin to outcrop very boldl}' and continue in this way nearly to Grover,
S. C, a distance of 7 miles. This mass of pegmatite varies a good
deal in width in this distance— from 25 to 600 feet. Just in the north-
ern edge of the town of Kings Mountain there is another strong out-
crop of the pegmatite, but from this point there is but little seen of
it to the northeast until Kansom's mill is reached. Here the pegmati^
has a width of about 200 feet.
A cross section of the tin belt in the vicinity of Kings Mountain
would show the following sequence: Hornblende gneiss on the western
boundary, followed on the east by schists which are in many places
very badly decomposed; then a narrow bed of limestone which is more
or less siliceous; then quartzite; another bed of limestone; quartzite;
schist; and then the granite on the extreme eastern portion of the belt,
the cross section having a total width of about 10 miles.
The term greisen is given to a granitoid rock composed essentially
of quartz and muscovite or some related mica rich in fluorine, and it is
associated with this type of rock that the cassiterite, when occurring
as an ore of tin, is nearly always found.
The tin ore of the Carolina belt occurs in greisen veins in the main
mass of mica schist adjoining the gneiss on the west and extending
in almost a continuous belt from the South Carolina line to a few
miles northeast of Lincolnton, N. C. The width of this schist forma-
tion is approximately 1 mile, and it is bordered on the east by the
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TIN.
341
limestone. In South Carolina, where the belt has made a bend toward
the west, the tin ore occurs in the greisen veins that are in gneiss.
Where the tin occurs in the large pegmatitic dikes, it is on their
boundaries where the fumarole action would be the greatest. It has
been observed, however, for the most part, in lens-shaped masses of
greisen, which are commonly found in laminated metamorphic rocks,
especially schists, when pegmatitic dikes are intruded into these rocks,
and are often called " augen." In these lenses in the schist that carry
tin there is usually no feldspar present, but similar lenses are observed
m the schist that do contain considerable feldspar. These, however,
contain little or no tin.
In the vicinity of Gaffney, S. C, the greisen veins carrying tin,
which are in gneiss, all contain more or less feldspar which has been
nearly or completely altered to kaolin.
MINERALOQICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTER OP THE ORE.
Oftssiterite, the tin-bearing mineral of the veins, is an oxide of this
metal, whose formula is SnO, and which contains theoretically 78.6 per
cent of metallic tin. When chemically pure this mineral is nearly
white in color, but it usually contains more or less ferric oxide, and
its color varies from reddish to brown or black, varying with the per-
centage of iron. Arsenic is also found in this mineral, and an arsenical
cassiterite is usually yellowish in color.
The minei*al is tetragonal in its crystallization, and though in certain
localities it is sometimes crj^stallized, it more often is granular and in
rough masses, especially where it is found in commercial quantity.
The crystals are usually prismatic and are often twinned, both as con-
tact and penetration twins. It is a brittle mineral, having an imperfect
cleavage, and breaking usually with a subconchoidal fracture.
Its hardness is from 6 to 7 and its specific gravity varies from 6.16
to 7.1, according to the amount of impurity in the mineral. When
the percentage of iron is low the crystals are nearly transparent, but
they become nearly opaque with the increasing percentage of iron
oxide. Its luster is adamantine, but the crystals are usually splendent.
There are three varieties of cassiterite, recognized as follows:
1. Ordinary or tin-stone, which is the crystalline and massive variety
obtained directly from the vein or from the broken-down material just
below the vein.
2. Wood tin, which is in botryoidal and reniform shapes, with a
concentric structure which internally is fibrous, but very compact.
Its color is brownish, but of mixed shades, with the resulting appear-
tnce and color of dried wood.
3. Stream tin is the mineral in the form of sand, as it is found con-
centrated along the beds of streams and in the gravels below the veins.
None of the wood tin has been found in the Carolina belt, but the
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342 KINEBAL BESOUBOEB.
ordinary or tin-stone and stream tin occur abundantly. Crystallized
cassiterite, though not common, has been found, the better crystals
having been obtained thus far from the Jones mine, in North Carolina.
The only face that has been observed on any of these crystals is the
pyramidal face, «, 111. The crystals occur both simple and twinned
with ^, 101, as the twinning plane. The crystals are smaU, from a
quarter to half an inch in length, and are usually of a black color.
They are fairly well developed, with most of the edges sharp and dis-
tinct. Some, however, are considerably elongated. All the faces are
more or less corroded and striated. Rough, partially crystallized
cassiterite is found at many places throughout the belt, and from the
Faires property just south of Kings Mountain one rough crystallized
fragment was found which weighed nearly one-half pound. The color
of the cassiterite found in the Carolina belt varies from black to almost
colorless, the common color being a dark brownish black, and more
rarely a light grayish.
Partial analyses have been made of two varieties of the cassiterite
found in and about the town of Kings Mountain, N. C, one a light
grayish and the other a dark brown. The results of these analyses by
Prof. C. W. Dabney are given in the table below:
Partial analyses of cassiterite from Kings Mountain, N. C,^
Constituent.
Daric
brown.
Stannic oxide . .
Tungstic oxide .
Sulphnr .,.
Arsenic
a Qenth, F. A., The Minerals of North Carolina; Bull. U. S. Qeol. Survey No. 74, 1891, p. 86.
As is seen from these partial analyses, the percentage of stannic oxide
in the light grayish variety is much higher than that in the dark brown,
and this is due probably to the larger per cent of iron that was in the
latter sample. These percentages of stannic oxide would correspond
to 74.41 per cent of metallic tin in the light gray sample and to 65.21
per cent in the dark brown.
There is a noticeable difference in the occurrence of the cassiterite in
the veins of the southern portion of the belt from the occurrence toward
the north. At the Ross mine, near Graffney, S. C, the cassiterite is
associated with more or less feldspar (which has been partially kaolin-
ized and in some cases completely altered to kaolin), with musoovite
mica, and with but little quartz. Consequently at the present stage of
the development work but little solid ore is obtained, the cassiterite being
readily separated from the vein material or gangue minerals without the
need of any crushing. As the belt is followed north, however, quartz
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TIN. 848
becomes more abundant, and the veins are composed principally of
qaartz with mica and cassiterite, thus making a firm, compact ore. Thb
latter occurrence would make a true, typical greisen. In this section of
the belt it is conunon to find, scattered over the surface, bowlders weigh-
ing from a few pounds to 150 or more pounds and composed of quartz,
mica, and cassiterite. The tin, as a rule, is embedded more in the mica
than in the quartz, and the mica in the greisen veins containing tin has
a pale apple-green color and is fluoric. There is a small amount of
partially altered feldspar occasionally found associated with these veins
m the schist. This variation in the occurrence of the tin is due to the
country rocks in which the veins occur, those to the north being in the
mica schist, while those at the Boss mine cut a hornblende gneiss.
A small quantity of jet black tourmaline in rough, prismatic crys-
tals and minute needles has been found directly associated with tin
both in the quartz and in the feldspar veins; but it is rare to find it
directly associated with the tin. It is, however, very conmionly found
just to one side of the vein in the schist or gneiss, and in some instances
it represents a tourmalinization of the wall rock. A little magnetite
is also occasionally found. Thus far no fluorite nor any of the tung-
sten minerals have been identified in these veins, although a fraction
of a per cent of tungstic oxide was obtained in the analysis of the
cassiterite.
Pyrite, an iron sulphide, is found to some extent in the schists, but
thos far it has been observed only very sparingly directly associated
with the tin in the greisen veins. Chalcopyrite, a copper-iron sul-
phide, has been reported by Mr. John H. Furman,'' as occurring in
some of the deeper tin workings.
In the concentrates of cassiterite obtained from the washing of soil
and gravel at various places along this belt there is a greater variety of
associated minerals found with the tin. The associated minerals of the
stream tin are magnetite, ilmenite (or menaccanite), garnet, monazite,
toonnaline, quartz, a little pyrite, and chalcopyrite very sparingly.
Of these minerals, monazite and garnet are confined principally to the
concentrates obtained from the breaking down of the tin veins occur-
ring in gneiss. The monazite was observed in considerable quantity
m the fine concentrates from the stream tin obtained from the gravels
in the vicinity of the Boss mine. Occasionally there is a considerable
percentage of monazite found, and one lot of concentrates obtained
from the Boss mine that was tested contained 55 per cent of tin oxide
tnd 90 per cent of monazite, besides considerable garnet. It is in these
aame gneisses, in Cleveland, Burke, Lincoln, Butherford, and McDowell
coonties, N. C, that the monazite, which is mined commercially,
originates.
aTnng. N. Y. Actd. Sd.. YOl. 8, 188S-«9, p. 141
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344 MINERAL BB80UB0ES.
Regarding the ilmenite, which is found so abundantly associated with
the tin in the gravels, it is to be noted that little or none of this min-
eral has been observed associated with the tin in the veins. There are,
however, pegmatitic veins which carry a considerable amount of ilme-
nite, but such veins carry little or no cassiterite.
The position of the cassiterite in the vein varies considerably. In
some instances, as in a 2i-foot dike at the Jones mine, the tin is rather
evenly distributed throughout the vein, while in others, as at the Boss
mine, the tin is concentrated in seams, which are for the most part close
to the eastern hanging wall. It is also to be noted that most of the
tourmalinization that was observed was to the east of the tin-bearing
veins.
Many of the lenses of greisen, as they were followed downward,
pinched out or narrowed to a thin seam, but usually before one gave
out another would be encountered.
In order to obtain some idea of the percentage of cassiterite the
veins contained, a sample was taken across the 2i-foot vein at the Jones
mine, which gave, on crushing and panning, a concentrate of prac-
tically pure cassiterite, representing 5 to 6 per cent of the vein. This
would be equal to about 3^ per cent metallic tin. An ore carrying
such a percentage of tin would, if in quantity, make a profitable prop-
osition. Favorably located deposits have been worked that did not
carry over 1^ per cent of metal.
It is to be noted, however, that (with the exception of the CJomish
tin mines) most of the world's production of tin is obtained from
alluvial deposits and not from vein formations. The alluvial deposits
at the Ross mine, GrafTney, S. C, have been estimated, from the work
that has been done, to carry about 25 pounds of metallic tin per cubic
yard.
PRODUCTION OF TIN FROM THE CAROLINA BELT.
The first production of tin ore from the Carolina belt was during the
summer and fall of 1903 and was from the Boss mine, the shipment
consisting of 38,471 pounds of tin concentrates, which were sent to
England for treatment. There has also been a small production at the
Jones mine during the development work, but none of this has as yet
been shipped.
WORIiD'8 PRODUCTION OF TTN^.
At the present time none of the tin used in the United States is pro-
duced in this country, but it is all obtained from foreign sources.
The fact that about 43 per cent of the world's production of tin is
consumed in the United States emphasizes the importance of discover-
ing a source of supply of this metal that can be controlled by this
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TIN.
345
coimtrj. It is hard to obtain accurate figures regarding the total
production of tin in the world, for the reason that in some countries
there is little or none exported, and no reliable statistics of their min-
eral production are collected in these countries. For instance, in
China there is at the present time practically no exportation of tin,
aithoagh occasionally exports have been made of Yunan tin. The
production of tin in China has been variously estimated and has been
put as high as 20,000 tons per annum; but although these figures are
undoubtedly too high, no figures can be given which would more
accurately represent the production. There is also a certain quan-
tity of tin produced each year in Mexico, a very small part of
which is exported to the United States; but as no accurate record is
kept of the quantity obtained, the total can only be approximately
represented in the world's total production. Then, again, the statistics
r^rding the Bolivian production of the tin that is used in that coun-
try are difficult to obtain, although accurate statistics are available of
the quantity exported. In the following table there is given an
approximate idea of the production of tin by countries during the last
seven years, which shows the growth of the tin industry as well as the
yearly production of each of the countries named:
Production of tin in the world, 1897-190S,<^
V
[Long tons.]
Coontry.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
M«k7 mates
44,914
46,901
14,880
4,464
4,648
2,420
656
45,944
14,123
4,768
4,018
3,837
970
47,865
16,640
6.987
4,268
8,178
760
62,989
19,366
9,670
4,125
8,276
450
58,756
18,765
10,150
3,950
8,206
350
54,797
BankAUkdBilllton
14,800
20,060
BoUrfe
5,506
4,458
8.466
860
9,600
f^mv^n. Rnvlftn^l ....... T -
4,150
4,991
396
AiHbmliA
MtacetUneoas h
Totale
78,499
72,468
73,140
79,688
89,875
90,177
98,893
■ Minecal Industry, 1902, p. 686; Eng. & Mln. Jour., Jan. 7. 1904. p. 18.
^Inclodes production in Austria, Qermany, Japan, Mexico; and in 1903 from South Carolina.
« Tbto does not indode the production of China.
As is seen from this table, there has been an increase in the total
qaantity of tin produced each j^ear, but this is still short of the demand
for this metal as indicated by the great decrease in the stocks of tin
that have been kept on hand in the various countries. The production
of the Iflalay Peninsula, the largest producer, has increased about 22
per cent during the last seven years; that of the islands of Banka and
Billiton, the second largest producers, has increased about 35 per cent;
tod Bolivia, the third largest producer, has increased its production
about 80 per cent. England's production has declined slightly, and
the Australian production, which is fifth, has increased about 44 per
cent
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846
MINEBAL BB8OUB0E8.
CONSUMPTION AND IMPORTS,
The production of tin during 1903 was consumed approximately as
follows: Forty-three per cent by the United States, 28 per cent by
Great Britain, 22 per cent by other European countries, and 7 per
cent by India and China. This of course does not include the small
quantities produced and used in Mexico, Japan, Bolivia, etc
The tin consumed in the United States for the year ending June 30,
1903, was obtained, according to the report of the Bureau of Statistics
of the Department of Commerce and Labor, from the countries named
in the following table, which also gives the quantity and value obtained
from each:
Imports of tin into the United States for the year ending June SO, 190S.
Country.
Tin in bars, blocks, {ri
or grain or granuUU
Quantity. Value.
Malay Peninsula
England
Netherlands
other European countries
Australia
Japan a
Total
SkoriUnu.
23,692
17,5«1
1,726
85S
224
424
$12,715,875
9,874,53
944,304
441,114
U9,861
2S,095
44,0284
23.615,802
a Includes a very small amount from China and Mexico.
It will be noticed in this table that the quantity quoted as having been
imported from Great Britain is nearly four times that produced in
England. This is due to the fact that a considerable portion of the tin
produced in the Malay Peninsula is shipped from Singapore to Great
Britain and is in turn imported from there into the United States.
Thus it will be seen that the greater part of the tin consumed in the
United States is mined in the Malay Peninsula. That imported from
the Netherlands represents tin that was obtained from the islands of
Banka and Billiton. Some of the tin imported from other European
countries was obtained from Bolivia.
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TIN.
347
llie following table shows the imports of tin into the United States
in 1903 by countries:
Imports of tin into the United States in 190S by countries.
Coxmtrj.
Tin In bars, block8,pIg8,
or grain or granulated.
Quantity.
Value.
United Eingdom
Pounds.
87,477,428
2.867,055
859,828
41,750,451
676,060
108,080
$10,161,067
618,482
226,748
11,061,947
152,504
24,624
?ifttffrf«n<1ip
Othw Europe . . ... . ..............
ItatttJnAlfM
<W*^ Afdn and Occ«nlft
^
OUwr foootrieii
Total
83,188,8*7
22,265,867
The following table shows the imports of tin into the United States
from 1898 to 1903, inclusive:
Imports of tin into the United States, 1898-1903.
Year.
Pounds.
Value.
Year.
Pounds.
Value.
vm
62,748,899
71,248,407
60,989,502
$8,770,221
16,748.107
19,456,586
1901
74,560,487
85.043,353
83.133.847
$19,024,761
21,263,837
22,265,367
im
1902
u»
1908
SOURCES OF SUPPIiY OF TIN.
Tlie main source of supply of tin is from the Malay States, which
famish over one-half of the total quantity consumed in the world. To
increase this supply to any great extent is almost out of the question,
at least for the present, on account of the necessity of making very
decided changes in the methods of mining, which is well-nigh impos-
sible, as most of this mining is in the hands of the Chinese. The same
is true of the islands of Banka and Billiton, which produce one-tifth
of all the tin used in the world. The deposits of the Chinese Empire
are in so remote a part of the country that little is known of their
extent or of their yearly production. This production is, however, at
the present time, practically all consumed in China. The Bolivian
mines, which now furnish about one-tenth of the world's supply of tin,
btve been constantly increasing their production during the last ten
rears, and during this time they have nearly doubled their annual out-
pat On the other hand, the production from Tasmania and England
bas been decreasing.
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348
MINERAL BBSOUBOES.
STOCKS.
Although there has been a slight increase in the total quantity of tin
produced each year, the supply does not equal the demand. In order
to illustrate the increase in the demand for this metal, there is shown
in the following table the accumulated stocks of tin that were on hand
at the end of each of the last seven years:
Stocks of tin in England^ America^ and Holland, 189S-1902.<^
[Long tons.]
Stock of foreign in London
Foreign landing in London
Malay Peninsula aBoat for Londpn, includ-
ing wire advices
Australian afloat for London, including
wire ad vices
Banka on warrants in Holland
Billiton In Holland
Billiton afloat for Holland
Malay Peninsula stock in Holland
Malay Peninsula afloat for Holland
Malay Peninsula afloat for Continent
Bolivian in Liverpool
Total stocks
Estimated stock in America and quantity
afloat
Grand total
Trading Company's reserves of unsold
Banka stock in Holland
1896.
1897.
1898.
1809.
1900.
1901.
1902.
18,097
15.146
8,110
5.486
4,286
5,114
4.5S7
1,174
678
165
1,212
1,297
689
712
2,792
2.500
1,050
2,900
3,835
2,780
2,845
525
600
400
450
350
522
618
1,616
2,877
2,228
1,160
837
696
644
1,688
1,828
1,086
478
880
829
60
1,742
1,193
1,822
1,050
350
440
33S
789
377
454
100
60
30
950
100
600
215
660
650
450
590
873
650
250
710
300
550
495
846
184
90,223
26,104
15,840
18,828
12,480
12,319
10,508
8,925
4,500
4,300
2,500
2,600
6,060
4,460
34,148
80,604
20,140
16,828
15,030
18,369
14,965
5,953
4,833
8,218
4,363
5,847
7,251
1,4GS
a From the annual metal circulars of William Saigant <& Company and A. Strauss it Company: Min.
Industry, 1903, p, 587.
It appears from this table that there was only one year, 1901, that
showed any increase in the accumulated stock of tin at the end of the
year over that of the previous year. In 1901 there was an increase of
3,339 tons of tin in the accumulated stock, but at the end of 1902 the
stock on hand had decreased to 14,953 tons of accumulated tin, and at
the end of 1903 the stock was still smaller. The accumulated stocks
of tin in Holland, which had ranged from about 3,500 to 7,200 tons
during the years 1896 to 1901, were reduced during 1902 to less than
1,500 tons.
These figures illu^strate emphatically the need of new sources of
supply of tin, and show why new deposits like those in the Carolinas
and Alaska should be thoroughly investigated.
One result of this scarcity in the suppl}^ of tin and consequently the
high valuation of this metal has been the utilization of old tin cans
and other scrap tin as a source of the metal. The amount of tin that
is recovered each year in this way, while not large, is steadily increas-
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TIN.
349
ing, and it is becoming an industry of some considerable importance.
There are now a number of companies that have been organized for
this purpose, of which the more important ones are the Vulcan Detin-
ning Company, whose plants are at Sewaren, N. J., and Streator, 111.;
the Ammonia Company, of Philadelphia, and the Johnson and Jennings
Company, of Cleveland and Chicago. In recovering the tin the scrap
is digested in an alkaline solution and the tin electrolytically precipi-
tated therefrom in the form of a powder which averages 80 per cent
metal.
PRICES.o
The following table shows the average monthly prices of tin per
pound in New York from 1899 to 1903, inclusive:
Average monthly prices of tin per pound in New York.
JaDoary . .
February .
March....
April
May
June
July
Aupusl
September.
<k'tober...,
Xovember
December ,
Year
1900.
Cents.
22.48
24.20
23.82
24.98
25.76
25.86
29.63
31. 53
32.74
31.99
28.51
25.88
Cents.
27.07
30.58
32.90
30.90
29.37
30.50
33.10
31.28
29.42
2.H.M
28. 25
26.94
25.12 I 29.90
I
1901.
Cents.
1902.
Cents.
26. 51
23.54
26.68
24.07
26. 03
26.32
25.93
27.77
27.12
29.85
28.60
29.36
27. S5
28.38
26.78
28.23
25.31
26.60
'26. 62
26. 07
26. 67
25. e>H
24. 3i;
25.68
26.79
26. 54
1903.
Cents.
28.33
29.43
30.15
29.81
29.51
28.34
27.68
28.29
26.77
25.92
25.42
27.41
28.09
a Mill. Industry, 1904.
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By Edwabd W. Parkbb.
INTBODUCnON.
So far as those directly connected with the production of coal in the
United States are concerned the record of the industry for 1903 was
the most satisfactory one in recent years. Not only was the produc-
tion the largest ever known, exceeding that of 1902 by over 55,000,000
short tons, but prices for both anthracite and bituminous coal reached
the highest point recorded in a period of twenty-four years or during
the entire time that the statistics of coal production and value have
been collected by the Geological Survey. Labor employed in the pro-
docdon of coal received the highest wages known for many years, per
unit of work performed, while in general the number of working hours
was shortened, the average number of hours to the day being usually
reported as eight or nine in the returns to the Survey.
Time lost by strikes was unusually little. The principal exceptions
to a year of general industrial peace were experienced in Alabama and
Colorado, nearly one-half of the total time lost by strikes being borne
by those States. The terms of settlement of the anthracite strike car-
ried with them an agreement to abide by the awards of the Commis-
non for a period of three years, and although there have been some
local disafTections growing out of differences of opinion in the inter-
pretation of the awards, a conscientious determination on the part of
both sides to carry out the agreement in good faith has been evident.
Such differences as have arisen have usually been settled by the board
of conciliation, or on appeal to the umpire, Hon. Carroll D. Wright.
There was also observed an improved condition in the transporta-
tion facilities, and the much larger tonnage of 1903 was handled to
better satisfaction than was that of the preceding year. This was no
doubt in part due to tiie resumption of anthracite mining and the
supplying of that commodity to its natural markets and the doing
tway of the necessity for the longer hauls which were required to
bring bituminous coals to the anthracite consumers during the strike
period of 1902.
Except in the anthracite region, the shorter hours and higher wages
did not q>parently develop any greater intensity in the labor employed.
851
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352 MINERAL RESOURCES.
In the anthracite region there was a natural desire to make up for lost
time, and the average daily production per man inci-eased from 2.40
to 2.41. The average number of days worked in 1903 (206) was the
largest recorded in the fourteen years that the Survey has collected
such data, and the total tonnage per man for the year (496 short tons)
was also the banner record. In bituminous production, notwithstand-
ing a continued increase in the use of mining machines and a gain m
the percentage of machine-mined coal, the average efficiency per man
shows a decline. In daily production per man the statistics for 1903
show an average of 3.02 short tons as compared with 3.06 tons in
1902, and the 3'early production per man shows a decrease from 703
short tons to 680 tons.
The United States retains its position as first among the coal-
producing countries of the world, a position taken in 1899 and
strengthened each year since that date. This country now produces
about one-third the entire world's supply of coal, and consumes from
97 to 98 per cent of it within its own borders.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The completeness of the statistics contained in these reports could
not be secured without the good will and disinterested cooperation of
the individual coal-mine operators and the officials of corporations
engaged in the industry. The writer desires to express his sincere
appreciation of the assistance received from this source. Acknowledg-
ments are also due to the secretaries of boards of trade and other local
authorities for contributions to the portion of this report included
under the caption of Coal Trade Review. Recognition of these by
name is given in connection with their contributions. The report on
the production of Pennsylvania anthracite has been, as for several
years past, prepared by Mr. William W. Ruley, Chief of the Bureau
of Anthracite Statistics in Philadelphia.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT.
The standard unit of measurement adopted for this report is the
short ton of 2,000 pounds, although it is necessary in a few instances
to use the long ton. All of the anthracite product is mined and sold
upon the basis of the long ton of 2,240 pounds, and the laws of Mary-
land require the use of the long ton in that State. Hence, when con-
sidering the production of Pennsylvania anthracite the long ton is
used, and this unit is also employed in the table showing the shipments
of bitunfinous coal from the Cumberland region. The long ton is also
used in the statistics of imports and exports. In all other cases where
the production is reported in long tons the figures have been reduced
to short tons, and unless otherwise expressly stated the short ton is
meant when any quantity is expressed in the text.
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COAL. 353'
CO All FTEIiDS OF THE UNTTBD STATES,
The coal areas of the United States are divided, for the sake of con-
yenience, into two great divisions, anthracite and bituminous.
The areas in which anthracite is produced are confined almost exclu-
sively to the eastern part of Pennsylvania, and as a usual thing, when
the anthracite fields of the United States are referred to, those of east-
em Pennsylvania are considered. This region is included in the
counties of Susquehanna, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Carbon, Schuylkill,
Columbia, Northumberland, Dauphin, and Sullivan, and underlies an
area of about 484 square miles. In addition to these well-known
anthracite fields of Pennsylvania there are two small areas in the
Rocky Mountain region where the coal has been locally anthracited,
although the production from these districts has never amounted to
as much as 100,000 tons in any one year. One of these localities is in
Gunnison County, Colo., and the other in Santa Fe County, N. Mex.
The coal, although only locally metamorphosed, is a true anthracite,
and of a good quality. In previous years some coal which was classed
as anthracite was mined and sold in New England. The productive
area was confined to the eastern part of Rhode Island and the counties
of Bristol and Plymouth, in Massachusetts. This product, however,
is in reality a graphitic and not an anthracite coal, and is no longer
mined for fuel purposes. The production in the last few years has
been included with the graphite production.
The bituminous areas are scattered widely over the United States,
and include altogether an area of something over 335,000 square miles.
They are divided into the following subdivisions:
(1) The Triassic field, embracing the coal beds of the Triassic or
New Bed Sandstone formation in the Richmond Basin, in Virginia,
and in the coal basins along the Deep and Dan rivers in North Caro-
lina; (2) the Appalachian field, which extends from the State of New
York on the north to the State of Alabama on the south, having a
length northeast and southwest of over 900 miles and a width ranging
from 30 to 180 miles; (3) the Northern field, which is confined exclu-
sively to the central part of Michigan; (4) the Central field, embrac-
ing the coal areas in Indiana, Illinois, and western Kentucky; (5) the
Western field, including the coal areas west of the Mississippi River,
south of the forty -third parallel of north latitude and east of the Rocky
Mountains; (6) the Rocky Mountain field, containing the coal areas in
the States and Territories lying along the Rocky Mountains; (7) the
Pacific Coast field, embracing the coal districts of Washington, Ore-
goo, and California.
By far the most important of these, from a productive standpoint,
is the Appalachian system, which includes the areas contained in west-
ern Pennsylvania and in Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia,
M K 1903 ^23
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3*54
MINEBAL BE80UR0ES.
eastern Tennessee and Kentucky, Greorgia, and Alabama. This r^on
contains an area underlain by coal of 70,807 square miles, wid it pro-
duced in 1903 185,600,161 short tons, or 65.6 per cent of the total
bituminous product of the United States. Next in importance is the
Central tield, which contains 58,000 square miles and produced in 1903
52,130,856 short tons, or 18.43 per cent of the total. The Western coal
field, the third in productive importance, contains 94,076 square miles,
and produced in 1903 23,171,692 short tons, or 8.2 per cent of the
total. The Rocky Mountain region is the largest in point of size,
having a little over 100,000 square miles of area, and produced in 1903
16,981,059 short tons, or 6.01 per cent of the total.
For a more extended description of the coal-producing areas of the
United States the reader is referred to the Twenty-second Annual
Report of the Survey, Part III.
The following table shows the approximate areas of the coal fields
in the various States, grouped according to the divisions mentioned
above, with the total output from each, from 1898 to 1903:
Coalfields of the United SUUes and their produdum, 1898-190S,
Anthracite.
Pennsylvania
Colorado and New Mex
ico
BituminouB.a
Trianic:
Virginia
North Carolina
Appalachian:
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Maryland
Vli^nia
West Virginia
Eastern Kentucky
Tennessee
Georgia
Alabama
Northern:
Michigan
Central:
Indiana
Western Kentucky ...
llUnote
a Includes brown ooal
anthracite.
Area.
Sq.mila.
484
16
600
1896.
Short Urns.
58.882,644
47,095
58,429,789 60,514,201
270
800
15,800
12,000
510
1,850
17,280
10,800
4,400
167
8,600
70,807
9,800
5.800
42,900
58,000
88,938
65,165,183
14,516,867
4,674,884
1,787,831
16,700,999
1,601,076
3.022,896
244,187
6,585,288
114,289,156
U,800 815,722
4,920,743
2,296,832
18,599,299
25,816,874
1899.
Short tOM.
60,418,005
96,196
28,858
74,160,175
16,500,270
4,807,896
2,104,834
19,262,995
1,871,550
8,880,669
288,111
7,608,416
624,706
6,006.523
2,785,706
24,439,019
33.181.247
1900.
Short tons.
57,867,915
98,404
67,466,819
57,912 12,000
79,842,326
18,988,160
4,024,688
2,368,576
22,647,207
2.222,867
8,509,562
816,657
8,894,275
129,848,906142,296,208
849,475
6,484,086
8,106,097
25,767,981
1901.
Short tons,
67,4n,667
66,869
67,638,686 41,467,532 74,679.799
82,805,946
20,943,807
5,118,127
2,726,878
24,068,402
2,268,882
8,638,290
842,825
9,099,062
150,601.214
1,241,241
6,918,226
8,201,094
27,331,662
35,358,164 37,460,8n
1902.
Short tons.
41,878,595
98,987
16,206
28,000
98,574,367
23,519,894
6,2n,609
8,166,787
24,570,
8,019,767
4,382,968
414,068
10,854,570
173,274,861
964,718
9,446,424
8,747,227
82,989,878
46,183,024
190S.
ShorttOM.
74,607,068
72,781
18,064
17,809
108,117,178
24,888,101
4,846,166
8,488,228
29,8S7,2«1
8,168,972
4.796,004
416,961
11,664,3M
185,000,161
1.867,619
10.794,692
4,879,060
86.957.104
52.180,856
or lignite, semianthractte, semibitomlnous, etc., and scattering lots of
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GOAL.
855
CM fields of the United States and their production, 1898-1903— Continued.
Biwmimtm$ Continued.
Wotern:
Iowa
Mtaouri......
N^iuka
Arkanau
iDdian Ten1lof7 .
Texas
Bodcy Mountain, etc.:
North Dakota
Montana :
Wyoming
Clah
Oolaiado
New Mexico
Idaho
Netada
PadiSc coast:
WadiJngton .
Oregoo
Caliibmia...
Total production, in-
ehKun^ colliery
consumption
Area.
Sq.mik9.
20,000
23,000
3,200
20,000
1,728
14, M8
11,300
1808.
Short tons.
4,618,842
2,688,821
3,406,5&5
1,206,479
1,381.466
686,734
94.076 13,987,397
28,620
32,000
16,500
2,000
18,100
2,890
100,110
450
320
280
1,050
83,895
1,479,803
2,868,812
503,709
4.053,210
968,830
1,'
10,043,798
1,884,671
58,184
160,288
1,600
2,104,648
219,976.267
1899.
ShorttOM.
6,177,479
3,025,814
3,852,267
843.554
1,537,427
883,832
1900.
Short tons.
6,202,939
3,540,108
4,467,870
1,447,945
1,922,298
968,373
15,320.373 17.549,528
98,809
1,496,451
3,837,892
786,049
4,718,590
1,012,152
20
129,883
1,661,775
4,014,602
1,147,027
5,182,176
1,263,083
10
11,949,463 13.396,556
2,029,881
86,888
160,972
1,200
2,278,941
2,474,098
68,864
171,708
1,200
2,705,865
253,741,192269,684,027
1901.
Short tons.
5,617,499
3,8U2,088
1902.
Short tons.
5,904,766
3,890,154
4,900,628 5,266,066
1,816,136 1,943,932
2,421,781 2,820,666
1,107,963 901,912
19,665,985, 20,727,495
166, 601 ;
1,396,081
4,485,374j
1.322,614
6,668,8861
1,050,806
14,090,362
2,678,217
69,011
161,079
1,300
2,799,607
226.511
1,560,823
4,429,491
1,574.521
7,848,732
1,007,437
2,030
16,149,545
2,681,214
66,648
84,984
2,212
2,834,058
293, 299, 816 301, 590, 439 857, 866, 416
1908.
Short tons.
6,419,811
4,238,686
5,839,976
2,229,172
3,517,388
926,759
23,171,692
278,645
1,488,810
4,635,293
1,681,409
7,381,463
1,611,189
4,250
16,981,059
8,193,273
91,144
104,673
747
3,889,887
Total production of each field, 1887-1908.
Area square miles.
rear.
IW
1»8
im
\m
WM
MK.
vm
vm
i»
vm
vm
Anthracite.
600
Short Urns.
39,648,266
43,971,688
46,600,487
46,468,641
50,666,931
52,687,467
54,061,121
61,992,671
58,066,616
64,425,573
62,680.756
63,429,789
60,514,201
57,466,819
67.638,636
41,467,632
74,679.799
Bituminous.
TriaflBic. Appalachian. Northern,
1,070
Short tons.
80,000
83,000
49,633
29,608
87,646
48,889
86,878
68,979
82,682
103,488
116,950
88,938
28,353
57,912
12,000
39,206
36,393
70,807
Short tons.
56,888,088
60,966,245
62,972,222
73.008,102
77,984,563
83,122,190
81,207,168
76,278,748
90,167,596
90,748,306
97,128,220
114,239,156
129,843,906
142,298,208
150,501,214
173,274,861
185,600,161
11,300
Short tons.
71,461
81,407
67,481
74,977
80,807
77,990
45.979
70,002
112,322
92,882
223,592
816,722
624,708
849,475
1,241,241
964,718
1,367,619
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356
MINERAL BESOUB0E8.
Toted production of each field, 1887-190S — Continued.
Bitomlnons.
Central.
Western ^<***y ^^^' ^^"^^
Area square miles. .
Year.
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
68,000
94,076
43,610
1,0M
Short tons.
14,478,883
19,173,167
16,240,314
20,075,840
20,327,323
23,001.653
25,502,809
22.430,617
23,599,469
26,539,867
26,414,127
25,816,874
33,181,247
35,358,164
37,450,871
46.133,024
52,180,856
Short toM.
10,172,634
11,&42,764
10,036,356
10,470.439
11.023,817
11,636,185
U, 651. 296
11,503,623
11,749,803
11,769,966
13,164.059
13,988,436
15,320,373
17,549,528
19,665,965
20,727,495
23,171.692
ShorttOM,
3,646,280
4,583.719
5,048.413
6,205,782
7,245,707
7,577.422
8.468,360
7,176,628
7,998,5M
7,925,280
8,8^1,182
10,042.759
11,^9,463
13,388,556
14,090,962
16,149,&15
16,981.069
Short foM.
854,308
1,88s. 750
1.214,757
1.435,914
1,201,376
1,338, !»
l,S79,m
1,221,238
1, 340.518
1,8^1,001
1,641.779
2,104,613
2,278,941
2,705,«5
2,799,607
2.884,068
3,389,837
In order to show the development of the six principal bituminous
areas since 1887, the following table has been prepared which gives the
quantity produced in each field in that year and also in 1900, 1901, 1902,
and 1903, with the percentages of the total contributed by each, and
with the increases in 1903 as compared with 1902 and with 1887:
Production of the «ir principal bituminous coalfields in 1887, 1900, 1901, 1902, and 19GS
compared.
Field.
Appalachian —
Central
Western
Northern
Rocky Mounudn
Pacific coast
1887.
Quantity.
Per
cent of
total.
Short tons.
55,888,088
14,478,883
10.172,634
71,461
3,646,280
854,808
63.11
16.5
11.49
.08
4.15
1
1900.
Quantity.
Per
cent of
total.
Short Urns.
142,298,208
85,358,164
17,649,628
849,475
13,398,556
2,705,865
67
16.6
8.8
.4
6.8
1.27
1901.
Quantity.
Per
cent of
total.
Short torn.
150,601,214
37,450,871
19,666,985
1,241,241
14,090,862
2,799,607
66.7
16.6
8.7
.5
6.2
1902.
Quantity.
ShoHtoM,
173.274.881
46.133.024
20.727,496
964.718
16.149,545
Per
cent of
total
1.2 I 2.834,058
66.60
17.78
7.97
.37
6.21
1.07
Field.
1903.
Increase in 1903 over
1887.
Increase in 1908 over
1902.
Quantity.
Per cent
of total.
Quantity.
Percent
Quantity.
Percent
Appalachian
ShoHtons.
185.600,161
62,180,856
23,171,692
1,367,619
16,981,059
8,889,837
65.64
18.43
8.20
.48
6.01
1.20
Short Urns.
129,712,073
87,655,662
12,999,068
1,296,158
13,334,779
2,535,629
232.09
260.04
127.78
1,813.79
866.70
296.79
ShoHtons.
12.325,800
6.001.411
2.444.197
402.901
881,514
565,779
7.U
Central
13
Western
U.79
Northern
4L7S
Rocky Mountain.
5.14
Pacific coast
19.61
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
COAL. 357
PBODUCnON.
Total production in 1903, 357,356,416 short tons; spot value,
$603,724,381.
Pennsylvania anthracite. — Total production in 1903, 66,613,454 long
tons (equivalent to 74,607,068 short tons); spot value, 1152,036,448.
Bituminous and lignite. — ^Total production, 282,749,348 short tons;
spot value, $351,687,933.
Compared with 1902 the total output of all kinds of coal in the
United States during 1903 exhibits an increase of 55,765,977 short tons
in quantity and of $136,692,312 in value. Three fifths of this total
.increase in quantity, 29,672,744 long tons (or 33,233,473 short tons)
was in the production of Pennsylvania anthracite, and two-fifths, or
22,532,504 short tons, was made up by the increased output of bitu-
nunous coal and lignite. Of the increase in value, Pennsylvania
anthracite contributed $75,862,862, and bituminous coal and lignite
$60,829,450. Owing to the great strike which prevailed in 1902 the
production in that year does not present a fair standing for compari-
son. As compared with 1901, when more normal conditions prevailed
in the anthracite region, the production in 1903 shows an increase of
6,370,894 long tons, or a little over 10 per cent, while as compared
with the average yearly production of the previous five years from
1896 to 1900, inclusive, the average production for the last three years,
notwithstanding the restricted output in 1902, showed an increase of
4,933,582 long tons. The value of the anthracite production in
1903 was almost exactly double that of 1902, and showed an increase
of $39,532,428, or 35 per cent, over 1901. The average price per ton
for the marketed sizes of anthracite coal at the mines in 1903 was
$2.50, as compared with $2.35 in 1902 and $2.05 in 1901. The coal
nsed at the mines in the anthracite region being composed of culm, on
which no value was placed, this factor is not considered in the placing
of the value on the total production.
The value of the bituminous product in 1903 exceeds that of 1902
by $60,829,450, or 21 per cent, and that of 1901 by $115,265,884, or
nearly 50 per cent. The quantity of bituminous coal produced in 1903
exceeded that of 1901 by 56,921,199 short tons, or 25 per cent. As
haw been previously stated, in amount of production, and particu-
larly in the greatly enhanced values, the coal mining industry was
highly satisfactory to everybody concerned except consumers. In the
nine years from 1894 to 1903 the production of coal in the United
States has almost exactly doubled, while in eighteen years since 1886
it has more than trebled. The total coal production of the United
States amounted to 100,000,000 short tons for the first time in 1882.
h 1890, or eight years later, it exceeded a total production of 150,-
W0,000 tons. Seven years later, in 1897, it had increased another
50,000,000, and reached a total of a little over 300,000,000 in 1902.
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358 mXEBAL BESOHBOES.
The gain of over 50,000,000 tons in 1903 is thus shown to have been
equal to the total increase in the five years from 1887 to 1892, in the
seven years from 1890 to 1897, and in the eight years from 1882
to 1890.
This great increase in the production of coal illustrates strikingly
the industrial development of the United States. Groing back for a
period of a little over fifty years, or to the middle of the last century,
and comparing the statistics of coal production with the increased
population, it is found that in 1850, according to the United States
census for that year, the production of coal amounted to 6,445,681 tons
when the population of the country amounted to 23,191,876 persons.
The per capita production of coal in that year is thus seen to have been
0.278 ton. In 1860, or ten years later, the population was 31,443,321
persons and the coal production amounted to 14,333,922 tons, or an
average of 0.514 ton per person.
At the census of 1870 the population of the United States amounted
to 38,558,371; the coal production in that year amounted to 36,806,560
short tons, a per capita average of 0.955 ton. Ten years later, when
the population was 50,155,783, the coal output amounted to 76,157,945
short tons, or 1.52 tons per capita. In 1890 the population had grown
to 62,622,250, an increase of 25 per cent over 1880, while the coal pro-
duction had grown to 157,770,963 short tons, or a per capita output of
2.05 tons. At the taking of the Twelfth Census in 1900 the increase
in population amounted to 21 per cent, the total number of persons
reported being 76,303,387, while more than 70 per cent had been
added to the coal production, with a total of 269,684,027 short tons,
or an average of 3.53 for each inhabitant. In other words, while the
population from 1850 to 1900 has shown an increase of 230 per cent,
the production of coal has increased 4,084 per cent. Estimating tie
population of the United States in 1903 to be 81,000,000 people, the
per capita production for that year is found to be 4.4 tons.
Of the thirty States and Territories in which coal was produced in
1903 there were twenty-seven in which the coal production increased,
and three in which a decrease was shown. The most notable increase
outside of that made in the production of Pennsylvania anthracite, was
the gain shown by West Virginia, whose production increased 4,766,415
tons. The Pennsylvania bituminous production increased 4,542,811
tons and Illinois showed an increase of 4,017,731 tons. The three
States in which decreases were shown were North Carolina, Mary-
land, and Montana.
Since 1889 the United States has stood at the head of the coal-pro-
ducing countries of the world, the output in 1903 being equal to 37
per cent of the entire world's production. It exceeds that of Great
Britain, which stands second, by 99,381,811 short tons, or 38.6 per
cent, and was almost double that of Germany, which stands tiiird as a
coal producer.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
COAL. 859
The production of bituminous coal by the use of undercutting
machines continued to show an increase in somewhat greater propor-
tion than the increase in the total bituminous tonnage. The statistics
for 1903 show tliat during that year there were 6,658 undercutting
machines in use, as compared with 5,418 machines in 1902, 4,341 in
1901, and 3,907 in 1900. The total production by the use of machines
in 1903 amounted to 77,974,894 short tons, against 69,611,582 tons in
1902, and 57,843,335 tons in 1901, and 52,784,523 tons in 1900. The
percentage of the machine-mined product to the total in the States in
which mining machines were used, has increased from 25.15 in 1900 to
25.68 in 1901, to 27.09 in 1902, and to 28.18 in 1903. Of the total
Dumber of machines in use in 1903, 3,887 were of the pick or
"puncher" type, 2,717 were chain breast, and 54 were long wall.
The largest number of both pick and chain machines were in use in
Pennsylvania, while more than 50 per cent of the total number of long-
waU machines in use were employed in the mines of Missouri.
The statistics of labor employed in 1903 show that the total number
of employees in the coal mines of the United States of that year were
566,260 men and boys, who worked an average of 220 days. In 1902
there were 518,200 men employed for an average of 197 days, while in
1901 the numl>er of men employed was 485,544 and the average work-
ing time was 216 days. The number of men employed in the anthra-
cite mines in 1903 was 150,483, and in the bituminous mines the num-
ber of employees amounted to 415,777. The average working time
in the anthracite mines was 206 and in the bituminous mines 225 days.
In 1902 the number of men employed in the anthracite mines was
148,141, and the average working time was 116 days. The number of
men employed in the bituminous mines in 1902 was 370,059; the aver-
age working time was 230 days. The average working time in the
anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania is considerably less than that
made by the bituminous miners. During the last six years the aver-
age working time among the anthracite mines has been less than 180
days, while in the bituminous mines the average has been something
more than 225. The best records made in the anthracite mines during
the last ten years were in 1895 and 1901, when the men averaged 196
days, and in 1903 when an average of 206 days was made. In the
bituminous mines the best records were made in 1899 and 1900, in each
of which years the average was 234 days.
Nearly the entire output of both anthracite and bituminous coal of
the United States is consumed within the country. The total exports
in 1903 amounted to 9,309,550 short tons, which, deducted from the
production of 357,356,416 tons, shows the domestic consumption to
have amounted to 348,046,866 short tons. If to this are added the
imports, which in 1903 amounted to 3,885,650 short tons, the total
oonsumption of coal in the United States, eliminating the stocks on
hand, is shown to have been 351,982,516 short tons.
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360
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Id considering the coal product of the United States these reports
include not only the coal marketed either by shipment to distant points
or sold locally, but that consumed by mine employees and by the mine
owners in the operation of the collieries. The latter factor is usually
considered and reported as colliery consumption. There are occa-
sional exceptions in the bituminous fields where operators, who use
only slack, an otherwise waste product, do not report this item in their
statement of production, and do not consider it of any value; it is
not considered as a portion of the mine product nor is the miner paid
for it in wages. Such exceptions are few and the amount is negligible.
The amount of coal consumed in the manufacture of coke is also con-
sidered in this report. This amounted in 1903 to 33,801,418 short
tons, a slight decrease compared with 1902, when the amount made into
coke was 34,169,730 short tons. The coal shipped to market, used in
the manufacture of coke, and sold locally, which are considered as the
marketable product, amounted in 1903 to 344,722,763 short tons,
as compared with 291,594,578 in 1902. The colliery consumption
in the anthracite region, which is not considered in the value of the
anthracite product, ranges from 8 to 10 per cent of the total anthra-
cite output. In 1902 the proportion was somewhat larger than usual
on account of the amount of coal used in keeping the fans and pumps
in operation during the strike while the mines were idle. About
12 per cent of the anthracite total product in 1902 was used for this
purpose. In the bituminous mines the amount used for colliery con-
sumption averaged between 1^^ and 2 per cent of the total product
The statistics of the production of coal in the United States in 1902
and 1903, by States, with the distribution of the product for consump-
tion, the total value, and the statistics of the labor employed, are
shown in the following tables:
Chal production of the United States in 1902 ^ by States,
State.
Arkansas
California and
Alaska
Colorado
Georgia and North
Carolina
Idaho
nUnolfl
Indiana
Indian Territory
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Short tons.
7,271,146
1,864,912
79,765
5,875,215
299,247
29,299,187
8,649,144
2,587,100
ShoH
tons.
78,908
13,639
8,563
282,027
1,800
2,080
2,691,770
586,899
25,996
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Made
Into coke,
Short
tons.
244,228
65,881
8,878
181,546
5,580
1.048,381
259,681
96,017
Short
tons.
2,760,296
1,562,555
130,456
85
700
111,551
Total
quantity.
87,196
7,401,348
487,088
2,080
82,939,378
9,446,424
2,820,666
Total
value.
Short tons.
10, 354, 570 $12, 419, 666
1.943,932 2,539,214
273,398
8,397,812
628,518
5,180
33,945,910
10,399,660
4,265,106
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num
berof
day»
ac-
tive.
fl.20
1.81
3.14
1.13
1.42
2.50
1.03
1.10
1.51
256
188
802
261
8U
74
205
282
Aver
age
num-
ber of
em-
ploy-
ees.
16.489
8,595
217
8.966
795
20
47, 4U
15,467
6^6i74
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COAL.
361
Cbal production of the United States in 1902, by l^ates — Ck)ntmaed.
State.
Iowa .
Kentucky
MAryland
ICichigui
MiMoari
Montan*
New Mexico
North Dakota ...
OUo
Oregon
PeniuylTania ...
T«iuieaee
Texas ,
rtah
Virginia
Waddngton ,
West Virginia...
Wyoming
Loaded at
mincB for
shipment
Total bitu-
minous ..
Pennsylvania an-
thracite
Qxand total.
Short tons.
5,089,688
4,941,286
6,141,886
6,187,175
818,687
3.608,998
1,385,100
978,600
182,002
22,282,404
42,591
72,938,204
8,417,409
887,167
1,277,343
1,444,560
2,498,177
19,847,821
4,144,460
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Short
tons.
678,740
227,826
888,584
48,631
117,978
318,992
40,719
19,614
86,689
,041,112
11,232
,429,668
88,369
6,691
21,531
20,916
29,287
623,903
87,101
'212,878,3988,666,862
85,254,4541,116,184
247,642,852.9,781,996
Short
tons.
136,488
95,287
132,812
35,808
28,063
67,169
39,023
33,180
8,870
242,594
11,825
1,541,454
63,283
9,154
45,432
82,447
97,003
267,886
209,456
6,001,864
4,994,007
9,996,861
Made
into coke.
Short
tons.
1,
168,702
95,981
22,569
8,784
22,665,141
813,907
230,216
1,685,071
56,747
3,831,717
88,486
Total
quantity.
Short tons.
5,904,766
6,266,066
6,766,964
5,271,609
964.718
3,890,154
1,560,823
1,048,763
226.511
23,619,894
65,648
98,574,367
4,382,968
901,912
1,674,521
3,182,998
2.681,214
24,670,826
4.429,491
34, 160, 730|260, 216, 844 290,
41,378,606
84,169,780301,590,439
Total
value.
18,660,287
6,862,787
6,666,967
5,679,869
1,653,192
5,374,642
2,443,447
1.600,230
325,967
26,958,789
160,075
106.082,460
5,399,721
1,477,245
1,797,454
2,543,595
4,572,295
24,748,668
5,286,339
1,858,483
76,173,686
367,082,069
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
fl.47
1.30
.98
1.06
1.71
1
1.57
1.43
1.44
1.16
2.44
1.
1.23
1.64
1.14
.80
1.72
1.00
1.18
1.12
1.84
1.22
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
ac-
tive.
227
220
209
242
171
202
270
217
213
200
234
248
230
267
259
298
275
205
248
280
116
197
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
em-
ploy-
12,434
9,461
13.727
5,827
2,844
9,789
1,938
1,849
402
38,965
265
112,680
8,760
2,369
1,826
3,912
4,404
35,500
6,250
870,069
148,141
518,200
Cbal production of the Untied States in 190S, by States.
State.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment
Sold to local
trade and
used by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam and
heat
Made into
coke.
Total
quantity.
ArkansM
CUifomia and Alaska
Colorado
G<ocgia and NOTth Carolina
Mabo
Illinois
IttUaiM
Indian Territory
Iowa
EaDMB
CeotDcky
Xarylaod
MVli^n
yOmsmA
Xontana
KevMczioo
Bonh Dakota
Short tons.
8,847,607
2,142.988
83.889
6,618,833
281,798
3,000
82,911,291
9,827,874
8,329,610
6,879,261
6,609,846
6,806,828
4,762,716
1,208,166
8,814,688
1,287,322
1,414,188
214,671
Short tons.
138,201
20,408
7,565
243,312
1,150
2,785,473
689.925
82.610
887,745
229,686
880,449
58.022
128,677
800,101
60,904
24,609
W,918
Short tons.
805,269
66,776
14,526
188,566
6,011
100
1,232,204
324,138
78,995
162,815
96,834
169,589
40,427
40,776
128,797
68,428
40,276
4,061
Short tons.
2,863,347
1,372,892
146,652
28,136
3.255
76,173
8,711
192,671
87,166
62,718
Short ions.
11,654,324
2,229,172
105,420
7,423,602
484,260
4,260
86.967,104
10,794,692
8,617,388
6,419,811
6,839.976
7,688,032
4.846,166
1,867.619
4,238,586
1,488,810
1,641,781
278,646
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362
MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
Cbal production of the United States in 1903, by States— Conimned.
state.
Short Urns.
Ohio 23,098.792
Oregon 67,192
Pennsylvania 77,967,851
Tennessee 8,763,428
Texas 880,256
Utah 1.801,766
Virginia 1,623,077
Washington 2,978,819
WestVirginia 24,056,649
Wyoming 4,371,611
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Total bituminous. . .
Pennsylvania anthracite.
Qrand total.
283,060,886
66,762,592
299,818,428
Sold to local
trade and
osed by em-
ployees.
Short Ions.
1,867,494
9,848
1,572,156
67,388
34,021
26,354
30,153
38,541
584,927
47,761
9,758,181
1,349,736
11,107,917
Used at
mines for
steam and
heat.
Made into I Total
coke. quantit;.
Shoritons.
375,742
14,104
1,863,363
65,371
12,482
46,204
56,611
100,748
473.780
193,921
Short toH».
1,075
21,694,308
901,817
307,096
1.741,466
75,165
4.221,885
22,000
6,138,913 33.801,418 |
6,494,740
12,638,663 I 83,801,418 i 357,856,416
24,8S8,10
91,141
108,117.178
4,79S,004
926, 7M
1.6»,40l
3,451,»f7
3,193,278
29,S37.«1
4,635,20
282,749,548
74,607,066
State.
Alabama
Arkansas
California and Alaska
Colorado
Qeorgia and North Carolina
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
Wert Virginia
Wyoming
Total bituminous
Pennsylvania anthracite . . .
Qrand total
Total value.
114,246,796
8,960.831
801,818
9,150,943
646,759
13,250
43,196.809
13,244,817
6,886,468
10,563,910
8.871.968
7,979,842
7,189,784
2.707,527
6,884,297
2.440,846
2,105,786
418,006
81,982,827
221,081
121,752,769
5,979,830
1,606,888
2,026,088
8,802,149
6,880,679
84,297,019
6,781,281
861,687,988
162,036,448
608,724,881
Average
price per
ton.
$1.22
1.61
2.86
1.23
1.26
3.10
1.17
1.23
1.82
1.65
1.62
1.06
1.48
1.97
1.61
1.64
1.87
1.60
1.29
2.43
1.18
1.25
1.62
1.20
.96
1.69
1.17
1.24
Average
Average
1.24
2.04
1.41
228
228
301
245
296
197
228
197
247
226
215
207
219
222
215
254
260
196
194
258
235
227
242
248
267
286
210
226
206
220
21,49
4.167
206
9,229
730
n
50, M6
17,017
7,70i
14.16!
10,914
liSU
5,859
2,768
9.544
2,U6
1,7»
486
41. e6
2S
129,266
9,961
2, SO
1,915
4,768
41.554
4.99S
415,777
160,483
666,200
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OOAL.
868
In the following tables are shown the quantity and value of the ooal
produced in the United States during the last five years, with the
increases and decreases in 1903 as compared with 1902:
Quantity and value of coal produced in the United States^ 1899-190S.
State or Territory.
I Quantity.
Value.
1900.
Quantity.
Value.
1901.
Quantity. | Value.
Alabama
Arkansas
California and Alaska .
Colorado
Georgia and
Carolina
North
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territor>*.
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Mi3BOuri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania:
Anthracite...
Bituminous . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
Wfe5i Virginia
Wyoming
Short tonM.
7,508.416
843,554
162,172
4,776,224
260,007
20
24,439,019
6,006,523
1,537,427
5.177,479
3,852,267
4,607,255
4,807.396
624,708
3.025,814
1,496,451
1,050,714
98.809
16,600,270
60,418,006
74,150,175
3,330,659
883.832
786,049
2.105.791
2.029,881
19,252,995
3,837,392
$8,266,462
989,383
447,436
5,863,667
268,809
100
20,744,553
5,285,018
2,199,785
6,397,338
4,478,112
3,618.222
3,667,a56
870,152
3,591,945
2,347.757
1,461,865
117,500
14,361,903
260,917
88, 142, 130
56,247,791
2,940,644
1.334,895
997,271
1,301.241
3,603.989
12.053,268
4.742,525
Short tons.
8,394,275
1,447,945
172,908
5,244,364
833,291
10
25,767,981
6,484,086
1,922,298
5,202,939
4.467.870
5,328,964
4,024,688
849,475
3,540,103
1,661,775
1,299,299
129,88:J
18,988,150
58,864
57,367,915
79.^12,326
3,509,562
968,373
1,147,027
2.393,751
2.474,093
22,647,207
4.014,602
$9,793,786
1,663,618
540,031
6,858,036
393,469
50
26,927,186
6,687,137
2,788,124
7, 155, 341
5,454,691
4,881,577
3,927,381
1,259,683
4,280,328
2.713,707
1,776.170
l.'iS, 348
19,292,246
220,001
85,757,851
77,438,545
4,003,082
1.581,914
1,447.750
2,123,222
4,700,068
,18,416,871
5.457,953
Short tons.
9,099,052
1,816,136
152,379
5,700,015
854,825
Total 2:>3,741,19'2 I 256,094,234
28,103,937
7,017,148
3,915,268
7,822,805
5,991,599
5,213,076
5,046,491
1,753,064
4,707,164
2,009,316
1,546,652
214, 151
20,928,158
173,646
112,504,020
81,397,586
4,067,389
1.907,024
1,666,082
2.353,989
4,271,076
20, 848, 184
6. Oa). 402
269, 684, 027 306, iji^, 1 64 I 293, 299, 816 ' ;UH, 920, 009
27,331,552
6,918,225
2,421,781
5,617,499
4,900,528
5,469,986
5,113,127
1,241,241
3,802,088
1,396,081
1,086,546
166,601
20,913,807
69,011
67,471,667
82, 306, 946
3,633,290
1.107,953
1.3^2,614
2,725.873
2,578.217
24,068.402
4,485,374
$10,000,892
2,068,618
409,706
6,441,891
426,686
10627—04-
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864
MIKERAL RESOURCES.
QuarUUy and value of coal produced in tJie United Slatea, i^P^l^O^— Continned.
state or Territory.
Alabama
Arkansas
California and Alas-
ka
Colorado ,
1902.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
10,354,670112,419,666
1,943,932 2,589,214
Georgia and North
Carolina
Idaho
Illinola
Indiana
Indian Territory . . .
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania:
Anthracite
Bituminous
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
Total 301,590,439
87,196
7,401,348
437,083
2,030
82,989,373
9,446,424
2,820,666
5,904,766
6,266,066
6,766,984
5,271,609
964,718
8,890,154
1.660,828
1,048,763
226,511
23,619,894
65,648
41,373,595
98,574,367
4,382,968
901,912
1,574,621
3,182,993
2,681,214
24,670,826
4,429,491
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Sfiort tons.
11.654,824114,246,798
2,229,172 3,860,881
273,898 106,420
8,897,812 7,428,602
623,618
6,180
83,946,910
10,899,660
4,266,106
8,660,287
6,862,787
6,666,967
5,579,809
1,653,192
6,374,642
2,443,447
1,600,230
325, %7
26,953,789
160,076
434,260
4,250
86,967,104
10,794,692
8,617,888
6,419,811
5,889,976
7,688,032
4,846,165
1,367,619
4,238,586
1,488,810
1,541,781
278,645
24,888,103
91,144
Increase, 1908.
76,173.586 74.607,068
106,032,460103,117,178
5,399,721
1,477,246
1,797,454
2,643,595
4,672,295
24,748,658
6,236.839
867,082,069
4,798,004
926,759
1,681,409
3,451,307
3,193,278
29,837,241
4.635,293
357,866,416
801,318
9,150,913
646,759
18,250
48,196,8091
13,244,817
6,886,463
10,563,910
8,871,958
7,979,342
7,189,784
2,707,527
6,834,297
2,440,846
2,105,785
418,005
31,932,827
221,031
Shorttons.
1,299,754
285,240
18,224
22,259
a2,823
2,220
4.017,731
1.848,268
696,722
615,045
573,911
771,048
a 425, 444
402,901
848,482
a 72, 013
498,018
62,134
1,318,209
25,496
152,036,448
121,752,759
5.979,830
1,505,888
2,026,038
8,802,149
5.880,679
84,297,019
5,731,281
508,724,881
», 233, 478
4,642,811
416,086
24,847
106,888
268,314
512,059
4,766,416
206,802
56,766,977
Value.
Per cent ol
IncretM.
Qnan-
Uty.
Value.
11,827,132
821,617
27,920
758,131
a 76. 759
8.070
9,250,^9
2,845,157
2,121,357
1,903,623
2.009,166
1,312,375
1,609,915
1,064,335
1,459,655
a 2, 601
606,555
92,038
4,978,538
60,956
76.862,862
15,720,299
580,109
28,138
228,584
758,554
808,384
9,648,861
494,942
186,692,312
12.6
14.7
20.9
.3
a. 6.
109.3
12,2
14.3
24.7
8.7
10.9
11.4
08.07
41.8
9.0
a4-6
47.0
23.0
5.6
38.8
80.3
4.6
9.5
2.8
6.8
8.4
19.1
19.3
4.6
18.5
117
S2.4
10.2
9.0
al2.$
156.8
27.S
27.4
49.7
iio
29.3
19.7
29.0
^8
27. J
a.l
4a 4
212
18.5
8S.1
99.€
14.8
la?
1-9
12,7
29.8
17.7
S8.6
9.5
87.2
a Decrease.
In the followiDg table is presented a statement of the annual pro-
duction of anthracite and bituminous coal from 1880 to the close of
1903, a period of twenty-four years. It is interesting to note, in thuj
table, the comparatively rapid growth of the bituminous or soft coal
production beside that of anthracite. It is seen that while the produc-
tion of anthracite has increased from 25,580,189 long tons in 1880 to
66,613,454 long tons in 1903, a gain of 41,033,265 long tons, or 160
per cent, the bituminous production has grown from 47,508,133 short
tons in 1880 to 282,749,348 tons in 1903, an increase of 245,241,215 short
tons, or a little over 495 per cent. Notwithstanding the abnormally
large production of 1903, it does not appear that the anthracite pro-
duction will exhibit any pronounced increase in the future. The con-
ditions under which the mines are operated and the increasing cost of
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labor are making the use of anthracite slowly but surely more and
more of a luxury. As prices have necessarily advanced, and as any
permanent decline in price is not anticipated to occur, the use of other
fuels as a substitute for anthracite coal will naturally increase. At
one time an important factor in blast furnace use and other manufac-
turing industries, the use of anthi*acite coal for such purposes has now
almost entirely ceased. The preparation of what are known as the
domestic sizes — that is, egg, stove, and chestnut — results in the produc-
tion of a greater proportion of the small or undesirable sizes, which
are usually sold at less than the cost of production. The profits must
therefore all be obtained from the prepared domestic sizes, and no
encouragement can be offered to the consumers of anthracite that their
fuel bills in the future will be decreased. A policy of the anthracite
operators, adopted during recent years, of making an allowance of 50
cents per ton from circular prices for coal purchased in April of each
year, with an advance of 10 cents per ton for each succeeding month
until the schedule price is reached in September, has had a better
influence in steadying the anthracite trade than almost any other action
taken in the past. It encourages the storage of coal in the cellars of
consumers and causes the mines to be operated more regularly and
gives more steady employment to employees throughout the year.
Annual production of coal in the United StateSy 1880-1903.
Year.
UBO.
1882..
im.
19M..
18»..
\m..
UBS..
vm..
vm..
law..
i*«..
\m..
^m.
vm.,
i«.
mo.
vm.
Pennsylyania anthracite.
Quantity.
Long Ions,
25,680,189
28,600,016
81,358,264
84,336.469
83,175,756
34,228.548
34,853,077
87,578,747
41,624,611
40,665,152
41,489,858
45, 236, 992
46.8:A450
4«.1>»5,306
46,358,144
51,7»:>,122
4i<,523,287
46,974,714
47.663,076
63.944,647
51,221,358
60,212,560
36,^10,710
66.613,454
ShorlUnu.
28,649,811
31,920,018
85,121,256
38,456,845
87,156,847
38,335,974
39,035,446
42.068,197
46.619,564
45,544,970
46,468,641
50.665,431
52,472,504
53,967,543
51,921,121
57,999,337
54,316,081
52,611,680
53,882,644
60.418.005
57,367,915
67,471.667
41,373,595
74,607,068
Value.
$42,196,678
64,125,036
70,556.094
77,257,055
66,351,512
76,671,948
76,119,120
84,552,181
89,020,483
65,721,678
66,888,772
73.944,735
82.442,000
85,687,078
78,488,068
82,019,272
81,748,651
79,301,954
75,414,537
88,142,130
85,757,851
112,504,020
76,173,586
152.036,448
Bituminous coal.
Quantity.
Long tons.
42.417,976
48,179,475
60,861,190
68,531,500
78,780,589
65,021,269
66,646,947
79,073,227
91,107,002
85,432,717
99,377,073
105,268,962
113,264,792
114,629,671
106,089,647
120,611,214
122,898,104
131,801,356
148,744,806
172,609,968
189,567,967
201,632,276
232,836,468
252,464,775
SJiorttons.
47,508,183
53,961,012
68,164,533
76,755,280
82.578,204
72,823,821
74,644,581
88,562,014
102,030,843
95,684,643
111,302,822
117,901,237
126,856,567
128,385,231
118,820,405
135,118,193
137,640,270
147,617,519
166,593,623
193,328,187
212,316,112
225,828,149
260,216,844
282,749,348
Value.
$58,448,718
60,224,344
76,076,487
82,237,800
77,417,066
82,347,648
78,481,056
98,004,656
101,860,529
94,504,745
110,420,801
117,188,400
125,124,381
122,751,618
107,653,501
115,779,771
114,891,515
119,595,224
132,608,718
167,952,104
220.930,313
236,422,049
290,858,488
851,687,988
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MINERAL RES0UE0E8.
Annual production of coal in the United Slates, 1880-190S — Contintied.
Year.
67,998,165
76,679,491
92.219,454
102,867,969
106,906,295
1885 i 99,249,817
1H86 101,500,024
1887 116,651,974
1888 132,731,613
1889 126,097,869
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
Total.
Quantity.
1890 140,866,931
1891 ; 150,505,954
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.,
1897.
1898..
1899.
1900.,
1901.
1902.
1903.
160,115,242
162,814,977
152,447,791
172,426,366
171,416,390
178,776,070
196,407,382
226, 554, 635
240,789.310
261,874,836
269,277,178
319,068,229
Short tons.
76,157,M5
85,881,030
103,285,789
115,212,125
119,735,051
111,159,795
113,680,027
180,650,211
148,659,407
141,229,613
157,770,963
168, 566, 669
179,329,071
182,352,774
170,741,526
193,117,530
191,986,357
200,229,199
219,970,267
253,741,192
269,6H4,027
293,299,816
301.690,439
357,356,416
Value.
»95,640,396
124,349,380
146,632,581
159,494,855
143,768,578
159,019,596
154,600,176
182,498,737
190,881,012
160,226,823
176,804,573
191,133,135
207,566,381
208,438,696
186,141,564
197,799,013
196.640,166
19S,897.178
208.023,250
256,094,234
306,688,161
348,926,069
367,032,069
503,724,381
The statistics regarding" the distribution of the coal production of
the United States for consumption have been obtained only since 1889.
These are shown in the following table, together with the value of the
product, the statistics of labor employed, and the average working
time made by mine employees.
DUlrihntion of the coal product of the United States, 1SS[>-J90S.
Year.
1889,
1890,
1M91.
1S'.»2,
1893
1894,
l>i»5
1S96
i^y",
1S*.K,
I'.HH)
V.H\]
VXVl
1VH)3
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to local
trade and used
by employees.
Used at mines
for sleam and
heat.
Made into
coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
ShoH tons.
Short tons.
113,776,701
8, 508, 699
5,382,265
13,561,848
12.s,3r.5.9f)5
9,009,285
5,063,953
15,331,760
137,920,34«)
8,871,882
6,056,001
15,718,440
1 16. 372, ()98
9, 701, 678
6,210,767
17,041,528
152,941,890
9,728,815
6,712,284
12,969,785
142.83:3,319
8,764,538
6,807,296
12,836,373
158, 3.80. 289
9,655,505
6,677.539
18. 40t, 197
159,176,155
9,502,927
7,184,832
16,122.443
165, G03, 626
9,922,276
6,011,419
17,761,878
180.900,111
8,927,514
7,921,2X9
22,167,353
208,751,710
9,075,756
8.062,8^4
27,247.826
•i2;^.7S2,(VS^
9,077,242
9,189,746
27,634,951
215,0U),,srj
9, 595. 308
10,379,546
28,314.150
247, (14 J. S5J
9,781,996
9,995,861
34,1^.^
•JW,M3, rj8
11,107.917
12,fte,653
33,801.418
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DidnbuHon of the coal product of the United States^ J889-190S—ConUnued.
Year.
Total product.
1^1.
I»96.
1900.
19'!.
1902.
1*3.
STiort tons.
141,229,513
157,770,963
168,566,669
179,829,071
182,352,774
170,741,626
193,117,530
191,986,367
200,229,199
219,976,267
263,741,192
269.684,027
293,299,816
301.590,439
357,356,416
Total value.
$160,
176,
191,
207,
208,
186,
197,
196,
198,
208,
256,
306,
348,
867,
503,
226,323
804,673
133,135
566.381
438,696
141,664
799,043
WO, 166
897,178
023,250
0M,234
688,164
926,069
032,069
724,381
Average
price per
ton.
$1.13
1.12
1.13
1.16
1.14
1.09
1.02
1.02
.99
.95
1.01
l.M
1.19
1.22
1.41
Average
number
of days
active.
216
223
212
201
178
195
185
179
190
214
212
216
197
220
Average
number of
employees.
318,204
2ft5,803
341,943
363,309
376,206
382,879
386,656
397,701
401.221
410,635
448,681
485. {>44
518, 197
566,250
RANK OF COAIi-PRODUCING STATES.
In the following tables the coal-producing States are arranged
according to the rank in 1902 and 1903, first in the amount of produc-
tion, and then in the value of the product, with the amount and per-
centage of both quantity and value contributed by each State. The
first six States, so far as the amount of production is concerned, retain
the same relative positions in 1903 as in 1902. Kentucky succeeds
Colorado as seventh in rank, while Kansas has supplanted Maryland
in tenth place. West Virginia, which for several years has outranked
Ohio in the quantity of coal production, exceeded the value of Ohio's
production for the first time in 1903, and takes third place in this
regard. The other ten leading States retain the same position in 1903
as in 1902:
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868
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
Bank of <X)al^pToducing Suites in 190iS, wUh quantity and value of product <md percentage
of each.
Production.
Rank.
State or Territory.
fPennsylyania:
\ Anthracite
[ Bitumlnons ...
lUinolfl
West Virginia
Ohio
Alabama — ,
Indiana
Colorado
Kentucky
Iowa
Maryland
Kansas
Wyoming
Tennessee
Missouri
Virginia
Indian Territory ...
Wasliington
Arlcansas
Utah
Montana
New Mexico
Michigan
Texas
Qeorgiaand North
Carolina.
North Dakota
California and
Alaska.
Oregon
Idaho
Total.
Quantity.
Short Urns.
41,873,595
98,574,367
32,939,873
24,570,826
23,619,894
10,354,570
9,446,424
7,401,843
6,766,984
5,904,766
6,271,609
5,266,065
4,429,491
4,382,968
8,890,154
8,182,993
2,820,666
2,681,214
1,943,982
1,574,621
1,560,823
1,048,763
964,718
901,912
437,083
226,511
87,196
65,648
2,030
801.690,489
Per
cent of
total
produc-
tion.
13.7
82.7
10.9
8.2
7.8
8.4
3.1
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.1
100.0
Value.
Rank.
2
8
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
State or Territory.
Pennsylvania:
I Anthracite
I Bituminous . . .
Illinois
Ohio
West Virginia
Alabama
Indiana
Iowa
Colorado
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Tennessee
Missouri
Wyoming
Washington
Indian Territory . .
Virginia
Arkansas
Montana
Utah
Michigan
New Mexico
Texas ,
Georgia and North
Carolina.
North Dakota
California and
Alaska.
Oregon
Idaho
Total
Value.
Per
cent of
total
value.
$76,173,586
106,032,460
33,945,910
26,963,789
24,748,658
12,419,666
10.399.660
8,660,287
8,897,812
6,862,787
6,666,967
5,579,869
5,899,721
5,374,642
5,236,839
4,572,295
4,265,106
2,513.595
2,539,214
2,443,417
1.797,454
1,653,192
1,600,280
1,477,245
628,518
825,967
273,898
100,075
5,180
867.082,069
20.8
28.)
9.2
7.S
8.7
S.4
18
13
13
L»
L8
1.8
1.8
L5
1.4
1.2
1.2
.7
.7
.5
.5
A
.4
.2
100.0
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COAL.
869
Rank of ood-proikicing SUUes in 190S, wUh quantity and value of prodiui and percentage
of each.
Productioii.
Value.
State or Territory.
Quantity.
Per
cent of
toUl
produc-
tion.
Bank
State or Territory.
Value.
Per
cent of
total
value.
Pennaylvania:
Anthracite
Bituminous ....
Illinois
West Virginia
Ohio
Indiana ...
Kentucky.
Colorado . .
Iowa
Maryland
Tennessee
Wyoming
MisBoori
j Indian Territory .
I Vliginia
' Washington
»' Arkansas
If I Utah
» New Mexico
21 Montana
a Michigan
28 Texas
U ^ Georgia, and North
' GaroUna
» North Dakota
K California and
27 Oregm.
28 Idaho..
Short toM.
71,607,068
108,117,178
36,957,104
29,8^,241
24,888,106
11.654,824
10,794,692
7,688,062
7,423,602
6,419,811
5,889,976
4,846,165
4,796,004
4,685,298
4,238,586
8,517,888
3,451,307
3,193,278
2,229,172
1,681,409
1,541,781
1,488.810
1,367,619
926,759
434,260
278,646
105.420
91,144
4,250
20.9
28.9
10.8
8.2
7.0
8.8
8.0
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.0
.9
.9
.6
.5
.4
.4
.4
.3
Total.
857,866,416
100.0
{Pennsylvania:
Anthracite
Bituminous
Illinois
West Virginia
Ohio
Alabama
TTM^iftT^ft
Iowa
Colorado
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
Indian Territory
Tennessee
Wyoming
Washington
Arkansas
ViiginU
Michigan
Montana
New Mexico
Utah
Texas
Georgia and North
Carolina
North Dakota
California and
Alaska
Oregon
Idaho
Total
S152,
121,
48,
84,
81,
14,
18,
10,
9,
8,
7,
7,
0>
6,
5,
5,
5,
8,
8,
2,
2.
2,
2,
1.
036,448
752,750
196,809
297,019
932,827
246,796
244,817
568,910
160,948
871,958
979,842
189,784
834,297
886, i68
979,830
781,281
880,679
860,881
302,149
707,627
440,846
105,785
026,088
505,888
546,750
418,005
301,818
221,081
18,250
80.2
24.2
8.6
6.8
6.8
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.1
LI
.7
.7
.5
.6
.4
.4
.3
506,724,881
100.0
KINDS OF COAli PRODUCED ENT THE UNITED STATES.
In the general discussion of the coal production of the United
Stites only two divisions are considered, anthracite and bituminous,
the latter product including the small anthracite output of Colo-
ndo and New Mexico. In the bituminous production, however, in
addition to the small Bocky Mountain output of anthracite is also
induded the production of coals generally classed as semianthracite,
ttmibituminoas, cannel, block, splint, and lignite. In the following
t»Mc the production of these various varieties of coal in 1902 and
1908 b reported as prepared from the schedules returned to the Sur-
▼e7« It should be stated, however, that this classification makes no
to tedmical exactness. It has been compiled from the replies
MM 1903 24
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370
MnnCRAL RBSOUBOES.
of the producers to the inquiry "Kind of coal produced" on the
schedules, and such replies are in some minor cases based on quite
uncertain knowledge. In fact, the varieties of the different coals
grade so imperceptibly from one to another that no exact separation
is possible. It is believed, however, that in this classification the
quantity of each kind of coal produced is approximate!}'^ indicated. It
is sufficiently correct for practical purposes, and shows that in addi-
tion to the anthracite production of Pennsylvania there were 42,139
short tons mined in Coloi*ado and that 30,592 short tons were produced
in New Mexico. Semianthracite coal was produced in Pennsylvania,
Colorado, Tennessee, Indian Territory, Virginia, and Arkansas, the
latter State being credited with nearly 80 per cent of the total. There
were sixteen States in which semibituminous coal was produced, West
Virginia leading, Pennsylvania second, and Maryland third. These
three States contributed 90 per cent of this variety. Wyoming leads
in the production of lignite, with Colorado second and New Mexico
third. West Virginia is credited with nearly the entire product of
splint coal, and Indiana with that of block. The production of cannel
coal is largely limited to West Virginia and.Kentucky, each producing
about the same quantity, the total for the two States amounting to 80
per cent of the total of this variety.
GasHficalion of the coal product of the United States in 1902^ by States and T^erritories.
state or Territory.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Semibitumi-
nous.
Lignite.
Pennsylvania
nilnois
West Virginia....
Ohio
Alabama
Indiana
Colorado
Kentucky
Iowa
Maryland
Kansas
Wyoming
Tennessee
Missouri
VIrginU
Indian Territory .
Washington
Arkansas
Utah
Montana
New Mexico
Michigan
Texas
Georgia
North Dakota....
I Short tons.
I 94,625,584
I 82,716,677
I 18,440,226
28,498,857
10,854,570
8,818,880
6,073,962
6.692,868
5,871,766
8,872,528
5,253,885
1,448,684
4,882,968
3,889,558
2,496,283
2,282,042
2,055,203
511,676
1,573,453
1,550,.876
837,389
964,718
696,005
414,068
ShorttoM,
41,873,595
Short ton$.
4,017,878
222,696
5,057,645
58,611
41,326
120,847
1,899,086
2,149
207,642
664,898
488,675
128,768
1,068
Short totu.
1,100,061
10,081
2,772,015
187, S»
9,917
170,018
206.907
221,01
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GOAL. 371
CkmfioaiMn of the coal product of (he United States in 1909^ by States and Territories—
Continaed.
SUte or Territory.
Blttuninonfl.
Anthracite.
Semibitumi-
nous.
Lignite.
Cililbmla
Short tons.
2,920
Short tons.
Short ions.
ShoHtons.
82,064
66,648
OltfOD
North CtroIlnA
23,000
Alaska
2,212
Idaho
2,080
Tbtal
288,697,631
41,467,532
12,255,342
4,831,770
State or Territory.
Semi-
anthracite.
BlocJc.
Splint.
Cannel.
Total.
P«»»n^liTftnte , T
Short tont.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
80,905
Sioriions.
139,947,962
miDoiB
32,939,373
24,570,826
WcatViTginIa
938,254
a 184, 701
8,007
Ohio
18,080
28,619,894
Aif^ma
10,854,670
9,446,424
TiM^inna
M, 101, 544
1,000
30,000
CalfnAo
64,872
7,401,348
6,766,984
5, 904, 766
Eentocky
8,804
18,000
0 66,817
16,000
Iowa
Maryland
5,271,609
Ktnm
5,266,065
4,429,491
4,382,968
Wjoraing
1,200
Ti?f»Kf i»
160
446
8,890.164
\lTl^nJft
20,817
588,624
8,182,993
Indian Territory
2,820,666
2,681,214
Arkarnan
1,806,493
1.943,982
Ciah
1,574,621
Montana
1,660,823
Xew Mexico
1,048,763
irirhlipiT ,
964,718
ffm
901,912
flMwria.
414,083
Korth Dakota
226,511
ratHnf^ifft
84,984
Owuii -
65,648
'Sflftti Carolina ... -
28,000
^iMka ,
2,212
Maho
2,080
ToUl
1,978,006
1,146.628
969,264
279,876
301,590,439
a Inclades 124.701 tons of semicannel coal.
t> Inclades 27,482 tons of semiblock coal.
« Includes 1,600 tons of semicannel coal.
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372 JONEBAL BE80UB0E8.
Ckunficaiion of the coed prodtAct of the United States in 19GS, by States and TarHoriet.
state or Territory.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Semibitumi-
nouft.
lignite.
Pennsylvania ....
imnois
West Virginia....
Ohio
Alabama
Indiana
Kentucky
Colorado
Iowa
Kansas
Maryland
Tennessee
Wyoming
Missouri
Indian Territory .
Virginia
Washington
Arkansas
Utah
New Mexico
Montana
Michigan
Texas
Georffia
North Dakota . . . .
California
Oregon
North Carolina...
Idaho
Alaska
Total.
Short toru.
99,734,819
86,855.262
22,321,486
24,808,064
11,600,486
9,569,958
7,850,994
5,981,394
6,341,487
5,809,828
2,982,533
4,749,587
1,257,917
4,237,886
3,2n,298
2,657,709
2,727,246
853,972
1,680,681
940,067
1,480,285
1,331,570
659,154
416,951
28,315
1,000
17,309
500
700
Sharttona,
74,607,068
250,622,417
Short torn.
3,832,564
94,746
4,582,454
ShorltOM.
42,139
30,502
9,794
296,158
4,281
1.863,682
l,l(n,S13
1,017
261,068
3,116, S18
764,066
7,107
27,204
728
1,700
458,921
8.000
569.883
367,606
2,600
660
250,230
101,07)
a90,66l
8,750
47
74,670,799
11,264,684
N977.J
a Includes 60,791 tons of semilignite coal.
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878
Qaut^ieaiion of the coat pfodud of the tMted States in 1903, by Staies and TerriUniee-^
Oontinaed.
state or Terrritory.
Semi-
anthiaoite.
Block.
Splint
C&nnel.
Total.
Pi^nfylyajiin
Short tons.
48,641
Short tons.
Short tons.
ShoHioM.
1,154
Short tons.
177,724,246
36,957,104
29,337,241
lllinob
7,096
WM4VtTjfnl*
2,847.238
26,040
a 136, 063
Ohio
8,979
24,838,108
11,654,324
Aitbunu . . ...
Tiu1i«f>A ,
b 1,179, 045
85,082
35,900
c 138, 006
10,794,692
7,538,032
Kentucky
5,000
Ookmdo . ...
44,406
7,423,602
6,419,811
Iowa
58,708
24,860
19,621
^»nmn ,
5,839,976
4,846,165
MftrykiHl
Twmtwco
48,417
4,798,004
4,635,298
4,238,586
3,517,388
8,451,307
3,193,278
2,229,172
1,681,409
1,541,781
1,488,810
1,367,619
926,759
416,951
278,645
104,678
91,144
17,809
4,260
747
Wyoming
Mtewiri
700
fiMliui Territory . . . . ....
246,096
29,543
Vlnplnl*
Wiataf ngton
Artaznu ,
1,844,996
Utah
Sew Mexico
M<mtana
650
vi«^h^ri
36,049
Tnaa , „.
GmkU
Knrth Pakota
f^ifnmiA
Oiegon
Nfvtti CaroMiM
Mahi>
Alatka
Total
1,^762,095
1,849,754
2,878,278
332,094
857,356,416
a Includes 122,049 tons of semicannel coal.
b Inclades 177,357 tons of semiblock coal.
« Includes 19,890 tons of semicannel coal.
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874
I
liABOR STATISTICS.
The following tables show the number of men employed and the
average number of days made by each for the last five years, by States,
and the total number of men employed in the anthracite and bitumi-
nous coal mines of the United States, with the average working time
since 1890:
Statistics of labor employed in coal mines of the United i^tes, 1899-1903 ^ by Staies.
State or Territory.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania bituminous .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
1899.
Number Average
of days . number
active, employed.
288
156
a287
246
6291
18,481
2,8W
369
7,166
637
1900.
1901.
Number
of days
active.
257
219
309
264
6262
Average | Number Average
number of da>*s number
employed, active, employed.
13,967
2.800
378
7,459
681
236
223
253
6291
17,370
3,144
42S
8,870
791
Total
Pennsylvania anthracite .
Grand total .
228
218
212 i
229
226
•224
275
232
212
238
267
154
200
238
245
252
256
265
252
259
242
261
234
173
214
36,756
9,712
4,084
10,971
8,000
7,461
4,621
1,291
7,136
2,878
1,750
210
26,038
124
82,812
6,949
2,410
743
1,960
3,330
28,625
4,697
226
199
228
228
232
227
203
261
214
252
261
142
215
273
242
242
246
246
239
289
231
89,101
11,720
4,625
11,608
8,469
9,680
5,319
1,709
8,180
2,876
2,037
326
27,628
141
92,692
7,646
2,844
1,308
3,631
8,670
29,163
5,332
-.20
194
208
218
224
213
262
247
223
231
224
196
198
228
230
228
264
259
279
276
219
218
271,027
139.608
234
166
804,880
144,206
225
196
410,635
212
448,581
216
41,880
12,96S
6,706
12.663
9,928
10,307
5,8»
2,276
9,8n
2,156
2,478
280
32, Ul
187
101.904
9,0<6
3,061
1,712
4,1SS
4.545
30,936
5.151
S40,236
146,309
486,614
a Includes Alaska.
Mncludes North Carolina.
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GOAL.
375
Hatittiei of labor employed in coal mines of the Vmied SUUes^ 1899-190S—ConimvLGd.
State or Territory.
1902.
Nmnber
of days
active.
Average
number
employed.
1903.
Number
of days
active.
Average
number
employed.
Arkaims
OilUbniia
GoloiBdo
Georgia
Idaho
Illioote
lodiaoa
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Mteoori
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania bituminous .
Tenncjwt
Texas
rtah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wy<Hning
256
188
a302
261
ft 812
74
226
205
232
227
220
209
242
171
202
270
217
218
200
284
248
280
267
259
293
.276
205
248
16,489
8,595
"217
8,956
6795
20
47,411
15,457
5,574
12,434
9,461
18,727
6,827
2,844
9,742
1,938
1,849
402
38,965
265
112,630
8,750
2,369
1,826
3,912
4,404
35,500
5,250
228
223
a 301
246
6296
197
228
197
247
226
215
207
219
222
215
264
260
198
1»1
268
235
227
242
248
267
285
210
252
21,438
4,167
0206
9,229
6780
82
60.596
17,017
7,704
14,162
10,924
14,354
6,859
2,768
9,644
2,155
1,789
486
41,936
236
129,266
9,961
2,380
1,926
6,606
4,768
41,554
4,993
Total
PHittsylTanta anthracite. .
Grand total
230
116
370,069
148, 141
225
206
415,777
150,483
197
518,200
220
566,260
« Includes Alaska.
Mncludes North Carolina.
By the terms of the award of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commis-
sion the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania were placed upon a
9-hour hsLsis for all company men or those working by the day, with
the exception of hoisting engineers, other engineers, and pump men,
who were allotted 8 hours for a day's work. The returns from the
bituminouji coal producing States in 1903 show that in the majority of
ca^es 9 hours constitutes the average day's work. There were 14
bituminous coal producing States in which 9 hours was reported as
the averaii^ day. These were: Alabama, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Kansas, Kentucky, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Texas, Utah, Washington, and West Virginia. There were 9 States
in which 8 hours was reported as the average working time. These
States were: Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Indian Territory, Iowa,
Michigan, Missouri, Montana, and Ohio. The 10-hour days prevailed
in 6 States, viz: Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, North Dakota,
Virginia, and Wyoming.
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876
imrXIUL BBSOUBOXS.
8Uaiiliosoflaboren^l)l(^incoalmme8of^ UnUedSUOes, 1S90-190S, by yem.
PennsylYuiia
ftnthiacite.
BitnminoQt.
Year.
Number
of days
active.
Average
number
employed.
Number
of days
acUve.
ATeiage
number
employed.
1890
200
208
198
197
190
196
174
150
152
178
166
196
U6
206
126,000
126,860
129,050
182,944
181,608
142,917
148,991
149,884
145,504
139,606
144,206
145,809
148,141
150,488
226
223
219
204
171
194
192
196
2U
284
284
225
230
225
192,904
1891
206,805
1892
212,80
1898
230. 866
1894
244,606
1896
289,962
1896 •
244,171
1897
217,817
1898
255,717
1899
271, 0S7
1900
304. 33S
1901 •
840^236
870,066
1902
1906
415,777
From the statistics contained in the preceding tables, and the totabof
production in the earlier pages of this report, the following statement
showing the average annual and daily tonnage per man since 1890 has
been compiled. This table shows that in 1890 the average annual pro-
duction per man employed in the anthracite region was 369 short tons.
The average tonnage per man per day was 1.85 tons. In the bitumin-
ous and lignite regions the average production per man for the year
was 579 short tons, and 2.56 short tons per man per day. In 1903 the
average production per man in the anthracite region was 496 tons for
the year and 2.41 short tons per day, while the bituminous production
shows an average of 680 tons per man for the year, and 3.02 short tons
per day. This table is further interesting in showing that, whereas
since 1897 the average tonnage per man per day in the anthracite
region has varied between 2.34 and 2.50, from 1890 to 1896, inclusive,
the average daily tonnage per man was between 1.86 and 2.10. The
average tonnage per man per year during the later period has not
shown any increase over the earlier period. In the bituminous pro-
duction on the other hand the statistics show an increase both in daily
and annual production per m^n in the latter half of the period as com-
pared with the earlier half.
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OOAl.
m
ProducUon of coat according to number of persona employed, 1890-190S,
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Year.
Men em-
ployed.
Days
worked.
Average
tonnage
per man
per day.
Average
tonnage
per man
per year.
Men em-
ployed.
Days
worked.
Average
tonnage
per man
per day.
Average
tonnage
per man
per year.
1890
126,000
126,350
129,050
132,944
131,603
142,917
148,991
149,884
145,504
139,608
144,206
145,809
148,141
;60,483
200
208
198
197
190
196
174
150
152
173
166
196
116
206
1.85
1.98
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.07
2.10
2.31
2.41
2.50
2.40
2.37
2.40
2.41
860
401
407
406
396
406
365
351
367
433
398
464
279
496
192,204
205,803
212,893
230,365
244,603
239,962
244,171
247,817
255,717
271,027
304,375
340,285
370,056
415,777
226
223
219
204
171
194
192
196
211
234
284
225
230
225
2.56
2.67
2.72
2.73
2.84
2.90
2.94
3.04
3.09
3.05
2.98
2.94
3.06
3.02
679
isn
573
1892
596
1896
657
18M
486
18B5
563
1»3
5&i
1897
596
1898
651
1899
713
mo
697
noi
664
1902
703
1908
680
While there are a few exceptions to the rule, it generally appears
that there has been an increased production, both per day and per
year, for each man employed where there has been an increase in the
machine-mined tonnage. In Colorado, for instance, on account of
labor troubles the total tonnage per man for the year decreased from
826 tons in 1902 to 804.4 tons in 1903. The daily tonnage per man
increased from 3.16 tons to 3.28 tons, and the quantity produced
increased from 857,279 tons to 1,270,221 tons, and the percentage of
machine-mined tonnage increased from 11.58 to 17.11. In Indiana
the yearly tonnage per man increased from 611.1 tons to 634.3 tons.
The daily tonnage per man increased from 2.98 to 3.22 tons, and the
machine-mined output increased from 2,421,342 short tons to 3,334,961
short tons. The percentage of the machine-mined product to the total
iiuH'eased from 25.63 to 30.9. In the Indian Territory, on the other
hand, there was a decrease from 506 tons to 457 tons in the yearly
tonnage per man, and from 2.18 to 1.85 tons in the average daily out-
pat; while the machine-mined production declined from 119,195 tons
to 73,304 tons, and the percentage of machine-mined production to
the total fell oflf from 4.23 to 2.08. Similar decreases were shown in
the yearly and daily tonnage per man in Iowa and Kansas, while the
machine-mined production and the percentage of machine-mined coal
to the total production also decreased. An exception is noted in Ken-
tucky, where the average tonnage per year per man increased from
493 tons to 525.2 tons, and the daily tonnage per man from 2.35 to
2.54 tons, while the tonnage mined by machines decreased from
3,091,626 short tons to 2,843,805 short tons, the percentage of
machine-mined product to the total being 45.69 in 1902 and 37.73 in
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378
MmERAL RESOtTBCES.
1908. In Michigan the total production per man for the yeftr
increased, while the daily production decreased, the machine-mined
production falling off from 196,248 short tons in 1902 to 180,943 tons
in 1903. Missouri's production shows an increase in the average
daily production per man, in the tonnage obtained by the use of
machines and the percentage of machine-mined product to the total.
Montana, on the contrary, with a slightly increased machine-mined
tonnage, shows a falling off in both the yearly and daily tonnage per
man. Ohio, because of a decrease in the average working time made
during the year, shows a falling off in the average production per
man per year, but an increase in the average production per man
per day. The machine-mined tonnage of this State increased nearly
2,000,000 tons in 1903 over 1902, and the percentage of machine-
mined product to the total increased from 51.42 to 56.39. Pennsyl-
vania's machine-mined production also increased about 2,000,000 tons,
but both the daily and yearly production per man decreased. Li West
Virginia there was a marked increase in the output of Amchine-mined
coal and in the average yearly production per man, but a slight falling
off in the productive efficiency per man per day. A most striking
exception to the general rule was in the production of Alabama, where
the machine-mined tonnage nearly doubled, while the average tonnage
per man per year fell off from 630 tons in 1902 to 543 tons in 1903,
and the daily production per man decreased from 2.46 to 2.38 tons.
This apparent inconsistency was, without doubt, due to the labor
troubles which affected the mining industry in that State during the
early part of the year.
In the following table is presented a statement of the average yearly
and daily production per man employed in each State during 1902 and
1903, together with the total tonnage mined by the use of machines in
each State and the percentage of machine-mined tonnage to the total
production.
Average produdion per man compared with production by machines m 190S and 190S by
States,
[Short tons.]
Average tonnage.
Production by machines.
State.
Per year.
Per day.
Total tonnage by
machines.
Per cent of ma-
chine coal to
total.
1902.
1908.
1902.
1903.
1902.
1903.
1902.
1908.
Alabama
690
540.7
826
696
611.1
506
476
606.6
54S.6
536.2
804.4
781
684.8
457
453.3
634.6
2.46
2.88
3.16
8.08
2.98
2,18
2.09
2.53
2.88
2.40
3.28
3.21
3.22
1.85
2
2.49
800,670
8,989
857,279
7,112,039
2,421,342
119,195
110,489
48.000
577,317
2.90
.46
11.68
21.60
25.63
4.23
1.87
.91
4.95
Arkansas
Colorado
1,270,221
7.881,027
3,834,961
78,304
55,085
9,876
17.11
Illinois
19.97
Indiana
90. 90
Indian Territory
2.06
Iowa
.86
Kansas
.17
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OdAt.
079
Average production per man compeared Vfith producHonby machine$ in 190e and 190S by
States — Continued.
state.
Average toniiAge.
Production by machines.
Per year.
1902. 1906.
Per day.
Total tonnage by
machines.
1902. 1908.
1902.
1903.
Per cent of ma-
chine coal to
total.
1902. 1903.
KentQcky
Maryland
Michigan
MiMHiri
Montana
Nev Mexico....
North Dakota ..
Ohio
Penn^lTania:
Anthracite .
Bitnminoufl
l^eaneanee
TiezM
Utah
Vfaginia
WMhington
W«rt Virginia"..
Wyoming
498
904.6
411.6
899.6
806
567
568.6
604
278.7
875
501
881
862
814
609
602
848.7
625.2
827.1
494.1
444.1
691
862
678.8
692
496.8
796
482
889
878
616
670
706
928.4
2.86
8.74
2.4CL
1.98
2.96
2.61
2.66
8.02
2.04
8.62
2.18
1.48
3.88
2.78
2.22
3.88
8.40
2.64
3.78
2.28
2.07
2.72
8.31
2.90
8.06
2.41
8.40
2.12
1.61
8.62
2.80
2.36
8.86
8.68
8,091,626
252,768
196,248
228,969
691,669
71,744
89,888
12,094,641
2,848,806
401,144
180,948
8U,602
698,504
105,000
115,222
14,007,826
45.69
4.28
20.84
5.76
44.81
6.84
61.42
86,058,088
808,996
25,500
74,502
182,709
87,146,258
804,602
29,000
75,000
82,040
86.67
6.94
2.88
4.81
4.17
5,733,045
688,802
8,198,840
783,822
23.85
18.10
37.78
8.28
13.23
7.85
46.68
9.40
41.86
56.89
86.02
6.36
8.18
4.46
2.88
27.98
16.91
PRICES.
The following tables show the fluctuations in the average prices
prevailing in each State since 1899, and also the average prices for
anthracite and bituminous coal in the Dnited States since 1880. These
averages are obtained by dividing the total product, including colliery
consumption, into the total value.
Average prices for coal at the mines since 1899,
[Per short ton.]
State or Territory!
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Alatiama
$1.09
1.17
a 2. 76
1.12
1.00
5.00
.86
.88
1.43
1.24
1.16
.79
•1.17
1.14
a8.12
1.12
1.17
6.00
1.04
1.03
1.46
1.88
1.22
.92
$1.10
1.14
a2.66
1.13
1.20
1.03
1.01
1.62
1.39
1.22
.95
$1.20
1.81
a 3. 14
1.18
M.42
C2.50
1.03
1.10
1.61
1.47
1.80
.99
$1.22
ArkaiMMs
1.51
Oriilofnla -*
Oriondo
a2.86
1.23
Geonia
bl.26
I^kko
8.10
nUaoii
1.17
v«yfiana
1.23
Indian Tf^rritorr
1.82
lova.
1.66
1.62
Knta^T
1.06
« Inelndes Alaska.
h Inclades North Carolina.
e Includes Nebraska.
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Average prices for coed at the mine$ tince 1899 — ContinaedL
state or Territory.
1899.
1900.
1901. 1902.
19IK.
Maryland..*. —
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania bituminous.
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
10.76
1.S9
1.20
1.67
1.89
1.80
1.19
.87
3.00
.76
.88
1.51
1.27
.62
V78
.63
1.24
10.98
1.48
1.21
1.68
1.87
1.82
1.22
1.02
3.74
.97
1.14
1.63
1.26
.89
1.90
.81
1.36
90.99
1.41
1.24
1.44
1.42
1.25
1.29
1.00
2.62
.99
1.12
1.72
1.26
.86
1.66
.87
1.35
11.06
1.71
1.38
1.66
1.43
(«)
1.44
1.14
2.44
1.08
1.23
1.64
1.14
.80
1.72
1.01
1.18
Total bituminous. . .
Pennsylvania anthracite .
.87
1.46
1.04
1.49
1.04
1.67
1.12
1.84
General average.
1.01
1.14
1.19 I
1.22
11.48
1.97
L61
1.64
\.V
(«) '
LSD
1.29
2.«
LIS
l.S
1.62
L20
.96
LC9
1.17
1.24
1.21
2.04
1.41
a Included in Georgia.
Average price per short ton of coal in United States for S4 yearn.
Year.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Vcr. .
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
1880
$1.47
2.01
2.01
2.01
1.79
2.00
1.95
2.01
1.91
1.44
1.43
1.46
$1.25
1.12
1.12
1.07
.94
1.13
1.06
1.11
1.00
.99
.99
.99
1892
$1.67
1.69
1.51
1.41
1.60
1.51
1.41
1.46
1.49
1.67
1.84
2.04
$0.99
.96
1881
1893
1882
1894
.91
1883
1896
.8S
1884
1896
.8S
1885
1897
.81
18S6
1898
80
1887
1899
87
1888
1900
1.04
1889
1901
L05
1890
1902 •.
1 12
1891
1903
1 24
COAL MINED BY MACHINES.
The machine-mined production of bituminous coal continues to show
a decidedly increasing tendency, and the percentage of the total prod-
uct produced by machines has also increased. The total production of
machine-mined coal in 1903 amounted to 77,974,894 short tons, as
compared with 69,611,582 short tons in 1902, an increase of 8,363,312
short tons, or 12 per cent, in 1902, 27.09 per cent of the bituminous
product in States where machines are installed was mined by machines,
while in 1903 the machine-mined product amounted to 28.18 per cent
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COAL.
381
of the total. The total number of machines reported as in use in 1903
was 6,658, as compared with 6,418 in 1902, an increase of 1,240, or
22.9 per cent, as compared with the increase of 12 per cent in the
machine-mined product. This would indicate that a number of
machines were installed dui'ing the latter pai*t of the year, and did not
add materially to the production. Of the 6,658 machines in use in
1903, 3,887 were of the pick, or "puncher," type, 2,717 were of the
chain-breast variety, and 54 were long-wall machines. Nearly 50 per
cent of the total machine-mined product was reported from Pennsyl-
vania, the number of machines in use in this State being 3,310, and
the machine-mined product 37,146,253 short tons. West Virginia
reported 788 machines in use and a machine-mined product of
8.193,840 short tons, while Ohio, with 724 machines, produced
14,007,326 short tons of machine coal. Illinois, with 553 machines in
use, reported a total machine-mined product of 7,381,027 tons, and
Kentucky, with 308 machines, produced 2,843,805 short tons. Ohio
enjoys the distinction of the largest proportionate production by the
use of machines, this State having in 1903 produced by machines 56.39
per cent of the total product mined, against 51.42 per cent in 1902.
Montana reported 46.58 per cent mined by machines in 1903, and
44.31 per cent in 1902. Kentucky's machine-mined product decreased
from 45.69 per cent in 1902 to 37.73 per cent in 1903, and the Illinois
percentage decreased from 21.59 in 1902 to 19.97 in 1903. The per-
centage of machine-mined product to the total in Pennsylvania
increased from 35.57 to 36.02, and West Virginia from 23.35 to 27.93.
The statistics in regard to the coal mined by machines in the last five
years are presented in the following tables, and show the number of
machines in use in each State, the number of tons mined by machines,
the total pixxiuction of the States in which machines were used, and
the percentage of the machine-mined product to the total:
Bttamtnota coo/ mined by nuuhmes in the United States in 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, and 190S,
SUte.
Number of machines in use.
1899.
1900. 1 1901.
1902.
1903.
4%bwiM
53
16
63
440
247
74
41
8
189
8
25
9
75
M 82
20 20
90 62
430 464
254 256
58 47
40 5.^
66
7
96
506
269
28
31
6
318
25
58
20
65
96
AzfcmiMU
(V4(n4o .
157
ntfnoil ,
553
MtafM
829
iBdlm TtirtiUtrw ,
86
lOVft
10
3
239
10
88
15
81
4
237
15
31
24
70
5
EcBtarky
808
iffrrlHMl., - -
36
lOciteiQ - - -- --
46
83
lfa^*■^
68
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882
MINERAL BBSOUBCBS.
Bituminous coal mined by machines in the United States in 1899, 1900, 1901, 190ft, and
i^O^— Continued.
sute.
Number of machines in oae.
18W.
1900.
1901.
1902. 1«B.
New Mexico...
North Dakota .
Ohio
Pennsylvania .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington . . .
WestVliginU.
Wyoming
Total .
14
5
278
,M8
22
21
7
841
1,786
18
2
154
66
9
2
327
69
7
876
2,068
^^
IS
6
4
403
74
17
10
560
2,620
88
8
18
11
12
9
7M
S,S10
U
8
IS
10
579
788
8.125
8,907
4,841 j 5,418
6.6G6
State.
Alabama
Arkansas
€k>lorado
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota....
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vifginia
Washington
West Virginia....
Wyoming
Total ,
Number of tons mined by machines.
1809.
260.444
146,809
527,115
6,0^,812
1,718,125
276,180
124,721
40,271
1,625,800
16,545
64,065
55,154
848,710
280,778
88,066
6,822,524
22,000.722
208,088
265,000
14,640
1,881,125
698,712
43,968,985
1900.
870,150
219,085
756,025
5,088,504
1,774,045
289,424
182,757
46,164
2,889,044
188,014
191,577
110,066
1,045,115
112,000
88,965
8,885,748
26,867,068
176,872
261,260
10,000
8,418,877
663,814
52,784,528
1901.
289,051
102,220
819,678
5,774,689
1,862,058
177,288
U0,960
87,979
2,254,711
177,724
177,969
168,879
748,961
2,700
43,574
9,908,816
29,591,868
220,578
22,420
14,788
288,275
6,500
4,817,943
804,826
1902.
300.670
8,989
«57,279
7.112,089
2,421,842
119.196
110,489
48,000
8,091,626
252,753
196,248
691,660
71,744
89,888
12,094,641
35,068,068
806.995
25.500
74,502
182,709
190B.
677,817
5,788,045
588,802
57,848,885 , 69,6U,582
1,270.221
7.381,027
8.884.90
73.304
66,065
9.878
2.843.806
401,144
180, »a
311,602
698,604
105,000
115,222
14,007,826
37,146,253
804,602
29,000
75,000
82,0tt
8,198,840
788,822
77,974,804
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COAL. 383
Bitwnmou8 coal mined by machine$ in the United Stales in 1899, etc, — Continued.
state.
Ari^tnfHf
Colondo
Ulioob
iDdkna
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kcotocky
Marrland
Michigan
Miaoari
Montana
Xew Mexico...
North DalLota .
Ohio
PennfylTania .
Tenneaee
Texas
Utah
ViiKlnia
Washington...
WcatViiginia.
Wyoming:
Total.
Total tonnage of States using mining machinery.
1899.
7,593,41«
848,664
4,776,224
24,489,010
6,006.623
1,637,427
5.177,479
3,862,267
4,607,265
4,807,896
624,706
8,025,814
1,496,451
1,060,714
98,809
16,500,270
74,150,175
8,330,650
2,106,791
2,029,881
19,262,996
8,837,892
191,144.219
1900.
8,394,275
1,477,945
5.244,364
25,767,981
6,484,086
1,922,298
^,202,989
4,467,870
5.328,964
4,024,688
849,475
3,540,103
1,661,775
1,299,299
129,883
18,988,150
79,842,326
3,706,562
2.398,754
2.474,093
22,647,207
4,014,602
209,864,639
1901.
9,099,052
1,816,136
5.700,015
27.381,552
6.918,225
2,421,781
5,617,499
4,900,528
6,469,986
6,113.127
1,241,241
3,802.088
1,396.081
1,086,546
166,601
20.948,807
82,805,946
8,633,290
1,107,953
1,822,614
2,725,878
2,578,217
24,068,402
4,485,374
225,261,934
1902.
10,354,570
1,943,932
7,401,343
32,939,373
9,446,424
2.820,666
5,904,766
5,266,065
6,766,984
5,271,609
964,718
3.890.154
1.560,823
1,048,763
226,511
23,519.894
98.574,367
4,382.968
901,912
1,674.521
8,182,993
24,570,826
4,429,491
256,943,673
11,654,324
7,423,602
36,957,104
10,794,692
3,517,388
6,419,811
6,839,976
7,538,082
4,846,165
1,367.619
4,238,586
1,488,810
1,541,781
278,645
24,838,108
103,117,178
4,798,004
926,759
1,681,409
8,461,807
29,337,241
4,635,293
276,691,829
State.
ArfcansH.
Colofado.
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kcntoeky
MarykDd
Michigan
Wmmi
BewMexko...
KorthDakoU.
Ohio
PfenuylTania .
TexM
Utah
TliglBia
WsAii^ltoo...
WfltViiginia.
WjOBtog
1809.
Percentage of total product mined by machines.
1900.
3.43
17.41
11.03
24.90
28.62
17.96
2.21
1.04
85.29
.84
10.20
1.80
66.88
24.81
88.62
41.86
29.67
6.04
28.06
.72
9.27
18.07
28.00
4.41
14.82
14.42
19.78
27.86
12.46
2.65
1.08
48.91
8.48
22.56
8.11
62.89
8.62
26.15
46.68
38.66
4.77
9.66
.40
15.09
16.27
26.15
1901.
3.17
5.62
5.60
21,12
26.77
7.81
1.97
.77
41.21
3,47
14.88
4.04
58.64
.24
26.15
47.26
86.96
6.07
2.02
1.11
8.66
.25
20.01
17.94
1902.
2.90
.46
11.58
21.59
25.68
4.28
1.87
.91
45.69
4.28
20.34
5.76
44.31
6.84
89.66
51.42
85.57
6.94
2.88
4.81
4.17
28.35
18.10
25.68
27.09
1903.
4.95
17.11
19.97
80.90
2.06
.86
.17
87.78
8.28
13.23
7.36
46.58
9.40
41.86
66.89
86.02
6.85
8.18
4.46
2.88
27.96
16.91
28.18
Digitized by V^OOQIC
884
IQNEBAL BESOUBOES.
The different kinds of machines in use in 1903, by States, are shown
in the following table:
Number and kinds of machines in use in 190S,
State.
Pick.
Chain-
breast.
ucmg-
Wal,
1V)taL
Alabama
Colorado
IlUnolfl
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Dakota ...
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
West Virginia...
Wyoming
Total .
451
110
16
202
86
46
4
61
2
51
2,267
45
6
18
42
9
65
100
219
18
8
106
2
12
7
678
,089
6
2
8,887
10
430 '
2,717
M
157
553
329
36
10
5
806
K .
46
S8
65
12
9
72t
S,SU
51
8
13
10
■m
6,6SS
liABOR TEOUBUES,
The year 1903 was one of comparative industrial peace in the coal
mining regions of the United States. Two exceptions to the rule were
noted, however, one in the east, Alabama, and one in the west, Colo-
rado. There were occasional cessations from work in the anthracite
region of Pennsylvania, but they were not of long duration, and the
time lost had no appreciable effect upon the production. The strikes
in Alabama affected 7,319 out of a total of 21,438 men, and the average
time lost was 32 days per man, a total of 231,112 working days. In
Colorado there were 7,103 men out of a total of 9,229 who were idle
for an average of 57 days, or a total loss in working time of 407,909
days. In the bituminous region of Pennsylvania there were 12,805
men idle at one time or another during the year, the average time lost
being 25 days per man. Considering the great importance of the
bituminous coal mining industry of western Pennsylvania, this loss
was insignificant, the total idle time lost by strike representing little
more than 1 per cent of the total working days, and diid not affect the
production. Seventy per cent of the entire time lost by strikes in 1908
was borne by these tiiree States. The total number of men idle at any
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COAL.
885
time during the year, not including the unimportant disaffections in
the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, were 47,481, and the average
time lost for each man was 28 days. The total time idle was equal to
1,341,031 days, or about 1.5 per cent of the total working time. The
statistics of labor troubles in the United States during 1902 and 1908
are shown in the following tables:
Statigtics of labor strikes in the coal mines of the United States in 1902,
State or Territory.
Number of
men on
rtrike.
Total days
lost
Average
number of
days lost
per man.
At«btinii
6,069
14
444
3.916
1,824
150
363
884
1,248
189,788
140
20,845
65,231
23,698
9,000
6,480
17,256
22,184
83
ArkAiuan
10
Cblormdo
47
Dlinoiii
17
InditriA .
18
Indlftfi Teni t^rv
60
Iowa
18
Ktn<»«p
52
Kentacky
18
Mtryliind . .
Michigan
1,935
1.864
686
470
8
3,769
12,580
1,904
50
205
239,146
61,273
7,636
9,820
8
70,534
264,862
136,347
50
5,875
124
MiMnnii , , . _
45
Montana
u
New Mexico
21
North Dakota
1
Ohio
19
Pi»nn!iyl vania biti»minoiis ^ , , ^ ^ . , ^ ,.,.,,,
21
72
Tf^xan. a
1
Virginia
29
WMhingl^n T T - - - - - -
Wttt Virginia
18,129
55,452
145,000
1,362,064
76
Total
2,462,217
14,210,000
44
PennajlYania antbiraclte (approximate)
06
Statigtics of labor strikes in the coal mines of the
United Sta
tes in 190S.
State or Territory.
Number of
men on
strike.
7,319
7, 103
Total days
lost.
Averajfe
number of
days lost
per man.
Alabama
231,112
2,078
32
Arkanns
5
Colorado . ..
407_9<K» i WJ
niinoii
3,77'2 ( 70,731 ' 19
Indiana
2,680 t 46,566
448 1 1,928
1,143 ' :i :^'>
328 1 2.M6
590 18,717
120 1 6,(M5
7.') I 82.1
1,3(V. 13,8l»2
54 1 710
17
Indian TfTritorv
4
Iowa
99
Kanns ^ ^.x.......
8
Kentocky
22
Maryland
5
Michigan
11
Mtowori
11
New Mexico
13
M B 1903 25
Digitized by VjOOQU
386
MINERAL BESOUB0B8.
Statiaica of labor strikes in the coal mines of the United Slates in 1905— Gontinoed.
state or Territory.
Number of
men on
strike.
Total days
lOit
Average
number of
dayslofit
permuL
North Dakota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Washington . .
WestViiginia
Wyoming
Total...
35
4,115
12,806
l,e39
1,055
350
200
1,524
418
340
65,14»
821,925
36,021
2^460
9,800
6,000
63,212
4,130
47,481
1,311,031
16
S5
23
23
28
S
41
10
IMPORTS AND EXPOBT8.
The following tables have been compiled from official returns to the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, and
show the imports and exports of coal from 1867 to 1903, inclusive.
The values given in both cases are considerably higher than the aver-
age " spot " rates by which the values of the domestic production have
been computed.
The tariff from 1824 to 1843 was 6 cents per bushel, or $1.68 per
long ton; from 1843 to 1846, $1.75 per ton; 1846 to 1857, 30 percent
ad valorem; 1857 to 1861, 24 per cent ad valorem; 1861, bituminous
and shale, $1 per ton; all other, 50 cents per ton; 1862 to 1864, bitu-
minous and shale, $1.10 per ton; all other, 60 cents per ton; 1864 to
1872, bituminous and shale, $1.25 per ton; all other, 40 cents per ton.
By the act of 1872 the tariff on bituminous coal and shale was made 75
cents per ton, and so continued until the act of August, 1894, changed
it to 40 cents per ton. On slack or culm the tariff was made 40 cents
per ton by the act of 1872; was changed to 30 cents per ton by the act
of March, 1883, and so continued until the act of August, 1894, chan^
it to 15 cents per ton. The tariff act of 1897 provides that all coals
which contain less than 92 per cent fixed carbon, and which will pass
over a half -inch screen, shall pay a duty of 67 cents per ton. Slack or
culm was not changed by the act of 1897. Tons are all 2,240 pounds.
Anthracite coal has been free of duty since 1870. During the period
from June, 1854, to March, 1866, the reciprocity treaty was in force,
and coal from the British possessions in North America was admitted
into the United States duty free. A special act of Congress placed all
coal on the free list for one year from January 1, 1903, in order to
relieve the shortage caused by the anthracite strike of 1902,
The exports consist both of anthracite and bituminous coal, the
amount of bituminous being the greater in the last few years. They
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COAL.
387
are made principally by rail over the international bridges and by lake
and sea to the Canadian provinces. Exports are also made by sea to
the West Indies, to Centml and South America, and elsewhere.
The imports are principally from Australia and British Columbia to
San Francisco, from Great Britain to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts,
and from Nova Scotia to Atlantic coast points.
The total exports of coal from the United States during 1903 amounted
to 8,312,098 long tons, valued at $27,190,429, of which 2,008,867 long
tons, valued at $9,780,044, were anthracite, and 6,303,241 long tons,
valued at $17,410,385, were bituminous coal. The imports of anthracite
were equal to about 0.0005 per cent of the total production, and those
of bituminous to 0.01 per cent. The imports of anthracite coal into
the United States were relatively of no importance; they are princi-
pally to San Francisco. A considerable increase has been noted in the
imports of bituminous coal in the last three or four years, which has
been due to receipts of Nova Scotian coal at Everett, Mass., the fuel
being used in the manufacture of retort ovens at the plant of the New
England Coal and Coke Company at that place. Compared with the
domestic production, however, the total amount of coal imported is
of little consequence, having averaged for years less than 1 per cent
of the production.
Coal imported and entered for consumption in the United States f 1867-1 90S,
Ye*r endin^r^
Anthracite.
BitnminoQii and shale.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty. | Value,
Jnneao— 1M7
Longton$,
Longtont.
609,802
894,021
487.228
415.729
480.606
485.068
460.028
492,068
486,714
400,632
495.816
672,846
486,501
471,818
652.968
795.722
645,924
748,995
788,477
811.657
819.242
1,085,647
1,001,374
819.971
1,863,818
$1,412,507
USB
1.260,518
vm
1,222,U9
1,106,966
1.121,914
1,279,686
1.548,208
1,937.274
1.791,601
1,592,846
U7D.. .
vm
978
890
2,221
471
188
1,428
680
1&8
488
8
1,207
86
607
1,448
4,976
2,089
14,181
24,096
20,668
16,146
87,607
$4,177'
1,822
10,764
8,224
968
8,560
2,220
618
721
40
2,628
148
1,172
4,404
15,848
4.920
42,988
68,710
U7,484
46,695
112,722
1872
im
B74.
187S
M3«
UT7
1,782,941
uro
1,929,660
WTf
1,716.209
1,588,812
1.988,199
2,141,878
3,018,566
2,494.228
2,548.482
2,501.158
vm
vm
i«
\m
UM
vm
liweabcrJi— 1886
vm
2,609,8U
8,728,060
8.425.847
ma
Mi
MO
2,822.216
4.661,106
vm^
Digitized by V^OOQIC
388
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
Coed imported and entered for conmmption in the United tStcUes, i5»7-i505— Continiied.
Year ending—
Anthracite.
Bituminous and shale.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty. | Value.
DecemberSl — 1892 . . .
Longtoni,
65,068
53,768
90,068
141,837
101,689
24,534
3,149
61
118
286
a 170, 211
a 176, 747
$197,683
148,112
234,024
328.706
1237,717
59,222
8,609
245
549
1,844
792,469
792,667
LongtoM.
1,143,304
1,082,998
1,242,714
1,212,023
1,211,448
1,276,185
1,277,070
1,400,461
1,909,258
1,919,962
62,470,902
68.298,688
t3,74i8G2
1893
3,623,893
1894
8,785,513
1896
8.626,023
1896
18,463,742
1897
8,424,833
1898 '.
8,569.7i3
1899
3,882.430
1900
5.019,563
1901
5,291,429
1902
6,984,668
1903
9,819,667
a Includes 93,571 tons of anthracite containing less than 92 per cent fixed carbon, duty bee onder
the special act of 1902. imported in 1902, and 28,041 tons imported in 1903.
6 Includes 767,582 tons of slack or culm passing i-inch screen imported in 1902, and 577,274 tons
imported in 1903.
Coal of domestic production exported from the United States, 1867-190S,
Year ending-'
Anthracite..
Quantity. Value,
Bituminous and shale.
Quantity. Value.
June 80,1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879,
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Dec. 81,1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1896.
1896.
Long tons.
192,912
192,291
283,783
121,098
134,571
259,567
842,180
401,912
316,167
337,934
418,791
319,477
386,916
392,626
462,208
653,742
567,818
649,040
688,461
667,076
826,486
969,642
857,632
794,335
861,251
851,639
1,333,287
1,440,626
1.470,710
1,360,000
$1,838,467
1,082.745
1,558,116
803,185
805,169
1,375,342
1,827,822
2,236.084
1.791.626
1,869,484
1,891,861
1,006,848
1,427,886
1,362.901
2,091,928
2,589,887
2,648,033
3,058,660
2,686,421
2,718,148
8,469.166
4,325,126
3,636,347
3,272,697
8,677,610
8,722,903
6,241,007
6,850,021
5,987,180
5,026,606
LongUm*.
92,189
86,867
106.820
133.380
141, 3U
242,458
861.490
208.189
280,144
821.666
840,661
276.000
222.634
191,088
814.820
463.061
646.265
683,481
544,768
706,864
860,462
936,151
1,280,930
1,616,869
1,645,869
2,324,591
2,196,716
2,2U,983
2.276,202
8512.742
433,41^
502.223
564,067
586,364
1,086,253
1,587,666
828,943
S0,711
1,084,711
i,852.eai
891.512
695.179
788,582
1,102,898
1.568.214
1,977.9M
1,980. Nl
1.440,631
2,001,966
2,689,472
2,788,582
4.004,995
5,104,850
4,999.289
6,009,801
4.9TO,CT)
4.816,847
5,072,08
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COAL,
389
Oxd of domestic production expo/tied from the United States, 1867-1903— ConivaxSLeA.
Year ending —
Anthracite.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Dec n,1897
LongtoM.
1,298,768
1,350,948
1,707.796
1,654,610
1,998,807
907,977
2,008,857
$5,886,730
5,712,985
7,140,100
7,092,489
8,937,147
4,301,946
9,780,044
Long tout.
2.399,263
3.152,459
4,044,3M
6,262.909
5,390,086
5,218,969
6,803,241
$5,326,761
6,699,248
8,578,276
14,481,690
13,065,768
13,927,063
17,410,885
1896
1899 ;
1900
1901
1902
1908
WOBIiD'S PRODUCTION OF COAIi.
In the following table is given the coal production of the principal
countries for the years nearest the one under review for which figures
could be obtained. For the sake of convenience the quantities are
expressed in the unit of measurement adopted in each country and
reduced for comparison to short tons of 2,000 pounds. In each case
the year is named for which the production is given.
The worUVs production of coal.
Country.
United States (1908) long tons.
Great Britain (1903) do...
Gcfmukj (1908) metric tons.
Anrtria^Hungary (1902) do...
ftMiec(1906) do...
Belfimn (190S) do...
RiibU(1902) long tons.
J«pfta(1901) metric tons.
0»aada(1908) , short tons.
India (19(18) long tons.
Kctt Booth Wale8( 1902) do...
8|i«in(llW) metric tons.
Sooth African Repablic (1902) long tons.
5«w Zealand (1902) do...
Xexfeo(19Q2) metric tons.
Sweden (1902) do...
ltriy(1902) do...
HoIknd(1902) do...
Qtteeoiland (1902) long tons.
Vlrtoriaa«2) do...
S»U1(W02) do...
On* Colony (1902) do...
T«BMiia(1902) do...
<}<hereoQntrIesa do...
Total.
of the United States.
Usual unit in
producing
country.
819,068,229
230,334,409
162,312,076
39,479,560
35.002,992
23,870,820
15,259,674
8,946,988
7,996,634
7,424,480
6,942,011
2,798,118
1,590,830
1,862,702
710,000
804,733
418,810
399,133
601,581
225,164
592,821
165,557
48,863
4,600,861
Equivalent in
snort tons.
857,866,416
257,974,605
178,916,600
43,518,319
38,583,798
26,812,805
17,090,885
9,861,107
7,996,634
8,315,418
6,655,052
8,084,860
1,781,170
1,526,226
782,683
335,907
456,143
439,964
561,716
252,184
663,960
186,424
54,727
6,152,404
967,858,406
87
"laelodes China, Torkey, Seryla, Portugal, United States of Colombia, Chile, Borneo and Labuan,
nni, Greece, etc
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390
MINERAL REdOUROES.
As shown in the preceding table, the United States in 1903 produced
37 per cent of the entire world's supply. In 1902 the United States
produced 34 per cent of the total, and in 1901, 33.7 per i^nt The
lead which the United States assumed over Great Britain in 1899 has
been increased each year, our production in 1903 exceeding that of
Great Britain by nearly 100,000,000 tons, or almost 40 per cent Great
Britain's production last year exceeded her output in 1902 by 3,628,158
short tons, or about li per cent, while the production of the United
States increased 55,766,977 short tons, or 18.5 per cent The aggre-
gate production of Great Britain and all of her colonies in 1903
amounted to 285,967,115 short tons, an amount exceeded by the pro-
duction of the United States by 71,389,301 short tons, or 25 per cent.
The steps by which the United States has attained its present rank
among the coal-producing countries of the world are exhibited in the
following table, which shows the production of each country for each
year for which the figures are obtainable since 1868. At the beginning
of that period the United States held third place, with Great Britain
first and Germany second. The latter country was permanently dis-
placed in 1877, although in four years previous to that date, in 1871,
1872, 1873, and 1874, our production had exceeded that of Germany.
In 1902 the United States produced 80 per cent more coal than Ger-
many, and in 1903 our production was almost exactly double that of
the German Empire.
World's production of coaly by countries^ 1868-1903,
Year.
United States.
Great Britain.
Long tons.
Short tons.
Long tons.
Short tons.
Metric tons.
Short tons.
1868
28,258,000
28,268,000
82,863,000
41,884,000
46,416,000
51,004,000
46,916,000
46,686.000
47,500,000
63,948,000
61,665,000
60,893,570
67,998,164
76,865.357
92,219,454
102,867,969
106.906,296
99,249,817
101,500,024
116,661,974
132,731,613
126,097.869
140,866,931
31,648,960
31,660,160
36.806,560
46,350,080
60,865,920
57,124,480
62,646,920
62,288,320
63,200,000
60,421,760
67,858,600
68,200,799
76,157,944
85,881,030
108,285,789
115,212,126
119,736.051
111,159,795
118,680,027
180,650,211
148,659,407
141,229,618
157,770,963
103,141,157
107,427,657
110,431,192
117,352,028
123,497,316
128,680,131
126,590,108
133,806,486
184,126,166
134,179,968
132,612,063
133,720,393
146,969,409
164,184,300
156,499,977
163.737,827
160,757,779
159,361,418
167,518.482
162,119,812
169,986,219
176,916,724
181,614.288
116,518,096
120.318,864
82,879,123
36,«9,2»
37,864,164
37.488,312
41, 796, an
46,662,725
50,875,036
51,440,605
62.708.970
54,629.383
53,173.445
65,698,188
68,961,461
66,177.684
67,848.385
72,079,478
77,«63.01«
79,505,487
81.227,255
81.285.0©
84,046,40
90,860,982
98,610,600
96.888,600
1869
1870
123,682,936 j 84,003,0(M
131,434,271 * 37,856,110
138,316,994 ', 42,324,467
144,121,747 46,145,194
141 780 921 > ^ Af«R 1^*^
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
149,303,263
150,220,186
150,281,664
148,625,611
149,766,840
164,605,738
172,686,416
176,279,974
183,385,806
180,048,712
178,473,688
176,420,700
181,674,189
190,327,445
198,146,731
208,406,006
47,804,064
49,550,461
48,229,882
50,619,899
63,470,716
69.118,085
61,540,485
65,378,2U
70.442,648
72,113,820
73,675,515
78,682,584
76,232,618
81,960,063
84,978,280
89,290,834
1876
1877,
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1886
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
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COAL.
391
WorUTs production of coal, by countries, 1S68-190S — Continned.
Year.
United States.
Long tons. Short tons.
18B2..
I»3..
vm..
vm..
1S86..
yon.,
vm..
1900..
mn..
isoi..
150,505,964
160.116, 242
162,814,977
162,447,791
172,426,366
171,416,990
178,766,071
196,407,382
226,664,686
240,789,900
261,874,886
269,277,178
819,068,229
168,666,668
179,329,071
182,852,774
170,741,626
198,117,680
191,986,857
200,229,199
219,976,267
253,741,192
269,684,027
296,299,816
801,500,489
857,856,416
Great Britain.
Long tons. Short tons.
185,479,126
181,786,871
167,826,795
188,277,626
189,661,362
195,361,260
202,129,961
202,064,516
220,094.781
226,181,300
219,046,945
227,096,042
230,884,469
207,736,621
203,601,296
184,044,890
210,870,828
212,820,725
218, 804, 6U
226,385,523
226,801,068
246,506,155
252,208,056
245,882,578
254,346,447
257,974,605
Germany.
Long tons. Short tons.
94,252,278
92,544,050
95,426,153
98,805,702
103,957,639
112,471,106
120,474,485
130,928,490
135,824,427
149,551,000
152,628,931
150,486,810
162,812,075
103,918,136
102,029,815
106,207,384
108,888,884
114,561,818
123,943,169
182,762,882
144,288,196
149,719,766
164,805,202
168,217,062
165,826,496
178,916,600
Year.
laes..
1809..
1S70..
1871..
1872..
1871..
1874..
1836..
1876..
UB7...
vm..
1879...
Austria-Hungary.
Metric tons. Short tons.
IBM...
MB..
in.
UN..
UK..
U97..
7,021,766
7,663,048
8,856,945
8,487,401
8,826.896.
10,104,769
12,631,864
13,062,738
13,000,000
18,600,000
18,900,000
14,500,000
14.800,000
16,804,818
15,566,292
17,047,961
18,000,000
20,486,468
20,779,441
21,879,172
28,859,606
26,328,417
27,604,062
28,828,240
29,087,978
40,449,804
81.490,000
82,664,777
88,676,411
86,866,000
87,786,968
88,799,000
89,029,729
41,202,902
80,479.660
7.741,486
8,448,506
9,212,429
9,802,285
9,780,550
11,140,608
13,926,079
14,895,137
14,827,800
14,883,750
15,324,760
15,966,260
16,817,000
16,878,566
17,149,709
18,796,377
19,845,000
22,580,098
22,909,884
24,121,787
26,806,218
27,924,680
80,828,196
81,777,622
82,014,871
88,670,358
84,704,184
86,986,564
87,111,406
89,615,616
41,662,669
42,690,878
48,010,761
46,417,969
48,518,819
France.
Metric tons. Short tons.
13,380,826
13,509,745
18,179,788
13,240,135
16,100,773
17,479,341
16,907,913
16,966.840
17,101,448
16,804,529
16,960,916
17,110,979
19,861,564
19,766,983
20,603,704
21,383,884
20,028,614
19,510,680
19,909,804
21,287,680
22,602,894
24,808,609
26,068,U8
26,024,896-
26,178,701
25,660,961
27,469,187
28,019,896
29,189,900
80,797,629
82,866,104
82,868,000
88,404,296
32,801,757
80,196,994
86,002,992
14,697,236
14,894,494
14,580,716
14,597,249
17,751,102
19,270,973
18,640,974
18,094,916
18,854,346
18.526,998
18,699,410
18,864,854
21,346,124
21,791,996
22,715,584
23,520,607
22,075,924
21,510,869
21,950,658
28,460,567
24,919,691
26,794,619
28,756,688
28,692,444
28,862,018
28,280.207
80,278,699
80,877,922
82,167,270
88,988,967
85,656.426
86,215,026
36,811,586
85,596,586
88,286,146
88,588,796
Belgium.
Metric tons. Short ton^.
12,298,589
12,943,994
18,697,118
18,783,176
15,658,948
15,778,401
14,669,029
15,011,381
14,329,578
18,669,077
14,899,175
15,447,292
16,886,698
16,873,951
17,500,989
18,177,754
18,051,499
17,487,608
17,285,548
18,878,624
19,218,481
19,869,980
20,865,960
19,675,644
19,583,178
19,410,519
20,458,827
20,450.604
21,252,370
21,534,629
22,075,093
21,917,740
28,462,817
22.213,410
22.877.470
23,870,820
18,559,194
14,270,758
15,101,073
15,140,827
17,263,990
17,396,687
16,172,604
16,549,992
15,796,360
15,070,167
16,426^840
17,030,640
18,617,585
18,608,581
19,394,065
20,040,974
19,901,778
19,224,957
19,057,311
20,262,438
21,188,875
21,906,658
22,458,471
21,692,898
21,590,448
21,400,097
22,565,857
22,536,566
23,420,112
28,731,161
24,326,752
24,159,926
25.856,024
24,485,842
25,217,836
26,312,805
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892
HIKEKAL BESOUBOES.
WorUPsproductUm ofcoal^ by countries, 1868-1903 — Continaed.
Tear.
Russia.
Metric tons. Short tons.
Japan.
Metric tons. Short tons.
Other conn-
tries.
Short tons.
Total.
Short tons.
Percent
of United
States.
IMS.
1860.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1878.
1874.
1876.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1884.
1886.,
1886..
1887..
1888.,
1889..
1890..
1891..
1892..
1898..
1894..
1896..
1896..
1897..
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.,
1902.
1908..
430,082
679,419
667,806
772,871
1,087,611
1,164,618
1,270,889
1,673,768
1,796,146
1,760,276
2,483,576
2,874,790
8,288,470
8,439,787
8,672,782
3,916,106
8,869,689
4,207,906
4,606,027
4,464,174
6,187,312
6,215,677
6,016,626
6,238,020
6,816,323
7,586,000
8,629,000
9,079,188
9,229,000
11.207,475
12,807,450
13,662,810
16,151,667
16,269,800
15,259,674
473,896
688,610
735,922
861,168
1,143,447
1,272,389
1,400,520
1,844,475
1,968,251
1,989,824
2,738,141
8,169,456
3,670,413
3,792,365
4,049,242
4,317,606
4,266,332
4,689,215
4,967,895
4,921,752
5,719,011
6,852,674
6,638,219
6,871,905
7,514,996
8,307,387
9,609,168
10,005,210
10,170,358
12,350,638
13,562,810
15,730,346
17,799,016
17,934,201
17,090,835
1,021,000
1,150,000
1,314,000
1,402,000
1,786,000
2,044,000
2,435,000
2,653,000
3,230,000
3,228,000
3.350,000
4,311,000
4,849,000
5,019,690
5,647,751
6,761,301
6,716,831
7,429,457
8,945,938
1,125,142
1,277,218
1,448,028
1,645,004
1,967,070
2,252,488
2,683,870
2,923,606
3,569,460
3,657,256
3,691,700
4,750,722
5,843,598
5,581,698
6,225,516
7,572,657
7,401,948
8,187,262
9,861,107
1.147,330
1,104,568
1,063,121
1,114,248
1,268,U5
1,502,616
2,708,756
2,639,104
2,597,148
2,821,155
8,176,050
8,362,605
3,621,342
6,185,974
6,128,631
6,929,841
7,367,309
7,670,507
9,082,815
10,399,273
11,493,176
12,618,299
13,025,637
14,744,329
14,998,633
15,783,599
18,197,510
19,428,643
20,866,748
22,074,098
24,797,873
25,811,285
27,684,964
30,565,923
fc 37, 907, 163
221,085.430
229,200,013
238,621,068
260,526,424
283,002,848
302,703,376
298,616,379
808,419,177
811,594,969
317,11^,648
818,441,990
336,832,906
369,413,780
392,663,253
420,082,472
450,990,397
454,022,811
447,783,802
450,848,793
481,412,748
521,225,803
681,797.089
563,693,282
687,564,688
693,497,904
682,688,296
610,487,368
644,177,076
664,001,718
697,213,615
738,129,606
801,976,021
846,041,848
870,711,044
888,644,787
14.32
13.81
16.42
17.^
17.97
18.87
17.60
16.96
17.07
19.01
18.17
20. S4
20.62
2L87
24.58
25.55
26.37
24.82
25.22
27.14
2&S2
26. S6
27.99
28.69
30.22
3L90
27.97
29.96
28.92
28.72
29.80
SL6S
31.88
33.60
33.94
*» Latest available figures are used In making up totals for 1902.
ft This includes, in addition to the countries named in the following pages, the output of Holland,
439,964 tons; Natal. 663,960 tons; Cape Colony. 185,424 tons: Tasmania, 64,727 tons; Mexico, 7S2,6S3
tons; China, Turkey, Servia, Portugal, etc. (estimated), 6,162,404 tons; total, 7,278,730 tons (1902).
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COAL. 393
Produdum of minor coal-producing countries^ 1868-lOOS,
Tetr.
un..
U89..
1870..
W7I..
xsn..
\m.,
m\..
1875..
1878..
M77..
1878..
1871..
UBl..
1882..
1881..
18M..
1886..
1866..
1887..
1888..
1888..
1880..
1881..
ue..
un..
28N.
1886..
1886..
vm..
Ml..
Itt...
New Boath Wales.
Long tons. Short tons.
954.231
919,774
868,564
898,784
1,012,426
1,192.862
1,304,667
1,329,729
1,319,918
1,444,271
1,676,497
1,663,381
1,466,180
1,769,697
2,109,282
2,821,457
2,749,109
2,878,868
2,830,175
2,922,497
3,203,444
8,666,632
8,060,876
4,087,929
3,780,968
8,278,328
8,672,076
8,787,636
8,909,517
4,883.591
4,736,000
4,697,028
5,607,497
5,938,426
5,942,011
1,068,789
1,030,147
972,791
1,006,638
1,183,917
1,336,005
1.461,115
1,489,296
1,478,306
1,617,584
1,764,556
1,773,387
1,642,122
1,961,949
2,362,896
2,824,032
8,079,002
3,224,327
8,109,796
8,273,197
8,587,857
4,094,308
8,428,181
4,522,480
4,284,684
8,671,727
4,112,725
4,186.040
4,878,659
4,909,622
5,804,820
5,148,671
6.168,397
6,684,637
6,655,052
Queensland.
Long tons. Short tons.
19,611
11,120
22,689
17,000
27,727
33,613
48,448
82,107
60,627
60,918
52,560
55,012
58,062
65,612
74,436
104,750
120,727
209,698
228,666
238,818
311,412
265,507
888,344
271,603
265,086
264,408
270,705
822,977
871,000
858,407
407,819
494,009
497,132
639,472
601,531
21,964
12,454
25,866
19,040
31,054
87,647
48,656
35,960
56,702
68,228
58,890
61,613
65,018
73,485
83,368
117,320
185,214
234,862
256,094
267,470
348,781
297,868
878, W5
804.195
296,896
296,181
803,190
361,734
415,520
401,416
466,757
568,290
556.788
604,209
561,715
New 2Sealand.
Long tons. Short tons.
162,218
231,218
299,623
337,262
378,272
421,764
480,831
511,063
534,353
568,620
613,895
586,446
637,397
668,794
673,315
691,548
719,546
727,000
793,000
840,713
906,778
975,234
1,093,990
1,227,638
1,862,702
181,681
258,964
335,913
377,733
423,665
472,376
538,531
572,390
596,475
625,654
687,562
656,818
713,885
749,049
754,113
774,534
805,892
814,240
888,160
941,600
1,015,591
1,092,262
1,225,269
1,374,955
1,526,226
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394 MINEBAL RBSOtntOBd.
Production of minor coaJrprodwAng countries f Ises-lSOS-^Coniinued,
Year.
Victoria.
Canada.
India.
Spain.
Long tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Long tons.
Short tons.
Metrictons.
Short Um
1868
I860
1870
. . !
1871
1
1872
1
1
1878
1
1
1874
1,068,446
964,905
983,806
1,002,395
1,034,081
1.128,863
1,424,685
1.487,182
1,811,708
1,806,259
1.950,080
1,879,470
2,091,976
2,418,494
2,658,184
2,719,478
8,117,661
3,623,076
3,292,547
3,201,742
8.903,913
3,612,504
3,748.284
8,786,107
4,172,665
4,925,061
6,322,197
6,186,286
7,689,225
7,996,684
1
1876
1876
1877
1
1878
1
1879
1880
1881
997,548
1,180,242
1,815,978
1,266,812
1,294,221
1,401,295
1.660,898
1,802,876
2,046,860
2,168,521
2,328,577
2,587,696
2,529,866
2,810,029
3,538,000
3,848,000
4,068,127
4,208,199
6,098,260
6.118,692
6,685.727
7,483,972
1,117,248
1.266,871
1,473,898
1,418.269
1,449,628
1,509,450
1,747,640
2,019,221
2,290,802
2,488,744
2,608.006
2,842,220
2.888,488
8.158,240
8,962,660
4,809,760
4,650,702
4,707,582
6,704,451
6,862,986
7,482,014
8,826,049
1882
1888
1884
1885.
1
1886
1,001,482 1 iM on
1887
1.038,805
1,006,665
1,1S8,755
1,212,D69
1,287,968
1,461,196
1,484,794
1,667,010
1,788,788
1,878,889
1,989,400
2,626.600
2.742,889
2,674,105
2,747,724
2,807,660
2,798,118
l,144,m
1888
1,142,81s
1889
14,421
20,750
22,884
28,868
91,726
175,175
194,171
227,000
236,277
245,659
262,380
211,596
209.829
225,164
16,162
23,240
25,574
26,166
102,788
196,196
217,472
265,240
264,680
276,138
298,866
236,968
284,448
252,184
1,272,015
1890
1,336,328
1891
1,420,007
1892
1,610,90
1898
1,686. «6
1894
1,830,858
1896
1,966,729
1896
2,0e9,«6
1897
2,137,219
1898
2,784.813
1899
8.022,113
1900
2,946.864
1901
8,027,918
1902
8,094,782
8,064,300
1903
A* > 1
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COAL.
Production of minor coairproducmg octtirUries, lS6S~190S—Conimued.
895
Yotf.
Italy.
Sweden.
South African Republic.
Metric tons.
Short tons.
Metric tons.
Short tons.
Long tons.
Short tons.
1886.
51,886
56,201
68,770
80,336
98,566
116,884
127,473
116,956
116,399
120,688
124,117
131,318
180,369
184,582
164,737
.214.121
223,322
190,418
248,326
827,666
866,794
380,820
876,326
288,286
296,718
817,249
271,395
66,627
61,962
64,794
88,670
106,144
128,864
140,539
128,948
128,830
182,948
186,839
144,778
158,664
148,877
181,628
285,961
246,218
209,960
268,266
861,251
404,890
482.588
416,500
818,988
826,024
3«,767
299,108
886,568
804,869
346,273
376,245
428,164
529,907
469,154
456,148
•
i8e»
1830
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
•
1837
1878
1879
1880
WBl.r.
1882
188S
1881
1886
Ml
1«7
z
1880
187,512
198,088
199,880
199,933
218,633
228,652
226,000
224,348
236,277
289,844
262,320
271,509
804,783
206.132
218.881
219,816
220,426
286,682
246,464
249,062
251,264
260,448
268,757
278,067
299,284
836,907
191
WK
UBS
648,634
791,368
1,183,466
1,487,297
1,600,212
1,907,271
1,464,317
433,948
671,682
1,600,830
614,368
886 821
UM
U85
806.321
276,197
314,222
841,327
888,684
480,859
426,614
413,810
1,209.482
1,609.772
1,792,287
2,186,148
1,640,085
486,022
752,116
1,781,170
1888
1897
1888
1888
1108
1981
19QL
19BB.
COAIi TRADE REVIEW.
The most marked feature in connection with the coal-mining indus-
try in 1903 was the comparative peace which reigned throughout the
coalmining regions, a period of calm after the stormy scenes of 1902.
There were only two States in which the production was seriously dis-
turbed by general strikes, these being Alabama and Colorado. In
oeitber of these States, however, was the disturbance of sufficient
l»^l^ or general character to cause a decrease in the production of
cotL The year 1903, in addition to the general peace, was one of
unprecedented activity throughout most of the coal-producing States.
The car supply, while not up to all that was desired in some of the coal'
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396 MINEBAL RESOURCES.
mining regions, was in much better condition than that which prevailed
in 1902, and the railroads were better equipped for the transportation
of coal from the mines to the consuming and distributing centers.
Pripes at the mines rul^d higher than at any time within the last fif-
teen years, and while in some instances an oversupply was created in
some of the principal cities, with the natural result of reduced prices,
the general situation was one of satisfaction to producing, transport-
ing, and selling interests. Consumers were naturally disposed to com-
plain of the high prices which they were obliged to pay for fuel, but
as there was no decided setback to the prevailing satisfactory trade
conditions, the consumers were able to meet this increased expense.
A comprehensive idea of the conditions which prevailed throughout
the United States may be obtained from the following reviews of the
coal trade in the principal cities. These reviews have been prepared
by secretaries of boards of trade or other local authorities familiar with
the coal-trade conditions.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
The following review of the coal trade of New York City has been
prepared for this report by Mr. Samuel Sanford, associate editor of
the Engineering and Mining Journal:
The year 1903 was the most satisfactory in the history of the New
York coal trade for the large anthracite sales agencies, but was unsatis-
factory for sellers of some grades of bituminous. A large amount of
coal consigned to New York firms is transshipped by them to points
on Ijong Island Sound, and detailed statements of such transshipments
have not been compiled, but the tonnage of anthracite sold was
undoubtedly the largest on record, while prices averaged higher than
in any year since 1876.
Concerning the financial control of the great mining and transporta-
tion companies, the most noteworthy event reported was the transfer
of a large block of Philadelphia and Readii^ Railroad stock to the Bal-
timore and Ohio and the Lake Shore railroads; the transfer increased
the Pennsylvania and Vanderbilt Interest in the anthracite industry
and lessened that of J. P. Morgan & Co. Another event was the
retirement of Mr. Olyphant from the presidency of the Delaware and
Hudson Company, followed by a general reorganization of several
departments of the road. Still another happening of some interest
was the suit brought before the Interstate Commerce Commission by
a certain newspaper owner against the anthracite railroads, alleging
discriminations in freight rates, excessive rates, and a combination to
maintain prices of coal. The hearings before the Interstate Commerce
Coriimission brought out very little that was not already a matter of
record, and were cut short by a decision of Judge Lacombe denying
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COAL. 397
the Commission's power to take certain evidence. The Commission
appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
Anthracite was in short supply at the opening of 1903, prepared
sizes selling at retail for $13 per ton in New York. Wholesale prices
varied widely. The largest companies had refused to take advantage-
of public need, and after the miners resumed work in 1902 sold coal at
a stated price of $5 per ton for egg, stove, and chestnut sizes. Some
so-called independent operators, however, who sold to larger concerns
under contracts calling for 65 per cent of the average tidewater price,
objected to receiving 65 per cent of $5, claiming that the actual price
was around $10. To avoid damage suits the large companies volun-
tarily abrogated these contracts for three months, buying the coal at
the breaker and selling it back to the operator at tidewater, leaving
him free to get any price he could. Before February, owing to extra-
ordinary activity at the mines and heavy shipments, prices broke,
coal selling at retail in New York for $7.50, while the speculative prices
free on board for stove size was $6.50. By March retail prices at
New York had fallen to $6.25 for egg, stove, and chestnut sizes, and
wholesale prices went down to the $6 mark previously named by the
lar^ concerns, and the independent operators found some diflBculty in
collecting money due for $10 coal from speculators, who were selling
at a loss. Early in April the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron
Company announced basis prices of $4.75 for broken and $5 for egg,
stove, and chestnut sizes, with graded discounts for certain months.
Other companies made similar announcements, and a great rush of
orders resulted, householders who had never sought to take advantage
of spring discounts before remembering their experiences since the
previous June, and buying liberally. This retail demand remained
unusually brisk until well into July, with resulting activity in the
wholesale trade, as New York dealers, having limited storage capacity,
normally buy but little during the late spring and the whole summer.
By August the effects of the previous year's strike had about passed,
and conditions were nearly normal. The email steam sizes, owing to
the great decline in the prices of bitimiinous and to the short-sighted
policy of many anthracite producers, who during the winter had sold
as coal stuff that was little better than culm, the market for steam
sizes was dull. It continued to decline until November. The demand
for prepared sizes did not decline so soon, but buying during Sep-
tember and October was light. The coming of cold weather late in
November put the trade on a winter basis.
New York Harbor prices, free on board, asked by the principal
ecmipanies for free-burning white ash coal was as follows: January,
February, and March^ broken, $4.75; egg, stove, and chestnut, $5;
April, broken, $4.25; eggy stove, and chestnut, $4.50; May, $4.35 and
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398 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
$4:.60; June, $4.45 and $4.70; July, $4.66 and $4.80; August, $4.65
and $4.90; September, October, November, and December, $4.75 and
$6. The prices obtained on sales, as reported to the commissioner
appointed by the Anthracite Strike Commission, for the montiis of
May to December, inclusive, were a little below the prices asked, the
difference being due to concessions made on large and long-time con-
tracts or on special lots.
The two most important consolidations affecting the New York bitu-
minous trade in 1903 were the bringing under one control of the Con-
solidation Coal Company of Maryland, the Fairmont Coal Company of
West Virginia, and the Somerset Coal Company of Pennsylvania,
through Baltimore and Ohio Railroad interests, and the formation of
the Pennsylvania Coed and Coke Company, which ships from mines in
the Clearfield region of Pennsylvania over the Pennsylvania and the
New York Central railroads. The year opened with demand heavy, and
bituminous prices equaling those of the prepared sizes of anthracite,
but soon declined, and by January 10 ordinary grades of Clearfield
were selling for $7, free on board. New York shipping ports. By Feb-
ruary 1 prices were down to $5.25 and by February 20 to $3.25. The
break was chiefly due to large offerings of British coal at $4.50 to $6,
alongside, North Atlantic ports. Contract prices for the new year
beginning April 1 were, however, fixed at $3.35 for average grades of
Clearfield, free on board, New York Harbor ports, with special grades
in proportion. This large advance over the previous year's prices
was made by influential producers against the advice of the most
experienced men in the trade. Consumers did not come forward at
these prices, and concessions were made by producers of the poorer
grades. Car supply at the mines, which had been about 25 per cent
of producers demands early in February, increased to 50 per cent by
May 1, while transportation was prompt. A further increase in car
supply and no improvement in demand caused the market to sag, and
by May 15 ordinary grades of Clearfield sold at $2.50, free on board.
New York Harbor shipping ports, while some lots on which demurrage
was accumulating sold as low as $2.40. During the last half of the
year strikes in many industries, and abundant waterpower for those
concerns using it, reduced consumption, while the market had suffered
from heavy arrivals of foreign coal. From July 15 until into October
ordinary grades of Clearfield sold at $2.50 to $2.86, free on board,
New York Harbor shipping ports.
In October producers of certain special grades, who found it
impossible to maintain contract prices in the face of price cutting that
had continued for months, virtually abrogated their contracts, prices
of poorer grades suffered in sympathy, and the market was tempo-
rarily demoralized, ordinary grades of Clearfield selling at $2.40 to
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COAL. 399
$3.50, free on board, New York Harbor shipping ports into December.
The year closed with these prices prevailing: Georges Creek, $3 to
$3.50; best Clearfield, $2.60 to $2.80; fair Clearfield, $2.50 to $2.60;
best gas coal, $3.05 to $3.15.
Daring the last half of the year the railroads, owing to lessened
industrial activity, gave prompt transportation to tidewater and fur-
nished cars enough for the urgent needs of operators. Coastwise
freight rates showed wide fluctuations during the year, owing to the
variation in the demand for coal. Ektrly in January some vessels got
the remarkable rate of $2.50 from New York to Boston and $1.50 to
Long Island Sound ports. By January 10 rates from New York were
$1.50 to Boston and $1 to Providence, New Bedford, and Long Island
Sound, and by March 5 were 65 to 75 cents to Long Island Sound, and
$1.05 to $1.15 to Boston, Salem, and Portland. Barge rates to near-by
Sound ports fell from 35 to 40 cents in January to 20 cents in March.
Bates during the spring and summer fell slightly. In September the
following rates prevailed: Providence, New Bedford, and Long Island
Soondy 65 to 75 cents; Boston, Salem, and Portland, 75 to 80 cents.
In November the rates were: Providence, New Bedford, and Long
Island Sound, 60 cents; Boston, Salem, and Portland, 70 cents. In
December they were: Providence, New Bedford, and Long Island
Sound, 50 cents; Boston, Salem, and Portland, 60 to 65 cents.
BOSTON, MASS.
The coal trade of Boston is reviewed by Mr. Elwyn G. Preston,
secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, as follows:
The coal trade of Boston during spring of 1903 witnessed a return
to normal conditions from the extraordinary conditions that prevailed
during 1902, followed by a reaction during the summer and fall months,
which appeared to be in the nature of a legacy of exhaustion from the
excitement of the previous year. The settlement of the strike in the
fall of 1902 was followed by increased receipts of both anthracite and
bituminous coal, but not in sufficient amount to take care of the late
winter requirements. As a result, prices remained for some months
at tbe high level reached at the close of 1902.
The table following shows the receipts of both anthracite and bitu-
minous coal for the past year as compared with previous years.
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400
MINERAL BE80URCE8.
Receipts of coal at Boston, Mass. , for twenty years,
[Long tons.]
Domestic.
Vmv.
.„ 1
\'ear.
By water.
All rail.
Total.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
1884
1
2,225,740
1885
1
2,221,220
1886
1
44,464
13.966
10,061
5.538
14,072
5,842
1,416
17,097
41,779
21,009
61, on
50,235
17.122
201, en
551,817
538,031
1,001,520
1,226.134
2,500,000
1887
2.400,000
1888
2,057,279
1,647,348
1,740,564
2,089,443
2,163,984
2,227,086
2,237,599
2,518,441
2,092,798
1 048 985t
1,004,195
914,966
964,857
1,070,088
919,815
1,100,384
958,701
977,762
1,391,949
1.591,246
1,706,929
1,746,780
2,086,260
2,063,691
2,103,696
2,078,499
3,071,566
1889
2,567,851
1890
2,719,496
1891 ...
3,115,373
1892
3,065,215
1893
a50,000
a71,803
a90,999
a 104, 080
65,674
62.143
94,614
64,291
47,139
120,812
185,330
3,394,5C7
1894
3,309,382
3,608,ni
3.649,896
1895....
1896....
1897
32,836
31,071
47,303
32,146
23,569
40,755
109,033
3,688,271
3.693,071
4.269.ia
1898 i 1- 885-806
1899
2,178,791
1.973,733
2,139,989
974,649
2,042,512
1900....
4,706,247
1901....
4,812,419
1902....
1903....
41,766
22,432
4,283,198
6.668.940
a Total anthracite and bituminous.
The receipts of domestic bituminous coal were slightly in excess of
the previous year, the falling off by water being more than counter-
balanced by the all-rail receipts. The receipts of foreign bituminous
coal exceeded those of the previous year by 225,000 long tons, aggre-
gating 1,226,134 long tons, and constituting 54 per cent of the total
bituminous receipts. Of the foreign bituminous coal 644,462 long tons
came from Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, the balance coming from
various ports of Great Britain. The British coal was received prin-
cipally during the first four months of the year.
The receipts of domestic anthracite coal were 2,151,545 long tons, as
compared with 1,015,404 tons in 1902 and 2,163,558 tons in 1901.
Only 22,432 tons of foreign anthracite were received during 1903,
practically all coming from Hull and Swansea.
The table following shows the amount of coal received at Boston and
forwarded to interior New England points and the net receipts at Bos-
ton, which represents coal entering into local consumptioQ.
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COAL.
MarUhly receipU of coal at BosUnif Mass., for 190S, wUk comparisans.
[Long tons.]
401
Mootb.
Receipts, all routes.
Amount forwarded to New
England points.
Net receipts (for local
consumption).
Anthracite.
Bitumlnoos.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
JAQoary
L4)ngton8.
230,218
182,911
120,093
160,024
211,937
163,673
240,011
198,952
226,699
176,719
185,577
127,163
LongUma,
364,110
462,004
342,326
816,829
289,288
218,564
298,883
242,929
268,090
216,467
238,836
242,642
Long tons.
16,915
27,968
18,515
26,414
19,042
17,876
81.851
42,847
85,492
17,686
7,852
15,641
Long tons.
97,412
87,469
102,707
84.509
74,087
92,665
78,874
58,144
44,852
60,888
69,157
65,848
Long tons.
218,808
154,948
101,578
188,610
192,895
146,298
208,160
156,605
191,207
150,088
127,725
111,522
Long tons.
266,698
February
March
874,686
289,619
282,280
216,196
120,809
219,600
184,786
April
May
June
July
At^QSt
September
October
228,288
166,064
Korember
December
164,179
177,294
Total. 1908 .
Total, 1902 .
Total, 1901 .
Total. 1900 .
ToUl. 1890 .
Total. 1896 .
Total, 1897.
2,173.977
1,057,170
2,163.558
2,005,879
2,226,094
1,866,877
1.961,119
8,489.963
3,226,028
2,648,861
2,702,368
2,048,065
1,786,194
1,707,154
277,098
106,209
333,178
397,417
461,827
868,960
418,171
915,607
762,598
792,226
851,882
647,533
663,008
734,541
1,806,884
948,961
1,880,880
1,608,462
1,764,267
1,497,917
1,^62,948
2,674,266
2,463.485
1,856.686
1,851,066
1,896,582
1,128,186
972,618
From this table it will be observed that the receipts of anthracite coal
which entered into local consumption were almost Exactly double the
quantity of th0 previous year. It is impossible to determine with any
accuracy the stocks on hand at the beginning of the year but it is
quite safe to assume that these figures do not represent the relative
consumption, but that the consumption of 1902 was considerably more
than one-half that of 1903 — probably about three-fourths.
Coal freights covered a wide range, the year opening at high fig-
ures, owing to the great demand for tonnage to move the coal then
offering. Contrary to the usual conditions, the low prices were reached
during the fall and winter months instead of during the ordinary mid-
summer dullness. The following statement shows the range and the
months during which the extreme prices were obtained:
Ooal fmghi$ to Botton during 190S,
FlDB—
Minimum.
Maximum.
Rate.
Date.
Rate.
Date.
VvTork
Ia56to90.65
.75to .80
.85
.80
December
do
$2.00
2. 00 to 2. 25
2.50
2.00
January.
Ptekdelphia
teitlaofe
Do.
do
Do.
S vfolk and Newport
Sewi.
do
Do.
X B 1903 26
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402 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
The extraordinary prices quoted in December of 1902 and January,
1903, caused additions to be made to the coal-carrying fleet of vessels
ordinarily employed in other trades, which in part accounted for the
long continuance of low-vessel freights.
The prices for anthracite coal in the local market covered a wide
range, the year opening with stove coal quoted at retail in the Boston
market at $12, and pea grades at $10, these prices being maintained
by the large dealers for transactions with their old customers. Iso-
lated transactions were had at much higher prices, one cargo of anthra-
cite being reported as bringing $12.75 per ton alongside the wharf at
Boston.
' The price fell early in Februaiy to $10 for stove coal, and by gradual
reductions during the month to $7.50 in March. The low price of the
year was quoted in April, viz, $6.50 per ton. In May the price was
advanced to $6.75 and in September to $7, at which figure it remained
during the balance of the year. There was little, if any, cutting of
prices, practically all the dealers having agreed upon uniform rates
and maintaining them.
Prices of bitiuninous coal showed less firmness and stability. At
the opening of the year Georges Creek Cumberland coal was quoted at
$10- in retail lots to regular customers, although not a few sales in
cargo lots, alongside, were made at this figure.
English coals sold at the same time from $8 to $8.35 per ton, and
later for $5.75 to*$7.50, the low figure being a sacrifice price to avoid
heavy demurrage charges, and also representing to some extent the
wide variations in quality which characterized the receipts of En^ish
coal in this market.
In the latter half of January the price of Greorges Creek was reduced
to $9 and later to $8, alongside, and early in February to $6. Later
in the month, owing to heavy receipts and a very slow demand, the
market broke to a range of $4 to $5 for Georges Creek, Clearfield
selling at the same time for about $3.60. From April 1 the price of
Georges Creek was maintained firmly at about $4.25 to $4.75, depend-
ing entirely upon vessel freights, the price at tide water at shipping
point being $3.35. Cheaper coals sold at a substantial discount, the
price reaching $3 at times for individual lots in order to secure quick
discharge.
Not in recent years has there been such long continued dullness in
the soft coal market as was experienced during the summer and fall
months. The light consumption by cotton and woolen mills, owing to
restricted production, was responsible in part for this condition; but
there appeared to be a widely prevalent feeling that lower prices were
inevitable and consumers delayed putting in stocks. As a result, in
^ order to move the coal, some concessions were made in prices, Georges
Creek in September being quoted at about $4.15 and New Biver as
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COAL. 403
low as $3.50 to S3. 60. Later these prices were still further shaded,
New River selling as low as $3.25 in October and November, and Georges
Creek from $3.50 to $3.60. Clearfield coal was freely offered at $3
and some sales were effected as low as $2.75, these figures constituting
the low prices for the year.
At the close of the year the stocks in consumers' hands were smaller
than for some years, which would indicate the likelihood of a better
demand during the coming year.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Mr. Samuel R. Kirkpatrick, railroad editor of the Press, has pre-
pared the following review of the coal trade of Philadelphia in 1903:
In the early part of 1903 there was a decided rush for all sizes of
coal. There was comparatively no anthracite in the bins of the dealers
or the consumers. The strike of the previous year and the severe
winter had depleted the supply, and for months it was a hand-to-hand
affair not only with the consumer, but with the dealer as well. For
the first three months of the year there was little coal to be had. The
mines were being worked to their fullest capacity and a greater pro-
duction than ever was being made, but the production was not enough
to meet the requirements. Actual consumption had fallen off, but the
housekeepers, having in mind the experiences of 1902, decided to stock
ap early. All the dealers were in the market for a large supply, but
the coal companies adopted the policy of parceling it out so that all
sections could secure a share of what was to be had. It has been the
practice for y eara for the consumer to stock up with coal for the winter
after the vacations were over. In 1903 vacations were of minor impor-
tance and the winter's supply was laid in before the house was closed
for the summer. There was also some fear that there would be further
trouble with the miners, and, notwithstanding the agreements made,
it was believed by some that every means would be advanced to get
oat of them.
The amount of anthracite coal sold in this city prior to June 30 was
IH'eater than ever before, and there was never in the previous history
of the hard-coal trade a time when the dealers had filled so many orders
and had so little coal on hand. From July on the business began to
drop off. Not only were donaestic sizes accumulated, but the amount
of steam sizes on hand was greater than the companies cared to carry.
Later in the year a reduction was made on rice and buckwheat. The
labor troubles, which compelled a large number of manufacturing
establishments to close, caused a falling off in the consumption of steam
fflzes. Owing to the increased cost of mining the price of anthracite
at the mines was about 50 cents higher than in the previous year. It
» likely that there will be no reduction in the price of coal from the
mines for some time, except that the regular spring reduction of 50
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404 MINERAL RE8f>UB0E8.
cents in April is likely to be an established practice. The retail trade
expects this rule to be continued, and it has made preparations to
transact business on this basis.
The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company exceeded all
others in the amount of anthracite coal brought to this city. There
was a decided increase in the amount of anthracite sold in 1903 as
compared with 1902. It was even larger than in 1901. At the close
of the year there was very little stock of domestic sizes on hand either
by the dealers or the large coal-producing companies. Owing to the
strike in 1902 the amount of anthracite consumed in this city in that
year was 2,602,022 long tons as compared with 4,024,606 tons in 1901.
In 1903 the amount was 4,194,027 long tons. It is believed that it was
larger than this, but exact figures are not obtainable, owing to the
destruction by fire of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company's
records. The amount carried by that road has been estimated by the
ofiScials of the company. There was a slight falling off in the bitomi-
nous tonnage. This was in part due to the shutting down of a number
of factories and partly to the return by other manufacturing establish-
ments to the use of anthracite as fuel.
During the year 1903 the coal companies produced the largest ton-
nage in the history of anthracite mining. Heretofore it has seemed
almost impossible to mine 5,000,000 tons for more than two months in
succession. Such was not the case in 1903. For several months a
production of over 5,000,000 tons was made, but even with this large
tonnage there was very little coal of prepared sizes on hand at the
close of the year. There was some uncertainty displayed by the
dealers, many believing that there would be a reduction in prices.
But the prices which were put in effect in October, 1902, were con-
tinued, except that the regular spring reduction was made. For the
best part of the year the retail prices were unchanged, and notwith-
standing the reduction of 50 cents a ton made by the operators in
April, many dealers had so many orders on their books at the old
prices that they continued to secure those figures, and it was not until
the latter part of the year that they endeavored to secure a larger
trade. In the last three months of 1903 there was very little coal sold,
and some of the large coal companies not only restricted the output
but began to stock coal, and a general reduction was made in the price of
rice and buckwheat with a view of reducing the stocks of these sizes.
This action created a little better market, but the improvement was
of short duration. Many of the large manufacturing establishments
that were forced to use bituminous coal during the strike of the
anthracite miners were not inclined to return to the use of anthracite,
claiming that soft coal gave a better heat and was not nearly as
expensive.
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COAL. 405
Outside of the spring and winter circulars there were no official
changes made in the price of anthracite coal at the mines. Some of
the companies which had more or less inferior coal were reported as
making slight concessions, but as a whole the trade was firm and har-
mony prevailed between the various coal companies.
The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company is becoming
each year more of a factor in the bituminous trade. Its soft-coal ton-
nage was considerably larger in 1903, and the prospects are that it
will further increase.
During the year 1903 there was a slight decrease in the amount of
bitmninous coal used in this city. The falling off was mainly due to
the decrease in business and the closing down of a number of factories
and mills. The large amount of soft coal used in the previous year
was due to the strike of the anthracite coal miners and the inability of
the consumers to secure that fuel. Many plants changed their grates
so that soft coal could be used.
The consumption of bituminous coal in this city in 1903 was
2,088,655 long tons, as compared with 2,266,822 tons in 1902. About
April 1 there was a general advance in the price of this fuel, but the
dull trade soon caused the dealers to shade prices, and for the best
part of the year the bituminous trade was irregular and unsatisfactory.
In addition to this, bituminous operators along the line of the Penn-
syl?ania Railroad were again confronted with a car famine. At times
when there was a demand for bituminous coal it was almost impossible
to secure cars to handle it. The general business along this road was
heavier than ever, and at every terminal point long lines of freight
trains were congested. Toward the end of the year the car situation
became better, but by that time the demand for bituminous had
{alien off.
The shipments to points outside of Philadelphia were 2,350,000 long
tons, as compared with 3,803,971 tons in 1902 and 4,081,326 tons in
1901. The amount of bituminous sent abroad was 529,235 tons, a
decrease of 17,168 tons.
The shipments of anthracite coal abroad were almost double what
they were in 1902, they being 25,287 tons as against 13,140. Owing
to the anthracite coal strike in the previous year the storage yards
were depleted of coal, and no attempt was made to establish a Euro-
pean market. As is always the case, most of the anthracite exported
was consigned to Cuba, that country taking 10,858 tons, valued at
$55,352. Newfoundland took 7,142 tons, valued at $43,295. Only
five countries took anthracite from this city— British West India,
Cuba, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Japan. The latter country
took 127 tons, valued at $635. Cuba also imported the largest
tmonnt of bituminous coal, 286,391 tons being consigned to that
place.
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406
MINERAL BESOUBCEB.
The total amount of anthracite coal distributed in this city in 1908
was 6,047,283 tons, and of bituminous 6,810,331 tons.
There was no falling off in the consumption of pea and buckwheat
sizes. Each year more of these sizes are demanded not only by man-
ufacturing establishments but by the housekeeper. In some dwell-
ings pea coal is used almost exclusively in the kitchen stoves, and m
many cases it is also used in the furnaces. The strike taught many
consumers of hard coal how to economize, and there is more system
used in the burning of this fuel thanr ever before. Besides, the coal
companies are now using their culm banks, and even smaller sizes
than buckwheat are disposed of. The large production during the
year caused a big amount of steam sizes to pile up, and for a time all
sizes below chestnut were somewhat of a glut in the market.
The following are the prices of the smaller sizes of coal for each
month of 1903:
Prices for steam sizes of anthracUe at the mines during 1903^ by months,
[Per long ton.]
Month.
Pea.
Buckwheat. Bioe.
January...
February..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October....
November.
December.
$1.75-12.25
1.75-2.25
1.50-2.25
1.50- 1.75
1.50- 1.75
1.25-1.75
1.25-1.75
1.25- 1.75
1.50-1.75
1.50-1.75
1.60-1.75
1.60- 1.75
$1.60-81.75
1.60-1.75
1.25- 1.75
1.25-1.50
1.25- 1.50
1.10- 1.50
1.00- 1.50
.90-1.25
.90- 1.25
1.10- 1.25
1.00- 1.25
1.00- 1.25
S0.60-ia75
.50- .75
.50- .75
.■»- .65
.40- .65
.90- .66
.25- .65
.25- .65
.25- .66
.25- .66
.35- -65
.45- .75
The price circular of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron
Company, which is the same as the other companies, is as follows:
Circular prices for anthracite coal in Philadelphia, Pa,, during 1901, 1902, and 190$,
1901.
1902. 1 1908.
Size.
April.
$2.00
2.26
2.60
2.75
2.75
1.60
1.25
Septem-
October.
March.
May.
October,
April.
Se^^
Lump and steamboat .
Broken
$2.50
2.75
8.00
3,26
8.25
1.75
1.25
$2.60
2.75
8.00
8.25
8.25
1.75
1.25
$2.60
2.60
2.75
2.75
2.76
1.75
1.25
$2.60
2.60
2.86
2.85
2.86
1.75
1.25
$3.00
8.50
3.75
8.75
8.75
2.25
1.75
$3.25
3.00
8.26
8.26
8.25
2.00
1.75
$S.76
&&0
Egg
8.75
Stove
Cheatnut
Pea
Buckwheat
8.75
a75
2.00
1.75
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COAL.
407
There was only one circular that was used as a basis. On April 1
the regular circular was issued, but a footnote was attached which
stated the price would be 50 cents a ton below the circular that month,
but there would be an advance of 10 cents a month until the regular
price was reached.
The following table shows the actual selling prices of prepared
sizes for years 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903: .
Selling prices of prepared anthrcudte coal ai the mines for Philadelphia, Pa,, for four
years, 1900-WOS,
[Per long ton.]
Month.
Jftnoaiy.
February.
Much.
Aprfl.
July.
Sizes.
Broken
Egg...
Stove..
Nnt....
Pea....
Broken
Egg...
Store..
Nnt....
Pea....
Broken
Egg...
Stove..
Nut....
Pea....
Broken
Egg ...
Stove..
Nut....
Pea....
Broken
Egg ...
Stove..
Nut....
Pea....
Broken
Egg...
Stove..
Nut.,..
Pea....
Broken
Egg ...
Stove..
Nut....
Pea....
Broken
Egg...
Stove..
Nut....
Pea....
1900.
S2. 85-12. 60
2.85
2.95
2.96
1.60- 1.75
2.35-2.50
2.85
2.95
2.95
1.35- 1.75
2.25-2.60
2.85
2.95
2.95
1.86-1.75
2.10-2.85
2.40
2.65
2.65
1.35- 1.60
2.10-2.35
2.40
2.65
2.65
1.85-1.50
2.10-2.25
2.00-2.40
2.25-2.50
2.25-2.50
1.85- 1.60
2.00-2.25
2.26-2.75
2.26- 2.76
2,25-2.75
1.10-1.60
2.00-2.85
2.0&-2.50
2.25-2.76
2.26-2.76
1.00-1.60
1901.
92.25-42.75
8.00
8.25
8.26
1.60- 1.75
2.26-2.76
3.00
8.25
8.26
1.60-1.76
2.2^2.76
8.00
8.25
3.25
1.60- 1.76
2.26
2.60
2.75
2.76
1.60
2,26-2.35
2.60
2.85
2.85
1.60
2.25-2.46
2.70
2.95
2.96
1.60
2.25-2.66
2.80
8.05
8.05
1.60
2.26- 2.65
2.90
8.15
8.16
1.60
1902.
92.76
3.00
3.26
3.25
1.75
2.76
8.00
8.25
8.26
1.75
2.40-
3.00-
2.76-
2.7&-
1.40-
2.25-
2.75
2.76
2.76
1.80-
2.35-
2.86
2.85
2.85
1.30-
5.00-
4.50-
4.60-
4.50-
8.26-
5.00-
5.0O-
5.00-
5.00-
4.0O-
8.00-
6.60-
6.60-
6.60-
4.26-
92.75
8.60
3.25
8.25
1.76
2.60
1.60
2.60
1.60
7.50
6.00
6.00
6.00
4.00
10.00
6.00
6.60
6.50
6.00
12.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
6.00
1906.
98.60
8.76
3.76
8.75
1.75-92.25
3.50
8.60-3.76
8.60-8.76
8.60- 8.76
1.76-2.26
3.26-8.60
8.26-8.75
8.26-8.76
8.25-8.76
1.60-2.25
8.00
8.25
3.26
8.26
1.60- 1.75
8.10
3.86
3.86
3.86
1.60- 1.75
8.20
8.46
8.46
8.46
1.26-1.7.1
8.30
8.66
8.65
8.66
1.26- 1.75
8.40
8.65
3.66
3.65
1.26- 1.76
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408
MlKEBAti ItMOURCES.
SeUing prices of prepared arUhr<iciie coal at the mines for PkUaddphia, Pa., for four
yearSf 1900-1904 — Continued.
Month.
Sizee.
1900.
1901.
1902.
19(B.
SeptenbeTT 1- T
Broken
Egg
2.10-2.85
2.28- 2.60
2.50-2.75
2,60-2.76
1.00-1.50
2.50- 8.00
8.25-8.76
8.25-4.25
8.25-4.25
2.25-8.25
2.75
8.00
8.26
8.25
1.75-2.00
2.75
8.00
3.26
8.25
1.75-2.00
2.25-2.75
2.75-8.05
3.26
3.25
1.40-1.60
2.26-2.75
2.76-a05
8.26
3.25
1.40-1.60
2.25-2.75
2.75-8.05
8.25
3.26
1.40- 1.60
2.25-2.76
2.75-8.05
8.25
3.25
1.40- 1.60
8.00- 12.00
7.50- 12.00
7.60- 12.00
7.60- 12.00
5.00- 6.50
8.00-12.00
7.60- 12.00
7.60- 15.00
7.50-15.00
5.0O- 7.60
8.50- 5.00
8.75- 6.00
8.75- 6.00
8.75- 6.00
2.25- 8.50
8.60- 7.50
8.75- 7.50
8.76- 7.50
8.75- 7.50
2.25- 6.00
3.50
3.75
October
Stove
Nut
Pea...r
Broken
Egg
Stove
Nut
Pea
Broken
Egg
Stove
Nut
8.75
8.75
1.50-1.75
8.50
November
8.75
3.75
8.75
1.60-1.78
8.50
8.75
3.75
3.75
Pea
1.6D- 1.75
]>eoember t - t - -
Broken
Egg
3.50
8.75
Stove
8.75
Nut
3.75
Pea
1.60- 1.75
There was no change in freight rates for local delivery during the
year. The charges per ton, which vary according to the region from
which the shipment is made and according to size of coal, were as
follows:
Freight rates on anthracite coal from regions to Philadelphia, Pa.
[Per long ton.J
Region.
Prepared
sizes.
Pea.
Buck-
wheat.
SchnylkUl
Lehigh...
Wyoming.
$1.70
1.76
1.80
SI. 40
1.45
1.50
SI. 25
1.90
l.»
Through the courtesy of the officers of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company, the Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company, the Lehigh
Coal and Navigation Company, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Company data have been furnished from which the following table
has been compiled. It shows the distribution of coal at Philadelphia
for the export trade, the coastwise and harbor trade, and the Phila-
delphia local tmde.
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OOAti.
DittribuHon of coal at PkUaddphia, Pa,, in 190S and 190S,
[Long tODs.]
409
Destlnatton.
1902.
1906.
Anthracite.
Bitnmlnoos.
Anthracite.
BituminooB.
Export
18,140
688,312
2,602,022
546,408
3,808,971
2,266,822
25,287
1,827,969
4,194,027
629,285
Orastwife *nd harbor
4,192,441
Loc«l ',
2,088,655
Total
8,296,474
6,617,196
6,047,288
6,810,831
There was imported at this poii; 39,778 tons from England and
4,049 tons of bituminous coal from Scotland, valued at $118,849.
BALTIMORE, MD.
The following review of the coal trade of Baltimore has been pre-
pared by Mr. Maurice J. Lunn, editor of Coal and Coke:
The abnormally high prices for coal and coke which marked the
latter part of the year 1902 extended over into 1903, and during the
early part of the year the coal trade was very active, with high prices
and with demand exceeding the supply, but this condition was not of
long duration. The efforts on the part of the railroads to relieve the
freight congestion, which brought about much better service in the
movement of coal and coke, together with warmer weather about the
middle of February and the arrival of foreign coal, caused a softening
of the high prices previously prevailing. However, an active trade,
with prices firm, continued well into May, the price of bituminous
coal averaging about $2 per ton at the mines, with an occasional sale
only at $1.75 per ton, but by the early part of June trade was some-
what dull and piices, while no lower, were not at all firm.
The condition of the market in the latter part of August and early
September was weak, with a decided slump in prices. With Septem-
^>er the fall trade set in, and there was quite an improvement in the
demand for both coal and coke, with prices steady, but this was soon
t-becked with the curtailment of the production of iron and steel for
the last quarter of the year. This action on the part of the iron and
^teel industries seriously affected the coal and coke trade, and the coal
operators, both anthracite and bituminous, as well as the coke manu-
facturers, were at this time endeavoring to devise plans whereby the
output would be largely restricted, with the view of maintaining
prices for the last three months of the year. Little success followed
their efforts in this direction, and the last quarter of the year was
tmatisfactory for the coal man, the trade being very inactive, with
low prices ruling, while during the same period of 1902 the highest
prices of that phenomenal year prevailed, with anthracite coal for
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410 MINERAL RESOURCES.
domestic use at $20 per ton delivered, crushed coke at $15, and
bituminous coal at $8.
Below will be found a statement of the receipts of coal at Baltimore,
Md. , for the year ended December 31, 1903. It is regretted that owing
to a large number of records having been destroyed in the Baltimore
fire of February, 1904, it is not possible to classify the 1903 tonnage,
giving the shipments at tide water, coastwise and export, and the
quantity consumed in Baltimore.
Receipts of coal at BaUimorey Md., 190S, compared wUh the year 190i,
[Long toils.]
Kind,
1908.
1902.
IncietK.
Bituminous coiil
8,104.163
728,628
2,786,484
610,175
S17,879
Anthracitff coal
118,49
Total
8,882,791
8,896,659
486,132
To secure the real tonnage of Baltimore for the year 1903, there
should be added to the above figures the consumption of coal at the
Maryland Steel Company's plant at Sparrows Point, Md., a suburb of
Baltimore, situated on the Patapsco River, about 9 miles from the
city. These figures for 1903 are furnished through the courtesy of
Mr. F. W. Wood, president of the company. The consumption of
bituminous coal at the plant was 404,043 tons of 2,240 pounds. Not-
withstanding the fact that this plant began the manufacture of its own
coke about the middle of the year, it used coke from outside sources
to the extent of 217,170 short tons.
Another industrial concern in the outlying district of Baltimore is
the Central Foundry Company, whose plant is also located on the
Patapsco River, at Dundalk, Md., about 6 miles from the city.
The statement of its consumption for the year 1903 is due to the
coui*tesy of the superintendent, Mr. Voorhees; it amounts to 2,030
tons of bitumnious coal and 3,267 tons of coke. Adding these to the
receipts given in the foregoing table, the total receipts at Baltimore in
1903 amounted to 4,238,864 long tons of coal and 220,437 short tons of
coke.
NORFOLK, VA.
Col. William Lamb reports the total receipts of coal at Norfolk iu
1903 at 2,248^555 long tons, as compared with 2,285,854 long tons in
1902, showing a decrease in receipts at this port of 37,299 long tons
in 1903. Of the total receipts in 1903, 1,599,145 long tons were from
the Pocahontas region, while 649,411 tons were made up of ship-
ments from the Clinch Valley district in Virginia, and the Thacker
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COAL.
411
field in West Virginia. The receipts of Pocahontas coal exhibit a
decrease in 1903, as compared with the preceding year, of nearly
700,000 long tons, as shown in the following table:
Pocahontas coal receipts at Lambert Point piers since 1891.
[Long tons.]
Year.
Foreign.
Bunkers.
Coastwise.
Local.
-Total.
vm
27,997
25,658
84,969
44,828
84,174
41,600
44,103
200.283
207,649
524,558
542,659
469,006
329,207
135,112
129,627
125,688
105,882
75,714
99,867
104,966
107. IM
125,920
281,411
247,595
245,306
222,997
1,215,028
1,400,964
1,512,931
1,810,480
1,430,144
1,433,069
1,473,710
1,450,943
1,497,297
1,126,856
1,125,024
1,896,954
985,246
90,606
98,084
100.458
96,841
100,442
96,929
116,079
181,422
181,916
180,630
182,307
172,588
111,696
1,468,743
\m
1,654,298
1898
1,774,041
IlM
2,057,03?
1896
1,640,474
\m
1,671,465
1,787,858
1,889.802
1,962,782
2,118,854
2,097,685
2,286,864
1,599,146
1887
U9B
\m
1100
i«i
1802
1908
In the above return of bunker coal there is other coal besides
Pocahontas. The falling oflf in the tide water local and foreign busi-
ness of the Pocahontas coal was due to the Pennsylvania Railroad
interest, which dominated the management of the Norfolk and West-
em, and neglected the eastern market for the more remunerative field
in the west- The imposition of a charge of $4 per ton for bunkers
drove away many customers of American coal to foreign coaling
stations. The exports were to West Indies, Cuba, Mexico, Philippine
Islands, Central and South America, Italy, Japan, China, and Ber-
moda; 49,395 tons of coke were exported to Mexico.
This year saw the breaking up of the old monopoly in the Pocahon-
tas field. Formerly one firm managed at least nine-tenths of the
product; now it has not more than half, and other firms are offering a
coal as satisfactory to the tmde, while the Clinch Valley, Thacker,
and other fields have displaced nearly a third of the Pocahontas trade
at tide water.
The table following shows the countries to which coal was exported
from Norfolk in 1903, and the quantities shipped to each.
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412 MINERAL RE80UBCES.
Foreign shipments of coal and coke from Norfolk, Va., in 190S,
[Cargo cool only.]
Country.
Long tons.
Coal: I
West Indies | 58,96fi
Cuba\ 50,S5H
Mexico ' 61,605
Philippine Islands I eO,8H)
Central America.
South America . . .
Italy
Japan
China
Bermudas
Total .
Coke:
Mexico .
Cuba ...
Total
Total of coal and coke.
40,00»
10,^
s,aoo
LSQO
n&,225
48,900
4S6
^»S
36i€»
PITTSBURG, PA.
The following table, which presents the statement of the amount of
coal shipped to the city of Pittsburg, and through that center to other
points, has been compiled from reports made to the Geological Sur-
vey by officials of the railroads entering Pittsburg and by the United
States Army officer in charge of the slack-water navigation on the
Monongahela River and of the improvements under way at Davis
Island dam, on the Ohio River below Pittsburg. The railroad offi-
cials furnishing the information for this report, and to whom special
acknowledgment is due, are Messrs. J. G. Searles, general coal f rei^t
agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, P^.; W. L.
Andrews, assistant coal and coke agent of the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad, Pittsburg, Pa. ; C. F. Perkins, general ore and coal agent,
Pennsylvania lines west of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, Pa. ; W. A. Terry,
general freight agent, Pittsburg and Lake Erie Railroad, Pittsburg,
Pa. The statistics of the movement of coal through the Monongahela
locks and the Davis Island dam, on the Ohio River below Pittsburg,
have been furnished by Capt. William L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers,
U. S. Army. The shipments as reported from these railroad com-
panies, added to the coal mined and shipped in the pools of the Monon-
gahela River, show that the total movement of coal to and through
Pittsburg during 1903 amounted to 31,172,614 short tons, of which
approximately 15,500,000 tons were consumed either in the city or in
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COAL.
413
the manufactariiig establishments in the immediate vicinity. The
local oonsomption in 1908 was about 2,550,000 short tons, or about 20
per cent more than that of 1902. The local consumption of "river"
coal amounted to 6,303,365 short tons, or nearly 40 per cent of the
total Pittsburg coal consumption. The largest amount of this coal is
consumed along the first and second pools, where some of the largest
iron and steel works in the world are located. The details of the
movement of the coal in the Pittsburg coal district are shown in the
following table:
SMpmentB of co(dto and thrtmgh PUttburg in 1899, 1900, 1901, 190t, andl90$.
[Short tons.]
TkuMportatioii mate.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
. 1906.
Increase
in 1903.
Decrease
in 1906.
PcDosylTBiiia R. R.:
To PlttrtNixK and ▼!•
4!ill1t7
1,«8,240
1,469.646
646,679
960,682
8,822.227
146,924
6.882
2,126,178
4,260,846
2,800,827
2,709.140
1,792,448
1,477,277
481,587
990,062
8,298,470
160,000
6.600
2,284,770
4,469,540
8,260,898
2,667,470
2,061,861
1,407,648
464,204
1,167,966
8,088,601
163,809
19,756
1,789,827
5,867,980
M, 662, 127
8,283,868
2,062,422
1,701,481
580,241
1,281,814
4,965,641
163,808
15»602
|8, 878, 150
5,686,022
8,619,906
1,861,848
2.211,847
442,866
1,806,666
5,068,885
96,877
47,895
9,775,667
6,803,865
8,069,299
211,074
Tb wwtof Pittsbarg..
509,916
Baltlmon and Ohio R. R.:
21,876
TV> wwt of PlUsborg. .
74,251
106,844
KttitnniK, Cincinnati,
Chicago and SL Louis
bTr!;
All^faeny VaUey Rwy. : a
To Plttibaigdlstilct..
66.926
iy» wwt of PlttBbnig. .
82.298
902,517
617.343
PfttrtmiV and Lake Brie
LoealandPittsboTg..
ToweitofPtttsbnTg..
To Plttaboig district..
To west ci Plttrtraig. .
550,606
TMBl8hl|»mentB....
20,075,006
20,718,687
28,001,126
28,896,981
80,172,614
1,889,683
Appsozimate local
9.100,000
10^700.000
9,480,000
12,960.000
15,600.000
a Ctoal originating on this load only. Does not inolade ooal lecelyed from the Pennsylvania Rail-
nad and forwarded over the Allegheny Valley Railway.
» fttrlmfca aboot 1J800,000 tons of ooal mined In pools Nos. 1 and 2 and oonsomed by works along
MONONOAHELA BIYEB 8HIFMENT8.
Gbpi. William L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, TT. S. Army, in
cluurg^ of the improvements on the Monongahela and Ohio rivers,
repartB a tonnage passing through the locks of the Monongahela River
in 1908 of 9,372,664 short tons, against 9,305,927 tons in 1902. The
local oonsomption in 1903 amounted to 6,303,365 short tons, an increase
of 617,343 short tons over 1902, while the coal passing through Davis
lakDd dam decreased from 8,619,906 tons in 1902 to 8,069,299 tons in
19(n.
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414
MINEBAL BB80URCK8.
The total movement of coal through the Monongahela locks and
Davis Island dam since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Movements of coal through Movongahela River locks and Davis Island daniy 1890-1903.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Passed through
looks on
Monongahela
^ver.
Passed Davis
Island dam,
Ohio River,
near Pitts-
buig. (Prom
annual reports,
Ohio River,
improvement)
Difference,
approximate
consumption of
river coal tx
Pittaburs.
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895,
1896.
1897,
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
4,652,104
4,276,588
3,872,340
3,800,072
4,649,612
4,183,596
5,709,252
5,289,838
6,120,800
5,569,967
5,817,863
7,945,480
a9, 306, 927
9,872,664
3,420,357
2,893,782
2,299,294
2,364,401
2.458,787
2,898,873
4.102.190
2,670,369
2,979,494
2,709,140
2,557,470 I
8,283,353
3,619,905 1
3,069,299 I
l,ai,7fl
1,382,$%
l.^Otf
l,496,€n
2,195,8^
1,789,723
1,607,062
2,619,^
S.M1.W
2,860,827
8,260,SB
4,662,127
5,686.022
6,908,365
a The coal traffic on the Monongahela is obtained by adding to that which panes Lock No. 8, the co&l
mined and shipped in pools Nos. 1 and 2. In 1902 there were consumed in pools Nos. 1 and 2, 4,060 JC
tons river coal; in the harbor below No. 1, including the Allegheny River, 1,605,735 tons of Modod-
gahela River coal, a total of 5,686,022 tons.
RECEIPTS AND SHIPMENTS BY RAIL.
The following tables show the receipts and shipments of coal by the
principal railroads entering the Pittsburg district during the last few
years:
Receipts of coal in Pittsburg, Pa., via Pennsylvania Railroad, 1897 190$.
[Short tons.]
To-
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
ins.
Plttsburg and vicinity . .
West of Pittsburg
1,379,718
1,206,598
1,328,540
1,283,052
1,698,240
1,469,646
1,792,448
1,477,277
8,269,726
2,051,361
1,407,643
2,062,422
1,701,481
1.851, M8
2,2U,«:
Total
2,586,816
2,611,592
3,157,786
3,459,004
3,768,858
4,062,69^
Shipments of coal over the Pittsburg, Oincinnali, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, 1S9S-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
QnaDtitf.
1896
2,685,547
2,369,022
2,783,816
3,822,227
1900
8,298,470
1897
1901
8,983,601
1898
1902
4,965,50
1899
1903
a5. 066. 886
a The shipment to Pittsburg in 1908, 4,780,885 tons; to points beyond Pittsbuig, 838,000 tons.
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COAL.
415
SSapments of coal via Allegheny Valley Railway to and through Pittsburg j Pa., 1896-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
1»6..
Iffl7..
1900a.
1901...
1902...
19(0...
Pittsburg
district.
Via Pitts-
burg to
all points.
Total.
162,945
64,887
227,832
125,446
20,721
146,166
126,180
39,977
165,157
145,924
6,332
152,256
150,000
6,500
156,500
163,809
19,766
183,664
168,808
16,602
178,905
96,377
47,895
144.272
a Approximate.
Shipments of coal and coke via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to and through Pittsburg y
Pa,, 1S97-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Pittsburg district.
Via Pittsburg to all
points.
Coal.
Coke.
Coal.
Coke.
1897..
896,265
430,139
546,679
481,587
464,204
580,241
442,866
487,746
437,348
549,066
578,731
738,342
497,169
790,948
581,861
656,346
950,632
999.062
1,157,906
1,231,814
1,805,566
1,020,490
IM
1,610,759
im
1,478,768
1,641,767
1,992,919
1,542,318
1,447,862
1900
1901
1902
1908
Shipments of coal over the Pittsburg and Lake Erie Railroad, 1896-190$,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
\m
4,673,072
4,518,887
5,639,237
6,875,619
1900
6,704,810
7,157,807
8,873,160
9,776,667
UI7
1901
1898
1902
1890 :..
1908
Through the courtesy of Mr. J. Frank Tilley, secretary of the Pitts-
burg Coal Exchange, the following statistics, showing the shipments
of coal by rivers from Pittsburg, Pa., the Kanawha River district in
West Virginia, and the amounts sent to each, in bushels, in 1903, have
been furnished for this report
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416 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
Coal shipments to povnU on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers in 190S,
Terminal points.
Pittsburg to Cincinnati district
Pittsburg to Loui8>'ille
Pittsburg to Evansville district
Pittsburg to Paducah-Calro district
Pittsburg to St Louis
Pittsburg to Memphis
Pittsburg to Vicksburg
Pittsburg to New Orleans
Kanawha River to Cincinnati
Kanawha River to Louisville
Ohio River tipples to Cincinnati
Points below Louisville, Ky., to Paducah district .
Points below Louisville, Ky., to Memphis
BQsheI&
29,018,«l
13,657,330
321,740
290,142
2,7S1,517
1,707,157
1,716,7W
28,867,6W
26,400,194
2,567,274
2,012,871
790,000
1.437,221
CLEVELAND, OHIO.
The total receipts of coal and coke in Cleveland is reported by Mr.
F. H. Scott, secretary of the chamber of commerce, to have amounted
in 1903 to 6,595,587 short tons, as compared with 5,845,035 shoi-t tons
in 1902. The shipments amounted to 2,839,391 short tons in 1903,
against 2,380,618 tons in the preceding year. The following tables
show the amounts of bituminous and anthracite coal and of coke
received and shipped at Cleveland during the last five years, and the
total receipts since 1888:
Coal and coke receipts and shipments at devdand^ Ohio, 1899-190S.
RECEIPTS.
[Short tons.]
Kind.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
BitQinlDons .....,..-
4,867,295
202,782
484,788
4,186,698
188,614
894.934
8,996.498
826,741
601,218
4,949,027
158,405
737,603
5.677.964
354, 19S
Anthiacite
Coke
768,490
Total
5,544,816
4,670,244
4,924,447
5,845.035
6,595,587
SHIPMENTS.
[Short tons.]
Anthracite by rail. .
Bituminous by rail.
Bituminous by lake
Coke by rail
Total
41,072
46,622
2,171,417
129,146
2,388,257
15,456
31,779
2,201,828
51.448
2,300,511
18,781
89,240
1,787,028
20,678
1,865,677
6,214
116,184
2,284,029
24, 191
2,880,618
6.590
e,0K2
2, 762,5©
18,170
2,839.391
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COAL.
Total coal receipts and shipments at Oevelandy Ohio, 1888-190S,
[Short tona.J
417
Year.
Receipts.
8hlpment8.
1,029,735
1,126,000
1,229.056
1,559,910
1,779,573
1,330,961
1,222,225
1,271,962
Year.
Receipts.
Shipments.
1S8S
2,044,169
1,910,000
1,960,591
3,230,153
4,261,757
4,101,498
3,221,206
3,475,671
1896
3,476,312
4,484,996
5.196.151
5,544,815
4,670,244
4,924.447
5,846,085
6,605,587
1,935,130
2,250,603
2,741,035
2,888,257
2,800,511
\fm
1807
IW
1898
1»1
1899
1900
1J592
IJ«98
1901
l,866,6n
2,880,618
UM
1902
\m
1908
2,880,991
CHICAGO, ILL..
The following review of the coal trade of Chicapro in 1903 was pre-
pared by the Chicago Bureau of Coal Statistics and published in the
Black IMamond of January 30, 1904:
Any review of the Chicago coal trade for 1903 which pretends to be
accarate must be a history of extremes. At times the market on cer-
tain coals ebbed low in demand and prices tumbled. Then again
uousual conditions created a shortage of supplies of certain much-
needed coals and values went beyond the normal point. Notwith-
standing these tendencies against stability, which were emphasized
during the last year and stood out prominently when comparisons
were made with 1901 but lacked the remarkable and phenomenal elas-
ticity of prices during 1902, the coal trade was on the whole on a fairly
satisfactory basis to those engaged in it as producers or shippers of
this fuel.
Chicago made some surprising gains in tonnage during the year.
The grand total of all lake and rail receipts of all coal and coke
exceeded 11,000,000 tons. This is significant when its full force is
realized. It means that the average of all coal and coke arriving in
Chicago was nearly a million tons a month, a very large proportion of
which went into consumption at the point where it was delivered.
The greatest extremes of conditions in the Chicago bituminous
tnde during the year occurred at three distinct periods. The first
marked depression originated early in March and extended well into
April The inevitable reaction occurred at that time which always
occurs when prices soar too high and markets are overstimulated by
unusual conditions. The winter, with its shortage of anthracite origi-
nating in the strike of the year before and its shortage of bituminous
coal originating in an overcrowded condition of railroad facilities, was
pa«8ing away. Prices began to tumble, and coal which had been in
transit from one to three months and which it had l)een thought was
M K 1903 27
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418 MINERAL RESOURCES.
lost began to arrive. The spring opened early and domestic fires
were reduced. All these conditions conspired to bring to the market
a surplus of coal which could not be moved. The inexorable law of
supply and demand had its way and prices fell to a point where those
who had prospered in the winter lost much of their profits in making
good demurrage charges and paying for coal which every day grew
less in value.
The second depression in the bituminous trade occurred the latter
part of August and early in September, when high-priced eastern
domestic and steam coals began to suffer in competition with those
produced in the western fields. Eastern producers were handicapped
from the start of the new year by higher transportation rates from the
mines and an increased cost of production. In some instances they
helped these things along by taking an exaggerated view of the value
of their coals. They increased the price at the mines, and while many
of their friends remained loyal to them, others were looking more
after the dollars than they were anything else, and passed them by.
In consequence there was a glut, especially of West Virginia fuels,
which every day grew worse, and which resulted in prices so low that
it is to be hoped they will never again be reached when conditions as
to transportation and production are the same.
The advent of the year 1904 was not encouraging from the stand-
point of bituminous-coal interests. The usual active demand which is
invariably experienced following the holidays was not in evidence,
prices only recovering to the normal point. After that the tendency
was gradually downward, and continued so until well into the spring
of 1904.
The Chicago anthracite trade opened under conditions that were
highly favorable. Owing to the strike of the year before, when the
new prices became effective, April 1, all shippers were well supplied
with orders, and the volume of business placed during that month was
probably anywhere from four to five times the tonnage which came
forward to Chicago for distribution to dealers. May was a repetition
of April, and June was a repetition of May. By July, however, there
began to be some cessation of orders, but the volume of business for
that month and a large part of August absorbed practically all the coal
that came forward.
It was not until September and October that shippers began to com-
plain of business conditions. Then orders began to fall off and coal to
accumulate, the trade having supplied itself with a sufficient tonnage
to meet the first demands of winter weather. It was also in these
months that "private" coal began to come forward more freely, owing
to the lack of a market in the East, and this coal was sold below the
circular basis.
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COAL. 419
The latter part of the year witnessed a steady demand, but there
was no abnormal spurt in activity. Conservative shippers who make
A study of conditions pertaining to their business feel that the severe
weather this winter has been a means of partial redemption in the
western anthracite trade. Had it not been for unusually low temper-
atures, which increased domestic consumption, some dock coal would
have been carried over into the new year.
No more interesting table of anthracite receipts by lake and by mil
at Chicago was ever compiled than the one for the year 1903. It shows
that while the total receipts for the year were very close to those of
1901, much more coal was received in Chicago by lake than ever before
in its history. In all probability the total receipts by both methods
of transportation for the year would have been far heavier than they
were had the anthracite companies felt confident that the western trade
would absorb all the coal that was moved in this direction. As soon
as the urgent demand which had been experienced the early part of
the year was over, rail receipts began to diminish, and the latter half
of the year they were from one-half to two-thirds of what they were
for the first half. The heaviest lake receipts for any one month
occurred in September, when 206,350 tons were moved by water from
Lake Erie ports. The smallest receipts (for a full month) were in
November, when only 81,950 tons were shipped by lake.
The heaviest rail and lake receipts combined occurred in August,
when 302,261 tons were received in Chicago. The total rail and lake
receipts for the year were 2,169,399 tons, which was an increase of
1,494,491 tons over 1902. The only months showing a decrease, as
compared with the previous year, were January, 5,670 tons; and
December, 56,090 tons. The decrease the latter month was not unex-
pected, as immediately upon resumption at the anthracite collieries in
1902 every effort was made to produce as much coal as possible and
production was at the maximum point, while in 1903 there was a sus-
pension throughout the whole region for part of the time, owing to an
overproduction. The table showing the receipts of anthracite coal by
lake and rail at Chicago is as follows:
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420
MINERAL RESOURCES.
RecdpU of anthracite coal at Chicago^ lU,, by lake and raH
[Short tons.]
Month.
January ...
Febniary . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
B-'ptember.
October
November .
December .
Anthracite by lake.
1902.
72,692
47,118
1,000
50,841
53,451
Total 226,102
1908.
91,785
148,201
118,146
140,723
184,760
206,850
190,039
81,960
14,362
1,176,306
Anthracite by rail.
1902.
66,
72.
34,
8,
2,
2,
7,
6,
21,
78,
451,806
1903.
82,588
184,696
131,558
87,382
57,042
78,998
68,596
117,511
61,696
56,564
67,612
59,859
993,093
Total anthracite.
1902.
88,268
68,974
65.455
145,377
81,868
4,289
2,862
2,773
7,106
6,228
71,912
130,811
674,908
1908.
134,698
18], 563
179,167
205,243
197,188
209,319
302,261
268,045
245,603
139,562
74,221
2.169,899
Increase
in 1908.
Decrease
inl90S.
66,724
66,098
38,790
123,880
192,860
206,467
299.488
260,989
239.875
67,650
5,670
56,090
1. 494, 491 I
The following table shows the receipts of bituminous coal and coke
at Chicago from 1899 to 1903, inclusive:
Receipts of bUuminotis coal and coke at Chicago^ lU., for five years, 1899-1908.
[Short tons.]
State from which
received.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Increase
inl903.
Decrease
fnl9(&
Pennsylvania
0 516,087
650,157
806,122
2,618,809
1,973,831
664,833
547,426
973,982
2,662,986
2,207,396
625,571
492,701
1,024,979
2,427,092
2,165,549
61,240
6,687,132
694,686
487,134
616,335
968,132
2,958,493
2,403,619
63,106
617.521
666.265
908,164
4,301,808
2,610,716
86,164
130,387
49,930
Ohio
West Virginia and
Kentucky
60,97S
Illinois
1,343,310
207.197
22,068
Indiana
By lake
Total bitumi-
nous coal
6,463,506
620,658
6,966,622
618.842
7,497,719
602,740
9,189,623
691,125
1,691,904
Coke
11,615
a Receipts by lake, included in this amount, were 76,277 tons.
The total receipts and shipments of coal and coke at Chicago during
the last three years were as follows:
Receipts and shipments of coal and coke at Chicago, lU., in 1901, 1902, ami 190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Coke.
Receipts.
Shipments.
Receipts.
Shipments.
Recelptj*.
Shipments.
1901
2,192,645
674,908
2,169.3&9
514,639
199,735
606,711
6,687,132
7,497,719
9.189.623
1,239,264
1,830,616
2,184,193
694,686
602,740
691,125
397,666
1902
416,178
1903
376.942
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COAL.
421
MILWAUKEE, WIS.
The following review of the coal trade of Milwaukee has been fur-
nished by Mr. William J. Langson, secretary of the chamber of com-
merce:
The coal receipts at Milwaukee in 1903 passed the 3,000,000 point,
showing the remarkable increase of 1,382,882 tons in a year. This,
however, was greater than the normal increase, owing to the complete
depletion of reserve stocks during the coal famine of the preceding
year.
The remarkable feature of the ye^ir's business was the comparatively
small quantity of coal shipped westward from this port, viz, 650,430
short tons, only 1,182 tons more than the previous year. This would
indicate that over 2,000,000 tons of coal were required for local con-
sumption in Milwaukee, unless the shipments as reported daily by the
railroads to the chamber of commerce were incomplete, which is not
likely. An omission might occur once or twice, but is not likely to
occar so often as to materially affect the year's shipments.
The coal was undoubtedly delivered on contracts to local manufac-
turers, and left the yards with a barely sufficient supply to carry them
through the winter. At the present writing (June, 1904) dealers are
sweeping up their yards to meet the local demand for anthracite, and
unless the tie up of lake commerce is broken soon we shall find our-
selves entering upon the next winter with prospects of another coal
famine.
The total receipta of anthracite and bituminous coal in the last five
years is shown below:
Total receipts of coal at MUvxmkee, TFw., for six yean^ 1898-190S,
Kind.
1B96.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
Anthndte
Short lom.
768,160
920.911
Short Um$.
922,321
997, M3
Short Umt.
639,100
1,169,498
Short ton$.
846,687
1.107.802
ShoHtons.
a 172, 676
1,468,419
Short tons,
946,696
BitQiBhhnm . .
1,702,765
Total
1,680,061
1,919,864
1,808,593
1,968,489
1,641,096
2,649,861
aStrlke.
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422
MINERAL RESOURCES.
A compariBon of the receipts of coal at Milwaukee, by decades, with
those of 1901, 1902, and 1903 is interesting, and is shown in the fol-
lowing table:
(rTouih of the coal trade of MilwaxUcee, Wvi., 18G8-J90S.
Year.
Receipts.
18(>8
SihoH iou.
92,993
1878
2S9,6$7
1888
1,122,243
1898
l,689,(m
1901 -
1.968,489
1902
1,611,095
1903
3,028,977
The tables following exhibit the details of receipts and shipments at
Milwaukee for a series of years:
Receipts of coal at Milwaukee^ TFw., for six years, 1898-190S,
[Short tons.]
Source.
By lake from—
Buffalo
Erie
Oswego
Cleveland
Ashtabula
Lorain
Sandusky ....
Toledo
Charlotte
Fairport
Ogdensburg..
Huron, Ohio..
Other ports...
Total, lake .
By railroad
1898.
624,616
134,774
37,000
341,898
115,579
11,855
29,572
243,818
1,275
37,094
1,133
4,159
4,192
1,586.965
102,096
Receipts 1,689,061
797,006
278,779
2,590
354,900
94,284
24,177
27,991
131,047
613
38,530
5,400
25,450
1,775,767
144,097
1, no. 864
1900.
515,545
222,789
1,257
277,786
149,208
25,222
93,686
313,393
22,408
80,148
1,651,442
157,151
1,808,693
1901.
717,366
259,841
2,365
191,786
92,698
67,214
85,488
315,036
1902.
132,803
141, 130
4,320
1,368
13,950
13,600
1,765,021
188,468
354,485
97,378
69,132
181.285
416,057
20,690
4.083
2,528
4,400
1.373,971.
267,124
1.953,489 ' 1,641,095
1908.
914,901
153, 3K
7,003
436.834
230,726
101, 5«
213,124
477,950
65,981
23,046
21,912
2,649,351
374,636
3,028,977
Shipments of coal from Milwaukee, Ff i«., for six years, 1898-190$,
[Short toBs.]
Shipped by-
1898.
1899.
327,369
210,495
35,851
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Rwy . .
Chicago and Northwestern Rwy
Wisconsin Central R. R
398,668
246,472
81,538
4,180
378,901
241,992
47,629
5,950
469,252
265,948
56,834
4,616
376,710
243,535
28,823
180
350,506
259,941
33,389
6,615
Lake
Total
679,858
573,715
674,472
776,650
619,248
650,490
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COAL.
423
ReetipU of coed ai MUvoaukee, FTm., hy lake and rail annuaUyy 1868-1903,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1363
43,216
44,503
36,369
66,616
74,568
92,992
87,690
122,865
175,526
210,194
229,784
177,656
228,674
188,444
264,784
239,667
350,840
368,568
550,027
593,842
612,584
1884 '..
704,166
1»4
1885
776,750
1865
1886
759,681
U06
1887 •....
842,979
W67
1888
1,122,243
980,678
\m
1889
\m
1890
996,657
1,156,088
1,874,414
1,249,782
1870
1891
1871
1892
1872
1898 .?..-.
vm
1894
1,887,046
1,446,428
1,687,795
1,556,806
1874. . .
' 1895. . .
1876
1896
\m
1897
W77
1898
1.689,061
1,919,864
1878
1899
1879
1900
1,808,598
1,953,489
1,641,096
1880 :
1901
1881
1902
1882 ....
1903
3,028,977
1885
Freight rates from Buffalo to upper lakeportsin 1903 ^ hy months.
Month.
Chicago.
Mllwau-
kee.
Duluth and
Superior.
April
CenU.
60
50
50
40-50
50
50
40
86-50
50
Cents.
50
50
50
40-60
50
50
40-60
86-76
75
Cents.
40
MtT
40
Jane
40
July ;
30-40
Aoftirt
40
September
3(M0
October
30
Norember
30-75
Deoember
75
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424
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Yard price* per ton of coal at Milwaukte^ Wis. , during the year 1903 , reported by WbitnaU
Coal Company.
[Free on board care.]
Month.
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June...'....
July
August . . . .
September.
October. . . ,
November.
December .
House use. j
Pitthtoii Ecff, Poca- , Kentucky.
anthnu>ite. nontaR. '
f6.50
6.50
6.50
6.00
6.10
6.20
6.80
6.40
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
Steam coiil.
Hocking. Pittsburic
$6.50
15.60
W.50
IS. 55
6.50
5.60
3.0)
8.65
6.50
5.60
3.50
S.55
6.50
5.60
8.50
8.55
5.00
5.60
8.75
8.75
5.00
5.60
3.75
8.75
5.00
5.60
8.75
8.75
5.00
6.10
3.75
8.75
5.00
6.10
4.00
8.75
5.00
6.10
4.00
8.75
5.00
6.10
4.00
8.75
5.00
6.10
4.00
8.75
CINCINNATI, OHIO.
Mr. Charles B. Murray, superintendent of the chamber of com-
merce, has furnished the following review of the coal trade of Cin-
cinnati:
The receipts of coal at Cincinnati in 1903, as indicated by the records
of the chamber of commerce, reached the high record of 112,351,891
bushels. This compares with 104,600,693 for 1902, and an annual
average of 93,102,565 for five years prior to 1903. Referring to the
figures given a year ago, and for recent years previously, it is proper
to say that there has been found occasion for revision of the records
of receipts by railroads, with the result of enlargement of indicated
quantities through such channels, for five years prior to 1903, or since
1897. The tables are corrected accordingly, and are more complete
than heretofore in the exhibits and comparisons.
In the effort to indicate the quantity of coal arriving from the
Kanawha district it is not possible to be exact, and the method of
reaching results is to secure estimates as to the proportion of all the
rail receipts properly to be credited to the Kanawha district.
The receipts of coal in 1903 by river were 49.34 per cent, and by
ral 50.66 per cent of the total. For the past five years river receipts
represent an average of 56.60 per cent and rail receipts 43.40 per cent
Coal shipments in 1903 made a high record, due to enlarged move-
ment by rail, the total being 39,422,750 bushels, compared with
36,637,747 for 1902, and an annual average of 22,086,396 for five years
prior to 1903. River shipments the past year were 2,787,000 bushels,
and rail shipments 36,635,750 bushels.
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COAL. 425
The local market iivas fairly steady during the year, with ample sup-
plies available. For several months there were strikes in some of the
mines of the West Virginia district, interrupting operations, but not
seriously affecting the resources for this market. The arrivals of coal
by river were considerably smaller than for the preceding year, and
those by rail were decidedly increased.
The net supply of coal at Cincinnati in 1903, representing the differ-
ence between receipts and shipments, was 72,929,000 bushels. There
was a much larger quantit}"^ on hand, afloat, and in the yards and sid-
ings at the close of the year than at the beginning, so that the actual
consumption for the year would represent considerably less than the
net supply, but was probably equal to or in excess of 65,000,000
bushels. The local consumption in late years appears to have been
pretty evenly divided between industrial and household requirements.
For the year 1903 the local gas works consumed 244,527 tons of
2,000 pounds, or 6,790,000 bushels. There were sent out from the
works 1,578,665,000 cubic feet of gas, and the product of electric cur-
rent represented 25,115,969 kilowatts.
Prices of coal in the Cincinnati market in 1903 were as follows:
By river, afloat, from Pittsburg district, 10 cents per bushel to March
31, 9 cents subsequently to end of the year; from Kanawha district, 9
cents first three weeks in January, 10 cents next three weeks, 9 to
10 cents until end of April, 8i to 10 cents to September 22, and 9
cents remainder of the year.
Prices of coal delivered to consumers in 1903 were the same for Pitts-
burg and Kanawha product, as follows, per ton of 2,000 pounds: To
doee of April, $4; remainder of the year, $3.50.
The average price of coal afloat at Cincinnati in 1903 for both Pitts-
burg and Kanawha product was 9.25 cents, compared with 7.92 for
Rttsburg and 7.86 for Kanawha, for 1902. Annual averages for a
series of years appear in a table elsewhere in this report.
The price of anthracite delivered to consumers was $10 per ton to
middle of February, $9 to end of March, $7.50 for remainder of the
year, averaging $8 for the year, compared with $9 for 1902, and an
annual average of $6.55 for five years prior to 1902.
The following table indicates the quantities of coal received at Cin
dunati since 1872 and the sources from which shipped:
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426
MINERAL BE80URCE8.
Receipts of coal at CincinnaH, OhiOy since September i, 187S.
[Bushels.]
Year.
1872-78
1873-74
1874-75
1875-76
1876-77
1877-78
1878-79
1879-80
1880-81
1881-82
1882-83
1883-»4
1884-85
1885-86
1886-87
1887-88
1888-89
1889-90 ,
1890-91
1891, 4 months,
1892 b
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897^
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Plttaburg
(Youghlo-
gheny).
24,962,373
24,014,681
24,225,002
27,017,592
28,237,572
26,743,065
20,769,027
31,750,968
23,202,084
37,807,961
33,895,064
32,239,473
32,286,183
34,988.542
37,701,094
41.180,713
36,677,974
42,601,615
43,254,460
13,766,390
42,272,348
28,643,562
40,156,667
26,675,828
36,696,759
35,040,790
41,271,142
33,339,381
19,066,472
22,379,828
87,506,783
27,018,901
Kanawha
by river.
Ohio River.
4,476,619
6,004,675
3,681,823
6,886,628
6,184,089
8,912,801
10,715,459
18,950,802
13,260,847
15,926,743
14,588.573
17,329,849
20,167,875
20,926,696
23,761,853
19,221,196
19,115,172
6,288,442
19,214,704
24,971,261
16,898,089
15,106,095
22,015,133
17,941,769
19,949,098
18,987,864
24,586,857
27.616,166
21,085,945
26,400,194
all, 075. 072
al0,898.158
4,277.827
4,400,792
5,141,160
8,288,008
4,068,452
4,268,214
3,151,934
3,560,881
3,809,531
2,966,688
3,007,078
989,746
888,485
1,588,858
544,940
464,886
1,479,670
234,940
768,688
405.202
168,884
14,400
180,217
60,217
96,590
29,538
917,206
1,219,887
1,487,315
2,012,871
Cannel.
Anthracite.
1,162,052
710,000
566,352
409,358
822,171
880,768
338,649
202,489
67,684
77,886
180.621
293.010
314,774
206,717
129,603
26,096
12,129
15,111
75,000
112,000
248,780
282,578
876,125
489,350
768,750
712,075
770,625
779,925
977,280
1,085,850
1,257,900
1,287,925
1,814,775
1,828,226
1,020,825
1.001,176
1,118,671
402,528
1,268,170
769,626
661,548
1,227,000
1,171,000
1,251,^
948,126
1,291,250
437,600
682,600
298,760
610,626
Other
kinds.
Total
1,697,260
2,068,822
1,913,798 I
1,664,425
2,186,850
2,851,699
2.886,752
3,090,715
2,997,216
3,910,796
2,688,861
2,720,250
8,698,860
5,710,649
8,075,000
4.709,775
7,862,698
4,437,139
13,335.006
25.882,374
19,068,607
27,119,823
19,676,000
24,468,000
26,014,800
30.172,800
28,341,000
89,648,100
44.276,800
66,409,800
87,274,497
85.2M.8M
8^390,810
40,183.117
89,622,834
88,892,229
34,210,667
48,m246
40,244,438
59,267,020
54,63),Q82
56,412,069
54,188,32!
57,416.66
63,845.62
70,706,689
66,092.421
67,9S8,146
72,845,788
26,129.489
76,856,816
80.612,025
76,456,115
70,143,141
79,689,109
78,762,05
88,278^756
73,849,085
91,890,961
104,600,58s
112,851,881
a Includes Kanawha River coals.
^ Calendar years since 1892.
Note.— The "Other kinds" in above table Includes 80,845,000 bushels of Kanawha by rafl in 1906,
and Kanawha rail coal previously.
A summary of the movement of coal at Cincinnati during the last
two years is given in the following table:
Summary of coal movements at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 190S and 190S.
[Bushels.]
Details.
1908.
1902.
Details.
1908.
1902.
Total received
112,861,891
27,018,901
2,012,871
26,400,194
80,844,800
67,244,994
25,564,500
104,600,698
37,506,783
1,487,315
21,035,946
28,780,000
49,815,945
15,496,800 j
Anthracite
610,626
66,431,966
66,919,935
2,787,000
86,636,750
39,422,750
298.750
Pittsburg
Total:
By river
Ohio River
60.080,00
44.570.660
By rail
By nver
Shipped:
By river
By rail
6.113,6»7
80,58^150
Total Kanawha
By rail
other kinds by rail...
Total shipped
86,687,747
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427
The yearly range and average prices of Pittsburg coal, afloat and
delivered, per bushel, based on weekly records, compare for a series
of years as shown in the following compilation:
Yearly range and average prices for Pittsburg coal at Cincinnati^ OhiOj 1888-190S,
[Cents per bushel.]
Year.
Afloat.
Delivered.
Lowest.
Highest.
Average.
Lowest.
Highest.
Average.
\9s^-m
6
6
61
6*
64
5i
51
5*
5*
5
4i
7*
6i
64
9
8*
8
8*
84
81
9
6*
6
51
6
7»
8
8
10
10
6.71
6.78
7.28
7.49
7.68
6.84
6.00
5.73
6.70
5.66
5.80
7.50
7.50
7.92
9.25
9
9
10
9
9
7i
8i
8i
61
7i
8i
101
9
.10
121
Ill
101
101
124
191
lOf
101
9
101
9
U|
111
101
144
14*
9.95
\m^^
9.69
1880-91
10.24
\m
10.36
\m
11.04
ia»i
9.11
W95
vm
9.00
8.40
vm
8.10
UBS
8.05
1899
9.60
1900
10.90
1901
10.55
1908
11.76
1«8
18.18
Coal from the Kanawha and other West Virginia regions sells at
the same, or about the same, prices as are obtained for the product
from the Pittsburg district. Sales afloat are on the bushel basis, 72
pounds; sales delivered are on the ton basis, 2,000 pounds, and repre-
sent screened or lump grade.
The receipts of coke for the year were 4,473,900 bushels, and the
quantity locally manufactured was 6,502,890 bushels, making a total
of 10,976,790 bushels, compared with 13,883,600 bushels the preceding
year. For city manufacture the average price for the year was 13
cents per bushel; of gas house, 12 cents; of Connellsville, $6.50 per ton.
ST. LOUIS, MO.
The following summary of the coal trade of St. Louis has been pre-
pared for this report by Mr. William Flewellyn Saunders, secretary
and general manager of the Business Men's League of that city:
The production of soft coal and coke In the St. Louis district
increased largely in 1903 over the product of 1902, all of it being used
in the city. The receipts of eastern anthracite were much below the
demand, the shipping to the West not having been fully resumed after
the strike. Prices, however, ruled much lower than in 1902, the
dK>rtage of anthracite being balanced by plenty of soft coal and coke.
Coal operations in the Illinois fields near St Louis, known as the
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428
MINERAL RESOURCES.
St. Louis district, are being conducted witli regard to the demand,
and prices bid fair to rule very regularly. The large operations in
the new Leiter coal tields will })e a factor in the coal situation here in
the future and are being watched with great interest by miners and
dealers.
The use of ga« a« household fuel has increased noticeably in St Louis
in two years, and this must undoubtedly be treated in calculation
about the fuel situation hereafter. The introduction of gas as fuel in
the household results in the use of more fuel, not in the substitution
of the one kind of fuel for the other. That has been demonstrated in
St. Louis as well as elsewhere.
Coal prices at St. Louis, Mo., during 1902 and 1903.
I
1902.
Kind.
Highest. I Lowest. ClofliBg,
Standard Illinois lump coal. .
High-grade Illinois lump coal
Anthracite, large
Anthracite, small
Ck>nnell8ville coke .,
New River coke
Kentucky coke
Gas coke
e3.30
3.30
9.75
10.00
14.80
14.80
6.80
7.50
SI. 40
1.80
6.10
6.35
6.30
5.80
3.80
3.26
1903.
" '
Highest. Lowest I Closiiig.
12.40
2.65
8.80
9.05
9.30
9.80
5.30
7.60
S2.30
8.05
7.16
7.40
9.00
9.00
5.00
5.50
$1.60
.2.10
6.65
7.15
5.25
5.25
3.50
4.60
Coal and coke receipts at St. Louis, Mo., 1892-190S.
Year.
Soft coal.
Hard coal.
$2.00
2.80
7.15
7.40
6.25
5.35
8.50
5. SO
Coke.
Buahd^.
82,302,228
87,769,875
74.644,375
1896 1 88,589,985
1892.
1893.
1894.
1896.
I
87.677,600
1897 j 83,780,980
1898 1 88,662,450
1899 j 108,115,730
1900 104,817,650
1901 1 118,860,776
1902 180,145,350
1903 159,221,626
Tbiw,
187,327
173,668
186,^4
207,784
218,956
172,983
225.616
292, U8
180,550
200,797
60.944
165,920
Buakeb.
8,914.400
7.807,000
6,965,900
7,190,900
6,895,900
5,671.9tt
7.782,250
6,796.100
7,9t2.90D
11,746.682
8,180,000
11,414,730
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Mr. J. W. Harrison, in his annual report to the coal trade of San
Francisco, states that the quantity of coal imported during 1903 was
230,044 tons less than 1902, as shown in the table below. This can
not be accepted as the amount of fuel necessary to fill the requirements,
as the quantity of fuel oil produced last year was 60 per cent in excess
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COAL.
429.
of the production in 1902. Hence the showing made for the coal con-
sumption is not a discouraging one for manufacturing interests locally.
During the early ix)rtion of 1903 labor disturbances developed in the
British Columbia collieries. These were not amicably comprom ised for
some considerable time, as the manager of the Wellington collieries
showed a disposition to maintain what he considered his rights rather
than make concessions, although at a serious loss to himself. The labor-
ers finally yielded. The abrogation of the duty of 67 cents per ton on
Australian and British Columbia coals has given a marked advantage
for those products, and has aided in giving large consumers here a
pronounced benefit.
The present position is a complicated one. The outlook for low-
priced Australian coal is discouraging, partially because the inducements
for carriers to come here are anything but favorable and partially
because outward freights on grain from here are exceedingly low, while
from Australia they are fully 50 per cent higher than from here. The
quantity of coal of all grades on hand here at the close of the year
was small. There are factors now existing which may create a very
generous demand for fuel in the near future, principally the require-
ments of the Government for Panama and adjacent ports, but the
market is in a very uncertain condition. The control of the local coal
market is in a few hands, which will assure high figures for 1904. The
marked difference between the prices of domestic grades and ordinary
steam coals is. likely to be sustained.
The various sources from which the coal supplies of California have
been derived are as follows:
Sources of coal consumed in CcUifomiaf 1899-1903,
[Short tons.]
Source.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
BrftWiCc^iimbU
628,138
139,833
9t>,i63
None.
88,951
271.694
886,766
189,607
28,390
766,917
178,563
54,099
None.
17,319
250, 5i«
418,052
160,915
42,673
1,889,128
710,330
175,959
52,270
None.
27,370
240,574
483,817
143,318
51,147
l,S3.1,7.s.5
591,732
197,828
96,621
3,600
24,133
165,237
209,358
111,209
47,380
289,890
276,186
61,580
8,495
18,262
. 127.819
286,826
84,277
102,219
^"tTilla
l^uid mod Wales
flM^tnd,
Umata (Cumberland and anthracite)...
8«ttle (Franklin, Green River, etc.) ....
OuboD mu. South Prairie, etc
Moont Diablo, Coos Bay, and Teala
'apuand Rocky Mountidns
Total
1,7-10,027
1.415,598
1,216,55^
It is necessary to include the deliveries at the ports of Los Angeles
•nd San Di^o to arrive at an accurate statement of the consumption
of coal in the State. These are added in the above-named sources of
wipply. The total amount received by water at these two ports in
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MINERAL RE80UBCE8.
1903 aggregated 69,248 tons, as compared with 126,356 tons in 1902,
240,777 short ton^ in 1901, 165,965 short tons in 1900, 184,747 short
tons in 1899, and 154,402 short tons in 1898.
SEATTLE, WASH.
Mr. Lovett M. Wood, editor of the Trade Register, has compiled,
from records furnished by the Northern Pacific and Great Northern
railroads and the Pacific Coast Company the following statement of
the coal receipts at Seattle by months and mines for the calendar year
1903. The combined receipts in short tons, by months, were as follows:
Receipts of coal at Seattle, TTo^fc., 190S, by months.
Month.
January. .
February
March ...
April
May
June
July
Quantity.
Short tOTis.
78,216
78,818
84,268
74,440
86,097
78,187
76,672
Month.
August
September.
October
Noyember .
December .
Total
Quantity.
SkoHUm.
83,961
114,807
85,407
8S,56
7S.sn
1,001. 7«
The receipts at Seattle during 1902 amounted to 859,301 tons, show-
ing an increase for 1903 of 145,497 tons.
The exports, which included 7,618 tons shipped to British Colum-
bia, against 2,820 tons imported from that province, show a decline of
13,642 tons, although Seattle received during the year 142,497 tons
more than m 1902. Local consumption and the extended use of oil
as fuel for steamers can probably be chargeable with causing this
condition.
It will be noted that the receipts have more than doubled in the
last ten years, and the exports are larger than the receipts were a
decade ago. The exports vary only slightly on account of the south-
ern market's requirements and peculiar conditions. With oil coming
into more general use in California, and even at home, and the new
arrangements made with the northern collieries, together with the
restricted demands of foreign steamship lines engaged in oriental
trade and the Australian coal already billed for this coast, it would
appear as though the mines of the State of Washington would this
year have to depend for increased output upon the enlargement of
industrial institutions, local shipping, and home consumption.
The State of Washington coal mines had an output in 1903 of
3,190,477 tons, against 2,498,177 tons in 1902, and 2,400,276 tons in
1901. King County is the second largest producer, being close to
Kittitas County.
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COAL.
431
Shipments of coal from the mines and eastern points to Seattle^ Wash,, in 190S.
[Short tons.]
Mine.
Black Diamond
Newcastle
FrankHn
Fnlton
Lawson
Gem
If q»iih
Benton
Sunset
Fairfax
Bodyn
CleEhun
Wilkewn
WeiC Superior. .
Dnlnth
Quantity.
236,
118,
71,
71,
71,
47,
37,
92,
1,
5,
72,
4,
17,
1,
Mine.
Enumclaw
Staples
Douty
Kanasket
Ravensdale
Melmont
Rices Point
Horr, Mont
Niblock's Spur ..
Burnett
Gibbons
Blue Canyon —
Henry's
Shorcham, Minn
Total
Quantity.
21
11,697
220
116,987
10,618
40
20
482
8,807
270
296
6,690
64
1,001,798
Exports of coal at Seattle, Wash., in 1903, by months,
[Short tons.]
Month.
Janoary .
Febraary
Hatch...
April
M»F
Jane
July
Exports, fl
44,850
81,718
42,562
84,782
36,328
54,330
49,215
Month.
August
September.
October . . .
November .
December .
Total
Exports. 4
88,041
88,215
84,717
80,121
28,812
468,186
a Foreign and domestic points (mostly San Franc^co, Cal.).
Receipts and exports of coal at Seattle, Wash., 1890-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Receipts.
1
Exports, a 1
Year.
Receipts.
Exports, a
van
487,216
421,687
416.174
461,084
487,989
868,979
426,106
1
1
1897
472,811
622.284
821,366
909,322
991,788
869,301
1,001,798
287.883
878,678
444,428
478,662
482,679
476,828
468,186
if»i
1898
ima
1899
I«S
842,114
818,670
267,789
194,771
1900
l«4.
1901
IW
1902
1908
log
a Foreign and domestic points (mostly San Francisco, Cal.).
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MIKEBAL BE8OUR0EB.
PRODUCTION OF COAI. BY STATES.
Including Alaska, there were thirty States and Territories which
contributed to the total coal production of the United States in 1902 and
1903. Of these there were eight whose output was less than 1,000,000
tons; twelve produced between 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 tons each:
four, between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 tons each; two, Alabama and
Indiana, produced over 10,000,000 of tons, and four exceeded 25,000,-
000 of tons each. Of these latter, one, Pennsylvania, produced over
175,000,000 tons. Of the thirty coal-producing States and Terri-
tories thirteen are east and seventeen west of the Mississippi River.
Of the thirteen States east of the Mississippi River there were six
located north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers, producing 256,527,929
short tons, or 71.8 per cent of the total. The seven Southern States
produced 57,213,168 short tons, or 16 per cent of the total. The
seventeen States and Territories west of the Mississippi River pro-
duced 43,615,319 short tons, or 12.2 per cent of the total.
In the following tables are shown the statistics of production in the
States east of the Mississippi River and divided by the Ohio and Potomac
rivers, and in the States and Territories west of the Mississippi River.
The figures are given for the years 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1903:
Coal production in Stales north of Ohio and Potomac rivers in 1880, 1890, 1900, and 190S.
State.
1880.
1890.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Valoc
niinolB
Short tons.
6,116.877
1,454,827
2,228,917
100,800
6,008,605
28,711,879
18,426,168
18,779,882
2,180,268
2,686,687
224,500
7,719,667
42,282,948
18,667,129
Short tons.
16,292,420
8,306,787
8,857,818
74,977
11,494.606
46,468,641
42,802,173
114.171,230
In<11ftnf\
8,259,233
2,8»,572
149,196
Maryland
MiPhi^n
Ohio
10. 788, in
66,883.772
Pennsylvania:
Anthracite
Bituminous
85,37t,916
Total
63,044,668
82,309,871
122,296.267
133.Q2S.088
State.
1900.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value-
Illinois
Short tons.
26,767,981
6,484,086
4,024,688
849,476
18,988,150
57,367,916
79,842,326
193,324,621
$26,927,186
6,687,137
8,927,881
1,259,683
19,292,246
86,757,861
77,488,545
Short tons.
86,967,104
10,794,692
4.846,166
1,367,619
24,838,103
74,607,068
108,117,178
•48.196,:W
is,a«.8i:
7 189, >4
Indiana ...... .
Maryland
Michigan ..,.,.
2.707,527
81,982, ar
152,036,448
121,75e2.7»
Ohio
Pennsylvania:
Anthracite
Bituminous r ,
Total
221,290,028
266,627,929 .
872.oeo,4n
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COAL.
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Coal production in States south of Ohio and Potomac rivers, 1880, 1890, 1900, and 190S.
AUbam*
Qeoifia
Ken tacky
North Qirolixia
Tenoevee
VlTffnl*
WtttViiKlnia.
ToUl-...
1880.
Quantity.
Short tont.
823,972
154,644
946,288
350
495,131
43.079
1,829,844
8,793,308
Value.
$476,911
231,605
1,134,960
• 400
629,724
99,802
2,013,671
1890.
Quantity.
Short tons.
4,090,409
228,337
2,701,496
10,262
2,169,585
7M.011
7,894,654
4,687,073 17,878,754
Value.
$4,202,469
238,315
2,472,119
17,864
2,395,746
589,925
6,208,128
16,124,666
1900.
State.
Quantity.
Ahhrnnn
Geoigia
Kentncky
Xorth Ouolina
TennesKe
Viiglnia
WatViiglnia.
Total. ...
Short tons.
8,394.275
315,567
5,328,964
17,734
3,509,662
2,393,7M
22,647,207
42,607,053
Value.
1908.
Quantity.
19,798,785
870,022
4,881,577
28,447
4,008,082
2,128,222
18,416,871
39,612,006
Short tons.
11,664,324
416,951
7,588,032
17.309
4,798,004
8,451,807
29,887,241
Value.
$14,246,798
621,459
7.979,342
25,300
6,979,830
3,302,149
84,297,019
67,218,168
66,851,897
Cbal production in Slates wed of Mississippi River, 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1908.
State or Territory.
1880.
1890.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Arkamu
Short toM.
14,778
286,960
462,747
$88,685
663.018
1,041,860
Short tons.
899.888
110,711
8,094,003
$614,696
r&iffpmff^
283,019
Oolonulo
4,844,196
T4ftlM>
Indian TMritory
869,229
4,021,789
2,269,922
2,736,221
617,477
1,600
875.777
30,000
61,514
184.440
318,159
1,263.689
1,870,366
1,679,188
4,996,739
lova
1,461,116
771.442
884,304
224
200
2,507,453
1,617,444
1,464,426
800
760
KaiMU
2,947,517
M<-^i^
8,382,858
MOBtUM
1,252,492
Htfamka
4,600
Hew Mexico
604,890
Korth Dakota
42,000
OlCfOD
43,206
97,810
177,876
TtXM .
466,900
rf%h .
14.748
145,015
689,695
83,645
889,046
1,080,461
662,890
WMhfT^lon
3,426,690
VyOBlllg T T - r
3,183,669
Total
4,624,324
8,829,722
18,113,635
27,656,918
n B 1903 28
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434
MINERAL BESOUBGES.
QtcU production in States west of Afississippi River, 1880, 1890, 1900, and i«»— Cont'd.
State or Territory.
Arkansas
California
Ck>lorado
Idaho
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kansas
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Dakota ....
Oregon
Texas
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
1900.
190S.
Quantity.
Short taru.
1,447,945
172,908
5,244,364
10
1,922,298
5,202,939
4,467,870
3,540,103
1,661,775
Value.
fl,
6>
2.
7,
5,
4,
2,
653,619
510.031
858.036
50
788,124
155,341
454,691
280,328
718.707
Quantity.
ShorttoM,
2.229,172
a 105, 420
7,423,602
4,250
3,517,388
6,419,811
5,839.976
4,238,586
1,488,810
Value.
^860,831
901,318
9,150.^
13,250
6,3%,46S
10,563,910
8,871,958
6,831.297
2.440,846
Total.
] 1,299,299
1,776,170
1,541,781
129,883
158,348
278.645
58.864
220,001
91,144
968,873
1,581,914
926.750
1,147,027
1.447,750
1,681,409
2,474.093
4,700.068
3,193,273
4,014.602
5,457,953
4,686,293
' 33,752.363
45,786,180
43,615,319
2,105, 7»
418,006
221,0S1
1,806, 88S
2.026.038
5,3801, C79
5,731,281
65,312,011
a Includes Alaska.
The production of coal in the several States and Territories in 1903
and preceding years is discussed more in detail in the following pages.
ALABAMA.
Total production in 1903, 11,654,324 short tons; spot value,
$14,246,798.
Compared with 1902, the production of coal in Alabama in 1903
shows an increase of 1,299,754 short tons, or 12.6 per cent, in quantity,
and of $1,827,132, or 14.7 per cent, in value. In 1902 the output of
the State exceeded for the first time in its history a total of 10,000,000
short tons. The record for 1903 shows a continuation of the steady
progress which Alabama has shown in industrial development during
the last thirty years, and the large increase over the production of 1902
was made notwithstanding the fact that work was considerably inter-
rupted by strikes among the mine workers. These diflSculties were
finally adjusted by a board of arbitration consisting of two members
selected by the operatives and two selected by the miners, and pre-
sided over by Hon. George Gray, who was chairman of the Anthracite
Coal Strike Commission.
The census report of 1840 gives the production of coal in Alabama for
that year at 946 short tons. The next record we have is for 1860, when
the output amounted to 10,200 short tons. It was the smallest produc-
tion reported in that year from any coal-producing State. Twenty years
later, in 1880, the production of Alabama amounted to 323,972 short
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COAL. 435
tons, the State ranking fourteenth among the coal-producing States.
In 1882 the production of coal in Alabama was greatly stimulated by the
discovery of rich iron-ore deposits in the vicinity of Birmingham, and
the "Birmingham boom" became a notable event in the history of the
State's industrial development. By 1885 the production had increased
to nearly 2,500,000 short tons. It was in this year that the "boom"
collapsed, and in 1886 the coal production decreased to 1,800,000 short
tons. By the close of 1887 the conditions had settled down to a con-
8er\ative and rational basis, and since that time the coal production of
Alabama has increased almost uninterruptedly to the close of 1903.
In 1890 the production amounted to 4,090,409 short tons. The State
had now become fifth in the Union in the production of coal, and it
has maintained that position continuously since that date, being out-
ranked only by Pennsylvania, Illinois, West Virginia, and Ohio. The
production of 1900 was a little more than double that of ten years
previous, and amounted to 8,394,275 short tons. From 1894 to 1903
the coal production has increased each year without exception.
The average price per ton for all the coal produced in Alabama in
1903 was $1.22, an increase of 2 cents over the price per ton for 1902,
and the highest point reached in a period of sixteen years.
The total number of men employed in the coal mines of Alabama
during 1903 is reported as 21,438, as compared with 16,439 in 1902.
The average amount of working time made by each employee in 1903
was 228 days of nine hours, as compared with 256 for the preceding
year. The average number of tons mined for each employee in 1903
was 543.6 against 630 short tons in 1902. The average tonnage per
day per man in 1903 was 2.38, as compared with 2.46 in 1902 and with
2.22 in 1901. This shows a considerable decrease in the total efficiency
per man, as compared with 1902, but a considerably better showing
than was made in 1901.
In the following tables is presented a statement of the production of
coal in Alabama in 1902 and 1903, by counties, showing the distribu-
tion of the product for consumption, with the value and the statistics
of labor employed for each year:
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436
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
Ooal producUon of Alabama in 190^, by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and
used
by em-
ploy-
ees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
Into coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnoe
nwS num-
Bibb
ShoH
tons.
1,372,745
100,290
3,410,698
119,618
181,241
108, 617
l,74d,078
26,686
263,178
ShoH
tons.
1,92'>
1,280
56,050
650
180
924
16,047
2,000
ShoH
tons.
88,174
220
160,873
7,500
4,672
1,848
80,936
ShoH
tons.
74,566
ShoH
tons.
1,487,407
101,790
5,865,636
166,243
136,043
431,711
1,908,976
28,686
253.178
11.842.168
125,190
6.975.929
11.24
24fil 1.924
Etowah
1.23 261 1 208
Jefferson
2,227,915
28,675
1 19 1 2«l g.400
St. Clair
208,162 1 Sa 1 246 1 TA
Shelby
218,971
527,604
2,147,894
41,250
832.608
1.61 1 206 1 417
Tuscaloosa
820,822
106,920
1.22
1.18
1.44
1.31
236 9W
Walker
228
134
283
3,388
Winston
174
Blount,Cullman,and
Marion
565
*
Total
7,271,146
78,908
244,223
2,760,298
10, 864, 570
12,419,666
1.20
356
ie.4»
Coal production of Alabama in 190Sj by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
trade
and
used
by em-
ploy-
ees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into coke
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-i
acre
pnce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
nnm-
berof
em-
ploy-
Bibb
Etowah
Jefferson
St Clair
Shelby
Tuscaloosa
Walker
Winston
Other counties a
Total
ShjoH
tons.
1,658,202
119.680
3.663,160
124,193
225,776
803,089
2.149,861
50,716
262,840
Short
tons.
40,816
87,829
784
2.689
86.716
11.897
26
8.696
ShoH
tons.
61,649
150
181,979
10.256
12,597
12,048
29,615
100
6,876
ShoH
tons.
490
2.412,864
17,181
268,640
174.622
300
Short
tons.
1,661.167
119,830
6.194.882
152.813
240,962
610.392
2,865,386
60,841
268,612
12,278.061
191,728
7,846,973
210,610
871,872
706.285
2,726,550
70,750
844,019
11.38
1.60
1.19
1.38
1.54
1.16
1.15
1.89
1.28
282
217
2U
214
2M
284
244
2,880
XU
11,7»
4S1
8fie
!,«
8,949
14S
704
8,347,607
138,201
305,269
2,863,347 11.664,824
14.246,798
1.22!
21,488
a Blount, Cullman, Dekalb, Jackson, and Marion.
In the following table is shown the production, by counties, during
the last five years, and the increase and decrease in 1903 as compared
with 1902. Each of the more important producing counties, with the
exception of St. Clair, shows increased production in 1903. The total
increase of 1,299,754 is a little greater than the increase of 1902 over
1901,
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CX>AL.
437
Coal producHon of Alahamay 1899-190S, by counties,
[Short tons.]
Goonty.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Increase in
1908.
Decrease
in 1903.
Mbb
912,263
15,724
964,785
18,572
20,855
5,255.296
156,270
185.832
268,422
1,489,880
a 49, 863
85.000
1,258,853
143,697
93,591
6.M9,715
140,816
149,132
874,718
1.284,025
69.505
85.000
1,487,407
a 268, 178
101,790
5,855,536
156,243
186,043
431,711
1,903,976
28,686
1,651,157
a260,802
119,830
6,194,832
162,318
240,962
610,392
2,865.385
60,841
7,810
163,750
7,624
18,040
• 339.296
Blount
rnnmiin , .
Etovah
9,578
4,878,696
62,252
86,928
825,461
Jefferson
SLClaJr
3,980
Shelby
104.919
178.681
461.409
22,155
7,810
Tuscaloosa
Walker
1,249,294
Winston
028,220
86.000
Small mines
Total
7.508,416
8.894,275
9.099,052
10,354.570
11.654,824
01,299,754
a Includes production of Marion County.
b Small-mine production included in county distribution.
0 Net increase.
In the following table is presented the distribution of the coal pro-
duction of Alabama for fifteen years. In this statement the amount of
ooal reported as loaded at mines for shipment includes considerable
quantities of coal shipped to other points in the State and there made
bto coke. About one-third of the coal which finally goes into the
manufacture of coke in Alabama is reported at the mines as shipped
to market. The total quantity of coal made into coke in Alabama in
1903 was 4,237,491 short tons.
DiMributian of the coal product of Alabamay 1889-190S.
Tear.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
prfce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Short
tons.
ShoH
torn.
Short
tons.
Short
tons.
Short
ton*.
U»
2.327,209
59.946
79.615
1,106.814
8,572,983
93,961,491
$1.10
248
6,975
1»....'..
2.487.983
84,578
88,952
1.428,896
4,090,409
4.202.469
1.03
217
10,961
law
3.822.818
91.456
100.160
1.746,852
4.759,781
5,087,596
1.07
268
9,302
\m
8.122.076
87,843
186.627
2.233.767
5,529,812
5,788,898
1.05
271
10,075
\m
8,586.985
59.599
96,412
1.443.989
6,186,935
5.096.792
.99
237
11,294
MN
8.269,548
43.911
180,404
953,815
4,397,178
4,085,535
.93
238
10,859
rm
S. 610, 438
272.661
187.021
1.673.770
6,693,775
6.126,822
.90
244
10,346
vm
8.«6,498
285.416
188.268
1.769.520
6,748,697
5,174.135
.90
248
9,894
vm
4.54S.6ff7
86.790
126.187
1.137.196
5.893.770
6.192,085
.88
233
10,697
vm
4.926,828
107,576
146.808
1.855.071
6,535,288
4.982,776
.75
250
10,783
vm
4.701,612
79,994
156.514
2.656,296
7.593.416
8.266.462
1.09
238
18,481
MB
16. 108. Oil
146,691
189,474
1.950.199
8.894.275
9.793.786
1.17
257
18,967
aw
j«,«16,»4
86,029
214,952
2.182,477
9.099.052
10.000.892
1.10
286
17,370
rm
7,2n,146
78,906
244.223
2,760,298
10.854,570
12.419,666
1.20
266
16,489
Ml
8.847,607
188.201
805,269
2.868.847
11,654,821
14.246.798
1.22
228
21.438
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438
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
In the following table is shown the total production of Alabama
since 1870:
Annual coal production of Alabama, 1870-1903,
Year.
Year.
Quantity.
1870a
ShoriUms,
11,000
15,000
16,800
44,800
50,400
67,200
112,000
196,000
•224,000
280,000
828.972
420,000
896,000
1,568,000
2,240,000
2,492,000
1,800,000
1887
Short Um.
1,950,000
1871
1888
2,900,000
1872.
1889
8,572,981
1873
1890
4,090,409
1874
1891
4,750,781
1875
1892
5.529,312
1876
1893
5,136,935
1877
1891
1895
4,397,178
1878
5,698.775
1879
1896
5,748,697
1880a
1897
5,898,770
1881
1898
6,535,28S
1882
1899
7,593,416
1883
1900
8,394,275
1884
1901
9,099,062
1885
1902
I0,85i,570
1886
1908
11,654,324
a United States census fiscal year.
ALASKA.
The year 1903 has seen very little change in the development of the
Alaskan coal fields. The production, which is limited entirely to that
for local use, does not exceed a few thousand tons, but some of the
coal-bearing areas give promise of being of considerable importance.
In southeastern Alaska the Admiralty Island coal fields, which at one
time promised to furnish lignites for local use, have been practically
entirely abandoned. Three hundred miles to the westward, however,
near Controller Bay, coal, which is not only of excellent quality, but
which also occurs in veins of commercial importance, has been found
on the Bering River. This coal resembles the harder bituminous coals
of the East more than it does anthracite, but its composition shows it
to be semianthracite of somewhat the same composition as the^coals
of the Bernice Basin in Pennsylvania, although it appears to be purer
and has higher heating power than the latter.
Some prospecting of these seams has been made in a district which
lies some 20 miles from the coast. At present there has been no pro-
duction because it will be necessary to build a railroad to bring the
coal to the coast. A detailed account of this field, by Dr. George C.
Martin, has been published.^*
Work was carried on for several years at Homer, on Kachemak
Bay, in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska, but this was suspended in
a See Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 225, pp. 371-375.
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COAL. 439
1902 after three tunnels had been driven and two shafts had been sunk.
This coal had found some local consumption, but work was suspended
about the time the productive stage was reached.
C!oal mining has been carried on in a limited way near Chignik Bay
for sev^eral years, the product being used by the Alaska Packers'
Association. The average production probably does not exceed 600
tons annually. Both the Chignik and Homer coal fields carry lignites
of a fair quality, but the entire production up to date has probably
not exceeded 5,000 tons.
The coal mining on the Yukon has received a decided check with the
introduction of petroleum-burning engines on many of the river
steamers. Practically all of the coal mining operations were suspended
in this district during the summer of 1903, though some of the coal
has been found to be of very good grade.^ The production of the
entire Yukon field probably has not exceeded 1,000 tons during 1903.
The demand for fuel on the part of the placer miners of the Seward
Peninsula has led to a careful search for coal in this field, but with
only moderate success. One small basin, however, has furnished
probably 1,000 tons for local use. This area lies in the northeastern
part of the peninsula, on Chicago Creek, a tributary of the Inmachuk
fiiver. Coal is^ said to find a ready market at this mine at $40 a ton.
Another possible source of fuel supply is to be found in the Cape
Lisburne coal fields, lying about 300 miles north of Nome. Here coal
is known to occur in considerable quantities, but it has been developed
very little. In 1901 several cargoes were mined and sold at Nome for
$18 and $20 a ton, in competition with Comax and Washington coal,
at 125 a ton. The total amount produced in 1903 probably did not
exceed 2Q or 30 tons, and was disposed of to whalers. All of the min-
ing was confined to the croppings along the sea cliflf and was carried
to ships in small boats.
ARKANSAS.
Total production in 1903, 2,229,172 short tons; spot value, $3,360,831.
Since 1899 the production of coal in Arkansas has increased annu-
ally, and in 1903, for the first time in the history of the State, the
output exceeded 2,000,000 tons. Compared with 1902, the production
in 1903 shows an increase of 285,240 short tons, or 14.7 per cent, in
quantity and $821,617, or 32.4 per cent, in value. The average price
in 19(J3 was $1.51 as compared with $1.31 in 1902. The price per ton
in 1903 was the highest reached in the fifteen years for which the
statistics are available.
A large part of the coal product of Arkansas is semianthracite in
quality, highly prized as a domestic fuel in Memphis, St. Louis, and in
other large cities in the Mississippi Valley, where it has largely sup-
•Golller, Arthnr J., The cxnU resources of the Ynkon: Bull. U. S. Qeol. Survey No. 218.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
440
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
planted the use of Pennsylvania anthracite. This coal is pradically
smokeless, burning with a short, hot flame, and leaves a comparatively
small amount of ash. Of the total product in 1903, 1,344,996 short
tons consisted of this semianthracite coal, as compared with 1,808,493
short tons of semianthracite produced in 1902.
During the year there were employed 4,157 men, who made an
average of 223 days each, as compared with 3,595 men with an average
of 188 days in 1902. The total number of tons mined for each man
employed in 1903 was 536.2 as against 540.7 tons in 1902. The average
tonnage per man per day decreased from 2.88 tons in 1902 to 2.4 tons
in 1903, indicating a falling off of about 17 per cent in the daily
efficiency of the mine workers. This is probably due to the decrease
in the number of working hours per day, the mines being worked
during 1903 on an average of eight hours per day.
In the following tables are presented the statistics of production in
1902 and 1903, with the distribution of the product for consumption,
by counties, the average time worked, and the average number of
employees:
Coal production of Arkansas in 190^, by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
udedby
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for steam
and heat.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Avenge
number
of em-
ployees.
Franklin
Short
tons.
327,418
186,812
19,286
29,389
1,276,324
26,683
ShoH
tons.
1,199
1,072
1,215
500
6,053
3,600
Short
tons.
9,396
5,874
1,250
5,077
43,804
480
Short
tons.
338,013
193,258
21,751
84,966
1,325,181
80,763
•377,794
404,822
86,000
101,474
1,588,209
85,915
$1.12
2.09
1.66
2.90
1.19
1.17
1.31
154
167
196
188
199
. 245
509
Johnson
519
T/^gan
71
Pope
136
Sebastian
2,aM
Ouachita and Scott
ec
Total
1,864,912
13,639
65,381
1.943,932
2,639,214
188
3,6«
Coal production of Arkansas in 1903, by counHes.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployeea
Franklin
ShoH
tons.
387,234
192,536
24,576
41,195
1,468,631
28,816
Short
tons.
2,163
1,350
1,790
1,104
13,836
175
Short
tons.
6,497
6,113
920
6,637
46,421
1,288
ShoH
tons.
894,884
198,999
27,286
48,836
1,528,888
30,279
$491,202
306,807
68.139
167,498
2,276,298
60,892
$1.24
1.54
2.13
3.48
1.49
2-01
227
202
208
20O
228
196
650
Johnson
4S9
Logan -
80
Pope
247
Sebastian
2,««
Ouachita, Perry, and
Scott
'
Total
2,142,988
20.408
65,776
2,229,172
8,860,881
1.61
228
4,157
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
OOAL.
441
In the following table is shown the production since 1889, by
counties:
CixU production ofArkanms, 1899-1903^ by counties.
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Fmnklln
Johnson
Logan
Pope
Sebastian
Ooachita and Scott.
SmaU mtnes
<i267,196
580,858
a442,466
999,479
504,946
1,305,190
6,000
6,000
6,000
838,013
394,884
198,258
198,999
21,751
27,286
34,966
48,836
1,825,181
1,528,888
30,763
630,279
(^)
Total.
843,554
1,447.945
1,816,136
1,943,932
2,229,172
a Includes also prodaction of Logan County.
b Includes also production of Perry County.
0 Small-mine production included with county distribution.
Since 1889 the distribution of the coal product of Arkansas has been
as follows:
DiMributiou of the coal product of ArkanmSj 1889-190S,
Year.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
ShoH
] tons.
Vm 268,518
mo 874,969
101 518,120
MK 513.908
Vm ! 549,604
194 488,077
M5 576.112
im 647,240
vm 827,518
im "1,167,108
vm 811,866
ISQO 'l,896,674
1901 jl,754,587
UOS ;i,864,912
IM 2,142,968
I
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Short
tons.
6.820
9,240
8,909
7,450
11,778
7,870
14,985
8.640
11,688
13,256
10.296
10,960
11,926
13,689
20,408
ShoH
tons.
4,246
15,679
15,350
14,200
13,481
16,679
7,275
19,494
18,084
25,120
21,892
40,321
49,683
65,881
65,776
Total
quantity.
Short
tons.
279,584
399,888
542,379
535,558
574,763
512,626
596,822
675,374
866,190
1,206,479
843,554
1,447,M5
1,816,186
1,943,982
2,229,172
Total
value.
1395,836
514,505
647,560
666,200
773,347
631,988
751,156
755,577
908,998
1,288,778
989,383
1,653,618
2,068,613
2,589,214
8,860,831
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
$1.42
1.29
1.19
1.24
1.34
1.22
1.25
1.12
1.06
1.08
1.17
1.14
1.14
1.81
1.51
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
214
214
199
151
134
176
168
156
163
156
219
228
188
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
677
938
1,817
1,128
1,569
1,493
1,218
1,507
1,990
2,565
2,818
2,800
8,144
8,595
4,167
The Sixth United States Census, covering the fiscal year 1840,
reported the coal production of Arkansas at 220 short tons, this being
the first record of any coal production in that State. No other official
%ure8 of coal production were obtained until 1880 when for the fiscal
year ending June 80 the output, according to the Tenth Census,
amoonted to 14,778 short tons. Since that date the production of
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442
HIKEI^AL BEdOURCSS.
Arkansas has grown to large proportions, as is shown in the following
table:
Annual production of coal in ArkansaSj 1880-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Qnaotity.
1880
14,778
10,000
15,000
50,000
76,000
100,000 1
125,000
129,600
276,871
279,584
899,888
542,379
1892
535,^
1881
1893
574,765
1882
1894
1895
1896
512,636
1883
598.822
1884
675,374
1886
1897
856,190
1886
1898
1,206,479
1887
1899
843,554
1888 ',
1900
1,447,W5
1,816,196
1,913,932
1889
1901
1890
1902
1S91
1908
2,229,172
CALIFORNIA.
Total production in 1903, 104,673 short tons; spot value, $294,736.
Notwithstanding the increased production and use of petroleum in
California, the output of coal in 1903 was larger than that of the pre-
ceding year. It did not, however, equal the production of any one o!
the four years immediately preceding 1902. As compared with 1902,
the production of 1903 indicates an increase of 19,689 short tons, or 23
per cent in quantity, while the value increased $40,386, or 15. 9 per cent
The larger part of the product continues to come from Alameda
Count^', where the mines are conveniently located for supplying the
market of San Francisco.
It is interesting to note that during 1903 a plant for briquetting
lignite coal produced at Tesla, in Alameda Ciounty, was construct^!,
the object being to increase the fuel efficiency of the product by man-
ufacturing it into briquettes, using heavy California crude petroleum
as a binder.
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COAL.
443
The statistics of production in California since 1889 have been as
follows:
Distribution of the coal product of California, 1889-190S.
Year.
Tmded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
18»
Short
tons.
Ill, 128
103,436
86,783
73,269
fri,733
52,736
60,440
69,608
74,762
123,568
151, (Ml
160,608
132,566
79,485
83,339
Short
tons.
3,146
2,121
3,424
9,679
6,336
8,143
12,171
4,637
6,869
15,996
6,242
4,550
597
1,721
6,808
Short
tons.
7,546
5,154
3,094
2,230
2,634
6,868
2,842
4,399
4,361
4,724
4,432
6,^
17,916
3,778
14,526
Short
tons.
121,820
110,711
93,301
85,178
72,603
67,247
75,453
78, M4
85,992
144,288
160,715
m,708
151,079
84,984
104,673
•288,232
283,019
204,902
209,711
167,655
155,620
175,778
166,123
201,236
349,915
428,333
523,231
3»1,106
264,850
294,786
$2.37
2.56
2.20
2.46
2.31
2.31
2.33
2.12
2.^
2.43
2.67
3.06
2.60
2.99
2.82
1860
301
222
204
208
232
262
297
150
265
291
809
289
312
307
364
m\
266
1892
187
189B
158
laM
126
IMS
190
vm
157
1897
368
im
284
vm
368
isoo
378
1901
428
woa
1908
207
208
The records of the State Mining Bureau of California show a pro-
duction of coal in that State as early as 1861. It was at that time one
of the fifteen coal-producing States. During the latter part of that
decade and of the one following, the production of California exceeded
100,000 tons annually, and reached a maximum of 237,000 tons in 1880.
Sbee 1881 the production has been rather irregular, having been
largely regulated by the imports of Australia and British Columbia
coals. The receipts of Australian coal have depended principally
upon the wheat production and shipments from the Pacific coast.
Vessels bringing Australian coal as return cargoes have very low
freight rates. During the last few years the production of oil in the
State has also had considerable influence on the production of Cali-
fornia coal. If the briquetting plant at Tesla proves to be a practical
and commercial success, the industry should be less liable to the fluc-
tuations to which it has been subjected in the past.
The table following shows the production of coal in California since
1861.
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444
MtKEBAL B£S0UB0£8.
Coal production of California, 1861-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
QuanUty.
Year.
Quantity.
1861
6,620
23,400
43.200
50,700
60,530
84,020
124,690
143,676
157,234
141,890
152,498
190,859
186,611
215,352
166,688
128,049
107,789
134,237
147,879
236,960
140,000
112,602
1883 '.
76,162
1862
1884
77,485
1863
1886
71,615
1864
1886
100,000
1865
1887
50,000
1866
1888
96,000
1867
1889
119,830
1868
1890
110, 7U
1869
1891
9S,301
1870
1892
85,178
1871
1893
72,608
1872
1894
€7,2(7
1878
1896
75,453
1874
1896
78,544
1875
1897
84,992
1876
1898
144,288
1877
1899
1 160,715
171.708
1878
1900
1879
1
1901 ' 151.079
IfcSOa
1902
84,984
1881
1903
104, 67S
1882
a United States census, fiscal year.
COLORADO.
' Total production in 1903, 7,423,602 shorttons; spot value, f9,150,94a.
Ciolorado ranks first among the coal-producing States west of the
Mississippi River, and eighth among the entire United States. The
development of coal mining in the State has been pushed with great
energy during the last four or five years, and notwithstanding that
conditions were very unsettled during 1903, as a result of strikes
among the mine workers, the production was slightly in excess of
that of the preceding year. It was considerably more than double
that of 1897 and one and one-half times the output in 1899.
Comparing the production of the last two years, it is found that the
output of 1903 was 22,259 short tons, or 0.3 per cent more than that
of 1902, and that the value increased $753,131, or about 9 per cent
A comparison of the statistics of 1903 as compared with those of
1902 shows that in the later year there was a decrease in the average
production per man employed for the entire year and an increase in
the average tonnage per man per day. In 1902 there were 8,956 men
employed who worked an average of 261 days, producing 7,401,343
short tons, or 826 tons per man. In 1903 the number of employees
was 9,229, working an average of 245 days, and producing 7,423,603
short tons, or an average of 804.4 tons per man for the year. The
daily average production per man in 1902 was 3.16, while in 1903 it
increased to 3.28, showing a greater intensity of labor during the time
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445
the mines were in opei*ation. The time lost by strike is illustrated
in the decrease from an average of 261 working days in 1902 to 245
working days in 1903. The average number of working hours per day
in 1903 was 9.
The production, by counties, in 1902 and 1903, with the distribution
of the product for consumption, and the statistics of labor employed,
is shown in the following tables:
Coal production of Colorado in 190S, by counties.
1
Loaded at
County. 1 mines for
! shipment.
1
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Boulder
Short
tOM.
719, 5M
410
Short
tons.
48.464
8,790
140.714
2,669
2,361
1,619
4.891
10,178
26,250
2.536
80.402
8.884
Short
tOM.
38.863
150
3,700
31,686
4,090
8,614
27,867
607
65,435
45
4,627
6.412
Short
tons.
ShoH
ton$.
806,371
SI. Old. 072
$1.26
1.33
1.31
1.66
1.10
1.54
1.22
1.49
.90
1.48
1.46
1.00
268
235
282
262
261
261
241
220
268
106
252
269
941
Ddta
. 9,360 1 12,450
218,549 -286.270
16
ElPaso
74.185
gfil.MVl
302
nvnhont
695,999
1,146,416
228,935
663,693
1,446,866
230,901
2,919,146
4,698
106,674
432,891
979
Qazfleld 200.821
207,262
202
Gunnison 282,861
Hoer&no i.l.^.fiKi
101,880
364.874
1,189,813
156.029
3,245,271
3.180
78,681
432.464
436
1,406
lAplatA
143,412
832
1,234,470
229
Lis Animas
Roatt
1.929.116
600
38.662
197.296
3,925
20
Weld
160
Other ooimtiesa .. .
225,878
841
TWal
6.875,216'
282,027
181,646
1,562.566
7.401,843
8,397,812
1.13
261
8,956
a Arapahoe, Larimer, Mesa, Montezuma, Ouray, Pitkin, and Rio Blanco.
Coal production of Colorado in 190Sf by counties.
Coimtj.
BodUer
Ddta
nPiMo
ftaaoDt, . . . .
Gaiteld
Ouniiisoo. . . .
Huflcfuio...
UPlata
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Wdd
OtiMT eoontiestt .
Total.
tons.
721.986
4,960
127,679
681.967
167,299
880.781
1.288.604
186.682
2.009,808
27.680
61,747
104,090
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
em-
ployees.
Short
tons.
88.183
8,009
78,836
23.463
4,498
2,600
6,496
6.161
87,491
752
2,776
28.825
8,786
2,497
6,618,888 248,812 188,665
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
ShoH
tons.
48,766
60
1,882
28,438
4,567
7,804
29.676
794
59,686
20
4,420
8,178
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
96,919
1,106,798
170.175
1,872,892
Total
quantity,
Short
tons.
808,924
13,029
207,797
633,858
176.864
436.604
1.319,666
148.637
8,218,743
28.462
2,775
94,492
846,774
2.497
7,423,602
Total
value.
$1,202,867
19.610
267.893
1,110,373
206,926
626,859
1,757.722
214.481
3.191.566
42.628
4,175
146,544
853.495
4,465
9,150,943
Aver-
age
price
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
$1.60
1.50
1.29
L75
1.18
1.43
1.34
1.49
.99
1.50
L50
L55
1.02
1.23
184
217
284
257
161
268
267
229
264
169
117
202
288
245
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
1,221
49
807
881
278
566
1,649
202
3,664
57
14
192
260
9,220
a Aimpahoe, Larimer, Pitkin, and Rio Blanco.
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446
MINERAL RESOUBOES.
As is shown in the following table, there were no very decided
increases or decreases in any of the coal-producing counties. The
more important increases were in Gunnison County, from 364,874
short tons in 1902 to 436,604 short tons in 1903, and Huerfano County,
which increased from 1,189,313 short tons in 1902 to 1,319,666 short
tons in 1903. The counties in which the larger decreases in produc-
tion occurred are Fremont, which dropped from 695,999 short tons in
1902 to 633,858 short tons in 1903; Garfield, from 207,262 short tons
in 1902 to 176,354 short tons in 1903; and Pitkin, which decreased
from 414,244 short tons in 1902 to 342,054 short tons in 1903.
The production of the State, by counties, since 1899, with the
increases and decreases of 1903 as compared with 1902, is shown in
the following table:
Coed prodadion of ColoradOf 1899-1903 y by counties,
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Increase,
1908.
Decreaae,
Boulder
540,475
574,384
482,976
806,871
9,350
218,549
695,999
207,262
364,874
1,189,813
803,924
13,029
207,797
638,858
176,854
436,604
1,319,666
2,447
Delta
8,679
El Paso
94,334
619,413
141, 159
432,555
854,944
3,000
123,524
2,123,411
176,942
175,979
536,313
173,707
397,043
918,609
10,793
Fremont
620,609
134,854
819,434
632,577
9,900
116,500
2,125,143
172,917
62,141
Garfield
80. W
Gunnison
71,730
130.853
Huerfano
Jefferson
La Plata
144,892
2,476,138
325,872
1,658
33,374
33,555
155,029
3,245,271
414,244
8,180
73,681
18,220
* 143,637
8,213,743
342,054
2,776
94,492
86,669
U,302
Las Animas
31,828
Pitkin
72,190
Routt
406
Weld
47.573
56,742
80,015
21,733
20,811
17,449
other counties
Total
4,776,224
5,244,864
6,700,016
7,401,348
7,428,602
a22,259
a Net increase.
The distribution of the coal product of Colorado from 1889 to 1903
is shown in the following table:
Distribution of ike coed product of Colorado^ 1889-190S.
Year.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
AVer-
price
£tf.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver
num-
ber of
em-
pJoy-
eea
1889
ShoH
tone.
2,109,385
2,636,989
2.984,332
2,988,980
3,345,961
2,181,048
Short
tons.
91,248
65,432
70,000
126,748
66,886
66,688
Short
tons.
88,587
48,451
60,000
66,721
178,993
112,414
^loH
tons.
808,061
843,181
468,800
389,381
612,059
481,269
Short
tons.
2,597,181
3,094,008
8,612,632
8,510,830
4,102,389
2,881,409
», 993, 768
4,344,196
4.800,000
6,686,112
5,104,602
3,616,840
»1.54
1.40
1.87
1.62
1.24
1.24
229
188
165
4.9(M
1890
6,89
1891
6,000
1892
6,747
1893
7,2«
1894
6.607
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COAL.
447
DisLriinUion of the coed product of Cohrado, i6»9-i^;f— Continued.
1 Sold to
1 Loaded local
v^, 1 at mines trade and
*«^- 1 for ship- used by
ment. em-
1 ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Avei^
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
em-
ploy-
ees.
W95
m
wn
13»
Short
ton..
2,445,578
2,424.027
2,649,042
8,132,676
3.681,341
4,027,872
4,360,285
5,376,216
5.618,838
Short
tons.
49,088
65,765
76,699
130,305
118,153
106,917
92,304
282,027
248.312
tons.
99.055
93,128
93,782
117,820
106,988
139,085
157,579
181.546
188.665
Short
tons.
489,261
529.490
542.180
696.546
869,742
970,490
1,099,847
1,562,555
1,372.892
Shvrt
tons.
8,082.9«2
8,112,400
8,361.703
4,076,347
4,776,224
5.244,864
5,700,015
7,401,343
7,423,602
$3,675,185
3,606,642
3,947,186
4,686,081
5,363,667
5.858.036
6.441.891
8.897,812
9.150,943
$1.2(f
1.16
1.17
1.15
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.23
182
172
180
220
246
264
253
261
246
6.126
6.704
6,852
6,440
1»9
7,166
1900
7.469
1901
8,870
19K
8.956
1«S
9.229
Colorado is one of the few States from which we have a reliable
record of its coal production from the time coal was firet produced in
the State. The records show that Colorado began producing coal in
1864, in which year the output amounted to only 500 tons. It was not
until 1876 that the production reached 100,000 tons. From that time
it has increased with remarkable rapidity, reaching a total of 1,000,000
short tons in 1882, and of 2,000,000 tons in 1888. The 3,000,000-ton
maA was reached in 1890, 4,000,000 in 1893, and 5,000,000 in 1900.
The following table shows the annual production from the time that
coal mining began in 1864 to the close of 1903:
Coed production of ColoradOy 1864^190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
W4
500
im
1.200
vm
6,400
\m:
17.000
10.500
iw
vm
8,000
vmc
4,500
vm
15,600
im
68.540
im
69.997
t>C4
77,372
96,838
W5
W»
117,666
liC7
160,000
200.680
322,732
462,747
706.744
1,061,479
1,229,593
IRI
V79
vm*
iw....
MB
im
Year.
1884..
1885..
1886..
1887.,
1888.
1889.,
Quantity.
1891..
! 1892..
, 1893..
I 1894.
1896..
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
1,130.024
1,356,062
1,368,388
1,791,785
2,185,477
2,597,181
3,077,003
3,512,682
3,610,830
4,102,889
2,831,409
3,082,982
3,112,400
3,361,703
4,076,347
4,776,224
5,244,864
5,700.016
7.401.848
7.428,602
a United States census, fiscal year.
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448
MINEBAL BBS0UBCE8'
GEORGIA.
Total production in 1903, 416,951 short tons; spot value, $521,459.
The entire coal production of Georgia comes from two counties in
the northwestern part of thtB State — Dade and Walker. The coal beds
form a part of what is known as the Warrior field of the adjoining
State of Alabama. Although on the extreme eastern limit of tiie
basin the coal mined in Georgia is of excellent quality and enjoys an
enviable reputation as a steam-raising fuel. It is in good demand for
bunker coal at South Atlantic ports. It is also well adapted for the
manufacture of coke, which finds a market among the iron furnaces in
the vicinity of Chattanooga.
The coal production of the State has increased steadily since 1899.
The production of 1903, compared with 1902, shows an increase of
2,868 short tons, while the value decreased $67,559. The average
price per ton for all coal sold in the State decreaaed from (1.42 to $1.25.
Owing to the fact that a large number of the mine workers of
Georgia are convicts leased from the State the statistics of labor
employed are of comparatively little value. It is interesting to note,
however, that the mines of that State are operated an average of ten
hours per day, while in most of the other States the aveiuge is eight
or nine.
The statistics of production during the last fifteen years are pre-
sented in the following table:
CkxU production of Georgia gince 1889,
Year.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
trade
andnsed
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Made
Into coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Atcp-
Bge \ Avenge
num-
ber of
days
actire.
number
of em-
ployees.
1S90
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
8hoH
tons.
46,181
57,949
16,000
52,614
196,227
178,610
135,692
120,496
120,396
135,926
149,954
160,889
249,581
278,847
267,869
Short
torn.
158
1,000
250
150
875
1,481
890
440
1,305
550
1,700
812
Short
tons.
15,000
5,000
3,756
4,869
8,978
6,256
7,520
5,500
5,650
6,160
6.895
1,930
8,060
2,218
Short
tons.
164,645
170,888
150,000
168,878
171,644
166,528
118,900
109,655
68,490
101,721
76,567
146,468
90,764
130,466
146,552
ShoH
ions.
225,934
228,337
171,000
216,498
872,740
354,111
260,998
238,546
195,869
244,187
233, lU
315,667
342,826
414,083
416,951
$888,901
288,315
266,500
212,761
866,972
299,290
215,863
168,050
140,466
198,169
283,344
870,022
411,685
689,018
621,460
$1.60
1.04
1.60
.99
.98
.86
.83
.70
.72
.81
1.00
1.17
1.20
1.42
1.26
S13
812
277
842
301
312
308
804
298
302
278
291
812
296
43S
8se
467
736
729
MS
713
4S9
6M
667
697
766
7»
Digitized by
Google
COAL.
449
The United States census for 1860 credited Georgia with an output
of 1,900 short tons of coal. From that date until 1884 whatever pro-
duction there may have been, was not reported.
With the opening of the mines in Walker County in 1884 the pro-
duction was estimated at 150,0Q(> tons. Since that date the output of
the State has been as follows:
Coed production of Georgia, 1884r-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity. |i Year.
Quantity.
US4
150,000
1
1894
354,111
260,998
238,546
196,869
244,187
233,111
315 567
1885
150,000
223,000
313,715
180,000
225,984
228.337
171,000
216,498
872,740
1896
1886
1896
vssi
1897 •
M88
1896
1889
1899
1900
1890
l«l
1901..
342,825
414,083
416,961
1«K, . ^
1902
vm ,
1908
ILLINOIS.
Total production in 1903, 86,957,104 short tons; spot value, $43,-
196,809«
Compared with the production in 1902 the output of Illinois in 1903
shows an increase of 4,017,731 short tons, or 12.2 per cent, in quantity,
and of $9,250,899, or 27.8 per cent, in value. The increase in value in
1903 over 1902 surpasses all previous records made in the State. The
iiM;reased value of 1902 over 1901 ($5,781,973) makes a total increase
for the two years of $15,032,872, or more than 53 per cent of the total '
ndoe in 1901. The production in the two years shows an increase of
9,625,562 short tons, or 35 per cent.
Dlinois continues to hold second place among the coal-producing
States, and by the increases of the last two years has considerably
outstripped her only rival, West Virginia. One of the causes of this
iDcreased production in Illinois is the comparative immunity from
strikes in the coal mines since 1898. The production of West Virginia,
on the other hand, was considerably interfered with by labor troubles
during 1902 and 1903. Another interesting feature in connection with
the production of coal in Illinois was the increase in the average pro-
duction per man for the year as compared with the two preceding years.
In 1901 the average production per man was 653 short tons, in 1902
it was 695 short tons, and in 1908 it was 731 short tons. The average
production per man per day has increased from 2.97 short tons in 1901
and 3.08 tons in 1902 to 8.21 tons it 1903. Part of this increased effi^
ciency, if not all, was due to the increased use of mining machinery.
If B 1903 29 , .^t^ci\o
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
450
MINEBAL BE8OUE0E8.
The report for 1901 showed there were 464 machines in use in the
State in 1901 that produced 5,774,639 tons of coal. In 1902 the number
of machines reported in use was 508 and the total machine product wj^
7,112,039 tons. In 1903 the machine-mined product was 7,381,027
tons, and the number of machines reported in use was 553.
The mine workers in Illinois averaged eight houre per day during
1903.
In the following tables are shown the statistics of production, by
counties, in 1902 and 1903, the distribution of the production for con-
sumption, and the statistics of labor employed:
Coal production of Illinois in 1902 ^ by comities.
County.
Brown
Bureau
Christian ,
Clinton
Fulton
Gallatin
Greene
Grundy ...
Hancock
Henry
Jackson
Jersey
Johnson
Knox
Lasalle
Livingston . . .
Logan
McDonough . .
McLean
Macoupin
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Menard
Mercer
Montgomery .
Morgan
Peoria
Perry
Randolph
Rock Island . .
St. Clair
Saline
Sangamon . . . .
Schuyler
Scott
Shelby
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
ShoH
tons.
1,658,131
815,601
795,793
871,108
18,825
1,328,815
1,570
44,888
857,198
200
86,540
1,487,507
299,012
218,500
20,858
77,000
2,088,169
2,282,236
841.127
421.467
419,067
577,148
558,500
728,411
931,406
431, 131
60,258
2,537,147
278,662
8,669,213
2,520
15,990
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
ShoH
tons.
1,230
55,182
77,157
13,092
68,374
11,971
6,000
47,962
11,800
89,859
27,700
3,520
8,650
48,481
804.862
85,613
35,132
14,188
90,200
66.419
58.119
87,553
19,813
29.516
88,837
46,113
4,775
118,554
84,078
18,663
81,490
188,451
18,279
379.192
15,877
10,945
19.810
Short
tOM.
61,879
48.278
25,433
24.126
615
87,702
80
8.566
46.594
58,867
10.458
15.076
150
7.800
85.747
84.829
43.976
17.416
23,875
24,156
14,745
5
15,825
25,860
7.190
1.675
96.660
5,630
124.817
60
500
8,936
Made
into
coke.
Short
tont.
Total
quantity.
Short
toru.
1.230
1.769.642
986.036
884.818
958,607
80.911
6,000
1,414,479
13,400
188.312
990,487
8.520
8.850
86.851
1.846.286
895.088
268.707
84.636
175.000
2.185.825
2,874,684
922,656
458.186
471.958
640.141
619.448
4,780
862,875
991.844
456.984
83.418
2,822.248
297.571
4.172.722
18,457
27,436
87,112
Total
value.
$1,706
2,401,485
890.512
771.246
1,104,963
85,080
9,265
1,880.281
22,800
229,509
1,023,853
5,480
4.195
128.067
2,369.869
544.581
802.894
67,997
254,775
1,911,877
1,941,599
787,737
611,491
473,369
766,726
641,042
7.170
968.619
926.181
377,818
120,689
2.425.846
277.808
8.865.742
28,661
42,168
178.089
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Avei^
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
$1.39
1.86
.95
.92
L16
I.IS
1.54
L3S
L70
1.66
LIO
1.66
L09
1.49
1.28
1.88
1 18
L67
1.46
.87
.82
.85
1.83
LOO
L20
1.03
L60
1.13
.98
.83
L45
.86
.98
.92
L28
1.54
2.04
Avenge
numba
of em-
ployees.
104
248
196
246
212
138
199
219
172
226
214
100
98
190
257
257
222
159
289
226
228
256
278
239
249
217
201
222
166
213
202
222
226
230
163
235
190
U
S,8U
1,S33
9»
1,706
m
23
SI
824
1,288
2D
10
246
8,4W
58S
8»
in
2.424
»4
862
587
590
15
1,1S7
1,930
4S5
m
S.014
2K
4.7W
»
83
218
Digitized by
Google
COAL.
451
Coal production of Illinois in i90^, by counties — CJontinued.
Cbanty.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
prtce
ton.
AVer-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Stark
Short
lOM.
6,640
97,089
2,330,705
2,200
88,754
25,125
2,229,073
262,632
ShoH
tOM.
21,833
72,174
210.043
13,577
14,961
14,367
81,682
101,796
Short
ton$.
570
8,755
44,543
800
8,180
1,810
65,187
19,798
Short
tons.
Short
Umt.
29,043
173,018
2,585,291
16,077
56,885
40,792
2.825,942
884,226
$48,162
198,891
2,646,608
27,935
55,405
78,012
2,116.280
601,839
$1.66
1.15
.99
1.74
.97
1.79
.91
1.31
158
210
280
140
219
209
206
220
107
Taxewell
811
Vermilfon
Warren
8,445
57
Washington
Will
83
146
Wmiamson
OCbercoantiesa..
2,869
992
Total
29,299,137
2,601,770
1,048,881
85
32,989,873
38,945,910
1.08
226
47,411
«Bond, Calhoun, Cass, Edwards, Hamilton, JefFerson, Kankakee, Macon, Wabash, and Woodford.
Coal production of Illinois in 190S, by counties.
Ccmnty.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Bureaa
Chiisdan..
Clinton
Poltoo
GaUatin ...
Grundy
Hancock ..
Henry
Jackaon ...
J'^hnaoD
Knox
iMmlle
Lirincatoo ,
UeDoDoagh.
McLean
Xaooapin ...
Marlon.
Menard.
Mcffr«r .
loadoti^
M. Clair.
Short
tons.
1,712,289
929,600
814,660
1.011,001
39,048
1,271,817
3.080
86,089
824,869
49,007
1,487.179
88,938
404,898
16,442
104,265
2,229,211
2.785,777
985.470
486,291
428,648
691,680
402,078
788,208
1,181,250
496,466
28,290
8,127,471
401,304
Short
tona.
62,315
53,796
61.772
61,015
26,481
59,726
4,860
66,684
28,928
2,233
52,966
815,640
85,482
48,740
11,450
80,735
80,547
75,972
120,282
19,166
86,550
31,281
46,567
153.636
26,588
26,818
89,011
224,008
15,888
Short
toru.
72,088
40.996
48,969
38,911
2,000
60,884
Short
tOM.
4,676
4,197
59,486
100
3,0te
66.810
8,358
16,440
212
13,100
104,741
108,747
40,250
24,184
23,249
19,785
10,822
17,143
28,580
13,111
2,840
112,500
16,191
23.460
Short
tons.
1,846,642
1,024,392
920,391
1,105.980
72,206
1,892,427
7,380
166,870
918,283
2.338
105,055
1,882,689
122,773
469,578
28,104
198,100
2,414,499
2,950,496
1,095,952
479,641
488,447
642,746
468,987
958,982
1,236,868
535,895
69,641
8,464,069
$2,827,138
1,807,828
972,424
1,425,714
78,735
2,006,178
12,689
267,785
1,181,441
2,770
156,545
2,898,136
211,988
471,758
50,297
820,650
2,536.826
2,780,861
1,087,686
721,297
579,050
905,879
480,561
1,251,105
1.801,601
889,708
109,018
3,800,666
485,831
$1.53
L28
1.06
1.29
1.09
1.44
L71
1.71
L29
1.19
L49
1.54
L78
1.00
1.79
1.62
1.05
1.50
1.20
1.41
1.05
1.80
1.05
.73
1.57
.95
1.01
267
174
251
236
217
243
175
215
210
128
195
267
81
251
190
276
203
235
268
269
197
249
188
227
223
143
177
232
198
4.116
1,449
1,008
1,715
116
3,100
24
316
1,168
12
230
3,568
651
583
126
433
2,856
2,970
1,204
949
675
1,816
1,662
897
155
8,281
487
Digitized by
Google
452
MINERAL BBSOUBGES.
Coal production of Illinois in 190Sy by counties — Continued.
County.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Arer-
pnce
Aver-I
age jATenge
num- 1 number
berof ofem-
dayH iployecB.
actiTe.|
Sangamon
Schuyler
Short
tons.
4,035,201
5,600
18,160
67,061
22,000
172,157
2,699,064
ShoH
ton$.
302,828
7,277
11,271
36,218
20,366
75,609
206,919
14,939
16,697
11,889
26,990
139,732
46,711
Short
tons.
182,968
60
856
6,229
800
6,887
49.068
50
2,700
2,427
80,268
21,196
Short
tons.
Short
tons.
4,470,962
12,927
24,776
108,608
43,166
258,653
2,966,071
14,969
91,766
49,240
2,881,668
631,579
.46.711
•4,787,749
19,447
88.885
162,074
M,022
825,104
8,743,467
27,722
97,259
79,749
8,042,401
716,234
76,241
fl.07
1.50
1.67
1.49
1.48
1.28
216
208
266
179
208
6,m
SO
Scott
»
Shelbv
222
Stark
101
Tazewell
S16
Vermilion
Warren
1.27 1 249
1.86 183
1.06 218
1.62 ) 212
8.410
SB
Washington
Will
72,869
34,924
2,774,406
870,651
120
146
Williamson
Other counties a..
Small mines .
1.06
1.85
203
236
1,000
1
Total
32,911,291
2,785,478
1,232,204
28,186
86,957,104
43,196,809
1.17
228
50.606
a Bond, Calhoun, Cass, Qreene, Hamilton, Jefferson, Kankakee, Macon, Morgan, Wahash, ajid
Woodford.
There were 51 counties in Illinois which produced coal in 1903. Of
this number there were 37 in which the production exceeded that of
1903, and 14 whose output shows a decrease. The most important
gains were made by St. Clair, Madison, and Williamson counties, in
all of which the production increased more than half a million tons in
1903. The greatest loss was sustained by Livingston County, whose
production fell oflf 272,310 tons, or about 70 per cent. In the following
table is shown the production of Illinois during the last five years, by
counties, with the increases and decreases in 1903 as compared with
1902:
Coal production of Illinois in 1899^ 1900, 1901, 190t, and 190S, by counties,
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Increase, ! Decrease,
1903. 190B.
Bond
100,966
2,630
1.400,908
6,113
8,430
617,027
577,464
651,694
16,836
15,420
1,267,092
640
150,000
161,750
100,000
1,230
1,769,642
3,000
176,842
76,842
Brown
1,2»
Bureau
1,318,784
6,300
1,694,808
6,928
1,846,642
6,800
1,768
1.024,892
920,891
1,105,980
72,206
6,639
1,892,427
1,200
77,000 1
Calhoun
2,300 '
Cass
1 768
Christian
622,183
531,467
602,645
5.969
6,220
1,316,688
616,878
766.060
654,416
936, 0S6
884,818
953.607
88,856
Clinton
86,073
Fulton
162,828 j
Gallatin
4,800 80,911
3,808 j 6,000
1,269,741 1.414.479
41,294 1
Greene
689
Grundy
22,068
Hamilton
1,200 1
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COAL.
453
Coai production of lUmois in 1899, 1900, 1901, 190^, and 1903, by counties — Continued.
County.
Hancock ...
Heory
Jackion —
Jeflenon ...
Jersey
JohnBon —
Kaiilcakee..
Knox
UaaUe
LiTlngitoD .
Mei>onoagh.
McLean
Macoopin .
Marion.
Jl.
Menard
Meieer
Montgomery .
Mofigan
Peoiia.
Perry...
Randolph ....
Roek Island.
Ht. Clair
fltaJine
fiangamofn
Schnyler
Scott
Shelby
Stark
TaKwell
Vannllion...
Warren
Waniitngtoii . .
Win
WfUiainaon...
Woodford ....
Small mines.
TMal.
1899.
5,498
92,429
806,340
63,010
4.060
3,541
129,262
55,924
2,015,304
129,484
185,480
42,269
186,487
150,403
1,727,102
1,538,049
710,487
360,782
432,948
508,474
801.424
4,506
792,239
809,425
487,064
44,005
2,079,358
95,786
2,289,706
15,874
22.227
105,409
25,430
96,092
2,191,067
16.992
82,860
42,275
1,072,367
179,024
1900.
1.267
72,046
985,998
48.648
1,760
109,129
62,423
2,022,462
236,872
156,901
30,293
207.304
58,025
2,012,540
1.510,894
805,859
396^087
397,077
564,247
304,200
4,500
717,989
661,091
466,547
44,078
2,232,786
116.650
2,738.402
4,992
. 27,097
109,392
15,191
92,843
2,139,474
12,019
37,291
55,328
1,508.453
192,135
150,000
24,439,019 25,767,961
1901.
6,106
89,465
870,098
50,000
1,010
67,195
78,636
1,751,758
807,267
161,611
31,887
144,959
86,468
1,960,038
1.911,881
644,816
417,444
390,931
563,360
367,326
3,000
659,701
682,089
368,951
68,356
2,298,843
163,584
3,277,939
5,552
23,680
114,192
18,400
146,569
2,260,964
10,300
25,700
56,646
1,748,052
142,219
150,000
27,331,552
1902.
13,400
138,312
930,487
25,090
3,520
3,850
48,439
85,851
1,846,236
395,083
268,707
34.636
175,000-
100.000
2,185,325
2,874,684
922,656
468,186
471,958
640,141
619,448
4.780
852,875
991,844
456.984
83.418
2,822,248
297,571
4,172,722
18,457
27,435
87,112
29,043
173,018
2,585.291
16,077
66,885
40,792
2,825,942
101,567
6,180
82,939,378
1908.
7,380
156,870
913,-283
28,245
2,333
74,226
105,055
1,882,589
122,773
469,578
28,104
198,100
110,000
2,414,499
2,950,496
1,095,952
479,641
483,447
642,746
458,987
4,358
958,982
1,236,368
535,895
69,641
3,464,069
433.328
4.470.962
12,927
24,776
108,508
43,166
263,658
2,955,071
14.989
91,766
49,240
2,881,658
a 123, 501
46.711
Increase,
1903.
36,957,104 M. 017, 731
18,556
3,155
25,787
19,204
36,353
200,871
23,100
10,000
229,174
575,812
173,296
21,455
11,469
2,605
106,607
245,024
78,911
641,821
135,757
298,240
21,896
14,123
80,635
369,780
84,931
8,448
655,711
21,934
40,581
Decrease.
1903.
6,020
17,204
8,620
1,517
272,310
6,582
160,461
422
13.777
6,630
2,650
1,068.
c Includes production of Wabash County.
bNet increase.
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454
MINEBAL BE80UBOES.
Since 1889 the distribution of the coal production of Illinois has
been as shown in the following table:
Distribution of the coal product of lUinoi*, 1889-190S.
Year.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
FlhoH
tons.
1889 9,884,883
1890 12,639,784
1891 ; 12.787,993
1892 ' 14,657,665
1893 16,260,468
1894 j 13,948,910
1895 1 14,466,624
1896 1 16,128,108
1897 16,858,221
1898 15,596,888
1899 21,871,930
1900 1 22,955,737
1901 [ 24,295,861
1902 29,299,187
1908 32,911,291
Sold to
local trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Short
tons.
1,810,702
2,130,539
2,246,705
2,624,821
2,931,846
2,690,414
2,684,607
2,996,022
8,041,712
2,149,808
1,936,615
2,002,884
2,166,344
2,691,770
2,785,473
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Short
tons.
395,787
606,497
610,000
675,000
753,965
570,452
501,133
659,601
669,012
852,603
630,574
809,360
879,347
1,048,381
1,232,2(M
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
12.900
15,600
16,000
4,800
8,800
3,800
3,600
8,900
8,813
Total
quantity.
85
28,136
Short
tons.
12,104,272
15,292.420
15,660,698
17,862,276
19,949,564
17,113,576
17,735,864
19,786,626
20,072,758
18,599,29»
24,439,019
25,767,981
27,331,552
32,939,873
36,957,104
Total
value.
Aver-
age
pnce
per
ton.
Aver- I
a|;e |Averag«
num- number
ber of of em-
days fployees.
active.
$11,755,203
14,171,230
14,237,074
16,243,645
17,827,596
15,282,U1
14,239,157
15,809,736
14,472,529
14,567,598'
20,744,553
26,927,185
28,163,987
33,945,910
43,196,809
-I
.91
.89
.89
.80
.80
.72
.78
204 I
216 I
220 I
229
185 ,
1B2 '
186 I
185 I
176 ,
.85
228'
1.04
22t)
1.03
220
1.03
226
1.17
228
28.574
82,961
84.565
85,890
38,477
88.6S0
$3,054
3S,78S
35,036
96,756
89.101
41.880
47, 4U
60.596
R. C. Taylor, in his well-known work Statistics of Coal, published
in 1848, states:
'' The existence of this combustible (coal) was proved by the French
explorers at an early period. It was certainly known to Father
Hennepin in 1679 (almost a hundred years before the Pennsylvania
coal was discovered), and is marked on the map which illustrated his
journal. He points out a 'cole mine' about Fort Creve-coeur on the
Illinois River, near to the site of the present Ottawa."
This is probably the first mention made of the occurrence of coal in
the United States, and outside of anthracite mining in Pennsylvania
and the records of the Richmond basin in Virginia the earliest
statistics are contained in the records of Illinois production. The
earliest statement that we have is that coal was mined in Jackson
County in 1810 from a point on the Big Muddy River. A flatboat
was loaded with coal at this place and shipped to New Orleans, but
the amount was not stated. Again, it is reported that in 1832 several
boat loads were sent from the same vicinity to the same market.
Another record is found stating that 150,000 bushels (or 6,000 tons) of
coal were mined in 1833 in St. Clair County and hauled by wagons
to St. Louis. From 1840 to 1860 the Bureau of Statistics of the State
is without any reliable data in regard to the coal-mining industry,
although some scattering statistics are found in the geologic reports
published by the State government.
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COAL.
455
The following table shows the statistics of coal production in Illinois
from 1833 to 1903, inclusive, and for the years for which there is no
special information the production has been estimated by the writer:
Coal production of Illinois, I83S-I903,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantitir.
Year.
Quantity.
183J
6,000
7.600
8,000
10,000
12,600
14,000
16,088
16,967
36,000
68,000
75,000 i
120,000 ,
150,000
166,000 ;
180,000
200,000
260,000 i
300,000
820,000
340,000 '
875,000
886,000
400,000
410,000
460,000
490,000
680,000
728,400
670,000
780,000
890,000
1,000,000
1,260,000
1,580,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
1869 .
1,854,000
2,624,163
3,000,000
3,360,000
3,920,000
Ii84
1870
1836
1871
1836
1872
1887
1873
1838
1874
4,203,000
4,468,178
5,000,000
6,860,000
6,700,000
6,000,000
1S»
1875
1S40
1876
1841
1877
1M2.
1878
1SI3
1879
1S44
1880
6,115,377
6,720,000
9,116,668
12, 123, 466
1M6
1881..
1M6
1882
lg|7..
1888 ,..
1948
1884
12,208,075
1819
1885
11,834,460
11,176,241
12,423,066
14,828,181
1850
1886
1851
1887
V&l
1888
18S3
1889
12,104,272
15,292,420
15,660,608
UB4
1890
1865
1891
V^ . .
1892
17,862,276
19,949,564
1857. ..
1898
1£56
1894
17,113,576
17,736,864
19,786,626
ISSt !
1895
iseoa
1896
ISO.
1897
20,072,768
18,699,299
24,439,019
26,767,981
27,331,662
32,939,373
86,967,104
liK , .
1898
van
1899
1M4
1900
Uj66...
1901
IMS
1902
«B7
1908
19fi9 , .
a United States census, fiscal year.
From this record it appears that the total production of the State
from 1833 to the close of 1903 has amounted to over 475,000,000 tons.
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456 MINERAL BESOUBGES.
INDIANA.
Total production in 1903, 10,794,692 short tons; spot value, $13,-
244,817.
Indiana's coal production for the first time in the history of the
State exceeded a total of 10,000,000 tons. The year 1903 is the seventh
in succession in which the production has increased and in which the
output has exceeded previous records? In addition to the increase in
production of 1,348,268 short tons, or 14.3 per cent in quantity, the
value of the output showed a gain of $2,845,157, or 27.4 per cent, the
percentage of increase in value being a little more than half as much
again as the percentage of increase of production. The average price
per ton advanced from $1.10 in 1902 to $1.23 in 1903, which is the
highest point reached since figures of quantity and value of the output
of coal mines of the State have been collected.
The statistics of labor employed in the coal mines of the State show
that in 1903 there were 17,017 men employed, as compared with 15,457
in 1902 and 12,968 in 1901. In 1901 there were 533.5 tons produced
for each man employed, and in 1902 there were 611.1 tons produced
for each man. In the former year the average working time was 194
days, and in 1902 it was 205 days. In 1903 17,017 men worked an
average of eight hours a day for 197 days, producing an average of
634. 3 tons per man. In 1901 the average tonnage per man per day was
2.75; in 1902 it increased to 2.98, and in 1903 to 3.22. It is interest-
ing to note in connection with this statement the increased use of
undercutting machines in the coal mines of the State, and this is prob-
ably responsible in large part for the increased production per man
per day. The number of coal-mining machines in use has increased
from 256 in 1901 to 269 in 1902 and to 329 in 1903. The amount of
machine-mined coal in 1901 was 1,852,058 tons, which increased to
2,421,342 tons in 1902, and to 3,334,961 tons in 1903. The increase
in the production by the use of machines was about 10 per cent more
than the total increase in the State.
The statistics of production by counties in 1902 and 1903, with the
distribution of the product for consumption, are presented in the
tables following.
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COAL.
457
Coal production of Indiana in 1902, by counties.
County.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Clay
Short
tons.
1,241,960
178,368
Short
tons.
28,850
33,193
9,991
2,820
18,307
84,568
83,873
3,107
21,693
10,792
84,741
14,884
50,579
112,889
8,343
69,808
3,280
65,181
Short
tons.
44.246
6,7(i5
103
496
4,400
82,623
5.717
180
43,602
360
9,146
50
41,208
7,460
16,040
40,441
100
7,742
ShoH
tons.
..V
700
ShoH
tons.
1,315,046
217,326
10,094
17,099
105.468
1,663,786
119,225
17,657
1,166,457
21.577
510,017
16,274
1,268,945
218.112
718,102
1,652.798
3.380
416,062
$1,799,839
272,995
14,961
19,894
105,059
1,746,601
134,970
29,987
1,481,315
27,914
582,551
19,886
1,298,903
250,395
662,697
1,670,796
7,460
484,647
«1.37
1.26
1.48
1.16
1.00
1.06
1.13
1.70
1.28
1.29
1.04
1.24
1.02
1.15
.91
.96
2.21
1.04
219
210
147
148
199
181
185
156
210
197
200
180
191
218
201
227
209
228
2,689
465
89
DtTl€«
Dnbois
FbontaiQ
Gibson
Greene
Knox
13,781
87,761
1.606,5»l
79,635
14,870
1,090,162
10.425
466, ISq,
1,340
1,177,158
97,763
698,719
1,651,849
67
166
2,706
265
Martin
Pirke
Perry
59
1,991
48
Pike
938
{*pencer
Sullivan
Vanderburg..
VermUion....
Vigo
62
1,737
429
1,019
2,319
16
Wtnen
Warrick
348,139
503
Total...
8,649,144
536,899
250,681
700
9,446,424
10,899,660
1.10
206
15,457
Coal production of Indiana in 190S, by counties.
Ooonty.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
and heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
day
ShoH
tons,
1,139,166
168,191
8.000
15.460
63.497
2,216,847
185.127
913.032
14.788
462,775
4.849
1.700,206
74,868
889,009
1,673,478
ShoH
tons.
43.911
18,298
5,868
3,200
13,424
43,416
33,269
29,601
9,686
28,601
15,519
89,118
168,259
4,592
96,819
6,250
66.660
25,839
ShoH
tons.
59,881
2,208
188
ShoH
tons.
ShoH
tons.
1,242,968
183,602
8,646
18,660
81,946
2,803,512
177,046
989,983
24,941
505,564
19,948
1,788,368
241,088
915,171
1,826,393
5,250
435,797
26,839
$1,884,955
261,561
12,310
23,660
108,526
2.889,415
239,813
1,368,847
37,488
590,790
22,659
2,031,358
296,989
961,088
2,028,540
11,876
447,846
88,607
$1.52
1.42
1.44
1.27
1.82
1.25
1.85
1.88
L50
1.17
L14
1.14
L23
1.05
1.11
2.17
1.08
206
281
209
179
151
188
152
209
281
173
150
198
254
181
201
222
201
2,567
390
28
50
Davk*
Dubois and
Martlii
FovntaJn
GibuQ
KiMZ
6,025
44,249
8.660
47,260
472
10.933
80
49,006
8,461
21, 570
57,096
8,255
198
3,103
335
Parke
1,819
IVrty
Pike
i'pencer
Samvan '
Vaaderborjg.."
Vcnilkm....
VifD
Warrm
67
1,017
74
2,411
846
1,808
2,717
14
Warriek S«,087
ite^ntn^f '
9,060
588
Total...
9.827.874
689,925
824,188
3,255
10,794,692
18,244,817
L28
197
17,017
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458
MIKEBAL BES0UB0E8.
Excluding from consideration the production of the small mines of
the State, there were eleven counties in which the product increased
in 1903, as compared with the preceding year and six in which the
output was less. The most important increases were those make by
Greene County, 639,727 tons; Sullivan County, 519,413 tons; Ver-
milion County, 197,069 tons, and Vigo County, 173,595 tons. The
development in Greene County within the last five years has been
particularly noticeable. In 1898 this county produced only 526,800
tons, considerably less than the amount of increase of 1903 as com-
pared with 1902. The production of this county in 1903 was consid-
erably more than four times what it was in 1898. Sullivan County
developments have been scarcely less noticeable. This county in 1898
produced less than 640,000 tons, and in 1903 it produced 1,788,358
tons, or nearly three times the output of 1898.
The most important decreases in 1903 were observed in the output
of Parke County, which decreased 165,474 tons, and Daviess County,
51,291 tons.
In the following table is presented a statement of the production
by counties during the last five years and the increases and decreases
in 1903 as compared with 1902:
Ckxd production of Indiana j 1899-1903, by counties,
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Increase,
1903.
Decrease,
1908.
Clay
1,258,948
a266,029
1,165,802
a 276, 625
1,080,164
a 238, 699
1,816,046
234,983
10,094
17,099
106,468
1,668,785
119,226
1,242,958
183,692
a 8, 646
18,660
81,946
2,808,512
177,046
72, OW
61,291
1,W8
DavlesB
Dubois
Fountain
56,750
76,420
681,799
49,684
44,232
66,889
723,255
60,749
34,826
116,526
944,621
94,679
1,661
Gibson
23,622
Greene
639,727
67,821
Knox
Owen
Parke
638,181
28,700
191,689
13,946
752,734
152,430
609,876
1,029,699
649,665
24,077
245,483
9,106
939,989
192,682
649,625
1,151,548
631.082
16,822
269,268
18.885
910,725
193,716
684,263
1,862,041
1,165,467
21,577
510,017
16,274
1,268,946
218,112
718,102
1,652,798
8,880
416,062
(«)
989,988
24,941
606,564
19,948
1,788,358
241,068
915, 171
1,826,893
6,250
486,797
25,839
165,474
Perry
8,864
Pike
4,458
Spencer
8,674
619,418
22,976
197,069
173,696
1,870
19,786
26,839
Sullivan
Vanderburg
Vermilion
Vigo
Warren
Warrick
170,738
36,000
249,064
36,000
286,068
86,000
Small mines
Total
6,006,523
^484,086
6,918,226
9,446,424
10,794,692
61,348,268
a Includes Martin County.
<» Net increase.
The distribution of the product for consumption during the last fif-
teen years is shown in the following table:
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COAL.
459
Didnbution of the coal product of Indiana, 1889-190S,
Year.
Loaded at
mines
for ehip-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
employ-
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
yalue.
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
I ShoH
' tons.
1889 1 2,527,112
l«n ^ 3,036,737
MM ' 2,689,780
1892 ' 3,068,911
law ' 3,461,830
\m 3,085,664
laS 3,486,876
im I 8,471,470
mn 3,639,758
use 4,398,078
I»9 1 5,465.609
1«0 5,947,462
ISOl 6,378.083
1902 8,649,144
1M8 9,827,374
Shart
tons.
237,935
225,167
211,854
208,220
262,879
248,398
392,423
311,911
393,012
387,790
876,574
372,948
353, m
536,899
639,925
Short
tons.
67,210
34,703
63,152
42,621
69,797
67,545
104,695
113,442
111,876
130.810
160,621
161,071
192,031
259,681
324,138
Short
tons.
12,800
9,130
8,688
5,422
7,345
22,314
9,898
8,956
7,023
4,065
8,719
2,605
700
3,255
ShoH
tons.
2,845,057
3,305,737
2,973,474
8,345,174
3,791,851
3,423,921
3,995,892
3, 9a'), 779
4, 151, 169
4,920,743
6,006,523
6,484,086
6,918,225
9,446,424
10,794,692
«2, 887, 862
8,259,233
3,070,918
3,620,582
4,056,372
3,295,034
3,642,623
3,261,737
3,472,348
3,994,918
6,285,018
6,687,137
7,017,143
10,399,660
13,244,817
$1.02
.91
1.03
1.08
r.07
.96
.91
.84
.84
.81
.88
1.03
1.01
1.10
1,23
220
190
225
201
149
189
163
176
199
218
199
IM
205
197
6,448
6,489
6,879
6,436
7,644
8,603
8,630
8,806
8,886
8,971
9,712
11,720
12,968
16,467
A7,017
It is probable that coal miniDg in Indiana really began about the same
time it did in Illinois (1833), but the earliest record for the State is
that contained in the census report for 1840, which credits Indiana
with a production of 9,682 short tons. Between that date and 1870,
or for a period of thirty years, no official statistics were obtained. The
census report for 1870 shows a total production in that year of 437,870
tons. Since 1870 the annual production of Indiana has been as shown
m the following table:
Production of coal in Indtana, 1870-190S.
[Short tons.]
Tear.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
w?o«
437,870
600,000
896,000
1,000,000
812,000
800,000
960,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,196,490
1,454,327
1,984,120
1,OT6,470
2,660,000
2,260,000
2,876,000
3,000,000
1887
3,217,711
WTl
1888
3, 140, 979
W72...
1889
2,845,057
]$n,
1890
3,306,787
1K74
1891
2,973,474
l«75
1892
3,345,174
uw
1898
3,791,851
U77.
1894
3,423,921
IHJB . .
1895
3,995,892
8,905,779
V79... .
1896
moa
1897
4,151,169
4,920,748
un
1898
us
1899
6,006,623
nm.
1900
6,484,086
ItM
1901
6,918,225
IflS
1902
9,446,424
i^w
1903
10,794,692
(■.United states census, fiscal year.
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460
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
INDIAN .TERRITORY.
Total production in 1903, 3,617,388 short tons; spot value, $6,386,463.
The coal production in Indian Territory has increased steadily each
year since 1897, and reached a total exceeding 3,000,000 tons for the
first time in 1903. Compared with 1902, the output of last year
showed an increase of 696,722 short tons, or 24.7 per cent in quantity,
and of $2,121,357, or 49.7 per cent in value. The average price per
ton obtained in 1903, $1.82, was, as was the case with a number of
States, the highest on record. At the same price obtained in 1903 as
in 1902, the total value of the coal production of last year would be
$5,311,256, so that there was an actual gain In value, outside of the
increased production, of $1,075,207. The output in 1903 was two and
one-thii'd times what it was in 1899, while the value was three times as
great.
In 1903 the total number of men employed in the coal mines of
Indian Territory was 7,704, as compared with 5,574 in 1902 and with
6,706 in 1901. The average working time made by the mine workers
in 1903 was 247 days, 232 days in 1902, and 208 days in 1901. The
average production per man in 1903 was 457 short tons, as compared
with 506 tons in 1902 and with 361 tons in 1901. The average tonnage
per man per day was 1.85 in 1903, as compared with 2.18 in 1902 and
with 1.74 in 1901.
The following table shows the production of coal in Indian Terri-
tory, with the distribution of the product for consumption, and the
statistics of labor employed for the last thirteen years:
Distribution of the coal product of Indian Territory ^ 1891-190S.
Year.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
per
ton.
Aver-
a^
num-
ber of
days
actiye.
Avenge
num-
ber of
em-
ployees.
1891
ShoH
ton».
1,026.932
1,156,603
1,197,468
923,581
1,173.899
1,295,742
1.250,066
1,310,178
1,444,063
1,796,422
2,249.100
2,687,100
8,829,610
ShoH
tons.
9.405
10.840
9,234
4.632
3.070
12,648
9,068
16,682
12,280
14,786
81,370
25,998
82,610
ShoH
torn.
22,163
18,089
21,663
80.878
21,985
45,560
47r501
84,055
54,222
54,137
83,183
96,017
78,995
ShoH
tons.
32,582
7.189
23.746
10,615
12,781
12,696
29,745
20,601
26,862
56,953
58,128
111,551
76,178
ShoH
tons.
1,091,032
1,192,721
1,252,110
969,606
1,211,185
1,866,646
1,336,380
1,381,466
1,637,427
1,922,298
2,421,781
2.820,666
3,517,388
11,897,087
2.043,479
2,235,209
1,541,293
1,787,254
1,918,115
1,787,868
1,827,638
2.199,785
2.788,124
8,916,268
4,265,106
6,886,463
$1.74
1.71
1.79
1.59
1.43
1.40
1.34
1.32
1.48
1.45
1.62
1.61
1.82
222
211
171
157
164
170
176
196
212
228
208
2S2
M7
2.891
1892
S.267
1893
8,446
1894
3,101
1895
8,213
1896
3,549
1897
S.I1GB
1898
S.2U
1899
4,064
1900
4.505
1901
6,706
1902
1908
7,7M
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GOAL.
461
The first production of coal reported in Indian Territory was in
1880. Since that date the annual output, so far as has been ascer-
iaiiied, has been as follows:
, Production of coal in Indian Territory ^ 1880^ 1886-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1M«
120,947
500,000
584,580
685.911
761.986
752,832
869.229
1,091,032
1894
909,606
1,211,185
1,866,646
1,336,380
latt
1895
WW
1896
MtSl
1897
188B
1888
1.381,466
1.537,427
1,922,298
2,421,781
2,820,666
3,517.888
WA
1899
u«o
1900
\m
1901
1M2
1,192,721
1,252,110
1902
ISO
1908
1
a United States census, fiscal year.
IOWA.
Total production in 1903, 6,419,811 short tons; spot value, $10,563,910.
Compared with 1902 the coal production of Iowa in 1903 shows
an increase of 515,045 short tons, or 8.7 per cent, in quantity and
$1,903,623, or 22 per cent, in value. Iowa shared with the majority of
the coal-producing States in a decided advance in price of coal during
1903, due to shortage in fuel caused by the anthracite strike in Penn-
sylvania the previous year, and which resulted in an additional demand
from producers of bituminous coal. The effect of these conditions
was felt as far West as Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri, and the other coal
fields of the Mississippi Valley. The average price of coal in Iowa
in 1903 was $1.65, the highest figure yet recorded.
Oaring 1903 there were employed in the Iowa coal mines 14,162
men who worked an average of 226 days of eight hours each, as com-
pared with 12,434: men for 227 days in 1902, and with 12,653 men for 218
days in 1901. The average production per man per year in 1903 was
453.3, as compared with 475 in 1902, and with 444 in 1901. The pro-
duction per man per day increased from 2.04 in 1901 to 2.09 in 1902,
bat fell off to 2 tons in 1903. The statistics of the use of mining
machines show that 55,085 tons, or 0.86 per cent of the total produc-
tion in 1903, was obtained by the use of mining machines, as compared
with 110,489 tons in 1902.
The statistics of production and of labor employed at the Iowa coal
mines in 1902 and 1903, with the distribution of the product for cou-
atunptioD, are shown in the following tables.
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462
MIKEBAL KKSOUBOES.
Cbal production of I&wa in 1902 ^ by counties.
County.
Adams
Appanoose
Boone
Dallas
Davis
Greene
Ja«jpcr
Jefferson
Keokuk
Mahaska
Marion
Monroe
Page
Polk
Scott
Taylor
Van Buren
Wapello
Warren
Wayne
Webster
Guthrie, Lucas, and
Story
Total
Coul prudurtioii of lown in 190,i^ h\j roinii'ws.
County.
Adams
Appjinoosi' .
Bonno
Dallas
(Jrceiic
(hitliric
.iHspcr
Jcfrer^.n....
Kook-uk
Mahaska . . .
Marion
MoiiriH'
I'nlk
S.Hitt
Taylor
Van Bunii .
TiOftdi'd at
iniiU'*^ for
shipment.
Shnrt
j Sold tx) ;
' loral I'scd at
trad*' and mines i'<ir
I used by steam
em- andlieat.
jdoyce'^.
SV). 03:5
f.. 131",
*_'()3.3iri
],:;(M
.'Ki. i;;s
■I I
I
Short
tons.
22.550 I
31.021 i
25,78.') I
8,131 I
11,121 ,
ll,W,s I
.5s. yoK I
H,203
2t".'.t, .'V20 I
12.271 '
Short
toiat.
20
ti,%l
900
8.50
".235
», S70
Total
iiuantity.
Short
toti^.
22, 570
893, 021
291,321
15, ir.7
14,971
l4.o;i;J
270, sen
(>.8U
r.2. 875
«;98, if>t>
321. S59
1 . 7tis, 051
1.0:^2.101
I2.tr»;i
I'i. 9.3,3
i:i, .'Mil
Total
value.
$55, MO
1,799,319
595,004
3t'.. 424
32, 880
:J8. 428
4;W. 843
15,277
81,520
1,039,190
397.964
2. .558. 683
1,7S8,G09
24.548
30, 8.58
25,925
Aver-
aire
price
p>er
ton.
Aver-
age
Aver-
age
num- { iium-
j ber of ber
days I ofem-
active. ployees.
S2. 46 I
..01 I
2.04 I
2.3.5 '
2.20 ;
2. 74
1..59
2.23
1.30
1.49
1.22
1.45
1.73
l.W
1.82
1.91
168
Lv;
215
111
163
179
280
U'A
166
223
2W
261
2S5
174
216
213
82
2,984
798
70
56
54
621
27
168
1,455
0?1
2.«*W^
1.9T3
M
78
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COAL. 463
Coal producUon of Iowa in 1903, by counties — Continued.
Coanty.
Loaded at
miDes for
shipment
Sold to
local
trade and
uaed by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Ave-
affe
pnce
£Br
n.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
num-
ber
of em-
ployees.
Wapello
Warren
Wayne
Webster
Darla, Lucas;,
f»ge
Bmall mines
and
Short
tons.
293,522
8.860
92,968
117,720
194,946
Total.
6,379,261
Short
tons.
83,674
4,400
11,961
14,961
109,560
7,834
Short
tons.
5,202
241
6,615
10,552
Short
tons.
12,760
105,170
138,296
316,057
7,834
$698,598
27,866
208,671
281,492
490,970
15,795
11.56
2,14
1.94
2.08
1.66
242
149
209
211
276
748
37
806
857
670
887,746
162,815
6,419,811
10,563,910
1.65
226
14,162
Igooring the production of the small county banks, the total output
of which in 1903 was less than 20,000 tons, there were thirteen coun-
ties in which the production increased and nine in which the output
was less than that of the preceding year. The most important increase
is by Monroe County, which since 1901 has held first rank among the
coal-producing counties of the State. This county in 1903 showed a
gain of 361,149 tons over the preceding year. In 1899 Monroe was
the third producing county in the State, and the output was a little
more than half of that of Mahaska County, which ranked first. In
1903 Monroe County produced nearly three times as much as Mahaska
County. The increases and decreases in the other counties in 1903 are
of comparatively little importance, as is shown in the following table:
Coal production of Iowa, 1899-190S, by counties,
[Short tons.]
Coonty.
Appanooae .
Boooe
Dallaa
DaTto
Greene
Jaqwir
itOetaon ...
Ceokok....
Xarioo
Monroe
Hte...
PtOk...
Taylor.
1899.
636,421
290,625
10,804
17,668
191,928
814,900
82,419
,278,473
231,668
689,004
749,708
10,966
9,886
1900.
680,004
266,542
16,737
17,044
99,948
227,921
1,142,017
186,446
756.286
827,482
17,169
12,106
1901.
721,997
254,064
16,987
18,810
184,670
808,196
221.068
929,110
145,981
1,068,332
1,025,014
23,499
12,672
1902.
19,761
900,337
264,324
18,845
3,968
11,573
233,440
10,610
106,108
246,400
723,667
316,426
1,406,905
10,070
1,023,860
10,358
14,207
14,816
1908.
22,670
898,021
291,821
16,467
3,160
14,971
270,804
6,844
62,876
296,664
698,166
324,869
,768,064
16,348
,062,164
12,653
16,933
18,661
Increase, Decrease,
1906. 1903.
2,819
7,816
36,997
3,378
798
8,896
37,864
8,766
48,228
49,164
25,401
9,434
361,149
6,278
8,804
2,296
2,726
1,266
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464
MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
Ocxd fyroductum of lofwa^ 1899-1903, by ooutiiie*— Continued.
Ck)imty.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Increase,
1908.
Decrewc,
19(0.
Wapello
325,029
34,815
62,818
124,841
171,208
276,360
24,724
65,140
128,660
205,838
812,174
14,661
56,578
146,020
187,789
340,762
20,127
65,374
149,615
4,344
382,398
. 12.760
105,170
138,296
21,867
6,419,811
41,636
1
Warren ,....
1 7,567
i U,«9
1
Wayne
39,796
Webster
Other counties and
17,623
i
Total
5,177,479
5,202,939
6,617,499
6,904,766
0 615,045
1
a Net increase.
The distribution of the product for consumption since 1889 is shown
in the following table:
DistribiUwn of the coal product of lovxi, 1889-190S,
Year
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894,
1896,
1896.
1897,
1898,
1899,
1900.
1901.
1902
1903,
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
ShoH
tons.
8,530,373
3,560,738
3,263.347
8,459,025
3,442,684
3,390,751
3,630,867
3,367,819
4,023,944
3,981,361
4,479,743
4,389,344
4,810,963
5,089,538
5,879,251
Short
tons.
464,735
897,503
373,025
401,856
449,639
511,683
460,820
494,443
516,427
572,063
622,401
696,472
666,882
678,740
887,745
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
100,213
63,498
88,966
57.611
80.006
64,819
64,387
91,766
71,494
65,417
76,835
117,123
139,664
136,488
152,816
ShoH
tons.
37
Total
quantity.
157
Short
tons.
4,095,368
4,021,739
3,725.496
3,918,491
3,972,229
3,967,253
4,156.074
3,954,028
4,611,866
4,618,842
5,177.479
6,202,939
5,617,499
5,904,766
6,419,811
Total
value.
$5,426,509
4,995,739
4.867,999
5,176,060
5,110,460
4,997,939
4,982,102
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Aver- '
age lAverafe
nam- number
ber of j of em-
days 'ployees.
active.
$1.33
1.24
1.27
1.32
1.30
1.26
1.20
4,628,022
1.17
5,219,603
1.13
6,260.716
1.14
6,397,838
1.24
7,156,341
1.38
7,822,805
1.39
8,660,287
1.47
10,563,910
1.66
213
224*
236 i
204!
170
189 '
178 j
201 I
219 \
229 i
228
218
227
226
9,247
8,190
8,124
8.1%
8,863
9,995
IO,OGt
9.875
10,703
10,26i
10,971
11, «S
12.688
12,4:4
14,1G2
The United States census of 1840 showed that Iowa produced in that
year a total of 400 tons, and Missouri, the adjoining State south, a
total of 9,972 tonkin the same year. This is the first record we have
of any coal production west of the Mississippi River. From 1840 to
1860 and from 1861 to 1865 the records of production in Iowa are very
unreliable. From the best information obtainable the production for
these missing years has been estimated in the following table. From
1865 to the close of 1903 the statistics of production have been obtained
with a considerable degree of accuracy.
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COAL.
ProducHon of coal in lowa^ 1860-1903,
[Short tons.]
465
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
ISSQa
41,920
50,000
53,000
57,000
63,000
69,674
99,320
150,000
241,453
295,105
268,487
300,000
836,000
892,000
799,936
1,231,547
1,250,000
1,800,000
1,850,000
1,400,000
1,461,116
1,960,000
1882
8,920,000
1561
1883
4,457,540
\m
1884
4,370,566
1863
1885
4,012,575
1861
1886
4,815,779
J«5
1887
4,473,828
IM6
1888
4,952,440
1867
1889
4,096,858
1866
1890
4, 021, 739
1869
1891
8,825,496
WOa
1892
8,918,491
3,972,229
WTl
1893
1832
1894
3,967,253
1875
1895
4,156,074
1874
1896
3,964,028
4,611,866
4,618,842
6,177,479
5,202,939
5,617,499
1575
1 1897
1876
1898
US7
1899
1S38
1900
1879
1901
1880
1902
5,904,766
1881
1903
6,419,811
a United States census, fiscal year.
KANSAS.
Total production in 1903, 5,839,976 short tons; spot value, 18,871,953.
Since 1896 the coal production in Kansas has increased each year.
Hie output in 1903 exceeded that of 1896 by more than 100 per cent.
Kb compared with 1902, the production last year shows an increase of
573,911 short tons, or 10.9 per cent, in quantity, and $2,009,166, or 29
per cent, in value. The average price per ton obtained in 1903 ($1.52)
was the highest of any year of which there is record. During 1903
the total number of men employed in the coal mines of Kansas was
10,924, who made an average of 215 days of nine hours, as compared
with 9,461 men with an average of 220 days in 1902, and of 9,928 men
with an average of 224 days in 1901. The production in 1903 was
equivalent to an average of 534.6 tons per man for the year; in 1902
dw average was 556.6 tons per man, and in 1901 493.6 tons per man.
The average production per man per day in 1903 was 2.49 tons, a
slight decrease from 1902, which was 2.53 tons, and an improvement
over 1901, which was 2.2 tons. The average number of hours per day
made by the mine workers in 1903 was nine.
Of the total coal production of Kansas in 1903, 9,876 short tons, or
L7 per cent, were mined by machines, as against 48,000 short tons, or
M B 1903 30
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466
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
9.1 per cent of the total in 1902. The number of machines in use
decreased from six in 1902 to five in 1903.
In the following tables is shown the statistics of production of coal
in Kansas in 1902 and 1903, by counties, and the distribution of the
product for consumption:
Ooal production of Kansas in 190S, by counties.
County.
Cherolbee ,
Cloud
Crawford
Franklin
Leavenworth
Linn
Osage
other counties a.
Total .
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Short
tons.
1,792,092
2,765,898
1,796
195,023
24,000
161,982
446
4,941,236
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
Short
tons.
26,091
7,524
67,895
8,204
80,372
5,480
80,573
6,684
227,826
Short
tons.
29,944
47,481
16,286
800
226
1,000
95,237
Made
Into
coke.
Short
tons
Total
quantity.
Short
tons.
I
Total
value.
1,766 1,849,896 92,806,112
7,524
2,881,274
I 4.999
291,681
29,780
192,781
8,130
19,909
3,489,528
12,117
565,969
41,770
416,746
21,636
1,766 5,266,065 6,862,787
Aver-
se
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
da3rs
active.
S1.25
2.65
1.21
2.42
L91
L40
2.16
2.66
1.30
221
172
221
178
245
154
199
91
220
Avenge
number
of em-
ployees.
2, SI
SS
4, en
HI
ST
7S1
57
9,48
a Atchison, Bourbon, Coffey, Jewell, Labette, and Republic.
Coal production of Kansas in 190$ , by counties.
County.
Loaded
At mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Usednt
mines
for
steam
and
heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity
ToUl
value.
Aver-
' Aver-
I age 'Aveive
nrr^> II"™- number
P"*^ berof ofem-
ton.
days iployccBw
active.!
Short
tons.
Bourbon
Cherokee
Crawford
Leavenworth
Linn
Osage
other conn tics a.
Small mines
1,991,840
3,030,029
274,653
43,000
165,424
4,900
Short
tons.
8,006
88,479
55,786
94,178
4,217
28,927
3,417
6,575
ShoH
tons.
1,414
83,877
46,770
18,997
400
876
ShoH
tons.
8,701
10
Short
tons.
4,420
2,062,897
3,132,596
47,617
194,727
8,317
6,575
$9,028
3,061,769
4,344,451
830,704
83,201
516,803
22,201
14,796
$2.(M
L48
L39
2.17
1.75
2.66
2.67
170
210
217 I
259 '
199 I
176
15
8,461
5,3S7
1,044
120
896
51
Total.
6,509,846
229,585
96,834
3,711
5,839,976
8,871,963
1.62
215
10,924
a Cloud, Ellsworth, Franklin, Pottawatomie, and Republic.
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The most important increases in production during 1903 were made
by the two principal producing counties — Crawford, 251,321 short
tons, and Cherokee, 213,001 short tons. The following table shows
the production, by counties, in Kansas during the last five years, and
the increases and decreases in 1903 as compared with 1902:
Coat production of Kansas j 1899-1 90S.
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Increase,
1903.
Decrease.
1908.
Atchison
3.000
1,162,142
2,000
1,M7,471
3,000
1,550,198
1,849,896
7,524
Obeiokee
2,062,897
2.400
3,132,695
4.900
882,828
47,617
194,727
218,001
Qood...
6.124
Crawford
1,951,604
14.050
312,845
17,260
262,331
129,135
2,307,130
4,420
250,229
26,640
196,998
132,982
2, 708, 701
2,881,274
251,321
Franklin
11,460
248,476
26,380
222,293
130,020
4,999
291,681
29,780
192.781
8,130
99
LetTenworth
rjnn
91,147
17,837
1.946
Onge
Other eoontiefl and
bdaII mfnefl
12,012 1 8,882
TotAl
8,a'V2,267
4.467,870
4,900,528 1 fi.266.065
6,830,976 16 573-911
a Included In other counties.
b Net Increase.
The distribution of the product for consumption, the value, and the
statistics of labor employed during the last fifteen years have been as
follows:
Distribution of the coal product of Kansas^ 1889-1908,
Year.
I Loaded at
mines for
I shipment.
Sold to
local I Used at itr-^^
trade and, mines for
used by
em-
ployees.
and heat. *^^^®-
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
asre
pnce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
nimi-
berof
davs
active.
Average
num-
ber of
em-
ployees.
Short
I Urns.
Vm I 1,891,090
1«0 2,028,100
vm I 2,428,787
UW 2,756,812
1*« 2,8ft4,810
IHM 3,066,398
W» 2,6«7,602
196 2.562,779
WW 2,745,101
vm 8,079,601
l** 8,524,497
MOD 4,128,892 1
im 4,539,990 ,
l«e 4,W1.236 '
W« 5,609,846 1
Short
tons.
800,207
224,839
255,839
206,088
227,821
275,565
279,739
256,906
258,983
277,022
276,918
286,080
287,909
227,826
229,665
Short
ioru.
29,246
6,983
31,946
44.325
60,412
45,523
59,142
63,901
64,730
49,932
50,852
62,898
72.629
95,237
96,884
Short
Um9.
500
183
101
3
765
887
1,216
248
1,766
3,711
Short
tont.
2,221,043
2.269,922
2,716,706
8,007,276
2,662,646
3,888,251
2,926,870
2,884,801
3,054,012
8,406,566
8,852,267
4,467,870
4,900,528
6,266,065
5,839,976
•8,296,888
2,947,617
8,667,805
8,955,595
8,376,740
4.178,998
8,481,981
8,295,032
8,602.826
8,703,014
4,478,112
5,454,691
5,991,599
6.862,787
8.871,953
SI. 48
1.30
1.81
1.32
1.27
1.23
1.20
1.15
1.18
1.09
1.16
1.22
1.22
1.30
1.52
210
222
208
147
164
159
168
1»1
194
226
232
224
220
216
6,956
4,523
6,201
6,559
7,310
7.839
7,482
7.127
6,639
7,197
8,000
8,459
9,928
9,461
10,924
The earliest record of coal production in Kansas shows that that
State produced in 1869 a total of 36,891 tons. From 1870 to 1880 the
prodoction has been estimated from the best information obtainable,
Digitized by V^OOQIC
468
MINERAL RESOURCES.
and since 1880 it has been collected by the statistical division of the
United States Geological Survey. The record is shown in the follow-
ing table:
Ckxil production of Kansas, 1869-1903,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
1869
86,891
82,988
41,000
44,800
66,000
85,000
150,000
225,000
800,000
875,000
460,000
771,442
840,000
750,000
900,000
1,100,000
1,212,057
1,400,000
1870a
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880a
1881
1882
1883
1881
1885
1886
Year.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.,
1892.,
1893.,
1894.
1S95.
1896..
1897..
1898.,
1899..
i 1900..
1901..
1902..
1908..
Quantity.
1.596,879
1,850,000
2,221,0*3
2.2S9,922
2,716,705
3,007,276
2,652,546
3,388,251
2,926,8TO
2,8m, 801
3.054,012
8,406,556
3,852,267
4.4ff7,870
4,900,528
5,266.065
6,839,976
a I'nlted States censu-s, fiscal year.
KENTUCKY.
Total production in 1903, 7,538,032 short tons; spot value, ^7, 979, 342.
Kentucky is one of the thirteen St-ates whose coal production has
increased annually since the period of prosperity began in 1896. In
that year Kentucky produced 3,333,478 short tons, having a total
value of ?2,()84,30(>, or an average of ^0.78 per ton. The production
in ltH)3 was two and one-fourth times the output of 1896, while the
value was nearly threi^ times as great, the average price per ton show-
ing a gain of 5?0.2S, or 3<) per cent. Compared with 1902 the produc-
tion last vcar shows a gain of 771,048 short tons, or 11.4 per cent, in
quantity, and of Sl,3l2,:iTr), or 19.7 per cent, in value. The average
price per ton obtained in li»o3 (81. ^HJ) is the first in over fifteen years
that lias cxcc(m1('(1 JS'i.
The statistics for 11M)3 show that during that year there were 14,354
men cmployi^d in the coal mines of the State. The average time made
j)(»r man was 'l^u days of nine hours each, and the average tonnage per
man ])er year was :.l^').2 tons. In 1902 there were 13, 727 men employed
on an averaLie of i'o'.> days, and tli(^ average production for each man
was ll«-i tons. In li*ol the average production was 530.7 tons per man.
Th<^ product ion \m'v man ])('r day was 2.49 tons in 1901, 2.35 in 1902,
and 2.^)1 in VMK\, The small average in both daily and yearly produc-
DJgitized by
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OOAL.
469
tion per man in 1902 was due to the fact that the statistics of labor
employed in the small mines of the State included in the report of that
year were not included in either of the reports for 1901 and 1903.
The mine workers made an average of nine hours per day during 1903.
Of the total production in 1903, 2,843,805 short tons were mined by
the use of machines. In 1902, 3,091,626 short tons were machine
mined. There were 308 machines in use in 1903, and 318 in 1902.
The following tables present the statistics of production of coal in
Kentucky in 1902 and 1903, by counties, and the distribution of the
product for consumption:
Coal production of Kentucky in 1902^ by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Evil
Short
tons.
352, 942
Boyd
Breathitt
Butler
Tarter
•241.127
22,919
9,600
268,056
riav
Daviess
9,973
r.ovd
Hancock
10,297
Harlan
Henderson
113,fiK9
Hopkins and Chrh?-
tian
1, 499, 872
Johnson
67,000
Knott
Knox
466,357
353,433
Laurel
Lawrence
37,527
Lee
36,275
Le*lle
Letcher
McLean
47,788
Mdj^ofHn
Morean
49, 410
Muhlenbcrrg
680,730
Ohio
513, 583
Mwaley
hke
Pulaski
152, 307
I'nion
279,211
Webster
Whitley
Oth*-r countiesa
2n7,S).^
OCb, 01H5
3,S29
^^^ ^ Uspd At
local ^^^ *'
trade
and
uaedby
em-
ployees.
Total .
.6,141,8.%
Short
tonn.
5,369
844
954
3,268
8,360
7,093
10,195
2,728
6,640
1,628
41,459
38,249
4,537
2,790
4,150
44,478
12,539
876
4,699
1,W1
6,620
6,663
3,926
9,637
17,943
13,494
5,092
3.370
23,90'.i
13. \\M
\\ s-r*
12,181
3;i3,5.M
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
ShoH
tons.
7,210
50
4,995
350
900
3,323
44,539
600
11,312
5,086
7,321
IGO
1,000
10,333
9.700
3,S-J0
9, 9.\s
7,(i7u
4. UO
67o
Made
into
coke.
ShoH
tons
Total
quantity,
Short
(vim.
461, 768
242.021
23,873
12, SC»8
281,401
V, 093
20.518
2, 728
17,837
1,628
158. 471
Total
value.
Aver-
age
pnce
per
ton.
132, S12 ir>h,'
7f.('.,ltM
I
59,777 1,&12,4;;7
I 72,137
2, 71*0
I 481, S19
; '102, 997
' 57,3-S7
36.r>51
4,099
1,941
M,5(>H
C,(JO:j
, i>4.:WG
, ! 700, 7(H)
I .511, 22()
' la. 191
5.01)2
15y. U»7
2.r.7s :n.'..7^(;
, 27^.n}2
.>7.s:i
I i»;.c.N>
'^•^'rittendcn, E<lmon«*on, Elliott. Gni
Ko< kisaRle, Trigg, Warren, Wuyiie, and
n. fJrcennp, Jackson.
\V..lfe.
S478, 801
193, 494
31,487
15, 915
285, 271
6,007
19, 5.58
2 872
17, 2.52
1,701
149, S95
l.:?^10.020
as, 296
2. 70t;
471,754
39l,.v>3
.5.5. (>;9
41,0.52
6,f.l7
2.3.S5
50. lOS
\ (L'l
113,716
021,. s^l
4S[), 518
lM,():i->
5,219
20l,:o7
:5;i.s,7'.u
o,»;(;o,'.i07
Mjidi^t'ii,
SI. 04
.80
1.32
1.24
1.01
.85
.95
l.a5
.97
1.04
. 95
.H2
1.19
.97
.%
1.12
1.41
1.2:^
. 91
1.20
2. W
. ^y
.00
i.ai
l.iri
l.-js
1.07
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days,
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
255
246
192
123
22.5
73
178
38
82
41
223
211
177
35
241
228
142
263
146
20
141
70
•2i.V.i
212
167
lOJ
ss
21-1
■Jl'J
2:;t> I
1'.'2
M.iiliii, M< iiiif
940
341
91
46
659
70
76
.50
124
22
292
2,519
259
36
7.58
900
173
77
29
03
IIH
71
211
1,0,S5
1.121
1.^1-'
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470
MINERAL BESOUROES.
Coal production of Kentucky in 1903 ^ by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Bell
Boyd
Breathitt
Carter
Clay
DayiesB
Hancock
Henderson
Hopkins and Chris-
tian
Johnson
Knox
Laurel
Lawrence
Lee
Leslie
McLean
MagofEln
Morgan
Muhlenberg
Ohio
Owsley
Pike
Pulaski
Rockcastle
Union
Webster
Whitley
Other counties a .
Small mines
Total .
Short
tons.
289,421
245,491
30,600
266,321
12,288
33,658
131,598
1,660,081
69,000
528,077
381,976
46,844
47,196
118,782
58,578
770,849
555,232
1,400
18,641
191,184
51,411
804,346
340,531
660,272
8,647
6,805,823
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
em-
ployees.
Short
tons.
8,440
1,186
8,505
6,200
31,548
3,374
42,910
33,448
7,200
9,810
4,750
12,278
200
8.800
6,632
10,200
1,725
12,618
18,172
6,056
2,550
2,865
5,440
26,838
16,704
41,830
22,700
84,026
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Short
tons.
9,150
995
400
450
4,363
49,968
9C0
7,670
5.563
7,709
175
2,605
75
15,425
12,668
2,000
2,788
50
13,315
11,325
8,645
8,500
380,449 159,589
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
85,005
99,500
40
5,126
8,000
192,671
Total
quantity.
Short
tons.
892.016
245,491
32,730
265,226
6,200
44,286
37,032
178,871
1,842,947
77,100
543,557
392,288
66,826
47,671
3,800
127,869
10,200
60,378
798,892
586,072
8,496
21.191
196,287
56,901
849,625
371,560
710, 747
29,847
34,026
Total
value.
7,538,032
$427,054
219,966
42,938
289,130
6,700
48,582
42,878
197,6:i2
1,719,105
79,546
610.649
409,319
71,805
61,986
4,100
124,465
11,750
134,080
772,597
503,778
14,614
28,206
281,823
66,071
412,862
838,770
900.276
87,040
88,681
7,979,342
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
tL09
.90
1.31
1.09
.92
1.10
1.16
1.10
1.03
1.12
l.M
1.07
1.30
1.08
.97
L15
2.22
.97
1.01
1.72
1.10
1.43
1.16
1.18
.91
1.27
L24
Aver-
age Avenge
num- ' number
berof
days
active.
ofe
ployees.
1.06
184
249
208
194
224
217
225
219
241
160
284
206
199
208
188
226
282
192
197
189
184
129
234
144
198
224
190
164
207
1,112
896
W
691
19
90
»
418
2,178
224
940
862
169
121
19
159
2S
1»
1,818
1,079
38
64
4;;6
188
621
589
2,lfl6
99
14,8&(
a Butler, Caldwell, Carroll, Crittenden, Floyd, Greenup, Knott, Letcher, Martin, Menifee, and
Warren.
In 1902 there were three counties in which the production was less
than in the preceding year, and in 1903 there were five counties in
which the production decreased. These were Bell, Butler, Carter,
Johnson, and Laurel. The most important increase was made by the
principal producing county, Hopkins, which showed a gain of 188,637
short tons, or about 25 per cent of the total increase.
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The production of the State, by counties, during the last five years,
with the increases and decreases in 1903 as compared with 1902, is
shown in the following table:
Coal production of KefnixLcky^ 1899-1903 ^ by counties,
[Short tons.]
Coonty.
Bell I
Boyd '
BrMthittand Lee...|
Botlcr ,
Carter i
Christian, Daviess, ,
and Hancock |
Greenup
Henderson
Hopkins i
Johnson
Knox I
Laoiel
Lawrence
McLeM
Mohlenberg
Ohio
PulaeW
Rockcastle
rnion
Webster
Whitley
Other comitJes and
small mines .
Total.
152,934
171,438
21,000
85,174
1&4,784
12,484
4,225
136,628
1,2(M,683
12,464
235,682
349,719
49,418
29,795
414.382
505,913
103,469
185,405
122,891
525,817
150,000
4,607,255
1900.
224,500
170,931
83.416
32,482
248,756
114,258
186,775
1,871,826
19,164
803,969
851,786
46,816
20,454
399,944
552,665
92,960
8,000
268,133
110,565
678,069
150,000
1901.
333,235
173,930
37,326
18,802
245,526
97,645
169,365
1,362,299
a87,692
288.706
815,698
46,924
17,716
532,840
502,974
138,787
16,000
277,387
122,116
591,068
150,000
6,828,964 I 5.469,986
1902.
461,768
242,021
60,524
12,868
281,401
125,708
158,471
1,555,084
126,473
481,819
402,997
57,387
54,568
700,700
641,226
159,497
3,660
316,786
278,042
687,831
59,153
6,766,984
1908.
892,016
245,491
80,801
3,600
265,226
180,
8.
178.
1,743,
77,
543,
392,
66.
127,
798,
586,
196,
56,
349,
871,
710,
167,371
7,588,032
Increase,
1908.
3,470
19,777
54,836
8.167
20,400
188.687
61,788
9,489
73,301
96,192
44,846
36,790
58,241
88,889
93,518
22,916
106,218
5771,048
Decrease.
1903.
69,752
9,268
16,175
49,373
10,709
a Includes Morgan County.
b Net increase.
Kentucky is the only one of the United States whose coal product
is drawn from any two of the great coal fields. The coal-producing
counties in the eastern portion of the State are included in the coal
measures of the Appalachian system, while those in the western part
belong to the Central field, of which Illinois and Indiana form the
greater part. For a number of years the counties in the western part
have produced more than half of the total output of the State. As a
comparison between the two sections is of interest, the following table
has been prepared, showing the production in the districts by counties
for the last five years, with the increases and decreases in 1903 com-
pared with those of 1902:
Digitized by
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472 MINERAL RESOUBOEfl.
Coal prodtuium of the eastern district of Kentucky , 1S99-J90S,
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Increase
in 1908.
Decrease
iDldOS.
Bell
152,934
171,438
15,700
184,784
4,225
12.464
235,682
349,719
49.418
5,300
108,469
224,500
170,931
16,416
248,756
883,235
173,930
18,540
245,526
461,768
242,021
23,873
281,401
892,016
245,491
82,730
265,226
8,167
77,100
543,557
392,288
66,826
47,571
196.287
56.901
710,747
129,065
69.762
Boyd
8,470
8,857
Breathitt
Carter
16,175
Greenup
8,167
Johnson
19,164
303,969
351,786
46,316
17,000
92,960
8,000
678,069
a 37, 692
283.706
315,698
46,924
18,786
138.787
16,000
591,068
90.000
126,478
481,819
402.997
57.387
36.651
159,497
3.660
687,831
40.000
49,37S
Knox
61,738
Laurel
10.709
Lawrence
9,439
10,920
86,790
53,241
22,916
89,065
Lee
Pulaski
Rockcastle
Whitley
526,317
Other counties and
Total
1.810,450
2,172.867
2,808,892
8,006,878
3,158,972
bl53.5M
a Includes Morgan County.
(> Net increase.
Coal production of the western district of Kentucky ^ 1899-1903,
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
190a
1901.
1902.
1906.
Increase
in 1903.
Decmse
in 1908.
Butler
85.174
82,482
93,931
13,272
7,050
135,775
1,371,826
20,454
899,944
552.065
268,133
110,505
18.802
73,220
16,205
8.220
169,365
1,362,299
17,716
532.840
502,974
277,337
122,116
60,000
3.161,094
12,868
87,858
20,518
17,837
158,471
1,555.084
54.568
700,700
541.226
316.786
278,042
19,153
8,600
99,226
44,286
87,062
178,871
1,748,721
127.869
798,892
586.072
349,625
371,560
38.306
9,268
Christian
11,873
23,768
19,195
20,400
188,687
73,301
96,192
44,846
83.839
98,518
19.158
Daviess
2,464
10,020
136,628
1,204,683
29,795
414.332
506,913
185.405
122,391
Hancock
Henderson
Hopkins
McLean
Muhlenberg
Ohio
Union
Webster
Ot^er counties and
small mines
Total
2.646,806
3,006,097
8.761,606
4.879.060
a617,454
a Net increase.
Digitized by
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00 AL,
473
The distribution of the product foi* Consumption, with the value
and statistics of labor employed, during the last fifteen years, is as
follows:
Distribution of the coal product of Kentucky y 1889-190S.
Year.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
Talne.
Aver-
price
Avei^
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aveiv
number
of em-
ployees.
18» . . .
Short
tons,
2.U1,010
2,357,989
2,569,263
2,620,556
2,613,645
2,734,847
3,012,610
2,980,855
3.088,182
8,537,429
4,139,199
4,783,062
4,947,716
5,141,886
6.805,323
ShoH
tons,
246,806
291,666
285,281
327,985
281,115
281,235
254,028
261,897
404.099
268,629
282,786
206,518
273,016
833,684
380,449
Short
tont.
23,981
29,568
21,863
88,856
80,969
47,844
50,294
66,447
55,038
55,206
67,186
92,128
87,947
182,812
150,689
ShoH
torn,
18,468
22,273
50,162
42,916
81,450
47.766
40.838
46,779
64,883
41,644
118,184
167,261
161, 2n
158,702
192,671
ShoH
tons.
2,399,766
2,701,496
2,916,069
3,026,318
8,007,179
8,111,192
8,857,770
8,883,478
8,602,097
3,887,908
4,607,256
5,328,964
5,469,986
6,766,984
7,588,082
•2,374.839
2,472,119
2,715,600
2,771,238
2,613,569
2,749,932
2,890,247
2,684,806
2,828,329
8.084,551
8,618,222
4,881,577
5,218,076
6,666,967
7,979,842
$0.98
.92
.98
.92
.86
.88
.86
.78
.79
.79
.79
.92
.95
.99
1.06
1890
1881
18«
M98
1804
1895
1896.
1897
1888
1809
1900
1901
1302
1808
219
226
217
202
146
153
165
178
187
224
227
218
209
207
5,250
6,865
6,724
6,581
8,088
7,799
7.549
7,988
7,614
7,461
9,680
10,807
18,727
14,854
The United States Census for 1840 credits the State of Kentucky
with a coal production of 23,527 tons. From that year until 1870,
when the Eighth Census reported a production of 150,582 short tons,
the record is blank. Since 1870 the production has been as follows:
Annual coal production of Kentucky, 1870-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
18704
150,582
250,000
880,800
800,000
860,000
500,000
660,000
850,000
900,000
1,000,000
946,288
1,282,000
1,800,000
1,650,000
1,660,000
1,600,000
1,650,000
1887
1,988,185
1871
1888
2,570,000
vsn.
1889
2,899,755
vnt
1890
2,701,496
W74.
1891
2,916,069
vm
1892
8,025,818
W76.
1898
8,007,179
W77..
1894....%
8,111,192
1X78
1895
3,857,770
1879
1896
3,883,478
IffiOa
1897
3,602,097
ISO. .
1898
8,887,908
1882
1899
4,607,255
un
1900
5,828,964
1A4
1901
5,469.986
1«..
1902
6,766,984
IW
1903
7,538,082
« United States census, fiscal year.
Digitized by
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474 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
MARYLAND.
Total production in 1903, 4,846,165 short tons; spot value, $7,189,784.
It is well known that the somewhat limited areas of actual produc-
tive territory in Maryland have been pretty well taken up, and that no
new developments in that particular territory are to be expected in the
future. Operations will probably be confined, until the fields are prac-
tically exhausted, to the extension of the mines already opened, and
it is not believed that there will be any permanent increase in the
annual production of the State. This condition is exemplified by the
showing for 1903, when the production throughout the United States
generally increased, while the output from Maryland shows a decline of
425,444 short tons. An increase is shown in the value of the product,
however, of $1,609,915, or 29 per cent. It is thus seen that, while
the State did not share in the increased tonnage, the operators have
been benefited by the general advance in price which was distributed
throughout the coal-producing region by the anthracite coal strike of
the preceding year.
In 1903 there were 5,859 men engaged in the production of 4,846,165
tons, or an average of 827.1 tons per man for the year. In 1902 each
man produced an average of 904.6 tons, and in 1901 of 958.8 tons.
The avemge production per man per day Vas 3.66 tons in 1901, 3.74
tons in 1902, and 3.78 tgns in 1903. About 98 per cent of the total
production of Maryland was obtained from Alleghany County, and the
remaining small quantity from Garrett County.
Since 1889 the statistics of production, the labor employed, and the
distribution of the product for consumption have been as follows:
Digitized by
Google
OOAL,
475
Distribution of the coed product of Maryland^ 1889-190S,
Year.
1880.
18W.
vm.
1892.
vm.
vm.
1995.
UB6.
vm.
1»8.
vm.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Short
tons.
Short
tons.
Short
tOM.
Short
tons.
2,886,336
44,217
10,162
2,989.715
12,517,474
•0.86
8.296,893
52,621
8,799
3,357,813
2.899,672
.86
244
3,771,684
36,969
11,696
3,820,239
8,082,615
.80
244
3,385,384
80,955
3,623
3,419,962
3,063,580
.89
225
3,676,137
26,833
13,071
3,716,041
3,267,317
.88
240
3,436,6G0
51,750
14,078
3,601,428
2,687,270
.77
215
8,840,991
59,960
14,644
3,915,586
8,160,692
.81
248
4.068,668
63,046
22,332
4,143,936
8,299,928
.80
204
4,891,703
27,762
22,663
4,442,128
3,363,996
.76
262
4,618,990
36.941
18,953
4,674,884
3,532,257
.76
253
4,716,881
68,760
22,065
4,807,396
3,667,056
.76
276
3,949.639
61,565
23,584
4,024,688
8,927,381
.98
203
6,(M3,991
41,282
27,854
6,113,127
6,046,491
.99
262
5,187,176
48.631
35,808
5,271,609
5,579,869
1.06
242
4,752,716
53,022
40,427
4,846,166
7,189,784
1.48
219
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
8,702
8,842
8,891
8,886
8,936
3,974
8,912
4,089
4,719
4,818
4,624
5,819
5,338
5,827
5,859
Maryland and the adjoining counties in West Virginia, which make
up what is known as the Cumberland region, constitute the only districts
outside of the anthracite region of Pennsylvania where records of coal
production have been kept from the earlier years. These districts have
been commonly known as the Georges Creek or Cumberland and the
Piedmont regions. The Cumberland region was opened in 1842. The
Piedmont region began shipping in 1853. The records of shipment
have been carefully preserved and are published annually in the reports
of the -^Cumberland Coal Trade." The following table, which shows
the shipments from this entire region, has been obtained from the
published report of the ''Cumberland Coal Trade:"
Digitized by
Google
476
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
Total shipmenUfrom the Cumberland coalfiddt m
[Long tons.]
Frostburg region.
Cumberland and Pennsylvania K. R.
Cumberland Coal and Iron
Company's R. R.
Teur.
By
By
By
By
Balti-
Chesa-
By
Balti-
Chef^a-
iiinre
pealce
Pennsyl-
Total
more
peake
Total.
JlIKl
and
vania
and
and
Ohio
Ohio
R. R.
Ohio
Ohio
R. R.
Canal.
R. R.
Canal.
1842 .
767
3,661
757
S,661
961
6,421
961
6.421
1843
1844.
6,156
6,166
9,734
i^n
1846
13,738
13,738
10, 915
mu
1846
11,240
11,240
18,565
vLm
1847
20, 615
86,571
20,615
32,325
n,n
1848
36,571
43,000
&.VA
1849 .-..
63,676
63,676
78,773
78,771
1850
73, 783
3,167
76,950
119,023
875
119, 8«
1851
70, 893
61,438
122,331
103,808
31,540
135, 34i
1852
128,634
46, 357
174, 891
139,925
19,362
139, 2S
1868
150, 381
^,060
234,441
155, 278
70.535
225, SU
1864
148, 953
63,731
212,684
173,580
92,114
^66, AM
1855
93, 691
77,096
170, 786
97,710
100, 691
mm
1866
86,994
80,aS7
167.381
121.945
106.149
mow
1857 , .
80,743
56,174
135,917
88,573
54.00C
142,531
1858
48 018
166,712
214,730
66.009
87,639
i^.He
1859
48,415
211,639
260,064
72.423
86,203
158, $»
1860
70.669
232.278
302,947
80,50(^
63,600
144, 1(N
1861
23, 878
68,303
92,181
25,983
29,296
55,27!
1862
71,745
76 206
146,951
41,096
23,478
64,57^
1863
117,796
173,269
291,065
111,087
43,523
154, «K
1864
287, 126
194,120
481,246
67,676
64.622
132, 19S
1865...-. .
384.297
285,295
669,592
10-1, 651
57,907
162. &6f
1866
592 938
291 019
883,957
62,251
52,159
104. 4K
1867
623, 031
385, 249
1,008,280
40,106
72,904
113,010
1868
659,115
424,406
1,083,621
100,345
57,919
158,2641
1869
1,016,777
573,243
1,590,020
130,017
78,908
206,925j
2,092,660
1.192,224
3.284.884
EckhaH Branch IL R.
1870
909,511
520,196
1,429,707
114,401
83,941
198.345
1871
1,247,279
656.085
1,903,364
69.864
194,254
264, lU
1872
1,283,956
612,537
22,021
1,918,514
26.686
203,666
230,252
1873.........
1,509,670
641.220
114,589
2.265,379
89,766
137, 58i
227.347
1874
1,295,8W
631,882
67,671
1,995.357
113,670
135,182
248,8H
1875
1,095,880
715.673
160,213
1,971.766
52,505
164, 16B
216,e7C
1876...
939.262
443, 435
131,866
1,514,563
15,285
189,005
204,90
1877
755,278
473, 946
170,884
1,399.808
63, 181
111,35C
174,581
1878
823.801
486,038
145.864
1,466,703
99,455
123.166
222,621
1879
933,240
897,009
161,264
1,484,613
141.907
104, 23«
246, 14S
1880
1.065,491
471,800
213.446
l,7t0,787
197,525
131. 32£
828, ®0^
1881
1,113.263
270. 156
153. 501
1,636.920
271,570
151, 52«
423,^
1882....
576,701
115,344
91.574
783,619
199.183
76, 14C
275,3
1888
851,985
302, 678
217,065
1,S"1,?28
197,235
141, 39C
838,Sg
1884
1,193,780
150,471
199.138
1.543.389
289.884
124.71*
414, eo&
1886
1,091,904
171,460
206,22"
1.469.691
289,407
117, 82«
407. 2»|
1886
1,131,949
115,531
141.520
1,389,000
243,321
113,791
367,113
1887
1,684,114
132,177
176,241
1,892,532
332,798
125.305
458. KB
1888
1,660,406
155, 216
193. (M6
2,008,668
374,888
96,191
470,071
1889
1,430,381
26,886
177, 152
1,634.419
368,49-'
26,407
SH90I
1890
1,511,418
291,704
1,803,122
622,334
522. SS4
1891
1,628,574
9, 070
289.232
1,926,8-6
463,142
39, 2M
m!^
1892
1,426,994
93,705
214.011
1.734,710
349,207
170, 116
519.321
1893..
1,332,634
ia5, 409
360,807
1,828,850
341,321
201,947
543.388
1894
1,068,739
95,523
372, 205
1,536,467
436, 216
208,914
645.131
1895
1.193,834
101,076
255,133
1,5.^,043
464.407
212,534
S76,MJ
1896
1.344,402
169, 195
163,471
1,6''7,068
610,418
195,279
806. a97
1897.....
1,790,813
9(i,536
1C9, 6-9
2,a'>7.028
586,692
166,691
768,2
1898
2,131,626
24,997
116, 195
2,272.818
507,196
213.139
720. 3M
1899
2.334,109
27, 570
161.191
2,622,8^0
473,608
164,853
633.481
1900
1.813,462
14,621
126.615
1,9d4,698
304,320
96,513
400, 8fl
1901.....
2.683,109
193, 063
373, 195
3,2*9,367
lai
^
•J
1902
2,981,013
192. 557
250,822
3,424,892
a 1
a
1903
2,844,162
222,571
182,587
3,249.320
a)
u
(«>
Total
53, 499, 905
12,407,481
6,063,119
71,970,605
8,609,691
4,219,351
12.829.0d
a Meiged in Cumberland and Pennsylvania figures.
Digitized by
Google
COAL,
477
Maryland and West Virginia from 184£ to 190S, inclusive.
[Long tons.]
Frostbury region.
Hcdmont region.
Total.
Geoiyes Creek and Cumberland
Georges
Creek
R. R.
Hamp-
shire
R. R. by
Balti-
more
and
Ohio
R. R.
Balti-
more
and
Ohio
R. R.
and
local.
Chesa-
peake
and
Ohio
Canal.
Pennsyl-
vania
R. R.
Chesa
and
Ohio
Canal
By
i Pennsyl-
vania
R. R.
1 Local
and Bal-
timore
and
Ohio
R. R.-
Total.
Aggregate.
1,708
10,082
14,890
24,653
29,795
62,940
79,671
142,449
192,806
174,701
268,459
376, 219
503,836
478,486
502,330
465,912
396,405
426,512
493,031
172,075
218,950
531,553
399,354
560,293
736,153
736,669
848,118
1,230,518
1,112,938
1,4W,814
1,517,317
1,780.710
1.576.160
1,302,237
1,070,775
818,450
924,251
1 076,198
1,319,689
1,478,602
1.085,249
1,444,766
2,233,928
2,076,486
2,069,774
2,724,347
2,669,216
2,357,685
2,723,341
2.866,225
2. ,567, 177
2.423,1.59
2.08-4,265
2,418,554
2, 807, 161
8,616,142
8,900,403
4,269,323
3,7.50,267
4,350,011
4,801,484
fc4,672,341
1,708
10,082
14 890
*
24 653
29 795
62,940
79, 671
142,449
196,848
267, 679
334 178
4,042
82,97.S
65,719
157, 760
165,846
183, 786
204,120
116,574
254, 251
297,842
295, 8"8
97,599
98,6.^
216,792
258,642
343,202
343, r%
458,153
482, 32.5
652, 151
604,137
850,339
816, 103
778,802
767.064
879,838
632,440
584,996
609.204
501,247
603,125
604,818
269, 782
680,119
344,964
368,744
282,802
262, 345
286,700
57, 459
7»,725
181,303
227,245
269,210
252.368
. 218,818
267,740
289,298
86,554
69,482
266,430
533,979
669,681
662, 272
706,450
682,486
649,666
724,354
788,909
269, 674
317,634
748, 346
657,996
903, 495
1,079.331
1.193,82*2
1,330.443
1,882,669
65,570
42, 765
61.628
63,060
47,934
62,564
36.660
36,627
36.240
44,652
71,346
90,964
72,532
88,658
83,724
60,988
96,453
121,364
103, 793
109,194
90,800
7,505
^
......
2,190,673
Empire and
Wett Vir-
28,035
81,218
85,441
77,682
57,492
63,537
106,728
1,717,075
2,346,153
2,366,471
2,674,101
2,410,896
2,342,773
1,835,081
1,574,330
1, 679, S22
1,730,709
2,136.160
2, '261.918
1, 640, 466
2,544,173
2,934,979
2, 865, 974
2, 592, 467
3.376,796
3,671,067
3,213,886
4,006,089
4,:i80,433
4,029,664
4,347,807
3,966,106
4,626,185
4,861.430
6, 304, 489
6, 6.'«, 636
6 131 461
'*"22,"62i
114,689
67, 671
160,698
131,866
170,884
146, 864
154,264
213.446
278,598
18.5, 435
419. '288
356,097
420, 745
239,891
389.104
715, 151
798,842
1,282,748
1.474,087
1, '205, 486
1,686,541
1,577,404
1,793,080
1,689,796
1,426.120
1.39.5,097
1,669,715
1,310,525
1,596,213
1,294,826
1, 137, 264
998
61
66,673
88.722
Is
1:
4.8fl
m
125,097
93.S61
202,223
160.969
214.518
98.S71
163.230
2M.787
186.029
€77.608
741,964
77»,074
1.081,015
916. 44S
918.712
918,775
1.088.771
8S7.008
4.947
31.436
77.829
283.336
291.686
348.196
418.057
S41.024
243.487
228,188
229.206
288,814
201,938
111,086
110,258
76.400
111.135
100,312
92.895
116,974
215,901
226,216
143,856
213, 180
203,595 277.929
495, 819
610.060
685.658
600.047
576. 150
627,923
608,516
905,731
998.111
804.317
943,892
884,110
1,141,398
1,070,843
1,029.84''
1,014,087
1,161,666
820,811
1,072,904
926,562
727.810
338,001
466,928
403,489
346,308
449,01.
564,397
576 047
774*904
•""'
969,673
971,214
1,031,797
900,399
1,157,803
1,307,822
1,463,331
1,526,396
1.808,464
1,995.574
1,817,068
1,937,913
2,055.W6
51,121
266,901
338, 107
804,437
314,651
364, 474
263,227
238,136
192,423
111.134
193,105
192,557
222,571
.......
'--••••J
6,171,916
6, 139, 329
6, 288, 867
6,032,176
imff-
"* '«>' ''V-'
f *>^C trOfi
1^ «,a nor
<m -o.- (XV
1 .-. .vn
'"•^ '"^.7.947
\ 205,901 tons lued on line of Cumt>erland and Pennsylvania Railroad and its branches,
•ad at ComberlADd and Piedmont; also 868,970 tons used by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com-
paay in looomociTes, rolling milli, etc.
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478
MINERAL KESOUBOES.
MICHIGAN.
Total production in 1903, 1,367,619 short tons; spot value, $2,707,527.
The coal-mining industry of Michigan during 1902 was considerably
demoralized by labor troubles, which resulted in a decrease in the pro-
duction for the State of 276,523 short tons or more than 22 per cent
as compared with the output in 1901.
Comparative peace reigned throughout 1903, and, stimulated by a
general shortage in fuel and unprecedented demand, the production of
Michigan increased to 1,367,619 short tons, a gain as compared with
1902 of 402,901 short tons or 41.8 per cent, and exceeding by 126,000
short tons or a little over 10 per cent the production in 1901, which
prior to 1903 was the banner year for coal production in Michigan.
The increased production was attended with an advance in the average
price per ton from $1.71 in 1902 to $1.97 in 1903. The total value
increased from $1,653,192 to $2,707,527, a gain of $1,054,335 or 63.8
per cent.
On account of the strikes in 1902, the average time made by the
mine workers in that year was 171 days against 247 days in 1901. The
average time made in 1903 was 222 working days. The average num-
ber of men employed during each of the past three years was 2,276
in 1901, 2,344 in 1902, and 2,768 in 1903. The average production for
each employee in 1903 was 494.1 tons, against 411.6 tons in 1902 and
545.4 tons in 1901. That the mine workers during 1902 made the best
of the time in which they were employed is shown by the fact that in
that year the average production per day per man was 2.4 tons, while
in 1901 it was 2.21 tons, and in 1903 it was 2.23 tons. The average
length of the working day in Michigan in 1903 was eight hours.
The statistics of production by counties, in 1902 and 1903, are shown
in the following tables:
Coal production of Michigan in 1902, by counties.
County.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Total
quantity.
ShoH
tons.
248,646
8,080
670,304
37,689
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
t
1 Aver-
age
number
of em-
ployeea.
Bay
ShoH
ions.
209,183
ShoH
tons.
29,696
7,981
50,100
30,301
ShoH
tons.
9,916
99
15,800
2,738
S410,616
18,890
1,141,409
82,278
SI. 66
2.34
1.70
2.18
149
231
176
208
Geo
Eaton
41
Sa^naw
604,904
4,650
1,488
Huron, Jackson, and
Shiawassee
1S4
Total
818,687 117 Q7ft
28.053 <HU Tift
1,653,192
1.71
171
2,S44
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479
Coal prodtuUion of Michigan in 1903^ by counties.
Gonnty.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
andiwed
by em-
ployees.
Uned at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
em-
ployees.
Btj
Eaton and Jackson .
8i«in«ir
Um9.
288,284
914,882
ShoH
tons.
24,215
29,041
70,421
Total 1,203,166
Short
tons.
12,622
1,669
26,696
ShoH
totu.
826,021
80,700
1,011,896
$607,091
78,846
2,022,091
91.87
2.66
2.00
206
294
224
714
100
1,964
123,677 40,776
1,367,619
2,707,627
1.97
222
2,768
The development of the Michigan coal fields has been on a relatively
important scale during the last seven years only. Prior to 1897 there
were but four years in which the production exceeded 100,000 tons;
these were 1880, 1881, 1882, and 1895. In 1897 it increased more than
130,000 tons over 1896, amounting to 223,592 short tons. Since then
it has increased each year, with the exception of 1902, when, as pre-
viously stated, the output was decreased by reason of strikes among
the mine workers.
The following table shows the production in the State in 1860 and
each year since 1868:
Coal production of Michigan^ 1860-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
vm.
18SR.
UTOa.
vm...
vsn..
vsn...
1874...
un...
UM...
vsn...
1«7»...
1879...
vm...
1882...
uo...
1886..
Quantity.
Year.
2,820 I 1886.
28,000 ' 1887.
29,960
28,160
82,000
83,600
66.000
68,000
62,600
66,000
69.197
86,322
82,015
100,800
112,000
136.339
71,296
86,712
46,178
1888.,
1891..
1892..
1883.,
1894.,
1895.,
1896..
1897.,
1898.,
1899.,
1900.
1901-
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
60,484
71,461
81,407
67,481
74,977
80,807
77,990
46,979
70,022
112,822
92,882
223,692
816,722
624,706
840,476
,241,241
964,718
,367,619
o United States oensuB, fiscal year.
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480
MINEBAL BES0UBCE8.
The following table shows the distribution of the coal product in
Michigan, 1892 to 1903:
Distribution of the cocU product of Michigan, 1892-190S,
Year.
1892
1898
1894
1896
1896.
1897.
1898
1899
1900
1901.
1902.
1903.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local trade
and used by
employees.
Short Umt.
27,200
27,787
60,817
80,403
83,160
188.686
232, 1&5
574,280
792,679
1.168,096
818,687
1,208,166
Short tons.
46,180
16,867
7,055
27,019
6,547
24,686
75,622
34,191 j
40,258 I
44,749
117,978
128,677
Used at
mines for
steam and
heat.
Short tOTts.
6,610
1,825
2,150
4,900
3,1 a")
10,270
7,945
16,237
16,588
38,396
28,063
40,776
Total
Total
quantity.
value.
ShoHtoM,
77,990
1121,814
45,979
82,462
70,022
103,049
112,822
180,016
92.882
160,631
223.692
826,416
315,722
462.711
624,706
870,152
849,476
1,259,688
1,241,241
1.753,064
964,718
1.653,192
1,367,619
2,707,627
Aver-
age "Avenge
T^^^k nu™- 1 number
Pi^iberof ofem-
y^^ 1 days Iployee*.
actiTe.|
Aver-
age
ton.
fl.56
1
230
1.79
154
1.47
224
1.60
186
1.62
157
1.46
230
1.47
246
L39
232
1.48
261
1.41
247
1.71
171
1.97
222
196
162
223
320
33)
»7
715
1,291
1,709
2,27*
2.SW
2.7«8
MISSOURI.
Total production in 1903, 4,238,586 short tons; spot value, $6,834,297.
For the first time in her history the coal production of Missouri has
exceeded a total of 4,000,000 tons. Prior to 1903 the largest tonnage
made by the State was in 1888, when a total of 3,909,967 short tons of
coal were mined. In 1889 the production dropped back to 2,557,823
short tons, and for the next seven years the production was without
much change either way. From 1896 to the close of 1903 the produc-
tion has increased steadily, indicating a steady growth in population
and industrial development. As has previously been pointed out, the
market for the coal output of Missouri is practically restricted to com-
paratively local consumption. It is almost entirely surrounded by
other important coal-producing States, where the mining conditions
are, as a general thing, more favorable to cheap production than in
Missouri, and the larger cities of the State are supplied largely from
mines outside of her borders. The opportunity for extending the
markets for Missouri coal is limited to the developments within the
State itself.
C!omparing the production in 1903 with that of 1902, the State
shows a gain of 348,432 short tons, or 9 per cent in quantity, and
$1,459,655, or 27 per cent in value. The average price per ton
advanced from $1.38 in 1902 to $1.61 in 1903, this being the highest
price obtained in any year for which there is any record.
In 1903 there were employed in the coal mines of Missouri 9,544
men, as compared with 9,742 in 1902 and 9,871 in 1901. The average
number of days worked was 215 in 1903, 202 in 1902, and 223 in 1901.
Digitized by^OOQlClT
GOAL.
481
The average production per man per year was 444.1 tons in 1903,
399.5 in 1902, and 395.3 in 1901. The average tonnage per man per
day was 2.07 in 1903, 1.98 in 1902, and 1.73 in 1901, showing a steady
increase in efficiency daring the last two years.
The statistics of production in 1902 and 1903, by counties, are shown
in the following tables:
Coal production of Missouri in 190£, by counties.
Comity.
Adair
Andialn..
Barton ...
Bates
Boone
Oallaway .
GarroU...
Chariton .
Henry
Howard ..
Johnson..
Lafayette.
Xoojoe
Montgomery
Potnam
Balls
Randolph
lUy
SCCfaOr
Schuyler
Vemoo
Other coantiesa .
Total.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Short
tons.
312,171
14,211
186,215
319,361
11,190
900
64,863
488,392
63,794
,039,687
1,226
121,424
18,252
399,680
204,859
670
1,428
204,412
51,268
8,508,998
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
ShoH
tons.
14,896
11.068
10,638
28,376
15,686
25,406
2,376
2,U6
32,798
2,683
5,530
44,444
16,658
9,212
2,101
2,558
3,648
1,100
19,008
26,164
3,160
2,772
8,438
28,216
318,992
Short
tOM.
4,092
929
3,493
6,970
180
116
1,180
10
10,965
661
15,827
817
2,911
20
5,479
4,043
80
40
5,494
4,412
67,169
Total
quantity.
Short
tons.
331,159
26,206
200,346
354,707
27,006
26,422
2,876
2,116
98,831
2,683
5,540
543,801
81,108
1,064,726
2,101
4,101
127,983
19,372
424, 167
235,066
3,860
4,240
218,339
83,896
3,890,154
Total
value.
9437,631
43,253
240,874
397,928
• 37,169
45,466
5,065
4,204
161,493
5,195
10,465
929,862
130,966
1,328,796
8,839
9,062
197,869
27,088
524,636
883,492
6,390
6,435
266,369
171,605
5,374,642
Aver-
age
pnce
per
ton.
SI. 32
1.66
1.20
1.12
1.38
1.72
2.13
1.99
1.63
1.94
1.89
1.71
1.61
1.25
1.83
2.21
1.55
1.40
1.24
1.63
1.66
1.52
1.22
2.05
1.38
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
190
169
197
198
140
195
114
106
184
193
172
210
197
219
156
165
212
100
215
198
146
67
155
244
202
Aver-
age
number
of em-
ployees.
796
111
436
741
122
93
23
14
345
17
37
1,646
308
1,968
12
21
387
55
987
740
29
44
452
858
9,742
■Galdirell, Cedar, Cooper, Dade, Orundy, Jackson, Livingston, Morgan, Pettis, and Saline.
Coal production of Missouri in 1903^ by counties.
Ooonty.
Adair....
Andrain.
Barton ..
CmiSmm
Loaded at
mines for
shipment
Short
tons.
511,854
15,404
184,469
189,892
2,760
9.900
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
ShoH
tons.
Short
tons.
10,032
5,089
10,643
788
6,587
2,810
8.642
1,429
16,952
40
15,682
405
Aver-
526.975
26,835
193,816
149,963
19.752
25,837
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
224
228
212
191
157
265
Aver-
age
number
of em-
ployees.
1,078
93
382
318
82
76
M B 1903 31
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482
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Coal production of MtssouH in 190S, by couniies — Continued.
Comity.
Loaded at
mines lor
shipment.
ShoH
tons.
Henry
Lafayette ,
Linn ,
Livingston '
Macon ' 1,102,171
82,665
680,407
43,200
Putnam
Ralls
Randolph
Ray
Schuyler
Vernon
Other counties a .
Small mines
Total.
108,710
7,206
573,947
267,404
6.850
168,885
48,974
3.814,688 300.101
Sold to I
local I Used at
trade and mines for
used by
em-
ployees.
and heat
ShoH
tons.
26,285
40,870
20,824
4,005
8,081
3,115
9,979
19,291
24,236
2,355
2,878
35,300
34,459
Short
tons.
770
8,203
2,295
70,401
916
U,002
5,282
66
9,600
4,702
123,797
Total
quantity.
ShoH
Ions.
59,710
689,480
66,319
4,095
1,180,658
112, 740
17,185
604,240
296,922
9,271
181,858
88,976
34,469
4,238,686
Total
value.
$120,897
1,266,681
135,620
8.474
1,732,715
206,887
27,787
871,892
554,104
14,483
27J.098
190,097
65,014
6,834,297
Aver-
afe
pnce
per
ton.
S2.02
1.98
2.04
2.07
1.47
1.88
1.61
1.44
1.87
1.56
1.49
2.14
1.61
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
dajrs
active.
Aver-
number
of em-
ployees.
191
222
266
146
226
200
126
226
228
126
161
172
216
203
1,817
204
18
1,864
297
68
1,223
862
88
427
im
9,544
a Caldwell, Cedar, Chariton, Clay, Dade, Qrundy, Howard, Jackson, Johnson, Lincoln, Monroe.
Montgomery, Morgan, Pettis, and St. Clair.
Notwithstanding the fact that the total production of the State
increased 348,432 tons in 1903 over the preceding year, there were
13 counties in the State in which the production diminished and 8
counties (exclusive of the unimportant counties and the production of
small mines) in which the tonnage increased. The most important
gains were made in Adair County, 195,816 short tons; Bandolph,
180,073 tons; Macon, 116,927 tons, and Lafayette, 95,679 tons. The
greatest decrease was borne by Bates County, whose output declined
from 354,707 short tons in 1902 to 149,963 short tons in 1903, a loss of
204,744 tons. The increases and decreases in the other counties were
comparatively unimportant.
In the following table is shown the coal production of the State, by
counties, during the last five years, and the increases and decreases in
1903 as compared with 1902:
Coed production in Missouri, JS99-190S, by counHes,
[Short tons.]
County.
Adair
Atdrain . .
Barton ...
Bates
Boone
Caldwell .
Callaway .
1 1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
' 175,452
244,814
858,011
331,159
45,907
44,074
36,916
28,206
111,468
166,692
144,854
200,346
456,797
270,712
281,020
354,707
1 20,280
18,619
22,629
27,006
48,100
34,100
20,430
16,000
1 23,210
16,485
28,006
26,422
1908.
Increase. Decrease^
1906. 1908.
626,975
26,835
193,816
149,963
19,752
11.486
26,837
196,816
627
6,680
204,744
7.2M
•4,515
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GOAL.
483
Coal production in Mmouri, 1899-1903, by counties — Continued.
County.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Increase,
1903.
Decreaae,
1903.
Cole
(jnmdy
Henry ,
Jackson
Johnson
Ufayette
Unn
LiTingston
MMxm
Montgomery and
Mofgan
PntfiAwi ..,
Balls
Randc^h
R»y
VenMm
Otlier comities and
small minea
Total.
2.600
42,071
95,071
32,000
1,500
869,253
84,928
1,160
539,543
1,855
184,655
22,640
304,962
206,622
185,214
120,636
81,010
16,700
4.939
457.858
71,811
1,200
886,248
2,146
111,626
20,145
442.456
216,617
822,827
•
120,935
42,861
82,586
20,000
11,255
438,922
85,266
900
1,040.976
8,474
138, a97
23,688
403,403
267,432
288,070
120,000
84,936
98,831
21,000
6,540
548,801
81,108
2,138
1,064,726
a 4, 101
127,983
19,872
424,167
235,066
218,889
27,198
25,665
69,710
8,500
1,458
639,480
66,319
4.095
1,180,658
7,588
112,740
17,185
604.240
296.922
181,358
78, 115
96.679
1,957
116,927
3,482
180,073
61,856
50,917
3.026.814
8,540,103
3,802,088
3,890,154
4,238,586
6848,482
9,371
39,121
12,600
4.082
14,789
15,243
2,187
86,961
a Montgomery CJounty only.
b Net Increase.
The distribution of the coal product in the State since 1889 has been
as follows:
DiMribuiion of the coal product of Missouri, 1889-190S,
Year.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
minee for
steam
and heat.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
price
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Avei^
age
number
of em-
ployees.
18S9
Short
tons.
2,246,845
2,449,805
2,850,707
2.899,606
2,625,227
1,965,265
2,104,462
2,047,251
2,384,797
2,883,815
2,691,483
8,187,194
3,4U,123
3,608,998
8.814,688
ShoH
tons.
275,999
240.287
265,695
298,414
322,764
242,501
231,090
248,029
289.686
249,662
289,826
296,229
832,782
818,992
800,101
Short
tons.
84,979
45,679
58,804
40,930
49,461
47,288
36,861
41,262
41,143
45,844
44,555
69.680
58.233
67.169
128,797
Short
tons.
2,567,823
2,785,221
2,674,606
2,733,949
2,897,442
2,245,039
2,372,898
2,831,542
2,665,626
2.688,821
3,025,814
3,640,108
8,802,088
3,890,154
4,238,686
•3,479,067
3,382,858
3,283,242
8,369,659
8,562,757
2,684,564
2,651,612
2,518,194
2,887,884
2,871,296
8,691,945
4,280,828
4,707,164
5,374,642
6,834.297
91.86
1.24
1.23
1.28
1.23
1.17
1.12
1.06
1.08
1.07
1.20
1.21
1.24
1.88
1.61
itn
229
218
280
206
188
168
168
168
198
212
214
223
202
215
5,971
lan
6,199
lags
5,898
im
7,875
UN
7,623
UK
6,299
U96
5,062
I8V7
6,414
un
6,542
7,136
UM
itoo
8,180
tfta
9,871
tm
9,742
iMi
9,544
The United States Census of 1840 reports the coal production of
Missoori in that year as 9,972 tons. Since 1840 the production has
been as shown in the following table, the output for the years 1841 to
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484
MINEBAL BES0UB0E8.
1869, inclusive, being largely estimated from the best infonnation
available:
Coal production of Miuouri, 1840-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
1840. .
9,972
12,000
15,000
25,000
86.000
50,000
68,000
80,000
85,000 ,
90,000 1
100,000
125.000
140,000
160,000
175,000
185,000
200,000
220,000 ;
240,000
260.000
280.000
800.000
820,000
860,000
875,000
420,000
460,000
500,000
541,000
660,000
621,980
725,000
1841 ^
1842
1848
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
I860
1851
1852
1858
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860a 1
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
18706
1871
Year.
Qoantity.
1872
1878
1874,
1875,
1876,
1877
1878,
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1888,
1884,
1885,
1886,
1887,
1888
1889.
1890.
1891,
1892.
1898
1894,
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900,
1901
1902
1903
784,000
784,000
780, €»
840,000
1,006,000
1.008,000
1,008,000
1,006,000
»844.»4
1,960,000
2,240,000
2,520.000
2,800,000
3,060,000
1,800,000
3.209.916
3,909,967
2,557,82S
2.735,221
2,674.605
2,773,9«
2,897,412
2,245.00
2,372.898
2,831.5^
2,665,626
3,a25,8U
3.540,ltt
3.802,068
3.890, 154
4,238.581
a Census figures for 1860 are 8,880 short tons, but it is eyidently an error.
h United States census, fiscal year.
MONTANA.
Total production in 1903, 1,488,810 short tons; spot value, $2,440,846.
Montana's coal production has shown very little variation during the
last nine years, indicating that there has been during that time very
little, if any, industrial progress. The maximum output was reached
in 1900, when the production amounted to 1,661,775 short tons. Tbe
smallest production in the last nine years was in 1901, when it fell off
to 1,396,081 short tons. The tonnage mined in 1903 was somewhat
less than the average since 1894, and there were only two years since
that time (1898 and 1901) when the output was less than in 1903.
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COAL.
485
Compared with 1902, the production of 1903 shows a loss of 72,013
short tons, or 4.6 per cent. The State participated, however, in the
^neral advance in price, and the value of the product in 1903 was
only $2,601 less than that of the preceding year. The average price
per too advanced from $1.67 in 1902 to $1.64 in 1903. This is the
highest figure reached since 1897.
There were employed in the coal mines of the State during 1903 a
total of 2,155 men, an increase of 217 over 1902. The average work-
ing time? however, shows a decrease of 16 days. The yearly produc-
tion for each man employed in 1903 was 691 short tons as against 805
tons in 1902 and 647 tons in 1901. The average daily production in
1903 was less than in either of the two previous years, the figures
being respectively 2.8 tons in 1901, 2.98 tons in 1902, and 2.72 tons
in 1903.
The statistics of production for the last two years, by counties, are
as follows:
Coal production of Montana in 1902^ by counties.
Coanty.
Loaded
nt mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
em-
ploy-
ees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
•
Aver-
imce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees-
OuboD
ShoH
tans.
676,472
897,888
260
600
23,660
86,225
ShoH
torn.
9,270
14,050
10,612
4.600
1,470
817
Short
ton*.
19,212
14.898
Short
tons.
86,241
Short
tons.
604,954
761,672
10,772
5,200
89,640
88,686
$791,222
1,274,169
27,064
16,900
189,080
145,012
81.81
1.67
2.61
8.25
2.11
1.64
297
248
186
127
267
841
578
Oucade
923
Gbotean
27
ffggOB
26
Plrk
8,770
1,648
60,740
221
other counties a
168
Total
1.385,100
40,719
89,028
96,981
1,660,828
2,443,447
1.57
270
1,988
aOeerlodge, Gallatin, Granite, Meagher.
Coalprodvu^n of Montana in 1908^ by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
em-
ploy-
ees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
I^ce
£fn'.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Cutwo
Short
tons.
559,806
666,272
2,625
1,000
14,120
44,000
Short
tons.
10,431
16,4m
7.200
8.784
4,640
2,666
760
Short
tons.
20,261
82,496
60
ShoH
tons.
17,802
ShoH
tons.
689,997
733,064
9,876
9,734
86,044
69,346
750
8797,525
1,222,613
24,000
88,553
258,132
98,478
1,650
81.35
1.67
2.43
3.96
3.00
1.66
803
251
226
216
280
146
6^
0w*4«
887
Cbotcra
26
31
Pick
6,150
6,471
62,134
7,220
240
OlhflreoQnttaia
274
Tottd
1,287.822
60,904
68,428
87,166
1,488,810
2,440,846
1.64
254
2,166
o Deerlodge and Gallatin.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
486
MINEBAL BES0UBCE8.
It will be seen from the following table that the decrease in pro-
duction was distributed pretty generally over the State, there being
but one county in six which did not sustain a loss. The greatest per-
centage of loss was in Gallatin County, where the product fell off
almost exactly one-third.
Production of coal in Montana, 1899-1903, by counties,
[Sliort tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Increase,
1903.
Decrease,
190S.
Carbon
387,525
965,378
6,885
900
66,671
128,850
242
393,877
1,123,395
6,757
900
51,671
86,025
150
498,660
789,407
5,050
500
24,*583
77,981
604,954
761,572
10,772
6,200
88,000
89,640
685
589,997
733,064
9,875
9,734
58,696
86,044
14,967
Cascade
28,506
897
Choteau
Feiigiis
4.534
Gallatin
29,304
Park
3.696
Other counties ......
a 1,400
715
Total
1,496,451
1,661,775
1,396,061
1,660,823
1.488,810
«» 72,013
a Includes production of small mines.
frNet decrease.
The distribution of the product for consumption, the value, and the
statistics of labor employed in the coal mines of Montana since 1889
are shown in the following table:
Distribution of the coal product of Montana, 1889-1903.
Year.
T/wided at
mines for
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnee
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
number
of em-
ployees.
1889
ShoH
tons.
814,372
466,016
601,508
521,621
789,516
861,171
1,401,862
1,314,873
1,434,858
1,261,814
1,294,614
1,445,456
1,210,666
1,385,100
1,287,322
Short
tons.
12,917
23,427
6,395
4,866
27,063
12,900
19,168
27,476
29,707
29,493
29,686
26,814
40,842
40.719
60,904
ShoH
tons.
6,486
4,034
6,438
1,849
17,960
17,324
20,463
17,676
18,410
19,386
34,249
66,854
41,624
89,023
63,428
Short
tons.
30,676
24,000
28,526
-36,412
57,770
36,000
59,700
183,420
16-1,907
169,110
137.902
133,661
102.950
95,981
87,166
ShoH
tons.
863,301
617,477
641,861
664,648
892,309
927,395
1,504,103
1,643,445
1,647,882
1,479,803
1,496,451
1,661,775
1,396,081
1,560,823
1,488,810
$880,773
1,252,492
1,228,630
1,330,847
1,772,116
1,887,390
2,860,906
2,279,672
2,897,408
2,324,207
2,847,757
2,713,707
2,009,316
2,443,447
2,440,846
«2.42
2.42
2.27
2.86
1.99
2.04
1.89
1.47
1.76
1.67
1.67
1.63
1.44
1.67
1.64
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
" *258*
242
192
223
234
262
216
238
252
231
270
264
1,2a
1.119
1.156
1,401
1,782
2,184
2,335
2.8»7
2.359
2,378
2,376
2.1fie
1.988
2,166
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COAL.
487
The earliest record of coal production in Montana is contained in
the census report for 1880, in which year the output was given at 224
tons. The second volume of Mineral Resources shows that in 1883
the output of the State amounted to 19,795 short tons. In the twenty-
one years of coal mining since 1883, inclusive, the production has been
as follows:
Coal production of Montana^ 1888-1908.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
mt
19,795
80,376
86,440
49,846
10,202
41,467
368,301
517,477
541,861
564,648
892,399
1894
927,896
1,504,193
1,543,445
1,647,882
\m
1895
1885
1896
1886
1897
1887
1898
1,479,808
1,496,451
1,661,775
1,896,081
1,560,823
1,488,810
1888
1899
1889
1900
\m
1901
1891
1902
1892
1903
1898
NEW MEXICO.
Total production in 1903, 1,541,781 short tons; spot value, $2,105,785.
Following two years of decreasing production, the coal mining
industry in New Mexico took a decided spurt in 1903, and while the
records show that the number of men employed were even less than
in 1902, there was a marked increase in the average amount of work-
ing time and a gain in the total output of 493,018 short tons, or 47 per
cent. The gain in value was somewhat less in proportion, owing to a
decline in the average price from $1.43 in 1902 to $1.37 in 1903. The
increase in value was substantial, however, amounting to $605,555, or,
40 per cent. Part of the increase in New Mexico's production would
probably have gone to C!olorado had the industry in the latter State
been free from labor disturbances.
The most striking feature connected with the coal-mining industry
in New Mexico during the last three years has been the increased daily
and yearly production per man employed. In 1901, 2,478 men were
employed for an average of 224 days in the production of 1,086,546
short tons of coal, being equivalent to 438 tons per man for the year,
and of 1.96 tons per man per day. In 1902, 1,849 men worked an
average of 217 days and produced 1,048,763 short tons, or at the rate
of 567 tons per man for the year, and of 2.61 tons per man per day.
In 1903, 1,789 men (60 less than in 1902) produced 1,541,781 short tons
and worked an average of 260 days, the rate of production being 862
tons per man per year, and 3.81 tons per man per day of nine hours.
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488
MINERAL RESOURCfiS.
The statistics of production in 1902 and 1903, by counties, art as
follows:
Coal prodtuHon of New Mexico in 1902, by counties.
County.
Colfax
McKinley
Santa Fe
Other counties a .
Small mines
Total.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and
used
by em-
ploy-
ees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
1
Aver-I
age 1 Averts
num- 1 number
berof of em-
days ployees.
active.
Colfax
Short
Urns.
304,221
418,981
47,000
100
81,636
121,562
Short
tout.
10,902
3,515
1,600
422
3,075
ShoH
tons.
8,731
9,612
600
Short
tons.
22,519
Short
tons.
346,378
432,108
47,600
1,700
90,895
130,087
$392,244
593,361
69,000
2,175
179,944
263,506
$L13
1.37
L45
L28
1.98
2.03
1
254 €6
McKinley
152 1 747
Rio Arriba
244 62
San Juan
119 8
Santa Fe
8,887
6,400
50
281 152
other countiesa
278
217
I 226
Total
973,600
19,514
33,180
22,569
1,048,763 1 FMi 9aa
1.43
i 1.W9
a Lincoln, San Miguel, and Socorro.
Coal jyroduction of New Mexico in 1908, by counties.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
ShoH
tons.
630,709
563,673
65,864
163,937
Sold to
local
trade
and
used
by em-
ploy-
Short
tons.
15,079
4,669
364
4,422
75
1,414,183 24,609
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
ShoH
tons.
15,285
11,020
9,307
4,664
40,276
Made
into
coke.
ShoH
tons.
62,713
Total
quantity.
ShoH
tons.
723,786
669,362
75,535
178,023
75
Total
value.
$874,837
789,003
138,290
306,655
100
62,713 1,541,781 J2, 106, 785
^2f^of
$1.21 281
1.39 I 241
1.83 I 289
1.76 I 245
I
1.87 260
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
664
757
126
242
1,789
a Lincoln, Rio Arriba, Sandoval, San Juan, and Socorro.
As shown in the following table, the increased production in 1903
was almost entirel}' confined to the two counties in which there has
been the greatest amount of development — Colfax and McKinley (for-
merly Bernalillo). The losses in the other three counties were not,
however, of much importance.
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COAL.
Coal production of New Mexico^ 1399-1903, by counties,
[Short tons.]
489
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Increase,
1908.
Decrease,
1908.
McKInley
493.310
868,878
12.787
82,000
187.534
6,760
450.646
388,480
150,442
45,800
262,731
11,200
516.533
249,296
156,621
88,942
106,454
18.700
432,108
846,878
99,000
47,600
90,895
82,787
669,862
723,786
97,229
85,900
75,535
40,869
137,254
377,413
Ccdfiuc
14ncoln
1,771
RioAirlba
12,100
SantePe
15,360
Other oonntiefl
7.582
Total
1.050.714
1,299,299
1,086,546
1.048,763
1,541.781
a 498. 018
a Net increase.
The distribution of the product for consumption, the value, and the
statistics of labor employed in the coal mines of New Mexico since
1889 are shown in the following table:
DistribuHon of the coed product of New Mexico, 1889-190S.
Tear.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Made
Into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
1B89
Short
tons.
466,127
358.332
Short
ton*.
8.953
11.360
3.471
8.776
5,618
8,266
13,045
« 677
ShoH
tons.
6,888
6,085
6,245
6,997
8,776
14,365
11,292
7,446
19,714
17,601
14,785
58,108
33,617
33,180
40.276
Short
tons.
6,000
4,000
14,698
18,042
683
1,184
17,124
27,838
14,295
22,569
62,713
ShoH
tons.
487,468
375,777
462,828
661,330
665,094
597,196
720,654
622,626
716,981
992,288
1.050,714
1,299,299
1,086,546
1,048.763
1,541,781
1870,468
504,890
779,018
1,074,601
979,044
935,857
1,072.520
960,381
991,611
1,344,750
1,461,865
1,776,170
1,546,652
1,500,230
2,105,785
81.79
1.34
1,68
1.62
1.47
1.57
1.49
1.49
1.38
1.35
1.89
1.37
1.42
1.43
1.37
IttO
192
265
223
229
182
190
172
208
242
257
261
224
217
260
827
IWl
1892.
18».
UM
448.612
645,557
636.002
661,523
605.634
607,819
806
1,083
1,011
985
U96
1896
1,883
1,559
189?
689.423 1 7.H44
1.659
1.878
1,750
un
949.908
1,021.801
1.198.289
1.028,010
978,600
1 414,188
7,660
14.128
15.574
15,624
19,514
24,609
1889
MOO
BOl
1902
1908
2,037
2,478
1,849
1,789
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490
MINEBAL BBSOUBOES.
Since 1882, the first year of which there is any record available, the
coal production of New Mexico has been as follows:
Coal production of New Mexico, 1882''190S.
[Short toDs.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
QiuDtUy.
1882
157,092
211,847
220,657
806,202
271,285
508,034
626,665
486,943
875,777
462,328
661,880
1888
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
666^ OM
1888
597,1K
1884
730,651
1885
622, eas
1886
716, 9n
1887
992,288
1888
1,060.714
1« 299.299
1.086,516
1889
1890
1891
1,048,768
1892
1,541,781
NORTH CAROLINA.
Total production in 1903, 17,309 short tons; spot value, $26,300.
As the operations of the Richmond basin have been practically
abandoned, the production in North Carolina represents the entire
output of Tertiary coal in the United States. The Cumnock mines in
the Deep River basin, Chatham County, furnish the total product
They were opened in 1889. Since that time the statistics of produc-
tion have been as follows:
DistriJtmtion of the coal product of North OaroHnOf 1891-1903,
Year.
Loaded
at mines
lor ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
Used at
mines lor
steam
and heat
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
price
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
1891
Short
tons.
18,780
6,679
15,000
18,500
23,400
5,356
21,280
9,852
24,126
14,757
10,000
20,400
14,429
ShoH
tons.
600
Short
tons.
976
ShoH
tOM.
20.855
6,679
17,000
16,900
24,900
7,813
21,280
11,495
26,896
17,734
12,000
28,000
17,809
939,635
9,599
25,500
29,675
41,350
11,720
27,000
14,368
84,965
28.447
15,000
84,500
25,800
$1.98
1.44
1.50
1.76
1.66
1.50
L84
1.25
1.80
1.82
1.26
1.60
1.47
254
160
80
146
226
220
215
80
1892
90
1893
2,000
2,400
900
2,162
70
1894
1,000
600
295
95
1895
81
1896
18
1897
51
1898
804
486
492
1,839
2,284
2,485
2,000
2,500
2,798
1899
1900
210
151
800
285
264
70
84
1901
25
1902
100
87
40
1908
4§
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COAL.
Coal production of North Carolina, 1889-190S.
[Short tons.]
•491
Year.
Quantity. Year.
Quantity.
1889
192
10,262
20,855
6,679
17,000
16,900
24,900
7,818
1897
21,280
11,495
1890
1898
1891
1899
1892
1900
17,734
189S
1901
12,000
28,000
1894
1902
1895
1903
17,809
I8B6
NORTH DAKOTA.
Total production in 1903, 278,645 short tons; spot value, $418,005.
Coal production in North Dakota has increased steadily since 1897,
accompanied by an uninterrupted advance in price, so that while the
output in 1903 was about three and one-half times that of 1897, the
value was more than five times as great. Compared with 1902 the
production in 1903 shows an increase of 52,134 short tons, or 23 per
cent, in quantity, and of $92,038, or 28.2 per cent, in value.
The entire product of North Dakota is lignite, which must depend
upon a comparatively local market, as it does not stand transportation
well, and can not compete with bituminous coals except when the price
of the latter is quite high. The remoteness of North Dakota from the
bituminous regions, however, encourages the use of the domestic
lignites, of which there are extensive areas in the State.
The statistics of production, by counties, during the last two years
liave been as follows:
Coal production of North Dakota in 190£, by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Total
qoantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Mcrtoo
ShoH
ton*.
13.512
29,700
68,417
70,848
ShoH
tons.
4,676
6,300
22,619
8,245
ShoH
tont.
200
ShoH
tont.
18,317
86,000
93,786
79,408
«28,078
38,025
171,122
98,742
$1.26
1.09
1.82
1.18
181
228
193
277
48
e«ark
87
Ward
2,860
6,820
288
oth^T f^mntin^
89
Total
182,002
86,639
8,870
226,611
826,967
1.44
213
402
a Burleigh, Emmons, and McLean.
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492
lONEBAL BE80UBCE8.
Coal production of North Dakota in 1903^ by counties.
County.
Tioaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aven«e
number
of em-
ployees.
Burleigh and McLean. . . .
Morton
Short
toru.
100,465
10,500
89,864
67,782
6,060
Short
tons.
6,310
8,000
6,700
38,573
2,725
2.605
ShoH
tons.
1,986
ShoH
tons.
108,760
18,500
46,764
98.061
8,935
2,605
$126,962
14,335
66,190
199,964
17,710
3,844
$1.17
1.06
LIS
2.04
L98
274
196
224
169
78
Stark
200
1,726
150
72
Ward
228
Williams
»
Small mines
Total
214,671
59,913
4,061
278,645
418,006
L50
198
496
The distribution of the product for consumption, the value, and the
statistics of labor employed since 1889, and the total production since
1884 are shown in the following table:
Distribution of the coal product of North Dakota, 18S9-190S,
Year.
1889
Short
tons.
18,610
1890
1891
1892
88,000
1893
47,968
1894
37,811
1895
85,880
1896
71,447
1897
65,082
1898
71,223
1899
77,781
1900
106,584
1901
134,664
1902
182.002
1903
214,671
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
ShoH
tons.
10,297
30l00O
30,000
2,726
1,612
4,480
3,617
6,183
10,458
11,525
20,788
21,729
26,775
85,639
59,913
ShoH
tons.
50
224
420
1,756'
1,147
290
1,670
5,162
8,870
4,061
Total
quantity.
ShoH
tons.
28,907
80,000
80,000
40,725
49,630
42,015
88,997
78,060
77,246
83,895
98,809
129,883
166,601
226,511
278,645
Total
value.
$41,431
42,000
42,000
89,250
56,250
47,049
41,646
£4,906
88,808
93,691
117,500
158.348
214,151
825,967
418,005
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
$1.43
1.40
L40
.96
LIS
1.12
L07
L09
LOS
1.12
L19
L22
L29
L44
L50
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
216
198
156
143
166
168
187
154
142
198
218
198
Average
number
of em-
ploiye&.
M
8S
77
&
141
170
151
210
S»
280
402
486
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COAL.
Coal production of North Dakota, 1S84-190S.
[Short tons.]
493
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1884
85,000
25,000
25,955
21,470
84.000
28,907
80,000
80,000
40,725
49,630
1894
42,016
38,997
78,050
77,246
88 895
1886
1896..,
1888
1896
1887
1897
1888
1898
1889
1899
98,809
129,883
166,601
226,611
278,645
1880 r.
1900
1891
1901
1892
1902
1898
1908
OHIO.
Total prolluction in 1903, 24,838,103 short tons; spot value,
$31,932,327.
Since West Virginia took precedence of Ohio as a coal-producing
State in 1896 the latter State has held fourth place in the quantity of coal
produced, and until 1903 was third in rank in the value of the product.
In 1903, however, the West Virginia product exceeded in value, as in
quantity, the product of Ohio, and the latter State now holds fourth
position both in quantity and value of her coal production. The
supremacy thus gained by West Virginia will probably be maintained.
Compared with 1902 the production of coal in Ohi«) in 1903 shows
an increase of 1,318,209 short tons, or 5.6 per cent, in quantity, and
$4,978,638, or 18.5 per cent, in value. The production in the fcitate
has increased annually since 1897, when the output amounted to
12,196,942 short tons, showing that the production of 1903 was some-
thing over double that of 1897. The value of the product in 1903
was nearly 3.4 times that of 1897, while the average price per ton
shows a gain of 14 cents, or 12.2 per cent, over 1902, and 51 cents, or
65 per cent, over 1897.
The returns for 1903 show that of the total product in that year
14,007,326 short tons, or 56.39 per cent, was machine mined, as com-
pared with 12,094,641 short tons, 05 51.42 per cent, in 1902. The
number of mining machines in use in the State in 1903 was 724, as com-
pared with 559 in 1902 and 376 in 1901. In the last named year the
percentage of the machine-mined product of the total output was 47.3.
Notwithstanding the increase in the use of mining machines, the total
production per man shows a decided decrease in 1903 as compared with
1902, and in the latter year as compared with 1901, although there is
a slight increase in the average production per man per day in 1903 as
compared with the preceding 3'ear. In 1901 there were 32,111 men
employed in the production of 20,943,807 short tons, or an average of
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494 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
652 tons per man for the year. The average time per man made by
the mine workers in 1901 was 198 days, showing an average daily pro-
duction per man of 3.29 tons. In 1902 38,965 men were engaged in
the production of 23,519,894 tons, or an average of 604 tons each for
the year. As the average working time was 200 days, this made an
average tonnage per man per day of 3.02 tons. In 1903 there were
employed 41,936 men in the production of 24,838,103 tons, indicating
an average of 592 tons per man for the year, and as the average
working time last year was 194 days, the average tonnage per nian
per day was 3.05. Part of the decreased production per man was
possibly due to a shorter number of hours for the day's work. In
1903 the men worked an average of eight hours per day, but no official
statistics of this character were obtained for earlier years, and no exact
•comparisons can be made.
There was one county in Ohio, Athens, whose product in 1903
exceeded 3,000,000 tons. Four others, Belmont, Guerrfsey, Hocking,
and Perry, each produced over 2,500,000 tons, and two, Jackson and
Jefferson, produced within 100,000 tons of the latter quantity. There
was only one other, Tuscarawas, whose production exceeded 1,000,000
tons. Of these eight leading counties, three, viz, Athens, Hocking, and
Perry, comprise what is known as the Hocking Valley region. In this
region are located some of the most important manufacturing interests
of the State. These three counties in 1903 produced 8,662,650 short
tons, or nearly 35 per cent of the State's total. The region has pro-
duced betweea 35 and 40 per cent of the total product of the State
regularly in recent years.
Details of production by counties in 1902 and 1903, with the distri-
bution of the product for consumption, are shown in the following
tables:
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COAL.
495
Oocd production of Ohio in 190Sy by counlies.
C6ant7.
Atbem
BelmoDt
OmtoII
Cohnnbiana
Ootbocton
OtlUa
Onerotey
Htniaon
Hoddng
Holmes
Jackson
Jcffenon
Lawrence
Mahoning
Medina
UeigB
Moisan
Moikingiun ....
Feny ...... .....
Btark
Smnmlt
Tnimball
Toacanwaa
Vlntoo
Wayne
Other counties a
TMal
Loaded
at
mines
for
fthip-
ment.
I
Short
tons,
3,281,410
1.763,658
190.969
724,765
68,289
16,962
2,615,805
855.192
2,584,424
600
2,344.492
1,
165,060
72,416
76,399
263,402
86.821
190.542
2,664,968
998,609
51,400
6,100
1.421,827
90,761
74,824
108,192
22,232,404
Sold to
local
trade
and
used
by em*
ployees.
Short
tons.
13,146
219,302
30.996
48,102
48,995
4.508
9,802
4,500
19,312
14,185
37,287
101,563
18,309
62,234
9.333
63,506
34,871
68,470
68,620
12,882
6,490
144,660
1.124
2.066
8.469
1,041,112
Used
at
mines
for
■team
and
heat.
Short
tons.
22,241
14,996
3,414
20.991
500
30,008
1,800
87,405
30,780
15,776
3,098
4,986
12,731
10,559
13.210
8,710
440
12,078
566
1,610
1,805
242,594
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
934
60
3,784
Total
quan-
tity.
Short
tons.
2,800| 3,319,
1,907,956
225,879
793,858
437,784
-21,470
2,655,610
861,492
2,641,141
14,785
2,412,509
1,812,801
183.369
127.747
90,718
839,639
86,821
225,413
2,743,997
1,080,429
67,442
12,080
1,578,610
92,441
78,890
118,466
59713,636,
23,619,894
Total
value.
Aver-
age
price
per
ion.
762
2,069,488
288,956
885.656
536,196
24.650
2,440,906
316,756
2.893,974
21,482
3,432,741
1.905,820
240,857
178,517
161,729
890,713
127,136
262,621
2,913.699
1,946,667
107,417
27,835
1,654,120
116.614
140, 158
244,925
26,963,789
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
81.09
1.04
1.28
1.12
1.22
1.16
.921
.S7
1.10
1.45
i.«;
1.05,
1.31
1.40
1.78
1.15
1.46
1.12
1.06
1.80
1.69
2.27
1.05
1.26
1.79
2.07
1.16
164
190
232
230
225
224
229
251
184
127
232
237
179
211
233
208
134
174
172
232
214
174
222
172
124
167
200
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
em-
ployees.
6,069
3,395
452
1,171
792
72
2,735
337
3,444
72
4,425
2.985
650
305
222
659
187
422
4,865
2,886
158
46
2,220
270
222
404
88,965
a Noble, Portage, 8cioto, and Washington.
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496
HIKERAL B£SOUBGES.
Coal produdion of Ohio in 1903, by counties.
County.
Athens
Belmont
Carroll
Columbiana
Coshocton
Gallia
Guernsey
Harrison
Hocking
Holmes
Jackson
Jefferson
Lawrence
Mahoning
Medina
Meigs
Muskingum
Perry
Portage
Stark
Summit
Trumbull
Tuscarawas
Vinton
Wayne
Other counties a.
Small mines
Total.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Short
tons.
3.351,800
2,491,619
220,046
827,218
401,332
32,680
2,723.966
268,861
2,406,146
23,300
2,296,697
2,261,344
192,484
77,600
109,666
262,468
187,623
2,638,892
100,297
711,616
30,668
4,959
1,141,274
187,961
66,761
103,066
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Short
tons.
36,131
212,768
24,892
60,667
62,068
16.368
11,479
4,624
71,650
17,'
76,789
178,366
21,410
43,338
19,679
60,180
98,621
64,608
6,897
148,298
8,020
4,
126,684
1,180
1,619
2,400
13,686
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
ShoH
tOTU.
21,572
10,002
19,660
608
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
41.384
1,162
28,714
63
37,809
38,437
14,367
2,268
8,479
4,800
605
38,882
3,100
61,062
8,440
726
12.678
2.938
1,600
500
i;075
Total
quantity.
ShoH
ton*,
3,424,958
2,725,849
254.440
907,326
454,008
48.948
2.776,829
259,047
2,506,410
41,388
2,411,145
2,479.211
228,251
128,206
182,828
816,888
281,649
2,781,282
109.794
910,866
42,118
10,652
1,279,686
192,069
69,870
106,966
18,586
23,098,792 1.867.494 375.742 1,07524,838,10331,982.827 1.29 194 41.99S
Total
value.
14,199,968
8,110,714
854,707
1,167,664
625.132
68,280
2,962,497
369,181
3,177,892
67,416
3,844,629
2,864,728
356,405
178,954
209,691
396,349
330,958
3.293,805
287,644
1,923,025
69,108
27,762
1,532,023
281.209
130.648
154.580
16,523
Aver-
pnce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aw
number
olm-
plojeei
fL23
1.14
1.39
1.29
1.38
1.19
1.07
1.43
L27
1.89
1.59
l.l6
1.56
1.45
1.68
L26
1.18
1.21
2.16
2.11
1.64
2.61
1.20
1.46
1.87
1.46
I
163'
1971
22(i
230|
222
162
213
246
193
197j
243;
215j
2Di|
224
227
185
189
150
190
180
206
219
182
176
162
188
5,«
M
i,(n
U8
a?
8,177
116
4,8a
*.»
S7
aa
TV
Ki
4,9fi2
se
2,218
98
S
2,00
581
S8
17D
a Morgan, Scioto, and Washington.
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COAL.
497
The production by counties during the last three years, with the
increases and decreases in 1903 as compared with 1902, is shown in
the following tables:
Coal production of Ohio, 1899-1903, by courUies,
[Short tons.]
1900.
Coanty.
Athens
Behnont
Carroll ,
Colombiana . .
Coshocton
G*lli«
Goenuey
HArriaon
Hockinf
Holmes
Jftckson
JeffenoD
lAvrence
Mahoning . . .
HedinA
Meigs
Morgan
Mnakingnin .
Peny
Portage
Stark
Summit
Tramboll
Toammwas..
VIntoQ
Waahington .
Wayne
Noble
Scioto
Small mines.
Total..
1899.
1,786,041
1,242.888
227,191
885,179
392,373
13,636
1,562,986
1,890
2,018,865
2,032,288
924.214
116,972
43,906
191,351
273,730
24,905
142,645
1.785,487
106,006
1,079,228
68,702
7,575
979.481
71,889
8,822
18.754
a 48, 024
600,000
I
16.500,270
2.288,520
1.845,284
167,521
692.264
358,314
15,620
1,852,827
6.342
2,518,605
2,804,892
1,110,586
95,425
46,462
129,918
242,275
24,004
184,274
2.884.791
101,240
1.116,524
109.855
14,099
1,260.588
68,901
5,800
16,857
58,367
600.000
1901.
2,968,720
1,506,858
180,773
734,680
418,579
14.826
2,287,870
79,692
2,768,772
1902.
18,988,150
2.175,316
1,822.805
107,216
109,349
108,684
237,614
27,276
137,670
2.446,872
160,678
896.996
106,968
8.606
1,510,462
46,880
8,010
27,540
64.675
600,000
20,943,807
3,819,597
1,997,956
225,879
793,858
437,784
21,470
2,655,610
361,492
2,641,141
14,785
2,412,609
1,812,801
183,369
127,747
90,718
339,689
86,821
225,413
2,748,997
100,266
1.080,429
67,442
12,060
1,578.610
92,441
3,604
78,890
14,696
23,519,894
1908.
8,424,
2,725,
254,
907,
454,
48,
2,776,
259,
2,606,
41,
2,411,
2,479,
228,
123,
132,
316,
93,
281,
2,781
109,
910.
42,
10,
1,279,
192,
3,
68,681
13,536
Increase,
1908.
105,361
727,898
29,061
113,467
16,224
27,478
121,219
26,553
666.410
44.882
42,105
6,854
56,236
9,528
Decrease,
1903.
18,536
24,838,103 dl, 318, 209
a Includes Geauga County.
frNo production in Noble County.
c Small mines production included in county distribution.
dNet increase.
102,445
184,731
1,864
4,541
22,751
12,715
169,664
25,324
1,378
296,974
4
8,520
5,915
X R 1903 32
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498
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Statistics as to the distribution of the coal product for consumption
have been obtained only since 1889. Since that date the quantity and
value of the product, the average price per ton each year, and the
number of men employed are shown in the following table:
Distribution of the coal product of O/iio, 1889-1903.
Year.
Aver-
afe
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
dav8
active.
m.^
Averaire
number
of em-
ployees.
.94
201
.^
206
.94
212
.92
188
.83
136
.79
176
.79
161
.78
148
.83
169
.87
200
1.02
215
1.00
198
1.15
200
1.29
194
19,343
20,576
22, 1«
22,576
23.931
27,105
24,644
25,500
26.410
26,986
26.038
27,628
82.111
38,965
41,936
So far as stati.stics are available, the first production of coal in Ohio
was made in 1838. when an output of 119,952 tons was reported. The
census of 1840 reported a production for that 3' ear of 140,536 tons.
P>om 1838 to the close of 1903 the total production of the State
amounted, approximately, to 383,000,000 tons, the production for each
year being shown in the following table. From 1840 to 1S63 the pro-
duction of each year has been estimated from the best information
obtainable, official .statistics not being available.
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COAL.
499
ArmtuU coal production of OhiOy 18S8-190S.
[Short tons.]
Ye« r.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1838
119,952
125,000
140,536
160,000
225,000
280,000
340,000
390,000
420,000
480,000
540,000
600.000
640,000
670,000
700,000
760,000
800,000
890,000
930,000
975,000
1,000,000
1,060,000
1,266,600
1,150,000
1,200.000
1,204,581
1,815,622
1,536,218
1,887,424
2,092,334
2,475,844
2,461,986
2,527,286
1871
4,000,000
1839...
1872
5,315,294
IM)
1873
4,550,028
1841
1874
8,267,585
4,864,259
1812
1875
1870
1843
3,500,000
1844
1877
5,250,000
IMS *
1878
5,500,000
6,000,000
1846
1879
1847
1880 a
6,006,596
1848
1881
9,240,000
1849
1882
9,450,000
laio
1883
8,229,429
ISol
1884
7,640,062
1852
1885
7, 816, 179
1K53
1886
8,435,211
18.>4
1887
10,300,708
IJvM
1888
10, 910, 951
1S56
1889
9, 976, 787
1857
1890
11,494,506
1^
1891
12,868,683
1>^
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
13,562,927
13, 253, 646
\f^9
1861
11,909,856
lNi2
13,355,806
\9fQ
12, 875, 202
18&4
12,196,942
14, 516, 867
1865
1866
16, 500, 270
Igg7
18,988,150
1868
20, 943, 807
1M9
23, 519, 894
I<«70a
24,«38,103
a United States census, fiscal year.
OREGON.
Total production in 1903, 91,144 short tons; spot value, $2iJl,031.
Compared with 1902, the production of Oregon in 1903 shows an
increase of 25,496 short tons, or 38.8 per cent, in quantity, and of
!|60,956, or 38.1 per cent, in value. The increased production is due
in large pwirt to the reopening of the Heaver Hill mine in Coos County.
The entire productic5n of the State is lignite, and most of the product
is shipped to San Francisco by water.
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500
MINERAL BE80UR0B8.
In the following tables are shown the statistics of the production for
the last twelve years, and the total output since 1880:
Distribution of the coal product in Oregon, 189S~1903.
Year.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1895.
189fl.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901
1902
1903
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
ShoH
tons.
31,760
37,835
45,068
68.108
88,116
92,921
54,805
78,608
48,160
53,472
42,591
67,192
Sold to
local
trade and
UAed
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for steam
and heat
ShoH
tons.
2,353<
8.594
2,171
5.294
12,951
5,207
3,290
6,656
9,590
14.531
11,232
9,848
Short
tons.
548
254
282
288
654
9,161
589
1,624
1,114
1,008
11,825
14,104
Total
quantity.
ShoH
tons.
34,661
41,683
47,521
73,685
101,721
107,289
58,184
86,888
56,864
69,011
65.648
91,144
Total
value.
$148. &16
164,500
188.914
247,901
294.564
291.772
212, 184
260,917
220,001
173,646
160.075
221,031
Average
number
of em
Avenge
namber
of dayi
ployecsu ' wfirked.
90
UO
88
414
254
375
142
124
141
187
265
235
120
192
243
am
191
200
199
2S8
233
228
2S4
a The apparently large number of men employed and small average working time are due to tiie
large force of men employed in developing the Beaver Hill mine, which was producing coal for ship-
ment during only 20 days in 1895. The average time made at the Newport mine was over 200 dayi
I>er man.
Coal production of Oregon^ 1880-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity. I
Year.
Quantity.
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
148,206
83,600
85,000
40,000
45,000
60,000
45,000
37,696
75,000
64,859
61,514
51,826
1892.
1898.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900
1901.
1902,
1903,
84,^
41,688
47,521
7S.685
101,721
107,289
58,184
86,888
58.861
69,011
65,648
91,144
a United States census, fiscal year.
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COAL.
PENNSYLVANIA.
501
Total production in 1903, 158,682,363 long tons, or 177,724,246
short tons; spot value, $273,789,207.
Anthracite, — ^Total production in 1903, 66,613,454 long tons;
spot value, $152,036,448.
Bituminmts, — ^Total production in 1903, 103,117,178 short tons;
spot value, $121,752,759.
Owing to the great strike in the anthracite region in Pennsylvania
in 1902 the production in that-^ear was entirely suspended for a
period of five months, and the tonnage, as compared with 1901,
showed a decrease of 23,301,850 long tons, or 38.7 per cent. The
settlement of the strike by the appointment of a Conunission by the
President of the United States carried with it an agreement on the
part of the operators and the United Mine Workers of America to
abide by the decision of the Commission for a period of three years,
and to refer any matters of controversy to a board of conciliation
reconmiended by the Commission during this period. In consequence
of this settlement the anthracite region was practically free from labor
distorbances during 1903, and the mines were worked at a rate previ-
ously unknown in the history of the industry. During' the continuance
of the strike all available supplies of anthracite coal had disappeared,
so that when mining was resumed demands for the replenishment of
these, as well as the demands caused by an unusually cold winter in
1902 and 1903, created an unprecedented activity in the anthracite
industry resulting in the largest production in its history. Notwith-
standing, however, that the output in 1903 showed a gain of nearly
30,000,000 long tons over 1902, the average production for the last
two years was nearly 8,000,000 tons less than the production of 1901.
The production of 1901, however, was exceptionally large following
the decreased production in 1900, which was in turn due to a strike of
the mine workers in that year. The average production for the last
three years, notwithstanding the greatly reduced output in 1902,
amounted to 54,598,908 long tons, or about 650,000 tons more than the
production of 1899, in which the largest output was obtained prior
to 1901.
The production of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania amounted in
1903 to 103,117,178 short tons, exceeding for the first time a total of
100,000,000, and showing an increase over 1902 of 4,542,811 short tons,
or 4.6 per cent, in quantity, and of $15,720,299, or 14.8 per cent, in
value.
Attention has been called in previous reports to the comparative
gun which the production of bituminous coal has made over that of
anthracite. The following table has been prepared showing the aver-
age production of Pennsylvania anthracite and of bituminous coal for
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502
MINEBAL RESOUBOES.
the fifteen years from 1876 to 1900, inclusive, and for the three years
1901-1903. This table shows that in the last five years of the period
production of the anthracite was something over double tliat of the first
five years, while the bituminous production increased nearly five times.
On account of the decreased production of anthracite in 1902 the com-
parison from 1901 to the close of 1903 can not be considered as fairly
representing the conditions. The statistics show, however, that while
the average production of anthracite in these last three years was
61,160,777 short tons, the average production of bituminous coal was
256,264,780 tons, or more than four times that of anthracite, and
that in the five years from 1876 to 1880 the average production of
bituminous coal was only 36 per cent more than that of anthracite.
Production of anthracite and bitnminous coal in twenty-five years by fire-year averages.
[Short tons. J
Period.
Anthiacite,
qiuiitity.
Bitomlnoiifi,
quantity.
1876-1880
26,250,000
36,194,188
42,151,364
53,405,189
55,625,165
61,150,777
35,650,000
70,816,115
»4,«8,«81
126,216.327
171.496.887
256,264,780
1881-1885
1886-1890
1891-1895
1896-1900
1901-1908 (3 years)
Until 1902 Pennsylvania enjoyed the distinction of producing more
than one-half of the entire coal output of the Unit^ States. The
shortage produced by the anthracite strike reduced the percentage of
Pennsylvania to a total, in 1902, of 46 per cent. Notwithstanding the
increased production in 1903, the tonnage of the State in the latter
year was still slightly less than half of the total for the United States.
In 1880 Pennsylvania produced 66 per cent of the entire output of the
United States, and while the percentage has showed a decreasing tend-
ency since that time the average for the last twenty-four years has
been nearly 55 per cent of the total. Pennsylvania alone produces
more coal than any other country in the world, with the exception of
Great Britain and Germany, and exceeds the combined production of
Austria, France, and Belgium, which rank, respectively, as fourth,
fifth, and sixth among the coal- producing countries of the world. .
The following table shows the total production of Pennsylvania and
of the United States since 1880, with the percentage of the tonnage
produced by Pennsylvania in each year:
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ooAL. * 503
Production of Pennsylvania coal compared with total United StaieSy 1880-190S.
Year.
ShorlUms.
U«0 71,481,569
1881 85,881,030
1882 ' 103,286,780
1888 ' 115,212,126
mi A, I 119,785,051
1885 110,967,522
1886 ' 112,748,408
1887 1 129,976,557
1888 1 148,669,402
1889 - I 141,229,514
1890 1 167,788,657
1891 i 168,666,668
1892 1 179,329,071
1806 1 182,362,774
1894
1806
1896
1M7 :
1898
1899
1900
WDl
1902
1903
170,741,526
193,117,580
191,986,357
200,228,665
219,976,267
268.741,192
269,684,027
298,299,816
801.582,348
867,366,416
StwrttoM.
47,529,711
54,820,018
67,254,507
62,488,190
62,404,488
62,187,271
62,867,210
70,872,867
77,719,624
81,719,060
88,770,814
93,458,921
99,167,080
98,038,267
91,888,684
108,216,666
108,903,534
107,029,664
118,647,777
184,668,180
187,210,241
149,777,618
139,947,962
177,724,246
63
56
64
62
66
66
64
62
68
66
66
66
64
64
66
64
68
54
68
51
61
46
60
The production of anthracite and bituminous coal in Pennsylvania
is discussed separately in the following pages. The chapter on
anthracite has been prepared for this report, as for several years pre-
viously, by Mr. William W. Ruley, Chief of the Bureau of Anthracite
Coal Statistics, Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. Ruley is thoroughly conversant
with the statistics and with the conditions affecting the industry, and
his statements are accepted as official and authoritative. One of the
interesting features of his report in the last two years has been the
discussion of the increased consumption of small sizes of anthracite in
competition with the larger and more profitable sizes, and of the
recovery of usable fuel from the old culm banks by means of washeries.
PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE.
By William W. Ruley.
The year 1903 stands as the high-water mark of prosperity in the
anthracite trade, the tonnage for 1903 having exceeded by over
6,000,000 long tons that of any previous year, and the demand for
coal being so good as to make it possible to dispose of the product at
prices which brought a fair return to all concerned in the industry.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
504
MINERAL KE8OUB0E8.
To those familiar with the trade it is hardly necessary to comment
on the conditions which made it possible to produce and market such
a large quantity of coal. At the commencement of the year there
was practically no anthracite in stock, the coal which had been mined
after the strike of 1902 having gone directly into consumption, with
the demand very largely in excess of the capacity of the producing
companies to supply it, so that the year 1903 started under the most
favorable conditions for the sale of anthracite coal, and all that could
be mined during the first three months was in immediate demand.
With the opening of navigation and a reduction in price made
April 1, dealers at all points endeavored to lay in an ample supply to
meet their fall and winter requirements. This made a brisk demand
for the product during the spring and summer months, with the
resulting accumulation of stocks in dealers' hands. However, the
early coming of cold weather and its continued severity during the
entire winter caused a very large consumption of coal; indeed, m
many places remote from the source of supply and where railroad
facilities were deranged on account of the cold and the snowstorms,
there was absolutely no anthracite to be obtained. It was unfor-
tunate that there were not more ample supplies at these places, as a
demstnd of this kind is, of course, one which must be met immediately
or not at all.
In connection with the large production it is interesting to note the
increase in the shipments of the small sizes of coal in 1903 over pre-
vious years. This will be seen from the following table, which gives
the shipments for sizes above pea and for pea and smaller sizes for the
last three years:
Shipments of anthracite according to larger and gmaUer sizes in 1901, 190^, and 1903.
[Long tons.]
Year.
Sixes above pea.
Pea and smaller sizes.
Total shlp-
menta.
Quantity.
Percent
Quantity.
Percent.
Quantity.
1901
34,412,^4
19.025,682
37,788,510
64.25
60.98
63.57
19,165,627
12,176.258
21,624,821
86.75
89.02
86.43
63,568,601
1902
81,200.890
50,862,831
1903
This is especially noteworthy on account of the generally expressed
opinion at the close of the anthracite strike that bituminous coal had
very largely taken the place of anthracite for steam purposes, and
would continue to hold this trade to the exclusion of the small sizes of
the latter product. On the contrary, however, the consumption of
these smaller sizes of coal increased 2,468,694 tons in 1903 over 1901.
The probable explanation of this is that although anthracite did not
regain all its old trade, it did gain new trade along various lines where
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GOAL.
505
its use is advantageous and where it can continue to hold its own in
competition with bituminous coal. This is an illustration of the diffi-
culty of attempting to foretell very far in advance the conditions which
will prevail in any large industry subjected to so many and to such
Yarying influences. It would seem that the only cause which would
seriously affect the prosperity of the anthracite business is the general
condition of the entire countrj^ — in short, the ability of the people at
laige to buy it.
In connection with the large production it is of interest to note an
increase of 15 cents in the average value per ton for coal at mines.
The total production and the total value of the product for the last
three years, together with the average number of days worked and the
average number of men employed, are shown in the following table:
Statistics of production of ardhradtey 1901-1 90S,
Year.
Quantity.
Value of
coal sold.
Average
price
per ton.
Average
number of
men em-
ployed.
Average
number
of days
worked.
l«l
Long Unu.
60,242,560
36,940.710
66,613,454
$112,504,020
76.173,686
152,036,448
S2.05
2.36
2.50
145,809
148,141
160,483
196
im
116
1908
206
i
In considering this table it should be borne in mind ttiat the coal
used for steam and heat at the mines, amounting to 5,786,407 tons, is
not taken into consideration in the valuation, as this is largely culm
and dirt.
The following tables show the production by counties for the years
1902 and 1903:
AnihTacile production in 190ii, by counties.
[Long tons.)
County.
Soaqnehanna
Ucka vanca
Loaerne
Carbon
Pcbaylkin
Coatmbia
Solllvan
XortliaiDberlaad
DaopHin
TotoJ
Shipments.
Local
irade.
Steam and
heat.
Total.
378,451
9,792
21,006
404,248
9.659,014
269,678
850,676
10,779,268
11,040,874
877,379
1,485,078
12,862,826
796,791
24.621
164.789
986,201
6.240,258
193,278
1.270,666
7,704,202
588,058
11.823
70. 7W
670,115
286,230
2.982
7,788
296,000
2,806,258
92,719
477,643
2,878,615
194,691
13,883
160.661
369,285
31,486,120
995,665
4,458,936
36.940,710
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506
MINSBAL B£80UBG£d.
ArUhracUe production in 190Sy by counties,
[Long tons.]
Coonty.
Susquehanna
I^ic'ka wanna
Luzerne
Carbon
Schuylkill
Columbia
Sullivan
Northumberland .
Dauphin
Shipments.
(r70,467
16,450,802
22,877,068
1,647,522
12,880,127
1,108,615
246,626
4,258,288
471.477
Total ' 69,609,457
Local
trade.
Steam and
heat.
8,996
850,154
540,824
24,889
157,806
13,874
2,647
80,488
17,554
85.571
1.012,125
2.060,283
206,809
1,681,621
91,855
12.468
511,610
187,068
1.205,122 ! 5,798,875
TouL
714,974
17,830,661
24. 977,696
l,879,i;0
14,219,0M
1,208,844
2SI.741
4. 845, SI
66.61S.4&4
In connection with the above tables, the statement below is given m
order to show the proportion of the various sizes shipped to market
during the years 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Shipments of anthracite according to sizes in 1901 , 190t, and 1903.
[Long tons.]
1901.
Size.
Quantity. Per cent.
Lump 2,187,568
Broken, 4,423,584
Egg 6,989,330
Stove 10,561,967
Chestnut ' 10,250,550
Pea
Buckwheat No. 1
Smaller than Buckwheat No. 1
Total 68,568,601
7,555,948
7,894,613
8,705,066
4.06
8.26
13.06
19.72
19.14
14.11
^4.72
6.92
100.00
1902.
Quantity. Percent
1,227.U4
2,548,980
3,880.404
5,767,713
5,611,471
4.162.913
4,419,775
3,502,570
81,200,890
8.08
8.17
12.44
18.45
17.99
13.84
14.17
11.51
100.00
190S.
Quantity. ' Percent
2,206.116
4,825.497
7.917.680
11.501.573
11.200.6S5
7,929,715
8.180,880
5.513.726
50.862.831
3.71
&»
19.6!
i&s;
11»
U.78
9.a
100.00
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COAL.
507
Of the above shipments a considerable portion is washery coal, this
being reclaimed from the culm banks. The following table shows the
amount of this product from the time it became an item of trade up
to the present:
Shipmenis of anthracite coal from ivasJierus compared with total shipments, 1890-1 90S,
Year.
ShIpmenU
from
washeries.
Total ship-
ments.
Per cent of
washery
output to
total ship-
ments.
1890
Lmtg toii8.
41,600
85,702
90,495
Jjong totu.
36,616,459
40,448,886
41,898,820
43,089,537
41,391,200
46,611,477
48,177,486
41,687,864
41,899,761
47.666,204
45,107,484
63,568.601
81,200,890
59,862,831
0.11
uu
.21
1892
.22
1898.
245, 175
634,116
1.060.800
895,042
993,603
1.099.019
1,868,275
2.059,849
2,667,335
1,959,466
3,693,606
.67
MM...
1.63
1885
2.32
1886
2.07
imi,
2.39
1888
2.62
im r .
2.87
lioo...
4.67
1981
4.79
IfOB. '.
6.28
19tt
6.22
In order to continue the record of the anthracite business from the
earliest date to the present time the following table shows the ship-
ments of coal from each region from 1820 to 1903, inclusive. It should
be noted that these shipments include only coal loaded on cai*s for line
or tide- water points, and do not include any coal sold locally or used
under the boilers at the mines.
Annual Mpmcnts from the SchuyUdU, Lehigh, and Wyoming regions, 1820-1903,
Ytmi.
Schuylkill region.
Lehigh region.
Wyoming region.
Total.
Qnantlty.
Percent
Quantity.
Percent
Quantity.
Percent
Quantity.
iffn.
Longiont.
LongioM.
366
1,078
' 2,240
6,828
9,641
28,898
81,280
82,074
80,282
26.110
41,760
40,966
70,000
128,001
LongtoM.
Long tont.
866
im '
1,078
8,720
6,961
11,108
84,893
48,047
68,484
\fl22
1.480
1.128
1,667
6.500
16.767
81.860
47,284
79.978
89,904
81,864
200,271
2S2.971
89.79
16.28
14.10
18.60
84.90
49.44
61.00
7L86
61.60
46.29
67.61
61.87
60.21
88.77
85.90
81.40
66.10
50 66
89.00
22.40
23.90
28.17
19.27
26.22
ISZf
UM
1806..
VM.
11137
1808
77,616
Utt
7,000
48,000
64,000
84,000
1U,777
6.26
24.60
30.64
23.12
22.91
Digitized by
112,083
IfW
174,734
«::;;::::::..
176,820
868,271
MW
4W,749
GooQk
508
MINEBAL RESOUB0E8.
Annual shipments from the SdiuylkiUy Lehigh, and Wyoming regions, ISSO-lOOS—Coni^d,
Year.
Schuylkill region.
Lehigh region.
Wyoming region. |
Total.
Quantity.
Percent.
Quantity.
Per cent
Quantity.
Percent
Quantity.
Longioju,
Long ions.
Long ions.
LongloM.
226,692
60.19
106,244
28.21
48,700
1L60
876,696
389,508
60.54
181,260
28.41
90,000
16.05
500,758
4S2,045
68.16
148,211
21.66
103,861
15.18
6SI,117
590,152
60.98
228,902
25.75
115,887
18.27
889,441
446,875
60.49
218,615
28.92
78,207
10.59
m,m
475,077
58.05
221,026
27.01
122,300
14.94
818,402
490,596
56.75
226,818
26.07
148,470
17.18
864,Sn
624,466
65.07
148,087
14.90
192,270
20.08
958,778
588,273
52.62
272,540
24.59
252,599
22.79
1,108,412
710,200
66.21
267,798
21.19
285.605
22.60
1.26l,»6
887,987
54.45
877,002
28.12
865,911
22.43
1,6M,K0
1,181,724
56.22
429,458
21.38
451,886
22.45
2,018,018
1,308,500
55.82
517,116
22.07
518,889
22.U
2,844,006
1.665,786
57.79
633.507
21.98
588,067
20.23
2,882,W
1,738,721
56.12
670,321
21.70
685.196
22.18
z,m,m
1,728,500
58.80
781,566
24.10
782,910
22.60
8.212,966
1,840,620
54.80
690,456
20.66
827,828
24.64
S.IB.W
2,328,525
52.84
964,224
21.68
1,156^67
25.96
4,4«.«16
2,686,835
52.81
1,072,186
21.47
1,284,600
25.72
4,991,471
2,665,110
61.80
1,064,809
20.29
1, 475, 732
28.41
5,196,151
8,191.670
58.14
1,207,186
20.18
1,608,478
26.78
6,m,m
3,552,943
68.77
1,284,118
19.43
1,771,611
26.80
6.608,867
8,608,029
62.91
1,351,970
19.52
1,972,681
28.47
6,927,W)
8,878,797
50.77
1,818,641
19.84
1,952.603
29.89
6,644.»a
8,273,245
47.86
1,880,080
20.18
2.186,094
81.96
6,8».W
3,448,708
44.16
1,628,811
20.86
2,781,286
84.96
7.808.»
8,749,682
44.04
1,821,674
21.40
2,941,817
34.66
8,613,128
8.160,747
89.74
1,788,377
21.85
8,055.140
88.41
7,954, »*
8,872,568
42.86
1,351,051
17.17
8,146,770
89.97
7,860,407
3,911,688
40.90
1,894,718
19.80
3,759.610
89.80
9.6a,«i6
4,161,970
40.89
2.054,669
20.19
8,960.886
38.92
10,177,475
4,856,959
45.14
2.040,913
21.14
8,254,519
88.72
9,652, »1
5,787,902
45.66
2,179,864
17.16
4.786,616
87.29
12.708.88
5,161,671
89.74
2,502,054
19.27
5,825,000
40.99
12.988.7»
5,880,737
88.62
2,502,682
18.18
6,968,146
48.25
1S,«1,465
6,775,138
41.66
1,949,673
14.06
6,141,860
44.28
18,866,l»
4,968,157
80.70
3,239,874
20.02
7,974,660
49.28
16. 182, m
6,552,772
41.74
2,285,707
14.24
6,911,242
44.02
15,690,711
6,694,890
34.08
8,878,889
19.70
9,101,549
46.27
19,680, TTS
7,212,601
88.97
8.706,596
17.46
10,809.756
48.67
21,2»,9K
6,866,877
84.09
8,773,886
18.78
9,504,408
47.18
20,145,m
6.281,712
81.87
2,884,606
• 14.88
10.596.156
88.75
19.712,47!
6,221,934
88.68
8,854,919
20.84
8,424,158
45.53
18.601,011
8,196,042
89.85
4,382,760
20.80
8.300,377
89.85
20,828,170
6,282,226
86.68
8.287,449
18.40
8,066,587
45.92
17.606.262
8,960.829
84.28
4,595,567
17.68
12.686,293
48.14
26,142,»
7,554,742
82.28
4,468.221
19.05
11,419,279
48.72
28,487,20
9,258,958
82.46
5,294,676
18.68
18,961,888
48.96
28.560,017
9,450,288
82.48
5,689,487
19.64
18,971,871
47.98
29.120,096
10,074,726
81.69
6,118,809
19.28
15,604,492
49.08
81,7«.fl27
9,478,314
80.85
5,562,226
18.11
a 15, 677, 758
61.04
30,718,S9I
9,488,426
80.01
5,898,684
18.65
a 16, 236, 470
61.84
8I.«ZS,5I0
9,881,407
29.19
a1
6,728,129
ncludes Loya
17.89
laock field
0 17,031.826
Digitized by V^
52.82
^ooqI
82.186,882
[e
1834..
1835..
1836..
1837.,
1838..
1889..
1840..
1841..
1842..
1843..
1844..
1845..
1846..
1847..
1848..
1849..
1850..
1851..
1852..
1858..
1864..
1855..
1856..
1857..
1858..
1869..
I860..
1861..
1862..
1868..
1864..
1865..
1866..
1867..
1868..
1869..
1870.,
1871..
1872..
1873..
1874..
1875.,
1876..
18T7..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
1888.
1884..
1885.
1886..
COAL.
509
Atmual shipments from the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Wyoming regions, 1820-190S — CJont'd.
Year.
Schuylkill region.
Lehigh region.
Wyoming region.
Total.
Quantity.
Percent.
Quantity.
Per cent.
Quantity.
Percent.
Quantity.
1887
Long tons.
10,609,028
10,664,116
10,486,186
10,867,822
12,741,258
12,626,784
12,857,444
12,036,006
14.269,982
13,097.571
12.181,061
12,078,875
14,199,009
13,502,732
16,019,591
8,471.391
16,474.790
30.63
27.93
29.28
29.68
31.50
80.14
28.68
29.08
80.68
80.84
29.26
28.83
29.79
29.94
29.92
27.15
27. 75
Long ions.
4,347,061
5,639,236
6,294,073
6,329,658
6,881,838
6,451,076
6,892,352
6,706,434
7,298,124
6,490,441
6,249,540
6.253.109
6,887,909
6,918,627
7,211,974
3,470,736
7,164,783
12.55
14.78
17.57
17.28
15.78
16.40
15.99
16.20
16.69
15.03
15.06k
14.92
14.45
16.83
13.46
11.12
12.07
Ixmgtons.
0 19,684.929
0 21,852,366
019,036,885
019,417,979
21,325,240
22,816,480
23,839,741
22,650,761
24,948,421
23,589,478
23.207,263
23,567,767
26,578.286
24.686,125
80,837,086
19,258.763
35.723,288
56.82
57.29
53.16
53.04
62.72
64.46
55.83
54.72
56.63
54.63
56.74
66.25
65.76
54.78
56.63
61.73
60.18
Long tons.
34,641,018
88,146,718
35,817,093
36,615,459
40,448,386
41,893,840
43,089,537
41,891,200
46.511,477
48,177,485
41,637,864
41,899,751
47,665,204
46,107,484
53,568,601
31.200.890
59.362.881
1888
1889
1890
1891
xm.
IBtt
I^
1805
1»8
1»7.
1898
1899
1900
WOl
1902.
19QB
ToiMl....
1
434.419.139
83.00
219,204.337
16.66
662,521,514
50.34
1,316,144.990
o Includes Loyalsock field.
As has been ciistomary in previous reports, a tabular arrangement
of the Farious sections of the anthracite fields is given below, and a list
of the railroads entering the territory:
Gco!fKic*rtl field or bafiin.
Local district.
Trade region.
Carbondale
Scranton
Northern
Plttslon
Wil kesbarre
Wyoming..
Plymouth
Kingston
fGreen Mountain
Black Creek
BMlem Middle
Uazelton
Lehigh.
Beaver Meadow
I^nther Creek
East Schuylkill
SoiOhtrn
West Schuylkill
Lorberry
Lykens Valley
Schuylkill.
fPfliit Mft^ftTiny
Wntem Middle
WestMahanoy
Shamokln
Ttie above-named fields comprise an area of something over 480
square miles, and are located in the eastern middle part of the State,
in the counties of Qirbon, Columbia, Lackawanna, Luzerne, North-
umberland, Schuylkill, and Susquehanna, and are classed under three
Digitized by
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510 laKEBAL RES0UB0E9.
general divisions, viz, Wyoming, Lehigh, and Schuylkill i-egions.
Geologically they are divided into fields or basins, which are again
subdivided into districts.
The Bernice field, in Sullivan County, is not included in any of these
regions. The classification of the product of this field is a matter of
some contention. The fracture of the coal and some of its physical
characteristics are more like some bituminous or semianthracite coals
than strict anthracite, but on account of its high percentage of fixed
carbon and low percentage of moisture it is classed as anthracite by
the Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey, and the product is so
included in this report.
The tonnage from this field is not included in the shipments by
regions nor in the division of shipments according to sizes.
The above territory is retfched by ten so-called initial railroads, as
follows:
Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company. ^
Lehigh Valley Railroad Company.
Central Railroad of New Jersey.
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company.
Delaware and Hudson Company's Railroad.
Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
Erie Railroad Company.
New York, Ontario and Western Railroad Company.
Delaware, Susqaehanna and Schuylkill Railroad Company.
New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad Company.
PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS COAL.
Total production in 1903, 103,117,178 short tons; spot value, $121,-
752,769.
The increase in the production of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania,
which was mentioned in the report for 1902 as having taken place,
annually since 1896, continued in 1903, though in somewhat less propor-
tions. Compared with 1902 the production of bituminous coal in
Pennsylvania in 1903 increased 4,542,811 short tons, or 4.6 per cent,
compared with an increase of 16,268,421 short tons, or 19.8 per
cent, in 1902 over 1901. The increase in value in 1903 amounted to
$15,720,299, or 14.8 per cent, as compared with $24,634,874, or 30.3 per
cent, in 1902 over 1901. The average price per ton at the mines, which
has shown an increasing tendency since 1898, reached its high-water
mark in 1903 with an average of $1.18, the highest price recorded in
many years. In 1898 the average price for Pennsylvania coal was
$0.67 at the mines. The total advance in price in five years amounted
to $0.51, or a little over 75 per cent.
Of the total production of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania in 1903,
37,146,253 tons, or 36.02 per cent were undercut by the use of minmg
machines. _ In 1902, 35,058,038 tons, or 35.57 per cent, were machine-
Digitized by
Google.
GOAL.
511
mined, while in 1901, 29,591,368 tons, or 35.95 per cent, were machine
mined. The number of machines in use increased from 2,058 in 1901
to 2,620 in 1902 and to 3,310 in 1903. Of the machines in use in 1903
2,267 were of the pick or "puncher" type, 1,039 were of the chain
breast style, and 4 were lon^ wall.
The returns for 1903 show that there was considerable falling off in
the average production per man both for the year and for each day's
work. The number of men employed in the bituminous coal mines of
Pennsylvania last year was 129,265, who produced 103,117,178 short
tons during the year, or 797.7 tons per man. As they worked an
average of 235 days, the average tonnage per man per day amounted
to 3.40. In 1902, 112,630 men worked an average of 248 days and
produced an average of 875 tons each for the year and 3.52 per day.
In 1901 the average daily tonnage per man was 3.53, and the avei-age
production per man for the year 808 short tons. During 1903 the
average working time per day was nine hours. Considering the
importance of the bituminous coal mining industry of Pennsylvania,
the time lost by reason of strikes, both in 1903 and 1902, was of an
insignificant character. During the year 1903 there were at different
times 12,805 men idle by*reason of strikes; the total time lost was
321,925 working days, or an average of 25 days for each man on
strike. This is a slight increase over 1902, when there were, alto-
gether, 12,580 mon on strike, with a total loss in working time of
264,862 days, or an average of 21 days each. The total time lost by
strikes in 1903 was a little more than 1 per cent of the total time
worked, so that the industry can not be said to have been affected
materially by strikes. Details of the bituminous coal production in
Pennsylvania during the last two years, by counties, are shown in the
following tables:
Bituminous coal production of Pennsylvania in 1909 ^ by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
tiadeand
used
by em-
ployees.
8k9H
AUcgheoy U,146,Si3
^mttam^ I 1,727,4*
BflifW I 206,649
BsAJord.
Cwabrte..
Onter....
Cterloo...
CkaiMd.
m
nycito...
688,928
192. 82»
«7,592
9.420,aOK|
I
1
997.006,
448,
6,87S,i
716.624|
«,fi«8.40o|
Short
toiM.
447,835
87,888
17.256
5.822
1.125
21.647
166.912
Used at
mines
for
steam
and -
heat.
2,159
4.8?2,
81,428
19.442'
261,62ll
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
163,231
ShoH
tons.
162.160
27,848|
2,358'
8,692
8,440l,
4,927,
186,049 789,536
143.806
140,811
Total
quantity.
iTotal
value.
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Short
tons.
U, 919, 569 112, 839, 715
816.
438
677
437
296,163
7,484
1,438
5,111
83,56(y
12,682
886,856|ll,8S2,222)l8,988,066l 18,980,
1.793,179
225,162
797,248
838,204
454 166
10,561,835
1,000.598
458,221
7,884,786
756,182
1.799,
306,
1,061,
878,
651,
12,895,
1,002,
677,
8,414,
735
501
407
638
670;
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
11.04
1.00
1.36'
1.32'
i.iol
i.«
1.22i
1.00
1.26
1.16
.97
1.00
226
260
262
258
253
246
241
242
193
228
227
278
Avenge
ntunber
of em-
ployees.
14,616
2,545
847
1,880
491
731
13,964
1,145
775
9.940
1,127
16,789
Digitized by
Google
512
MINEBAL RESOUBGES.
Bituminous coal production of Pennsylvania in 190^^ by o(mn^i«»— Continued.
County.
Sold to
Used at
Loaded
local
mines
at mines
trade and
for
for ship-
used
steam
ment.
by em-
and
ployees.
heat.
Made
into
coke.
total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver
pnce
per
year.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Avenge
number
ployees.
Huntingdon..
Indiana 1
JelTerson 4
Lawrence
Mercer
Somerset ' 5,
Tioga ' 1,
Washington | 8,
Westmoreland ... 10,
Other counties a. i
Short
tOM.
887,761
447,820
825,820
190,190
597,447
723,387
126,097
348,994
426,188
602,002
Short
tOTU.
8.486
3, SIS
17,737|
17,7od
8, 152
82,480
16,299
44,753
221,817
1,600
Short
tons.
Short
tOM.
66,928
186,699
1,179,344
Total 72,938,204
8.826
17.449
60,6931
4,549
23,U4|
105,231
7,463
186,207,
843,867J 7,819,644
600
60,278
Short
tons.
460,485
1,665,281
6,063,494
212.446
628,718
5,911,826
1,149.819
8.529,954
18,811,511
504,102
•686,
1.848,
5,168,
264,
673,
7,593,
1,761,
8,805,
19,626,
627,
680
822'
321
546
455
413
098
995
499
205
1, 429, 5681, 541, 454 22, 666, 141|98, 574, 367 106, 082,
460{
$1.49
1.12
.85'
1.25'
1.07!
L28'
1.68|
1.03|
1.04|
1.24,
1.08
231'
259|
260
246,
280,
2,141
6,166
457
986
7,719
2,8X7
9,142
19.472
248 112,6»
a Clinton. Greene, and Lycoming.
Bituminous coal production of Pennsylvania in 190Sy by counties.
County.
Loaded
ut mines
for Hhlp-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver
Bedford
Blair
Butler
Cambria
Center
Clarion
Clearfield
Elk
Fayette
Huntingdon
Indiana
Jefferson
Lawrence
Mercer
Somerset
Tioga
Washington
Westmorland
Other conn ties a.
Small mines
Total .
Short
Urns.
12,085,809
1,849,074
165,954
762,808
164,628
599,162
9,563,107
692,658
519.451
6.982.886
1,215,950
7,211,202
479,467
1.789,897
6,109,915
205,995
668,972
5,743,922
868,744
8,960,741
11,801,417
606,602
Short
Urns,
420,868
31,871
12,806
6,606
5.689
85,880
283,826
47,692
8,686
87,609
84.548
188,704
10,709
66,285
17,527
13,715
8,202
16,985
29,802
94,969
196,856
2,224
6,511
Short
tout.
183,068
40,139
1,340
8,611
7,638
14,001
209,880
1.365
8,598
100.949
25,826
444,762
9,300
42,937
83,157
13,282
27,678
122,678
7,142
156.623
899,258
6,772
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
148,410
131,881
946,188
17,768
291,838
63,468
11.768.503
1,171
194,021
1,314,166
J_
74,216
3,934
6,780,873
8,447
77,987,351 1,672, 156 1,863. 363 21. CM, 808 108, 117. 178 121, 752, 769, 1.18
Total
quantity.
Short
tons.
226ttl5,
12,689,
1,920,684
180,102
926,834
809,786
649,063
10,942,496
750,458
531,630
7,462.682
1,839,281
19,613,161
500,647
2,043,140
6,474,764
232.992
704,747
5,957,751
905,688
9.216,267
19,127,904
623,045
6,511
Total
value.
Aver-
age
price
per
year.
», 505. 866
2,152,510
262,140
1,216,398
460,682
816,878
13,693,752
781,129
684,679
8,288,181
1,447,418
22,176,840
687,836
2,272,477
6,688,694
322,361
920,666
7,844,318
1,496,956
10,591,614
22,627,418
914,056
8,201
$1.22
1.12
1.46
1.31
1.48
1.26
1.26
1.08
1.19
1.10
1.06
1.13
LS7
l.U
1.08
1.
1.31
1.82
1.66
1.15
1.18
1.47
235, 129,20
a Cameron, Clinton, Qreene, Lycoming.
Digitized by
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COAL.
513
In the following table is shown the total production by counties
duriog the last five years, with the increases and decreases in 1903 as
compared with 1902, and it will be observed that out of the twenty-
five counties in which coal was produced in 1903 there were only five
in which the production decreased:
Bituminous coal production of Pennsylvania, 1S99-190S, by counties.
[Short tons.]
Coanty. | 1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1906.
Increase,
1903.
Decrease,
1903.
Alle^ieiiy 9, 972, 060
10,061,905
1,313,188
262,898
570,065
496,992
32,065
221,704
8,190,866
982,265
404,689
6,620,884
288,881
926,408
15,065,242
10,307,100
1,555,255
176,012
500,822
368,779
22,189
269,161
9,045,201
839,512
354,840
5,886,407
806,228
1,007,814
16,187.224
11,919,569
1,793,179
225,162
797,248
338,204
12,689,225
1,920,584
180,102
926,884
309,786
769,666
127,405
Aimaltjong 1, 054, 889
BetTer ' 268,466
45,060
129,086
Blair 1 407,356
28,468
Bradford ' 81,885
BnUer i 214,899
454,166
10,561,835
1,000,596
458,221
7,834,785
365,732
756,182
18,988,058
25,560
460,485
1,655,281
6,068,494
212,445
112,820
649,033
10,942.496
759,468
531,630
7.462.682
406,543
1,339,281
19,613,161
163,000
500,647
2,048,140
6,474,764
232,992
57,030
194,867
880,661
Cambria 7,208,884
Center 912.648
241,140
ClaricHi
289,753
73,409
127,897
37,811
583,099
625,108
127,450
40,162
387,859
391,270
20,547
aeailleld
6,251,442
221,574
1,221,979
14,609,289
CUoton
Kk
Flkyette
Greene
HtltloTlffllfWI , ...
857,812
616, 9U
5,841,960
188,555
101,928
23,706
486,724
2,950,848
670,126
4,987,860
14,181,269
600,000
868,942
924,782
6,199,290
187.810
99,000
20,214
528,070
4,77»,307
931,801
4,856,138
14,980.685
600,000
374.529
1,074,260
5,806,568
171,969
107,095
rn<1{«ntt
Jeflentm
lAwrence
Lyonmfn^
56,790
lf<^KMn .
Mereer
577,888
4,881.660
861,072
5.910.621
15.165,800
600.000
628.713
5,9U,826
1,149,849
8,529,954
18,8U,511
(«)
704,747
5,957,751
905,688
9,216,267
19,127,904
M5,983
76,034
46,425
*'
gomfnwt
Tioga
244,161
WubhigUm
686,318
316,393
15,983
SnaD minen
Total
74,150,176
79,842,826
82,805,946
98,574,867
108,117,178
c4, 542, 811
•SmaU mines production included In county distribution,
fr Includes pzoduction of Cameron County.
M B 1903 33
oNct increase.
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514
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The distribution of the product for consumption during the last
fifteen years has been as follows:
DislribtUion of the bituminous coal product of PenngylvaniUy J889-190S.
Year.
Tx)A<1ed at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade and
used by
em-
ployees.
.Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
i ■'
Made into j Total i Total
coke. 1 quantity. ' value.
1 i
Aver-
pnce
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Short
tons.
Short
tons.
ShoH
tons.
ShoH
tons.
Short i
tons. 1
1889
24,059,913
1,690,651
832,987
10,190,688
36,174,089 :«27,968,816
80.77
53,780
1890
29,288,928
1,473,317
895,837
11,144,096
42,302,173 1 38,876,916
.84
232
61,838
1891
29,976,914
2,007,348
321,225
10,483,003
42.788,490 . 37,271,063
.87
228
63,661
1892
32,425,949
2,207,827
356.779
11,704,021
46,694,576 | 39,017,164
.M
223
66,655
1893
33,322,328
1,934,429
426,122
8,387,845
44,070,724
86,260,674
.80
190
71.981
1894
29,722,808
1,589,595
342,294
8, -257, 771
89,912,463
29,479,820
.74
165
76.010
1896
35,164,463
1,782,803
468,381
12,851,691
60,217,228 , 36,980,357
.72
206
71,130
1896
37.696,565
1,570,161
504,224
9,786,513
49,567,453
35,868,249
.71
206
72.625
1897
40,419,846
1,663,049
556,601
11,968,392
64.697,891
37,636,847
.09
205
77,699
1898
48,019,561
1,520,760
732, 9W
14,891,838
66,165,138
43,362,668
.67
229
79,611
1899
53,671,968
1,525,772
972.692
17.979,748
74, 160, 176
66,247,791
.76
246
82,812
1900
68,696,100
1,506,778
1,067,942
18,671.606
79,842,826
77,438,646
.97
242
92.692
1901
60,165,817
1,681,282
1.339,096
19,120.261
82,306,946
81,397,686
.99
290
101,904
1902
72,938,204
1,429,568
1,541,4M
22,666,141
98.574,367
106,032,460
1.08
248
U2,6»
1903
77,987,851
1,572,156
1.863.363
21,694,308
108,117,178
121,762,769
L18
236
129,266
The statistics of the early production of bituminous coal in Penn-
sylvania, particularly as compared with the anthracite records, are
sadly wanting. The United States Census of 1840 shows a production
of bituminous coal in the State of 464,826 short tons. The Census of
1860 reports a production of 2,690,786 short tons; that of 1870 shows
a production of 7,798,518 short tons. The production for the inter-
vening years, as shown in the following tables, has been estimated
from the best information obtainable. Since 1871 the records are offi-
cial. The total production of bituminous coal as shown by the fol-
lowing table amounted to 1,350,280,946 short tons. The anthracite
production from 1814 to the close of 1903 amounted to 1,623,807,039
short tons, showing that the total production of the State has been
nearly evenly divided between the two periods.
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00 AL.
515
Production of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania, 1840-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
IMOa
1841.
1812.
im.
1844.
1845.
]84tf..
1847..
1848..
1849..
1860..
ISSl..
18G2..
1863..
18&4..
1855..
19S6..
VSSJ ,.
18W..
18W..
ueoo.
IBSl..
1862..
1868..
IBU..
1865..
1866..
1867...
IMB...
I860...
1S70«..
IWl...
Quantity.
464,826
475,000
500,000
650,000
675,000
700,000
760,000
399,^40
600,000
760,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,500,000
1,650,000
1,780,000
1,850,000
2,000,000
2,200,000
2,400,000
2,690,786
3,200,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
5,889,000
6,850,000
6.800,000
7,300,000
7,500,000
6,750,000
7,798,518
9,040,565
Year.
Quantity.
1872 11,695,040
1878 13,098,829
1874 12,320,000
1875 11,760,000
1876 12,880,000
1877 14,000,000
1878 .• 15,120,000
1879 16,240,000
1880i» 18,425,168
1881 22,400,000
1882 24,640,000
1883 j 26,880,000
1884 j 28,000,000
1885 1 26,000,000
1886 1 27,094,501
1887 , 31.516,856
1888 83,796,727
1889 1 36,174,089
1890 42,302,178
1891 1 42,788,490
1892 1 46,694,576
1898 1 44,070,724
1894 , 39,912,463
1895 j 50,217.228
1896 1 49,557,458
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
54,417,974
65,165,138
74,150,175
79,842,326
82,806,946
98,574,867
108,117,178
a United States census, fiscal year.
TENNESSEE.
Total production in 1903, 4,798,004 short tons; spot value, $6,979,830.
Compared with 1902 the total production of Tennessee in 1903 shows
an increase of 415,036 short tons, or 9.5 per cent in quantity, and of
$580,109, or 10.7 per cent in value. For a period of ten years, or since
1893, the total production of Tennessee has increased 'each year, the
oatpat in 1903 being two and one-half times that of 1893. The value
increased in much greater proportion, the amount received for the
product in 1903 being nearly three times that of 1893. The average
price per ton in 1903 was $1.25, which is the highest obtained in any
year since ilie statistics of the amount and value of the coal production
of the State has been collected.
The nse of mining machines does not show any material gain so far
as the production is concerned over 1902, although there was an increase
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516
MINERAL BESOUBOSS.
from 88 to 51 in the number of machines in use. The machine-mined
product in 1903 amounted to 304,602 short tons, as compared with
303,995 short tons in 1902. There was a slight decrease in the pro-
ductive efficiency in 1903, as shown by the fact that in that year 9,961
men produced a total of 4,798,004 short tons, an average of 482 tons
per man for the year, and as the average working time is 227 days, the
production per man per day amounted to 2.12. In 1902, 8,750 men
were employed for an average of 230 days with a production of
4,382,968 tons, an average of 501 tons per man per year and 2.18 tons
per man per day. In 1901 the average production per man was 401.7
tons for the year and 1.76 tons per day.
During 1903 there were comparatively few strikes in the State. The
total number of men idle at any time by reason of labor troubles was
1,639; the average time lost was 22 days for each man, or a total of
36,021 working days. The average length of working daj^s in 1903
was nine hours. The details of production by counties during the last
two years are shown in the following tables:
CocU production of Tennessee in 1902, by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Ayei^
ace
price
per
ton.
Aver-
a^
num-
ber of
days
actiye.
ATerage
number
of em-
ployeea
Anderson
Campbell
Claiborne
Cumberland
Grundy
Marion
Morgan
Rhea
Scott?
Other counties a..
Total
Short
tOM.
751,687
488,429
694,987
107,460
264,096
221,116
857,940
56,744
74,480
400,483
Short
tons.
8,201
27,913
16,710
660
622
13,858
1,408
7,461
6,496
11,060
Stort
tons.
4,888
17,823
4,900
1,482
2,658
714
6,696
3,889
5,640
15,598
Short
tons.
120,000
88,168
65,177
76,758
103,698
172,103
U,918
281,190
Short
tons.
769,276
654,165
748,765
109,582
882,560
312,446
469,642
289,697
96,629
658,816
1892,487
978,575
815,285
105,271
404,855
456,486
518,874
148.588
802, U2
11.18
1.60
1.09
.96
1.22
1.46
1.10
1.18
1.46
1.22
8,417,409 ; 88,869
63,283
818.907 4,882,968
5,899,721
1.:
284
201
2SS
244
181
228
268
259
287
265
1,816
1,707
1,016
ITS
808
8H
],O0i
fin
m
290
8.750
o Bledsoe, Franklin, Hamilton, Overton, Roane. Sequatchie, and White.
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OOAL.
517
Coal production of Tennessee in 190S, by oownHes,
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
trade
and used
pfoyees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
Made
Into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
price
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Andenon
Short
tons.
644,005
516, ao6
787.287
101,004
866,256
828, U9
410.972
82,100
77,071
115,980
886.866
Short
tOTU,
4,267
28,067
6,700
566
2,149
5,260
8,482
840
6,798
5,180
8,196
1,894
Short
tona.
7,850
16,009
6,814
2,068
1,185
4,719
6,281
900
8,660
8,814
18,662
Short
tons.
146,024
84,877
80,388
97,102
101,686
106,760
144,165
18,000
226,880
Short
tOM.
655,721
700,868
784,628
184,008
466.642
489,784
6M,485
88,840
281,689
142,^
688,486
1,894
1887,068
929,651
844,868
147,954
577,976
644,796
667.857
102,440
259,004
169,248
806,811
2,747
tl.28
1.88
1.08
1.10
1.24
1.47
1.27
1.28
1.12
1.12
1.27
207
202
242
244
250
241
208
242
220
213
260
1,841
OuDpbell
1,612
1,150
Claiborne
ComberiaDd
Ornndy, ..
206
725
M^ri^
959
v^ffian.
1,488
168
Orerton
Rbea
470
Scott
886
Other counties a..
Small mines
1,520
TWal
8,768,428
67,888
65,871
901.817
4,796,004
5,979,880
1.25
227
9,961
a Bledsoe, Franklin, Hamilton, Roane, Sequatchie, and White.
In the following table is shown the total production of the State by
counties during the last five years, with the increases and decreases in
1903 as compared with 1902:
CbaZ production of Tennessee, 1899-1903, by counSies,
[Short tons.!
County.
Andeiaoo
GtmpbeU....
Oalboroe ...
Cumberland.
Qnnidy
Hamilton ...
Marion
Moifan
OreitoQ .....
Scott -
White
Other countiea and
1899.
687,214
429,717
887,499
1,060
805,786
199,280
889,866
860,886
8,686
181,428
162,441
167,266
166,270
4,600
Total 8,880,669
807,768
1900.
672,752
602,991
892,699
88
800,198
227,068
810,780
888,142
7,275
210,628
181,758
100,888
210,505
4,600
8,509,562
178,903
1901.
664,409
570,848
451,590
55,827
826,990
242,996
807.609
867,004
8,648
188,005
159,221
102,654
192,226
6,271
8,688,290
128,728
1902.
759,276
654,165
748,765
109,582
882,560
260,526
812,446
469,642
289,697
162,947
96,529
182,601
72,842
4,882,968
749,678
1908.
655,721
700,868
784,628
184,098
466,642
264,268
489,784
524,486
88,840
281,689
129,480
142,424
167,900
78,182
4,798,004
416,066
Increase, Decrease,
1908. 1908.
46,208
85,868
24, 5U
184,092
18,742
127,838
54,848
88,840
43,895
840
564.667
106,556
8.006
28,467
14,601
149,681
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MIKEBAL BE8OUB0ES.
The distribution of the product for consumption since 1889 has been
as follows:
Distribution of the coal product of Tennessee^ 1889-190S,
Year.
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894.
1895
1896,
1897,
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Loaded at
minefl for
shipment.
Sold to lo-
cal trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
ShoHUms.
ShoH
tOTU.
1.334,424
29,101
1,482,367
41,982
1,626,964
100,478
1,448,262
65,452
1,427,219
42,560
1,671,406
59,985
1,808,066
51,923
1,990,588
43,782
2,150,179
37,620
2,199,075
37,971
2,444,655
86,351
2,615,253
66,320
2,807,931
78,979
3,417,409
88,369
3,763,428
67,388
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Short
tons.
28,084
23,583
33,302
17,087
20.921
28,993
25,477
40.348
39,275
62,523
55,675
49,451
60,461
63,283
65.371
Atct-
Made
into coke.
Total
quantity.
Short tons.
Total
value.
price
ion.
Short
tons.
639,130
1,926,689
•2,238.809
$1.21
621,713
2.169,586
2,896,746
1.10
652,934
2,413,678
2,668.188
1.106
571,813
2,092,064
2,866,441
1.13
411,568
1,902,288
2,048,449
1.08
520,495
2.180,879
2,119,481
.97
650,188
2,535,644
2,349,082
.93
688,473
2,668,106
2,281,295
.86
661,776
2,888,849
2,829,684
.81
733.327.
3,022.896
2,887,612
.77
743,978
3.330,659
2.940.644
.88
781.638
3,509,562
4,003,062
1.14
686,919
3.633,290
4,067.889
1.12
813,907
4.382,968
5,899,721
1.23
901,817
4.798,004
5,979,830
1.25
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
240
232
210
224
211
221
234
252
242
228
230
227
Aver-
age
nmn-
berof
idoyeea
4,108
5,062
5,097
4,926
4.976
5,512
5,130
6, SSI
6,887
6,6IS
6.949
7.646
9,046
8,750
9.961
The United States census for 1840 reports the production of coal in
Tennessee as 558 tons. There are no statistics of any production
between 1840 and 1860; the census for those years reported an out-
put of 558 short tons and 165,300 short tons, respectively. The census
for 1870 reported a production of 133,418 tons. The production for
the intervening years, for which no official recoixis are obtainable,
have been estimated by the writer.
Coal production of Tennessee, 1840, 1860-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
1
Quantity.
1840
a568
165,800
150,000
140,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
110,000
126,000
130,000
133,418
180,000
224,000
1873
350,000
850,000
360.000
550,000
450,000
375,000
450,000
495,131
1860a
1874
1861
1875 ,...
1862 ,
1876
1868
1877 ,. .
1864
1878
1866
1879 ,
1866
1880a ,
1867 ,
1881 ,
840,000
1868
1882 ,
860,000
1869
1883....,
1.000,000
1,200,000
1,4|0.9S7
1,714,W)
1870a
1884
1871
1885
1872
1886 , ,.
a United States censqs, fiscal year.
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COAL.
519
Coal production of
Tennessee,
1840, l^^O-i^^— Continued.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1387
1,900,000
1,967,297
1,925,689
2,169,585
2,418,678
2,092,064
1,902,258
2,180,879
2,585,644
1896
2,663,106
im
1897
2,888,849
8,022,896
8,880,669
1880 . .... ... .
1898
isgo
1899
1891
1900
8,509,562
1882
1901
8,688,290
U98.
1902
4,882,968
4,796,004
UM
1908
1895
TEXAS.
Total production in 1903, 926,759 short tons; spot value, $1,505,383.
The large increase in the production of fuel oil in Texas in 1902 and
1903 was naturally feltadversely by the coalminingindustry of the State.
This was particularly true in 1902, when the production fell off to 901,902
short tons from a production of 1,107,953 tons in 1901. The production
of coal increased slightly in 1903, but was still more than 180,000 tons
short of the banner year 1901 and over 40,000 tons less than that of
1900. The increased production in 1903 over 1902 may be attributed
to the fact that the wild character of the exploitation in the oil fields
which was evident in 1901, and which resulted in a production far in
excess of any reasonable requirements, has settled down to a more
conservative basis. This condition was due principally to the rapid
decline of the '' gusher" character of the productive wells, which had
thrown millions of barrels of fuel oil upon the market at ridiculously
low prices. As a result of this enormous production of low-priced
oil many consumers changed to this fuel instead of coal. The falling
off in the demand for coal was particularly felt by the lignite pro-
ducers, the production of lignite in the State declining from 303,156
short tons in 1901 to 205,907 tons in 1902, with a decline from 83 cents
to 73 cents in the average price. The steadier tone imparted to the
oU excitement by the decline of the gusher production was reflected
in a somewhat increased demand for lignite fuel, and the production
increased to 267,605 tons. The bituminous production of the State,
however, fell off from 696,005 tons in 1902 to 659,154 tons in 1903.
There were twelve counties in the State which produced coal in 1903.
In seven of these the product is classed as bituminous coal, and in five
the output was entirely of lignite character. The seven bituminous-
producing counties are Eastland, Erath, Maverick, Palo Pinto, Par-
ker, Webb, and Wise; and the lignite-producing counties were
HonstoD, Medina, Milam, Shelby, and Wood. Small quantities of
Ugnite were produced in Anderson, Bastrop, Raines, and Robertson
counties in 1902, but no output was reported from these counties in
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
520
MINERAL BESOUBCES.
1903. Young County produced a small amount of bituminous coal in
1902, but none was reported from this county in 1903. Palo Pinto
County, which produced some bituminous coal in 1901 and 1903, was
not credited with any production in 1902.
Of the total product in 1903, 29,000 tons were undercut by the use
of mining machines, of which there are eight in use in the State. The
production by their use has increased slightly each year, but the num-
ber of machines has not changed in the last three years.
During 1903 there were 2,380 men employed an average of 242 days,
producing 926,769 short tons, an average of 389 tons per man for
the year. The average tonnage per day was 1.61. In 1902 there
were 2,369 men employed an average of 267 days in the production of
901,912 tons, an average of 381 tons per man for the year, or 1.43
tons per man per day. The productive capacity in the lignite mines
is considerably more than in the bituminous fields, as shown by the
fact that in 1903 the daily production per man was 3.2 tons, while in
the bituminous mines it was 1.3 tons. The average tonnage per man
for the year was in the lignite mines 579.2, and in the bituminous
mines 343.7.
Statistics of production for the last two years by counties are shown
in the following tables:
Coal production of Texas in ISOfS^ by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for steam
and
heat.
Total
quantity.
ToUl
value.
Aver-
prfce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
number
of em-
ployees.
Bituminous:
Eastland
Erath
Short
tOTlS.
683,846
203,822
ShoH
Urns.
4,881
710
Short
tons.
7,779
1,375
Short
tons.
696,005
205,907
$1,826,155
151,090
11.91
.78
278
192
Maverick,
Parker i
Webb
1,9»
Wise
Young
Lignite:
Anderson
Bastrop
Houston
Medina
Milam
4»
Haines
Robertson
Slielby
Wood
Total
887,167
6,591
9,164
901,912
1,477,245
1.64
267' 2.3»
1
Digitized by
Google
COAL.
521
Ooal production of Texas in 190S, by courUies,
Coonty.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
ToUl
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
imce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Eastland
Ermth
Short
ton*.
643,541
286,715
Short
tOM.
4,946
29,075
Short
tons.
10,667
1,815
ShoH
ton*.
659,154
267,605
$1,2^,110
216,278
11.96
.81
256
181
Maverick
Palo Pinto
Parker
1,918
Webb
Wi»
Lignite:
Houston
Medina
WUtm . . .
462
Shelby
Wood
Total
880,256
84,021
12,482
926,759
1,505,888
1.62
242
2,880
The record of distribution since 1889 has been as follows:
IHilribuiion of the coal product of Texas, 1889-190S.
Year.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam and
heat.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
HM9
Short
ton$.
120,602
180,800
160,900
241,005
800,064
417,281
475,157
622,177
821,685
678,782
880,166
954,521
1,064,881
887,167
880,256
Short
ton*.
6.552
1,840
900
4.460
462
2,412
7,705
12,846
8,857
8,247
84,690
4,318
4,425
5,591
84.021
Short
tons.
1,062
1,800
1,900
225
1,680
1,155
2,097
8,992
9,849
4,756
9,976
9,534
19,147
9,154
12,482
ShoH
tons.
128,216
184,440
172,100
245,690
302,206
420,848
484,959
544,015
639,841
686,734
883,882
968,878
1,107,953
901,912
926,759
$840,617
465,900
412,800
569,888
688,407
976,458
913,138
896,251
972,828
1,139,763
1,334,895
1,581,914
1,907.024
1,477,245
1,505,383
12.66
2.53
2.40
2.32
2.28
2.82
1.88
1.65
1.52
1.66
1.51
1.63
1.72
1.64
1.62
1890
241
225
208
251
283
171
187
220
245
256
246
264
267
242
674
un
787
UK
871
UK
996
UM
1.062
IMft .
1,642
1,968
1097
1,766
UM
2,180
Ui9
2,410
MO©
uoi
2,844
3,051
tt09
2.369
itat
2,380
Digitized by
Google
522
MIKEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
UTAH.
Total production in 1903, 1,681,409 short tons; spot value, $2,026,038.
The coal production in Utah has increased without any interruption
each year since 1896. This increase has been not only uninterrupted
but exceptionally rapid, the production having quadrupled in 8 years.
In 1896 the coal production in Utah amounted to 418,627 tons, the
output then having about doubled during a period of 10 years. In
1903 the output was more than four times that of 1896, the great
increase in the last .8 years being due principally to the development
of the silver mining industry and the transportation interests for
the State. Compared with 1902 the coal production of Utah in 1903
shows an increase of 106,888 short tons, or 6.8 per cent, in quantity,
and of $228,584, or 12.7 per cent, in value. The average price per ton
showed at the same time an advance from $1.14 to $1.20.
Of the total amount of coal produced in Utah during 1903, 75,000
tons were mined by the use of undercutting machines, as compared
with 74,502 tons in 1902. The number of machines in use, 13, was
the same in both years.
The average production per man employed in 1901 was 772.6 tons;
in 190^ it was 862 tons, and in 1903 it was 873 tons. The average
production per man per day has shown a similar increase, being 2.98
tons in 1901, 3.33 tons in 1902, and 3.52 tons in 1903. The mininjf
industry of Utah has been comparatively free from labor troubles
during the last two years. There were no strikes reported in 1902,
and in 1903 the entire amount of time lost by strikes was 9,800 work-
ing days, 350 men being idle for an average of 28 days each. The
statistics of production by counties during the last two years are shown
in the following tables:
Coal production of Utah in 19(W, by counties.
County.
Loaded at
minee for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Usedat
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnoe
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Avef^
oombtf
ofem-
ptofMB.
Carbon
KmAry ,. . .
Short
tOfU.
1,226,542
Short
tons.
8,501
4,718
4,062
2,340
1,910
Short
toru.
42,431
Short
tons.
280,215
Short
tOM.
1,607,689
4,718
49,523
3,540
9,051
91,097,966
5,250
70,186
6,250
17,882
$1.13
1.11
1.42
1.77
1.97
267
87
213
UO
168
l,e7S
17
Summit
42,460
1,200
1 7,141
8,001
7f
Uinta
U
Iron
to
Sanpete
Total....
1,277,843
21,531
45,482
280,215
1,574,521
1,797,454
1.14
369
UMi
Digitized by
Google
OOAL.
528
Coai production of Utah in J90S, by counties.
Ooonty.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pince
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
number
of em-
ployees.
OMfcon
Anery
Short
ton*.
1,243.198
1,300
1 6,064
1 62,198
ShaH
tons.
6,826
6,878
2,232
8,523
1,896
Short
eons.
42,871
ShoH
torn.
807,096
ShoH
tons.
1,699,986
8,178
7,296
&1,0&4
1,896
$1,907,616
9,270
12,130
94,068
2,954
«1.19
1.13
1.66
1.47
251
118
210
251
1,762
86
Magan
28
Suipete
Summit
3,333
110
Uinta
8maU mines...
Total....
1,801,755
26,364 1 46,204
807,096
1,681,409
2,026,038
1.20
248
1,926
The distribution of the product since 1891 and the total output since
1876 are shown in the following tables:
Digtribution of the coal product of Utah^ 1891-190S.
Year.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat.
Hade
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
number
of em-
ployees.
WW
M88
"»
UN
vm
18»
IW
vm
vm
vm
m
«.
iw
Short
tons.
816, 7U
821,481
850,423
864,675
376,479
310,388
424,770
485,716
753,881
1,082,728
1,272,848
1,277,843
1.301.766
Sftort
tons.
8,283
6,775
7,649
11,173
25,097
9,171
22,667
11,642
13,806
17,365
18,888
21,581
26,864
ShoH
tons.
21,650
6,509
4,258
6,892
7.258
7,411
9.198
9,846
13.046
18,650
80,446
46.432
46,204
ShoH
tons.
26,451
26,298
50,875
48,810
63,027
61,707
64,925
86,606
5.819
28,299
987
230,215
307,096
ShoH
tons.
871.045
861.013
413,206
481,550
471,856
418,627
521,560
593,709
786,049
1,147,027
1,322,614
1,574.521
1,681,409
1666,646
562,625
611,092
608,479
617,849
500,547
618,280
752,252
997,271
1,447,027
1,666,082
1,797,4M
2,026,088
$1.80
1.56
1.48
1.40
L31
1.20
1.19
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.26
1.14
L20
230
226
199
208
202
204
243
266
246
259
259
248
621
646
676
671
670
679
704
789
748
1,808
1,712
1,826
1,926
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524
MINEBAL SESOUBOES.
Coal production of DUih, 1876-190$.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1888
1884
1886
1886
1887
1888
1889
50,400
60,400
67,200
60,000
14.748
62,000
100,000
200,000
200,000
218,120
200,000
180,021
268,961
236,661
Year.
Quantity.
1890 1 S18,l»
1891 1 Jm,0«5
1892 Ktdll
1898 41J.»
1894 ' «l,5»
1896 ' 471,W
1896 1 41«,C7
1897 i fiW,MO
1808 j m,m
1899 1 78S,0II
1900 1,147,0K
1901 i 1,J22,6M
1902 1 l,57ittl
1908 , 1,«81,4»
VIRGINIA.
Total production in 1903, 3,451,307 short tons; spot value, $3,302,149.
So far as history records, the earliest production of bituminous coal
in the United States was from the Richmond Basin in Virginia, in
which mining began early in the last century. One authority states
that 54,000 tons were produced from this district in 1822, and that in
1824 the production amounted to 67,040 tons; that in 1826 it amounted
to 88,720 tons: and in 1828, to 100,080 tons. In each of these years
the output exceeded that of Pennsylvania anthracite. The pro-
duction continued to increase until 1832, when it began to decline, and
by 1850 it almost ceased. The statistics of the earlier years of pro-
duction in Virginia are seemingly unreliable. The census of 1840
reports the production for the State at 424,894 tons. No produc-
tion was reported by the census of 1850, while that of 1860 credits
the State with an output of 473,360 tons. The census of 1870 (the
State of West Virginia in the meantime having been separated frona
Virginia) credits the State of Virginia with an output of 61,803 tons,
and reports the production from West Virginia at 608,878 tons. The
census of 1880, covering the fiscal year ending June 30, reports a
production for Virginia of 43,079 tons. It was shortly after this, in
1882, that the construction of the Norfolk and Western Railroad
opened up what is known as the famous Pocahontas district, which
includes Tazewell County in Virginia, and McDowell and Mercer ooun-
ties in West Virginia. The standing of Virginia as a coal mining
State may be stated to have rebegun with this development Ten
years later, with the construction of the Clinch Valley division of the
Norfolk and Western Railroad, the coal fields of Wise County were
developed, since which time the coal production of the State has
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
COAL.
525
increased with notable rapidity, the production of 1903 being more
than five times that of 1892 and more than four times that of 1893.
Compared with 1902 the production of the State in 1903 shows an
increase of 268,314 short tons, or 8.4 per cent in quantity, while the
value of the product increased $758,554, or 29.8 per cent. The aver-
age price per ton advanced from 80 cents in 1902 to 96 cents in 1903.
The statistics of the use of mining machines showed a decided
decrease in 1903 as compared with 1902 and 1901, particularly in the
amount of coal mined by their use. In 1901, 233,275 tons of coal were
machine mined; in 1902 it had decreased to 132,709 tons; in 1903 it
decreased further to 82,040 tons, the number of machines in use in
the three years being 6 in 1901, 11 in 1902, and 10 in 1903. In con-
nection with this it is interesting to note that the average tonnage per
year for each man employed has also decreased.
The statistics of labor employed in the coal mines of Virginia show
that 5,608 men were employed in 1903 for an average of 267 days,
while 3,912 men were employed in 1902 for an average of 293 days.
From this it is deduced that the average tonnage per man per year in
1902 was 814 tons, and in 1903, 615.4 tons. The average production
per man per day in 1902 was 2.78 tons, and in 1903 2.3 tons. Details
of production by counties during the last two years are shown in the
following tables:
Co(U production of Virginia in 1902 y by counties.
Ooonty.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployee*.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
Made into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
yalne.
Aver-
price
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
actiye.
Average
number
of em-
ployees.
Mawjomery..
Twew^n
WlK
Short
tans.
7.911
638,854
875,287
22,687
8hoH
tons.
4,876
9,282
6,809
Short
tont.
Short
toru.
Short
tone.
12,786
728,763
2,422,417
24,087
•30,716
684,668
1,782,583
46,633
82.40
.96
.74
1.90
288
286
295
0711
68
18,216
17,781
1,500
162,451
1,522,620
684
8,148
82
ChMtflTfield...
PalMkl
1
Total....
1,444,660
20.916
82,447
1,685,071
8,182,993
2,643,695
.80 ' 293
1
3,912
Digitized by
Google
526
MINERAL RE80UBCES.
Coal production of Virginia in 1903, by counHes,
County.
T/Mdedat
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made Into Total
coke. quantity.
1
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
137
287
266
215
Aver-
number
of em-
ployees.
Montgomery ..
Short
Umi,
11,610
617,488
968,881
25,798
ShoH
torn.
7.866
6,442
15,466
189
200
Short
ton$.
922
13,461
40.886
1.852
Short
tOfU.
Short
totu.
^,288
•48,179
888,289
2,822,866
47,626
800
2.87
1.06
.90
1.74
108
Tazewell
Wise
202.864
1,688,602
840,196
2,563.286
27,889
200
l.MO
4,m
Chesterfield ...
94
Pulaski
56.611
Total....
1,628,077
80.158
1,741.466 j 8.451.807
3,802,149
.96
267
5,608
The distributioD of the product durmg the last fifteen years, and die
total production since 1880, are shown in the following table:
Distribution of the coal product of Virgima, 18S9-1903,
Year.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
Avei^
age
num-
ber of
actnre.
ATe^
age
number
of em-
ployees.
1889
1890
1891
1892
1898
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Short
732,881
606,641
683,082
527,304
714,188
1,016,713
1,024,200
824.042
969.973
1,029,185
1,176,504
1,334,669
1,390,724
1.444,669
1.623,077
Short
tons.
13,179
17,002
16,685
20,721
20,678
21,162
15,173
40.961
29.017
19.664
28,634
45,705
16.011
20,916
30,153
Short
tons.
7,516
4,908
3,178
6,611
4,609
4.690
22.338
38.540
48,087
16,284
19,004
40,639
28,762
82,447
56,611
Short
font.
112,210
158,460
133.454
120.569
80,964
187,518
806,613
851,190
486.225
750.291
887.649
972,751
1,290,386
1,686,071
1,741.466
Short
tom.
865,786
784,011
786,899
675,206
820,889
1.229,088
1.368,824
1,254,723
1,628,802
1,815,274
2,106,791
2,398,764
2,725,873
3,182,993
3,451,807
1804,476
689,925
611,654
678,429
692,748
988,576
869,878
848,851
1,021,918
1,070.417
1,804.241
2.123,222
2,858,989
2,648,595
3,802,149
to. 93
.75
.88
.86
.84
.76
.63
.68
.67
.59
.62
.89
.86
.80
.96
296
246
192
283
234
225
198
218
280
252
289
279
293
267
1.6»
1,»
m
m
Id
h»
2,1»
2,510
2.M4
1.856
1.W
3,681
4,1«
3,912
5.«ffi
Digitized by
Google
COAL.
527
Coal production of Vivginia, 1880-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1880 a
48,079
112,000
112,000
262,000
886,000
567,000
684,951
825,263
1,073,000
865,786
784,011
786,399
1892
676,205
820,889
1,299,088
1,368,824
1,254,728
1,628,802
1,815,274
2,105,791
]m
1893
1882
1894
1895
\m
1884
1896
\m..,.
1897
1880
1898
1887
1899
1888
1900
2,898>64
2,725,878
1888
1901
1902
^«^
1810
8,182,998
8,451,307
vm
a United States census, fiscal year.
WASHINGTON.
Total production in 1903, 3,193,273 short tons; spot value,
$5,380,679.
Washington is the only one of the Pacific Coast States producing
true coal, all of the product from California and from Oregon being
l^piitic in character. Some of the Washington coals have the charac-
teristics of anthracite, some are true coking coals, and some natural
coke has been produced. The production in the State has increased
r^^ularly since 1894, and the increase in 1903 over the preceding year
was particularly noticeable. This increase amounted to 612,059 short
tons, or 19.1 per cent in quantity, and $808,384, or 17.7 per cent in
value. The production has more than doubled since 1897, and more
ibui trebled since 1891.
The use of mining machines has not been successful in Washington.
Tiro were in use there in 1899 and 1900 and four in 1901. Condi-
tioDs were not found favorable to their continuance and their use has
been abandoned, no production by machines having been reported
there in 1902 or 1903.
The statistics of labor employed in the coal mines of Washington
show that in 1902 the average production per man was 609 short tons,
tnd in 1903, 670 short tons, the average tonnage per day per man also
increasing from 2.22 tons in 1902 to 2.35 tons in 1003. The details of
production by counties during the last two years are shown in the
following tables;
Digitized by
Google
528
HINEBAL BE80UB0BS.
Choi production of Washington in 1909 , by counUeB.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment
Sold to
local
trade and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
imoe
ton.
Aver-
age
num.
berof
days
active.
Ave^
•«e
num-
ber of
em-
ploye*.
King
ShoH
tons.
940,140
1,224,871
311,680
22,066
ShoH
tOM.
18,017
7,805
2,589
926
ShoH
ton*.
50,781
18,744
18,288
5,240
ShoH
tons,
56,146
601
ShoH
tons,
1,017,888
1,260.920
888,603
28,808
11,988,825
1,712,780
799,774
71,416
«L96
1.S7
2.06
2.48
278
i.m
Kittitas
Pierce
Other counties a.
Total
299 1,517
a4 1,M0
2S8! m
2,498,177
29,287
97,008
56,747
2,681,214
4,572,296
1.71
275 1 4,«H
o Lewis, Skagit, and Whatcom.
Coal production of Washington in 1903, by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Averi^c
number
ofem-
pk>ye«.
W^ng
. ShoH
tons.
1,155,698
1,888,160
478,151
11,815
ShoH
tons.
21,825
12,841
8,065
1,810
ShoH
ions.
52,542
18,715
21,419
8,072
ShoH
tons.
75,165
ShoH
tons.
1,229.560
1,869,716
572,800
21.197
$2,184,421
1,948,268
1,258,280
89,765
$1.74
1.42
2.20
L88
275
296
287
251
2,008
Kittitas
1,690
Pierce
1,085
Lewis, Skagit,
and Whatcom .
100
Total.:....
2,978,819
88,541
100,748
75,165
8,198,273
5,880,679
1.68
285
4.7W
The total production by counties for the last five years, with the
increases and decreases in 1903 as compared with 1902, is shown in
the following table:
Production of coal in Washington, 1899-190S, by counties.
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
Increase,
1908.
Deeretse,
, 1901
Cowlitz
480
847,808
661,210
800
506,885
6,755
7,448
500
1,008,101
878,751
800
577,127
10,180
9,184
Klnjr
957,549
1,012,521
520
585,964
12,648
9,000
1,017,888
1,260,920
826
888,608
21,967
6,010
1,229.560
1,889.716
1,410
572,800
19,115
672
211,672
118,796
584
180,197
Kittitas
,^^^....
Lewis
Pierce
Skagit
2,863
5,W
Total
2,029,881
2,474,093
2,578,217
2,681,214
8,196,278
0512,060
a Net increase.
Digitized by
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COAL.
529
The distribution of the product during the last fifteen years has
been as follows:
Distribulion of the coal product of Washingtony 1889-190S.
Year.
Loaded
at mines
/or ship-
ment.
Short
tons.
1880 , 936,046
1890 1,212,621
1891 1.008,496
1892 1,1.50,866
1893 1,186,109
1894 1,080,232
1896 , 1,108,868
1896 ' 1,0»5,4»4
1897 1,347,915
1898 ' 1,748,411
1899 t 1,897,962
1900 2,318,897
19QI ' 2,400,276
1902 1 2,498,177
1908 2,978,819
Sold to
local
trade and
used
hy em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Short
tOM.
ShoH
ton$.
16,674
19,958
17,249
17,019
12,026
20,428
9,802
40,085
18,888
48,506
10,822
66,863
16,320
43,249
16,722
44,613
7,149
89,902
80,636
56,966
20,281
61,443
26,120
69,788
18,663
75,678
29,287
97,008
88,541
100,748
Made
into
coke.
Short
tons.
89,000
16,800
15,800
12,675
11,874
8,563
22,973
38,685
39,146
48,558
60,196
59,288
88,710
56,747
75,1C5
Total
quantity.
ShoH
tons.
1,080,678
1,263,689
1,066,249
1,213,427
1,264,877
1,106,470
1,191,410
1,195,504
1,434,112
1,884,571
2,029,881
2,474,098
2,578,217
2,681,214
3,193,273
Total
value.
92,398,288
8,426,590
2,487,270
2,768,647
2,920,876
2,578,441
2,577,968
2,896,078
2,777,687
8,362,798
3,603,989
4,700,068
4,271,076
4,672,295
5,880,679
Aver-
age
pnce
per
ton.
$2.82
2.71
2.31
2.28
2.31
2.33
2.16
2.00
1.94
1.78
1.78
1.90
1.66
1.72
1.69
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
270
211
247
241
207
224
221
286
270
259
289
276
276
286
Aver-
age
number
of em-
ployees.
2,667
2,206
2,447
2,664
2,767
2,662
2,840
2,622
2,789
8,146
3,390
8,670
4,646
4,404
4,768
The United States Census report of 1860 states that in that year the
coal production of Washington amounted to 6,374 short tons. In 1870
the Census Office reported the production at 17,844 tons. The pro-
duction for the. intervening years has been estimated by the writer
and is shown in the following table which gives the production of
the State from 1860 to the close of 1903:
Production of coal in Washington^ JS60-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
1810
180
IMS
un
mi
Utt
18IS
1897
MB
iai9
W»
Ttsn
utn
wt....:
W4
IS»
11 B 1903 34
Quantity.
6,874
6,000
7,000
8,000
10,000
12.000
18,000
14,500
16,000
16,200
17,844
20,000
23,000
26,000
80,862
99,668
Year.
Quantity.
^876
110,342
1877
120,896
1878
131,660
142,666
1879
1880
145,016
196,000
1881
1882
177,310
244,990
166,986
1888
1884
1886
880,250
1886
428,626
1887
772,601
1888
1,215,760
1889
1,080,678
1890
1,268,689
1891
1,056,249
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580 MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
Production of coal in Washington, 1860-1903 — Ck>ntmaed.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1892
1,218,427
1,264,877
1,106,470
1,191,410
1,195,604
1,484,112
1898
1^884,671
1898
1899
2,Q29,8B1
2,474,M
2,878,217
1894
1900..
1895
1901 . . .
1896
1902
2,681,214
1897....
1903
8,19t.2n
WEST VIRGINIA.
Total production in 1903, '29,337,241 short tons; spot value,
$34,297,019.
The coal-mining industry in West Virginia in 1902 was considerably
interfered with by labor troubles, which aflfected particularly the oper-
ations along New and Kanawha rivers, in the southern portions of the
State. In consequence of these labor troubles, which were precipitated
by the refusals of the operators in these districts to meet in joint con-
ference the officers of the United Mine Workers of America, the
operators did not participate fully in the benefits arising from the
shortage of coal produced by the strike in the anthracite region of
Pennsylvania. Notwithstanding the abnormal demand for bituminous
coal which was occasioned by the strike in the anthracite region, the
coal production of West Virginia in 1902 increased only 502,424 short
tons, or 2.1 per cent over 1901. Had it not been for the labor troubles
in the State the production would probably have shown an increase of
ten times this amount. As a result of this strike the mines along the
Kanawha River were not worked regularly and the operators in this
district suffered consequently in the strike of 1902. So far as the New
River was concerned the strike was unsuccessful. No labor troubles
of consequence were experienced in 1903, the result of which is shown
in the increased production for the State of 4,766,415 short tons, or 19
per cent in quantity, and of $9,548,361, or 38.6 per cent in value, over
1902. The average price per ton advanced from $1.01 in 1902 to $1.17
in 1903. This advance in price in O/Onneotion with the increased pro-
duction places West Virginia as third in rank in the value of the coal
produced as well as in the quantity. Prior to 1903 Ohio, while rank-
ing fourth in the quantity of production, exceeded West Virginia in
the value of the product.
One of the interesting features in connection with the coal-mining
industry in West Virginia has been the increase in the use of mining
machines and in the quantity of coal produced thereby. In 1898 there
were only 86 machines in use in the State; in 1903 there were 788
machines in use. In 1898 the machine-mined tonnage amounted to
1,323,929 short tons; in 1903 it amounted to 8,193,840 short tons.
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COAL.
531
Compared with 1902 the number of machines in use showed an
increase of 209, and the machine-mined product an increase of 2,455,-
795 short tons, or from 5,738,045 tons to 8,193,840 short tons.
The statistics of labor employed in the State show that in 1902
35,500 men were employed for an average of 205 days, producing an
average of 692 tons per man for the year and 3.38 tons per man per
day. In 1903, 41,554 men were employed for an average of 210 days
and produced an average of 706 tons per man for the year and 3.36
per man per day. The average time made for the day in 1903 was
nine hours. The details of production in 1902 and 1903 are shown in
the following tables:
Cnal production of West Virginia in 1902 ^ by counties.
County.
Barbour
Braxton
Brooke
Pityette
GOjner
Grant
Hancock
Harrboo
Kanawha ...
Lewfa
Marlon
Manhall ....
Mann
McDowell...
Merecf
Mlnenl
MlBfO
MoooogalU .
Ohio
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Short
font.
455,511
36.350
8,979»127
Putnam
RaWgh
BaiMlolph
Taylor
Tocker
Clay .Kicbolas, RJtchle.
andrpsfanr
28
25.628
1,985,727
1,765,272
2.817,880
150,484
78,105
8,761.702
998,888
609,796
794.866
95,774
187,981
512,641
182,087
273,548
810,929
858,014
684,094
TtlUl 19,847,821 628,908
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
employ-
Usedat
mines
for
steam
and
heat
ShoH
ton$.
21,836,
4,910
3.847
48,570
8,440
2,748
53,721
22,920
31,423
540
24,841
79,090
68,587
67,210
9,166
5,096
7,844
1,948
90,752
28.146
1,146
8,827
4,965
18,474
28,792
89,452 5,570
ShoH
tong.
9,801
175
54,731
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Short
tons.
25,57«
692,684
1,056
26,166
13,811
54,676
5,217
8,035
81,784
88,581
499,797
45,5141,565,229
6,291
101
8,972
437
1,608
14,553
1,026
4,942
625
2.1A2
18,166
400
288,964
55,820
40,096
490,088
ShoH
ton$.
612,726
4,910
40,3?2
4,775,112
8,440
2,776
80,400
2,066,697
1,848,617
540
8,897,194
248,791
144,727
5,460,656
1,248,279
514,993
806,174
153,474
230,241
690,436
184.269
281,817
400,146
368,650
1,166,080
45,422
287,8858,881,71724,570,82624,748,658 1.01
Total
value.
Aver-j
price
per
ton.
Avef-
a^e
num-
ber of
days
active,
$560,068
5,666
58,868
5,832,098
3,480
3,226
108,9^8,
1,986,078
2,226,383*
405
3,090.164
245,35o|
148,264
4,768,455
1,100,423*
450, 168|
786, 166
124,968'
243,758
698,447
274,992
369,251
410,946
. 339,459
866.245
70,870
81.09
1.16
1.33
1.22,
i.or
1.16'
1.86
.96
1.20'
.75
.91
1.0.'
1.02
.87
.88,
.87
.98
.81
1.06
1.18*
I.49I
1.27
1.03
.92
.74
1.55
225
98
184
181
145
77
284
175
178
46
206
211
233
240
221
238
243
233
281
196
221
190
159
189
276
142
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
em-
ploy-
769
16
92
8,889
8
45
109
2,629
4,258
4
8,279
350
858
5,988
1,186
654
1,548
138
821
1,036
670
468
578
522
1,426
179
205 85,600
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532 MINEBAL BE80UBGE8.
Cdal producHcn of West Virginia in 1903, by counties.
County.
Loaded
at mines
for ship-
ment.
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
employ-
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat.
Made
into
ooke.
Total
quantity,
Total
value.
Aver-
age
price
per
ton.
Aver-
age
nam-
bcrof
davs
active.
Aver-
•ge
num-
ber
of em-
ploy-
ees.
Barbour
Brooke
Fayette
Grant
Hancock
Harrison
Kanawha
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mineral
Mingo
Monongalia
Ohio
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Other counties a .
Small mines
Short
tons.
682,469
81,816
5,031,078
65,523
127,501
2,408,042
2,917,805
4,059,187
2,706,600
299,310
65,171
1,033,022
517,862
1,133,462
114,732
114,459
674,927
291,043
406,051
295,708
278,811
757,761
44,414
ShoH
ton$.
7,663
3,024
83,743
2,069
25,230
13,936
50,031
99,846
27,117
66,292
53,049
12,294
8,042
24,212
2,317
81,513
17,179
3,901
6,328
7,629
8,969
10,706
4,786
15,051
Short
tons.
14,406
185
113,644
11,340*
1,082'
26,992J
84,9ld
126,760
52,166
7,295
9,426
7,913
3,195
6,880|
1.700
1,260
21,312
3,555
5,080
3,187
2,480
18,257
850
ShoH
tons.
38,888
863,738
55,668
82,168
1,818,007
347,916
822,651
Total.
24,066,649
584,927
43,163
91,642
151,877
1,936
454,841
ShoH
tons,
742,928
35,026
6,092,198
78,932
153,763
2,504,638
3,084,912
6.108.800
3,133.699
372,897
127,646
1,375,780
529,099
1,164,554
161,912
147,232
805,060
298,499
417, 459
458,401
292,146
1,241,665
50,060
15.051
473, 780 4, 221, 885 29, 887, 241
8718,510
44,500
7,559,612
97,872
219,010
2,829,660
3,446,65l'
7,432,250j
3,438,109;
444,937!
154,6041
1,663,872|
766,787
1,381,553|
155,1221
185.951
860,521
408,180
543.091
461,235
312.748
1,170.468
88,864
13,412
90.97
1.39
1.24
1.42
i.ia'
1.14i
34,297,019
1.I9|
1.21
1.14
1.45
1.19
.96
1.26
1.07
1.37
1.30
1.01
1.07
.94
1.78
2i1\ 1,004
74
184J 10,0(7
22&' 234
252| 219
189^ S,0»
196 5.242
219 7,S»
223! 8,277
283| 547
235 278
224* 1,S85
2221 667
246[ 2.ia
244' m
1.17
212
2.')0
254
156
231
191
275 1,2a
227
1,250
835
S»
684
184
1»
210 41,K4
a Braxton. Clay, Gilmer, Nichols, and Ritchie.
In the following table are shown the statistics of production by coun-
ties during the last five years, with the increases and decreases in 1903
as compared with 1902:
Coal production of West Virginia, by counties, 1899-190S,
[Short tons.]
County.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Increaae,
1908.
Decresse.
1908.
Barbour
79,735
77,246
5,039,815
216,281
60,970
5,742,138
813,376
73,198
6,062,889
512,725
40,372
4,775,112
2,776
80,400
2,066,697
1,848.617
540
5,469,655
8,397,194
248,791
742,928
35,025
6,092,193
78,932
153,763
2,604,638
8,034,912
280,203
Brooke
5,817
Payette
1,817,081
76,166
73,863
438,041
1,186,295
Grant
Hancock
Harrison ...
641,022
1,505,141
945,955
2,062,741
1,762,563
1,988,908
Kanawha
Lewis
540
McDowell
4,290,912
2,788,161
289,486
4,921,285
3,241,675
281,671
4,996,511
8,411,697
217,287
6,108,800
8,188.609
872.897
644,145
Marion
268. «6
y^yftii^ii
129,106
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COAL.
533
Coal produclum of West Virginiu, by courUieSy 1899-I90S—Coniinuei\.
GouDtjr.
Mason
Mercer
Mineral
Mingo
Monongalia
Ohio
Prwton
Pntnam
Baldgh
Randolph
Taylor
Tocker
Other countlea mud
ananmi]
Total
97.288
898.405
628,589
481.150
51,620
159,857
281,414
210,821
86.068
47,291
878,765
1,157,470
167,974
19,252,995
1900.
142,209
1.009,536
641,156
574,156
87,400
137,796
881,947
187,870
90,607
179,588
528,258
1,180,058
189,215
22,647,207
1901.
129,964
9&1,028
597,776
576,886
110.801
191,761
489,239
242,789
148,493
161,561
880,500
1,097,840
167,400
24,068,402
1902.
144,727
1,248,279
514,993
806,174
153,474
230.241
590,436
184,259
281.817
400,145
368,650
1.166.060
53.772
24,570.826
1908.
127,646
1,375,780
529,099
1,164,551
161,912
147,282
805,060
298,499
417,459
458,401
292,146
1,241,565
65.101
29.837.241
lucrciU4e
In 1903.
127,501
14,100
358,380
8,438
214,624
114,240
135,642
58,256
75,485
11,829
04.766.415
Decrease
in 1906.
17,081
83,009
76,504
a Net increase.
The distribution of the product for the last fifteen years is shown in
the following table:
Disirilmlion of the coal product of West Virginiay 1889-190S,
Year.
IM..
1191..
Utt..
Loftdedat
mines for
shipment.
UH..
SkoH
Urns.
4.764,900
5,614.758
6,887,161
7.560,790
8,591.982
9.116.314
M» I 8,858.256
9.88A.068
11,312,406
12,965,906
15,044,272
18,848,162
19,859,809
19,847,321
24.066,649
vm..
Wtt,.
Sold to
local
trade
and
used by
employ-
SMort
tons.
498,287
438.527
429,878
441,160
890,680
428,202
445,028
426,441
446.795
471,796
476,996
494,051
574,746
628.908
564,927
Used at
mines
for
steam
and
heat
Made into
coke.
Short
ton$.
87,868
80,694
47,168
49,568
46,896
64,126
50,596
56,895
58,694
61,176
87,022
142,071
255,618
267,885
478,780
Total quan
tlty.
ShoH
tons.
966,825
1; 810, 781
1,856,478
1,687,248
1,679,029
2,019,115
2,064,067
2,555,407
2,480,262
8,202,124
8,644,706
8,662,928
8,878,229
8,881,717
4,221,885
Short
tons.
6,281,880
7,894,654
9,220,666
9,788,755
10,706,678
11,627,767
11,887,961
12,876,296
14,248,160
16,700,999
19,252,995
22,647,207
24,068,402
24,570,826
29,887,241
Total
value.
15,086,584
6,208,128
7,859.816
7,852,114
8,251,170
8,706,808
7,710,575
8,836,685
8,987,893
10,181,264
12,053,268
18,416,871
20,848,184
24,748,658
84,297,019
Aver-
age
price
per
to. 82
.84
.80
.80
.77
.75
,68
.65
.68
.61
.68
.81
.87
1.01
1.17
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
227
287
228
219
186
195
201
205
218
242
281
219
205
210
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
em-
ployees.
9,952
12.236
14,227
14,867
16,524
17,824
19,159
19,078
20,504
21,607
28,625
29,163
80,935
85,500
41,554
ITie principal coal-producing regions of West Virginia may be
divided into four distinct 'dbtricts. These may be distinguished' by
eerttin geographic or physiographic features. They do not include
iU of the coal-producing counties of the State, but do include the
more important ones, and contributed nearly 90 per cent to the total
output of the State. Two of these districts are in the northern part
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584
ICIKERAL BBSOUBOBS.
of the State, and two in the southern portion. The two in the north-
em portion of the State are designated, respectively, the Fairmont or
Upper Monongahela district, and the Elk Garden or Upper Potomac
Those in the southern portion of the State are the Pocahontas or Flat
Top district and the New and Kanawha River district. The Upper
Monongahela district is penetrated by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
road, and sends its coaJ to market over that highway. The Upper
Potomac region is also reached by the Baltimore and Ohio Bidlroad,
and is penetrated by the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Bail-
road. The Pocahontas or Flat Top region is tributary to the main
branch of the Norfolk and Western Railroad. All of the product of
this district goes either west or to tidewater over that line. The New
and Kanawha River district is named from the two rivers which drwn
it, the coal being shipped partly by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad,
which passes through it, and partly by barges on the Kanawha River.
The most important district from the productive point of view is the
New and Kanawha River, which embraces the counties of Fayette,
Kanawha, Raleigh, and Putnam. The coal from these four counties
is drawn from two different areas, most of the coal from Kanawha
and Putnam counties being from a higher geologic horizon than that
of Fayette and Raleigh counties, but the district is practically com-
pact and continuous, and is drained by the same watei*s and reached
by the same railroad, so the two areas are considered as one district
in this report.
OocU prodxjtdion of the principal districU of West Fir^mo, 18S6-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
New and
Kanawha
River
diitrict
Pocahontas
orFUt
Topdis-
mcta
Fairmont
or Upper
Mononga-
hela
district.
Upper Po-
tomac or
Elk Garden
dlstiict.
1886.,
1887..
1888..
1889..
1890..
1891..
1892..
1893..
1894..
1895..
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901.,
1902..
1908..
2,290,668
2,879,296
2,840,680
2,669,016
8,012,414
8,682,209
8,778,021
4,099.112
8,650,971
4,899,623
4,650,455
4,921,701
5,947,2X2
6,544,956
7,804,879
8,427,674
7,089,805
9,848,063
968,484
1,857,040
1,912,695
2,290,270
2,702,092
8,187,012
8,608,260
8,815,280
5,059,025
4,044,998
4,606,118
4,859,873
5,521,160
6,083,844
6,901,687
6,786,107
7,431,687
8,819,776
406,976
620,064
473,489
456,582
600,181
1,150,569
1,141,430
1,255,956
1,655,532
1.550,256
1,743,500
2,074,663
2,525,294
8,874,183
4,187,630
5,174,160
5,468,791
5,688,887
883,713
608,843
618, STB
666.966
819,0Q
1,068. 90
942.154
1,129.997
9cZ7,2a»
1.12^601
1,245,012
1, 425^026
1,581,562
l,76C,O0e
1,999,79(7
1,866,677
2,681,218
2,2».0»
a locluding production of Taiewell County, Va.
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COAL.
535
In order to show the great increase made by West Virginia as a coal-
producing State the following table has been prepared. The statement
shows that in twenty-three years there has only been one exception to
a steadily increasing output, and that during the period the annual
increase has exceeded 1,200,000 tons.
Armtml increase in the coal production of West Virginiaf 1881-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
lS820Terl881
660,000
95,833
1,024,167
9,062
636,734
875,824
617, 180
733.080
1,162,-774
1,826,011
518.090
969,823
919, 179
1896 over 1896
1.488,385
1888 orer 1882
1897 over 1896
1,371,863
MMoverlSSS
1898 over 1897
2,462,840
18^0Terl884
1899 over 1898
2, 551, 996
1886 over l?a>
1900 over 1899
8, 394, 212
IS87 over 1886
1901 over 1900
1,421,195
1888 over 1887
1902 over 1901
602,424
lSttoverl888
1903overl902
4,766,416
Total increase in 23 years
Averagre annual increase
IW over 1889
1891 oter 1890
27,657,241
1,202,489
U82orerl891
1808 over 1892
laX orer 1803
Total increase in 18 years
Decnase in 1896 •-
9,947.767
289,796
Total increase in 14 years
9,707,961
Hie annual production of coal in West Virginia since 1873 has been
as follows:
Coal production of West Virginia, 187S-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1871....
672,000
1,120,000
1,120,000
896,000
1,120,000
1,120,000
1,400,000
1,829,844
1,680,000
2,240,000
2,835,883
8,860,000
8,869,062
4,006,796
4,881,620
6,496,800
1889
6,231,880
1874
1890
7,894,654
1875
1891
9,220,665
1871
1892
9,788,765
isn
1898
10,708,578
11,627,767
11,887,961
12,876,296
14,248,169
16,700,999
19,262,996
22, 647, 207
187B
1894
U»
1896
1«9«.
1896
un
1897
\m
1898
un
1899
UM
1900
\m
1901
24,068,402
iw
1902
24,570,826
MB7
1903
29,887,241
UK
a United States census, fiscal year.
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536
MIKEBAL BE80UB0E8.
WYOMING.
Total production in 1903, 4,635,293 short tons; spot value, $5,731,281.
Compared with 1902 the coal production of Wyoming" shows an
increase of 205,802 short tons, or 4.6 per cent, in quantity, and of
$494,942, or 9.5 per cent, in value. The production in Wyoming in
1903, like that of most of the coal-pi*oducing States, was the largest
ever obtained.
Of the total product in 1903,783, 822 short tons, or 16.91 per cent, was
undercut by the use of mining machines, although the number of
machines in use shows a decrease from 69 in 1902 to 59 in 1903.
According to the returns to the Survey for 1903, Wyoming has the
record for the largest number of tons produced per man employed
during the 3'ear, for the first time exceeding Maryland in this respect
This increase in the productive capacity per man in Wyoming was
probably due to the larger amount of machine mined coal. The
returns for 1903 show that the total production for the year was 928.4
tons per man, as compared with 843.7 tons per man in 1902. The aver-
age production per man per day was 3. 68 tons in 1903, as compared with
3.4 tons in 1902. Maryland in the latter regard continues to hold the
first place, having an average of 3.74 tons per man per day in both
1902 and 1903.
The statistics of production by counties during the last two years
is shown in the following tables:
Coal production of Wyoming in 190S, by counHes,
County.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment.
Sold to
local
trade
and
used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines
for steam
and
heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
yalue.
Avep-
price
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
acUve.
ATen«e
nmnber
of em-
ployees
Carbon
Short
tOTU,
352,667
65,184
1,517.688
1,520,636
688.380
ShoH
ton$.
8,874
945
8,886
14,945
8,951
ShoH
tons.
26,166
6,200
68,871
69,527
48,691
ShoH
tone,
225
88,260
ShoH
Urns.
382,207
72,829
1,595,840
1,595,838
784,282
$461,338
95,690
1.821,545
1,756,865
1,101,401
fl.21
1.82
1.14
1.10
1.40
185
20S
228
269
aoo
S6B
Converse
Sweetwater ....
Uinta
m
1,979
1,696
Other countieea
1.0©
Total
4,144,450
87,101
209,465
88,485
4,429,491
5,286.339
1.18
248
b,2»
a Bighorn. Crook, Fremont, Johnson, Natrona, Sheridan, and Weston.
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GOAL.
587
OocU production of Wyoming in 1903, by counties.
OoQDty.
Loaded at
mines for
shipment
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
p3ce
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Average
number
of em-
ployee&
Sweetwater
Uinta
Short
tons.
1.551,138
1,704,751
1,115,727
Short
tons.
10,788
16.988
17,949
2,091
ShoH
tons.
67,073
60,934
65,914
Short
tons.
22,000
ShoH
tons.
1,628,944
1,782,668
1,221.590
2,091
91,928,618
2,086,461
.1,767,141
4,071
91.18
1.14
1.45
254
267
246
1,767
1,599
1,627
Other counties a
ff»A^i minfif
Total
4,871,6U
47,761
193,921
22,000
4,635,298
6,781,281
1.24
252
4,998
a Cartx>n, Converse, Ciook, Fremont, Johnson, Sheridan, and Weston.
The distribution of the product for consumption since 1889, and the
annual output of the State since 1868, are shown in the following
tables:
Distribution of the coal product of Wyoming^ 1889-1903,
TCAT.
I/>ft4ied at
mines for
shipment
Sold to
local
trade
and used
by em-
ployees.
Used at
mines for
steam
and heat
Made
into
coke.
Total
quantity.
Total
value.
Aver-
pnce
per
ton.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
days
active.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
em-
ployees.
uo
Short
1,864,448
1,885,299
2,2»,401
2,878,657
2,280,686
2,309,984
2,106,987
2.102,468
2,485,091
2.698,826
8.584.667
8.776,964
4,222,524
4.144.460
4,871,611
Short
tons.
16,488
28,640
88.658
27,064
64,188
21,482
85,628
17,867
17,845
21,656
82,429
28,419
81.961
87.101
47,761
Short
Urns.
19,071
6,527
60,892
96,128
87,066
72,862
81,066
68,261
98,974
108,447
188,196
176,769
196,069
209,466
198,921
Short
tons.
4,490
2,000
7,852
18,685
23,281
41,088
60,976
35,884
82,100
32,460
86,830
88,486
22,000
Short
tons.
1,388,947
1,870,866
2,327,841
2.506,889
2,489,811
2,417,463
2,246,911
2.229,624
2,597,886
2,868,812
8,887,892
4,014,602
4,485,874
4,429,491
4,685,296
$1,748,617
8.183,669
8,566,276
8,168,776
3,290,904
8,170,892
2,9n,901
2,904,185
8,186.694
8,664,190
4,742,626
6,457,968
6,060,462
6,236,889
6,781,281
2.676
vm
11.58
1.27
1.85
1.81
1.88
L80
1.21
1.28
1.24
1.36
1.85
1.18
1.24
246
226
189
190
184
209
219
242
261
266
248
248
252
8,272
un
8,411
1»2.
ia»
8,188
8,878
UN
8,082
UK
8,449
UM
2,949
\sm
8,187
vm
8,476
vm
4,667
aoo
5,882
un
6,161
VUL
6,250
iw.
4,998
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588
MINERAL BESOUBOBS.
Annual production of coal in Wyoming, 1868-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity. '
Year.
Quantity.
1868
6,925
49,882
50,000
147,828
221,745
259,700
219,061
800,808
834,550
1886
829,S»
1869
1887
1,170,818
1870O
1888
1889
1,4S1.MD
1,888,947
i.87Q.aa
1871
1872
1880
1873
1891 2,S27,M1
1874
1892 2,508,886
1876
1893 1 2,489,SU
1894 2,417,46S
1876
1877
342,858
1895 9-24fi.m
1878
333,200
400,991
589,595
420,000
0707,764
779,689*
902,620
807,828
1896
2. 229,624
2,597.886
1879
1897
1880a
1898
2.868,812
S,8S7,«
4,014,602
4,4SS,S74
4.429,491
1881
1899
1882
1900
1883
1901
1884
1902
1885
1908
4.635,298
a United States census, fiscal year.
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COKE.
By Edward W. Parker.
INTRODUCTION.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke as presented in this chap-
ter and in the preceding ones of this series include only that product
which is obtained from the distillation or partial cumbustion of bitu-
minous coal in ovens of the beehive type, or in retort ovens of which
the coke product is suitable for furnace and foundry use. The coke
obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of illuminating gas and
known as "gas-house coke" is not considered in this report. Gas-
house coke is a spongy substance unfit for metallurgical use and is
consumed chiefly as a domestic fuel. Owing, however, to certain
changes and developments that have taken place in the manufacture
of coke in the last ten years, it is necessary to include in these reports
some coke which is not manufactured for strictly metallurgical
purposes. When the publication of the annual report, "Mineral
Resources of the United States," was begun in 1882, practically all of
the coke (except gas-house coke) made in the United States was
obtained from beehive ovens, tlje name of the oven being derived
from the shape of the combustion chamber, which is similar to that of
the conventional beehive.
During the last decade, however, there has been a steady and note-
worthy increase in the construction of retort or by-product recovery
ovens, the coke product of which is a high-grade metallurgical fuel,
lithough the coke itself is not in all cases the primary product. In
some instances the coke is a secondary product, but can not be consid-
ered as a by-product, like gas-house coke. And while considerable
quantities of the coke made in by-product ovens are sold for other
than metallurgical purposes, it is also true that manufacturers of bee-
hive coke are now making a specialty of the preparation of coke for
domestic use, and large quantities of this fuel were sold in 1902 to
take the place of anthracite coal, made scarce by the great strike of
that year. It is impossible to make any separation of the coke sold
for domestic use, and as the greater part of the by-product coke made
589
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540 MINEBAL EESOUB0E8.
is used for metallurgical purposes, it is considered as coming within
the scope of this chapter, and it is no longer possible to limit the
report, as formerly, to the production of blast furnace and foundry
coke.
The coal consumed in the manufacture of coke in the United States
is drawn from six of the seven bituminous coal fields, namely: (1) The
Appalachian field, embracing the great coking-coal regions of Penn-
sylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee,
and eastern Kentucky; (2) the eastern interior field, which includes
the coal areas of Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky; (3) the
western inteHor field, embracing the States of Iowa, Kansas Mis-
souri, and Nebraska; (4) the southwestern field, including Arkansas,
Indian Territory, and Texas; (5) the Rocky Mountain field, including
Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming;
(6) the Pacific coast field, in which the only coking coals are found in
the State of Washington. The coal of the northern interior field,
lying wholly within Michigan, has not so far been used for coke.
A considerable amount of coke is made in States in which there are
no coal fields, namely, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and
Wisconsin. Construction work on a plant of 50 retort ovens was
begun during 1903 at West Duluth, Minn. The ovens in Michigan and
those recently constructed in Maryland (near Baltimore) are fed with
coal from other States. With the exception of the few beehive ovens
in Wisconsin, all of the plants outside of the coking-coal fields are
retort ovens. At the close of 1903, a plant of 80 retort ovens was
under construction at Milwaukee.
The writer again desires to make special acknowledgment of the
assistance rendered by Miss Belle Hill, of Pittsburg, in the prepara-
tion of the tables presented with this report. The accuracy and com-
pleteness of these tabulated statements, as prepared by Miss Hill, deserve
particular recognition.
The unit of measurement used in this chapter is uniformly the short
ton of 2,000 pounds.
PRODUCTION.
The production of coke in 1903 showed a slight reaction from that
of the previous year, during which time, because of the continued
activity in the iron and steel trade and of the scarcity of anthracite
coal, an unprecedented demand was created for coke. Including the
production of coke from by-product or retort ovens, the total output
in 1903 amounted to 25,262,360 short tons, as against 25,401,730 short
tons in 1902. The decrease in production in 1908 as compared with
the preceding year was 139,370 short tons or 0.55 per cent. Consid-
ering the abnormal conditions which obtained in 1902, the continued
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COKE. 541
large production in 1903 is noteworthy and the slight decrease in ton-
nage is negligible. Compared with 1901, when the coke production
amounted to 21,795,883 short tons, the output for 1903 shows a normal
increase.
Notwithstanding the somewhat smaller quantity of coke made in
1903, as compared with the preceding year, the value of the product
showed a substantial gain, increasing from $63,339,167 in 1902 to
$66,459,623 in 1903, a gain of $3,120,456, or a little more than 5 per
cent The value of the product in 1902 exceeded that of 1901 by
$18,893,244, or 42.5 per cent, the increase being due to the anthracite
coal famine, which sent coke prices far above all previous records.
In September and October of 1902 when conti-act prices for Connells-
viJle furnace coke were nominally quoted at $3 per ton, consumers
were paying from $10 to $12 per ton for prompt delivery. With the
termination of the anthracite strike in the latter part of October,
"spot" prices fell off somewhat; but as late as December prompt-
delivery coke was still commanding as high as $5 and $6 per ton. In
fact, these prices continued well into 1903, and were even somewhat
advanced, Connellsville furnace coke bringing over $6 for prompt
delivery during January, February, March, and April, while con-
tracts for delivery in six months were made at from $3.75 to $4 per
ton. Immediate requirements having been supplied during the first
four months, prices slumped suddenly in May, a reduction of nearly
50 per cent being made. By the time the summer was well advanced
the supply of coke had exceeded the demand, and prices continued to
decline. Connellsville furnace coke in June was sold on six-months'
contracts at from $2.75 to $3. By July, with continued oversupply,
the prices had again declined to $2.25. Still further declines were
shown during* August, September, and October, until as low as $1.75
was reached for strictly Connellsville furnace coke, and even that
price was shaded somewhat before the end of the year.
The higher value for the coke product of 1903 as compared with the
preceding year was due, therefore, to the unusual conditions which
existed during the first few months of the year and which were left
over as a legacy from 1902. It was not due to any healthful condition
of the industry during 1903.
In considering the total value and average price for the entire coke
product of the United States as presented m this report, it must be
remanbered that in many cases the values are arbitrarily fixed. A
number of the larger manufacturers operate blast furnaces in connec-
tion with their coal-mining and coke-making business. In such cases
the coke product is sometimes charged against the furnace depart-
ments at cost, and sometimes at a figure based upon the cost of coal
ouniog and coke making, plus a percentage of profit on these opera-
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542 MINERAL RESOURCES.
tions. The value is not fixed by the market price. In other cases
the value is estimated upon the avemge prices for coke of a similar
quality produced and sold in the immediate vicinity. The H. C. Frick
Coke Company, of Pittsburg, the largest single producer of coke in
the United States, which retired from the general market in 1902 with
the purpose of disposing of its entire production to the United States
Steel Corporation, resumed production for the outside market in the
latter part of 1903.
Stimulated by the active demand for coke which prevailed in 1902,
new construction was energetically carried forward, and during 1903
over 10,000 new ovens were added to those already built. At the close
of 1902 the total number of coke ovens in the United States was 69,069.
At the close of 1903 the number had increased to 79,187, a gain of
10,118. The number of ovens idle during 1902 was 1,945, leaving a
total of 67,124 active ovens, which produced 25,401,730 tons of coke,
or an average of 378.4 tons per oven. In 1903 the number of ovens
idle throughout the year was 1,999, leaving a total of 77,188 active
ovens, which turned out 26,262,360 tons of coke, or an average of 327.3
tons per oven.
The total number of 77,188 active ovens in 1903 included 1,956 by-
product ovens, which produced 1,882,394 tons of coke, or an average
of 962.4 tons per oven. Deducting the number of by-product ovens
from the total number of ovens active in 1903, it appears that there
were 75,232 beehive ovens, which produced a total of 23,379,966 tons of
coke, or an average of 311 tons each, or less than one-third the ton-
nage per oven of the by-product ovens operated during the year.
There were under construction at the close of 1902, 6,276 new
ovens, of which 1,335, or about 21 per cent, were of the retort or by-
product type. The number of completed retort ovens increased from
1,165 in 1901 to 1,663 in 1902, and to 1,956 in 1903. The output from
retort ovens has increased from 1,179,900 tons in 1901 to 1,403,588
tons in 1902, and to 1,882,894 tons in 1903. In 1902, 5.5 per cent of
the total output was from by-product ovens; in 1903 the by-product
coke was 7.4 per cent of the total.
Counting each bank of ovens as a separate establishment, the returns
for 1903 show a total of 500 establishments, as compared with 456 in
1902. Forty -one establishments, all comparatively unimportant, were
idle throughout the year. There were also 18 new establishments,
having a total of 2,936 ovens, which were not completed and put in
blast at the close of 1902.
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COKE.
543
The details of the production of coke in 1902 and 1903 are presented,
by States and Territories, in the following tables:
Manufacture of coke in the United States, by States and Territories, in 1902,
state or Territory.
EBtab-
lifch-
ments.
Colontdoa
Georgia
Indian Territory .
Kentacky
Maryland
MfaBoari
Montana
New Jersey
New Mexico...
Ohio
PennsylTania . ,
Tennenee
rtahb
Viiginla
Waidiington...
West Virginia,
niinois
MaanchasettB.
Mlehigan
New York
Wiaeoofin
Wyoming
Total.
Ovens.
Bnilt.
37
15
2
4
10
7
1
2
8
1
2
9
196
16
2
14
5
120
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
456
7,671
8,010
492
280
97
485
0
8
410
100
126
449
86,609
2,269
404
2,974
281
12,656
149
50
400
75
80
120
74
c 69, 069
Build-
ing.
p
12
12
200
0
0
0
0
60
2,332
116
0
1.208
0
2,341
0
0
0
60
674
108
0
Coal used.
Yield
of coal
in coke.
Short Urns.
4,287,491
1,695,188
129,642
110,934
35,827
265,121
10,430
99,628
40,943
219,401
25,017,826
1,025,864
1,716,110
68,546
4,078,579
862,977
<<8,758 39,604,007
Perct.
60.2
59.2
63.8
44.6
58.8
47.8
55.4
53.7
56.9
66.6
66.9
54.6
65.5
58.8
61.7
70.2
64.1
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke.
Short tons.
2,552,246
1,003,393
82,064
49,441
20,902
126,879
5,780
53,463
23,296
146,099
16,497,910
660,006
1,124,672
40,805
2,516,505
598,869
26,401,780
Value
of coke
per ton.
$8,300,838
2,764,341
298,963
202,921
54,702
317,875
14,450
860,927
74,051
492,798
38,451,722
1,697,041
2,322,228
199,195
5,883,226
68,839,167
13.25
2.74
3.643
4.10
2.617
2.505
2.50
6.75
3.178
8.37
2.33
2.85
2.066
4.94
2.318
8.446
2.49
alnelndes the production of Utah.
»lDcladed with Colorado.
^Indodee 625 Semet-Solyay, 1,067 Otto-Hoffman. 60 Newton-Chambers, and 15 Schniewind ovens.
tf Include* 210 Semet-Solvay, 664 Otto-HofTman, 412 Schniewind ovens, and 60 Wilcox ovens.
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544 MINERAL BE80URCE8.
Manufacture of coke in the Uniled States, by Stales and Terriiories, in 190S.
state or Territory.
Alabama
Goloradon
Georgia
Indian Territory .
Kansas
Kentucky
Minnesota
MisBOuri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Utahft
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia...,
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts ...
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Total.
16
2
5
9
7
1
2
4
2
8
212
16
2
16
6
186
5
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
500
Ovens.
Built
8,76i
8,456
500
286
91
499
0
8
655
126
440
40,092
2,439
504
4,251
256
16,613
156
86
200
400
75
100
40
228
74'
Build-
ing.
381
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
100
0
66
1,785
301
0
142
0
2,687
120
0
0
0
60
0
500
80
0
Coal used.
Yield
of coal
in coke.
Short ton$.
4,483,942
1,776,974
146,086
110,088
80,508
247,950
3,004
82,118
18,613
211,473
23,706,455
1,001,356
60
59.3
68.6
45
46.6
46.5
c 79, 187
d6,276
1,860,226
73,119
4,347,160
1,306,707
39,405,778
61.2
64.9
69.4
68
65.9
54.6
63.2
62.4
62.3
71.3
64.1
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke.
Short tons,
2,698,497
1,053,840
85,546
49,818
14,194
116,362
Value
of coke
per too.
17.622,528
8,088,788
227,642
50,221
805,327
1,839
46,107
11,050
143,913
16,639,011
546,875
6,797
810,882
81,589
528,142
38,930,080
1,706,722
$2.83
198
4.a06
4. $7
3.54
2.65
3.15
6.89
2.86
3.67
2.49
3,12
1,176,439 2,724,047 I 2.a&
45,628 214,776 4-71
2,707,818 7,115.8« 2.638
932,428
25,262,360
3,228,064
3.46
66,459,628
2.68
a Includes the production of Utah.
6 Included with Colorado.
<7 Includes 565 Semet-Solvay, 1,335 Otto- Hoffman, and 56 Newton-Chambers ovens.
d Includes 490 Semet-Solvay, 779 Otto-Hoffman, and 66 Wilcox ovens.
Of the 25 States and Territories that produced coke in 1903 there
were 8 in which the output was less than in 1902. The lai-gest
decrease was in Pennsylvania, whose production fell off 858,899 tons,
or 6. 2 per cent. The other decreases were comparatively unimportant
The largest increase was made by West Virginia, which gained
191,313 tons, or 7.6 per cent, and Alabama was second with an increase
of 141,251 tons, or 5.5 per cent. The combined production of Illinois,
Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York,
Wisconsin, and Wyoming, most of which was by-product coke,
showed an increase of 333,559 tons, or 55.7 per cent. In fact the
total production of by-product coke increased 478,806 tons over 1902,
showing that the decrease in beehive coke amounted to 618,176 tcMis,
and the net decrease to 139,370 tons.
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COKE.
545
The increases and decreases in the several States during 1903, as
compared with 1902, are shown in the following table:
Increases and decreases in coke production, by States, in 1903, as compared with 190fS,
[Short tons.]
State or Territory.
Production.
1902.
1908.
Increase.
Quantity. Percent.
Decrease.
Quantity. Percent.
Alabama
Colorsdoa
Oecsfia
Indian Territory.
KeotQcky
manari
Montana
Nev Mexico . .
Ohio
FemuylTania .
Tennenee
Vliginia
Washington. . .
WotYiiginia.
nihMds
2,662,246
2,698,497
1,008«398
1,058,840
82,061
86,646
49,441
49,818
20,902
14,194
126,879
116,362
6,780
1,889
68,463
46,107
28,296
11,050
146,099
148,913
16,497,910
16,639,011
660,006
646,876
1,124,572
1.176,439
40,806
46,623
2,616,506
2,707,818
141,261
60.447
8.482
377
6.53
6.02
4.24
.76
6,708
11,617
8,941
8,356
12.246
2,186
858,899
13,181
32.09
9.08
68.18
16.63
52.57
1.496
5.206
2.344
Maryland
MasMchnsetts.
Michigan
New Jeney
New York
WiaoQDsin
Wyoming
Total
698,869
962,428
51,867
6,818
191,813
333,669
4.612
13.19
7.602
56.7
I
25,401,730
26,262,360
189,370
.6486
a Includes Utah.
The earliest record of coke production in the United States is that
contained in the census report for 1880. In that year the total pro-
duction of coke amounted to 3,338,300 short tons. Five years prior
to that date, according to statistics compiled by the American Iron
and Steel Association, the use of coke in iron furnaces exceeded that
of anthracite coal. The same authority states that prior to 1855 most
of the iron made in this country was made with charcoal. In that
year anthracite took the lead and maintained it until passed by coke
in 1876. Six years earlier coke had taken the lead over charcoal.
Now very little iron is made with anthracite, and charcoal is used only
for making special brands of pig iron. A comprehensive idea of the
growth of the coking industry in the United States is obtained by
dividing the history of the last twenty years into five-year periods.
The average production for the three years, 1880 to 1882, was about
4,000,000 tons a year. In the five years from 1883 to 1887, inclusive,
M R 1903 35
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546
MINERAL BESOITRGEfl.
the average production amounted to 6,980,459 short tons. The aver-
age for the next five years, from 1888 to 1892, was nearly double that
of the preceding five years, amounting to 10,533,918 tons. This
period was followed by the panic years of 1893, 1894, and 1895, and
the coke production showed only a small increase in the next five
years, averaging during that time 11,418,536 tons per year. The
return of prosperous conditions which began in 1896 has shown no
decided setback since that time and the production of coke during the
five years from 1898 to 1902, inclusive, obtained an average of
20,689,347 tons, and exceeded for the first time a total of 25,000,000
tons in 1902.
In the following table are consolidated the statistics of the manu-
facture of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1903, inclusive:
SUUwtics of the manufacture of coke in the United Stales^ 1880-190S.
Year.
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884,
1885,
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1898
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901,
1902
1903
Estab-
lish-
ments.
186
197
215
231
260
233
222
270
261
252
253
243
261
258
260
265
841
336
841
343
396
423
456
500
Ovens.
Built.
12,372
14,119
16,356
18,304
19,557
20,116
22,597
26.001
30,059
34,166
87,158
40,245
42,002
44,201
44,772
45.565
46,944
47,668
48,383
49,603
58,484
63,951
69,069
79,187
Build-
ing.
Coal used.
1,169
1,006
712
407
812
432
4,164
3.584
2,587
2,115
1,547
911
1,893
717
591
576
1,048
4,037
6,804
5,205
8,758
6,275
Short tons.
5,287,741
6,646,662
7,677,648
8,616,670
7,951,974
8.071,126
10,688,972
11,859,752
12,946,850
15,960,978
18,006,209
16,844,540
18,813,387
14,917,146
14,348,750
20,848,323
18,694,422
20,907,319
25,249,570
80,219,343
32,113,643
34,207,965
39,604,007
39,405,773
Coke pro-
duced.
Short tons.
3,838,300
4,113,760
4,793,821
6,464,721
4,873,806
6,106,696
.6,846,369
7,611,706
8,640,090
10,268,022
11,508,021
10,362,688
12,010,829
9,477,680
9,203,682
13,838.714
11,788,778
18,288,984
16,047,209
19,668,569
20,583,348
21,796,888
26,401,730
26,262,360
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
16,631,267
7,726,175
8,462,167
8,121,607
7,242,878
7,629,118
11,153,866
16,321,116
12,445,963
16,630,801
23,216,902
20,323,216
23,586,141
16,623,714
12,328,856
19,234,319
21,660,729
22,102,614
25,686,699
34,670,417
47,443,881
44,445,923
63,339,167
66,469,623
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
n.99
1.88
1.77
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.6S
2.01
1.46
1.62
2.02
1.97
1.96
L74
1.S4
1.44
1.887
1.668
1.594
1.76
2.81
2.039
2.49
2. 63
ineld
ofooal
in coke.
61
63
63
64
61
63
64
64
66
64
64
61
64
6S.6
64
64
68
615
616
65.1
619
617
64.1
64.1
NUMBER OF COKE WORKS IN UNITED STATES.
The total number of establishments manufacturing coke in Uie
United States for each year since 1880 is shov^n in the following table,
together with those reported for the census years ending June 30,
1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880. For the details in regard to the number
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COKE.
547
of establishments in each State the reader is referred to the discussion
of the production of coke by States in the subsequent pages of this
report:
Number of coke eMablishmenU in the United Slateji since 1850,
Year.
Number.
Ye.r.
Number.
IS60 (oensQt year)
4
21
25
149
186
197
215
281
260
283
222
270
261
253
1890, December 31
268
1860 (census year)
1891, December 81
248
iwp (fensoii Tear)
1892, December 81
261
M80 (oensos year) .
1898, TVK^mber 81
258
I88D, December 81
1894, December 81
260
ISSl, December 81
' 1895, December 31
265
1 1896, December 31
341
ISSS, December 81.
1897. December 81
336
18S4, December 31
' 1898, December 31
341
1885, December 81
1 1899, December 81
848
IM, December 81
896
un. December 81
1901, December 81
428
M88i Deconber 81
1902, December 81
456
U9, December 81
1908, December 81
500
The 500 establishments which were in existence on December 31,
1903, included 18, with a total of 2,936 ovens, which were not entirely
completed before the close of the year and did not contribute to the
production in 1903. There were also 41 establishments, having a total
of 1,999 ovens, whose ovens were not operated at all during the entire
year. These idle plants were all comparatively small, averaging only
49 ovens to the establishment.
In this report the word *' establishment" is used to designate the
number of banks of ovens which were in existence, whether operated
or idle, and whether they reported from one central office or se))arately .
Prior to 1896 it was customary to include under one establishment all
tbe coke works reported from one general office, hence there is an
tf^iarently lar^ife increase in the number of establishments in 1896 as
compared with the preceding years.
Excluding tbe number of establishments which did not produce coke
in 1903— that is to say, 41 old ones that were idle and 18 new ones
w^iiicfa had not begun operations — the total number of active plants
Ittt year was 441, a little over two and one-third times the number
w'hieh produced coke in the United States in 1880. In that year there
were 186 coke-making establishments in the United States which pro-
duced a total of 3,388,300 tons, an average of 17,948 tons to each
^i^lishment. In 1903, considering each bank of ovens as a separate
ei$tabiiabment, the average productive capacity for each plant was
^7,290 tons, or 8.2 times the average producing capacity in 1880.
The following tables show the number of coke ovens in existence in
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548
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
each State and Territory for the six years from 1898 to 1903, and the
total number of ovens in existence in each year since 1880. The
increase in the number of ovens in the three years from 1900 to 1903
was more than the increase in the nine years from 1891 to 1900. The
79,187 ovens completed at the end of 1903 include 1,956 by-product
recovery ovens.
Number of coke ovens in each State al the dose of each year, 1898-1903.
State or Territory.
1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. , !«&
Alabama
Colorado
Georal*
nilnolfl
Indiana
Indian Territory .
Kansas
ICentacky
Maryland
Massachusetts —
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania —
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia....
Wisconsin
Wyoming
5,456
1,258
850
126
94
ISO
47
292
5,599
1,243
860
180
52
180
95
800
6,529
1,488
480
154
M
280
91
458
400
400
8
818
12
808
10
842
126
25
441
27,167
1,949
104
1,664
90
8,659
120
74
126
25
885
27,501
2,040
104
1,588
90
8,846
120
74
126
80
809
82,548
2,107
204
2,881
90
10,249
120
74
Total 48,888
49,603
58,484
7,186
2,060
510
154
54
230
98
461
7,571
8,010 I
4921
149!
60
280
97
485 '
400
80
9
126
80
419
84,906
2,185
204
2,775
148
11,544
120
74
400
75
8
410
100
126
80
449
86,609
2,269
404
2,974
281
12,666
lao
74
68,951
60,069
B,%4
m
155
»
91
m
200
«I0
75
S
5»
W
1»
«
40,«
2,439
6M
4,ffl
SI
l^CU
2»
74
79,1K
Number of coke ovens in the United States on December SI of each year, 1S80-190S.
Year.
Ovens. !
Year.
Ovens.
Ye*r.
Ovens.
1880
12,872
14,119
16,856
18,804
19,557
20,116
22,597
26,001
1888
80,069
84,165
87,158
40,057
42,002
44,201
44,772
45,565
1890
4S,M4
1881
1889
1897
fj.m
1882
1890
1898
48.SS3
1888
1891
1899
49.60
1884
1892
1900
66. 4M
1886
1898
1901
63,961
1886
1894
1902
e9.oe»
1887
1895
1908
79,15:
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OOKE.
549
A statement of the number of ovens in course of construction at the
end of each year since 1880 is shown in the following table. It is not
ioteoded to show by this the increase in the number of ovens from
year to year, nor does it include the new ovens completed during any
one year. It exhibits merely the condition of the industry as repre-
sented by plants under constiniction at the close of each year.
Xvmher of coke ovens
building in the UnUed SUUes at the dose of each year.
1880-190S.
Year.
Orens.
Year.
•
Orens.
Year.
Oyena.
lan.
1,160
1,005
712
407
812
482
4,164
8,594
1888
2,687
2,116
1,876
911
1,806
717
691
688
1896
883
un
1889
1807
676
M82.
1880
1808
1,048
4,087
6,804
6,206
8,758
6,276
im.
1891
1899
1884
1892
1900
u»
1898
low
UK.
1894
1902
m
1896
1908
The activity in the production of coke in 1902 is reflected in the
above table by the large number of new ovens building at the close of
the year, there being 50 per cent more new ovens under construction
at the close of that year than there were at the close of 1900, which
had the largest number prior to 1902. A considerable decrease is
Aown in the statistics for 1903 as compared with 1902, but in spite
of this there were more ovens building at the close of 1903 than in any
other year except 1902. Of the new ovens building in 1903, 1,335, or
31 per cent, were by-product ovens.
PRODUCTION IN PREVIOUS YEARS.
The statistics of the production of coke in each State and Territory
for the last six years, and the total annual production since 1880,
tre shown in the following tables. During the twenty-four years
covered by these reports there have been six in which the production
decreased as compared with the preceding year. The most notable
decreases were those shown in the production of 1893 and 1894, and
were due to the panic and depression which made those years memor
iMe va oar recent industrial history. The temporary boom of 1805
WIS followed by another period of depression in 1896, which was also
reflected in a decreased coke production. The slight decrease of 1903
V18 fortonately due to other causes, which have already been explained.
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550
MIKEBAL BES0UB0E8.
QuantUy of coke produced in the United States, 1898-1903, by States and Territories,
[Short tons.]
State or Territory. 1896. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 190S.
Alabama
Coloradoo
Qeoigia
Indian Territory .
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylyania
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia....
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York ,
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total.
1,663,020
445,982
49,529
84,110
4,180
22,242
740
52,009
6,960
85,585
<>10,715,802
894,545
28,826
581,161
80,197
1,925,071
2,825
1,825
85,280
18,850
16,047,209
1,787,809
580,424
60,907
24,880
14,476
81,095
2,860
66,876
44,134
88,878
MS, 577, 870
485,808
(«)
618,707
30,872
2,278,577
2,370
{^)
88,487
15.630
19,668,569
2,110,887
618,755
73,928
88,141
5,948
96,682
2,087
54,781
44,774
72,116
18,357,295
475,432
(«)
686,166
33,387
2,858,499
606,730
20,583,848
2,148,911
671,808
54,560
87,374
7,138
100,285
4,749
57,004
41,643
108,774
14,355,917
404,017
(«)
907,180
49,197
2,288,700
664,191
21,796,888
2,562.246
1.008,883
82,064
^,441
20,902
126,879
5,780
58,463
23,296
146,099
16,497,910
660,006
(«)
1,124,572
40,805
2,516,605
696,809
25,401,780
2,698,497
1,068,810
85.M6
49,818
14,191
116,162
lt8»
46,107
11,060
14S,918
15,639,011
646,876
(«)
l,17^4>9
46,023
2.707,818
932,428
26,262,1001
a Colorado includes Utah.
b Includes production of New York and of Maasachusetts also In 1899.
0 Included with Pennsylyania.
The annual production since 1880 has been as follows:
QuantUy of coke produced in the United States, 1880-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
QuMitity.
1880
3,838,800
4,118,760
4,798,821
5,464,721
4,878,805
6,106,696
6,845,869
7,611,706
1888
8,540,080
10,258,022
11,506,021
10,352,688
12,010,829
9,477,580
9,206,682
13,888,714
1896
U,788,7T5
1881
1889
1897
18,288,084
1882
1890
1898 *..
16,047.200
1888
1891
1899.
19,6e8,fi<9
1884
1892
1900...
20,583,818
1885
1898
1901
21,796,80
1880
1894
1902
25^401.730
1887
1895
1903
25^262,10
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COKE.
VALUE OF COKE PRODUCED.
551
Although the amount of coke produced in the United States in 1903
was less than that of the preceding year, the total value of the product
exceeded that of 1902 by $3,119,466, or about 6 per cent. All of this
gain in value was made in the first half of the year, and was due to
the altogether unprecedented demand for coke which attended, and
for some months followed, the strike in the anthracite regions of
Pennsylvania. During the first four months of 1903 Connellsville
coke was eagerly sought at from $6 to $7 per ton for prompt delivery,
and contracts were made for six months' delivery at $3.75 to $4. A
decided reaction set in during May, and from that time on the record
for the year was one of overproduction and falling prices until as low
as $1.75 was reached for Connellsville furnace coke, and the year
closed with even that figure subject to some shading. Some spot coke
sold at the height of the coal famine in 1902 brought as much as $10
to $12 per ton, but such cases were exceptional. Nearly all of the
coke produced was sold on contracts made early in the year, and that
these contracts were lived up to is shown by the comparatively slight
bcrease made in the average price over 1901, when low prices were
the rule. It is true, nevertheless, that operators secured all the
benefit possible out of any coke of which they were able to make
prompt delivery. The contracts made in the latter part of 1902 and
the early part of 1903 were made at higher figures than those which
obtained during 1902, and these, added to the continued high prices for
prompt delivery, make 1903 the banner year in the average value of
all the coke sold.
The total value of the coke product of 1903 was $66,459,623, an
increase of $3,119,456, or 5 per cent, over 1902, and a gain of 50 per
cent over 1901. The 1903 value was nearly double that of 1899, and
was more than three times that of 1897.
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552
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The following tables show the value of the coke produced in each
State and Territory during the last six years, and the value of the total
product for each year since 1880:
Total value, al the ovenSy of the coke made in the United States^ 1898-2903, by States and
Territories.
state or Territory.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Indian Territory .
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsj'lvania
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia....
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total 26,
1898.
$3,378,946
al,230,428
77,230
96,639
6,455
82,213
1,060
369,174
14,625
211,568
616,078,505
642,920
699,781
128,933
2,432,657
4,686
3,194
123,480
64,225
1899.
(3,634,471
a 1,333, 769
116,917
71,965
80,817
161,454
5,520
356,190
99,217
255,129
<f22,881,910
850,686
1,071,284
151,216
8,480,408
6,566
(')
125,389
88,510
1900.
$5,629,423
al, 746, 732
210.646
162,204
14,986
235.605
5,268
337,079
• 130, ;»i
194,012
29,692,258
1,269,555
1,464,556
160,165
4,746,633
1,454,029
84,670,417 47,443,831
1901.
16,062,616
a 1,626, 279
154,625
154,834
15,079
208,015
9,968
337,381
118,368
299.430
27,066.361
952,782
1,483,670
239,028
4,110,011
1902.
1903.
88,800.838
o 2, 764, 841
298,963
202,921
54,702
317,875
14,450
860,927
74,051
492,793
88,451.722
1,697,011
C)
2,322,228
199,195
5,883,226
I
1,607,476
2,063,894
$7,622,52*
aS, 089, 783
388,351
227,512
50,221
305,327
5,797
310,882
31,539
528.142
88,980.060
1,706,72
2,724,047
214.776
7,115,842
8,228,064
44,445,923 63,839.167 66,459,631
a. Includes value of Utah coke. c Includes Massachusetts and New York.
Mndudes value of New York coke. d included with Colorado.
« Included with Pennsylvania.
Total value, at the ovens, of the coke made in the United States, 1880-190S.
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
1880
$6,631,265
7,725,175
8,462,167
8,121,607
7,242,878
7,629,118
11,153,366
15,321,116
1888
$12,445,968
16,630.301
23,215,302
20,393,216 1
23,536,141
16,5'23,714
12,328,856
19,234,319
1896 ...
$21,660,729
1881
1889
1897
22,102.514
1882
1890
1898
25,686,699
34,670,417
1883
1891
1899
1884
1892
1900
47.443,331
1885
1893
1901
44,445,923
1886
1894
1902
63,3391, 167
1887
1896
1
1903
66.459^«2S
From the preceding statements, showing the quantity and value of
the coke produced in a series of years, the following tables have been
prepared. These show the average price per ton obtained for the
coke product in each State and Territory for the last six years, and the
average price of the total product since 1880. These average prices
Digitized by ^OOQ IQT
COKE.
558
are obtained by dividing the total value by the total amount of coke
produced or sold. Although the figures may be accepted as indicating
the general tendenc}^ of prices, they do not always represent the actual
selling value of the coke, as has already been shown. Some of the
largest producers of coke consume their entire product in their own
blast furnaces. In some such cases the value of the coke is given at
the actual cost of production; in others it is based upon the cost of
production, adding a percentage of profit on the coking operations;
and in still other cases the values are based upon the marketed product
of a similar quality of coke in the inunediate vicinity. These condi-
tions, however, continue without material change from year to year,
so that the prices as given may be generally accepted as indicating the
general condition of the market.
The highest avei-age price in the period of twenty-four years was
that of 1903, when the average for all qualities and in all States reached
as high as $2.63, an increase of 14 cents, or 5.6 per cent, over 1902.
The average price for all coke sold in 1902 exceeded by 45 cents, or 22.1
per cent, that of 1901, and was 18 cents, or Y.8 per cent above that of
1900, when the prices of coke reached the highest point prior to 1902.
As prenously explained, the high average prices obtained in 1902 and
1903 were due to the anthracite coal strike and to the shortage of fuel
caused thereby.
Average value per Bhort Urn at the ovens of the coke mad^ in the United Slates^ 1898-1903,
by States and Territories,
state or Territory.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Alabama
r2.os
a2.59
1.56
2.838
1.M4
1.448
1.42
6.906
2.096
2.47
M.50
1.63
1.317
4.27
1.26
2.02
1.75
92.03
a 2. 51
2.80
2.96
2.18
1.99
1.98
6.32
2.26
8.04
61.69
1.95
1.73
4.98
1.63
} 2.85
92.667
a2.82
2.849
8.99
2.62
2.465
2.62
6.169
2.909
2.69
2.22
2.67
2.187
4.797
2.01
2.87
S2.82
a2.42
2.83
4.H
2.11
2.07
2.099
5.918
2.84
2.75
1.885
2.868
(0)
1.685
4.858
1.80
2.849
93.26
a2.74
3.643
4.10
2.617
2.506
2.50
6.75
8.178
8.37
2.88
2.85
(0)
2.065
4.94
2.818
8.446
^.88
Cbiondo
a2.98
Gcofgia
4.806
Indian Territorj'
4.57
r^rmtt
3.54
Keatncky
Mlwoil
MootMa
Kew Mexico
2.66
8.16
6.89
2.85
Ohio
8.67
Pransylirania
" — irii . ,
2.49
8.12
Ct»h
(0)
2.815
4.71
2.628
Vixfinia r.
Wtthington
Weit Vlifinia .
niinota
Iidiasa
"irichuunu
(tf)
Mkhicao i
8.46
SewJeney
lewTork.
8.60
3.50
8.76
2.46
Vi^<!mrin
VTQBiiv
Avera^
1.594
1.76
2.31
2.089
2.49
2.68
•laeMcsUtah.
*AveficeTft]Qe,iDcludSDg New York, and Massachusettealsoln 1899.
c Included with Colorado,
d Included with Pennsylvania.
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554
MIKEBAL BE80UB0ES.
Average value per short ton at the ovens of the coke made in the United StaieSy 1S80-190S,
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
Year.
Valne.
1880
SI. 99
1.88
1.77
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.63
2.01
1888
11.46
1.62
2.02
1.97
1.96'
1.74
1.84
1896
IL8S7
1881
1889
1887
1.60
1882
1890
1898
1.SM
1888
1891
1899
1.71
1884
1892
1900
2.31
1885
1893
1901
2. OB
1886
1894
1902
149
1887
1896
1908
168
RANK OF COKE-PRODUCING STATES.
In the following, table is shown the relative rank of the States and
Territories in the production of coke from 18*80 to 1903. Pennsylva-
nia has headed the list during this entire period, while Alabama and
West Virginia have for the greater portion of the time contended with
each other for second place. In 1902 Alabama replaced West Virginia
as second in rank, the industry in the latter State having been dis-
turbed by labor strikes. West Virginia recovered her former position
in 1908 by a narrow margin, both States showing substantial increases
in that year over 1902. Maryland and New Jersey, each of which
began production for the first time in 1903, took eighth and thirteenth
places, respectively.
Rank of the States and Territories in production of coke, 1880-1908.
State or Territory.
1880.
1881.
1882. 1 1888.
1 .
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
Pennsylvania
West Virginia
Alabama
1
2
• 5
7
3
1
2
5
6
8
1
2
4
6
8
1
2
8
5
4
8
6
1
8
2
5
4
7
8
15
6
12
14
9
18
1
8
2
5
4
7
8
15
6
13
14
9
12
14
15
10
12
1
2
4
5
3
6
7
16
8
12
11
13
14
1
2
3
5
4
6
8
12
7
9
10
14
15
1
3
2
5
4
6
8
10
7
12
17
18
\h
19
9
11
14
IS
16
1
8
2
Colorado
6
Tennessee
5
Virginia
4
Ohio
4
4
6
8
Montana .
11
Georgia
6
9
7
10
7
10
7
11
N
Kentucky
7
Washington
13
New Mexico
12
11
18
12
18
9
Indian Territory
Utah
11
12
11
17
18
11
13
16
17
M
Kansas
10
9
9
10
11
11
9
IS
11
10
9
16
17
11
Indiana
IS
Illinois
8
8
8
9
10
10
IS
Missouri
1#
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COKE. 555
Sank of States and Territories in production ofcoke^ 1880-1909— Continued,
State or Territory.
1891.
1
3
2
6
6
4
1892.
1898.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1
2
3
6
4
5
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Pennsylvaofa
WatVliglnla
ATtbAma
1
8
2
6
4
5
1
8
2
6
4
5
1
2
8
6
4
5
1
3
2
6
5
4
1
2
3
5
6
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
viryinfa
4
Colorado
5
Tenn«»e« ..... ...
6
Mavachuaetts
7
Maryland
8
Utah
14
8
18
8
11
10
12
8
11
8
14
7
15
7
13
7
16
8
15
10
12
8
20
9
10
8
14
9
9
Ohio
10
Michigan......
11
Kentucky
10
9
8
9
9
10
10
15
9
8
12
New Jeney
18
Georgia
Wisconsin
New York
7
9
7
11
7
12
18
15
16
9
14
18
20
21
17
19
7
18
11
19
16
10
18
15
17
21
20
14
7
17
12
16
18
10
15
14
18
20
21
19
22
9
17
16
13
11
8
18
12
15
20
21
19
22
9
16
12
11
18
8
17
21
14
20
19
18
22
9
10
14
11
12
8
18
17
16
19
21
20
11
18
15
17
14
10
19
12
18
22
20
21
9
12
16
14
17
11
19
13
18
22
20
21
11
13
16
17
14
10
19
15
18
22
21
11
12
16
15
17
18
19
18
20
22
21
14
15
16
Indian Territory....
Washington
Montana
Kannafi
IS
16
11
12
20,
19
17
15
18
16
16
10
12
18
14
17
17
18
19
20
New Mexico
Wyoming
minoii
Miw>ari
21
22
23
24
Indbrni
25
l^zaa
1
COAL CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE.
The determination of the quantity of coal consumed in the manu-
&cture of coke is to a considerable extent a matter of estimate, as a
large quantity of the coal so used is charged directly into the ovens
from the mines without having been previously weighed or measured.
The only method of ascertaining the quantity of coal thus used is by
the amount paid to the miners for mining, which is based sometimes
npoD the measured bushel or ton, and sometimes by the cubical con-
tents of the mine car, all of which standards are apt to differ materi-
ally from that of the weighed ton or bushel. There are comparatively
few establishments in this country at which the quantity of coal made
into coke is accurately ascertained, though as the industry becomes
better organized greater attention is being paid to exactness in this
regard, and year by year the quantities as presented in the following
table^i become more accurate. It is still necessary, however, to esti-
mate a large amount of the coal consumed in the manufacture of coke.
A considerable quantity of the coal which is not run directly from
the mines to the coke ovens is crushed and washed before coking. In
such cases the weight of this coal before washing is given approxi-
mately. In other cases the weight after the slate, pyrite, and other
impurities have been removed, is reported for the weight of the coal
charged into the ovens. In still other instances coke ovens have been
Digitized by ^OOQ IC:!
556
MINERAL RESOURCES.
constructed chiefly for the purpose of utilizing the slack coal produced,
in which cases little or no account is taken of the weight of the coal.
It can readily be seen therefore that any statement as to the quantity
of coal used in the manufacture of coke is necessarily approximate,
but, as these differences appear from year to year, the statistics as
collected may be accepted as sufficiently accurate for comparative
analysis. As has been stated in previous reports of this series, an
apparent discrepancy appears between the statements regarding tlie
quantities of coal consumed in the manufacture of coke as published
in the chapter on coal production and those presented herewith. These
discrepancies are in general due to the fact that a large quantity of coal
is shipped to ovens at a distance from the mine. Where this is the
case the tonnage so shipped would be included in the shipments, the coal
statistics showing only the quantity of coal made into coke at the ovens.
The quantity of coal used in the manufacture of coke, as obtained
for this report, in the several States and Territories, from 1898 to
1903, and the total quantity used each year since 1880, are shown in
the following tables:
QuarUily of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United SUiiis, 1898-1903, by States
and Territories,
[Short tons.]
state or Territory.
1898.
1899.
1900.
190L
1902.
190S.
Alabama
Colorado
Qeoigia
Indian Territory ,
Kansas
Kentucky
Miflsouri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania —
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia....
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts . . . .
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Wisconsin
Wyoming
cl6,
814,615
806,686
81,108
78,380
7,856
44,484
1,500
92,652
12,557
134,767
807,841
722,356
852,972
48,550
145,396
6,650
4,066
3,028,472
0 898,207
78,098
69,255
26,968
151,503
6,820
110,274
68,594
142,678
''19,930,419
779,995
994,635
50,813
8,802,826
4,217
(«»)
Total 25,249,570
8,682,647
a 997, 861
140,988
79,634
10,803
190,268
8,775
108,710
74,261
115,269
20,239,966
854,789
(«)
1,083,827
64,310
3,868,840
708,295
59,900
35,384
64,950
32,100
3,849,908
a 1,148, 901
89,919
74,746
11,629
204,297
9,041
102,960
72,350
162,624
21,736,467
739,246
1,400,231
78,398
8,784,076
793,187
4,237,491
a 1,695, 188
129,642
110,984
36,827
265,121
10.480
99,628
40,948
219,401
26,017,826
1,025,864
(*)
1,716,110
68,646
4,078,679
852,977
4,483,912
01,776.974
146,086
110,088
30,508
247,960
S.004
82, U8
18.61S
211,473
23,706,456
1,001.856
(')
1.860,225
78, U9
4,817,100
1,806,707
30,219,343
32,113,643
84,207,965
89,604,007
89,406,778
a Includes coal coked in Utah. o Includes New York.
Mncluded with Pennsylvania. d Includes Massachusetts and New York.
< Included with Colorado.
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OOKE.
557
Quantity of coal uaed armuaUy in the manufacture of coke in the United States^ 1880-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1880
6,287,741
6,646,762
7,677,646
8,616,670
7,961,974
8,071,126
10,688,972
11,869,752
1888
12,946,360
16,960,973
18,005,209
16,344,540
18,813,337
14,917,146
14,348,750
20,848,823
1896
18,694,422
20,907,819
26,249,670
80,219,848
82,118,643
34,207,966
39,604,007
89,406.773
\m
1889
1897
1882
1890
1898
1883
1891
1899
1884 ...
1892
1900
1885
1893
1901
1886
1894
1902
1887
1896
1903..*.
QUANTITY AND VALUE OF COAL USED IN COKE MAKING.
The total quantity of the coal used in the manufacture of coke and
the value thereof in 1902 and 1903, together with the quantity and
value of coal consumed per ton of coke produced are shown by States
and Territories in the following tables. The quantity of coal used in
1903 was 39,406,773 short tons as compared with 39,604,007 short tons
in 1902. The value of the coal consumed in 1903 was 142,427,922
against $39,301,194 in 1902, showing that although the quantity of
coal used in 1903 was nearly 200,000 tons less than 1902, the value
increased $3^126,728. It also shows that the increase of $3,119,456 in
the value of the coke produced in 1903 was more than eaten up by the
increased cost of the coal at the coke ovens.
Quantify and vcdue of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States in 190£,
and quantity and value of same per ton of coke, by States and Territories,
State or Territory.
Coal used.
Total value
of coal
Value of
coal per
ton.
Quantity
of coal
pertonof
ooke.
Value of
coal to
a ton of
coke.
Oolondoa
G««fia
Indian Territory
KaoBu
Kentucky
Ukmnri
Montana
Kew Mexico
Ohio
PenoiylTania . . .
Teanevee
Vlnftoia
Wadiington
W« Virginia...
miooii
imtiyna
Maaacfaoaetti...
ItewYofk
^■ocmtn
WjqbJqv, ,,,,,,,
Total
Short tons.
4,287,491
1,695,188
129,642
110,934
86,JB27
265,121
10,430
99,628
40,948
. 219,401
26,017,826
1,025,864
1,716,110
68,546
4,078,579
852,977
$5,083,798
1,291,269
120,874
109,300
44,045
160,872
7,600
352,020
33,550
338,153
24,514,119
1,071,354
1,304,966
118,048
3.219,598
1,541,618
11.20
.76
.982
.985
1.229
.57
.729
3.53
.819
•1.54
.98
1.04
.76
1.72
.789
1.807
Shorttotu.
1.66
1.689
1.58
2.24
1.714
2.09
1.805
1.863
1.757
1.5
1.516
1.832
1.526
1.70
1.62
1.424
11.99
1.28
1.47
2.206
2.106
1.19
1.816
6.576
1.489
2.81
1.485
1.905
1.16
2.924
1.278
2.578
89,604,007 89,901,194
.99
1.669
1.548
a Includes Utah.
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558
MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
Quantity and value of coal used in the manxrf^adure of coke in the United States in 190S,
and quantity and value of same per ton of coke, by States and Territories.
State or Territory.
Coal used.
Total value
of ooal.
Value of
coal per
ton.
Quantity
of coal
per ton of
coke,
Value of
coal to
a tun of
coke.
Alabama
Goloradoa
Oeoigia
Indian Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania. . .
Tennessee
Virginia
Washington —
West Virginia..
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts . .
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Short Uma.
4,488,942
1,776,974
146,066
110,068
80,503
247,960
8,004
82,118
18,618
2U,478
28,706,455
1,001,356
1,860,225
78,119
4,847,160
1,806,707
$5,812,276
1,550,149
187,061
106,976
39,717
165,428
8,558
275,868
17,746
893,838
24,857,521
1,128,442
1,540,865
175,274
4,425,149
2,799,669
89,405,778
42,427,922
$1,185
.872
.938
.97
1.80
.667
1.18
8.35
.95
1.86
1.027
1.13
.828
2.397
1.018
2.14
1.66
1.686
1.707
2.21
2.15
2.15
1.68
1.82
1.684
1.47
1.516
1.88
1.58
1.60
1.60
1.40
1.077
$L967
1.27
1.60
2.141'
2.795
L4M
L«a
6.097
L60
2.734
L5S7
Z068
L80S
3.8S5
i.e»
2.996
1.66
1.68
a Includes Utah.
The following table shows approximately the quantity of coal
required to produce a ton of coke in each year since 1880:
Coal required to produce a ton of coke, in Urns or pounds.
Year.
Tons.
Pounds.
1880
1.57
1.59
1.58
1.56
1.63
1.58
1.56
1.56
1.51
1.56
1.56
1.58
8,140
8,180
8,160
3,120
3,260
3,160
8,120
3,120
3,020
8,100
3,120
3,160
1881
1882
1883 .'
1884
1886
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
Year.
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1896
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Tons.
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.66
1.58i
1.57
1.67
1.54
1.57
1.57
1.66
1.56
Founds.
8.140
3,140
S.120
3,120
8,170
8,140
3,140
8,080
8,110
3.1^
1, 120
I.MO
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00KB.
559
YIELD OF COAL IN COKB.
By the yield of coal in coke is meant the percentage by weight of the
ooDstituents of the coal that remain as coke after the process of coking
is completed. The following table shows that the general average
yield of coal in coke is about 64 per cent, but this is believed to be
somewhat excessive. For the reasons stated in connection with the
amount of coalmade into coke, it is not always possible to obtain exact
information on this point, as in many instances the coal is not weighed
before being charged into the ovens, and the amount consumed is
largely an estimate. It is doubtful if the average yield of coal in coke
throughout the United States exceeds 60 per cent.
The following table shows the percentage yield of coal in coke in
each State during the last six years: •
Percentage yield of coal in coke, 1898-1903, by States.
State or Territory.
1886.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1906.
AithtiM .. ,
59
69.1
61
46.5
58
60
49.8
66
55.6
68.5
l»65.7
54.6
62
62.2
61.2
85
44.9
59
59
65.2
41
58.6
58.5
58.8
51
64.8
58.8
^68.1
55.8
62.2
59.8
60
I 56.2
58.9
62
52.4
48
57.7
60.2
55.8
60.8
60.8
62.5
66
55.6
68.2
61.5
60.9
71.5
55.8
58.4
60.7
60
61.4
49
52.5
55.4
57.5
66.9
66
54.6
64.7
62.7
61.1
71.1
60.2
60.2
68.8
44.6
58.8
47.8
55.4
68.7
56.9
66.6
65.9
54.6
65.5
58.8
61.7
70.2
60
<»<n«4o'
50.8
Ococgla.
Indian Torrf (oiy
58.6
45
Kuias
46.5
Kmtockj
MlBoari
46.5
61.2
if«i««if«
54.9
XevJfezleo
69.4
Oldo
68
65.9
TrmraRn
54.6
Vltginto
68.2
Va^inrtnfi
62.4
W^ Vif|f4iii«
- 62.8
miBi^
TMfiM -
Ikr7l«n4
1
IHfWfUl,
i
71.8
I
HevTork
59
51.9
60.8
48.7
Wwmbm
Total ATeraflre
68.6
65.1
68.9
68.7
64.1
64.1
•▲Tecage, tnchidlng Utah.
b Average, incladlng New York, also MaaMchiuetts for 1899.
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660
MINERAL BESOUBCKS.
Percentage yield of coal in coke, 1880-190S.
Year.
Percent-
age yield
of coal.
Year.
Percent-
age yield
of coal.
Year.
Peroent-
1880
68
68
68
64
61
63
64
64.2
1888
66
64
64
68
64
68.6
64
64
1896
8S
1881
1880
1897
1898
615
1882
1800
68.6
1888
1891
1899
fill
1884
1892
1900
6S.9
1886
1898
1901
63.7
1886
1894
1902
6il
1887
1896
1908
6il
1
CONDITION IN WHICH COAL IS CHARGED INTO THE OVENS.
In the following tables will be found a statement of the condition in
which the coal was charged into the ovens in the several States and
Territories during the last two years, and a rfisum^ of the correspond-
ing statistics for the last fourteen years during which these statistics
have been compiled. In a number of the coal-producing States it has
been found that a washing of the coal before charging it into the ovens
has materially improved the quality of the coke. This has been par-
ticularly true in regaixl to the slack coal used. Most of the run-of-mine
coal which is washed before coking is crushed before being washed, in
order to effect a more complete separation of the slate, pyrite, and
other impurities which exist in the coal.
About two-thirds of the entire amount of coal used in coke making
is run-of-mine coal, most of which is charged into the ovens witboat
being washed. It has been found, however, that the coking process is
in many cases facilitated and a better quality of coke obtained if the
coal is crushed before charging into the ovens, and a large amount of
the run-of-mine coal is crushed, or disintegrated, before coking,
whether it is washed or not. Little, if any, large-size coal is coked in
by-product ovens. During 1903, 12,864,875 short tons, or not quite
one-third of the total quantity of coal used in coke making, was slack,
and not quite one-half of this slack coal was washed before being
coked. The total quantity of slack coal washed before coking in 1903
exceeded that of the preceding year by 288,475 tons, and the quantity
of washed run-of-mine coal used showed an increase of 319,127 tons.
Altogether the quantity of coal washed in 1903 was 507,602 tons more
than in 1902.
Among the more important coal-producing States it is noted that in
Pennsylvania only 1,445,630 tons, out of a total of 23,706,455 tons,
were washed before coking. In Alabama 3,124,492 tons, out of a total
of 4,483,942 tons, were washed; and in Colorado 1,182,390 tons, all of
which was slack, out of a total of 1,776,974 tons, were washed before
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COKE.
561
coking. In this State only 831 tons of run-of-mine coal were made
into coke in 1902, and none in 1903. In West Virginia less than 8 per
cent of the total coal consumed in the manufacture of coke was washed,
while in Virginia all of the coal consumed was unwashed.
The quantity of unwashed run-of-mine coal used in coke making
decreased from 26,347,698 short tons in 1902 to 24,683,953 tons in
1903. The quantity of washed run-of-mine coal used increased from
1,647,818 tons in 1902 to 1,866,946 tons in 1903. The use of unwashed
slack increased from 5,781,088 tons to 6,738,997 tons, and the washed
slack from 5,827,403 tons to 6,115,878 tons. The quantity of washed
slack coal used in coke making in 1903 was more than three times the
quantity consumed in 1896, while the total quantity of coal used was a
little more than double.
Character of coal used in the mant^acture of coke in 1902,
[Short tons.]
Ran of mine.
State or Territory.
Unwashed. Washed
Slack.
Unwashed. Washed.
Total.
Colocadoa
Oeoigia
Indian Territory .
Kentucky
Miawori
Montana
Kew Mexico..
Ohio
Pnuylvania
TtnneMee
Virginia
Wuhington ..
West Virginia.
Maaacfausetts .
NewYork
Winbnsiii
Wyoming
Total.
1,283,117
28,600
0
0
5,000
0
0
0
161,783
615,668
287,064
018,148
0
262,893
21,
735,194
509,876
0
0
3,947
1,766
28,159
0
99,628
0
0
602,287
334,109
0
68,546
0
290
641,422
0
0
14,126
9^,496
10,430
0
208
19,618
1,623,624
47,161
697,962
0
2,517,223
117,528
26,847,696
1,647,818
5,781,088
2,494,708
1,062,935
101,042
106,987
19,935
140,466
0
0
40.735
38,000
1,175,847
357,530
0
0
298,963
255
5,827,403
4,237,491
1,695,188
129,642
110,934
35,827
265,121
10,480
99,628
40,943
219,401
25,017,326
1,025,864
1,716,110
68,546
4,078,579
852,977
39,604,007
X B 1903 36
a Includes Utah.
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562
MINERAL RE8OUB0E8.
CharacUr of coal U9ed in the manufacture of coke in 190S.
[Short tons.]
State or Territory.
Alabama
CJoloradoa
Georgria
Indian Territory .
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania —
Tennessee ,
Virginia
Washington ,
West Virginia
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Run of mine.
Unwashed. Washed
20,
S&9,450
0
39,750
381
0
50
0
1,891
0
174,544
279,281
157,717
857,882
0
149,761
668,846
Total 24,683,963
602,446
0
0
0
3,701
65,062
0
80,227
0
0
644,441
404,949
0
78, U9
8,000
1,866,945
SUck.
Unwashed. I Washed.
J.
Total.
0
0
1,295
10,706
88,060
8,0M
0
855
9,216
1,961,544
74,560
1,002,898
0
2.890,810
81,968
6.738,997
2,522,046
1.182,390
106,336
106,462
16,094
104,778
0
0
17.758
27,718
801.189
364,180
0
0
804,089
560.898
6,115.878
4,488,9t2
1,776,^4
146, OM
110.068
80, »B
247, «0
8,004
82,118
18,613
2u,m
23,706,456
1,001,356
1,W0,2»
78,118
4,847.160
1,306,707
80,405.773
a Includes Utah.
In the following table the statistics regarding the character of the
coal for the years 1890 to 1903, inclusive, are consolidated:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States^ 2890-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Run of
mine.
Slack.
TotaL
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
14,060,907
888,563
2.674,492
981.247
18.005.W
12,266,415
290,807
2,945,859
852,969
16,814.540
14,453,688
824,050
8,256,498
779,156
18,813,337
10,306,082
850,112
8,049,075
1,211,877
14,917,146
9,648,750
406,266
8,102.652
1,192,082
14,848,750
15,609,875
287,468
3,052.246
1,948.734
20,848, SB
11,307,905
763,244
4,685.832
1,987,441
18,6W,422
13,234,985
1,087,830
4,180,575
2,453.929
20. 907,81*
16,758,244
1,672,972
4,487.949
2,880,405
25.249,570
20.870,915
1,457,961
4,976.787
2,918.730
80.219,80
21,062,090
1,869,698
6,677,006
4.004.749
82,118,50
23,751.468
1,600,714
4,546.201
4,809,562
84.207,965
26,347,698
1,647,818
6,781,068
5,827.408
39.604.001
24,683,953
1,866,945
6.788.997
6,115,878
«9.«6.773
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ooKE. 563
COKE MAKING IN BY-PRODUCT OVENS.
The statistics relating to the manufacture of coke in by-product
ovens show that the total number of ovens completed and in blast
increased from 1,668 in 1902 to 1,966 in 1908, and that the production
of by-product coke increased from 1,403,588 short tons to 1,882,394
short tons, a gain of 478,806 tons, although the total coke production
fell off 139,370 tons. There were under construction at the close of
1903, 1,385 new by-product ovens, which number constituted more
than 20 per cent of the total new ovens building at that time.
Although nearly 300 of the by-product ovens operated in 1903 were
not pat in blast until sometime after the first of the year, the general
average production per oven for the year was 962.4 short tons. In
1902 the average production per oven was 844 tons. The average
production in each beehive oven in 1903 was 311 tons.
In order to produce the 1,882,394 tons of coke there were used in
the by-product ovens in 1903, 2,605,453 short tons of coal, showing a
yield of coal in coke of 72.25 per cent, a much larger yield than is or
can possibly be obtained in the operation of the beehive ovens. As
previously shown, the average yield of coal in coke for all the United
States (including the output of by-product ovens) in 1903, was 64 per
cent, and this is probably higher than the results actually obtained.
In 1893 the first plant of by-product recovery ovens in the United
States was completed at Syracuse, N. Y. At the close of 1903 there
were nearly 2,000 ovens in operation, the plants being distributed
through ten different States. Of the 1,335 ovens building at the
dose of 1903, 250 were distributed among three new States — Illinois,
at South Chicago; Minnesota, at West Duluth; and Wisconsin, at
Milwaukee. When all of these new ovens are completed, making a
total of 3,291 by-product ovens, their production, at an average of
1,000 tons per oven per year, will be equivalent to 13 per cent of the
total product of the United States in 1903. In 1902, 5.5 per cent of
the total production of coke was made in by-product ovens. In 1903,
7.4 per cent of the total was by-product coke.
The statistics of the production of gas, tar, and ammonia in by-
product ovens, which, until 1902, were discussed in this chapter, will
be found in a separate chapter devoted to those subjects.
The most important development in connection with the retort coke-
oven industry in recent years has been the merging of interests by the
Somet-Solvay Company, of Syracuse, N. Y., and the United Coke and
Gas Company, controlling the Otto-Hoffman ovens, of New York
CSty. The merging was effected by the Semet-Solvay Company
icquiring by lease the control of the business of the United Coke and
Gas Company, a step practically made imperative by the conditions
which were facing the two great rivals, and it is believed that with
the economies of administration now made possible the business can
be poshed to advantage.
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564
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
The Semet-Solvay Company has made the American Coal Products
Company, of New York, its selling agency for all the tar and ammo-
nia produced in all the ovens controlled by it. As the profitable man-
ufacture of by-product coke depends in large measure upon the ability
to dispose of the by-products at remunerative prices, the development
of markets for the increasing quantities of these by-products is an
interesting and important branch of the industry.
Reduced to tabular form, the record of by-product coke making in
the United States since 1893, when the first plant was constructed at
Syracuse, has been as follows:
Record of by-product coke making y 189S-1903.
Year.
1808.
1894..
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899..
1900.
1901..
1902..
1908.
Ovens. !
1
Bailt
Building. '
12
0
12
60
72
60
160
120
280
240
620
500
1,020
65
1,085
1,096
1,165
1,583
1,668
1,846
al,956
bl.S35
Prodnc-
tion.
ShortUm.
12,8S0
16,500
18,521
83,0»
a6ttt2
294.44^
906.634
1,075,^
1,179,900
1,408, 6«$
1.882.8M
alDclndes 565 Semet-Solvay, 1,885 Otto-Hoflman, and 66 Newton-Chambers,
b Includes 490 Semet-Solvaj, 779 Otto-Hoffman, and 66 Wilcox.
In the following table is shown the record of by-product coke ovens,
by States, at the close of 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Record of by-product ovens^ by States.
state.
Ovens December
81, 1900.
Ovens December
81. 1901.
Ovens December
81,1902.
Ovens December
81,1908.
Com-
pleted.
Building.
Com-
pleted.
Building.
Com-
pleted.
Building.
Com-
pleted.
BoUd'of.
120
0
0
400
0
0
0
80
0
855
60
120
0
120
0
0
0
80
0
100
664
50
282
0
0
n
120
0
0
400
80
0
0
30
60
855
60
120
0
120
0
200
0
45
0
100
564
0
504
0
0
0
240
0
0
400
75
0
100
80
50
592
56
120
0
40
04A
40
Illinois
0 0
200 *inn
130
Maryland
C
Massachusetts
Michigan
0
60
0
0
574
60
412
0
0
0
400
75
0
100
40
50
676
56
120
0
0
60
Minnesota
M
New Jersey
Q
NewYork
fiOO
Ohio
«6
Pennsylvania
Virginia
419
0
West Virginia
wiffonnoin
0
Total
1,085
1,096
1,166
1,588
1,668
1,846
1,966
1,SS5
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OOKfi.
565
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
The following table gives the quantity and value of coke imported
and entered for consumption in the United States from 1869 to 1903,
inclusive. In the reports of the Bureau of Statistics of the Depart-
ment of Commerce and Labor the quantities are given in long tons.
These have been reduced to short tons to make the tables consistent
with other tables in this report:
Coke imported and entered for consumption in the United Stales^ 1869-190S,
Year ending June 30—
Quantity.
Value.
Year ending Dec. 31—
Quantity.
Value.
1869
Short tons.
•2,058
6,388
19,528
9,217
1,366
4,588
9,648
8,657
16,686
24,186
24,748
18,406
64.967
53,244
113,114
86,278
64,814
84,801
1887
Short tons.
35,820
35,201
28,608
20,808
50,753
27,420
37,183
82,566
29,622
43,872
34,937
46,127
31,197
115,656
72,727
140,488
142,830
•100,312
107, 914
\m
1888
isn.
1889 '.
88,008
101,767
223,184
86,350
1872 . .
9,576
1,091
634
1,016
2,066
4,068
6,616
6,035
5,047
15,210
14,924
20,634
14,483
20,876
28,124
1890
1873
1891
M74
1892
1875
1893
99,683
187«
1894
70,359
1877
1896
71,866
1S78
1896
114,713
98,077
142,884
142,504
371,341
266,075
428,775
437,625
1879
1897
1880
1898
1881.. .
1899
1882
1900
1883...
1901
1884
1902
iw
1903
■«
The quantity and value of coke exported from the United States
have increased each year since 1895, as shown in the following table:
Coke exported from the UniUd Stales since 1896.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
tSK
Short tons.
181,868
169,180
178.084
199,562
280,196
•425,174
568,600
546,066
600,981
858,866
1900
Short Urns.
422,289
480,450
489,590
466,351
•1,858,968
18K
1901
1,661,898
1,785,188
\g9*
1902
1898 .
1908
2,091,876
vm
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566 MIKEBAL BEBOUBOBS.
PRODUCTION OF COKE BY STATES.
ALABAMA.
Although coke production in Alabama in 1903 showed a substantial
increase, the State being credited with a gain of 141,251 short tons
over 1902, it was not sufficient to enable her to retain the position of
second in rank which she took from West Virginia. The coking
industry of West Virginia in 1902 was somewhat disturbed by labor
troubles, and production in that State did not increase in the same
proportion as it did in Alabama. In 1903, however, West Virginia's
output increased over 190,000 tons, with the result of displacing Ala-
bama and resuming second place by a narrow margin. Alabama pro-
duced 2,693,497 tons in 1903, as compared with 2,552,246 tons in 1902.
Notwithstanding the increase of production in 1903, the value fell
off $678,310, or from $8,300,838 to $7,622,528, and the average price
per ton dropped from $3.25 to $2.83.
The statistics for 1902 show that there were 39 coke-making estab-
lishments in Alabama in 1903. One of these having 46 ovens, was
idle throughout the entire year, and 3, with a total of 240 ovens, did
not begin operations before the end of the year. The total number
of ovens operated in the State during 1903 was 8,764, compared with
7,571 in 1902. The number of new ovens building at the close of 1903
was 381, of which 40 were Semet-Solvay ovens. When these 40 are
completed there will be a total of 280 retort ovens operating in the
State.
The coal fields of Alabama are divided into three districts, known
by the names of the rivers which drain them — the Warrior, the Coosa,
and the Cahaba. By far the most important of these is the Warrior
district, which includes the coke ovens in and around the city of Bir-
mingham. As there is but one coke-producing plant in each of the
other two districts, no separation of the statistics of coke production
is made by districts for this State.
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The statistics of coke production in Alabama since 1880 are as
follows:
t^^oHstics of the manufacture of coke in Alabama^ 1880-1 90S.
Year.
Eetab-
lish-
ments.
Ovena
Built.
Build-
ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
Value of
coke at
ovens,
ovens.
per ton.
$183,063
$8.01
326,819
3.00
425,940
2.79
598,473
2.76
609,185
2.50
755,645
2.50
993,302
2.65
775,090
2.39
1,189,579
2.84
2,372,417
2.80
2,589,447
2.41
2,986,242
2.33
3,464,623
2.31
2,648,632
2.^7
1,871,348
2.025
3,083,521
2.10
8,064,960
2.07
8,094,461
2.14
8,378,946
2.08
3,634,471
2.03
5,629,423
2.667
6,062,616
2.82
8,300,838
3.25
7,622,528
2.83
Yield of
coal in
coke.
1881.
1882.
188S.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1888.
18$0.
1891.
1892.
1898.
18M.
1896.
]£96.
1807.
1808.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
im.
316
416
586
767
976
1,076
1,301
1,555
2,476
3,944
4,805
5,068
6,820
6,648
5,651
6,668
6,868
6,365
6,456
5,599
6,529
7,136
7,571
8,764
100
120
122
242
16
1,012
1,362
406
427
871
60
90
60
60
50
a 120
100
850
ft 690
6535
rfl.334
d881
Short Unu.
106,283
184.881
261,839
359,699
418,184
607,934
635,120
650,047
848,606
1,746,277
1,809,964
2,144,277
2,585,966
2,016,398
1,674,246
2,459,465
2,578,713
2,461,475
2,814,615
3,028,472
3,582,547
8,849,906
4,237,491
4,483,942
Short tOM.
60,781
109,033
152,940
217,581
244,009
301,180
875,054
825,020
508,511
1,030,510
1,072,942
1,282,496
1,501,671
1,168,086
923,817
1,444,339
1,479,487
1,443,017
1,663,020
1,787,809
2,110,837
2,148,911
2,652,246
2,698,497
Percent.
57
59
58
60
60
59
59
59
60
59
59
60
58
58
58.7
58.7
57.5
58.8
59
59
58.9
55.8
60.2
60.0
aSemet-Solvay ovena.
Mnrludes 120 Semet-Solvay ovens.
c Includes 240 Semet-Solvay ovens,
d Includes 40 8eme^Solvay ovens.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Ala-
bama since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Alabama^ 1890-1903.
[Short tons.]
Year.
lan.
vm.
mi.
UK.
vm,
mn.
vm.
\m.
ino.
HOB.
Run of mines.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
1,480,669
0
206,106
123,189
1,809,964
1,M3,469
0
192,238
8,570
2,144,277
2,463,366
0
11,100
111.500
2,585,966
1,246,807
51,163
292,196
425,780
2,015,398
4U,097
7,429
477,820
677,899
1,574,245
1,208,020
0
32,068
1,219,377
2,469,465
1,292,191
70,128
61,674
1,169,728
2,673,713
902,310
120,420
91,200
1.337,646
2,451,476
1,290,794
828,294
25,000
670,627
2,814,616
1,656,226
726,288
9,898
637,110
3,028,472
1,729,882
162,077
165,418
1,635,170
3,582,647
1,641,830
491,296
17,796
1,698,964
3,849,906
1,233,117
509,376
290
2,494,708
4,237,491
1,859,460
602,446
2,522,046
4,483,942
D
gitized by Vj
roode
568 MINEEAL BE8OUB0ES.
It will be observed from the foregoing table that the increase in
coke production in Alabama has been chiefly due to the utilization of
slack coal, nearly all of which is washed before being charged into
the ovens. Nearly 60 per cent of the coal used in 1903 was washed
slack, and of the run-of-mine coal used over 44 per cent wag washed.
COLORADO AND UTAH.
As there are but two coke-making establishments in Utah, the sta-
jstics of production in that State are combined with Colorado in order
to maintain the confidential nature of the individual statements to the
Survey. Colorado itself holds the same relative position west of the
Mississippi River as a coke-producing State that Pennsylvania holds
for the United States. The coke production of Utah is comparatively
small and does not materially aflfect the total. The production of the
two States combined amounted in 1903 to 1,053,840 short tons, valued
at $3,089,783, against 1,003,393 short tons, valued at $2,754,341 in
1902, and 671,303 short tons, valued at $1,626,279, in 1901. The large
production during the last two years has been due principally to the
increased activity at the works of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Com-
pany, the largest coal and iron producer in Colorado. With an
increase of three in the number of establishments in the last two years,
the number of ovens built has increased nearly 70 per cent, from 2,060
in 1901, to 3,010 in 1902, and to 3,455 in 1903. One of the new estab-
lishments is that of the Utah Fuel Company, at Sunnyside, Utah,
where 300 new ovens were put in blast in 1903. There were four
establishments with a total of 151 ovens in Colorado which did not
produce any coke during the year.
All of the coal used for coking purposes in Colorado and Utah dur-
ing 1903 was slack, and of this about two-thirds was washed before
coking. In 1902 all of the coal coked, except 831 tons, was slack coal,
60 per cent of which was washed before being charged into the ovens.
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569
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Colorado and Utah, 1880-190S.
Year.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
1880.
1881.
1882.
18©..
1884..
1885..
1886..
1887..
1888..
1881..
1890..
1801..
1892a
1896 «
18Ma
1896a
1896a
1897a
1896a
18na
1900 a
1901a
19Q2a
UOBa
Ovens.
Built
1
200
50
2
267
0
5
844
0
7
852
0
8
409
24
7
434
0
7
483
0
7
532
0
7
602
100
9
834
50
8
916
80
7
948
21
9
«> 1,128
220
8
1,154
200
8
1,154
250
9
1,169
0
11
1,276
0
12
1,273
0
12
1,258
3
12
1,243
50
13
1,488
0
15
2,060
1,208
15
3,010
863
18
8,455
0
Build-
ing.
Coal used.
^orttonB.
51,891
97,508
180,549
224,089
181,968
208,069
228,060
267,487
274,212
299,781
407,023
452,749
699,200
628,935
542,429
580,584
639,238
616,502
898,207
997,861
1,148,901
1,695,188
1,776,974
Coke pro-
duced.
Skorltons.
25,568
48,687
102,105
133,997
115,719
131,960
142,797
170,698
179,682
187,688
245, 756
277,074
373,229
317,196
840,357
363,760
342,653
474,808
530,424
618,755
671,303
1,003,393
1,053,840
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
$145,226
$6.68
267.156
5.29
476.665
4.67
584,578
4.86
409,930
3.45
512,162
3.88
569,120
3.99
682,778
4.00
716,305
4.00
643,479
8.48
969,246
8.90
896,984
3.24
1,231,320
3.31
1,187,488
3.13
908,970
2.85
940,987
2.76
1,046,806
2.88
999,216
2.916
1,230,428
2.59
1,333,769
2.61
1,746,782
2.82
1,626,279
2.42
2,754,341
2.74
3,089,783
2.98
Yield of
coal in
coke.
Percent.
49
50
57
60
64
64
65.6
63
60
61
62.3
57.7
68.5
58.6
56.9
55.6
59.8
59
62
58.4
59.2
59.3
a Includes production and value of coke in Utah and of coal coked.
b Includes 36 gas retorts since 1892.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Col-
orado and Utah since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Charader of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Colorado and Utah, 1890-190S.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Run-of-mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
0
0
0
0
0
7,119
116,868
223,378
265.405
804,689
452,023
677,181
1,062,986
1,182,890
ino
36,058
98,752
82,098
109.915
126,642
119,868
143,604
0
122,988
125,822
229,811
428,612
831
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
896,028
884,278
617,102
519,020
415,787
463,507
378,776
393,214
415,298
468,196
816,527
43,078
641,422
604,584
481,081
478,080
599,200
628,935
542,429
580,584
639,2%
1101 ,
Wl
vn
VSH
vm
UB6
18if7
616,592
808,686
UIB
vm
898,207
997,861
1,148,901
1,695,188
1,776,974
int
1901
m?
Has
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MINERAL BBSOUBOBB.
GEORGIA.
The only coal mines in the State of Georgia are located in Dade and
Walker counties, in the extreme northwest comer of the State, the
coal beds being a portion of the Warrior coal fields of Alabama. The
coal in Georgia produces a fairly good quality of coke — although it is
principally the slack coal that is used for that purpose — which finds a
market in the iron works in the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tenn.
The production of coke in Georgia in 1903 amounted to 85,546 short
tons, an increase of 3,482 short tons, or a little more than 4 per cent,
over 1902, and the largest production since 1894, when it amounted
to a little over 93,000 tons. The value of the product in 1903 showed
a much greater proportion of increase than the output. The average
price per ton advanced from $3.64 in 1902 to $4.31 in 1903, and the
total value increased from $298,963 to $368,351, a gain of $69,388, or
23.2 per cent.
Thirty-eight new ovens were completed in 1903 and 30 old ones were
abandoned, making a net gain of 8 in the total number The statistics
of the production of coke in Georgia from 1880 to 1903 are shown in
the following table:
StcUislics of the manufacture of coke in Georgia^ 1880-190S.
Year.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908,
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Built
140
180
220
264
300
800
800
300
290
800
800
800
800
834
300
850
850
480
510
492
500
Build-
ing.
40
40
44
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
88
0
Coal used.
Short tont.
68,402
68,960
77,670
111,687
132,113
117,781
136,133
158,482
140,000
157,878
170,388
164,875
158,978
171,645
166.523
118,900
109,655
67,000
81,108
78,098
140.988
89.919
129,642
146,086
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Short tons.
88,041
41,876
46,602
67,012
79,268
70,669
82,680
79,241
83,721
94,727
102,233
103,057
81,807
90,726
93,029
60,212
58,673
88,000
49,529
60,907
73,028
54,550
82,064
85,546
^ike7/' Yield of
ovVnf <«ii»
per ton. *»^^
981,789
88,758
100.194
147,166
169,192
144,198
179,081
174,410
177,907
149,069
150,995
231,878
163,614
136,089
116,286
70,580
68,486
42,240
77,230
116,917
210,646
154,625
298,968 I
868,351
82.15
2.15
2.15
2.20
2.13
2.04
2.17
2.20
2.12
1.57
1.48
2.25
2.00
1.50
1.25
1.17
L276
1.28
1.66
2.80
2.819
2.83
3.613
4.306
PrremL
00
60
60
00
00
60
50
60
60
60
62.5
5L»
S2.8
66w9
60.6
49
4B.S
^2
52.4
eo.7
68.S
56.5
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0OK£.
571
As shown in the following table, nearly all of the coal used in the
manufacture of coke in Georgia since 1890 was washed before being
chained into the ovens.
Outrader of coed used in the mcmufcuiure of coke in Georgiaj 1890-1903.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
1890
0
106,131
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28,600
89,760
0
0
0
0
166,628
118,900
109,666
67,000
61,844
48,621
68,988
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10,674
0
0
170,888
68,744
158,978
171,646
0
0
0
0
19,264
29,677
72,000
79,346
101,042
106,886
170,888
1991
164,876
168,978
1892 .♦
IM
171,646
UM
166,623
1886
118,900
18B6
109,666
67,000
1867
18B8
81,108
1819
78,098
liOO
140,968
im
89,919
1902
129,642
vm
146,086
INDIAN TERRITORY.
One new establishment and 6 new ovens, with a slight gain in pro-
duction (377 tons) and an advance of 10 per cent in the average price,
are the comparisons shown by the records of 1903 and 1902 for Indian
Territory. The production in 1903 amounted to 49,818 short tons, as
compared with 49,441 tons in 1902. The value of the product increased
12 per cent, from $202,921 to $227,542. Nearly all of the coal used
for cokinjJT ifi slack, and most of this is washed before being charged
into the ovens. The ovens in the Territory have been built for the
purpose of utilizing the slack coal for which there was no market.
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BCIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Indian Territory
from 1880 to 1903 are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Indian Territory, 1880-1903.
Year.
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1891.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovena.
BuUt
BuUd-
Ing.
20
20
20
20
20
40
40
80
80
80
80
80 i
80
80
80
80
130
130
130
130
230
230
280
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
Coal used.
ShoHtons.
2.494
2,852
3,266
4,160
3,084
6,781
10,242
20,121
13.126
18,277
13,278
20,551
7,188
15, 118
7,274
11,825
53,028
68,495
73,380
59,256
79,534
74,746
110,934
110,088
Coke pro-
duced.
I
Total yalue
of coke at
ovena.
Short tons.
1,546
1,768
2,025
2,673
1,912
3,584
6,351
10,060
7,602
6,639
6,639
9,464
3,569
7,135
8,051
6,175
21,021
80,364
34,110
34,839
38,141
87,374
49,441
49,818
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
5,304
6,075 I
7,719
5,736 I
12,902 1
22,229 '
21,765
17.957
21,577
80,483
12,402
25,072
10,693
17,667
78,574
104,725
96,639
71,965
152,204
154,834
202,921
227,542
$3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.60
8.30
3.33
2.90
2.70
3.25
8.22
S.47
3.51
3.50
3.41
3.60
3.45
2.833
2.96
3.99
4.14
4.10
4.57
Yield of
coalin
coke.
PercenL
02
G2
62
e2
£2
62
G2
50
57
50
50
46
50
47
42
4S.fs
40
44.3
46.5
41
4S
50
44.6
46
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in the
Indian Territory since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the Indian Territory, 1890-190$.
[Short tons.]
Year.
Run of mine. 1 Slack.
Total
Unwashed.
Washed. | Unwashed.
Washed.
1890
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
331
0 j 0
0 Q finn
13,278
11,061
7,138
15,118
7,274
11,825
53,028
61,572
57,977
69,256
68,702
74,746
18,2JB
1891
20,551
1892
0
0
0
0
0
6,923
15,363
0
0
0
3,947
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20,832
0
0
1,295
7,1»
1893
15,11^
1894
7,274
1895
ll,8t>
1896
SS,OBS
1897
68,495
1898
73,890
1899
59,256
1900
79,534
1901
74.74S
1902
106,987 j 110,994
108.4112 IIOlOKS
1903
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
COKE.
573
KANSAS.
A small amount of coke is produced in Kansas each year by zinc
raining companies for their own use. The coal used is Pittsburg
(Kansas) slack, which makes a rather low grade of coke, suitable for
use in zinc retorts. The establishments are all small, averaging 10
ovens each. One plant of 6 ovens was abandoned in 1903, reducing
the number of establishments to 9 and the number of ovens to 91.
Production fell off from 20,902 short tons in 1902 to 14,194 tons in
1903. Four of the 9 establishments were idle during the entire year.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Kansas from 1880 to
1903 are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Kansas^ 1880-190S,
Year.
1881..
1«2..
MKS..
1»4..
Iffi5..
1W6...
1887..
1888..
\m..
W90..
MW..
WK..
Mm..
\m..
If«..
WK..
1*«7..
is»..
IW..
1900..
IW..
1902..
1908..
i Estab- 1
, liah-
ments.
Ovens.
Built
BuUd-
ing.
7 I
6
6'
6
6
4
6 I
6 :
15
20
23
23
23
86 '
39!
58;
68
68
72 j
75 I
75 I
61
55
57 I
47 1
d5
91
98
97
91
Coal used.
Short tone.
4,800
8,800
9,200
13,400
11,500
15,000
23,062
27,604
24,934
21,600
21,809
27,181
15,487
13,645
13,288
8,424
8.940
11,772
7,853
26.968
10,303
11,629
35,827
30,603
Coke pro-
duced.
Short tofu.
3,070
5,670
6,080
8,430
7,190
8,050
12,493
14,950
14,831
13,910
12,311
14,174
9,132
8,565
8,439
5,287
4,785
6,181
4,180
14,476
5,948
7,188
20,902
14,194
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
96,000
10,200
11,460
16,560
14,580
13,265
19,204
28,575
29,073
26.598
29,116
83,296
19,906
18,640
15,660
11,289
8,676
9,272
6,455
80,817
14,985
15,079
54.702
50,221
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
$1.95
1.80
1.70
1.96
2.02
1.65
1.54
1.91
1.96
1.91
2.37
2.35
2.18
2.18
1.855
2.14
1.818
1.50
1.545
2.13
2.52
2.11
2.617
3.54
Yield of
coal in
coke.
Percent.
64
64.4
66
62.9
62.6
53.7
54.2
64
69.5
64
56
52
69.2
62.8
63.5
62.8
53.5
52.5
53
63.6
57.7
61.4
58.3
46.6
KENTUCKY.
Kentucky is the only State in the Union whose coal supplies are
drawn from any two of the great fields. The eastern counties of the
State are included in the coal measures of the Appalachian field, and
a portion of the western part of the State is underlain by the southern
extremity of the Central, or Illinois-Indiana field. Coke is made from
coal mined in both the eastern and the western counties. The largest
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MINERAL B£80UBC£S.
coke-producing plant in the State is located in the western coal areas,
although little or no coke is made from the coals drawn from the more
extended fields of Illinois and Indiana. The entire coking industry of
Kentucky, however, is not an important one, and is dependent chiefly
upon the utilization of slack coal which would otherwise be wasted.
About 22 per cent of the coal used for coking iu 1903 was run-of-mine
washed coal. The rest was slack, and the greater part of the slack
coal was washed.
One of the 7 establishments in the State was idle throughout the year.
This is a new plant, where coal-mining operations have not yet com-
menced. The total production in 1903 was 115,362 short tons, as com-
pared with 126,879 short tons in 1902.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Kentucky from 1880 to
1903 are as follows:
StalMcs of the manufacture of coke in Kentucky , 1880-190S,
Year.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
BuUt.
BoUd-
ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
I
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
cx>keat
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
ooalin
coke.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1884..
1885..
1886..
1887..
1888.
1890.
1891.
1894..
1896.,
1896..
1897- .
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901.
1902.
1908.
45
45
45
45
45
88
76
96
182
166
175
115
287
283
293
293
264
268
292
300
458
461
485
499
2
100
103
24
100
100
0
0
0
0
2
180
3
0
12
0
Short toM.
7,206
7,406
6,906
8,437
3,461
6,075
9,055
29,129
42,642
25,192
2r,872
64,890
70,783
»7,212
66,418
68,419
66,719
64,234
161,603
190,268
204,297
266,121
247,960
Short Umt.
4,250
4,870
4,070
6,025
2,223
2,704
4,628
14,565
23,160
18,021
12,348
88,777
86,128
48,619
29,748
25,460
27,107
82,117
22,242
81,095
96,582
100.286
126,879
115,862
112,260
12,680
11,680
14,426
8,760
8,488
10,062
81,730
47,244
29,769
22,191
68,281
72,668
97,360
61,666
37.2^
42,062
46,454
82,218
161,454
285,506
208,015
817,875
806,827
12.88
2.89
2.83
2.87
8.94
3.14
2.28
2.18
2.04
2.28
1.80
2.02
2.01
2.00
1.78
1.46
L55
1.41
1.448
L99
2.466
2.07
2.506
2.66
JxTCClU.
99
59
GO
64
58
50
50
54
52
51
52
51
50
44.8
40.1
48.6
50
SO
5S.5
50.2
49
47.8
46.5
MISSOURI.
The coking industry of Missouri is akin to that of Kansas. There
are 2 small coking plants in the State which are operated, like the
Kansas ovens, in connection with zinc works, which do not require a
high-grade coke. All of the coal used is unwashed slack.
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COKE.
575
The statistics of the production of coke in Missouri from 1887, when
coking began in this State, to 1903 are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Missouri^ 1887-190S.
Year.
; Estab-
lish-
ments.
\m '
\m
^ I
WW '
i»i ;
UB2 1
vm 1
laM '
]»5 i
18B6
"^
vm
«» ;
MOO
1901 \
1«2
W08 1
1
Ovens.
Built.
Build-
ing.
4l
4
9
10
lot
10
Coal used.
10
0
10
0
10
^1
7
ol
15
0
8
0
12
0
10
0
9
0
8
0
8
0
Short tons.
5,400
5,000
8,485
9,491
10,877
11,088
8,875
8,442
3,120
4,471
4,627
1,600
5,320
3,775
9,041
10,430
3,004
Coke pro-
duced.
Short tons.
2,970
2,600
5,275
6,186
6,872
7,299
5,905
2,260
2,028
2,500
2,6931
740
2,860
2,087
4,749
5,780
1,839
Total value
of coJce at
ovens.
910,895
9,100
5,800
9,240
10,000
10,949
9,736
3,563
2,442
4,131
3,890
1,050
6,620
5,268
9,968
14,450
6,797
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
$3.50
3.50
1.10
1.51
1.46
1.50
1.65
1.68
1.20
1.65
1.60
1.42
1.93
2.62
2.099
2.60
8.15
Yield of
coal in
coke.
Per
cent.
65
62
62
66
66
65.8
66.5
65.4
65
55.9
66
49.3
63.8
55.3
62.6
66.4
61.2
MONTANA.
Coke making in Montana during 1903 was marked rather by new
construction than by anything else. The number of establishments
was increased from 3 to 4, and the number of ovens built increased
from 410 to 555, while 100 additional new ovens were building at the
close of the year. One establishment, having 100 ovens, was idle
during the entire year, and the production of the State fell off from
53,463 tons in 1902 to 45,107 tons in 1903. All of the coal used was
nm-of-mine, nearly all of which was washed before coking.
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MINERAL BESOUBOES.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Montana from
when ovens were first reported, to 1903 are as follows:
Statistics of the inanufadure of coke in MorUanay 188S-190S,
Year.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887,
1888.
1889,
1890,
1891,
1892.
1893.
1894
1895,
1896
1897.
1898,
1899.
1900.
1901,
1902
1906
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Coal used.
ShoHlons.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
onalin
coke.
Short tofu.
JPtercatL
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
5
12
165
75
$900
$12.00
46
2
2
0
800
175
2,063
11.72
».5
4
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
27
0
10,800
7,200
72,000
10.00
66.7
1
40
0
20,000
12,000
96,000
8.00
60
2
90
50
80,576
14,043
122,028
8.69
46
2
140
0
82,148
14,427
125,655
8.71
45
2
140
0
61,667
29,009
258,523
8.91
47
2
158
0
64,412
34,557
8U,013
9.00
516
2
153
0
61,770
29,946
289,560
8.00
48.5
2
153
0
83,313
17,388
166,187
9.60
S2.S
3
803
0
66,770
26,837
189,856
7.49
45.4
8
803
0
118,165
60,078
425,488
7.08
63
3
803
0
139,907
67,849
467,481'
6.89
48.6
4
818
0
92,562
52,009
859,174
6.91
56
3
303
0
110,274
56,376
856,190
6.82
51
3
342
111
108,710
54,781
837,079
6.160
60L8
3
328
111
102,950
57,004
387,381
5.918
5S.4
3
410
0
99,628
53,463
360,927
6,75
M.7
4
555
100
82,118
45,107
310,882
6.M
54.9
NEW MEXICO.
New Mexico's coking industry is not an important one, there being
but 2 establishments with a total of 126 ovens in the Territory. The
production in 1903, all of which was from slack coal, amoimted to
11,050 short tons, a decrease of over 50 per cent from that of 1902,
and less than one-fourth the production of 1900.
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COKE.
577
The statistics of the production of coke in New Mexico from 1882,
when coke ovens were first reported, until 1903 are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in New Mexico^ 188^-1903.
Year.
1883..
1888..
1884..
1886..
188S..
1887..
1888. .
1888..
1890- .
18»1..
1882..
1888..
18M..
1885..
1808..
1807..
189B.
1800..
1900.
1901..
19(tt.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ov«
sns.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
BuUt.
Build-
ing.
coal in
coke.
Short tons.
Short toM.
Percent
2
0
12
1,600
1,000
•6,000
86.00
66
1 2
12
28
6,941
8,905
21,478
6.50
57
1 2
70
0
29,990
18,282
91 410
6.00
67
1 2
70
0
81,889
17,940
89,700
5.00
66
2
70
0
18,194
10,236
61,180
6.00
66
1 1
70
0
22,549
13,710
82,260
6.00
61
1
70
0
14,628
8,540
51,240
6.00
68
2
70
0
7,162
8,460
18,406
5.32
48
2
70
0
3.960
2,050
10,025
4.89
61.6
1
70
0
4,000
2,800
10,925
4.75
57.5
1
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
50
0
14,696
5,803
18,476
3.18
89.6
i 1
50
0
13,042
6,529
28,213
4.32
60
1
50
0
22,385
14,668
29,491
2.01
65.6
1
50
0
39,286
24,228
48,453
2.00
61.7
2
126
0
2,585
1,488
8,232
2.25
55.6
2
126
0
12,557
6,980
14,625
2.095
55.6
2
126
0
68,504
44,134
99,217
2.25
64.8
2
126
0
74,261
44,774
180,251
2.909
60.3
1 2
126
0
72,350
41,643
118.868
2.84
57.6
2
126
0
40,948
23,296
74,051
8.178
66.9
2
126
0
18,618
11,060
81,539
2.86
69.4
OHIO.
Although Ohio possesses large areas of coal from which a fair qual-
ity of coke could be made, and stands fourth among the coal -producing
States, the coke-making industry has not been developed to any extent.
This is doubtless due to the proximity of the higher grade of coking
coals of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, which supply the fuel for
the many iron and steel works of Ohio. Production has been some-
what increased during the last three years as a result of the operations
of the Otto-Hoffman by-product ovens built at Hamilton, near Cin-
cinnati, and completed in 1901. The completion of 66 Wilcox ovens
at Cleveland will also increase the State's production. These ovens
were begun in 1902, and should be put in blast in 1904.
M R 1903 37
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MINERAL BESOUBCES.
In the following table the statistics of the production of coke in Ohio
for the yeai-s 1880 to 1903 are consolidated:
Staiisiics of the manufacture of cok^ in Ohio^ 1880-190S.
Year.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Built.
1880-
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1895.,
1897.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
15
15
16
18
19
13
15
15
15
13
13
9
10
:!
8l
9|
9 I
10
8
8
8
9
8
616
641
647
682
732
&12
560
585
M7
462
443
421
436
435
363
377
431
433
441
385
369
a419
a 449
"440
Build-
ing.
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
223
12
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
660
^66
Coal used.
Short toH8.
172,453
201,045
181,577
152,502
108,164
68,796
59,332
164,974
124,201
182,828
126,921
69,320
95,236
42,963
65,324
51,921
128,928
151,545
184,757
142,678
115,269
162,624
219,401
211,473
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Short tons.
100,596
119.469
108,722
87,834
62, 709
39,416
^,932
93,004
67,194
75,124
74,638
38,718
51,818
22,436
82,640
29,050
.80,868
95,087
85,535
88,878
72, 116
108,774
146,099
143,913
$255,905
297,728
266,113
225,660
156,294
109,723
94, (M2
245,981
166,830
188,222
218,090
76,901
112.907
43,671
90,875
69.655
206,789
. 235,784
211,558
255,129
191,042
■299,430
492,793
528,142
^K Yield of
ovens I ^i;"
per ton. I ^''^•
I
12.54 1
2.49
2.57 '
2.57 !
2.49 I
2.78 I
2.65
2.48 i
2.50
2.92
1.99
2.18 .
1.95 I
2.78 i
2.40
2.58 I
2.48 j
2.47
3.(M ;
2.G9 j
2.76 I
8.37 ^
3.67 ,
Peread.
58
»
57
56
57
K
M
S6
59
56
54.4
»
66
62.7
62.7
615
62.5
6&9
6&6
« Includes 50 Otto-Hoflfman ovens.
fr Wilcox ovens.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Ohio
since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal tised in the manufacture of coke in Ohio since 1890.
[Siiort tons.l
Year.
1890 ,
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898 ,
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Run of mine.
Slack.
ToUl.
ivashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
34,729
0
54,473
87,719
ri6,«fl
5,200
0
64,120
0
e9,s»
85,834
0
82,402
•27,500
95,296
0
0
24,859
18,104
42,963
0
0
14,845
40,479
55,324
28,053
0
10,868
18,000
a,921
88,616
0
24,825
15,962
12B,92S
92,192
0
29,353
30,000
151.545
92,963
0
19,794
22,000
134,757
88,771
0
23,907
80,000
142.678
68,175
0
17,094
30.000
115. a»
100,845
0
42,279
20,000
W2,«tt
161,783
0
19,618
88,000
219. ua
174,544
0
9,216
27.713
211. 4»
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COKE.
PENNSYLVANIA.
579
Two-thirds of the entire coke product of the United States is made
in Pennsylvania, and about 60 per cent of Pennsylvania's production
is made in what is known as the famous Connellsville region of that
State. If to the production of the Connellsville district proper is
added that of the Upper Connellsville and the recently developed
"Klondike'' or Lower Connellsville fields, this region will be cred-
ited with over 80 per cent of the entire production of the State and
50 per cent of the total output of the country.
The coke production of Pennsylvania in 1903 amounted to 15,639,011
short tons, out of a total for the United States of 25,262,360. short
tons. In 1902 Pennsylvania produced 16,497,910 short tons, out of a
total of 25,401,730 tons. Out of these totals the Connellsville region
produced 10,418,366 tons in 1902 and 9,099,100 tons in 1903. If to
the production of the Connellsville district proper that of the Lower
Connellsville and the Upper Connellsville districts be added, the pro-
dnetion of Connellsville coke in 1902 is found to have been 13,274,331
tons, and 12,215,821 tons in 1903.
As compared with 1902, the coke production of Pennsylvania in
1903 exhibits a decrease of 858,899 short tons, or 5.2 per cent. The
principal decrease-s of production were borne by the Connellsville and
Upper Connellsville districts, the former decreasing from 10,418,366
in 1902 to 9,099,100 tons in 1903, and the latter from 936,854 to
784,132 tons. Other decreases were shown in' the Clearfield-Center,
Irwin, and Pittsburg districts. The active developments which have
been in progress during the last few years in the Lower Connellsville
district are reflected by the increased production in that territory
from 1,899,111 tons in 1902 to 2,332,589 tons in 1903. Increases
were also shown in the Allegheny Mountain, Broadtop, Greensburg,
and Reynoldsville-Walston districts.
Notwithstanding the decrease of 858,899 short tons in production,
tbe value of the product increased from $38,451,722 in 1902 to
138,930,060 in 1903. As has previously been explained, this increase
in value was due to the high prices obtained during the fii-st of the
year, which in turn were due to the scarcity of coal produced by the
anthracite strike in Pennsylvania. The average price of $2.49 obtained
for Pennsylvania coke in 1903 was the highest obtained in the his-
tory of the industry.
The H. C. Frick Coke Company, the largest coke producer in the
Ignited States, whose operations are carried on in the Connellsville
repon, withdrew from the general market in 1902, with the idea of
dispomng of its entire production to the furnaces and mills of the
United States Steel Corporation, of which the Frick Company is now
a sabsidiary part. In the latter part of 1903, however, the condi-
tions in the iron industry were such that the steel corporation was
not able to consume the entire product of the Frick Company, and
the latter organization again entered the open market.
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MIKEBAL BB8OUB0E8.
The number of coke-making establishments in Pennsylvania increased
from 196 in 1902 to 212 in 1903, a gain of 16. Ten of these new
establishments were constructed in the Lower Connellsville district,
which, since 1901, has been the second in importance among the coke-
producing districts in the State. The total number of ovens increased
from 36,609 to 40,092, an increase of 3,483. Of these new ovens
1,342 were built in the Lower Connellsville district There were
building at the close of 1903 1,785 new ovens, of which 586, or neariy
one-third, were credited to the Lower Connellsville district. The
completed ovens at the end of 1903 included 517 by-product ovens of
the Otto-Hoffman type, and 158 ovens of the Semet-Solvay type. The
new ovens in course of construction at the close of 1903 included 100
Otto-Hoffman and 319 Semet-Solvay ovens. Of the total number of
establishments in the State there were 6 plants, with a total of 205
ovens, which were not operated at all during the year, and 4 others,
with a total of 744 ovens, whose establishments were not completed
and the ovens in blast before January 1, 1904.
In the following table are given the statistics of the production of
coke in Pennsylvania for the years 1880 to 1903, inclusive:
SUUislics of the manufadure of coke in Penntylvama, 1880-190S,
Year.
1880.,
1881..
1882..
1888..
1884..
1885..
1886.,
1887..
Eetab-
lish-
ments.
1890..
1891..
1892..
1894...
1896...
1896a.
1897a.
1898a.
1899 «».
1900...
1901...
1902...
1908...
124
182
1S7
140
145
133
108
151
120
109
106
109
109
102
101
99
158
153
151
150
177
188
196
212
Oyens.
Built.
9,501
10,881
12,424
13,610
14,285
14,568
16,314
18.294
20,381
22,143
23,430
25,824
25,366
25,744
25,824
26,042
26,658
26,910
27,157
27,591
32,548
34,906
86,609
40.092
Build-
ing.
761
642
211
232
817
2,658
802
1,565
567
74
11
269
19
118
170
154 '
807
292
1,666
2,310
832
2,832
1,785
Coal used.
Short toM.
4,347,658
5,393,503
6,149,179
6,823,275
6,204,604
6,178,500
8,290,849
8,938,438
9,678,097
11,681,292
13,046,143
10.588,544
12,691,345
9,386,702
9,050,118 I
14,211,667
11,124,610
13,638,646
16,807,841
19,930,419
20,239,966
21,736,467
26,017,826
23,706.455
Coke
produced.
ShoriUmt.
2,821,384
3,437.708
8.945,084
4,488,464
8,822,128
8,991,806
5,406,507
5,832,849
6,545,779
7,659,055
8,560,245
6,954,846
8,827,612
6,229.061
6,063,777
9,404,215
7,366,602
8,966,924
10,715.802
13,677,870
13,357,296
14,356,917
16,497,910
15,689.011
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
16,266,040
5,896,579
6,133,696
5,410,387
4,783.230
4.981,666
7,664,023
10,746,352
8,280,789
10,743,492
16,383,674
12,679,826
15,015,336
9.468,086
6,585,489
11.908.162
13,182,859
13,727,966
16.078,505
22,881,910
29,692.258
27.066.361
38.461,722
38.9S0.060
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
$1.86
1.70
1.55
1.22
1.26
1.25
1.42
l.M
1.26
1.40
1.91
1.82
1.80
1.52
1.086
1.266
1.792
1.63
1.50
1.69
2.22
1.885
2.SS
2.49
YIeMof
coal in
coke.
Pertad,
65
64
64
6&
62
64.6
65.2
65.S
6B
66
65l6
m
66.1
66
«.9
66.2
66LI
«6.i
6&.7
68.1
ee
06
66c9
fiL9
aincludes coal used, coke produced, and its value In New York.
^Include8 coal used, coke produced, and its value in Massachusetts and New York.
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COKE*
581
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Penn-
sylvania since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Charader of coal used in tfte i/umufaclure of coke in Pennsylvania since 1890,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Run-of-mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
1890
11,788,625
9,470,646
11.237,258
8,802.807
8,671,534
13,618.876
9,289,089
11,540,459
14,083.078
16,854,706
17,692,628
19.689.162
21,615.568
308,691
256,807
159,698
216,762
118.279
84.728
273,082
801,052
850.153
866.206
647.045
647.209
fiflfi 2ft7
630.195
568,106
1.069,994
789,128
204,811
440,869
1,463,047
1,441,611
1,472,347
1.824,784
1,300,796
893,476
1.623,624
1.981,544
328.782
802,985
134.400
128,506
64,494
117,594
99,892
255.524
402.268
884,723
599,502
506,620
1.175,847
801,189
13,046.143
10,588,544
1S91
1892
12,591,345
1896
9.386,702
9.069,118
14,211,567
11,124,610
13,538,646
16,307,841
1884
1895
1806a
18B7«
lasea
^ml>
19,930,419
20,239,966
21,786.467
25.017,826
190a
190L
U02.
uos
20,279,281 i ^44.441
28,706,455
_
a Includes coal used in New York.
<> Includes coal used in MaasachusettB and New York.
PRODUCTION BY DISTRICTS.
In previous chapters of this series it has been customary to consider
the production of coke in Pennsylvania according to certain well-
defined districts. These divisions are based to some extent upon
geographic boundaries, but also upon the quality of the coal mined
and the coke produced. Each one has been more fully described in
some of the preceding volumes, but the following brief statement
regarding the territory included in the different coking districts is
repeated here for the sake of convenience.
The Allegheny Mountain district includes the ovens along the line
of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Gallitzin eastward over the crest
of the Alleghenies to beyond Altoona. The Allegheny Valley dis-
trict includes the coke works of Armstrong and Butler counties and
one of those in Clarion County, the other ovens in the latter county
bemg included in the Reynoldsville-Walston district. What was pre-
viously known as the Beaver district included the ovens in Beaver and
Mercer counties, but all the ovens in Beaver County have been aban-
doned, and the operations of the Semet-Solvay ovens in Mercer County
are now included in the Pittsburg district The Blossburg and Broad-
top districts embrace the Blossburg and Broadtop coal fields. The
ovens of the Clearfield-Center district are chiefly in the two counties
from which it derives its name. The Connellsville district is the well-
known region of western Pennsylvania, in Westmoreland and Fayette
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582
MINSBAL BBSOUBOKS.
counties, extending from just south of Latrobe to Faircbance. The
Lower Connellsville region is entirely in Fayette County and is an
extension, southwest, of the Connellsville basin proper. It embraces
the developments located in the vicinity of Uniontown. The Greens-
burg, Irwin, Pittsburg, and Reynoldsville-Walston districts include
the ovens near the towns which have given the names to these dis-
tricts. The Upper Connellsville district, sometimes called the
Latrobe district, is near the town of Latrobe.
The Allegheny Valley district may be said to have paidsed out of
existence, as no coke has been made there during the last four years,
and it is practically abandoned.
Coke production in Pennsylvania in 190^, by digtricU,
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Coal used
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value"
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield Of
District.
Built.
Build-
ing.
of coke at
ovens.
coal in
coke.
Allegheny Moun-
tain
16
2
5
8
97
7
6
2
21
8
7
17
ai,663
20
571
de23
«21,6e9
1,240
691
a237
4,263
n,69i
2,029
2,182
36,609
6 380
20
3
0
/874
193
0
/40
706
fc212
0
406
Short tons.
966,412
ShoHtoM.
644,063
11.782,660
t2.768
PtreaU.
6ft.7
Allegheny Valley 0.
Broadtop
281,320
306,289
15,838,701
726,744
217,404
0
2,826,242
1,488,978
1,261,766
1,413,476
175,806
196,726
10,418,366
441.941
139,299
0
1,899,111
963,863
689,890
936,854
694,521
489,637
23,786,433
1,228,676
329.410
0
4.701,068
1,924,942
1,422,148
2,198,332
3.88
2.46
2.283
2.78
2.86
.0
2.476
2.018
2.06
2.84
6t5
Clearfield Center...
Connellsville
Qreensbuig
615
67.06
6a9
Irwin
64.1
Lebanon Valley....
LowerConnellBvIlle
Pittsburg*
.0
67.2
64.1
Reynoldsville-Wal-
ston
56.1
Upper Connellsville
6&S
Total
196
2,332
26,017,326
16,497,910
38,461,722 1 2.S3
^9
a Includes 160 Otto-Hoffman and 8 Newton-Chambers ovens.
Mncludes 100 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
o Production included in PIttsbuig district.
<f Includes 87 ovens and production in Elk County.
e Includes 50 Semet-Solvey ovens.
/Includes 60 Semet-Solvey ovens.
cr Otto-Hoffman ovens.
A Includes production of ovens in Allegheny Valley district.
i Includes 120 Otto-Hoffman and 26 Semet-Solvey ovens.
i Semet-Solvey ovens at Chester, in eastern Pennsylvania.
i^Schniewincl ovens at Lebanon.
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COKE.
583
Coke production in Pennsylvania in 1908^ by districts.
Estab-
iisb-
menta.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke
produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke
per ton.
Yield of
District.
Built.
Build-
ing.
coal in
coke.
Allegheny Moun-
tain
16
2
6
a 2, 047
51
671
660
<22,824
1,332
691
(r237
5,696
il,685
2,003
2,606
blOO
0
0
0
/830
0
0
*130
586
*359
0
280
Short ions.
1,116,346
Short tons.
739,263
12,139,569
$2.89
Percent.
66.2
Allegheny Valley c.
BroadU>p<<
351,507
260,577
13,493,631
813,216
207,067
244.898
166,3^5
9,099,100
461,385
133,290
748,920
544,865
20,706,722
1,477,134
3.06
3.275
2.275
3.27
69 6
Clearfield -Center-
Elk
8
63.8
Oonneltaville
Oreensburg
101
8
6
3
31
7
7
18
67.4
55.5
Irwin
334.434 2. .'SI
64.4
Lebanon and
Schuylkill
Lower Connells-
Tflle
3,467,796
1,404,660
1,420,709
1,180.947
2,332,589
877,640
810,359
784,132
5,523,604
2,632,827
2,688,472
2,133,513
2.368
3.00
3.32
2.72
67.4
Pitt«buig<
62.5
Reynoldsville-
Walston
57.4
Upper Connells-
Tllle
66.4
Total
212
40,092
1,785
23,706,455
15.6S9.011
38,980,060
2.49
65.9
a Includes 160 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
6 Includes 100 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
c Production included in Pittsburg district.
(f Includes production In Lebanon and Schuylkill valleys.
« Includes 80 Semet-Solvay ovens.
/Includes 30 Semet-Solvay ovens.
0 Otto- Hoffman ovens.
*8eme^Solvay ovens.
* Includes production of ovens in Allegheny Valley district.
/Includes 120 Otto-Hoffman and 78 Semet-Solvay ovens.
te Includes 159 Semet<^l vay ovens.
Allegheny Mowrttain district. — This district includes all of the coke
ovens in the vicinity of Johnstown, and those lying along the line of
the Pennsylvania Railroad in Indiana County, east of Blairsville, and
also includes a few plants in Somerset County.
The establishments in the vicinity of Johnstown include 160 by-
product ovens of the Otto-Hoffman type, which are operated in con-
nection with the Cambria Steel Company of that city. An additional
hank of 100 ovens of the same kind has been under consideration for
nearly two years, but had not been completed at the close of 1903.
The production for the district in 1903 shows a substantial gain over
1902, the output having increased from 644,053 short tons to 739,263
short tons, while the value increased in considerably greater propor-
tion, from $1,782,660 to $2,139,669. The average price per ton
advanced from $2.77 in 1902 to $2.89 in 1903. The total number of
ovens in the district increased from 1,663 to 2,047, all of which were
operated during the year.
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584
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The'statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Allegheny Mountain
district from 1880 to 1903 are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Allegheny Mountain dlstricl of PennsyUania^
1880-190S.
Year.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903,
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
BuUt.
291
371
481
532
614
523
579
694
950
1,069
1,171
1,201
1,260
1,260
1,253
1,283
1,188
1,185
1,158
1,256
1,841
1,378
1,563
2,047
Build-
ing.
0
0
0
0
0
82
14
150
145
20
0
0
0
0
0
60
0
0
MOO
8
0
0
0*380
elOO
Coal used.
Short tons.
201,345
225,563
284,544
200,843
241,459
327,666
351,070
461,922
521,047
664,112
633,974
708,523
724,908
275,865
92,965
271,096
408,827
417,470
572,668
730,848
876,440
864,133
965,412
1,116,345
Coke pro-
duced.
Short torn.
127,525
144,430
179,580
185,342
156,290
212,242
227,869
297,724
335,689
354,288
402,514
448,067
448,622
178.131
58,828
173,965
266,478
278,578
878,410
478,840
657,184
548,076
644,058
789,268
rotal value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
1289,929
•2.27
329,198
2.28
377,286
2,10
240,641
1.78
208,218
1.80
288,539
1.80
374,018
1.64
671,437
2.^
479,845
1.48
601,964
1.09
730,048
1.81
782,175
1.75
776,927
1.73
264,292
1.58
71,161
1.21
214,741
1.28
849,873
1.81
865,191
1.81
511,202
1.85
959,740
2.01
1,260,441
2.26
1,112,682
2.08
1,782,660
2.768
2,189,569
2.89
coal in
coke.
Percent.
6S
65
6i8
6i4
6L4
68.b
6S.5
63
6L9
es.8
64
66
6&7
66
65.5
616
6S.4
66.7
66.2
a Includes 60 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
i) Otto-Hoffman ovens.
c Includes 160 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
d Includes 160 Otto-Hoffman and 8 Newton-Chambers ovens.
« Includes 100 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
Broadtop district, — ^The Broad top district includes the ovens in
Bedford and Huntington counties, which comprise what is known
as the Broadtop coal field. There are only 6 establishments in the
district, with a total of 571 ovens. There were no new ovens building
during the year. The production increased from 176,808 tons in 1902
to 244,898 tons in 1903, the value increasing at the same time from
$594,521 to $748,920.
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COKE.
585
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Broadtop district
from 1880 to 1003 are shown in the following table:
SUiUsticf of the mcmufacture of coke in the Broadtop distrid^ Pennsylvania^ 18S0-190S.
Year.
EBtab-
lisb-
ments.
1W..
U82..
UM..
U85..
IttS..
UB7..
M»..
\m..
lao..
1801..
un..
UN..
vm..
UK..
van.,
vm..
u»..
isoo..
Mtt..
Ovens.
Built.
Build
ing.
188
188
298
343
468
587 I
562 i
581
501 I
589 i
482 j
448
448
456
454
460
480
491
500
519
532
571
571
571
105
105
50
110
0
0
100
0
0
0
16
0
8
14
14
. 0
0
15
4
3
0
0
aZ
0
Coal used.
fihorttoM.
92,894
111,598
170,637
220,982
227,954
190,836
171,137
262,730
196,015
152,090
247,828
146,008
185,600
136,069
58,216
188,276
111,145
106,706
122,820
161,196
179,088
187,715
281,320
851,507
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Short tons.
51,130
66.560
105,111
147,154
151,969
112,078
106,294
164,586
119,409
91,256
157,208
90,728
117,564
86,752
34,069
85,842
72,176
66,949
80,965
107,268
118,448
118,949
176,806
244,896
$123,748
167,074
216,079
271,692
264,669
185,656
187,321
847,061
286,665
186,718
314,416
197,048
216.090
160,196
61,815
150,224
126,306
107,430
124,882
197,895
230,680
237,898
694,621
748,920
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
$2.40
2.61
2.06
1.84
1.74
1.66
1.73
2.11
2.40
2.06
2.00
2.17
1.84
1.73
1.62
1.76
1.76
1.60
1.643
1.84
2.03
2.00
3.38
3.06
Yield of
coal in
coke.
Percent.
55
60
66
68
63.3
62.6
61
60
63
62
63.8
63.8
64
64.4
64.9
62.7
65.9
66.5
63.3
63.4
62.5
69.6
a Kloman retort ovens.
b Includes production and value of coke in by-product ovens at Let>anon.
Clearfidd' Center district. — ^This district derives its name from the
two principal counties composing it — Clearfield and Center. A few
ovens constructed in Elk County during 1901-2 have been added to
this district.
The production in 1903 was slightly less than that of the previous
years, amounting to 166,356 short tons, as compared with 198,725
short tons in 1902. The value, however, increased from $4:89,637 to
$644,865.
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586
MINERAL BESOUBOBS.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Clearfield-Center
district for the years 1880 to 1903 are as follows:
StatisHcs of the manufacture of coke in the dearfield-Center digtridj Pennmflvania^
1880-190S,
Year.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.,
1887.
1890...
1891...
1892...
1898...
1891...
1895...
1896...
1897...
1898...
1899...
1900...
1901a.
1902...
1908...
Ovens.
Built. »S2^-
0
50
60
60
60
245
299
528,
601
c^'-^o-l'^^SS"
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
671
0
701
0
666
0 .
731
0
695
0
694
0
695
0
666
0
668
0
668
0
450
50
568
0
636
0
628
0
650
0
Short tons.
200
20,025
25,000
26,600
88,000
69,720
84.870
154.566
172,999
195,473
881.104
293,542
231,857
156,119
61,428
155,088
183,066
230,396
215,206
198,110
212,196
184,913
260,577
Short tons.
100
13,350
17,160
18,696
23,431
48,108
55,810
97,852
115.338
120,734
212,286
188,911
147,819
98,660
38,826
99,469
118,155
153,517
137,265
130,966
184,828
86,242
198,725
166.856
S200
22,696
27,40^
28,844
32,849
70,331
94,877
198,095
174,220
215,112
391,957
339.082
264,422
171,482
51,482
131,188
164,266
197,189
196,836
234,527
283,592
157,648
489,637
644,866
Value of
coke at
ovens,
per ton.
Yield of
coal in
coke.
$2.00
1.70
Leo
1.50
1.40
1.46
1.70
2.02
1.51
1.78
L86
1.84
1.79
1.74
1.33
1.82
1.39
1.28
1.43
1.79
2.10
L828
2.46
8.275
PareaL
50
«7
m
71
71
69
96
63.3
a.6
0.7
M
€1
e.9
6S
64
61.5
66
GLi
68.1
615
64.1
63.8
a Includes ovens and production and value of coke in Elk County since 1901.
Conndlsville district, — This district, which produces more coke
than any other one region in the world, is located in the two counties
of Fayette and Westmoreland, a short distance east of the city of
Pittsburg, which is now the leading iron manufacturing city in the
world. This district produces from 40 to 60 per cent of the total coke
output of the Unit-ed States, and something over 60 per cent of the
total output of Pennsylvania.
The Connellsville coal is an ideal fuel for coking in beehive ovens,
and all but 50 of the 22,824 ovens built in this district up to the close
of 1903 were of the beehive type. Connellsville coke made in beehive
ovens is considered by some ironmasters to be without an equal in the
world as a blast furnace fuel. The production of the district in 1903
amounted to 9,099,100 short tons, as compared with 10,418,366 short
tons in 1902, showing a decrease for the district in 1903 of 1,319,266
short tons. The value decreased from $23,786,433 to $20,706,722, a
loss of $3,078,711. The nimiber of establishments in the district
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COKE.
587
increased from 97 in 1902 to 101 in 1903, and the number of ovens
from 21,669 to 22,824. There were 330 new ovens building at the
close of the year, 110 of which are of the Semet-Solvay type of by-
product ovens.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the
Connellsville region from 1880 to 1903:
SUUMes of the manufacture of coke in the CovmeUmlle region, Penruylvania, 1880-190S.
Year.
ia».
IffiS.
UM.
im.
1887.
vm,
UN.
un.
ue.
int.
UM.
US6.
vm,
vrni.
vm.
UM..
UOD.
vm.,
TSUL
UM..
Bstab-
llah-
menta.
Ovens.
Built.
7.211
8,206
9,288
10,176
10,548
10,471
11,824
11,928
12,818
14,468
16,865
17,551
17,809
17.504
17,829
18,028
88 48,847
86 1118,467
88 1118,927
86 019,294
98 020,961
96 021,586
97 021,659
101 e>22,824
Build-
ing.
781
654
592
101
200
48
1,895
96
1,820
480
80
0
0
5
0
80
0
92
20
792
686
248
874
«880
Coal used.
Short tons,
3.867, 856
4.018.782
4.628.786
5.855,380
4,829.054
4.688.881
6,805,460
6.182.846
7,191,708
8,882.871
9,748,449
7.083,705
9,889,549
7,095,491
7.656,169
12,174.597
8,107,536
10,243,690
12,454,969
14,974.018
14,946,659
15,266,722
15,588,701
18.496,631
Colce pro-
duced.
Short Urns.
2,205,946
2,689.002
8.043,894
8,562,402
8,192.105
8,096,012
4,180,521
4,146,989
4,965.553
5,930.428
6,464.156
4,760,665
6,829.452
4.805.623
5.192,080
8,181,179
5,462,490
6,860,826
8,315,860
10.390,835
10,020.907
10,285.943
10,418.866
9.099,100
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
88,948.643
4.801,578
4,478,789
4,049,788
3,607,078
8,776,388
5,701.066
7,487,669
5,884.081
7.974,633
11,687.870
8,903,454
11,698,407
7,141,08l'
5,406.691
10.122.468
10,018.946
10.662.428
12.626,292
17.075.411
22.888.482
19,172,697
28.785.488
20.706.722
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.'
$1.79
1.63
1.47
1.14
1.13
1.22
1.36
1.79
1.19
1.34
1.94
1.87
1.83
1.49
1.04
1.287
1.831
1.55
1.518
1.64
2.28
1.873
2.283
2.275
Yield of
coal in
coke.
PtT cent,
65.5
65.7
65.8
66.3
66.1
66.1
66.3
67
69
67
66.3
67
67.4
67.7
67.8
67.2
67.4
67
66.8
69.4
67
67
67.05
67.4
a Includes 60 Semet-Solvay by-product ovenn.
» Includes 80 Semet-Solvay by-product ovens.
« Includes 80 Semet-Solvay by-product ovens.
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588
MINERAL BB80UBCES.
The following table, compiled by the Connellsville Courier, of Con-
nellsville, Pa., shows the shipments of coke from the ConnelkviUe
region in 1902 and 1903, by months, in cars and tons, with the aver-
age number of cars shipped each working day in the month:
Shipments of coke from the OonnellsviUe region in 190^ and 1903 ^ by monthg.
Month.
Cars.
January 61,986
February 42,468
March 50,386
April i 53,411
May I 57,523
June ! 56,2W
July I 56,858
August i 64,889
September 54, 659
October ! 52,917
November .
December..
Total.
46,260
47,567
624,198
1902.
DaUy
average.
1,925
1,769
1,988
2,054
2,130
2,127
2,106
2,111
2,102
1,960
1,850
1.762
Tons.
1,173,860
971,048
133,978
219,928
300,648
234,596
271,045
238,260
246,095
230,860
079,037
039,885
Cars.
1908.
I DaUy
I average.
1,986 14,138,740
47,626
41,783
53,534
66,554
53.929
56.730
55,285
51,234
51,257
42,722
27,348
21,736
558,738
1,764
1,741
2,059
2,137
2,074
2,182
2,048
1,970
1,970
1,582
1.094
806
1,782
Tom.
1,184,23
1,2«4.«3
1,346,0s
1,286,5&0
1,379 25:
1,327 2»
1,211, as
1.289,365
1,041,9ft
513, 1S7
13,345.90
The monthly shipments of coke from this region in the years 1897
to 1903, as reported by the Courier, are given in the following table:
Monthly shipments of coke from the OonnellsviUe region in the years 18S7-190S.
[Short tons.]
Month.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190B.
January
485,624
466,206
521,484
493,027
501,857
500,483
727,789
667,287
744,987
701,317
680,754
636,877
646,065
662,880
644,422
731,602
844,907
771,275
779,792
699,474
839,763
. 831,964
804,023
1,001,882
910,729
1,044,588
982,551
934.186
989,367
989,756
1,150,734
1,070,708
1,084,458
1,075,000
1,046,996
1,099,417
1,0U,439
1,128,183
1,070,204
948,687
1,178,860
971.048
1,138,978
1,219,928
1,300,648
1,234,606
1,271,045
1,238,260
1,246,095
1,280,860
1,079,037
1,089.886
1,184,24^
Februarj*
March
958.99
1,274.80
April
1.846,063
May
1.288.561)
June
837,123 872.316
1,879,257
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
583,867
562,703
625,902
737,498
700,352
736,049
883,735
889,078
813,190
874,357
935,608
941,657
732,981
698,065
673,336
734,748
751,443
829,409
1,827,239
1,2U,826
1,239,»
1.041,W
629, 7W
51S»1^
6,915,062
8,460,112
10,129,764
10,166,284
12,609,949
14,138,740
13,345.280
These shipments from the Connellsville district, as reported by the
Courier, include not only what is designated in this report as the Con-
nellsville district proper, but also the greater part of the production
of Upper and Lower Connellsville districts.
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COKE.
589
The total shipments, in cars, for the last sixteen years were as
follows:
Total and daily avemge shipmenlSy in car», 1888-190S.
You.
Dally
average.
Total care.
1
1
Daily
average.
Total cars.
1888
905
1,046
1,147
881
1,106
874
900
1,410
282,441
336,220
865,070
274,000
847,012
270,930
281,677
441,248
1896
920
1,181
1,415
1,676
1,619
1,857
1,986
1,782
289,137
1889.
1897
367,883
441,249
523,208
504,410
1890
1898
MBl
1899
1882
1900
1888
1901
581,051
UM
1902
624,198
VSk
1903
568,788
The following table shows the prices prevailing for Connellsville
furnace and foundry coke during the years 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903.
The abnormally high prices reported for both grades of coke in 1902
and 1903 were for coke sold for prompt delivery.
Furnace.
Month.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Contract
price.
For prompt
delivery.
Six months'
contracts.
Prompt
delivery.
January
$2. 75 to 98. 50
tl.75
1.76
$1.75to 2.00
2.00
9 nn
«2.25
2.25
2.25
92.25to 2.50
2.25to 2.50
2.26to 2.50
2.25
2.25
3.00
3.60to 4.00
3.50to 4.00
3.75to 4.00
«2. 50 to S3. 50
2.50to 3.00
2.50to 3.00
2.50to 8.0O
$3. 75 to $4. 00
3.50to 4.00
8. 50 to 4.00
3.76to 4.00
3.00to 3.50
2.75to 3.00
2.50
2.25to 2.50
2.26to 2.50
2.00to 2.10
S6.00tot7.00
February
Mirch
April
Mty ,
Jane
2.75to 3.50
3.25to 4.25
3. 25 to 4.26
3. 00 to 3.25
4.50to 6.50
5.00to 5.50
4.50to 5.00
8 50 to 4 00
2.60to 8.00 1 1.76to 2.00
2.60to 3.60
S.OOto 4.00
3.50to 4.00
4. 00 to 5.00
8. 00 to 12. 00
7.00to 8.00
7.00to 8.00
2. 76 to 3 60
Jnly
2.00to 2.50 1.76to 2.00
2.00 1 1.75to 2.00
2,00 j 1.75to 2,0e
2.00 ' 1.75 to 2.00
2 60
AogOKt
2 00 to 2. 50
September.. ....
October
2.00to 2..50
1.75 to 2.10
Norember
2.(10 L 1.85tn 2.00
1.65to 2.00
December 1 1.75 to 2.00 ' 2. 10 to 2.25
1.65 to 1.75
Month.
Foundry.
1900.
Jtnuary |8.00to$4.00
February 8.00to 4.00
JUrch I 8.76to 4.60
Apffl I 8.25to 4.60
^J 1 3.00to 3.60
Jtt» ' 8.00to 3.25
Jttly 2.76tO 8.00
Aufu*
SepMmber.
October...
Rofwaber.
J
2.75
2.25to 2.60
2.25to 2.60
2.2Sto 2.50
2.26to 2.50
1901.
92. 00 to 12. 25
2.25
2.50
2.60
2.50
2.25to 2.60
2.25to 2.50
2. 25 to 2.50
2.25to 2.60
2.25to 2.50
2.25to 2.60
2.86to 2.60
1902.a
92. 76 to S3. 00
2. 76 to 3.00
2. 76 to 3.00
2.75to 3.00
2. 75 to 3.00
2. 75 to 3.00
2. 75 to 3.00
2. 76 to 3.00
4.00to 4.60
4.50to 5.00
4.60 to 5.00
4.60to 5.00
1903.a
94. 76 to 95. 00
5.00
4.00
S.25to 4.00
8.00to 8.26
8.00
2. 75 to 3.00
2. 75 to 3.00
1903.6
96. 00 to 97.60
6.00to 7.00
e.OOto 7.00
6.50 to 6.00
4.00to 6.60
8.50 to 4.00
3.00to 3.60
3.00
2.76to 8.00
2. 75 to 8.00
2.50to 2.65
2. 16 to 2.50
« Contract prices.
b Prompt delivery.
c No contract prices quoted.
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590
MINEBAL SB8OUR0JS8.
As shown above, the reaction from the abnormally high prices in
the latter part of 1902 and the first four months of 1903 was sharp
and decided. Stimulated by the almost frantic demands for coke
which were created by the strike in the anthracite fields of Pennsyl-
vania, production was pushed to the utmost, many plants being put
in blast that had been idle for several years. New ovens were fired
as soon as they were completed, each producer doing his utmost to
get the greatest benefit possible out of- the prevailing high prices.
The results were only what might have reasonably been expected.
By the early summer of 1903 production had caught up with the
demand, and having caught up it made the slight step to oversupply,
with the usual slump in prices. Quotations fell off rapidly and con-
tinuously from May until December, when the lowest figures in four
years were reached for both furnace and foundry cokes in the Con-
nellsville district. An attempt at combination and maintaining of
prices was made by a number of independent operators in the Con-
nellsville region during October and November, but any benefit to the
trade in general was not apparent.
Greenshurg district, — ^This district continues to grow in importance,
production having increased steadily since 1894. The developmente
in the last five years have been particularly noticeable. Production
in 1903 amounted to 461,386 short tons, an increase of 9,444 tons over
1902. The number of establishments increased from 7 to 8, and the
total number of ovens from 1,240 to 1,332. No new ovens under con-
struction were reported for this district at the close of 1903.
StatisUcs of the manufacture of coke in the Greenshurg digtrict, Pennsylvania, 1889-190$.
Year.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900,
1901.
1902.
1908.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Built. »,°^:'-
50
68
58
68
88
118
118
178
178
218
807
680
991
1,240
1,882
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
240
280
0
193
0
Coal used.
Short tont.
82,070
44,000
88.188
15,006
29,983
27,290
31,800
36,963
81,927
112.487
178,811
831,805
406,957
725,744
818,216
Coke
produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Shoriton$.
20,459
80,261
22,441
9,037
18,888
15,872
20,809
24,642
52,495
64,296
110,594
196,709
257,786
441.941
451.385
per ton. «**•
«21,523
44,290
36,627
18,173
26,808
18,418
22,840
80,928
65,619
96.443
247,421
442,704
464,692
228,576
477.184 I
S1.05
1.46
1.68
1.46
1.43
1.16
Lie
1.2S6
1.25
1.50
2.24
2.25
1.80
2.78
8.27
PerctKL
fi8.8
68.7
99
eois
CI
65
06
64
S7
CS.6
Oi.4
fiat
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. COKE.
591
[rwindistrieL — ^This district includes the ovens situated near the
town of Irwin, Westmoreland County, and also those located in what
may be termed the Irwin basin on the Youghiogheny River. The dis-
trict is not an important one, and it does not appear as if much were
to be expected of it in the near future. Production in 1903 was
slightly less than in the preceding year, the number of establishments
and of ovens remaining the same.
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Irwin districtf Pennsylvania, 1889-190S.
Ertab-
lish-
ments.
1991..
UK..
\m..
18M..
1195..
UK..
M87..
lass..
vm..
1900..
1901..
1902..
1909..
Ovena.
Built.
661
696
669
725
725
726
696
697
760
691
Baild-
ing.
Coal used.
Short tojta.
873,918
270,476
823,099
Coke
produced.
Short tons.
243,448
172,329
197,082
328,193-
202,809 1
288,882
150,463 1
176,318
110,995 '
166,124
103,872 !
279,104
175,916
207,704
186,663
332,368
183,176
223,457
133,085
98,647
61,680
80,699
19,977
217, 4(M
139,299
207,067
133,290
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
8851,804
81.44
256,458
1.49
266,061
1.35
284,029
1.40
175,609
1.30
119,764
1.08
105,609
1.017
276,618
1.566
189,869
1.39
239,588
1.308
197,694
1.48
163,743
2.49
32,562
1.63
329,410
2.36
334,434
2.51
Yield of
coal in
coke.
Per
cent.
66
63.7
61
61.8
68
63
62.6
63
66.8
66
59.6
66.8
65
64.1
64.4
Lower Coji7ielhi)iUe district. — Although only four years old, this
district holds second place among the coke-producing districts of
Pennsylvania, and in 1903 contributed 35 per cent of the coke produc-
tion of the State outside of Connellsville. This district, which was
originally known as the " Klondike," is an extension to the southwest
of the Connellsville basin and includes the developments in and around
the city of Uniontown. Although production in the Connellsville dis-
trict proper fell off over 1,300,000 tons in 1903, the output of the
Lower Connellsville district increased 433,478 short tons, or nearly 23
per cent, over 1902. The number of establishments increased 50 per
cent, from 21 to 31, and the number of ovens built from 4,253 to 5,595.
There were 586 new ovens in course of construction at the close of
1903.
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592
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
The record of the district for the four years during which it has
been in existence is shown in the following table:
StalisHcs of the manufaUure of coke in the Lower Connellsville district in 1900, 1901, 190S,
and 190S,
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke
produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
Year.
Built.
Build-
ing.
coal in
coke.
igoo*.
12
17
21
31
2,038
3.251
4,258
5.595
1,112
30
706
586
ShoHtons.
579,928
1,666,826
2,826,242
3,457,796
Short tons.
885,909
1,116,379
1,899,111
2,382,589
«792,886
1,991,699
4,701,068
5,523,604
12.05
1.784
2.475
2.368
PrrcaiL
66.5
1901
66.9
1902
67.2
1908
67.4
L^mm Volley and SchuylkiU districts, — ^The plant of 237 Otto-Hoff-
man ovens at Lebanon, mention of which was made in the report for
1902, was put in blast late in 1903, producnig 40,767 tons of coke. The
plant can not be considered, however, as having been in full operation.
At the close of 1903 there were 90 Semet-Solvay ovens in course of con-
struction at the same place, and 40 more of the same type which were
begun in 1902 at Chester were still unfinished at the end of the year.
Pittsburq district. — A large portion of the coke made in the Pitts-
burg district is from slack coal obtained from the mines along the
slack-water navigation of the Monongahela River and brought to
Pittsburg in barges. Some of the run-of-mine coal is also brought
from the fourth pool of the Monongahela River at Pittsburg. The
production of 120 Otto- Hoffman ovens located at Glassport and of
25 Semet-Solva}^ ovens located at Sharon, in Mercer County, are
included in this district. The production of the district decreased
from 953,863 tons in 1902 to 877,640 tons in 1903, while the value
increased from $1,924,942 to $2,632,827. There was a reduction of
1 in the number of establishments and an increase of 25 in the number
of ovens. There were 359 new ovens under construction at the close
of the year. Of these new ovens, 159 were of the Otto-Hoffman
by-product recovery type.
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COKE.
593
Slatislics of the manufacture of coke in the PiUsburg district j Pennsylvania^ 1880-190S.
Year.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
BuUt
I Boild-
ing.
Coal used.
Coke
produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
ShoHtoru.
105,974
8254.600
92.40
96,810
206,966
2.16
64,779
134,378
2.07
66,820
126,020
!.89
53,867
99,911
1.87
46,980
72,609
1.65
188,646
221,617
1.88
177,097
' 815,546
1.78
264,166
850,818
1.33
141,824
283,402
2.00
93,984
171,466
1.82
94,160
201,458
2.14
176,865
876,618
2.14
216,268
438,801
2.03
227,100
851,826
1.55
232,629
M7,284
2.86
868,070
941,076
2.66
548,981
864,326
1.67
652,742
899,587
1.627
644,467
1,189,117
1.84
570,678
1,418,882
2.48
813,478
1,690,614
2.078
953,863
1,924,942
2.018
877,640
2,632,827
3.00
Yield of
coal in
coke.
1880...
1881...
1882...
1883...
1884...
1886...
1886...
MS7...
1888...
1889...
1890...
1891...
1892...
189S...
1894...
1886...
1896...
1897...
1898...
1899...
1900...
19010.
19029.
1903ff.
•|
21
31
21
20
20
17
18
20
22
17
14
13
15
10
9
9
11
9
10
10
dS
'10
*10
h9
634
688
567
642
686
416
730
880
980
600
541
590
725
885
779
973
,261
238
100
812
641
651
611
636
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
235
0
21
0
11
261
0
104
0
a 120
200
168
505
0
/227
/232
J369
Short ions.
194,393
178,509
114,956
119,310
97,367
91,101
228,874
366,184
428,899
233,571
149,280
154,064
292,867
857,400
871,569
462,845
688,984
882,605
836,948
964,028
862,610
1,266,947
1,488,978
1,404,660
Percent.
65
54
66.8
66
66
51.5
60.6
48.4
62
60.5
68
61
60.8
60.6
61
51.3
67.6
66.1
64.2
64.1
62.5
«Ott<J-HofIman by-product ovens.
fr Includes 120 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
e Includes 120 Otto-Hoffman and 26 Semet-Solvay ovens.
4 Includes one establishment in Mercer County.
• Includes two establishments in Mercer County and one in Allegheny Valley district.
/Includes 212 Schniewind ovens.
0 Includes ovens and production in Allegheny Valley district.
* Includes two establishments in Mercer County and two in Allegheny Valley district.
< Includes 173 Otto-Hoffman and 26 Semet-Solvay ovens.
i Includes 159 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
ReynoldsmUe' Walston district — This district, in Jefferson and Clear-
field counties, includes all of the ovens of the Rochester and Pittsburg
Railroad, as well as those. of the low-grade division of the Allegheny
Valley Railway, and those connected with the mines of the New York,
Erie and Western Railway. The production in 1903 amounted to
810,359 short tons, valued at $2,688,472, as compared with 689,890
"ihort tons, valued at $1,422,143, in 1902.
M B 1903 38
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594
MINERAL BESOUBCES.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the
Reynoldsville-Walston district for the years 1880 to 1903:
SUUistics of the manvfadure of coke in the ReyiujldmUe- WaltUm district, Pfmuiytooma,
188(>-190S.
Year.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1888.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
EBtab-
lish-
ments.
1896 a .
1897a.
1898a .
1899a.
1900...
1901...
1902...
1908...
OyenB.
Built.
117
, 125
177
229
321
600
788
1.492
1.686
1,747
1,737
1,747
1,784
1,755
1,755
1,687
1,852
1,980
1,^42
1,779
2,010
2.010
2,029
2,003
Build-
ing.
0
2
0
0
0
148
500
184
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Coal used.
Cokepro-
duoed.
Ttotal value! V»l"« of
Short tons.
45.055
99.489
87,814
76.580
159.151
188.806
271.087
5(/7,820
404.846
514,461
652.966
769,100
683,589
562.033
336.654
504,092
770,104
810.808
1.022.196
1,581,164
1.115.928
1,060.107
1,261.765
1,420.709
Shorttona.
28.090
44.260
44.709
87,044
78,646
114,409
161.828
816.107
268.662
313.011
406.184
470,479
425.250
839.314
207,288
296.820
445,998
491,267
600.084
972.933
625,558
589,577
689,890
810,359
J
of coke at
ovens.
; coke at
ovens
per ton.
$46,860
80,785
80.389
65.584
118.155
158.795
217.834
502.728
820,208
486.857
771.996
744,098
743.227
586,212
297.596
357.266
673,626
759,609
846,121
1.793.807
1.347.869
1,171.378
1,422.143
2,688,472
$1.65
1.86
1.80
1.77
1.44
1.85
1.36
1.88
1.26
1.40
1.90
1.58
1.76
1.78
1.44
1.20
1.51
1.65
1.41
1.84
2.16
L96S
2.06
S.S2
Yield o!
coal in
coke.
PerctnL
62
44
51
48
4»
62
68.7
62.S
617
60.8
62
61
62.2
60.4
6L6
56.9
57.»
60.6
S8.7
61.6
56
86.7
56.1
57.4
a Includes coal used, coke produced, and it^ value in New York; also In Massachusetts for 1899.
Upper Connellsville district. — ^This district includes that portion of
the Comiellsville trough or basin which lies north of a point a short
distance south of the town of Latrobe, Westmoreland County. The
coal of this vicinity differs somewhat from that of the basin proper, so
that in addition to its geographic position there is another reason for
separating the production from that of the Connellsyille district. The
production of this district in 1903 amounted to 784,132 short tons, as
compared with 936,854 short tons in 1902. Owing to the high prices
for coke in the early part of 1903, the value decreased much less in
proportion, from $2,193,332 to $2,183,613.
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OOKE.
595
SUUtsUcs of the manufcuiure of coke in the Upper OonneUsviUe district^ Pennsyhxiniaf
. 1880-1903,
Year.
1880..
1881..
1882..
1888..
18M..
1885..
1886..
1887..
1888..
1889..
1890..
1891..
1892..
1883..
1894..
1896..
1896..
1W7.,
1896..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1902..
1908..
1
i Estab-
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton
1 lish-
ments.
Built.
BuUd-
Ing.
i
1
ShorlUmt.
Short toM.
1 8
757
0
819,927
229,488
$397,946
•1.73
10
986
0
588,924
343,728
548,362
1.60
11
1,118
0
650,174
876,918
636,503
1.48
'^
1,118
0
668,882
889,068
422,174
1.08
' 11
1,118
0
496,894
294,477
311,665
1.06
1 11
1,168
40
566,735
819,297
846,168
1.08
12
1,837
29
691,331
442,968
672,078
1.29
! 16
1,442
87
717,274
470,283
840,144
1.79
16
1,977
0
657,966
441,966
617,189
1.40
13
1,568
80
635,220
417,268
609,828
1.46
14
1,569
28
889,277
677,246
1,008,102
1.75
14
1,724
0
1,000,184
649,816
1,111,056
1.71
14
1,848
0
706,171
451,975
691,823
1.53
14
1,843
0
499,809
320,798
447,090
1.39
i 14
1,843
0
279,971
176, 799
212,595
1.20
14
1,849
80
819,285
208,158
251,892
1.21
14
1,863
0
617,601
406,112
570,687
1.406
14
1,863
0
666,941
845,372
444,709
1.29
13
1,832
0
638,277
403,045
538,609
1.34
18
1,861
68
933,792
609,898
986,298
1.62
14
1,999
0
1,042,170
690,449
1,378,629
1.996
16
2,082
100
852,448
569,511
1,033.991
1.815
17
2,132
405
1,413,476
936, 8M
2,193,382
2.34
I 18
1
2,506
280
1,180,947
784,132
2,133,513
2.72
Yield of
coal in
coke.
Percent.
72
58
58
68
69
57
64.1
65.6
67
65.6
64.9
66
64
64
66.7
62
63
65.3
66.2
66.8
66.3
66.4
TENNESSEE.
Tennessee ranks sixth among all the coke-producing States and third
among those classed as southern States. The product is for the most
part consumed in the iron furnaces at Chattanooga and vicinity and
other points in the eastern part of the State. There was a slight
decrease in production in 1903 as compared with 1902, the output
declining from 560,006 short tons to 546,875 short tons. The produc-
tion last year was, however, larger than in any preceding year except
1902, while the value exceeded all previous records. The average
price obtained for all coke sold in 1903 was $3.12, against $2.85 in
1902. The total value increased from $1,597,041 to $1,706,722.
There was a gain of 1 in the number of establishments and of 170
in the number of ovens completed. The new plant added to the list
m 1903 was that of the Bon Air Coal and Iron Company, at Bon Air.
These ovens (200 in number) did not, however, begin operations until
after the close of the year. In addition to this new plant, 104 new
ovens were under construction at other establishments, making a total
of 304 ovens building at the close of 1902.
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596
MINERAL RESOUBOES.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Ten-
nessee for the years 1880 to 1903.
SiatiMics of the manufaclure of coke in Tennessee^ 1880-1903.
Year.
menu. Built. ^^-
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
TotaU-alue Yjii^*!^ Yield of
of coke at
ovens.
ovens ^
per ton. | ^^
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887,
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
18M,
1895.
1896,
1897.
1898.
1899,
1900
1901.
1902.
1903.
6
6
8
11
a 13
12
12
11
11
12
11
11
11
11
11
12
15
15
15
14
14
14
15
16
656
724
861
992
1,106
1,887
1,485
1,560
1,634
1,639
1,664
1,995
1,941
1,942
1,860
1,908
1,861
1,948
1,949
2,040
2,107
2,135
2,269
2,439
68
84
14
10
175
36
126
65
84
40
292
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
40
62
340
258
116
304
Short tons.
217,656
241,644
313,537
330,961
348,295
412,538
621,669
655,857
630,099
626,016
600,387
623,177
600,126
449,511
516,802
684.655
600,379
667,996
722,356
779,995
854,789
739,246
1,025,864
1,001,356
Short tons.
130,609
148,858
187,695
203,691
219,723
218,842
368,139
396,979
385,693
359,710
348,728
364,318
354,096
266,777
292,646
396,790
339,202
368,769
394,545
435,308
475,482
404,017
560,006
&16,876
1316,607
842,585
472,505
469,126
428,870
398,469
687,865
870,900
490,491
731,496
684,116
701,803
724.106
491,523
480,124
754.926
624,011
667,666
642,920
850,686
1,269,555
952,782
1,597,041
1,706,722
S2.42
2.88
2.52
2.25
1.95
1.82
1.87
2.19
1.27
2.03
1.96
1.93
2.05
1.85
1.64
1.90
1.84
1.81
1.68
1.95
2.67
2.358
2.85
3.12
Per cent
60
60
60
62
63
53
89
61
61
57
56
56
56.6
57.9
56.5
55
54.6
55.8
55.6
5L6
5t6
54.6
a One establishment made coke in pits.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Ten-
nessee since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Tennessee, 1890-190S,
[Short tons.]
Year.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Run of mine.
Unwasned. Washed.
256,859
184,656 I
176,453 j
179,126
166,990
96,744
0
36,485
37,217
140,804
150,697
224,723
287.064
157,717
0
0
16,000
0
61,841
69,284
206,319
400,166
306,969
267,105
340,448
282,129
334,109
404,949
Slack.
Unwashed. Washed
273,028
877,914
867,827
137,483
149,958
285,906
219,231
119,756
122,756
31,805
24,122
84,088
47, 161
74,660
72,000
60,707
40.846
132,902
138,013
242,721
174.829
111.690
256.414
840,236
380,622
196,306
357.690
364,130
Total.
600, SS7
623.177
600.126
449.511
516, M2
6S4.696
600.379
667.996
722.856
779,995
861,789
739,216
1.025,aM
1,001,366
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COKE. 597
UTAH.
As there is but one establishment in the State of Utah engaged in the
manufacture of coke, the statistics of production have been included
with those of Colorado. The coals of this State are practically iden-
tical in character with those of western Colorado.
VIRGINIA.
The rapid development of the coking coal fields of southwest Vir-
ginia during the last few years has made that Commonwealth prom-
inent among the coke-producing States. Until 1895 there were only
two coke-making establishments in the State, and the production had
not reached as high as 200,000 tons in any one year. In 1901 the num-
ber of establishments had increased to 7, the total number of ovens had
increased from 832 (in 1896) to 2,775, and the production exceeded
900,000 short tons. During 1902 construction and development work
was pushed rapidly, the number of establishments was doubled, and
at the close of the year there were 2,974 ovens built and 1,208 were
building, while the production increased to 1,124,572 short tons. In
1903, 2 more were added to the number of plants, making a total of
16; the number of completed ovens was increased to 4,251, with a
further increase in the production to 1,176,439. The value of the
product in 1903 was $2,724,047, as compared with $2,322,228 in 1902,
a gain of $401,819, or 17 per cent as compared with an increase of 4.6
per cent in quantity.
Practically all of the new work in the last two or three years has
been carried on in Wise County, on the Clinch Valley branch of the
Norfolk and Western Railroad. The coke made in this district is the
only coke made in Virginia from coal mined exclusively in the State.
There are two plants in Virginia, one at Lowmoor and one at Coving-
ton, the coal for which is drawn from mines in the New River district
of West Virginia. The coal for the ovens at Pocahontas, in Tazewell
County, is obtained from mines whose workings extend across the
State boundary line into West Virginia. The openings to the mines,
however, and the coke ovens are in Tazewell County, Va., and it is
customary to credit the coal as well as the coke to Virginia.
One of the new establishments added to the list in 1904 did not pro-
duce any coke in 1903, none of the ovens, 200 in number, having been
put in blast before January 1, 1904.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
598
MINERAL EES0DB0E8.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Vir-
ginia from 1883 to 1903:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Virginia, 188S-1903.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of:
coke at >
ovens 1
per ton.
Yield of
Year.
Built.
Build-
ing.
coalin
coke.
Short Um9,
Short toru.
iVrroi/.
1883
1
200
0
39,000
25.340
$44,345
fl.75
65
1884
1
200
0
99,000
63.600
111,300
1.75
613
1885
1
200
0
81.899
49.139
85,998
1.75
GO
1886
2
850
100
200.018
122,362
306.880
2.50
6L2
1887
2
860
300
235,841
166.947
417,368
2.60
7a8
1888
2
550
0
230,529
140,199
260,000
1.74
64.7
1889
2
650
250
238,793
146,628
325,861
2.22
61
1890
2
660
250
251,683
165,847
278,724
1.68
66
1891 ,
2
550
250
285,113
167,616
265,107
1.58
56.8
1892
2
594
206
226,517
147,912
322,486
2,18
65.S
1893
2
694
206
194,069
125,092
282,898
2.26
Gib
1894
2
736
100
280,624
180,091
295.747
1.64
64.2
1895
• _
882
350
410,737
244.738
322,664
1.32
59.6
1896
1,138
101
454,964
268.081
404,673
1.509
58.9
1897
1,463
110
574, M2
354,067
496,864
1.40
6L6
1898
al.664
0
862.972
631,161
699,781
1.317
62
1899
a 1,588
429
994.635
618,707
1,071,284
1.73
62.2
1900
a 2, 331
300
1,083,827
685,156
1,464,656
2.137
a.2
1901
a 2, 776
0
1,400,231
907,130
1,483,670
1.636
6i7
1902
14
"2,974
1,208
1,716,110
1,124,572
2.822,228
2.065
65.5
1903
16
a4,261
142
1,860,225
1.176.439
2.724.(M7
2.315
63.2
a Includes 56 Newton-Chambere by-product ovens, '
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Vir-
ginia since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in VvrgimOy 1890-1903,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
1890
98.216
107,498
106,010
107,498
108.874
114,802
70,756
286,158
405,399
612,267
620,207
869,203
1,018,148
867,332
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163,468
177,615
120,507
86,561
176,650
295,935
370,624
227,863
287,474
225,118
468,620
531,028
697,962
1,002,893
0
0
0
0
0
0
13,684
61.021
210.099
157.250
0
0
0
0
251. 6SS
1891
285. m
1892
226, a:
1893
]»4.0»
1894
280. se4
1896
410.737
1896
1897
4.M,9M
574, 5C
1898
852,972
1899
«K635
1900
i,ofia,a27
1901
1902
1,400.231
1,716,U0
1903
1,860,225
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COKE.
599
WASHINGTON.
Washington is the only one of the Pacific, coast States producing
coal of a quality suitable for the manufacture of coke. The operations
are not of special importance, particularly when they are compared
with the output of other coke-producing Stdtes, but they are of interest
as establishing the fact that it is possible to produce a metallurgical
coke from the Washington coals. There were 6 establishments in the
State at the close of 1903, an increase of 1 over 1902. Three of the 6
plants were idle, however, throughout the whole of 1903. These 3
idle plants included altogether 71 ovens. The 3 plants which made
coke included 185 ovens. Production in the State increased from
40,305 short tons in 1902 to 45,623 tons in 1903, while the value
increased from $199,195 to $214,776. The largest production obtained
in the State was in 1901, when the output amounted to 49,197 short
tons, valued at $239,028.
There were no new ovens building at the close of 1903.
The coke industry in Washington began in 1884, since which time
the statistical record has been as follows:
i^atistics of the manufadure of coke in Washington^ 1884r-190S,
Year.
Estab-
U«h-
Orens.
Built.
Build-
ing.
Coal need.
Coalpro-
dnced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
coal in
coke.
U».
1886.
Iffi7.
vm.
law.
U90.
Itt2.
vm.
U»4.
Itt5.
UK.
mn.
UK.
1899.
1900.
1901.
19Q2.
UOt.
0
2
11
80
80
SO
SO
80
84
84
84
110
120
120
90
90
90
148
281
266
0
0
21
0
100
0
80
0
80
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
Short toM.
700
644
1,400
22,600
0
^6,983
9,120
10,000
12,872
11,874
8,668
22,978
88,685
89,124
48,659
50,818
64,810
78,893
68,646
78,119
Short ton*.
400
811
826
14,626
0
3,841
6,887
6,000
7,177
6,781
5,24^
15,129
25,919
26,189
80,197
80.372
83,387
49,197
40,305
45,628
$1,900
1,477
4,125
102,375
0
80,728
46,696
42,000
50,446
84,207
18,249
64,632
104,894
115,754
128,933
151,216
160,165
239,028
199,196
214,776
94.75
4.75
5.00
7.00
0
8.00
8.00
7.00
7.03
5.08
3.48
4.27
4.04
4.42
4.27
4.96
4.797
4.858
4.94
4.71
Perceni.
57.5
67
68.9
65
0
65
64
60
58
59
61.2
65.9
67
67
62.2
59.8
61.5
62.7
58.8
62.4
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600
MINERAL BES0UB0E8.
WEST VIRGINIA.
By an increase of nearly 200,000 tons in the production of coke in
1903, as compared with the preceding year, West Virginia regained
second place among the cdke-producing States. Strikes among the
coal miners in the New and Kanawha river districts during 1902
retarded somewhat the coke-oven operations, and. although produc-
tion increased over 1901 the increase was less than it would have been
except for the labor troubles and allowed Alabama to displace West
Virginia as second in coke-producing importance. The return to
more peaceful conditions in 1903 is exhibited in an increase from
2,516,505 short tons in 1902 to 2,707,818 short tons, a gain of 191,313
tons, or 7.6 per cent. The value of the product increased from
$5,833,226 to $7,115,842, a gain of $1,282,616, or 22 per cent. The
number of establishments increased from 120 to 136, and the total
number of completed ovens from 12,656 to 15,613. Of the total num-
ber of establishments there were 13, having 712 ovens, that were idle
throughout the year, and 5, with a total of 957 ovens partly completed,
but none of which had been put in blast before the close of the year.
The following table exhibits the statistics of coke production in
West Virginia since 1880:
StatisHcB of the manufacture of coke in West T^rginiat 1880-1 SOS,
Year.
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884,
1885.
1886,
1887,
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892,
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Estab-
lish-
mentB.
18
19
22
24
27
27
29
39
51
53
65
56
72
76
78
78
84
84
87
87
106
112
120
186
Ovens.
Built.
681
689
878
962
1,005
978
1,100
2,080
2,764
3,438
4,060
4,621
5,843
7,354
7,858
7,834
8,351
8,404
a 8, 659
a 8, 846
cl0,249
tfll,544
cl2,656
16,613
Bund-
ing.
40
0
0
9
127
63
817
742
818
631
334
565
978
132
60
56
28
38
161
ft 619
1,306
1,254
2,341
2,687
Coal used.
Short taw.
280,758
804,823
866,663
411,169
385,588
416,633
425,002
698,327
864,681
1,001,372
1,396,266
1.716,976
1,709,183
1,745,767
1,976,128
2,087,816
2,687,104
2,413,283
8,145.398
3,802,825
3,868,840
8,734,076
4,078,579
4,347,160
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Short tons.
138,766
187,126
230,398
257,519
228,472
260,671
264,168
442,031
625,927
607,880
883.377
1,009.051
1,034,750
1,062,076
1,193,933
1,285,206
1,649,755
1,472,666
1,925,071
2,278,577
2,358,499
2,283,700
2,516,505
2,707,818
1318,797
429,671
520,437
563,490
425,962
485,688
513,843
976,732
896,797
1,074,177
1,624,746
1,845,048
1,821,965
1,716.907
1,639,687
1,724,239
2,259,999
1,933,808
2,432,657
3,480,4aH
4,746,633
4,110,011
5,833,226
7,115,842
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
$2.30
2.30
2.26
2.19
1.91
1.86
1.94
2.21
1.71
1.76
1.83
1.83
1.76
Le2
1.373
1.34
1.87
LSI
1.26
1.53
2.01
1.80
2.318
2.628
Yield of
coal in
coke.
PereatL
60
61
62
63
62
6S.3
61.5
60
60
58w8
ea5
6a8
6a4
61.6
61.4
61
61.2
eo
60L9
6L1
61.7
62.S
a Includes 60 Semet-Solvay ovens at Wheeling.
ft Includes 60 Semet-Solvay ovens building at Wheeling.
^Includes 120 Semet-Solvay ovens at Wheeling.
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COKE.
601
As shown in the following table, by far the larger part (73 per cent
in 1903) of the coal used in coke making in West Virginia is slack, and
of this slack coal 90 per cent is unwashed:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in West Virginia since 1890,
[Short tons.]
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
1890
324,847
276,269
298,824
324,932
162,270
405,726
407,378
373,206
713,816
1,836,239
609,960
738,786
1,262,393
1,149,761
0
0
116,897
16,240
14,901
24,054
33,096
28,146
0
0
8,000
0
0
8,000
930,969
1,116,060
1,108,368
1,176,666
1,607,736
1,476,003
2,079,237
1,800,628
2,137,983
2,216,266
8,140,064
2,706,392
2,517,223
2,890,810
139,480
324,667
186,609
228,929
191,222
182,034
167,893
211,406
293,600
261,381
210,816
294,898
298,963
304,069
1,395,266
1,716,976
1891
1892
1,709,183
1893
1,746,767
1,976,128
2,087,816
2,687,104
UM
U85.
1H96
1M7
2,413^,283
3,146,398
189B
UB9 .
3,802,826
3.868,840
8, 734, 076
1900
uoi
1902
4,078,679
4,847,160
1908
PRODUCTION BY DISTRICTS.
It has been customary in the preceding reports of this series to con-
sider the coke production by districts, into which the State has been
divided. These districts are known, respectively, as the Upper
MoDongahela, the Upper Potomac, the Kanawha, the New River,
and Uie Flat Top. The first two are in the noiiihern part of the State,
and are named from the fact that they are drained by the headwaters
of the Monongahela and Potomac rivers. The other three districts
are in the southern portion of the State. The New River and Kanawha
districts are practically one, separation being made at a point* where
the New and Gauley rivers combine to form the Kiinawha. The Flat
Top region is also drained by the upper portion of the New River, and
includes the ovens in West Virginia which belong to the Pocahontas
coal field. The Flat Top district is by far the most important, and
bears the same relation to the production in West Virginia that the
Connellsville district bears to that of Pennsylvania. Since 1900 the
statistics of production of the Flat Top district have included the new
operations along Tug River, lying west of and contiguous to the Flat
Top district. The output from this district averages something over
50 per cent of the total coke product of the State, although its propor-
tion in 1902 and 1903 was somewhat less than this figure. Some new
ovens constructed in Tygarts Valley in 1902 have been added to the
Upper Potomac district. The production of coke in 1903 increased in
the Flat Top, the Kanawha, and the New River regions, and decreased
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602
MINERAL RESOURCES.
in the Upper Monongahela and the Upper Potooaac (including Tygarts
Valley) districts.
In the following tables are exhibited the statistics of coke produc-
tion in West Virginia, by districts, during the last two years:
Production of coke in West Virginia in 190$ ^ by districts.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
44
11
27
31
7
120
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke
at ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
YieW of
District.
Built,
Build-
ing.
1,741
60
175
75
290
2,341
eoalin
coke.
FlatTopo
6,940
872
2,156
M,698
990
12,656
Short ton*.
1,781,186
232,145
521,978
916,822
627,003
4,078,579
Short toM.
1,109,203
130,642
317,086
547,497
412,077
$2,189,607
364.759
981.758
1,617,389
689.718
5,833,226
SI. 974
2.715
3.096
2.95
1.67
Perceni.
62.3
Kanawha
66.3
New River
G0.8
Upper Monongahela
Upper Potomac and
Tygarts Valley ...
68l7
G&.8
Total
2,516.505
2.318
6L7
a Includes Tug River district
(•Includes 120 Semet-Solvay ovens.
Production of coke in West Virginixi in 1903, by districts.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke
at ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
District.
Built.
BuUd-
ing.
eoalin
coke.
FlatTopa
51
13
28
37
7
8,994
967
2,243
62,319
1,090
1,829
321
600
337
200
Short tons.
2,094,127
296,552
619,230
724,915
612,336
ShoHtom.
1,314,768
179,988
368,844
437,522
406,706
$3,126,512
567.308
1,129,701
1,315,386
976,985
82.38
3.16
3.06
8.01
2.40
PereenL
618
Kanawha
60.7
New River
59.5
Upper Monongahela
Upper Potomac and
Tygarts Valley ...
60.3
66.4
Total
136
15,613
2,687
4,347,160
2,707,818
7,115,842
2.628
62.3
a Includes Tug River district
b Includes 120 Semet-Solvay ovens.
I^lat Top district — Until the close of 1902 this district was, next
to the Connellsville district of Pennsylvania, the most important
coke-producing region of the United States, but the largely increased
production of the Lower Connellsville district in 1902 placed that
district in advance of West Virginia's chief producer. Like the coal
of the Connellsville region, that of the Flat Top district produces a
coke which makes an ideal fuel for blast-furnace purposes. Chem-
ically it is superior to the Connellsville, as it is low in mineral con-
tents or ash, and it is regarded by some ironmasters as equal in
physical properties to the Connellsville coke. The production of the
district, including that of the ovens along Tug River, in 1903 was the
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COKE.
603
largest in its history. The statistics of production, of this district
since its beginning in 1886 are as follows:
Statistics of the manufadure of coke in the Flat Top district of West Virginia, 1886-1903,
Year.
Estab-
liflh-
ments.
OveiiB.
Built.
BuUd-
ing.
Goal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
coal in
coke.
1886.
1887.,
1888..
1880...
1891...
1892...
1998...
18M...
1895...
1896...
1897...
1898...
1899...
1900a.
1901...
1902...
190B...
10
848
882
1,433
1,684
1,889
2,848
4,349
4,648
4,648
4,648
4,648
4,667
4,623
6,290
6,049
6,940
8,994
642
200
431
262
868
9S8
80
18
18
18
18
27
214
666
918
1,741
1,829
Short tons.
1,076
76,274
164,818
887,633
666.118
637,847
695,734
746,061
1,229,136
868,913
1,400.869
1,172,206
1,701,404
1,861.670
1,962,274
1,899,366
1,781,136
2,094,127
Short tons.
668
61,071
103,947
240,386
826,676
812,421
863,696
461,503
746,762
624,252
852,120
720,988
1,067,626
1,138,389
1,208,838
1,160,866
1,109,203
1,314,758
SI, 816
100,788
183,938
406,636
671,289
616.367
696,911
713,261
989,876
656,494
1,100,812
868,484
1,216,059
1,453,601
2,290,947
1,893,681
2,189,607
3,126,512
$2.00
1.97
1.77
1.69
1.75
1.70
1.69
1.58
1.325
1.26
1.291
1.20
1.16
1.28
1.896
1.63
1.974
2.38
Percent.
61.2
67
63
64
67.5
58
69.3
60.5
60.7
61
60.8
61.6
62.2
61.1
61.9
61.1
62.8
62.8
a Includes establishments in the Tug River district since 1900.
New River dut/rict. — ^This district includes the ovens along the
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and the New River from Quinnimont
on the east to Nuttallburg on the west. The coal in this district is
similar in many respects to that of the Flat Top region, and the coke
product is much praised as a blast-furnace fuel. The production in
19(>3, while not as large as in 1901, shows an increase of over 50,000
tons as compared with 1902.
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604
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the New River district
from 1880 to 1903 are as follows:
Staiistics of the manufacture of coke in the New River dUtrid, West Virffiniaj 1880-190S.
Year.
Estab-I
lish- I
ments. Built.
Ovens.
Build-
ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
ooalin
ooke.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889,
1890,
1891.
1892.
1893,
1S»1,
1896,
1896,
1897,
1898.
1899.
1900
1901,
1902
1903
468
499
518
M6
547
519
513
518
743
773
773
787
965
947
1,069
978
1,259
1,225
1,299
1,444
1,722
2,128
2,156
2,243
40
0
0
0
12
0
5
50
0
0
4
102
0
10
0
0
0
0
4
167
560
261
175
500
Short torn.
159,082
219.446
233,361
264,171
219,839
244,769
203,621
253,373
834,695
268,185
275,458
309,073
315,511
281,600
222,900
885,899
425,219
439,103
519,937
503,160
568,856
667,008
521,978
619,230
Short tons.
98,427
136,423
148,373
167,795
135,335
156,007
127,006
159,836
199,831
157,186
174,296
193,711
196,350
178,049
140,842
244,815
269,872
317,998
281,134
341,527
399,373
317,086
368,844
$289,977
834,652
852,416
384,652
274,988
325,001
281,778
401,164
390,182
351,182
877,847
426,630
429,876
855,965
245,154
404,978
443,072
419,151
484,001
538, 996
750,637
823,060
981,753
1,129,701
t2.14
2.45
2.88
2,29
2.03
2,08
2.22
2.51
1.95
2.23
2.17
2.20
2.19
2.00
1.74
1.65
1.64
1.56
1.62
1.90
2.196
2.06
8.096
8.06
PercaL
62
62
64
64
62
^^
62
63
60
58.6
6S
68
G2
68
612
614
6SuS
61.1
61
66
60
60.8
60.8
59.6
K(mawha district. — ^The Kanawha district includes all the ovens
along the banks of the Kanawha River from its formation by the
junction of the New and Gauley rivers to the western limits of the
coal fields. The production in this district decreased each year from
1899 to 1902, but increased decidedly in 1903, almost reaching the
record of 1899. New construction work was quite active in the
district in 1903, as shown by the increase in the number of completed
ovens and the comparatively large number building.
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COKE.
605
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Kanawha district
from 1880 to 1903 are as follows:
SUUiaHcs of the manufacture of coke in the Kanawha district, West Virginiay 1880-1903.
Year.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Built.
Build-
ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
coal in
coke.
laso..
1881..
1882..
1888..
18M-.
1885..
1886..
1887..
1888..
1889..
law..
18»1..
18M..
1896..
1896..
1897..
iwa.
1»B..
1900..
1901..
IKS..
1903..
18
18
138
147
177
181
802
548
572
474
474
474
506
506
506
606
676
576
622
668
847
877
872
967
0
0
0
0
15
68
170
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
20
100
88
80
50
60
321
Short tons.
6,789
11,516
40,782
58,785
60,281
65,348
89,410
153,784
141,641
109,466
182,340
241,427
242,627
215,108
176,746
267,520
259,715
199,812
225,240
323,506
291,277
281,787
232,145
296,552
Short tons.
4,300
6,900
26,170
87,970
89,000
37,551
54,829
96,721
84,052
63,678
104,076
134,715
140,641
122,241
104,160
164,729
157,741
117,849
186,867
190,837
165,889
164,736
130,642
179,988
89,890
16,905
62,808
88.090
76,070
63,082
117,649
201,418
146,837
117,340
196,588
276,420
284,174
237,308
181,586
270,879
263,210
187,359
208,949
364,148
412,636
814,473
354,769
567,308
82.30
2.45
2.40
2.32
1.96
1.68
2.17
2.06
1.75
1.84
1.89
2.05
2.02
1.94
1.74
1.64
1.67
1.69
1.538
1.91
2.495
1.909
2.715
3.15
Percent.
68.3
60
64
64.6
64.6
57
60.7
63
59
58
57
. 56
58
66.8
58.9
61.6
60.7
59.1
60
58.8
56.7
58.4
56.3
60.7
Upper Monongahda district. — This district embraces coke ovens in
the couDties of Harrison, Marion, and Taylor, and derives its name
from the fact that the region is drained by the headwaters of the
Monongnhela River. It includes the well-known mining regions in
the vicinity of Clarksburg and Fairmont, which are among the most
important in the State. The production for the district in 1903
decreased 100,000 tons, or 20 per cent, as compared with 1902; but
there was a considerable amount of new construction work carried on,
which will probably be shown in an increased production for 1904.
The number of establishments increased from 31 in 1902 to 37 in 1903,
and the number of ovens built increased from 1,698 to 2,319. There
were 337 new ovens under construction at the end of the year. There
were 341 ovens included in the ovens built which produced no coke in
1903.
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606
HUTEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
The statistics of coke production in the Upper Monbngahela district
since 1880 are shown in the following table:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Monongahela district. West Vxrgima,
1880-1903,
Year.
Estab-
lish-
mente.
Ovens.
Built
Build-
ing.
145
0
172
0
222
0
269
0
281
100
278
0
275
104
646
0
667
110
674
200
1,061
1,081
1,129
1,168
50
56
46
42
1,221
1,260
42
87
1,386
0
1,363
a 1,449
a 1,463
0
30
ft60
<» 1,563
0 1,686
01,698
2,319
0
0
76
337
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of ooke at
ovens.
per ton. ^^^'
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
18W.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1890-
1891.
1892.
1893.
18W.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Short tons.
64,987
73,863
92,510
88,253
78,468
106,416
131,896
211,330
213,377
210.083
276,867
. 517,615
441,266
879,506
280,748
392,297
331,526
289,678
319,590
607,796
584,265
497,215
916,822
724,915
Short tons.
86,028
48,808
55,865
51,754
49,139
67,013
82,165
132,192
138,097
128.685
167,459
291,605
265,363
225,676
158,628
240,667
206,429
175, 165
183,430
362,872
355,861
317,470
547,497
487,622
968,930
78,014
106,214
90,848
74,894
97,505
118,100
268,990
176,840
171,511
260.574
462,677
390.296
295,128
179,525
266,293
2U,272
180,802
' 194,277
596.305
817,340
667,232
1,617,389
1,315,336
11.91
L78
L88
1.76
1.52
1.45
1.38
2.03
1.27
1.33
L56
1.68
1.47
1.31
1.13
1.10
1.023
1.03
1.06
1.64
2.297
2.07
2.95
3.01
&§
60
»
&
615
61S
62.5
ftt:
62.5
00
56
60.1
59
56.5
61.S
62.8
60.5
.57
W.T
60.9
6S,S
59.7
60.3
a Includes 60 Semet-Solvay ovens at Wheeling.
ft All Semet-Solvay ovens at Wheeling.
c Includes 120 Semet-Solvay ovens at Wheeling.
lJj)per Potomac district, — ^The Upper Potomac district includes the
ovens along the line of the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Kail-
road in the region drained by the upper waters of the Potomac River.
The statistics for 1902 and 1903 include also the operations of some
new ovens in the Tygarts Valley just across the Ohio-Potomac divide,
but practically continuous with the Upper Potomac district. The
production for the district in 1903 was slightly less than that of the
preceding year, amounting to 406,706 short tons, against 412,077 short
tons in 1902. The value, however, increased from $689,718 to $976,985,
a gain of $287,267, or 42 per cent. One hundred new ovens were
added to the district in 1903, the number of establishments remaining
the same as in 1902.
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COKE.
607
The statistics of the manufacture of coke, in the Upper Potomac
district (including that of Tygarts Valley in 1902 and 1903) from 1887
to 1903 are shown in the following table:
SUUistics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Potomac and Tygarts VaUey district, of
West Virginia, 1887-1903,
Year.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Built.
Build-
ing.
Coalnaed.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens
per ton.
Yield of
coal in
coke.
1887
1888.
ia».
1891.
1392.
vm.
1S»4.
IS96.
1896.
1S97.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
20
28
M
178
890
396
394
394
442
482
592
622
678
827
806
990
1.090
50
0
0
28
39
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
90
0
25
290
200
Short tont.
3,565
9,176
26,105
94,983
1U,014
114,045
123,492
66,596
183,187
270,275
312,984
379,227
506,798
472,168
398,705
627,003
612,336
SJwrttons.
2,211
5,885
17,945
61,971
76,599
78,691
84,607
43,546
110,753
164,093
190,401
230,150
305,845
286,934
241,265
412,077
406.706
Per
$4,422
8,752
28,559
118,503
133,549
121,208
115,250
43,546
126,595
242,133
278,012
329,371
532,358
475,073
421,665
689,718
976,985
92.00
1.50
1.58
1.91
1.75
1.54
1.36
1.00
1.14
1.476
1.46
1.43
1.74
1.655
1.75
1.67
2.40
cent.
62
6i
69
65
68.5
65.4
60.5
60.7
60.8
60.7
60.3
60.8
60.5
65.7
66.4
OTHER STATES.
In the following table are presented the statistics of production in
1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903 of those States in which there are but one
or two establishments. These States are Illinois, Indiana, Maryland,,
Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Wisconsin, and
Wyoming.
Of the several States included in this statement, five of them —
Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Wisconsin — pro-
duced coke made from coal mined in other States, while one — Mas-
sachusetts— obtains its coal supply partly from Nova Scotia and partly
from West Virginia. All of the ovens in Maryland, Massachusetts,
New Jersey, New York, and Michigan are by-product retort ovens.
The statistics of production for Illinois, Wisconsin, and Wyoming for
years previous to 1900 may be found by reference to preceding vol-
umes of Mineral Resources.
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608
MINERAL RESOURCES.
JStatistics of coke production in 1900 , 1901, 190^y and 190S in Stales having only me or
two estabUshments.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke pro-
duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Valve of
Yield of
Year.
BuUt.
Build-
ing.
ovens <^f
per ton. ^^
1900
10
11
11
17
a882
C862
e898
al,808
dG09
/742
*760
Short tons.
708,295
793,187
882,977
1,806,707
ShoHtons.
506,730
664,191
598,869
982,428
$1,454,029
1,607,476
2,063,894
8,228,064
$2,87
2.849
3.446
PereaA.
71.5
1901
71
1902
70.5
1908
3.46 71*
a Includes 30 Semet-Solvay and 400 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
fr Includes 80 Semet-Solvay and 564 Otto-HofEman ovens.
c Includes 60 Semet-Solvay and 400 Otto-Hoflman ovens.
d Includes 90 Semet-Solvay, 664 Otto-Hoffman, and 15 Schniewind ovens.
e Includes 90 Semet-Solvay, 400 Otto-Hoffman, and 15 Schniewind ovens.
/Includes 70 Semet-Solvay and 564 Otto-Hoffman ovens.
a Includes 100 Semet-Solvay, 700 Otto-Hoffman, and 15 Schniewind ovens.
A Includes 290 Semet-Solvay and 470 Otto-Hoflman ovens.
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GAS, COKE, TAR, AND AMMONIA."
By Edward W. Parker.
ENTBOBUCnON,
Ten years prior to the period covered by this report, or in 1893, the
first plant of by-product coke ovens in the United States was com-
pleted at Syracuse, N. Y. This plant, although largely of an experi-
mental character and composed of only 12 Semet-Solvay ovens, was
successful from the beginning, and laid the foundation for the develop-
ment of what has since become an important branch of the coke-making
mdustry of this country. The rapid growth of the manufacture of
coke in by-product ovens is demonstrated by the fact that in 1903 there
were 1,956 of this type of oven in operation, with 1,335 more in pro-
cess of construction at the close of the year. The quantity of coke
produced in by-product ovens during 1903 was 1,882,394 short tons,
or 7.4 per cent of the total coke product of the United States.
In the development of this industry the profitable disposition of by-
products obtained is an essential factor. A study of the conditions
upon which this depends has created a demand for information, not
only as to the total quantity and value of coke produced, but also the
quantity and value of the gas, tar, and ammonia produced at gas houses
and at by-product recovery coking plants. In order to meet this
demand the United States Geological Survey, in making its annual
canvass of the conl-mining and coke-making industries for the last two
years, has extended its inquiries to cover all plants producing gas and
coke from coal with the recovery of the tar and ammonia. The com-
pleteness of the returns in both years has been particularly gratifying.
A similar investigation was made for this oflSce in 1898 by Dr. William
B. Phillips, at which time reports were received from 433 companies
manufac*turing gas from coal. The statistics for 1902 include reports
from 633 companies, including those operating retort-oven coking
plants, while in 1903 reports were received from 528 companies, a
decrease of 5 as compared with 1902. In 1902 the 533 companies from
•Tbe writer desires to ezpren his acknowledgment of the services rendered in the preparation of
thb report by MIn Belle Hill, of Pittsbuig, Pa., who has compiled the accompanying tables from tho
nportsrecef Ted from the prodocers.
M R 1903 39 ^^
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610 MINEBAL BESOITBCES.
which reports were received used a total of 5,008,761 short tons of
bituminous coal. This included coal carbonized in 1,663 by-product
coke ovens. In 1903, including the operations of 1,956 by-product
coke ovens, the total amount of coal carbonized was 5,843,538 short tons.
In 1898, including the quantity of coal consumed in 520 by-product
ovens, the total quantity of coal carbonized was 2,444,995 short tons.
The production of gas by the 533 companies in 1902 was 30,764,625,332
cubic feet Of this quantity 29,079,073,555 cubic feet were sold, leav-
ing 1,685,551,777 cubic feet lost or unaccounted for. In 1903 the
528 companies produced 33,483,430,989 cubic feet of gas, of which
2,433,969,478 cubic feet were lost or unaccounted for and 31,049,461,511
cubic feet were sold.
The total quantity of coke produced at gas works and retort coke
ovens in 1902 was 3,373,294 short tons, of which 1,399,119 short tons
were produced in by-product coke ovens, leaving 1,974,175 short tons
as the output from ga^^ works. In 1903 the total production of ooke
amounted to 3,941,282 short tons, of which 1,882,394 short tons were
obtained from by-product coke ovens, and 2,058,888 short tons pro-
duced at gas works. The production of tar in 1902 amounted to
53,099,508 gallons, and in 1903 it was 62,964,393 gallons. The pro-
duction of ammonia, reduced to its equivalent in sulphate, amounted,
in 1903, to 79,747,217 pounds, as compared with 69,115,667 pounds of
ammonia, reduced to its equivalent in sulphate, in 1902.
PRODUCTION OF GAS.
The following tables show the quantity and value of gas made from
coal by 533 companies in 1902 and 528 companies in 1903, distributed
over 44 States and Territories. It will be observed that prices for
artificial gas are low in those States where natural gas is used largely
and which are in addition well supplied with coal, as in Illinois,
Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, and also
in Massachusetts, where a large portion of the coal gas made is a
by-product from coke making in retort ovens.
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GAS, COKE, TAB, AND AMMONIA.
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GAS, COKE, TAR, AND AMMONIA. 615
Of the total quantity of gas produced in the United States in 1902,
1,685,551,777 cubic feet, or 5.48 per cent, were lost by leakage or acci-
dent The marketed product was 29,079,073,555 cubic feet, of which
23,401,318,526 cubic feet, or 80.45 per cent, were sold for illuminating
purposes, and 5,677,755,029 cubic feet, or 19.55 per cent, were sold for
fuel. The total value of all gas sold was $29,342,881, an average of
$1,009 per 1,000 cubic feet. In 1903 the amount of gas lost by leakage
or accident amounted to 2,433,969,478 cubic feet. The total quantity
sold was 31,049,461,511 cubic feet, of which 22,953,792,437 cubic feet,
or 78.9 per cent, were sold for illuminating purposes, and 8,095,669,074
cubic feet, or 26.1 per cent, were sold for fuel purposes. The average
price per 1,000 cubic feet for all gas sold in 1903 was 97 cents. While
there are some exceptions to the general rule, the gas sold for illumi-
nating purposes brings as a usual thing a higher price than that sold
for fuel purposes.
The following tables show the total quantity of gas produced in each
State, less the amount wasted of lost, and the amount and percentage
of illuminating and fuel gas sold in 1902 and 1903. It will be observed
that the percentage of illuminating gas decreased from 80.45 in 1902
to 75 per cent in 1903, while the percentage of fuel gas increased from
19.55 to 26 per cent.
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616
MINEKAL BESOUBCES.
QuarUUy of illumincUing and fuel ga$ sold in 1902 ^ by Stales.
State.
Total sales.
Illumfnatiiig.
Quandty.
Per-
centage.
Fuel.
Quantity.
Per-
centage,
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticu t
Delaware
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa :
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana and Mississippi
Maine
Maryland and District of Colum-
bia
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota and Nebraska
Missouri
Montana, New Mexico, and
Nevada ,
New Hampshire and Vermont . .
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
South Carolina ,
North Dakota, Utah, and Wyo-
ming ,
Ohio
Oregon ,
Pennsylvania ,
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Total
CubicfeeL
197,824,900
74,009,006
257,889,020
898,064,052
095,655,300
138,402,500
852,886,450
1,326,793,560
761,882,820
389,485,184
204,470,280
572,841,241
50,025,490
178,921,850
447,274,990
4,107,824,482
1.282,048,200
607,801,483
1.570,671,600
51,544,088
166,292,600
1,008, 459, 02S
4.972,235,850
83,469,500
181,690,800
61,922,000
3,968,503,878
74,271,600
2,198,415,696
472,649,000
530,157,200
127,489,900
822,578,286
213,955,450
145,538,960
1,046,227,685
Cubic/eeL
114,774,600
47.510,900
191,757,704
191,826,185
518,439,040
89,549,125
218,621,415
811,890,246
472,638,499
199,169,992
107,851,995
899,842,665
81.738,196
122,111,895
437,685,490
8.880,912,770
678,060,965
497,434,600
989,609,800
84,266,200
168,642,600
922,146,025
4,602,635,000
25,786,700
103,755,600
82,481,160
8,469,403,995
71,272,084
2,068,627,623
820,649,000
482,388,840
79,547,881
291,187,286
165,791,885
148,426,950
498,479,715
58.02
64.19
74.35
48.82
73.81
64.70
60.62
61.18
62.04
58.68
52.74
67.96
63.44
68.25
97.86
94.47
52.50
81.91
68.00
66.45
98.40
91.44
92.56
76.89
78.78
52.87
87.53
95.95
93.87
67.84
81.56
62.89
90.27
77.48
98.55
48.60
CubicfeeL
88,060,800
26,496,100
66,131.316
201,237,867
182,216,260
48,858,875
188,766,085
514,903,314
289,193,821
140,265,142
96,618,235
178,496,576
18,287,294
56,809,955
9,589.500
226,911,662
608,967,285
109,866,838
581,062,800
17,288,783
2,660,000
86,818,000
869,600.850
7,732,800
27,934.700
29,490,840
494,099,8iS
2,999,566
184,788,073
152,000,000
97,778,860
47,942,069
81,391,000
48,164,065
2,112,000
652,747,920
29,079,078,555
28,401,818,626
80.45
6,677,756,029
41. 9S
35.81
25.65
51.18
2S.19
SStSQ
88.88
38.82
87.88
4LS2
47.26
32.04
86.56
SLTb
2.15
5.58
47.50
1&09
87.00
83.65
i.eo
&56
7.44
28.11
2L22
47.63
12.47
4.05
6.13
32.16
18.44
87.61
9.78
2152
L45
5L40
19.55
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GAS, OOKE, TAB, AND AMMONIA.
Quantity of iUuminating and fuel gas sold in 1903 ^ by States,
617
state.
Total sales.
niuminatlng.
Quantity.
Percent-
age.
Fuel.
Quantity. ^^^^^
Alabama
Arkansas
California...
Colorado
Connecticut .
Delaware
Geofgia
UliiMria
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Louisiana and MiasiflBippi .
Maine
ICaryland and District of Colum-
bia
Masnchusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
Miaouri
Montana, New Mexico, and Ne-
vada
Nebraska
New Hampflhire and Vermont . . .
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Sooth Carolina
North Dakota, Utah, and Wyo-
ming
OWo
Oregon
Peonsylvania
Rhode Island
Tennenee
Texas
Virginia
Washington
WestVliginU
WiscoMin
Total .
CubicJeeL
192,796,000
94,349,800
41,897,000
461,564,100
642,674,910
114,868,600
388,740,650
1,488,746,326
783,838,930
369,148,140
225,020,600
598,083,674
28,600,000
161,166,573
483,912,539
4,625,694,736
2,060,748,600
560,144,000
1,664,113,184
66,706,400
44,696,800
200,777,500
1,076,887,369
6,162,439.069
61,672,800
96,876,900
51,498,000
4,204,666,946
60,072,400
2,185,690,479
687,234,200
627,263,212
131,610,100
339,296,086
277,979,700
148,968,000
1,156,837,400
81,049,461,611
Cubic/eet.
122,409,000
65,272,200
26,424,714
204,758,100
392,192,960
70,463,840
209,661,850
865,919,696
517,538,680
198,984,840
109,761,350
403,475,674
18,726,000
121,894,340
471,838,723
4,104,266,970
1,149,962,280
861,887,200
897,668,794
31,231,010
29,126,700
153.728,800
845,618,505
4,488,446,614
88,939,810
66,508,100
27,156,000
8,009,925,962
25.668,200
2,047,163,802
357,176,200
386,988,786
76,515,000
277,857,260
161,425,925
133,779,300
645,608,560
Cubic/eet,
70,887,000
39,077,600
16,472,286
256,806,000
150,381,950
43,904,660
179,079,300
622,825,727
266,300,400
170,213,300
115,259,150
194,606,000
9,775,000
89,262,238
12,078,816
521,427,765
900,796,870
196,256,800
656,450,890
26,474,890
16,671,100
47,048,700
230,768,864
663,992,445
12,732,990
29,368,800
24,848,000
1,194,682,994
24,404,200
188,527,177
180,068,000
191,274,426
66,096.100
61,438,826
116,553,776
10,188,700
610,828,840
22,058,792.487
75
8,096,669,074
86
41
36
55
27
61
46
42
84
46
62
38
34
24
2
11
44
85
42
45
86
23
21
13
24
31
47
28
46
6
88
86
42
18
42
7
62
26
In the following tables the States are arranged according to rank in
the quantity of gas produced from coal in 1902 and 1903. New York
stands first, with a production of 5,516,347,012 cubic feet in 1903;
Massachusetts second, with 4,847,936,380 cubic feet; Ohio third, with
4,599,937,460 cubic feet; Pennsylvania, doubtless because of the large
amount of natural gas produced in that State, ranks fourth in the
production of artificial gas, with 2,332,091,700 cubic feet, or but
little more than half of that of Ohio, and only slightly greater than
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618
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Michigan, which stands fifth, with 2,126,030,500 cubic feet. Missouri
and Illinois, which in 1902 outranked Michigan, took sixth and seventh
places, respectively, in 1903, the former producing 1,808,736,720 cubic
feet and the latter 1,625,661,468 cubic feet. The only other States
which produced as much as 1,000,000,000 cubic feet a year were Wis-
consin and New Jersey.
Bank of States in gas production and the quantity sold and unaccounted for in 190Sy 69
States.
Bank.
New York
Maaeachusetts
Ohio
Peniuylvania
Miasonri
niinoia
Michigan
WisconBin
New Jersey
Indiana
Connecticut
Kentucky
Minnesota and Nebraska ,
Tennessee ,
Maryland and District o! Co-
lumbia ,
Rhode Island
Colorado
Georgia
Virginia
Iowa ,
California
Alabama
Washington
TTftntqw ,
Maine
New Hampshire and Vermont.
South Carolina
West Virginia
Texas
Delaware
Arkansas
Oregon
North Dalcota, Utah, and Wyo-
ming
Montana, New Mexico, and Ne-
vada
Louisiana and Mississippi
North Carolina
Total
Total produc-
tion.
Oubic/ed.
5,185,539,256
4,284,388,007
4,278,015,250
2,296,310,816
1,785,335,540
1,897,663,470
1,822,184,400
1,109,000,000
1,042,672,627
775,515,720
699,338,400
660,124,980
644,866,000
687,807,300
602,488,200
496,295,000
481,285,200
878,511,850
861,828,023
860,076,200
270,421,820
237,231,300
233,982,873
220,362,030
194,271,530
177,475,700
147,706,000
145,538,960
142,415,600
138,402,500
76,820,600
74,606,400
63,412,900
68,140,600
60,025,490
40,220,900
80,764,625,332
Gas sold.
Gas unaccounted for.
Quantity. ^^^ QuanUty. ^^
Cubicfeet.
4,972,235,850
4,107,824,432
3.963,506,878
2,196,415,606
1,670,671,600
1,326,793,560
1,282,048,200
1,046,227,635
1,008,459,025
761,832,320
695,655,300
572,841,241
607,801,433
530,157,200
447,274,990
472,649,000
398,064,052
852,386,450
322,578,286
839.435,134
257,889,020
197,824,900
218,956,460
204,470,280
178,921,850
166,292,600
131,690,800
146,638,960
127,489,900
188,402,600
74,009,000
74,271,600
61,922,000
51,544,988
60,025,490
33,469,500
29,079,073,656
96.07
95.87
92.65
95.78
90.51
94.93
96.96
94.34
96.72
98.23
99.45
86.77
94.17
98.67
89.00
96.28
91.16
94.34
80.27
94.26
95.36
83.39
91.44
92.79
92.09
89.16
100.00
89.52
100.00
96.84
99.55
97.65
100.00
83.21
94.52
Cubic/ed.
213,303,406
176,568,575
814, 5U, 872
97,896,120
164.663,910
70,769,910
40,136,200
62,772,365
34.213,602
13,683,400
3,683,100
87,288,739
87,664,567
7,660,100
66,208,210
23,646,000
38,171,148
21,125,400
38,749.787
20,641,066
12,682,800
89,406,400
20,027,423
15,891,800
15,849.680
11,183,100
16.014,700
14,925,700
2,811,600
384,800
3.3S
LU
7.«
4.57
9.49
5u07
3.04
5.6S
l.W
.56
13.23
6.83
L«
11. 00
4.77
&8^
5.67
lars
5.74
4.M
I6u€l
&56
7.21
7. 91
&31
laiM
ia48
3.6$
.45
1,490,900 1^
6,695,517 I U.W
6,^1,400 I 16.79
&4S
1,685,651,777
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OA8, COKE, TAB, AND AMMONIA.
619
Rank of States in gas production and the quatUity sold and unaccounUd for in 190S, by
Susies,
Bank.
state.
Total produc-
tion.
Ga8 aold.
Q»«naty- c!Sl
Gas nnaccouiited for.
Quantity.
Per
cent.
NewYork
Manachusetts
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Michigan
MisBonri
niinois
Wisoonsin
New Jersey
Indiana
Kentucky
Tennessee
Minnesota
Connecticut
Rhode Island
Colorado
Maryland and District of Co-
lumbia
Iowa
Virginia
Georgia
Washington ,
Kansas
Alabama
New Hampshire and Vermont. .
West Virginia
Maine
Texas
Delaware «>
South Carolina
Arkansas
Montana. New Mexico, and
Nevada
North Dakota, Utah, and Wyo-
ming.
North Carolina
Oregon
Nebraska
CaUfomia
Louisiana and MisBisBlppi
Total
Cubicjeet.
5,616,847,012
4,847.936,880
4,599,987,460
2,382,091,700
2,125,080,500
1,808, 736, T/0
1,625, 661, 4i58
1,258,804,700
1,U5,839,706
888,885,270
661,578,820
627,992,512
622,866,085
575,000,600
572,812,000
501,889,600
491,166,860
415,761,100
899,926,480
889,856,600
297,275,627
241,165,280
225,590,900
214,237,200
177,444,000
175,818,610
189,400,000
124,868,500
115,420,000
97,368,900
62,728,400
62,068,200
56,702,000
51,226.800
50,118,500
41,897,000
28.600,000
Cuhicjeet,
5,152,489,059
4,625,694,785
4,204,558,946
2,185,690,479
2,050,748,600
1,554,113,184
1,488,745,825
1,156,887,400
1,076,387,869
783,838,930
598,088,674
527,268,212
560,144,000
542,574,910
537,234,200
461,564,100
488.912,539
869,148,140
889,296,086
388,740,650
277,979,700
225,020,500
192,796,000
200,777,500
148,968,000
161,156,573
131,610,100
114,868,500
95,876,900
94,849,800
56,705,400
51,498,000
51,672,800
50,072,400
44,696,800
41,897,000
28,500.000
98
95
91
93
92
86
91
92
96
98
90
84
90
94
94
92
98
88
85
99
93
98
85
98
81
92
94
92
88
97
90
88
91
97
89
100
100
Cktbic/ed,
868,907,953
222,241,645
395,878,514
146,401,221
74,281,900
254,623,536
136,916,143
97,467,300
39,452,386
55,046,340
68,495,146
100,729,300
62,722.085
82,425,690
85,077,800
40,825,500
7,258,821
46,612,960
60,680,394
1,115,950
19,295,927
16,144,780
82,794,900
18,459,700
33,476,000
14,162,037
7,789,900
10,000,000
19,543,100
8,019,100
6,018,000
10,555,200
h, 029, 200
1,154,400
5,421,700
7
5
9
7
8
14
9
8
4
7
10
16
10
6
6
8
2
12
15
1
7
7
15
7
19
8
6
8
17
8
10
17
9
3
11
81,049,461,511
92
2,488,969,478
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620 MINERAL BES0URCE8.
PRODUCTION OF COKE.
The total quantity of coke produced at gas works and in retort
ovens in 1903 was 3,941,282 short tons, of which 1,882,394 short tons
were the output of retort ovens and 2,058,888 short tons were the
product of gas houses and generally classed as gas-house coke. In
1902 the total production of coke in gaa works and retort ovens
amounted to 3,373,294 short tons, of which 1,974,175 short tons were
made in gas works as a by-product, and 1,399,119 short tons were the
primary product of retort coke ovens.
The total quantity of coal carbonized at the gas houses and by-
product coke works of the United States in 1902 was 5,008,761 short
tons, of which 1,935,348 short tons, or 38.6 per cent, were coked in
by-product coke ovens, and 3,073,413 short tons, or 61.4 per cent,
were used in gas works. In 1903 the total quantity of coal carbonized
was 5,843,538 short tons, of which 2,605,453 short tons, or 44.6 per
cent, were used in by-product ovens, and 3,238,085 short tons, or 55.4
per cent, consumed in gas works.
Many gas companies are engaged also in the electric-light busmess,
and coke produced at the gas works, as well as a considerable amount
of tar, is used for firing in the electric-light plants. Other coal-gas
producers are also producers of water gas, and the coke from the coal
benches is used for firing the water-gas plant. Some coke is also used
in the carbonization of coal at some of the gas works. It will be noted,
therefore, that not all of the coke produced at gas works in the United
States is sold, a considerable quantity of it being consumed at the
works where it is produced. The total production is given as nearly
as possible in these reports, the quantity consumed being arrived at as
accurately is possible, and the A'alue placed upon it is the same as that
received for the coke sold.
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GAS, COKE, TAB, AND AMMONIA.
621
The following tables give the production of coke at gas works and
in by-product ovens in 1902 and 1903, by States, arranged according
to their rank in producing importance:
Rank of States in producdon of coke in gas works and hy-prodxuA ovens in 1909,
Rank.^
State.
1
2
S
4
h
6
7
8
9
10
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
»
21
22
''i
M '
25J
26 '
27
» I
»
B I
S .
$4
Maflaachusettfl
Pennsylvania
New York
Ohio
Alabama
Wert Virginia
Michigan
Miawuri
niinoia
Wisconsin
New Jersey
Indiana
Connecticut
Kentucky
Minnesota and Nebraska
Maryland and District of Columbia . .
Virginia
Tennessee
Rhode Island
Colorado
Georgia
Iowa
Washington
California
Kansas
New Hampshire and Vermont
Maine
South Carolina
Texas
Delaware
Oregon
Arkansas ,
Louisiana and MissisBippi
North DakoU, Utah, and Wyoming..
Montana, New Mexico, and Nevada .
North Carolina
Total.
Quantity.
Yield per
ton of
coal.
Value per
ton.
Total
value.
ShoHtons,
Percent.
676,901
69.6
$3.49
12,009,889
602,748
68.4
2.989
1,477,774
406,629
67.6
8.04
1,234,840
339,816
66.09
2.69
879,677
809,726
69.8
8.24
1,004,140
174,093
74.4
2.86
498,208
148,488
67.4
4.18
620,669
121,630
64.8
8.24
39i,440
94,834
62.1
4.02
381,071
80,420
69.0
3.898
813,604
76,448
64.8
4.09
808,801
60,722
66.2
8.68
223,778
60,360
62.9
4.64
228,644
46,667
67.7
2.64
122,818
41,468
66.6
4.38
181,668
37,279
71.3
3.00
111,867
36,748
64.8
2.76
101,688
36,189
63.1
3.61
180.762
30,687
60.7
4.19
128,285
30,063
69.9
3.22
96,949
26,691
60.6
8.15
80,997
26,168
64.7
6.00
125,770
17,958
66.3
4.06
72,826
17,182
60.4
8.33
143,130
16,000
69.0
8.24
61,898
9,796
64.6
4.06
48,623
9,272
67.4
6.06
46,827
9,193
62.8
4.80
44,129
9,162
60.0
6.80
48,681
9,046
66.9
3.06
27,690
6,974
66.1
4.22
26,197
6,662
61.48
3.877
21,626
4,126
69.9
3.12
12,886
3,680
67.0
5.87
21,600
3,430
64.6
6.61
19,280
2,390
48.4
4.87
11,638
3,873,294
67.8
8.336
11,261,164
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622
MINEBAL BE80UBCES.
Rank of States in production of coke in go* vxyrks and by-product ovens in 190S,
Rank.
State.
Num-
ber of
estab-
lish-
ments.
Quantity.
Total
value.
Value
per ton.
Yield oi
coal in
coke.
Massachusetts
Pennsylvania
New York
Alabama
Ohio
Michigan
Maryland and District of Columbia.
New Jersey
West Virginia
Missouri
Illinois
Wisconsin
Indiana
Kentucky
Tennessee
Minnesota
Connecticut
Virginia
Colorado
Rhode Island
Iowa
Georgia
Washington
Kansas
New Hampshire and Vermont
Maine
Texas
South Carolina
Delaware
Arkansas
Montana, New Mexico, and Nevada
Oregon
North Carolina
Nebraska
North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
Louisiana and Mississippi
California
Total
ShorttoM.
609,320
573,865
422,842
402,807
850,106
288,172
216,838
168,623
162,497
125,888
111,881
89,886
66,988
51,174
43,065
42,020
85,866
83,766
32,836
31,757
28,186
26,878
19,432
17,624
12,774
10,168
8,756
8,711
8,710
6,826
4,586
8,894
8,829
8,807
2,208
1,818
•2,123,771
1,712,994
1,587,314
1,218,166
1,076,487
1,043,888
694,873
467,380
443,998
431,579
469,927
841,498
228,720
156,924
148,823
208,424
165,281
111,467
116,697
151,435
154. 181
74,973
66,035
67,522
64,790
47,661
50,112
46,247
28.443
22,277
25,639
18,896
16,849
17,560
17,720
8,463
18.701
528
3,941,282 13,684,095
SS.54
2.98
8.76
8.02
2.997
4.88
a20
8.01
2.91
8.44
4.20
3.80
8.98
3.07
3.46
4.84
4.606
3.80
3.61
4.76
5.47
2.897
8.347
3.85
5.07
4.687
5.72
5.31
8.26
3.62
5.59
4.85
5.06
5.80
5.88
3.88
10.29
PtTcaU.
69.5
70.1
66.2
69.9
65.7
67.9
7L4
6S.1
7iO
62.9
62.1
69.2
59.4
67.1
60.6
65.3
58.8
60.6
67.2
58.3
61. !<
55.9
6L8
62.6
57.4
66.7
55.9
70.7
63L4
59.9
65.5
62.6
52.6
59.S
45.6
64.6
64.7
3.46
67.4
PRODUCTION OF COAL TAR.
The total quantity of coal tar produced in 1903 was 62,964,393 gal-
lons, valued at $2,199,969, or 3.49 cents per gallon, against 63,099,5t>8
gallons in 1902, valued at $1,871,243, an average of 3.524 cents per
gallon. In 1903 the yield of tar per ton of coal was 10.77 gallons, and
in 1902 it was 10.6. The price in 1903 ranged from 1.62 cents per
gallon in Maryland and the District of Columbia, with an average of
10.46 cents in Montana, New Mexico, and Nevada. In 1902 the lowest
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GA8, COKE, TAR, AND AMMONIA.
623
price reported was from Alabama, 2.7 cents per gallon, and the highest
price reported was from Oregon, at 10 cents per gallon. The largest
production of tar in both 1902 and 1903 was in Massachusetts, with
New York second, Ohio third, Pennsylvania fourth, and Alabama fifth,
in both years.
The following tables give the production of coal tar in 1902 and 1903
by States arranged according to their producing importance:
Rank of States in coal-taT production in 190S,
Rank.
1
2
4
5
<
7
8
9
10
n
12
IS
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
35
20
27
28
29
K)
81
82
38
84
86
85
State.
MasBBchnsettB.
New York
Oblo
PemisylTani* .
A^at?WTim ......
Mfawuri
West Virginia.
Michigan
Wisconsin
niinolB
New Jersey
I
Kentucky
Connecticnt
Tennessee
Minnesota and Nebraska
Colorado
Maryland and District of Columbia.
Rhode Island
Virginia
Iowa
Geoigia
CfcOilomla
Washington
Delaware
Texas
Kew Hampshire and Vermont
Maine -^
South Carolina
Arkansas
Oregon ■
North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming-
Louisiana and Mlssisrippi ,
Montana, New Mexico, and Nevada. .
North CaroliDA
TbCal.
Quantity.
QaUont.
7,965,640
7,076,743
6,422,820
6,268,805
8,816,276
2,459,658
2,860,962
2,821,867
al, 928, 083
1,852,781
1,861,126
982,046
826,046
762,578
717,174
709,281
576,192
569,488
550,800
461,818
445,622
878,127
801,761
261,766
255,968
221,917
218,948
217,996
209,630
189,569
115,506
99,812
68,960
66,500
57,790
41,200
68,099,508
Yield per
ton of
coal.
OaUoru.
9.64
11.75
12.49
8.63
8.6
18.1
10
10.6
16.56
12.1
11.6
10.7
12
9.6
12.6
11.2
13.4
10.9
10.9
6.88
11.46
8.9
11.1
9.2
9.4
16.4
14.86
12.12
12.9
9.5
12.79
10.88
10.68
9.66
9.1
8.84
10.6
Value
per
gallon.
Cents.
3.00
2.89
8.90
8.04
2.70
4.86
3.30
8.24
8.47
4.60
8.87
8.77
4.01
4.70
8.876
8.68
5.00
8.18
3.60
4.40
4.56
3.90
4.60
6.00
7.70
6.60
9.60
5.40
4.66
8.60
6.40
10.00
6.70
6.10
9.80
5.60
8.624
Total
value.
8289,954
204,312
251,016
190,527
103.114
107,314
77,985
75,290
66,896
84,003
46,514
37,040
33,161
86,289
27,791
26,088
28,900
18,141
19,970
20,493
20,827
14,738
18,958
15,808
19,676
12,179
20,842
11,829
9,781
6,027
7,400
9,931
4,623
8,420
5,689
2,272
l,8n,243
a Includes some tar made in water-gas manufacture.
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624
MINEBAL EE80UBCE8.
Rank of Stales in coal-tar prtniuction in 190S,
Rank.
State.
Num-
ber of
eatab-
ments.
Massachusetts
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Alabama
Maryland and District of Columbia. . .
Michigan
Missouri
Wisconsin
New Jersey
West Virginia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Tennessee
Rhode Island
Minnesota
Connecticut
Colorado
Virginia
Iowa
Georgia
Washington
Kansas ,
New Hampshire and Vermont
Maine
Texas
Delaware
South Carolina
Arkansas
North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. .
Nebraska
North Carolina
Oregon '.
Montana, New Mexico, and Nevada.
Louisiana and Mississippi
California
Total.
45
56
48
SI
11
9
87
21
16
16
6
46
80
11
8
3
5
9
6
14
16
9
7
11
7
7
8
8
8
6
3
8
6
4
6
8
8
Quantity.
OaUoM.
8,798.963
7,109,647
6,790,289
6,596,978
4,960,718
4,688,251
8,601,866
2,606,052
12,889,868
2,151,405
2,088,681
2,060,620
1,094,446
892,280
851,812
746,178
739,538
626,899
612,184
606,994
616,187
427.631
847,842
812,024
257,196
289,287
154,629
147,812
132,821
117,476
77,000
62,974
58,472
55,877
42,212
34,000
28,400
Total
value.
S299,709
216,786
249,283
62,964,393
128. 3&i
75,028
125,506
117,967
89,031
70,260
64,467
95,115
49,629
39,495
35,853
46,979
25,954
30^658
30,506
25.293
23,817
18,814
28,200
18,762
14,238
12,872
18,873
5,969
6,429
5,562
4,770
2,680
3,682
5,040
4,416
1.720
1,589
2,199,969
Value
gallon.
Cents.
3.4
3.06
8.66
3.46
2.49
1.62
8.48
4.6
3.7
8.26
3.09
4.6
4.5
4-4
4.2
6.3
3.5
4.89
4.96
4.16
4-5
4.3
6.68
4.4
6.5
6.88
8.6
4.08
4.8
4.7
6.2
4.25
6.8
9.02
10.46
5.06
5.6
3.49
Yield per
ton of
coaL
GcBim.
10.2
ILU
12. 4S
8.01
8.6
15.5
ia27
HO?
1&4
9.5
9.9S
11.41
U.4
1L7
U.9»
117
11.49
10.27
12.7
10.?^
11.3
9.2
11.04
1L15
U.55
13. S5
9,9
10.77
las
11.1
U.67
ILS
9l2I
&9S
6.01
9L9
laii
a Includes some tar made in water-gas manufacture.
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GAS, COKE, TAB, AND AMMONIA. 625
PRODUCTION OF AMMOIOA.
Of the total number of companies manufacturing coke and gas, either
in retort ovens or at gas works, only about 20 per cent reported the
recovery of ammonia either in the form of ammoniacal liquor or sul-
phate. From these the amount of ammonia liquor produced and sold
in 1902 was 51,549,451 gallons, equivalent to 14,906,913 pounds of
anhydrous anmionia (NH,), and equivalent also to 57,839,165 pounds
of salphate. The total quantity of sulphate produced and sold was
11,276,502 pounds. The total quantity of ammonia sold, reduced to
equivalent in sulphate, was 69,115,667 pounds. In 1903 the total
quantity of ammonia liquor produced and sold was 64,396,662 gal-
lons, which would be equivalent to 17,479,759 pounds of anhydrous
ammonia or 67,821,465 pounds of sulphate. The total quantity of sul-
phate of anunonia produced and sold in 1903 was 11,925^752 pounds.
The total production in 1903, reduced to equivalent in sulphate, was
79,747,217 pounds. In 1902 the value for all kinds sold was $1,377,607,
and in 1903 $1,669,715.
The returns showed that ammonia liquor is sold in several ways.
Some companies reported the production in liquor ounces, selling at a
certain price per 100 liquor ounces of a specified strength; others
reported production in gallons, sales being made at a certain price per
pound for pure ammonia (NH,); others reported the production in
gallons of ammonia liquor at so much per gallon, giving the strength
of liquor.
The strength of liquor was reported by some producers in ounces,
by ot'hers in degrees Twaddell, and by others in percentage of anhy-
drous ammonia (NH,). The figures have been reduced to a common
basis, and the strength of liquor is given in the following table in
ounces, which is the most common form. The returns are grouped in
this table according to the strength of ammonia liquor produced, and
not by States. This has been done to avoid the disclosure of the
operations of any individual producers,
M R 1903 40
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626
MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
The following tables show the production and value of ammonia-
cal liquor at gas and by-product coke works in 1902 and 1903:
Production and value of ammoniacal liquor at gas and by-produd coke irorfe of UniUd
Staler in 1902.
Quantity of
Strength of liqiior.
;
Equivalent to an-
TV>tal
value of
ammonia
liquor.
Coal used.
ammonia
liquor
made and
sold.
•
In
ounces.
hydrous ammonia
(NHa).
Equiva-
lent to sul-
phate of
ammonia
(ounces per
gallonP
Ounces
gaJlon.
Total in
pounds.
Short tons.
OaOons.
6,002
86,839
8.00
1.04
2,896
4.06
$1U
9,088
874,400
4.94
1.72
40,248
6.67
1.329
81,400
600,000
6.00
1.74
65,250
6.75
2,100
46,890
1,792,800
5.21
1.81
202,810
7.02
10,996
39,379
988,484
6.37
1.87
109,686
7.26
4,288
11,596
362,355
5.60
1.98
44,162
7.66
1,631
150,848
6,394.500
5.78
2.01
803,309
7.80
29,416
636.494
17,917,503
6.00
2.09
2.340,472
8.10
119,756
52,910
1,578,890
6.20
2.16
213, 160
8.87
6,931
11,987
819,749
7.00
2.436
48,662
9.45
1.599
283,069
8,263,801
7.48
2.60
1,342,868
10.10
48,756
81,313
857,895
7.57
2.63
141,016
10.20
4,289
42,827
186,062
8.00
2.78
32,828
10.80
2.2S2
13,104
881,257
8.50
2.96
70,692
11.47
4,975
64,093
1,977,248
9.00
3.13
386,637
12.15
16,861
76,957
1,198,525
10.00
3.48
260,679
13.50
17,629
12,006
60,766
10.10
8.61
13,830
18.63
496
78,706
1,982,169
10.80
3.76
466,877
14.58
41,326
7,392
75,430
11.00
3.827
18,042
14.85
1,320
7.240
131.442
12.00
4.17
34,257
16.17
873
104,680
1,218,639
16.00
6.67
421,238
21.60
21,206
16,000
15,254
18.00
6.26
6,968
24.30
610
11,652
134,000
20.00
6.96
68,290
27.00
6,840
2,923
24,616
38.00
13.22
20,338
51.29
585
28,686
98,860
40.00
18.92
85,999
53.99
1.533
4,896
8,000
42.00
14.61
7,805
66.69
650
19,677
36,679
48.00
16.70
38,284
64.79
2,568
13,9(V1
82,080
60.00
17.39
34,867
67.47
2,001
82,949
84,316
62.00
18.09
96,880
70.19
6,970
87,044
100,446
66.00
19.48
122,291
75.68
10,299
8,982
2,458
58.00
20.18
3,100
78.29
172
5,&i5
2,424
59.16
20.68
3,118
79.86
234
266,927
646,714
60.00
20.87
843,568
80.99
76,868
166,917
M0,4(M
62.00
21.67
728,632
83.69
72,400
26,399
64,736
62.64
21.79
74,644
84.64
8,722
139,066
416,219
64.00
22.26
579,065
86.89
60,150
18,696
24,666
66.60
22.82
85,180
88.55
8,330
200,016
227,315
67.80
23.59
886,147
91.63
86.406
12.666
1,080
68.16
23.71
1,600
91.99
133
183.826
638,363
71.00
24.70
986,644
96.84
94,021
9,863
11,663
72.00
25.06
18,087
97.19
688
24,138
40,195
80.00
27.83
69,914
107.98
4,608
212,866
648,882
90.00
30.92
1,258,950
119.97
128,415
483,146
1,087,726
100.00
34.79
2,393,026
134.99
216,863
9,771
8,486,312
23,743
61,M9,451
103.00
35.83
58,169
189.08
2,137
14,906,813
1.067,922
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GAS, COKE, ■7AB, AND AMMONIA.
627
Production and value of ammoniacal liquoT at gas and by-product coke works of United
States in 1903.
Coalcar-
Quantity of
liquor
made and
sold.
Strength of liquor.
Total
value of
ammonia
liquor.
In
ounces.
Equivalent to an-
hydrous ammonia
(NH,).
Equiva-
lent to sul-
phate of
ammonia
(ounces per
gallonp
Ounces
galUm.
Total in
pounds.
ShorttoM.
GaUoru.
14,659
1,188,588
8.00
1.04
74,006
4.06
861
13,209
412,790
8.75
1.80
83,589
6.06
1,288
144,764
12,847,210
4.00
1.89
790,474
5.40
78,846
8,542
48,245
4.5
1.57
4,784
6.07
284
38,585
817,861
5.00
1.74 '
88,888
6.76
8,474
20,255
799,123
5.126
1.78
88,902
6.92
8,154
167,329
7,218,822
5.5
1.91
861,747
7.42
81,763
55,000
1,886,000
5.81
2.02
281,795
7.84
12,890
242,960
8,121,848
6.00
2.09
1,060,917
8.10
48,454
66,458
1,810,944
6.3
2.19
247,872
8.50
6,902
134,928
4,802,000
6.7
2.88
699,291
9.04
88,896
289,742
11,165,177
6.97
2.42
1,688,788
9.41
65,875
80,484
2,441,560
8.00
2.78
425,106
10.80
14,998
86,856
967,705
8.14
2.83
171,163
10.99
5,067
' 35,569
1,244,898
9.00
8.13
243,588
12.15
10.671
48,267
601.309
10.00
8.48
130,786
13.50
6,472
13,924
67.560
11.00
8.827
16,160
14.86
886
8,759
21,700
13.00
4.52
6,130
17.56
490
3,400
26,773
14.48
5.02
8,400
19.48
588
40,477
541,115
15.5
5.89
182,288
20.92
15,494
137,408
1,410.719
16.00
6.57
491,106
21.60
23,080
19,318
88,000
18.00
6.26
34,415
24.80
1,886
3,360
4,000
29.5
10.26
2,665
89.82
180
9,769
14.768
30.00
10.44
9,686
40.50
266
74,601
396,934
82.00
11.13
276.117
48.19
23,480
2,934
5,222
35.04
12.19
8,979
47.80
251
8,446
9,689
35.52
12.86
7,485
47.95
624
15,226
355,905
36.00
12.52
278,496
48.60
6.962
6,607
5,920
36.54
12.71
4,708
49.82
188
3,006
27,301
88.00
13.22
22,657
61.29
648
' 10,197
17,866
40.00
13.92
15,543
58.99
992
9,000
56.122
41.44
14.42
50,580
55.93
3,7W
' 5.600
11,000
42.00
14.61
10,044
56.69
894
15,446
8,066
43.00
14.96
7,542
58.04
251
81,253
46,260
44.96
15.64
45,219
60.69
2,826
9,957
20,223
45.00
15.66
19,793
60.74
1,314
12,364
15,362
48.00
16.70
16,034
64.79
962
50,108
183,098
49.36
17.17
142.831
66.63
12,658
8,899
8,140
50.00
17.89
8,847
67.47
228
22,455
68,984
52.00
18.09
77,988
70.19
6»789
82,165
71,000
54.00
18.79
88,881
72.89
8,988
5,600
20,000
55.00
19.13
28,918
74.24
770
64,810
127.988
66.00
19.48
156,827
75.58
12, 112
6,083
8,777
59.2
20.60
11,801
79.91
791
249,648
766,828
60.00
20.87
1,000,227
80.99
82,006
80,000
60.126
60.64
21.10
79,291
81.86
5,154
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628
MINERAL RE8017BCES.
ProditcHon and value of ammoniacal liquor at gas and by-product coke works of VM
Stales in 190S — Continaed.
Coal car-
bonized.
Quantity of
ammonia
linuor
made and
sold.
OalUmB.
In
ounces.
Stren
Equive
hrdrou
Ounces
gallon.
gth of liquo
ilent to an-
il ammonia
Total in
pounds.
r.
Total
\-alue of
liquor.
Equiva-
lent to sul-
phate of
ammonia
(ounces per
gallonr
ShoHUms.
263,351
105,401
64.00
22.26
146,639
86.89
61,178
151, 489
376,190
66.00
22.61
531,600
87.74
47,848
134,996
515. 160
66.00
22.96
680,012
89.09
70,636
114,795
289,279
67.48
23.48
424,517
91.09
87,280
11,741
63,688
68.00
23WS6
94,178
91.79
9,418
13,093
10.363
68.16
23.71
15,857
91.99
1,280
249,326
291,665
69.52
24.19
440,795
98.84
45.727
46,806
21,356
72.00
25.05
82,180
97.19
1,666
1,864
2,220
76.00
26.44
8,669
102.59
256
22,009
80,000
80.00
27.88
52,181
107.98
4,061
87,531
286,965 ' 82.00
28.53
473,877
110.66
41,527
33,842
108,270 86.00
29.92
186,225
116.09
14.966
548,146
1,486,345 104.00
86.18
8,087,622
140.88
2S7,686
186,691
471,210 112.00
38.96
1,056,609
161.18
117,759
73,224
150,745 114.00
39.66
322,215
158.88
87,942'
4,220,319
64,896,662
17,479,759
1,277.748
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GAS, OOKE, TAB, AND AMMONIA.
629
In the following tables are shown the quantity of coal carbonized,
the quantity of ammonia liquor produced, and its equivalent in anhy-
drous anmdonia, by States, and the total quantity of ammonia produced
and sold as sulphate, in 1902 and 1903:
ProducHan of ammonia in 190S and 190S, by States.
State.
AUbuna and OeoigiA
Colonuio, Oregon, and Wash-
ington
Oonneeticat and Rhode Is-
knd
Delawaie and New Jeney .. .
DUnois
lodUna
Kentncky and Tennessee
lUine and New Hampahiie. .
Marrland and District of
Cbiombia
MafiBBchnaetts
Middcan
Minnesota and Wisconsin ... ,
Mtemri
NewYork
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Vfaslnia and West Virginia.
Total
ABMMmt of ammonia pro-
dnoedand sold as solphate,
(poonds) ,
1902.
Coal car-
bonised.
Short tons.
162,211
a64.200
67,627
111,243
71,683
49,000
112,650
22.148
48,406
758,917
126,796
M34,863
162,174
613,996
427,666
710,670
268. C06
Ammonia
Honor pro-
duced.
Qallons.
1,128,642
a 1,196, 924
1,169,227
1,286,676
179,641
192,266
2,600,691
269,802
983,323
2,181,496
2,063,926
b 313, 020
5,563,649
11,869,944
12,407,694
7,122,014
1,062,817
4,077,478 61,649,461 14,906,806
Equiva-
lent to an-
hydrous
ammonia
(NHa).
Pounds.
2,436,6M
a 209, 111
161,711
266,094
194,262
56,160
440,006
76,193
123,210
600,413
656,758
b412,038
721,942
2,484,645
1,965,882
2,778,682
1,311,716
11,276,602
1903.
Coal car-
bonized.
Short Urns.
591,239
61,801
69,282
210,693
93,899
47,478
181,635
23,499
296,027
744.944
287,229
135,564
173,384
509,370
434,672
797,166
219,481
4,887,163
Ammonia
liquor pro-
auced.
Gallons.
1,555,834
1,008,911
2,190,692
1,383,393
231,665
60,246
2,726,717
163,989
1,169,967
2,433,688
12,796,980
407,017
6,787,901
14,514,289
13,265,377
2,967,961
757,136
64,396.662
Equiva-
lent to an-
hydrous
ammonia
(NH,).
Pounds.
3,182,170
211,465
867.984
688,906
239,720
61,584
482,652
61,584
220,081
857,922
1,286,963
518,002
866,982
2,766,696
2,000.4^2
2,674,296
1,108,472
17,479,750
12,453,564
a Also includes production of California in 1902.
^ Also includes production of Iowa in 1902.
Production of amn^finia at gas and by-product coke works of the United States in 1902 and
190S.
1902.
1903.
Coal caiboniaed at works which produced and sold ammonia liquor . . net tons . .
Coal oartmniBed at works which produced sulphate of ammonia do. . . .
3,436,812
641,166
Total eoal oariwnized do.... 4,077,478
Aamonla liquor produced and sold gallons.. 51,549,451
IqulTalent to anhydrous ammonia (NHs) pounds . .
IqalTalcnt to Bolphate of ammonia do
Sulphate of ammmiia produced and sold do
Valoe received for ammonia liquor
Tahie recdred for solphate of ammonia .
Total value received.
14,906,813
57,839,165
11,276,502
4,220.319
666,844
4,887,163
64,896,662
17,479,759
67,821,405
11,925,752
$1,067,922
319,685
$1,277,743
891,972
1,877,607
1,669,716
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630
MINEBAL BEdOUBOBd.
AGGREGATE PRODUCTION Ain> VAI.UE.
In the following tables are shown in condensed form the quantity
and value of the coke, gas, tar, and ammonia produced at gas works
and retort ovens of the United States in 1902 and 1903, by States.
The aggregate value of these products in 1902 was $45,842,895, and in
1903 $47,819,565.
Production of gas and by-products in the United States in 190S, by States.
SUte.
Alabama and Qeoigia
ArkaoBas
California and Colorado
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Delaware and New Jersey
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa and Wisconsin
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana and Mississippi
Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver-
mont
Maryland and District of Columbia.
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota and Nebraska
Missouri
Montana, New Mexico, and Nevada.
New York
North Carol ina
South Carolina
North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
Ohio
Oregon and Washington
Pennsylvania ,
Tennessee
Texas
Viiginia and West Viiginia
Gas produced
and used for
illuminating
and fuel pur-
By-products.
Total.
CubicJeeL
550,211,350
74,009,000
650,953,072
1,168,304,300
1,146,861,525
1,826,793,560
761,832,320
1,385,662,769
204,470,230 I
6?2,841,241
50,025,490
345,214,450
447,274,990
4,107,824,432
1,282,048,200
607,301,433
1,570,671,600
61,M4,983
4,972,235,850
33,469,500
131,690,800
61,922,000
3,963,503,878
288,227,050
2,198,415,696
580,157,200
127,489,900
468,117,236
Tar.
Gallon*.
4,194,402
115,505
837,968
1,312,878
1,573,(M3
1,8,'V2,781
982,046
2,373,555
301,761
826,046
66,500
427,625
569,483
7,985,640
2,321,867
709,231
2,459,658
67,790
7,076,743
41,200
139,569
68,960
6,422,820
355,275
6,268,805
717,174
218,913
2,822,270
Ammonia
liquor.
GaUoM.
1,128,W2
1,177,644
1,169,227
1,285,676
179, Ml
192,206
242,794
1,889,650
259,802
983,323
2,181,495
2,063,926
70,226
5, 563, 649
11,859,944
j 12,407,594
18,280
7,122,014
711,041
29.079,073,665 I 53,099,508
1,052,817
51,549,451
Coke.
Short torn.
335,417
5,652
47,235
80,947
M,494
»4,834
00,722
105,578
16,000
46,567
4,126
19,068
37,279
575,901
148,488
41,458
121,630
8,430
406,629
2,390
9,193
8,680
389,815
28,932
•02,743
36,189
9,162
210,841
Gasmuc-
connted fw.
CtOde/aL
60,531,800
2,811,000
50,703,918
27,329,100
84,213,682
70,769,910
13,6S3,«0
83,413,431
15,891,)«D
87,2SS,73I
26,582,7}$>
65,208,210
176,563,575
40.136.200
37,564.567
164,663,910
6.595,517
218, 308, ««
6,731.4fi0
16,014,700
1,490,900
S14.5U,S72
20,36S.22S
97,895,120
7,650.100
14,925.700
38.749,757
8.878,294 ; 1,685,561.7
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GAS, COKE, TAB, AND AMMONIA. 63l
Prodtution of gas and by-products in the United States in lOOS^ by Stiites.
SUte.
Qasproduced
and used for
illumlDatiiig
and fnel pur-
poses.
By-products.
Tar.
Ammonia
liquor.
Coke.
Gas unac-
counted for.
Akbama and Georgia
ArkanaaR
Cklifomia
Colontdo, Oregon, and Washington .
Connecticut and Rhode Island. .
Delaware and New Jersey
nilnois
Indiana
lowm
Kentucky and Tennessee
Loolsiana and BCissiflEippi
Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver-
iBont
Maryland and District of Columbia
MMacbusetts
Michigan
Minnesota and Wijwonsin I
Mi»ari '
Montana, New Mexico, and Nevada
Xebruka
New York
.North Carol ina -
.Sooth Carolina
.North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
Ohio
PnniylTania
Tzxm
Virginia and West Virginia
Cubic/eet.
581,536,650
94,949,800
41,897,000
789,616,200
1,079,809,110
1,190,756,869
1,488,745,325
783,838,930
869,148.140
225,020,500
1,125,346,886
28.500,000
861,934,078
483,912,539
4,625,694,735
2,060,748,600
1,716.481,400
1,5&4,113,184
56.706,400
44,696,800
5.152,439,059
51,672,800
95,876,900
51,498,000
4,201,568,946
2,185,690.479
131,610,100
483,261,086
Galkms.
5,888,344
117,476
28,400
1,015,403
1,872,677
2,299,217
2,060,620
1,094,445
616,187
812.024
1,744,092
34,000
496,483
4,633,251
8,798,963
3,601,866
3,129,401
2,606,062
42,212
62,974
7,109,647
58,472
132,821
77,000
6,790,239
6,596,973
154,629
2,690,625
QaUont.
1,555,834
1,003,911
2,190,092
1,383,398
281,565
50,245
2,726,717
163,989
1,169,967
2,433,688
12,796,980
407,017
6.787,901
14,514,289
18,265,877
2,957,961
757, 156
Short ton*.
428,745
6,326
1,818
55,662
67,612
162,333
111,881
66,933
28,186
17,524
H289
2,208
22,942
216,883
599.320
238,172
131,906
125,338
4,586
8,307
422,342
3,329
8,711
8,088
859,108
678,866
8,756
186,268
Total 81,049,461,611 62,964,893 64,396,662 8,W1,282 2,433,%9,478
Cubicjeet.
33,910,850
3,019,100
60,775,827
67,508,490
49,462,386
136,916,143
56,046,840
46,612,960
16,144,780
164,224,446
27,621,787
7,283,821
222.241,646
74.281,900
160.189,386
264.623,686
6,018,000
5,421,700
863,907,953
5,029,200
19,643,100
10,565,200
395,878,614
146,401,221
7,789,900
94,106,394
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632
lONBBAL BBSOUBOES.
Value of gc8 and by-products produced in the United States in 190£, by States,
State.
Alabama and Geoi^rla
Arkansas
California and Colorado
Connecticnt and Rhode Is-
land
Delaware and New Jersey. . . ,
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa and Wisconsin
$674, H9
126, W7
840,059
1,856,621
1,286,895
1,555,396
783,434
1,480,647
284,173
666.879
91,278
466,087
484,218
2,789,362
1,290,398
793,442
1,534,122
99,638
5,835,131
56,940
198,812
102,766
8, 157, 174
483,394
2,191,321
591,574
214, 479
508,490
Total 29,342,881
Kentucky
Louisiana and Mississippi —
Maine, New Hampshire, and
Vermont
Maryland and District of
Columbia
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota and Nebraska
Mlawuri
Montana, New Mexico, and
Nevada
and
New York
North Carolina
South Carolina
North Dakota, Utah,
Wyoming
Ohio
Oregon and Washington
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas ,
Viiginia and West Virginia
Value of by-products.
Total value
of illumi-
nating and
fuel gas.
Ammonia
liauor
and sul-
phate of
ammouia.
Total.
Total vtloe
I of all
I prodncts.
$1,085,137 I $1,422,467
21,526
240,079 '
$2.09l,fOI
28.926 ' 166,19
290,670 j l,iaO,7»
419.062 I
409,011
480,121 I
272,690 I
560,543 I
65,851
168,368
16.306
1,775,681
l.OMsW
2,oi&,sn
l,(W,flM
2,(01,110
380, OM
734.M7
lfl7,«l
619. 02S
5.883,314
2.044.W
1,007,J77
2, 074, aw
124,362
6,914,2S8
70.850
247.90
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GAS, COKE, TAB, AND AMMONIA.
VdUu of gas and by-products produced m the United State in 190$ ^ by States.
633
state.
Total value
ofUlumi-
natiDKand
faelgas.
Value of by-producta.
Tar.
Ammonia
llouor
ana sul-
phate of
ammonia.
Coke.
Total.
Total value
of all
products.
Alabama and Georgia
Arkansas
California
Colorado, Oregon, and Waah-
infton
QHmecticut and Rhode Is-
land
Delaware and New Jersey . . .
Ullnoii
Indiana
Iowa
Kantts
Kentucky and Tenneaeee —
Looidana and MissiaBippi . . . .
Maine, New Hampshire, and
Vermont
Maryland and District of
Columbia
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota and Wisconsin
Mlswuri
Montana, New Mexico, and
Nerada
Nebraska
NcwYork
North Carolina
floRith Carolina
North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyooiing
OWo
POuuylTania
Texas
^itgiais and West Virginia .
Total
1682,442
158,440
85,406
1,059,627
1,273,965
1,288,363
1,692,141
794,489
479,164
806,601
1,125,610
42,531
607,817
521,063
3,832,877
1,715,220
1,848,463
1,493,089
98,758
65,600
5,351,987
84,434
133,320
82,041
3,201,269
2,177,948
205,949
605,708
$141,698
5,562
1,589
58,746
77,632
76,219
95,115
49,629
28,317
13,752
76,348
1,720
27,110
75,028
299,709
125,506
114,965
117,967
4,416
2.680
216,786
8,682
6,429
4,770
249,288
228,268
13,873
89,760
$264,020
6,816
12,541
58.669
20,150
13,716
26,028
2,604
109,895
341,318
121,371
31,380
43,185
146,927
96,662
254,894
120,140
$1,298,139
22,277
18,701
200,628
316,666
495,828
469.927
228,720
154,181
67,622
305,747
8,458
112,461
694,878
2,123,771
1,043,388
644,922
481,679
26,639
17,550
1,687,814
16,849
46,247
17,720
1,076,437
1,712,994
60,112
665.465
$1,698,867
27,889
20,290
266,690
406,839
680,701
685,201
287,065
177,498
81,274
407,123
10,173
142,066
879,796
2,764,798
1,290,265
691,287
592,731
30,065
20,230
1,960,977
20,681
62,676
22,490
1,422,382
2,196,166
63,485
765,365
$2,881,299
186,279
105,695
1,325,317
1,680,8(M
1,919,064
2,277,342
1,081,504
656,662
389,875
1,532,733
52.704
649,382
1,400,859
6,097,675
3,006,485
2,539,750
2,085,770
128,813
85,890
7,302,964
104,965
185,996
104,531
4,623,601
4,374,099
269,434
1,271,063
30,815,776
2,199,969
1,669,716
18,634,095
17,503,779
47,819,555
IMPORTS OF COAIi-TAR PRODUCTS.
Comparatively little progress in the manufacture of chemical prod-
ucts from coal tar has been made in this country. Although we are
prodacing over 50,000,000 gallons of coal tar annually, the principal
oseg made thereof are in the manufacture of roofing paper, the creo-
soting of lumber, and for the preparation of street-paving material,
while at the same time we are importing millions of dollars' worth
of chemicals obtained from coal tar as a raw material. The coal tar
produced in this country in 1902 was worth at first hand $1,873,966.
In the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, the coal-tar products impoi-ted
into the United States were worth, at points of shipment, $7,494,340.
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634
M;IK£BAL BE80UBCB8.
The duty paid on these imports amounted to $1,594,799, making the
total cost, exclusive of freight, other expenses, and jobbers' profits,
$9,089,139. The vdue of the coal tar produced in the calendar year
1903 was $2,199,969. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, the ^ue
of these imports was $7,690,885, duty $1,692,445; total, $9,383,330.
A conservative estimate would place the total value of tliese products
in the wholesale markets of this country at $12,000,000 in both 1902
and 1903.
The following table shows the value of the coal-tar products imported
into the United States and the duty paid thereon in each fiscal year
since 1896, inclusive:
Ooalrtar products imported into the United States during the fiscal years 1896-1904.
Fiscal year.
SalicyUcacid.
y.
Alizarine and col-
ors or dyes, nat-
ural and artificial.
Aniline salts.
Coal-tar colors or dyes,
not specially pro-
Value. Dut
Value. 1 Duty.
Value.
Duty.
Value. 1 Doty.
1896
$138,013
201,980
28,688
67,192
89,176
76,786
67,862
19,012
7,806
Free.
Free.
$6,794
18,536
24,069
22,227
21,918
7,827
8,276
$994,396
1,023,425
886,349
700,786
771,336
713,392
1,028,327
660,464
636,418
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
$662,459
812,884
1,087,704
743,130
537,812
689,535
631,467
789,568
686,184
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free,
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
$2,918,833
3,163,182
3,723,288
3,900,099
4,792,103
4,0S4,m
4,911,668
5,2S2,6U
4,908,077
$729,563
1897
790,796
1898
1,098,522
1899
1,170,090
1900
1,437,6SI
1,210,251
1901
1902
1,473,500
1903
1,575, 7S
1904
1,470,90
FlRcalyear.
Coal tar, all prepara-
tions. not colon
or dyes.
Coal-tar products,
not medicinal,
not dyes, known as
benzol, toluol, etc
TotaL
Value.
Duty.
Value,
Duty.
Value.
Duty.
1896 1
$4,713,200
5,201,471
6,068,482
6,015,910
6,868,152
6,189,669
7.494.840
7,690,885
7,146,871
$729,583
790,791
1897
1898
1899
$134,416
221.101
$26,888
44.220
$228,087
898,602
807,780
388,560
868,096
425,069
391,645
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free,
Free.
Free.
Free.
1,182,20$
1,232,781
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
274,946
342,116
496,928
544,176
522,242
54,969
68,423
99,886
108,835
104,448
1,516,681
1,300,9M
1,6M,79»
1,692.446
1,578.617
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PETROLEUM/
By F. H. Oliphant.
[The Uurrel used In this report, unless otherwise specified, is the United States standard l>arrel, con-
taining 42 Winchester gallons.]
IMPORTAJn:' FEATURES OP THE YEAR.
The following are the most conspicuous features in the production,
sale, and export of crude petroleum and its products in the United
Suites for the year 1903:
(1) Hie production was greater than that of any previous year.
(2) The great increase was due to the remarkable output in Califor-
nia, now larger than that of any other State, and to a less extent to
the increased production in Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, and LfOuisiana,
and to the large production maintained by Texas.
(3) The remarkably regular output of the Appalachian and the Lima-
Indiana fields combined has continued for many years, but the large
prodoction of late in the newer fields of the South and West has caused
a rapid shifting of the proportions or percentages of the whole output
from the older to the newer fields, where a large quantity of the infe-
rior grades of petroleum is consumed as fuel, especially in California,
Texas, and Louisiana.
(4) The general average price paid for crude petroleimi was greater
by 1407 cents per barrel than the average price for 1902. The aver-
age price paid for Pennsylvania petroleum showed an increase of 35.25
cents; and the average price in the Lima-Indiana field was about 27
cents per barrel more in 1903 than in 1902.
(5) Stocks held in tanks in both the Appalachian and the Lima-
Indiana fields were considerably decreased during the year.
(6) There was a slight decline in the quantity of all grades of petro-
leum exported during 1903, and a slight gain in the value of the same
when compared with that of 1902. There was a decided decrease in
the qoantity of the illununating petroleum exported, and a consider-
able increase in both quantity and value of the lubricating petroleum
exported during 1903 over the previous year.
•Oedit ihoald be given lor much of the statistical information as to the United Staets in this report
t> tfae Oil City Derrick, and to Mi» Belle UUl, special agent U. 8. Geological Surrey, Pittsburg, Pa.,
ioTtbe careful compilation of most of the tables. Other special acknowledgments are made in the
My of the report.
635
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J
636 3CINERAL RE8OUB0E8.
(7) The demand for home coDsumption continued to increase during
1903, the western demand being partly supplied by refineries in Texas,
Elansas, and Colorado.
INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
The total production of crude petroleum in the United States m
1903 was 100,461,337 barrels, being larger than that of any previous
year and greater than that of 1902 by 11,694,421 barrels, a gain of 13.17
per cent as compared with a gain of 27.92 per cent in 1902 over 1901.
The greatest part of the increase during 1903 was. from the State of
California, which in 1903 produced 24.27 percent, or nearly one-fourth,
of the entire production. This State in 1902 produced 15.75 per cent
of the whole production, 12.66 per cent in 1901, and only 6.79 per cent
in 1900. The increase in California in 1903 was 10,398,204 barrels,
or 74.36 per cent of the production of 1902.
Next to California the largest gain in production was in Indiana,
which was 1,705,515 barrels, or 22.80 per cent of the production of
1902. Kansas showed a remarkable gain in production of 600,465
barrels, or 181 per cent; Kentucky and Louisiana showed gains of
about 369,000 barrels each; Indian Territory gained 101,811 barrels, or
274.4 per cent; and New York gained 43,248 barrels, or 3.86 per cent
in 1903 as compared with 1902.
On the other hand there was a slight decrease of 128,086 barrels, or
0.708 per cent in Texas; and Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia,
all showed decreased production, amounting to a total of 1,856,619
barrels, or 3.98 per cent m 1903 as compared with 1902. The largest
decrease in production in 1903 was in Pennsylvania,'and amounted to
708,724 barrels.
PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION BY FIELDS.
The following table reveals the fact that in the last six years there
has been a very remarkable change in the percentage of the local pro-
duction. The Appalachian and the Lima-Indiana fields, which for
many years produced all but a very small percentage of tlie whole, in
the year 1903 produced only 55.38 per cent of the total as compared
with 93.99 per cent in 1898. The Appalachian and the Liina>Indiana
fields have continued regularly for the last ten years to produce about
55,000,000 barrels per ye^r. California has increased its production
since 1900 in the most remarkable manner, so that during 1903 it pro-
duced 127,921 more barrels of petroleum than did the States of Penn-
sylvania and West Virginia combined. Texas has also been a very
important factor in bringing about the readjustment of the percentages
of production. The production in Texas in 1903 was only slightly
less than in 1902, but the great increase in California caused Texas to
show a much less percentage of the total in 1903 than in 1902; in 19Q2»
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PETROLEUM.
637
in fact, the Texas percentage of the total production was greater than
that of California. All the other States, combined under the head of
all other fields, show an increase in 1903 of nearly 1 per cent over
1902, which in round numbers represents 1,000,000 barrels.
Penxfdages of total crude petroleum produced in the several fields, 1898- 190S,
Field.
1S98.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
i4DnlAcbiAxi
57.29
4.08
36.70
.98
.96
57.94
4.63
36.44
1.17
.82
57.06
6.79
84.20
1.81
.65
48.45
12.66
31.61
6.83
.96
86.07
15.75
26.31
20.37
1.50
81 41
Oalifbmia
24.27
lima-Indfana
23.97
TexM ,
17.87
Allother
2 48
lV)tol
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
The increased production in the States of Texas, Louisiana, and
California of large quantities of an inferior grade of petroleum, during
the years 1902 and 1903 required for its consumption new markets
and new conditions of transportation that were unknown to the older
fields, and also demanded that a large amount of capital be suddenly
invested in tanks, pipe lines, tank cars, and tank vessels. The markets
and transportation for'this new production have been secured to a
very large extent; most of the problems connected with its produc-
tion and transportation have been solved, and during 1903 its con-
samption for fuel purposes and as an enricher of manufactured gas
has been very largely increased.
A very considerable quantity of Texas petroleum has been refined
with satisfactory results, although the percentage of the yield is much
smaller than from the eastern petroleum. When the value of the
petroleum produced in the Appalachian and the Lima-Indiana fields is
considered in comparison with that of all the remaining fields, it is
found that 82 per cent of the total value comes from the 55.38 per
cent of the total production furnished by those fields, the remaining
44.62 per cent of the production receiving 18 per cent of the total
value, so that 3.8 barrels of the southern and western petroleum is
required to equal the value of 1 barrel of that produced in the Appa-
lachian and the Lima-Indiana fields.
INCREASE IN PRICE AND TOTAL VALUE.
When the total value of the production in 1903, which was $94,694,050,
is compared with $71,178,910, the value in 1902, the former shows a
gain of $23,515,140, or 33 per cent. The production of Ohio was
▼mined at $26,234,521 in 1903; West Virginia at $20,516,532; Pennsyl-
vania at $18,170,881; Indiana at $10,474,127; Texas at $7,517,479;
and California, which produced the largest number of barrels of crude
petroleum, was valued at only $7,399,349.
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638 . MIKESAL SESOUBCE8.
The average price of all the petroleum produced and marketed dur-
ing 1903 was 94.26 cents per barrel, as compared with 80.19 cents per
barrel in 1902, an increase of 14.07 cents per barrel as compared with
a decrease of 16,51 cents per barrel when the value received for the
production of 1902 is compared with that of 1901. For the last two
years the increasing quantity of cheaper petroleum produced has had
its influence in reducing the average price per barrel of the entire
production, notwithstanding that much higher prices was paid for
eastern petroleum in 1903 than in 1902.
The average price paid for Pennsylvania petroleum, which is about
95 per cent of the entire production of the Appalachian field in 1903,
was $1.59 per barrel, as compared with $1.23f , the average price paid
in 1902. This shows the remarkable gain of 36i cents per barrel in
the price paid during 1903 over that of 1902. There was also a gain
of about 27 cents per barrel in the price paid for the production in the '
Lima-Indiana field during 1903 over that of 1902. On tlie other hand,
the average price of California petroleum decreased from 34.8 cents
per barrel for the year 1902 to 30.3 cents for 1903, a decrease of 4.5
cents per barrel, the lowest price at which any petroleum was mar-
keted during 1903. The price of the Texas petroleum showed ft large
advance in the average price paid, as the production of 1903 averaged
41.87 cents per barrel as compared with 22.1 cents for that of 1902, a
gain of 19.77 cents, or 89 per cent. The highest price quoted during
the year was $7 per barrel for the lubricating petroleum produced m
Wyoming.
INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF WELLS DRILLED.
The total number of wells drilled in the United States during the
year 1903 was 18,880; of this number 4,650 were dry, leaving 14,230 as
the number of productive wells, as compared with 11,326 productive
wells in 1902. At an average cost of $1,400 per well, this total num-
ber represents an investment in 1903 of $26,402,000.
The total number of wells drilled in the Appalachian and the Lima-
Indiana fields during 1903 was 16,232. Of this number 2,889 were
dry, leaving 13,343 productive wells. The proportion of productive
wells to dry holes in these fields in 1903 was as 78^ to 21i, as compared
with 80 to 20 in 1902, and with 78 to 22 in 1901.
DECREASE IN EXPORTS.
The exports of petroleum and its products during 1903 was slightly
less than 1,000,000,000 gallons. The quantity was 936,699,145 gallons,
valued at $72,628,539, a decrease as compared with 1902 of 127,534,456
gallons in quantity, but an increase in value of $4,031,396, chiefly the
result of an increased quantity of lubricating petroleum exported in
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PETROLEUM.
639
1903 over any previous year. There was a decline in the quantity of
illuminating petroleum exported,, accompanied by a slight increase in
the value.
NEW POOLS DISCOVERED.
The only important pool discovered during 1903 was that known as
the Batson Prairie, west of Saratoga, Hardin County, Tex. There
were numerous extensions of territory in Kansas and Indian Territory,
and a vast amount of territory well inside of limits defined during
1902 was opened and tested. This field began this year to assume a
much more important position as productive and profitable territory.
The developments in Alaska have not yet sustained the predictions
made last year.
PRODUCTION AKB VAIiXJE.
PRODUCTION BY STATES AND FIELDS.
In the following table is given a statement of the total quantity and
the total value of all crude petroleum produced in the United States
in 1902 and 1903, by States and important districts:
Thtal quantity and value of crude petroleum produced in the United States and the average
price per barrel in 190^ and 190S,
1902.
1906.
State and district.
■
Qoantity.
Value.
Average
price per
barrel.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
price per
barrel.
^f fornia
BaneU.
13,984,268
396.901
200
7.480,896
} 37,100
381.749
185,881
548,617
1 757
1,119,780
H«78.617
484,683
1,000
6,526,622
32,940
292,464
141,044
188,985
1,066
1,580,862
10.848
1.22
5.00
.872
.888
.88
.76
.344
1.41
1.367
BarreU.
24,382,472
483,925
$7,399,349
431,723
to. 308
a>loimdo
.892
n^iHrfi . . ,
TMIana
9,186,411
188,911
932,214
554,286
917,771
3,000
1,162,978
10,474,127
142,402
988,220
486,083
416,228
4,660
1,849,185
1.14
lodiaii Territory
OklfthmnA T^rrif^nr .
1.025
Eaiiflis
1.06
KfntQcky
Tennfanee
.877
l.Mif«iAna ...
.4535
Mkhlgan
lOiKCiri
1.55
Kew York
1.69
Ohio:
EMtttn and nooth^kn
\Am%
5,136,366
15,877,730
135
6,471,821
14,284,072
1,466
1.26
.899
10.86
5,585,858
14,893,853
676
8,881,514
17,851,389
1,668
1.69
1.165
MeccaBelden
2.90
Total
^,014,281
20,757,859
.988
20,480,286
26,234,621
1.28
Ptaofylrania:
frankHn -
60,665
12,012,125
1.200
199,432
15,064,861
1,800
3.945
1.254
1.60
48,209
11,805,692
1,265
11,3.56,156
192,836
17,976,050
1,995
4.00
iVn nfy iTanta r.r ,■ -
1.69
BiBlthi Ferry
1.59
Total
12,063,880
15,266,093
1.265
18.170,881
1.60
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MINERAL BESOUBOB8.
ToUU guantity and value of crude petroleum produced in the United States and the avenge
price per barrel in 1902 and 190S — Continued.
1902.
1908.
State and dtatrict.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
price per
barrel.
Quantity.
Value.
Avenge
price per
barrel
Texas
Barrd».
18,068,658
8,998,097
.221
Barrdi.
17,956,572
7,517,479
.41S7
Weet Virginia:
West Virginia
18,498,685
J a 14, 660
17,006,469
88,848
1.26
2.81
12,898,079
6,816
20,499,996
16.586
L»
Petrolemn
Volcano
S.6S
Total
13,618,845
17,040,817
1.261
7.00
12,899,896
20,516,682
L59
Wyoming
6,263
48,771
8,960
62,720
7.00
Qrand total
688,766,916 71. 178.910
.8019
100,461,337
94,694,060
.»OS
JProduction of light oil in Petroleum included with West Virginia's production.
iProduction of light oil in Volcano included with West Virginia's production.
b In addition to this quantity, 76,638 barrels were produced in Kentucky, valued at $41,fi8; 481
barrels in Missouri, valued at S842; and 431,369 barrels in Texas, valued at $176,634, which were tanked
and unsold by the producing companies. The total quantity produced but not sold in 1902 wm
606,386 barrels, valued at |218,829rthe total production in 1902, marketed and unmarketed, wastberd*
fore 89,276,302 barrels, valued at |71,8&7,739.
The increase or decrease in the production by States, as well as the
percentages of increase or decrease in 1903 compared with 1902, are
shown in the following table:
ToUd production of crude petroleum and percentage of increase or decrease, by States, m
190S, as compared wUh 1902,
State.
Production.
Increase.
Decrease.
Percentage.
1902.
1908.
Increase.
Decrease.
California
Barrdi.
13,984,268
896,901
200
7,480,896
87,100
831,749
186,331
548,617
767
1,119,730
21,014,281
12,068,880
18,083,668
13,513,345
6,258
Barrt^,
24,882,472
488,926
Barrfis.
10,898,204
87,024
BarreU,
74.86
21.93
Colorado ...
Illinois
200
IOOlOO
Indiana
9,186,411
188,911
932,214
554,286
917,771
8,000
1,162,978
20,480,286
11,866,166
17,965,572
12,899,895
8,960
1,705,516
101,811
600,465
368,965
369,154
2,248
48,248
•
22.80
274.42
180.99
199.06
67.29
296.80
8.86
Indian Territory
Oklahoma Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
Tennessee
Ix>u1slana
Michigan
Missouri
New York
Ohio
683,945
708,724
128,086
618,960
2. Ml
Pennsylvania
&.835
Texas
.TOt
West Virginia
4. MS
Wyoming
2,707
40.29
Total
88,766,916
100,461,887
11,604,421
18.17
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PETBOLEUM.
641
RANK OF STATES.
The following tables show the order of production of the several
States of the United States, the quantity and value produced by each,
and their percentages of the whole in 1902 and 1903:
Rankofpetroltujn'prodticing States and Territories, with quantity produced and percentage
of each in 190S and 190S.
1902.
1908.
State.
1
Quantity.
Percent-
age.
State.
M
Quantity,
Percent-
age.
Ohio
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
BarreU.
21,014,231
18,083,658
13,984,268
13,513,345
12,063,880
7,480,896
1,119,780
548,617
396,901
331,749
185,331
87,100
6,258
757
200
28.67
20.37
15.75
15.23
13.50
8.42
1.26
.62
.45
.38
.21
.05
California
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Barrels,
24,882,472
20,480,286
17,965,572
12,899,895
11,356,156
9,186,411
1,162,978
932,214
917,771
664,286
488,926
138,911
8,960
3,000
24.27
Texas
Ohio
20.39
CWlldmla
Texas
17.87
West Virginia
West Virginia
12 84
Fconsyl vania
Pennsylvania
11.80
Tiwfi«na
Indiana
9.14
New York
New York
1.16
i^kMw
Kansas
.98
Oolomdo
XfOuisiana
.92
KftOMM
in
Kentucky
Teniunee • "
Tennessee
.65
Colorado
.48
Indian Territory
Oklahoma TeiTitory...
Wyniniing
18
15
Indian Territory
Oklahoma Territory. . .
Wyoming
Miehigan
Michigan
.16
Mteooii
Missouri
IDiDQlg
Illinois
Total
TWal V
88,766,916
100.00
100,461,337
100.00
1
The increased production in California during 1903, nearly one-
fourth of the entire output of the country, has caused it to appear at
the head of the list of producing States in the United States, passing
Ohio and Texas from third place to first. Ohio has for many years
held this distinction. Kansas has also changed places with Louisiana
hy a small margin.
When the States are arranged according to the value of the petro-
leum produced in the United States, and not, as in the first of the
preceding tables, according to quantity, there is a considerable read-
justment for the year 1903. As in the arrangement for 1902 Ohio
is first in the list and leads West Virginia by a large percentage.
Next in line after West Virginia is Pennsylvania, third, followed by
Indiana. Texas is fifth. California is sixth in the list of values,
credited with only 7.81 per cent of the total value, though it produced
24.87 per cent of the quantity. Louisiana is eleventh in the list of
vilues and ninth in the list according to quantity.
M R 1903 41
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MINEBAL BESOUBGES.
Rank of petroleum-producing States and Territories^ tmth value of production and percentage
of each, in 190t and 1903.
State.
Total.
1902.
Ohio
West Virginia...
Pennsylyania ...
Indiana
California
Texas
New York
Colorado
Kansas
Lonisiana
Kentucky
Tennessee
Wyoming
Indian Territory
Oklahoma
Michigan
Missouri
Illinois 15
:■■
.Il2
I
•|}l8
Value.
120,757,359
17,040,817
15,266,098
6,526,622
4,873,617
3,996,097
1,580,852
484,683
292,464
188,985
141.044
43,771
32,940
1,066
1,000
71,178,910
Percent-
age.
29.16
28.94
21.46
9.17
6.85
6.62
2.15
.68
.41
.26
.20
1908.
State.
.11
100.00
] Ohio 1
I West Virginia | 2
I Pennsylyania 3
Indiana 4
Texas I 5
California ! 6
NewYork ' 7
Kansas I 8
Kentucky |l
Tennessee J
Colorado , 10
Louisiana 11
Indian Territory 1
Oklahoma i j
Wyoming | 13
Michigan
MisBOuri
niinois
14
Total.
Value.
Percent-
age.
$26,234,521
20,516,582
18,170,881 !
10,474,127
7,517,479
7,399,849 |
1,849,185
968,220 1
481,723
416,228
142,402
62,720
4,660
27.70
21. 6B
19. IS
ll.OG
7.98
7.81
L95
LM
.SI
.49
.15
.«
94,694,060 KKLOO
PRODUCTION BY FIELDS AND STATES.
The production of petroleum in the principal fields of the United
States from 1898 to 1903, inclusive, was as follows:
Production of petroleum in the United StatrSy 1898-190S, by fields and States,
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Field.
1898.
31,717,425
20,321,323
2,257,207
444,888
71,980
546,070
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Appalachian
83,068,856
20,225,856
2,642,095
390,278
69,700
669,013
36,295,433
21,758,750
4,324,484
317,886
74,714
836,039
83,618,171
21,933,879
8,786,880
460,520
179, 151
4,803.658
32,018,787
23,858,626
13,984,268
396,901
381,749
18,083,658
548,617
87,100
6,253
957;
81,S58,M8
w,o«,aM
24.a82,C2
«,»
982,214
17,966,672
917,771
Lima-Indiana
California
Colorado
Kansas
Texas
Louisiana
Indian and Oklahoma
Territories
128,911
Wyoming
5,475
370
5,560
492
5,450
8,274
6,400
12,585
8,960
S.000
other
Total
a55,364,233
a 57, 070, 850
663,620,529
69,389,194
88.766,916
100.46Ua7
a In addition to this amount, 4,377 barrels of crude oil were produced in Kentucky and Temicsaec
in 1897, 19,126 barrels In 1898, and 13,578 barrels in 1899, for which, as none was sold or used, no value
could be given.
b Includes 41,405 barrels of oil sold in Kentucky and Tenneasee in 1900, but produced in preriovis
years.
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PETROLEUM.
643
This table, showing the production by fields and States in the
United States from 1898 to 1903, clearly illustrates the remarkable per-
sistency with which the older fields continue to produce. The regu-
larity of the combined production of the Appalachian and the Lima-
Indiana fields is quite marked. Taking the nearest million barrels,
the following is the result: 1898, 52 millions; 1899, 53 millions; 1900,
bS millions; 1901, 55.5 millions; 1902, 55.4 millions, and .1903, 55.6
millions. Nearly all the other fields and States show a surprisingly
continuous growth since 1896.
COMBINED VALUES OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN 1903.
Petroleum and natural gas combined rank next to pig iron and coal
in the list of values of the crude minei-al products of the United States
in 1903, as is shown in the following table:
Value of petnjieum and of natural giui produced in 190Sy their combined value and per-
centage ^ and rank of combined valne by Statea.
Penn«-T:lvania .
Ohi.»
West Virginia
Indiana
Texas
Califoniia
New York
Kaa^u."
Kentucky
Tennt-^sef
O.lorado
I/>iu>iana
Indian Tt-rritory
Oklahonaa TiTriU>r>*-
Arkan*«.s
Wyoming
Missouri
MichiEan
S<.mhI)ak<»tA
niinoi*.
Value of \ V , f I Value of pe- 1 p^-^pj,.
crudepetro-|„;^5'^f^[^ troleum and ^^^f^ Rank,
leum. "ftiurai ga.s. ^ natural gas*. ^®-
818,170,S81 ! $16,182,Ki4
20,2^1,621 4,479,aiO
20,51(1,5:32 (»,s.s2,:r>y
10,471,127 ' f.,0yM,3<Vl
7,r>17, 170 2I.:C)1
7,3W,:«9 101,521
l,M9.13r) 4"W,<;hi>
9H.H,220 l,12:i,K19
js«;,oh:^
j:ii.72:i
116, •22S
1 12, 102
834.
30,
27,
16.
35;i, 715
713,561
39S,891
572, 491
', 5:i*<. K30
■.5<);j,.s7t)
:, 312, H21
1. 112,«Mi9 I
s76,»vKi ;
Total .
1 1. 1 10
1.000 j
2, n;u
7.070
10.775 I
3,310 I
:r.. Ki:,,Hc,o i:io..vn>. no
26.32
23.53
20.99
12.70
5. 79
5.77
1.79
1.62
1 15, SlK^
.31
116.22K
.32
M:?, 102 1
.11
6:>. 1N>
1 1 . 720
. 07
10,77:)
\\:m
10
11
15
16
PRODUCTION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM IN UNITED STATES FROM
1859 TO 1903, INCLUSIVE.
In the table following will he fouiul a statomont of tlu^ production
of crude petroleum in the rnitod Stutos from the hc<,^innin<^^ of pro-
duction, marked by the drillint,'- of tlic Colonel Diake well in l,sr)l», up
to and including the production of IIMK^,, (he table being hy years and
States.
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MINERAL BE80UB0ES.
Production of crude petroleum in the United States, 18S9-190S, by yearz and by 8Uite$.
[BarrelB of 42 gallons.]
Year.
Pennsylva-
nia and
New York.
Ohio.
Wert Vir-
ginia.
CaUfomla.
Kentucky
andToi-
newee.
Golomda Indiana.
1
1869
2,000
500,000
2,113,609
8,056,690
2,611,809
2,116,109
2,497,700
3,597,700
3,347,300
3,646,117
4,215,000
5,260,745
5,206,234
6,293,194
9,893,786
10,926,946
8,787,514
8,968,906
13,136,475
15,163,462
19,686,176
26,027,631
27,876,509
30,053,600
28,128,389
23,772,209
20,776,041
25,798,000
22,856,193
16,488,668
21,487,435
28,468,208
33,009,236
28,422,377
20,314,518
19,019,990
19,144,390
20,584,421
19,262,066
15,948,464
14,374,612
14,659,127
13.831,996
18,188,610
12,518,134
1
I860
1
1861
1
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
!
1875
0200,000
31,768
29,888
88,179
29,112
88,940
88,867
39,761
47,682
90,081
661,580
1,782,970
6,022,632
10,010,868
12,471,466
16,124,666
17,740,301
16,862,921
16,249,769
16,792,154
19,645,233
23,941,169
21,560,615
18,788,708
21,142,108
22,362,730
21,648.083
21.014,231
20,480,286
03,000,000
120,000
172.000
180,000
180.000
179,000
151,000
128,000
126,000
90,000
91,000
102,000
146,000
119.448
644,113
492,678
2,406,218
3,810,086
8,446,412
8.577,624
8,120,125
10,019,770
18,090,046
13,616,101
13,910,630
16,196,675
14,177,126
13,513,846
12,899,395
0175,000
12,000
13,000
16,227
19,868
40,682
99,862
128,636
142,867
262,000
828,000
377,146
678,672
090,833
808,220
807,860
323,600
888,049
470,179
705,969-
1,206,482
1,282,777
1,908,411
2,267,207
2,642,095
4,324,484
8,786,880
13,984,268
24,882,472
1876
1877
,
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
6160,983
4,755
4,148
5,164
4,726
4,791
6,096
6,400
6,000
9,000
6,600
8,000*
1,500
1,600
1,680
822
6,668
18,280
62,289
187,269
186,831
564,286
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
76,295
297,612
316,476
368,842
666,482
824,000
604,890
615,746
438,282
361,450
384,984
444.888
890,278
817,885
460,6120
896,901
488.926
1888
1889
68,496
1890
1891
U6;,6M
1892
698,00
«,«8,aK
i«»,i«
4.680,788
4.122,«*
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
8,848^182
1900
5,757,09
1901
1902
7,4801, 8K
1903
9, 188, 411
Total
640,919,690
304,231,603
144,600,691
66,216,945
1,187,496
7.886,881
66,Qtt,eS
« Includes all production prior to 1876.
Mncludes all petroleum produced in Kentucky and Tennessee prior to 1868.
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PSTBOLEVH.
646
Producdon of crude petroleum in the United States, 1869-190S, by years and by States — Con.
j
Year. j Illinois.
1
Kansas.
Texas.
Missouri.
Indian ^„^
Louisi-
ana.
United
States.
iffie ..,'
I
2,000
500,000
2,113,609
03,056,690
1880
1«1
1
1882
1
IMS
2,611,309
2,116,109
2,497,700
3,597,700
8,347,800
8,646,117
4,216.000
18M
1
1M5
1
1866
1867
IMS
1869
1870 .■*■...
6,260,746
6,206,284
6,293,194
9,893,786
10,926,946
M2, 162, 614
9,182,669
18,350,868
16,896,868
19,914,146
26,286,123
27,661,238
30,610,880
23,449,638
24,218.488
21,868,785
28,064,841
28,283,488
27,612,026
35,163,513
45,823,572
64,292,655
50,509,657
48,431,066
49.344.516
62,892,276
c60,960,361
0 60,475,^16
c56,364,233
0 57,070,860
68,620,629
69,389,194
88,766,916
100,461,837
vsn
UJ2
1873
1874
1835
1876
1877
1838
1870
1880
U81
1882
1868.
18Bt
)m
1886
1887
18BB
1881
1.460
500
1,200
1,400
48
64
54
46
50
60
50
1,450
66,975
546,070
660,018
886,069
4,898,658
18,068,658
17,965,572
20
•278
25
10
50
8
10
48
19
10
bl82
dl,602
«2,886
<I757
«f8,000
"»
1801
900
e75
. ... . .
80
10
180
87
170
625
1862
1888 400
18,000
40,000
44,480
118,671
81,096
71,980
69,700
74,714
179,151
831,749
982,214
ISN
800
200
2,369
3,456
2,878
3,650
5,475
5,560
6,460
6,400
6,253
8,960
1866
1886
250
500
360
860
vm
1888
1881
MOO
200
6,472
10,000
/ 87, 100
/ 138, 911
UOi
250
200
noL
548,617
917,771
mo
ToUl....
6,576 |l. 959, 707
42,561,796
8.299
193,565
49,450
1,466,888
1,266.751,685
■In addition to this quantity, it is estimated that for want of a marlLet some 10.000,000 barrels ran
towMe In and prior to 1862 in the Pennsylvania fields; also a large quantity in We^t Virginia
"n Ti-p jf tt
^loehidci an production prior to 1876 in Ohio. West Virginia, and California.
•In addition to this qnantitT, 4,825 barrels of crude oil were produced in Kentuclcy and Tennessee
«UI6, 4.877 barrels in 1867, 19,125 barrels in 1896, and 13.578 barrels in 1899, for which, as none was
■Md orused, no value could be given.
^iDdbdet the production of Michigan.
^pdtodet Dnxloctkm of Michigan and small production in Oklahoma Territory.
naehMles production of Oklahoma Territory.
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646 xnTEBAt itssouBO^.
The entire production of petroleum in the United States since it
was first discovered in 1869 amounts to 1,265,751,585 barrels. If we
allow 5.6 cubic feet for the cubical contents of each barrel, the num-
ber of cubic feet would be 7,088,208,876, which would require a cube
whose sides would be 1,921 feet in each direction; or the oil would fill
a tank whose base is 1 square mile to a height of 254 feet. If we allow
3i barrels to be the equivalent of 1 ton of average coal, this number
of barrels represents 361,643,310 tons of coal. The total quantity of
all the coal produced in the United States during 1902 was 301,590,439
short tons.
Of the grand total of all the crude petroleum produced sini*e the
beginning in 1903 Pennsylvania produced 50.6 per cent, Ohio 24 per
cent. West Virginia 11.4 per cent, California 5.23 per cent, Indiana
4.34 per cent, and Texas 3.36 per cent, leaving only 1 per cent to be
supplied by the remainder of the States producing petroleum.
DECREASE IN APPALACHIAN FIELD.
This field embi'aces all the districts producing what is popularly
known as '' Pennsylvania oil." It extends from Welkville, in New
York State, on the noilheast, down through western Pennsylvania
into West Virginia, includes a large portion of southeastern Ohio,
and extends across the States of Kentucky and Tennessee into Ala-
bama. The production in Kentucky is becoming more important
each year. That of Tennessee has remained almost stationary for the
last ten years, being confined to one locality near its northern border.
Alabama has not yet produced any merchantable quantity of petroleum.
The year 1903 showed in all the States which go to make up the
Appalachian field a decrease in production of 460,879 barrels, or about
1.44 per cent, the comparatively small increase in the production in
New York, southeastern Ohio, and Kentucky and Tennessee not being
sufficient to oflfset the larger decrease in Pennsylvania and West
Virginia.
lue following table gives the production of the Appalachian States
m 1902 and 1903, with the percentage of their increase or decrease.
A part of the production in Ohio comes from another field, known as
the Lima-Indiana field, but is not included in this table.
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PETBOLEUM.
647
Production of petroleum in the Appalachian field in 190S and 1908^ by StateSj showing
increase or decrease.
SUte.
Production.
Increase.
Decrease.
Percentage.
1902.
1908.
Increase.
Decrease.
New York
Barrets,
1,119,730
12,068,880
13,613,345
6,136,501
ia5,831
32,018,7X7
Barrels.
1,162,978
11,355,166
12,899,895
5,686,438
654,286
Barrels.
43,248
Barrels.
3.86
PeQDsylrania
708,724
613,950
6.876
West Virginia
4.643
Soatbeflstem Ohio
449,932
368,955
8.76
199.08
Kentucky and Tennc^nee
Total
31,658,248
460, 539
1.439
INCREASE IN LIMA-INDIANA FIELD.
This field embraces a portion of northwestern Ohio and central
Indiana. The petroleum in this field comes from the Trenton lime-
stone and carries a small percentage of sulphur. The petroleum from
the Appalachian field is found almost entirely in sandstone, and is gen-
erally known as "white-sand oil;" it is free from sulphur, produces
a larger percentage of illuminating oil, and is more easily refined.
There was a decrease in 1902 and 1903 in the production in that por-
tion of the Lima-Indiana field lying in Ohio, which was more than
offset by the increased production in Indiana The increase in the
Indiana portion during 1903 was 1,705,515, and the decrease in that
portion of the field in Ohio was 983,877 barrels, a gain of 721,638
barrels, or 3.09 per cent.
Production of petroleum in the Lima-Indiana field in 1902 and 190S,
State.
Production.
Increase.
Decrease.
Percentage.
1902.
1908.
Barrels.
14,893,853
9,186,4U
Increase.
Decrease.
Ohio
Barrds.
15,877,730
7,480,896
Barrels.
Barrels.
983,877
6.196
ImllMia
1,705,616
22.80
Total
28,858,626
24,080,264
721,638
3.09
■
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648 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
WELLS AND STOCKS IN APPALACHIAN AND LINTA-INDIANA FIELDS.
In the tables following are shown the number of wells completed
and of dry holes in the Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields for the
years 1902 and 1903:
Number of imlU completed and of dry holes in the Appalachian and Uma-Indianafidds
in 190S and 190S, by months.
1902.
Month.
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
AuiTOSt
September.
October
November.
December .
Total
January...
February..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October ...
November.
December .
ToUl
Appalachian.
Com-
pleted.
582
455
514
679
G48
745
685
726
730
713
729
617
7,722
Dry.
169
132
168
186
161
214
166
149
194
176
209
217
2,131
Lima-Indiana. Total both fieldi.
Com-
pleted.
325
411
418
547
656
614
627
648
490
Dry.
Com-
pleted.
6,460
726
1,018
780
925
997
1.195
1,401
1,299
1,363
1,380
1,840
1,877
1,107
Dry.
14,182
2Z7
176
2oe
232
2a
295
221
214
7!i
260
273
ae
2,8K
1908.
490
139
884
513
159
432
496
• 140
498
664
169
623
715
178
710
839
227
810
781
194
766
846
216
823
814
198
720
815
223
750
824
218
733
678
163
616
8,474
2,214
7,758
675
874
945
988
1,187
1,425
1,649
1,546
1,669
1,584
1,565
1,657
1,293
16,232
17D
198
172
W7
SIO
301
254
274
222
2,8»
Of the entire number of wells drilled in both fields in 1903, 82 per
cent were productive, as compared with 80 per cent in 1902, with 78.6
per cent in 1901, and with 80.6 per cent in 1900, which indicates the
remarkable character of the general result in securing paying wells.
The total number of wells drilled and operated in these two fields dur-
ing 1903 is estimated at 133,500.
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PETBOLEUM.
649
SUicks of petroleum held by pipe lines at close of 1899, 1900, 1901, 190£, and 190S in the
Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
NitJonal Tranait Co
Soathwest PennsylTania Pipe Line Co..
Kmeka Pipe Line Co
Bock^e Pipe Line Co. (Macksburg oil ) . .
Cumberland Pipe Line Co
Southern Pipe Line Co
Crooent Pipe Line Co
New York Tiantit Co
Tidewater Pipe Co
ProdooeEBand Refiners' Oil Co
DkOUCo
Smery Pipe Line Co
United States Pipe Line Co
Other lines
7,616,626
1,560,448
1,598,060
674,583
8,174,606
1,368,892
1,401,201
591,899
896,266
78,683
756,120
294,266
140,966
597
26,102
38,148
287,872
471,599
108,808
583,060
334,808
148,769
595
20,262
26,867
800,882
5,069,782
866,477
1,466,606
476,491
128,574
391.892
126,052
330,666
345,643
189,868
628
22,470
57,271
215,072
1.456,656
606,270
1,440.810
606,492
279,493
826,448
87,822
184,804
418,604
283,154
2,093
25,483
82,196
42,497
1,087,468
706,769
1,009,472
472,150
408,378
429,647
164,177
7,604
287,782
241,987
14,128
68,847
31,616
Total stocks Appalachian field.
TMal Lima-Indiana stocks
18,461,191
10,546,927
13,475,548
14,988,928
9,635,492
17,760,306
6,741,624
17,806,426
4,864,716
15,188,687
Total both fields .
28,997,118
28,464,476
27,396,798
23,048,050
19,993,352
This table shows that the stocks of oil held by various pipe-line com-
panies in iron tanks decreased 3,054,698 barrels in 1903. The whole
Appalachian field revealed a decline in the net stocks of 886,909 bar-
rels. The stocks of the Lima oil suffered a reduction of 2,167,789
barrels. Stocks at the close of 1903 were the smallest of the last five
years. Since 1900 there has been a decrease in stocks in the eastern
and Ohio-Indiana oil regions of 8,471,124 barrels. The Appalachian
stocks have been drawn upon very heavily within the five years cov-
ered by the above table, owing to the increasing demand for the
products of the high grades of oils. In the early eighties, when the
production of the great Bradford field was at its zenith, and the Tren-
ton rock districts of Ohio and Indiana were an unknown factor in the
petroleum supply, the stock of surplus oil stored in iron tanks rose to
40,000,000 barrels.
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650
imrB&AL RBSOUBOES.
BEIiATIVE POSITION OF PETBOIiEUM-BEARIKG FORMA-
TIONS IN THE APPAIiACHIAN ANI> UMA-INDIANA
FIEIiDS.
The following table gives a close approximation to the relative posi-
tion of all the known productive rock series of the Appalachian and
the Lima-Indiana fields, referred to the Pittsburg coal.
The intervals vary greatly in different localities and are only locally
productive of petroleum and natuml gas. The general section is com-
piled from well records in the McDonald and the Bradfoixi fields of
western Pennsylvania and records of wells in western New York, and
represents the consecutive arrangement and relative position of the
strata. The composition of the individual strata which produce petro-
leum varies from rather fine-grained sand to a pebble conglomerate sand,
more or less coarse, of the Carboniferous and the Devonian periods,
and to the sandy and crystalline limestones of the Silurian period. In
southeastern Ohio there is one sandstone known to be productive of
petroleum that is 100 feet above the Pittsburg coal, and is known as
the Goose Run sand.
PetroUum-producing horizons.
Geological equivalent.
Conemaugh or Barren
measures XIV.
Allegheny or lower
productive XIII.
Pottsville XII .
Mauch Chunk XI .
Petroleum-producing horizons.
Locality where productive.
Pittsburg coal capping.
Connellsville sand . . . . .
Morgantown sand
Crinoidal limestone
" Hurry-up sand "
Mahoning Dunkard or flist
Cow Run sand.
Second Dunkard sand
Lower Freeport or second Cow
Run sand.
Ferriferous limestone
fTionesta, Homewood, or John-
son Run sand.
UpperConoquenessing orupper
salt sand.
Lower Conoquenessing or mid-
dle salt sand.
Lower salt sand Olean or
Sharon conglomerate or
Maxon sand.
(Mountain limestone
Keener sand and sandy lime-
stone.
Not productive ,
West Virginia
.....do ,
Not productive
Southwestern Pennsylvania
and West Virginia.
.do.
Southwestern Pennsylvania,
southeastern Ohio, and West
Vliginia.
do
Not productive
Southwestern Pennsylvania,
southeastern Ohio.Kentucky,
eastern Kentucky, and West
Viiginia.
do
.do.
Southwestern Pennsylvania,
southeastern Ohio. West Vir-
ginia, Kansas, and Indian
Territory.
Not productive
Southeastern Ohio and West
Virginia.
Approxi-
mate depUi
below Pitts-
bnigcoaL
900
325
485
585
G90
990
900
1.05O
1,130
I.22&
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Peiroleum-producing horizons — Continued.
651
Cieolo^cal equivalent.
P<««i>noX.
Petroleum-producing horizons.
/Big Injun or 8ub-OIean sand..
-1^
Upper Devonian VIII
Lower Devonian VIII.
Silurian .
Squaw sand
(Tpper gas sand
Berea or Butler County
sand.
Devonian or Ohio shales ..
First or Qantz sand (100-foot
sand upper portion).
Red Valley sand or 50- foot sand .
( 100-foot sand lower portion. )
Second or 30-foot sand
Gray, Stray, or Bowlder sand . .
Locality where productive.
Southwestern Pennsylvania,
southeastern Ohio, West Vir-
ginia, and eastern Kentucky.
do
Southwestern Pennsylvania ..
Southwestern Pennsylvania,
southeastern Ohio. \Vest Vir-
ginia, and Kentucky.
Not productive; produces gas.,
Western Pennsylvania, wmth-
westem Ohio, and West Vir-
ginia.
Western Pennsylvania and
West Virginia.
....do
do
Approxi-
mate depth
below Pitts-
burg coal.
Ffd.
1,465
1,535
I
Third or Gordon sand > Western Pennsylvania, south-
eastern Ohio, and West Vir-
ginia.
Stray third sand I Western Pennsylvania and
I West Virginia.
Fourth sand Southwestern Pennsylvania
and West Virginia.
Fifth sand ' do
Bayard sand 'l Northern We«t Virginia and
Elizabeth or sixth sand j southwestern Pennsylvania.
Warren first sand ! Northwestern PennMyl vania . . .
Warren second sand do
.Clarendon or Tiona sand do
Speechley sand do
Balltown, Cherrj- Grove, or Northeastern Pennsylvania
Garfield sand. ' and westeni New York.
Sheffield or Gusher City sand do
Deer Lick sand do
Bnulford sand do
Elk sand or Waugh and Porter do :
sand.
Kane sand do
Comlferous limestone Northeastern and central Ohio.
western New York, and
Ontario, Canada.
Clinton limestone Central Ohio and Kentucky ...
rmlovifJHn Trenton limestone Northwestern Ohio. Indiana.
I and Keutiieky.
Cambrian Sands and .shales Northwestern Newfoundland..
l,Hr)0
1,885
2,010
2,070
2,130
2,145
2,200
2,200
2,420
2, 590
2.700
2,.sl5
2,905
.^, 020
a, loO
3,:i50
3.420
3. 4(R)
3.r.70
3, .H(K)
5,(;25
Ci.ooO
<H. Too
9, SiO
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652
MINEBAL BESOUB0E8.
EXPORTS.
The following tables are the official statement by the Bureau of Sta-
tistics of the quantity and value of petroleum and its products (mineral
oils) exported from ports and districts in the United States for the
year ending December 31, 1903, as compared with the preceding year:
Exports of mineral oiUfrom the Umied States in 190^ cmd 1903.
Port and kind.
1902.
ISO.
CRUDE.
Boston and Charlestown
QaUoM.
Value.
OaUUms.
5,000
94,260,271
6,542
15,414,523
12,298,857
4,526,994
1
VaJke.
Delaware
98,306,742
499,616
26,837,777
18,480,863
1,150,235
$4,768,012
28,898
1,382,816
109,826
41,959
6,280,778
New York
406
Philadelphia
9»,67&
Qalyeston
90,410
other districts
250,187
Total
145,238,728
6,831,011
126,511,687
6,782,136
NAPHTHA.
Baltimore
1,800
680
88,547
7,428,541
4,206,068
sa
Boston and Charlestown
104
Delaware
S,OBS
New York
10,508,990
7,152.106
297,174
1,684,367
945,247
290,458
4,275
152,791
944.431
Philadelphia
425.57)
Galveston
other districts
1,808,567
144,910
Total
19.682,637
1.892,771
12,978,158
1,518,541
ILLUMINATING.
Baltimore
40,426,380
594,182
6,000
450,968,722
262,096,870
2,824,883
12,888,991
2,812,779
57,329
519
30,522,742
14,619,604
81,778
984,804
84,885,961
670,106
180,927
861,687,183
270,212,278
4,711.964
19,688,796
2,406,465
Boston and Charlestown
80.0n
Delaware
ll.«iO
New York
29,066,370
Philadelphia
18,066,256
Galveston
143,169
Other district*^
1,480,391
Total
778,800,978
49,079,056
691,837,234
51,356,661
LUBRICATING AND PARAFFIN.
Baltimore
1,148,772
127,727
54,028,524
24,633,066
185,297
22,454
8,128,684
2,170,108
2,814,770
104,635
66,429,994
24,633,928
80,563
2,106,061
297,216
Boston and Charlestown
18.621
New York
9,561,421
2,436,513
Philadelphia
Galveston
8,565
other districts
2,267,394
415,761
372,710
Total
82,200,508
10,872,154
96, 621, 941
12.690,065
RBSIDUUM.
Boston and Charlestown
11,550
9,013,116
23,865,428
5.114,465
311,201
1,018
241,757
619,527
46,270
13.580
27,090
2,452,128
2,497,320
3.859,425
917.277
1,562
New York
71.885
Philadelphia
69,988
Galveston
lli,472
other districts
S&.22S
Total
88,315,760
922,152
9,758,240
282.129
Grand total
1,064,283,601
68,697,148
986,697.265
72,638,60
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PETROLEUM,
653
Exports of mineral oils from the UniUd States in 190^ and iW;?— Continued.
RECAPITULATION BY KINDS.
Port and kind.
Cnide petroleum
Kaphtha
mmnjlnating oil
Lubricating oil and paraffin .
Bestduum
1902.
0€Ulon8.
146,283,728
19,682,687
778,800,978
82,200,503
88,815,760
Total 1,064,288,601 68,697,143 986,697,255 72,628,589
I
Value.
$6, 831, on
1,892.771
49,079,055
10,872,154
922,152
1906.
Oallons.
126,511,687
12,973,163
691,837,284
95,621,941
9,763,240
Value.
$6,782,150
1,518,541
51.356,668
12,690,051
282,129
RECAPITULATION BY PORTS.
Baltimore
Bofton and Charlestown .
Delaware
NcwYork
Philadelphia
OalT««toa
Other distzicts
41,570,152
738,409
96,812,742
584,108,968
844,686,267
26,666,876
18,261,188
Grand total I 1,064,238,601
12,948,076
80,801
4,768,631
89,867,178
19,082,618
241,649
1,608,895
68,697,143
37,202.561
807,461
94,424,745
437,999,388
316,968,117
20,900,809
28,899,681
936,697,256
12,763,072
100,807
6,296,8U
39,694,513
21,970,005
620,626
2,288,706
72,628,539
Exports of mineral oils from the United States, 1887-1903.
[Gallons.]
Tear.
Cmde.
Naphtha.
ting.
Labrlca-
tingand
Redd num.
Total.
paraffin.
Quantity.
Value.
I«7
80,648,889
12,844,669
464,702.903
20,840,820
2,989,098
581,021,329
645,231,988
vm
77.8OT.799
13,466,234
460,801.688
24,280,826
1,861,104
567,797,646
47,563,749
1889
84,144.196
13,968,965
648,496,241
27,754,289
1,837,7M
676,191,455
62,792,478
m
95,868,526
12,406.586
547,642.569
31,896,146
1,828,900
689,042,726
51,657,802
WW
M. 926. 424
11,898.085
626,972,018
88,068,716
932,692
667,297,935
45,351,957
vm
104,012.829
16,851,840
686,406,366
88,806,128
329,574
740,905,237
42,283,168
]B»
114.609,843
114,268,611
16.249,889
14,881,967
706,674,917
726,726,687
84,762,754
88,975.128
460,614
50, 766
871,757,017
894,862,159
41,117,814
40,463.088
WM
UK
115,954,128
12,767,940
677,600,647
46.769.566
143,850
853,126,130
56,228,425
UM
117.«21.276
13,420,769
749.806,844
60,629,143
507.990
931,785,022
62,764,278
Wl
121,488,726
18,430,820
796,919,626
61,228,284
12.230,902
994,297,757
59,057,547
vm
U4, 915, 082
17,026.626
761,162,107
63,968,841
29,418,454
986,480,610
52,551,018
\m
U7, 688, 967
17,904,015
724.562,993
69,329,188
21,544,278
961.024,441
W, 982, 249
MOO
138,161,178
18,670,488
730,168,464
71,211,853
19,749.996
966,856,474
74,498,707
WW
127,008,002
21,684,784
827,479,493
75,305,938
27,596.352
1.079,074,519
72,784,912
WB.
145,288,728
19,682.687
778,800,978
82,200.503
88,315.760
1,064,283,601
68,597,148
m
126.511.687
12.978,158
601,837,234
96.621,941
9,763,240
936,697,255
72.628,539
This table indicates the remarkable steady trade iii our exportation
of cmde petroleum and its products over a series of years, although
the exportation for 1903 shows a considerable falling oflf in the quan-
tity of crude, naphtha, illuminating, and residuum exported. The
qtiaotity of lubricating petroleum exported, on the other hand, shows
ft large increase. The value of the entire quantity exported shows
u increiiBe, as compared with 1902, of about $4,000,000.
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654
MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
The following table gives the quantity in gallons and the value for
each month during the last four years:
Exports of mineral oil from the Uniied Stales in years 1900-1903, by monihs.
Month.
Month.
January . . .
February..
March
April
May
June
July
August —
September.
October
November .
December .
Total
1900.
GaUom.
76,001,193
65,181,888
76,950,707
09,066,431
84,896,969
79,842,430
90,902,917
104,017,828
89,689,062
96,191,183
76,464,644
79,672,332
986,866,474
96,426,014
6,619,021
6,609,706
6,130,458
6.867,580
6,872,630
6,286,090
7,893,490
6,617,837
6,278,457
6,264,662
6,237,863
1901.
OaUom.
86,664,198
65,538,129
76,197,239
87,932,625
98,677,736
86,166.212
99,416,209
93,502,384
102,177,175
91,267,756
95,652,943
97,892,918
74,493,707 1,079,074,519
1902.
1908.
95.819,966
4,589,727
5,417,065
6, 251, 802
6,676.904
6,588,9»
6.S73.491
6,S^38&
6.738,977
6.464,606
6,296,115
6,49k. 80
72,784.912
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
November .
December .
Total
OalUnu.
95,043,650
96,064.804
66,481,793
4,390,794
88,488,621
5,512,550
88,970,138
6,775,468
90,324,733
6,048,791
96,997.150
5,869,983
86,633,444
5,662,837
89,858,637
6,563,917
82,268,037
4,953,792
100,990.406
6,557,263
83,564,869
5,485,884
94.632,123
6,7U,051
1,064,233,601
68,597,143
Gallons.
59,728,465
70,957,450
63,709,151
78,776,378
78,194,996
74,650,897
87,005,600
80,412,826
87,985,631
84,676,226
82,716,509
87,926,627
986,697,255
94,640,9RO
5,128.7S8
4,822,125
6, 157, CBS
5.967.375
6,582,486
6.336,296
5,9tf,M7
6,574.S3S
7,082, »4
6,756.802
7,640. 6)«
72,62ft,5»
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PETROLEUM.
655
The following table exhibits the total production of crude petroleum
in 1903, in barrels and in gallons, also the separate derivatives exported
and their value, together with their sum and value. This amount
represents approximately 45 per cent of the total refined product that
was obtained from the crude petroleum in the United States:
Quantity of crude petroleum produced iriy and quaniUiea and values of petroleum products
exported from, the United States during each of the calendar years from 1871 to 190S,
indume.
Tear ending De-
cember Si-
Production.
Barrels (of 42
gallons).
Gallons.
Exports.
Mineral, cmde (includ-
ing all natural oils,
without regard to grav-
ity).
Mineral , refined or manu-
factured.
Naphtha, benzine, gaso-
line, etc.
1871.,
1872.,
18^..
1874..
1875..
»»..
MGf?..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
I88S..
1884..
1885..
188S..
1887..
1888..
1888..
18»..
1801..
ue..
ia»a.
18Ma.
188Sa.
18WO.
1807..
1898..
1889..
UQO«
1901.
1902.
5,206,284
6,298,104
0,883,786
10,926,945
12,162,514
9,182,669
13,850,868
15,886,868
19,914,146
26,286,128
27,661,238
80,510,830
23,449,638
24,218,438
21,868,7%
28.064,841
28,283,488
27,612,025
85,163,518
46,822,672
54.291,960
50,509,136
48,412,666
49,344,516
62,892,276
660,960,861
fr 60, 475, 516
fr55, 864,288
l» 57,070, 850
63,620,529
69,389,194
488,766.916
100,461,387
21B,619,828
264,314,148
415,539,012
458,931,690
510,825,588
383,572,096
560,715,246
646,668,456
886,894,132
1,104,017,166
1,161,771,996
1,281,454,860
984,884,586
1,017,174,896
918,068,970
1,178,723,822
1,187,906,286
1,159,705,060
1,476,867,546
1,024,552,224
2,280,263,160
2,121,383,712
2,083,881,972
2,072,469,672
2,221,475,502
2,660,335,162
2,589,971,672
2,825,297,786
2,396,975,700
2.672,062,218
2,914,846,148
8,728,210,472
4,219,376,154
OaUotu.
11,278,589
16,363,975
19,643,740
14,430,851
16,536,800
25,343,271
28,773,233
24,049,604
28,601,650
36,748,116
40,430,106
45,011,154
69,018,637
79,679,396
81,435,609
76,346,480
80,650,286
77,549,462
85,189,658
96,572,625
96,722,807
104,897,107
111,703,608
121,926,349
111,286,264
110,923,620
121,488,726
114,916,082
117,683,967
138,161,178
127,008,002
146,283,723
126,511,687
$2,171,706
2,761,094
2,665,171
1,428,494
1,738,689
8,343,768
3,267,309
2,169,790
2,069,468
2,772,400
3,089,297
8,373,802
4,439,097
6,102,810
6,040,685
6,068,409
5,141,833
5,464,706
6.134,002
6,636,499
5,366,579
4,696,191
4,667,891
4,416.915
6,161,710
6,121,886
5,020,968
4,764,111
5,967,829
7,340,749
6,037,644
6,831,011
6,782,136
Gallons.
8,896,906
8,688,257
10,250,497
10,616,644
14,048,726
18,252,751
19,665,909
13,431,782
19,524,582
15,116,131
20,655,116
16,969,839
17,365,314
13,676,421
14,789,469
14,474,951
12,882,213
13,481,706
13,984,407
12,462,636
11,424,993
16,893,284
17,304,005
16,566,754
14,801,224
12,849,819
18,430,320
17,026,626
17,904,015
18,670,488
21,684,734
19,682,637
12,973,168
$895,910
1,307,068
1.266,962
997,366
1,392,192
1,602,498
1,938,672
1,077,402
1,867,996
1,344,529
1,981,197
1,804,041
1,196,035
1,132,628
1,160,999
1,264,736
1,049,043
1,083,429
1,208,116
1,060,613
868,187
1,037,658
1,074,710
943,970
910,988
1,059,642
994,781
1,053,231
1,667,607
1,681,201
1,741,547
1,892,771
1,518,541
• Exports are for fiscal years from 1893 to 1896, incluslTe.
^In addition to this quantity, 4,325 barrels of crude oil were produced in Kentucky and Tennessee
in IflN, 4,377 barrels in 1887. 19,125 barrels in 1898, and 18,678 barrels in 1899, for which, as none was
■old or used, no value could be given.
• Includes 41,406 barrels of oil sold in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1900, but produced in previous
yuuL
4 In •ddWoQ to this quantity, 606,886 barrels were produced* but not marketed.
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656
MINERAL BESOUBCES.
QuantUy of crude petroleum prodttced iUf cmd quantities and values of petroleum prodiuit
exported from, the United States, etc — CQiitinaed.
Year ending December 81—
Exports.
Mineral, refined or manufactured.
TllnTnlnatlng.
Lnbricating (heary ptnl-
fin, etc).
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1876.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.,
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1886.
1886.
1887.
1888.,
1889.
1890..
1891..
1892..
1893«
1894 a
1895 a
1896 a
1897.
1898.,
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
OaUoM.
182,178,848
118,269,882
207,606,968
206,662,977
208,678,748
220,831.606
807,878,842
806,212,606
866,697,467
286.181,667
444,666,616
428,424,681
440,160,660
488,861,276
446,880,618
485,120,680
485,242,107
456,045,784
661,769,666
560,873,488
681,446,099
689,418,186
642,289.816
780,868,626
714, 859, H'
716,465,665
796,919,526
761,162,107
724,662,998
789,163,464
827,479,493
778,800,978
691,887,284
138,496,861
29,456,468
41,867,686
80,168,747
28,168,672
44,089,066
61,866,206
86,856,798
82,811,766
29.047,908
42,122,688
87,686,961
89,470,882
89,460,794
39,476,062
89,012,922
87,007,838
87,286.111
41,216.192
39,826,066
84,879,769
81,826,646
31,719,404
80,676,217
84,706,M4
48,680,920
46,229,579
38,642,062
48,466,200
64,692,872
68,490,713
49,079,066
61,866,668
Oattons.
240,228
488,426
1,602,508
998,068
988,0612
1,167.929
1,914,129
2,526,545
8.168,561
6,007,009
6,068.862
8,821,686
10,108.394
11,986,219
12,978,965
18.948,367
20,582.613
24,610.437
27,903,267
82,090,687
88,810.264
84,026,866
82.432,857
40,190.677
48.418,942
50.625.680
61,228.284
63,968.841
69,329,188
71,211,353
76,806,988
82,200.603
96.621,941
ltt.4K
in.4S
517,40
m,m
266,07
f70,4n
577.610
«8,ia
7U,an
1.141.82&
i.i«.6a6
2.084.4S7
2.191,^
2.44S,»
2,669;S»
2,689, 4M
8.5»,»
4.n5.4«
4.6W.W
4, 786. SO
4, 991, SOS
6,1»,«»
4,7«,8K
6,449.«0I
6^867,177
6,566,77^
6,478,4»
7,8a6.(IU
8.844,»
9,98S.6«
10,260.136
10.872.154
12.690.6a
a Exports are for fiscal years from 1893 to 1896, indosiTe.
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PETBOLEUM.
657
Quandtif of crude petroleum produced in, and qucmtUies and values of petroleum products
exported fromj the United States, etc. — Continued.
Year ending December 81—
Exports.
Reddaom (tar, pitch, and
all other, from wnich
the light bodies have
been SsUIled).
Total.
1871.
1872.
1878.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1888.
1»4.
1885.
1888.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1882.
18884
18Ma
1886a
1896a
1W7.,
1^98.
1890.
1900.
1901.
1902.
OaUons.
101,062
568,218
1,377,180
2,50i.628
2,328,986
2,868,896
4,266,112
8,126,816
4,827,522
8,177,680
8,756,018
4,26C,3&2
6,502,524
5,803,298
6,718,908
1,993,824
2,989,098
1,870,596
1,868,458
1,830.612
1,002,414
403,032
541,044
211,008
187,508
204,960
12,230,902
29,418,454
21,644,278
19,749,996
27,696,852
38,315,760
9,753,240
$10,450
56,618
117,595
177,794
169,671
239.461
890,077
220,835
278,050
198,988
. 197,821
275,263
465,350
327,699
334,767
109,673
141,350
116,009
97,265
91,905
61,382
38,220
41,661
14,704
18,063
14,330
333,740
806,670
655,878
845,337
1,254,983
922,152
282,129
QaUoM.
152,195,617
144,818,707
240,369,906
235,108.168
237,526,312
263,449,455
361,883,225
349,846,258
421,719,782
346,779,448
514,561,719
503,492,462
533,145,429
544,495,608
660,784,459
591,884,302
601,846,817
572,457,975
680,705,456
693,829,-848
673,906,577
744,638,468
804,221,230
908,252,814
884,502,082
890,458,994
994,297,757
966,480,610
951,024,441
986,856,474
1,079,074,519
1,064,283,601
936,697,255
836,663,825
33,761,685
45,924,880
83,042,276
81,734,861
49,545,219
57,539,878
41,022,007
37,235,467
34,505,645
48,566,108
44,623,074
47,768,079
49,467,116
49,671,743
48,145,204
46,896,842
48,ia%703
53,298,299
52,270,953
46,174,835
42,729,167
42,142,058
41,499,806
46,660,062
62,388,403
69,057,547
52,551,048
64,982,249
74,493,707
72,784,912
68,597,148
72,628,589
a Exports are for fiscal years from 1898 to 1896, indusiTe.
U B 1908 42
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658
MINEBAL BBSOUBOES.
Production of petroleum in the Appalachian oil field, 1889-1903, by Slater.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Year.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892
1898.
1894
1895
1896.
1897.
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Fennsylyania
and
New York.
West Virginia.
Southeastern
Ohio.
Kentucky and
Tennessee.
Total.
21.487,435
644,118
818, zn
6,400
22,J56,2»
28,458,208
492,678
1,116.521
6,000
SO,07S.»7
33,009,286
2,406,218
424,828
9,000
35,848,777
28,422,377
3,810,066
1,198,414
6,500
38,482,877
20,814,618
8.445,412
2,602,965
3,000
Sl,365,8»
19,019,990
8,577,624
3,184,810
1,500
80,788,IM
19,144,890
8.120,125
3,694,624
1,500
30,980,659
20,584,421
10,019,770
3,866,031
1,680
S3,971,«e
19,262,066
13,090,046
2.877,838
S32
85,280, 2n
15,948,464
13,616,101
2,148,292
5,568
51,717.4»
14,874,512
18,910,630
4,764,984
18,280
33,068.88s
14,569,127
16,196,675
6,478,372
62,259
«6.296,4»
18,881,996
14,177,126
5,471,790
187,269
38,618,171
18,183,610
18,513,846
6,186,501
186,381
32,018,787
12,618,184
12,899.896
5,686,488
654,286
81,566.S«
PRODUCTION OF APPALACHIAN FIELD, BY MONTHS AND TEAB8.
In the following table is given the production of crude petroleum
in the Appalachian oil field from 1897 to 1903, by months:
Production of crude petroleum in the Appalachian oilfield, 1897-190S, by months and yean,
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Month.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902. 1 1908.
Jannary
2,754,788
2,663,433
2,935,595
2,809,175
2,902,698
2,990,616
8,086,861
8,115,402
8,085,848
8,078,088
2,983,642
2.926.325
2,816,744
2,466,179
2,864,640
2,689,468
2,714,522
2,595,599
2,573,112
2,668,438
2,579,174
2,581.690
2,527,950
2,639,914
2,492,679
2,285,466
2,736,784
2,642,830
2,825,254
2,796,098
2,846,149
8,001,267
2.839,963
2,920,530
2,863,429
2,818,887
2,918,175
2,506,900
8,004,813
2.960,469
8,148,944
8,068,693
8,100,819
3,198,715
8,002,998
3,245,506
8,009,508
3,061,398
8,008,285
2,567,288
2,916,677
2,862,818
2,968,001
2,751,409
2,921,620
2,941,578
2,644.108
2,814,972
2,590.781
2,640,744
2,614,846 : 2.72fiL6M
February
March
2,258,491
2,629,104
2,664,668
2,750,717
2,598,349
2.826,898
2,728,828
2,769,060
2,860,506
2,609,468
2,706,871
2.883.281
2.750,807
April
2.691,411
Mav
2,681,56S
June
2.781,728
2,756,108
July
August
2,628,7»
September
October
2,631618
2.664,4s
November
December
2,874,878
2,554,468
Total
36,280,271
31,717,426
88,068,856
86,296,488
88,618,171
82,018,787
31.566,918
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PETBOLEUM.
659
AYEBAGE DAIXT PEODUCTION OF APPALACHIAN FIELD, 1897-1903, BY
MONTHS AND TEAB8.
In the following table is given the average daily production in the
Appalachian oil field from 1897 to 1908, by months and years:
#
Average daily production of crude petroleum in the Appalachian oil field each months
2897-190S, by months and years.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Month.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Juioary
88,864
96,123
94,696
98,689
98,632
99,684
97,915
100,497
101,178
99.293
99,455
94,896
90,863
88,076
92,407
89,648
87,565
86,519
88,003
86,079
85,972
83,280
84,264
85,158
80,422
81,618
88,283
88.092
91,187
98,202
.91,779
96,815
94,664
H210
96,446
90,982
94,185
92,711
96,929
98,349
101,579
102,290
100,010
108,184
100,100
104,694
100, 817
98,432
96,880
91,689
94,066
95,427
95,681
91,714
94,243
94,890
88,187
90,806
86,859
85,185
84.350
80.482
84,810
88,822
89,023
86,612
91,142
88,027
92.302
92,274
86,982
87,270
87,956
Febniary
Marcb
84,046
89,026
Apifl
89,714
May
86,503
Jane
91,057
Joly
88,978
Aqgost
84,797
8€ptenibcr
October
87,784
85,949
November
December
79,146
82,402
96,621
86,897
90,598
99,440
92,105
87,723
86,461
Average monthly prices of Appalachian crude petroleum in 190S and 190S.
[Per barrel of 42 gallons.]
Month.
1902.
Tiona.
Pennsyl-
vania.
Coming.
Newcas-
tle.
1903.
Tiona.
Pennsyl-
vania.
JtBoaiy
Fehraary
March
AprU
M«T
imie
July
Aqgort
September....
October
November
■iber
Avenge
^.30
n:i5
1.30
1.15
1.30
1.15
1.82}
1.174
1.35
1.20
1.851
1.201
1.87
1.22
1.87
1.22
1.37
1.22
1.48i
1.284
1.68*
1.884
1.64
1.49
10.98
.98
.96
1.004
1.08
l.OSf
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.U4
1.214
1.294
10.90
.90
.90
.924
.95
.961
.97
.97
.97
1.034
1.184
1.881
1.881
1.28}
1.064
.994
•1.674
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.664
1.65
1.674
1.71
1.724
1.884
1.981
2.081
1.74
$1,524
1.50
1.50
1.61
1.614
1.50
1.524
1.66
1.674
1.684
1.781
1.88f
1.69
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660 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
PETBOLEVM AND flA8 PBODUCIKe BOCKS OF OHIO.
The following arrangement of the petroleum and natural gas-bearing
rocks of Ohio is taken from the report of the geological survey of
Ohio for 1903, compiled by Prof. John Adams Bownocker. These
rocks have great range stratigraphically . The Trenton limestone is the
lowest and the Monongahela formation, or the Up^r Productive Coal
Measures, the highest. Between these extremes a large number of
formations exist which produce oil or gas in commercial quantities.
These rocks differ greatly in their chemical and physical properties.
( Petroleum and gas bearing formations in OJdo,^
Qooee Run sand.
Mitchell sand.
First Cow Run sand.
Macksburgr 500-foot sand.
Seoond Cow Run sand.
Carboniferous.
Coal measures.
PottHvllle conglomerate./^*'* mnd.
(Maxi
Lower Carboniferous
iMaxton aand.
Maxville limestone Mountain lime.
I Keener sand.
Logan group •{ Big Injun sand.
Bereagrit.
Devonian Ohio shales.
Silurian fLower Helderberg sand.
IClinton sand.
Ordovician Trenton limestone.
INDIANA.
This State made, under the stimulation of the high prices paid,
remarkable gains in the production of crude petroleum during 1903.
No new pools were opened, except that in the latter part of the year
a small pool of dark, heavy petroleum was partly developed near
Princeton, in Gibson County, near the southeastern comer of the
State. Nearly ail of the increased production was secured by wells
inside of defined limits, and in sections where the natural-gas pressure
had decreased until it was of no great importance and the gas jxwk
had in some instances been developed into petroleum-producing areas.
It is a field of easy access, being abudantly supplied with pipe lines
and other facilities for producing petroleum profitably.
Indiana produced in 1903 the unprecedented output of 9,186,411
barrels, nearly all from the Trenton limestone, valued at $10,474,197,
an increase in quantity of 1,705,515 barrels, or 22.8 per cent, and in
value of $3,947,505, or 60.5 per cent, as compared with 1902. The
price per barrel rose from $0,872 in 1902 to $1.14 in 1903, a gain of
26.8 cents per barrel. This State produced 9.14 per cent of the total
output of the United States in 1903, and 11.06 per cent of the total
value, the value of the Indiana output being more than 3 per cent
greater than the value of the product of either Texaisf or CWifbmia,
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PETROLEUM. 661
The total number of wells drilled in 1903 was 3,693, of which num-
ber only 380 were dry holes and 3,313 were productive wells, the dry
wells representing only 10.3 per cent in 1903, as compared with 15 per
cent in 1902 and with 16 per cent in 1901. The average initial produc-
tion of new wells per month in 1903 was 4,260 barrels, as compared
with 3,772 barrels in 1902.
The increased production was well maintained throughout the State,
and in numerous instances new pay streaks were found deeper in the
Trenton limestone. One of the serious drawbacks connected with the
operation of wells in this State is the immense quantity of salt water
that it is necessary to pump to secure and maintain the production. In
some localities 20 barrels of salt water are pumped for one barrel of
petroleum produced. The economical and efficient natural-gas engine
enables this great expenditure of power to be applied at a reasonable
expense.
Outside of the well-developed areas of the Trenton limestone there
are a few smaller pools in the State which have produced some petro-
leum, but nothing to compare in quantity to the original field. There
are small producing areas in Jasper, Vigo, and Dubois counties in
which the Corniferous limestone is productive. In Gibson County
several small wells were developed during the latter portion of the
jear near Princeton which gave a production of from 5 to 15 barrels
of heavy, dark petroleum from a formation corresponding to the lower
Salt sand or Maxon sand of West Virginia, but known as the Mans-
field sand in Indiana, and resting upon the Subcarboniferous limestone.
All the well sections in this portion of southern Indiana show a very
remarkable thinning out of the formation, as the distance from the bot-
tom of the Mansfield sand or Salt sand to the top of the Corniferous
limestone near the bottom of the Devonian is less than 550 feet, as
compared with an interval of about 4,500 feet between the same horizons
in western Pennsylvania.
The following geological table was compiled by Mr. T. C. Hopkins,
of the Indiana State geological survey. Twenty-eighth Annual Report,
1903, in which the sequence of the general geological scale is given.
The upper and lower members of the scale are wanting in Indiana,
and the lowest members named are only pierced by the drill within
the borders of the State, and are therefore marked as uncertain in
their equivalents. The equivalents in Pennsylvania and New York
and in the Mississippi Valley are also named.
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662
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
Geological table, o
Period.
Indiana.
Gorrelatioa.
Bra.
New York.
MlflsMpiii
Cenosoic
Quaternary-Plei s t o •
cene.
iTeritiary.
Recent.
Glacial.
[Cretaceous.
Mewsoic ,
Jaraflsic.
llYittHiC.
Herom-eandstone ....
Upper barren.
Upper productive.
Penno-Carboniferooa
Productive coal meas-
ures.
J Lower barren.
(Lower productive.
Mansfield sandstone. .
Pottsville conglom-
erate.
Millstone grfL
rUunm
Chester-Ksi-
kaskia.
Miflrinlpian or Lower
Carboniferous.
Mitchell
St. Louis.
Bedford ooliUc
Harrodsburg
Maucbcbunk
Waxsaw.
Burlington.
Knobstone
Keokuk.
Gonlatite
Chouteau.
pew Albany
Oenessee.
Sellersbuig
Comlferous.
Paleozoic
Silver Creek
Jeffeisonville
Pendleton
Schoharie.
Water lime
Lower Helderbuig (?) ,
Sallna.
Louisville.
Waldron. ^
Silurian
Tianrel . ... . .
Niagara.
Clinton.
(Richmond
Hudson River.
(Cincinnati.)
Lorraine
Ordovician (Lower
\ Silurian).
Utica.
Trenton.
St. Peter's (?)
Chazy.
Lower magnesian (?).
Oilciferous.
(Cambrian
Potsdam (?)
Huronian.
Azoic
Algonkian (?).
Archean
Laurentian.
^
„
_„ .
a Indiana, Department Geology and Nat. Resources. 28th Ann. Rept., 1W3, p. 17.
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PETBOLEUM. 663
KANSAS.
The developments of petroleum in this State during 1903 has shown
that, in addition to the area already known, an immense area of profit-
able territory exists in southeastern Kansas and extends over into
IndiaD and Oklahoma Territories. The physical conditions surround-
ing this field have proven to be very similar in many particulars to
those of the original Pennsylvania field, except that the surface is
more level. The petroleum is found in pools of greater or less extent,
asHociated with natural gas over many square miles of area and not in
concentrated pools containing from 200 to 250 acres, as is the case at
Spindle Top and Sour Lake in Texas.
The quantity of petroleum produced would have been considerably
larger had the pipe lines been in condition to handle it as they did
during the last five months of the year. Shippers by rail to Neodesha
were obliged to submit to a reduction of 23 cents per barrel, which in
many cases was prohibitive. The production at the close of the year
was about six times as great as it was at the beginning, which shows
the wonderful increase.
Beginning with Humboldt, in Allen County, there seems to be an
ahnost continuous pool to the southwest passing through the counties
of Neosho, Wilson, Montgomery, and Chautauqua to the State line,
where it joins that of Indian and Oklahoma Territories, an area 65
miles in length with an avei'age width of 20 miles, although at some
points the distance between developed local pools of petroleum and
natural gas is much greater.
The production is from a sandstone formation, generally known as
a "sugar sand," usually from 15 to 30 feet in thickness. The general
dip is to the west and southwest. The wells in the northern portion
of the pool in Allen County are about 700 feet in depth, and they
increase in depth with the general trend of the development. The
gravity and quality of the petroleum produced increase with the depth
of the petroleum-bearing sandstone. No very large flowing wells have
been developed; but a large number of wells that produce from 10 to
50 barrels per day with remarkable regularity have been secured,
which can be cheaply operated with natural gas.
There has been a great increase in the length of pipe lines and in the
nnmber of storage tanks completed during the latter part of the year,
and nearly all of the pools have been connected by pipe line with the
refinery at Neodesha, which has been greatly enlarged to take care of
the increased production. A very large area has been leased by indi-
ridoals and companies, and drilling has been most actively pushed.
Fully 1,400 wells have been completed during the year, about four
tunes as many as was completed in 1902. In no other locality in the
petroleom fields has there been such activity as there was in E^ansas
wi in Indian and Oklahoma Territories during 1908. The quality of
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664
MIKEEAL B£80nBGE8.
some of the petroleum produced in Kansas is equal, if not superior, to
that of the Lima-Indiana field, and the indications are that the year
1904 will witness a production of about 4,800,000 barrels from tliis
section.
PRODUCTION Ui KANSAS.
The production for 1903 was 932,214 barrels, as compared with
331,749 barrels in 1902, an increase of 600,465 barrels or about 181
per cent. In rank of production in 1903 Kansas was eighth, and pro-
duced 0.93 per cent of the total output of the United States; in 1902
Kansas was tenth in rank, and produced 0.38 per cent of the total for
that year. When the value of the production is considered, Kansas
occupied eighth place and produced 1.04 per cent of the total value
in 1903, as compared with ninth place and 0.41 per cent of the total
value in 1902.
The average price for the Kansas production in 1903 was 11.06
per barrel, as compared with 88 cents in 1902, a gain of 18 cents per
barrel. The highest price obtained was for the oil produced at Inde-
pendence, which averaged $1.30i per barrel. The petroleum from the
Chanute district, which produced over 60 per cent of the total, brought
an average of 99^ cents per barrel. The lowest price paid was 60 cents
per barrel for the heavy petroleum produced in the Humboldt district
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF KANSAS PETBOLECTM.
Profs. Edward Bartow and Elmer McCollum, of the State University,
have recently published three articles in the Kansas Derrick on the
chemistry of Kansas petroleum, and from these accounts the following
table is taken:
Chemical and physical ea:amination of Kansas petroleum.
specific
Number of sample, i j^ravity. i Baum^
1
0.866
.872
.940
.906
.912
.880
.874
.875
.857
.8,58
.741
.846
.845
. 862
.923
.974
.8«;5
. 816
32. 5
2
31.3
3
19.3
4
26
5
24
6
30
7
31
8
31
9
33.6
10
33.8
11
59.5
20
:^5. 6
29
3.1.7
3C)
32.4
33
21.9
35
13.8
22
32
18
25. 6
Flash point.
Fahrenheit. Centigrade.
52
112
289
167
160
52
52
77
143
75
71
11
11
25
Ordinarj' temperature.
....do
....do
....do
Below 50. j Below 10.
— do 1 do
Burning point
Fahrenheit, I Centigrade.
77 25
129 M
360 in
208 *
241 116
124 M
79 26
124 I 51
Ordinary temperature.
....do
....do
641 IS
Below 50. Below 10.
163
I
102
Ordinary temperature.
....do
102
89
96
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PETBOLEUM.
665
Nos, 1 and 2 are from Chanute; Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are from Hum-
boldt; No. 4 is from La Harpe; No. 9 is from Cherry vale; Nos. 10 and
11 are from Independence; No. 20 is from Neodesha; No. 29 is from
Caney; No. 80 is from Peru; No. 33 is from Beaumont, Tex.; No. 36
is from Keen River, California; No. 22 is from Bartlesville, Ind. T.,
and No. 18 is from Lima, Ohio.
The total production of oil in Eitnsas, so far as records have been
obtained, is as follows:
Production of petroleum in Kcmsas, 1889-190S.
Year.
Q^iantlty.
Barrda,
500
1,200
1,400
5,000
18,000
40,000
44,430
118,571
Year.
1897
Quantity.
IfflB
BarreU.
8^,098
71,980
69,n00
•74,714
179,151
381,749
932,214
ISM
1896
im
1899
1892
1900
1886
1901 ,
1902
1903
18M
1806
\m
The following table gives the monthly production in Kansas from
1898 to 1908:
Production of crude petroleum in Kanaasy 1898-190S, iQf months,
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
MonUi.
1896.
Jauary..
Febniary.
Much....
April
May
Jone
July
Aivm
8«pl«nber..
October.....
ICoTOBber.
7,602
6,384
6,562
6,978
6,186
6,570
5,259
5,587
4.723
5,467
5,224
5,506
Tola].
71,960
1899.
6,848
5,681
5,956
5,874
5,788
5,681
5,701
6,633
6,112
6,966
6,622
6,603
1900.
5.061
4,442
4,901
4,828
6,242
6.884
6,465
7,^
6,356
8,406
7,259
9,066
69,700
74.714
1901.
0,466
9,676
18,000
14,436
18,706
16,469
16,427
18,996
14,274
18,411
16,618
17,674
179,161
1902.
19,684
18,079
19,877
19,623
18,468
19,142
20,378
22,476
28,676
88,166
54,490
58,407
881,749
1908.
87,882
86,481
25,877
20,184
60,488
44,682
44,820
88,286
106,891
118,688
161,081
210,660
982,214
The production recorded in this table for the last five months of 1908
iodicates the rapid development made in marketing the petroleum,
nmch of which was held in tanks and not pumped from the wells until
in August, when the pipe lines were enabled to give some relief.
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MTNIBBAL BESOUBOES.
Production of crude petroleum in Kanms in IBOS^ by monlhjt and diMrvH.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Month.
Neodesha. Chanute. Humboldt. Peru,
January . . . .
February . . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
November.
December .
7,440
6,328
7,586
6,706
9,806
6,886
6,391
10,838
9,901
12,629
13,797
13,867
Total.
111,625
26,812
26,^2
12,812
9,966
46,064
84,494
84,482
67,822
82,860
75,142
69,266
76,029
660,001
431
145
578
1,744
6,080
12,053
18,994
40,026
2,976
2,846
8,773
3,086
2,634
2,134
2,134
3,278
4,931
2,962
9,767
23,169
63,614
Independ- Cherry- 1 -^^^
ence. vale. *"***•
6,760
15,297
44,144
78,711
148,912
1,166
965
1.206
4S6
1,083
923
785
1.368
705
1.688
2,004
899
13,187 982,214
37.382
86.431
25,877
20.134
59,488
44,S82
4iS»
83.286
106,891
118,688
151,081
210.650
It will be observed in the above table that the Chanute district pro-
duced more than one-half of the output in 1903, and that the new pool
at Independence was made a separate district in September.
Stocks of petroleum held by pipe line company in, Kansas at close of each month in
190S and 190S,
[Barrels.]
Month.
1902.
1908.
Month.
1902.
January .
February
March . . .
April....
May
June
76,092
74.806
73,887
68,542
69,696
68,460
161,101
164,069
163,311
166,572
175,771
201,184
July
August
September
October . . .
November
December.
68,6^1
70,982
96.962
119.928
126.268
2S7.197
828,101
406,908
461,528
718,757
In addition to this, there is a large quantity of petroleum stored in
tanks of companies and individuals that the pipe lines have been unable
to handle.
WELL RECORDS Di KAK8AS.
Number of producing oil weUs in Kansas at dose of each year^ 1897-1903, by cownHet.
County.
1897.
1898.
Decembers!
1901.
1899.
1900.
1902.
190S,
Allen
1
3
1
17
64
86
10
16
170
106
1
m
Chautauqua
3
1
16
66
4
1
25
78
6
2
51
100
1
106
Montgomery
1
16
64
167
Neosho
478
Wilson
327
Woodson
Total
71
86
86
106
100
a891
»1.1«
a This total includes 83 wells which were not pumped in 1902.
ft Number of wells connected to pipe line.
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PETBOLEUM.
667
One hundred companies were producing and shipping crude petro-
leum by pipe line in Kansas at the close of 1903.
The following table is a record for the last eight months in 1903 of
wells completed, producing, dry, and drilling, and of rigs building in
Kansas and Indian and Oklahoma Territories:
Well record in Kansas and Indian and Oklahoma Territories in 1903,
WELLS COMPLETED IN 1908.
District.
1 Apr.
May.
5
16
12
5
6
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
Neodeaha
Chumte
Humboldt
Pera
34
23
62
18
18
46
14
9
10
36
16
86
30
8fi
18
25
66
82
8
29
26
68
25
32
89
81
44
80
49
18
12
3
28
56
65
29
25
2
6
Chenyrale
4 10
7I 8
BuUesTlUe
6
13
5
R«4fbrk
2
Total
49
136
109 170
161
EACH 1
184
ifONTH
276
206
1
WR
LLS PR(
DDUCIN
G ON 318T OP
Neodoha '
148
2ffJ
62
16
2
189
229
81
20
4
14
81
162
250
133
32
7
18
34
1
175
361
147
40
10
21
40
3
197
367
166
60
28
30
47
3
210
892
209
81
82
80
67
3
280
416
262
102
68
80
62
8
280
549
889
151
111
49
77
6
28
Chanoto
Humboldt
Peru
Independence . .J
Chernrrale
BaitleiTflle
29
Bedfork '
Cheliea
Total
463
518
637
787
897
1,014
1,168
1,690
1
WELLS DRILLING
Neodaha
Chanute
HumboMt
Peiu
Independenc*
CheriTTale
16
9
20
6
7
11
11
4
1
19
11
7
24
4
3
7
2
16
6
12
18
18
1
7
21
13
5
34
16
4
9
22
18
16
46
24
7
8
24
17
SO
38
10
7
6
26
82
37
30
24
5
10
21
39
30
39
33
8
10
BartloTllle
Kedfork
2
5
Cbebea i ! -
Ttotal
56
39
77
73
101
186
182
164
176
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HDnSBAL BE8OUB0E8.
Well record in Kansas and Indian and Oklahoma Territories in 190S — Continiied.
WELLS DRY OR NONPRODUCTIVE.
District. Apr.
May.
June.
July.
5
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec. iTotiL
Neodesba
11
2
12
5
9
1
16
4
11
2
2
16
7
10
1
2
1
10 : 64
Chiiniite -
2 1 7
Humboldt
17
10
18
1
1
21
11
4
16 86
Peru
1
1
1
7
1
1
8 tl
Independence
4
6 a
Cherry vale
8
BartlesvUle
3
1
3
1 M
Redfork
Chelflea
5
5
Total
7
16
16
50
44
40
40
«
261
RIGS BUILDING.
Neodesba
Cbanute
Humboldt
Peru
Independence .
Cherryvale
BartlesvUle
Total -
20
26
14
22
16
41
6
17
6
74
PRICES IN KANSAS AND INDIAN TEBBITOBT.
Range of prices paid for crude petroleum <U weUs in Kansas and Indian IbrrUory in 190$,
by districts.
Date.
Januaryl
April 22
May 16
July 16
July 23
September 28 —
September 30 ... .
October 8
October 18
October 17
October 24
October 28
November 20
December 2
December9
December 29
Neodesba.
$1.16
1.16
1.14
L16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24
L26
L28
1.30
1.32
1.35
1.37
1.38
1.36
Cbanute.
10.96
.96
.94
1.00
1.02
1.04
L06
1.08
1.10
L12
1.16
L17
1.18
1.16
Humboldt. Peru.
90.60
.60
.60
10.94
.06
.93
.96
.97
.99
1.01
1.08
1.06
1.07
1.09
L82
1.36
LS7
LS8
L36
Independ- irhMTwaiP Bariles-
enoe. wierryvaie. ^,j^
fl.09
1.11
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.36
1.87
1.88
1.86
90.96
.96
.94
.96
.96
1.00
1.02
1.01
1.06
1.08
LIO
1.12
L15
1.17
1.18
1.86
10. 9t
.91
.92
.94
.96
.96
1.00
L02
1.04
L06
LOS
LIO
L18
L15
L16
L14
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PETBOLEUM.
669
Amage prices of crude petroleum per barrell at wells in Kansas and Indian Territory in
1903, by months and districts.
Month.
Channte.
Humboldt
Peru.
Independ-
ence.
Cherry-
vale.
Bartles-
vllle.
JinoAry r .
SI. 15
1.16
1.16
L16i
1.15
1.14
1.154
1.18
1.184
1.261
10.95
.96
.96
.964
.95
.94
.964
.98
.984
1.061
10.94
.94
.94
.944
.944
.97
.974
1.081
1.88
1.371
10.95
• .96
10.93
FebruAry
Mtich
.98
.96
.964
.95
.94
.98
April
.984
.98
Mty
Jane
.92
jalv
.964
.98
.984
1.061
1.13
1.191
.984
Angnst
.96
September
October
.964
1.041
to. 60
.60
.60
$1,224
1.88
1.871
Norember
Deeember
1.33 ' 1.18
1.87|( 1.171
1.11
1.154
▲Terage...
1.19J .994
.60
1.021
1.80J
1.00
.974
INDIAN AND OKLAHOMA TERRITORIES.
The extension of the Kansas pool into Indian and Oklahoma Ter-
ritories has been known for a number of years, but owing to the
complications in the laws governing leases in both of these Territories
comparatively little has been done in the way of development until
during the year 1903. The developments so far have shown Indian
Territory to contain a very large area of petroleum, some of which is
of superior quality, nearly equal to that of Pennsylvania. A number
of flowing wells were drilled near Bartlesville and at other localities
daring 1908, which brought up the production by leaps and bounds,
with the possibilities only just beginning to be realized. The tables
of prices paid, wells drilled, etc., under Kan^s, show the districts of
Bartlesville, Redfork, and Chelsea, in Indian Territory. The present
pipe-line system connects Bartlesville with Neodesha, Eans. Tho
total production in Indian Territory in 1903 was 138,801 barrels, and
110 barrels were produced in Oklahoma, making a total of 138,911
barrels, which sold for $142,402, at an average price of $1.02^ per
barrel. There was a gain of 101,811 barrels over the production of
1902, an increase of 274.42 per cent. At the close of the year there
were about 110 wells producing, but many were shut in on account of
the want of transportation. There were 10 wells drilling. The pro-
docbg sand at Bartlesville lies about 1,260 feet below the surface.
Hie production in Oklahoma Territory was only 110 barrels from 3
wells, which is probably the mere beginning of the operations in this
Territory. There is no doubt that much of the northeastern portion
18 onderlaiD by the same measures, more deeply buried, that are so
prodootive in lodiltQ Territory and Kansas.
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MINERAL BESOUBGES.
PBODUCnOll IN IHDUN AND OKLAHOMA TEBBIT0BIE8.
The following table shows the production of petroleum in Indian
and Oklahoma Territories from 1891 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of petroleum in Indian and Oklahoma Territories, 1891-1 90S.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
QnantJtT.
1801
Barrda.
30
80
10
130
87
170
625
1898
Bamk.
1892
1899
1898
1900
6,472
1894
1901
10,000
1896
1902
a 37, 100
1896
1908
al88,9U
1897
a Oklahoma included since 1901.
Prodv4!tion of petroleum in Indian and Oklahoma Territories in 190X and 190S, by montht.
[Barrels.]
Month.
1902. 19QS.
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
•October
November .
December. .
703
1,009
683
2,601
1,764
1,266
2,457
4,444
5,788
7,043
8,614
i,14S
6,07
4,147
7,054
4,»7
8,250
i(,m
10.491
8,811
14.S2S
24, 7»
27,869
Total 1 87,100! 188,ni
I
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PETBOIiEUM.
671
Quantiiy of crude petroleum produced and shipped from Cherokee and Osage ruUimxSy
Indian Territory y in 190S, by months and districts.
[Barreto of 42 gallons.]
Month.
January...
Febniary . .
March
April
Mty
Jnne
July
Aogost
September.
October
November . ,
December ..
Total .
BarUesvllle.
Redfork. Chelsea. | Total.
' 1
7,146
6,697
4,127
7,084
4,159
8,240
16,864
10,491
8,547
14,177
24,683
24,467
1
7,146
t
6,697
4,127
1
7,034
118
4,277
8,240
239
16,103
10,491
274
189
8,821
14,316
137
770
24,720
2,602
27,829
134,822
1,677
2,602
138,801
Nine companies, with a total of 90 wells, were shipping crude oil to
Kansas at the close of 1903.
A small well of high-grade petroleum was struck at Newkirk, Kay
County, Okla., but has not been put to pumping. The following is an
analysis of the petroleum, made by Prof. Edwin De Barr, of Oklahoma
University :
Analytis of crude oil from well No, 1 of the Newkirk Gas and Mineral Company,
L^fatgMoliiie oU...
Middle fMolineoU.
Hetty gaaoUne oO. .
Per cent.
... 1.6
... 1.6
... 6
TWal gaaoline oUs (boUlng below 170°) 9.1
Ugfat kerosene or coal oil 6.5
MkUle kerosene or ooal oil 17.875
Hetry kerosene or coal oil 19.376
TMalooaloO (boUlng below 816°) 48.76
Ufht lubricating oil 6.75
BeaTT lubricating oil 81.26
ToUlhibricadngoil 87
Sottdoik 2.6
7.66
Tola] : 100
VlariMf in <q>«D tester, tfP P.
BQnMat89°F.
Bpeeifle gsaylty. 0JB61 - 84P Banm^
From this analysis it appears that the Newkirk petroleum is a
niized oil, consisting of both paraffin and asphalt bases; that the solid
oil obtained bj analysis is paraffin, and that the residue is mainly coke,
and 18 useless as oiL
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672
MINERAL RESOUBCES.
LOUISIANA.
The petroleum thus far produced in this State has been from wells
in beds of loose sand saturated with petroleum. More or less difficulty
has attended their successful operation. The developments at Jen-
nings and Welsh have long ago passed the experimental stage, and
have become regularly productive areas. Jennings is located 90 milee
east of Beaumont, Tex., and 190 miles west of New Orleans. Welsh
is some 12 miles west of Jennings.
The first well was opened in August, 1901, and tapped a loose bed of
sand at 1,822 feet, which flowed spasmodically large quantities of sand
and petroleum, accompanied with some natural gas. During the past
year a number of producing wells have been added in both of these
fields, accompanied by a number of dry holes. Some petroleum has
also been developed in a well at Brearex Bridge. The serious diffi-
culty in mo5t of the wells is to control the loose sand saturated with
petroleum, which is often forced into the casing by gas pressure and
shuts off the flow. No solid material is encountered in drilling. The
formation consists of a series of clay, sand, and *•' gumbo."
There was an increase in the production during the year 1903 of
369,145 barrels, or 67.29 per cent as compared with 1902. The petro-
leum produced at Jennings is slightly lighter in gravity than that pro-
duced at Beaumont and carries less sulphur. It finds a market chiefly
for fuel purposes, its value being about 19,840 B. T. U. More or less
petroleum and natural gas have been developed at Calcasieu, Lake
Charles, Cowley, Lafayette, and Sulphur.
Production of petroleum in Louisiana in 190S and 1903, by months,
[B&rrels.]
Month.
January . . .
February..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
November .
December.
Total.
1902.
26»000
60,000
75.000
e8,73S
81,257
70,707
75,0a6
6I8»«17
im
46.560
65.106
82,900
9J,VP
S7,MB
61,00
ASM
96. 60S
«ai7,7n
aow oom|iaay'8 pro^qottoo aTera^ft^^
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PETROLEUM. 673
Produdicn and value of petroleum in Louisiana, by fields and years.
Year.
JennlogB.
Welsh.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
UQ2
Barrda.
648,617
892,609
$188,985
891,066
Barrels.
Barrds.
648,617
917,771
9188,985
416.228
UOl
25,162
125,162
ToU]
1,441,226
680,051
26,162
26,162
1,466,888
606,218
TEXAS.
The close of the year 1903 about completes the third year of the
discovery of the remarkable deposit of petroleum at Spindle Top by
the large flowing well drilled by Captain Lucas. Since then within a
radius of 30 miles from Spindle Top there has been produced, includ-
ing loss by fire and fuel consumption, not less than 40,000,000 barrels
of crude petroleum. A large quantity has also been absorbed by
earthen reservoirs.
Since 1896 there has been a considerable production of a remarkably
pure crude petroleum at Corsicana, amounting to 401,817 barrels in
1903, but the wells are small, and there has been a gradual decline
sbce its maximum of 829,560 barrels of production was reached in
1900. The oil has been refined at that locality.
The rapid development of the Sour Lake pool, the increased pro-
duction at Saratoga, the decline in the production of the original pool
at Spindle Top, and the opening of an entirely new pool, known as
Batsons Prairie, near the close of 1903 are among the important events
in the industry of this State during the last year.
The chief market for the crude petroluem produced in this portion
of the State is its use as fuel. The greater portion was transported
by water from Port Arthur and Sabine Pass, and another very con-
siderable portion was distributed by railways in tank cars to points of
consumption. A considerable quantity of refined products and resid-
uum was also shipped to coastwise and foreign ports. The entire
production of the State in 1903 was 17,955,672 barrels, a decline of
only 128,086 baiTels as compared with that of 1902. On the other
hand, the value of the production in 1903 wa§ $7,517,479 as compared
with 13,998,097 in 1902, a gain of $3,619,382. In 1903 Texa^ ranked
third in quantity of production, being credited with 17.87 per cent of
the total, and fifth in value, being credited with 7.93 per cent of the
total value of the domestic output.
The actual quantity of all the petroleurti brought to the surface in
the Spindle Top, Sour Lake, Saratoga, and Batsons Prairie pools in
1903 IB estimated to be close to 19,000,000 barrels. If to this, 600,000
Km 1908 — -43
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674 MINERAL BE8OUB0E8.
barrels produced in Corsicana be added, the grand total for Texas
production in 1903 h 19,500,000 barrels in round numbers, made up
as follows:
Buxels.
Shipped by water 8,000,339
Shipped by rail 6,096,207
Shipped to storage tanks 3,352,518
Estimated loss by fire and seepage, and used for fuel 1,550,936
Total production at Spindle Top, Sour Lake, Saratoga, and Batson. 19, 000,000
Production at Corsicana and Powell 500,000
Total production in Texas in 1903 19,500,000
EQUIPMENT AND DBYELOPHEIIT IK SOUTHEASTERN TEXAS.'
There are at present completed and in operation in the southeastern
Texas oil fields, not including Corsicana, 209 miles of 6-inch pipe line,
23 miles of 8-inch line, and 20 miles of 4-inch line — a total of 252
miles, exclusive of loops and connections, short lines to Beaumont
from Spindle Top, and lines from the fields to the loading racks on the
railroad lines. Adding these several connections, there is a grand
total of over 300 miles, representing an investment of approximatelj
$2,000,000.
At the close of the year there were in the southeastern Texas fields,
not including Corsicana, 19,226,800 barrels of tankage. This waa
divided as follows: Steel tankage, 5,568,000 barrels; wooden tankage,
736,800 barrels; earthen tankage, 12,922,000 barrels. At the same
time, by conservative estimate, there were distributed over the State,
for the purpose of storing oil for the use of railroads, factories, etc,,
something over 2,000,000 barrels in steel and wooden tankage. In
addition to this storage equipment, there were in operation on the rail-
roads of Texas during the year over 1,500 tank cars, varying in capacity
from the 300- barrel car of the Southern Pacific system to the 15i>-
barrel and 160-barrel car of the private lines and distributing agents.
These cars carried during the year about one-third of the total pro-
duction of the fields to points' in this State and Louisiana. Very little
oil was shipped by rail elsewhere than to these two States. A con-
siderable part of the oil so shipped was for the use of the railroad
companies themselves as fuel for oil-burning locomotives, one company
having since 1901 equipped 212 locomotives with oil burners and tank
tenders.
Since the discovery of the Spindle Top field there have been drilled
in that and other fields in Texas over 1,200 wells. This does not
include the many unproductive wells drilled outside the limits of the
proven fields and in other parts of the State in search of new fields.
Of the total number of wells drilled in these fields a number not
exceeding 300 were in operation at the end of the year. The remaining'
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PETROLEUM. 675
900 and more were inoperative from three principal causes: 1. Many
were lost in the early development period through faulty drilling.
2. Many which at first were good producers eventually ceased to
produce and were abandoned. 3. Many others had to be abandoned
on account of salt water which made its appearance either during the
drilling operations or after a few weeks of good oil production.
SPINDLE TOP POOL.
PBOMINENT EVENTS DURING 1903.
The original Spindle Top or Beaumont pool produced only one-half
the quantity of petroleum in 1903 that it did in 1902. A very large
portion of this quantity was secured by the slow method of pumping.
During May an extension of the original lenticular pool containing
less than 2O0 acres was secured to the northwest, a distance of about
1,000 feet, by the finding of a well which at first produced 6,000 barrels
per day. However, this extension must have been very narrow, as
only a few wells drilled in this new outlet proved of any value what-
ever, and the first well soon became choked with loose sand and was
abandoned. In January of 1903 the entire production of this field
was only about 25,000 barrels per day; during February it was
increased to about 40,000 barrels per day from 110 wells in operation;
but from this production there was a gradual decline, and at the close
of the year the quantity was reduced to about 13,000 barrels per day.
There was a number of wells drilled during the year into the first or
upper pay, found at from 750 to 800 feet, which secured a moderate
production. The larger quantity produced in. this field comes from an
open, porous limestone at a depth of about 1,050 f^et. The upper pay
is a loosely cemented sand from which in some instances shallow wells
produced from 500 to 600 barrels per day. Many of the small opera-
tore became discouraged, sold out or leased their wells to the larger
companies, and removed to Sour Lake and Batson Prairie, and there
took part in the development of these newer fields. The slow and more
economical exhaustion of what remains is being carried on by the
purchasers.
The majority of the productive wells during 1903 were those more
recently completed. The most productive area is that portion of the
field known as the '* Flats," just west of the original development.
The presence of water in considerable quantity has seriously retarded
production in man^^ wells. The original well, which was drilled into
the sand early in 1901 by Captain Lucas and which flowed at the rate
of 70,000 barrels per day for ten days until capped, has long since
("eased to be a producer.
On the 15th day of April, 1903, a serious fire broke out in this field,
▼hich destroyed a number of derricks, tanks, and equipments, and
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676 MINERAL BE8OUB0E8.
also consumed several hundred thousand barrels of petroleum, involv-
ing a loss of about $440,000 to the opei'ators. The damage was soon
repaired, and operations continued. According to all the most reliable
sources of information that were available, the production of the
Beaumont or Spindle Top pool during 1908 was 8,600,905 barrels, as
compared with 17,420,949 barrels in 1902. Besides the several
inmiense loading racks where the petroleum is loaded into tank cars
connected to the wells by pipe lines, there are two 6-inch lines con-
necting Spindle Top with Port Arthur, operated by the Guffey Petro-
leum Company, one 6-inch line operated by the National Oil and Pipe
Line Company, and another 6-inch line operated by the Texas Com-
pany; there is also one 6-inch line connecting Spindle Top with Sabine
Pass, operated by the Lone Star and Crescent Company, and another
6-inch line operated by the Security Oil Company.
80UB LAKE.
This field was partly developed during 1902, and is located in Hardin
County, 25 miles northwest of Spindle Top. During 1903 the area of
productive territory was shown to be about 250 acres, and up to the
close of 1903 about 450 wells had been completed, of which only 150
were productive. In their early life a number of these wells pro-
duced over 20,000 barrels per day. During the first two months of
the year only 6 or 7 wells were producing less than 1,000 barrels per
day. Some of the original gushers opened during 1902 were aban-
doned early in 1903.
In May the real development of the Sour Lake pool began, and by
the close of June 144 wells had been completed since the first of the
year, the number of producing wells being 28. An area extending
3,800 feet north and south and 2,500 feet east and west had been
proven to be profitable territory. On August 1 there were 75 pro-
ducing wells; many others had been lost in drilling or abandondl as
dry holes. The production at this time was estimated to be close to
80,000 barrels per day, which was far beyond the facilities for stor-
ing and transporting the output.
B}^ the close of 1903 there were four 6-inch lines and one 8-inch
line leading to Beaumont, a number of lines leading to the loading
racks at the railroad, one 6-inch line to Saratoga, 10 miles distant, and
one 4-inch line to Raywood station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad.
The greatest production in this field was in August and September,
when it averaged from 50,000 to 60,000 barrels per day, while that
for December was between 18,000 and 20,000 barrels per day, the
decline being due to the falling off of the known areas of production.
On what is known as the *' Shoestring tract," so called on account of
the land being divided up into long narrow strips, many wells were
drilled within a few feet of each other until 150 had been completed.
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PETROLEUM. 677
Many of these wells were originally good producers; but the closeness
of the holes soon depleted the reservoir, which caused the abandon-
ment of one-half^ and left but 75 productive wells at the close of the
year. In the southeastern portion of the field on the Davis tract over
100 wells were drilled during the year, not half of which were pro-
ductive.
The early development of the Sour Lake field dates back to 1893,
when 6 or 7 wells were drilled to a depth of from 260 to 370 feet.
Three of thevse wells produced a limited quantity of very dark and
heavy petroleum of about 16^ Baum6. There was also some natural
residuum found on the surface near where these first wells were
drilled. A second sand is found at an average depth of 760 feet.
Some of the wells on this horizon produced as much as 1,000 barrels
per day. The third and fourth sands or pays are encountered at from
850 to 1,050 feet, respectively. The last-named horizons were by far
the most productive, and many of them produced as much as from
10,000 to 20,000 barrels per day when first opened up. One remark-
able condition was developed especially in this field — the sand being
found to be quite uniform in depth but often locally irregular inside
of short distances. In a number of instances, where wells were only
a few feet apart, one well found a prolific pay streak, but the other
failed to find any, although drilled many feet below the depth of the
paying well.
The production of this district in 1903 is placed at about 8,700,000
barrels, which is slightly more than the production at Spindle Top for
the same time. The quality of the petroleum is quite similar to that
produced at the latter place, but it is slightly heavier in specific
p^vity.
The prices fluctuated considerably in 1903, the highest quotation
being 60 cents per barrel in May, the lowest being 15 cents in August,
and the average for the year being 30i cents per barrel.
There was little regularity in the production of wells in close prox-
imity; a few made notable records by their temporarily large output.
The Sharp well produced 325,000 barrels in twenty da3^s, valued at
|8«,000. Gilbert No. 1 produced enough petroleum in thirty days to
bring $125,000. These were exceptional wells, however, and at the
close of the year there were no flowing wells, all the production being
secured by pumping.
Considerable difficulty was experienced in the winter months in
freeing the heavy petroleum produced from water, as the pipe lines
insist that only a small percentage of the latter must be delivered to
tbem. To get rid of the water it was necessary to heat the petroleum
in settling tanks. This was expensive and caused delay in transporta-
tion. The tankage in the Sour Lake district at the close of 1903
amounted to 3,155,000 barrels, distributed as follows: Iron tankage,
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678 MINERAL RB8OITR0E8.
1,555,000 barrels; wooden tankage, 200,000 barrels; earthern tankage,
1,400,000 barrels.
The most disastrous fire of the year in this field broke out on Aajfust
24, and destroyed several decrieks and a large amount of equipment
However, only about 1,500 barrels of oil were consumed* A very
serious effect of the fire was that, when the wells were repaired, they
refused to flow upon being reopened, and many of them were abandoned.
SARATOGA DISTRICT.
Th'is pool is located 10 miles northwest of Sour Lake and 35 milee
from Spindle Top. The area so far developed contains aboat 150
acres, upon which there are 5 wells pumping 2,225 barrels per day.
The production for this year is estimated to be about 150,000 barrels,
gravity 18^ Baum^.
Operations in this field began a number of years ago, when a spring-
pole rig drilled to the depth of 100 feet and found a heavy black
petroleum accompanied with some natural gas. Some years after-
wards a shallow well drilled to the depth of 250 feet produced con-
siderable petroleum. Not until after the remarkable development at
Spindle Top were deeper wells drilled which resulted in developing a
pool. Hooks well No. 1 was drilled to 1,000 feet, when it flowed
naturally and produced at firet about 500 barrels per day. On May 1
Tell well No. 1 was drilled in and flowed at the rate of 500 barrels per
day. In June there were fourteen locations. In July the Rio Bravo
Oil Company (Southern Pacific Railroad Company) drilled in a well near
Hooks well No. 1, which started off at 500 barrels per day. During
the year three iron tanks, having a capacity of 130,000 barrels were
completed, also wooden tankage to hold 4,000 barrels was completed.
Several large pockets of gas were encountered at a depth of 500
feet by a number of the wells, which for a time blew out in considera-
ble quantity, accompanied by more or less sand and mud.
BATSON PBAIBIE DISTRICT.
On the last day of October, 1903, a flowing well was drilled in at
the third entirely new field in southeastern Texas, Batson Prairie,
Hardin County, 8 miles west of Saratoga and 15 miles west of Sour
Ljike. Previous to this discovery a well was drilled in this locality l>v
the Libby Oil Company, in the fall of 1901, which, at a depth of
about 1,000 feet, encountered a small showing of petroleum followed
by a large flow of hot salt water, when the well was abandoned with-
out further test. This well is about 3 miles from that of the Paraffin
Oil Company, which at 790 feet in depth found a big flow of petroleum.
Drilling was continued through about 35 feet of oil strata, and the
flow was natural.
The petroleum found in this field is different in character and
gravity from that of Sour Lake and Spindle Top, having a gravity of
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PETROLEUM. 679
between 28i^ and 24P Baum^. Just after the close of 1903, the Riley
well, south of the Paraffin Companies' well, found oil at a depth of
about 1,150 feet, which flowed at the rate of 18,000 barrels per day.
Previous to this a second well on the Paraffin Oil Company's property
on the 19th day of December had a blow-out of mud and sand which
filled up the casing;. After cleansing the hole of mud and water, a
solid stream of petroleum began to flow to the top of the derrick,
which was controlled with difficulty. When opened, this well pro-
duced 4,500 barrels per day. The petroleum produced by this well
has a gravity of 29.9^ Baum^, the highest of any petroleum pro-
duced in southeastern Texas. On December 24, well No. 3 of the
Piunffin Oil Company pierced the oil pay, which, like that found on
Spindle Top, developed some salt water. When this was bailed off, it
started to flow at the rate of 15,000 barrels per day. By the close of
the year 28 rigs had been built, and operations were increasing daily.
Only 4,600 barrels are reported as sold in this district during 1903,
at 25 cents per barrel.
The other districts and localities in Texas producing more or less
petroleum, as well as the physical and chemical character of the
petroleum produced in the State are fully discussed in the report for
1902, and, as the conditions are practically unchanged, the discussion
is not repeated.
tH>BgI€ANA DISTRICT.
This pool is located at Corsicana, Navarro County, 200 miles north-
west of Beaumont. Since 1897 it has had an average annual production
of over 500,000 barrels of a superior crude petroleum very different
from that found elsewhere in the State.
The output has decreased about 47 per cent since 1901, and fewer
wells have been drilled.
The greater portion of the petroleum comes from a depth of 1,010
to 1,040 feet in a loose-grained quartz sand, in which foraminifera or
microscopic fossils are found. This bed of sand ranges from 15 to 30
feet in thickness, and is capped by an almost continuous deposit of
Ponderosa clay and marl. There are a few limestone concretions found
near the surface. The original wells produced from 10 to 30 barrels
per day when first opened up, and they are now producing about one-
half of that quantity.
The area of the original field, as now developed, begins just south-
east of Corsicana, near the old reservoir, and extends in a general
Dorthem direction, taking in a large portion of the town and extend-
ii^ almost north for 4 miles, with an average of width of over 1 mile,
the western boundary being very close to the line of the Southern
fturific Railroad. This field is fully equipped with all the modern
appliances, including gas engines in some instances, for pi*oducing
p^^troleum in an economical manner. .
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680
MINEBAL B£80UB0£S.
During the early part of 1901 a field of heavy petroleum was devel-
oped 5 miles due east of Corsicana, and also at Powell, 2 miles farther
east on the St. Louis, Arkansas and Texas Railroad. Some of these
wells that produced over 100 barrels per day when first opened, are
now producing only from 3 to 8 barrels per day.
The production in 1903 showed a considerable decline in the produc-
tion of the lighter grade and a considerable increase in the heavier
grade produced near Powell Station.
BEXAR €01INTT DISTRICT.
Only a small quantity of heavy petroleum was produced in this pool
in 1902. It came from wells 600 to 800 feet in depth near San Antonio
and supplied a small local demand.
NACOGDOCHES COUNTY DISTRICT.
Numerous shallow wells were drilled prior to 1895 near Oil Springs
in Nacogdoches County, some 12 miles southeast of the town of Nacog-
doches. There has been a considerable outlay in drilling wells, estab-
lishing receiving tanks, and building a pipe line, all of which has been
practically abandoned. Only a very limited quantity supplying a local
demand is now marketed.
PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUH IN TEXAS.
The production of petroleum in Texas since 1889 hag been as follows:
Production of petroleum in Texas, 18S9-190S.
Ye«.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1889
Barrda,
48
64
54
45
60
00
60
1,450
1897
Barrti$,
65,97$
1890
1898
546,070
1891
1899
660,013
896,00
1892
1900
1893
1901
4,S»»6»
W.08S,6»
17,966^572
1894
1902
1895
1908
1896
Production of crude petroleum in Texas, 1876-190S, by districts.
Year.
Corei-
cana.
Powell.
Beaumont
Saratoga
and Sour
Lake.
TotaL
1896
50
1896
al,450
065,976
544,620
668,483
829,660
763,424
571,069
401,817
1«4S0
1897
6ft, 979
1898
ft6iB,07D
1899
»fl8B,eU
1900
a6,479
a37,121
46,812
100,143
896, OW
1901
3,593,113
17,420,949
8,600,906
4,9»,6BB
1902
a44,838
8,848,160
18,08S»flBS
1908
4,518
al7,966,5n
a Includes a small quantity produced elsewhere in the State.
^ Includes a small quantity produced outside of Corsicana field.
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PETBOLEUM. 681
CALIFORNIA.
The most important event connected with the output of petroleum
in the United States in 1903 was the remarkable increase in the pro-
duction of California and its sudden elevation to head of the States
producing petroleum, superseding Ohio, which for several years pre-
Fious ranked first. When values are compared, however, Qilifornia's
rank is sixth, being slightly less than that of Texas. During 1903 the
State produced 24.27 per cent of the production and 7.81 per cent of
the value of the petroleum produced in the United States. The total
State production was 24,382,472 barrels in 1903, an increase of
10,398,204 barrels, or 74.36 per cent over that of 1902. The value of
Uie petroleum produced was $7,399,439, an average of 30.3 cents per
barrel, as compared with 34.8 cents per barrel in 1902.
The greater portion of the increase in 1903 came from Kern County,
which, almost doubling its former large output, produced over 74 per
cent of the total. The largest percentage of gain was in Fresno
County, which increased 374 per cent over the production of 1902.
The average price paid for the petroleum produced in Kern County
in 1903 was 21 cents per barrel, and. 33 cents for that produced in
Fresno County. The highest price paid was for a limited production
from Santa Clara County, valued at $1.91i per barrel.
FIELD OPEKATIOXS.
There was a total of about 480 wells completed during 1903, of
which number about 125 were dry holes. Of the 16 counties in this
State in which wells were drilled by far the greatest number were
drilled in Kern County. So far profitable developments have been
confined almost entirely to the Coast range, on the western side, and
to the southern end of the great central San Joaquin Valley.
Operations were conducted in the counties of Kern, Fresno, Los
Angeles, Orange, Ventura, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, San Mateo,
Monterey, Kings, Madera, Contra Costa, Colusa, San Bernardino,
wd Humboldt counties. No new pools were opened, most of the
operations for the year being confined to known localities as the
increased facilities of transportation enabled much new work to be
prosecuted.
KEBll COUNTY.
The Bakersfield, McKittrick, and Sunset fields, located in this
county, were the scene of much active work during 1903, which
resulted in the production of 18,077,900 barrels. The loose sand in
which the deposit is found in this field is remarkably regular and often
of great thickness, and the wells are also remarkably regular in their
oa^t, and range from 900 to 1,000 feet in depth. There must be
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682 MIKERAL RESOURCES.
considerable gas pressure to cause so heavy an oil as is found to flow
naturally. The Bakersfield pool is by far the most important, and
there is good reason to infer that this pool will continue to produce
still greater quantities of thus quality of petroleum in the future.
The southern terminus of the pipe line leading to Port Richmond is
located at this field, and there is an inunense quantity of petroleum,
amounting to 8,500,000 barrels, stored in iron tanks in this vicinity.
FRE8K0 COUNTT.
The production in this county, so far, comes from what is known as
the Coalinga field, in the southern portion of the county. Recently
there was an extension of the field to the southwest. There was a
remarkable increase in the production secured in this pool during 1903,
which amounted to 1,660,129 barrels, or 374 per cent over that of
1902.
There are a number of grades of petroleum produced in this field,
which range from 11° to 46° Baum^. The greater portion has a
gravity of about 33° Baum^, but strange as it may seem the lighter
grades are nearest the surface. Since 1897 this field has had from 5
to 7 miles of pipe line in operation to receiving tanks on the Sou*^*-
ern Pacific Railway, near Coalinga. The Pacific Coast Oil Company
has connected the Coalinga field with Mendota Station by 31 miles of
pipe line. This station is on the main line from Bakersfield to Point
Richmond, and 166 miles south of the last-named locality. One of
the serious draw-backs at (Coalinga is the scarcity of water, which is
supplied to the drilling and pumping wells by a pipe line from wells
several miles distant.
L08 AK«ELB8 COUIfTT.
The Los Angeles pool was quite active during 1903, and increased its
production by the careful working of the original wells from 1,938,114
barrels in 1902 to 2,087,627 barrels in 1903. There was an average of
1,150 producing wells pumped during the year. Nearly the entire
production was marketed as fuel petroleum. The Whittier pool in
the southeastern portion of this county reaches over into Orange
County, and is known as the FuUerton pool. There are a number of
deep wells in this pool that produce a large quantity of superior
petroleum susceptible of refining in a profitable way. Other wells
toward Brea Canyon produce large quantities of dark and heavy fud
petroleum.
At Newhall nothing new was developed during 1903. The older
wells have been operated regularly and a few new producers added
inside of the developed territory. In this pool a very light variety
of petroleum was found several years previous which was almost
colorless and had a specific gravity of 50° Baum^.
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PETROLRUM. 083
AANTA BARBARA COIINTT.
In Santa Barbara County the Union and the Pinal Oil companies
each secured a large flowing well during 1903, with indications of the
existence of a large petroleum deposit at both localities.
Ventura and San Mateo counties had some slight fluctuations in
their production. There is a slight production for the. first time
recorded for Santa Clara County.
TRANSPORTATION.
One of the most important events of the year bearing upon the
petroleum industry in California was the successful operating of the
pipe line built by the Pacific Coast Oil Company and extending from
Bakersfield to Point Richmond, a distance of 278 miles, with a branch
line of 31 miles from Mendota to Coalinga.
The successful handling of petroleum produced in Kern County, the
southern terminal, with a gravity averaging 15^^ Baum^, was an
entirely new departure in the transporting of liquids in pipes. This
was brought about principally by the heating of the fluid by the
exhaust steam and the covering of the line with a nonconductor; it
was assisted also somewhat by the admixture of the lighter crudes
developed at Coalinga, and in some instances by using a percentage of
water.
The pipe line is now delivering from 20,000 to 25,000 barrels
per day.
REFINERIES.
There are about 40 refineries in California, although many of them
can hardly be classed as such, as they are designed more particularly
to reduce the asphalt to a more compact form suitable for roadways.
His is done by crudely distilling the heavier natural petroleum, from
which 35 to 45 per cent of solid asphalt is secured. By far the most
important refinery in the State was in process of erection during 1903
it Point Richmond, on the waters of San Francisco Bay, connected
by rail with the Santa Fe Railroad. This refinery is one of the
largest, and is destined to have a most impoi-tant influence by refining
the crude petroleum of California for distribution on the Pacific coast,
ftnd to the Hawaiian Islands, Japan, China, and India by tank steamers
as a grade of petroleum that can be sold at reduced rates to the great
niasses of humanity who inhabit those portions of the globe. A large
proportion of California petroleum must continue to be disposed of
as fuel.
PETROLEUM FUEL.
The successful introduction of petroleum fuel on the Pacific coast
has caused the rapid decline in the importation of coal. The problem
of cheap fuel has been solved. The railroads, the manufacturers,* and
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684 MINERAL RE8OITR0E8.
the steamship lines are being directly benefited by its general intro-
duction as an economical and perfect fuel.
Petrolemn that is to be consumed inside of buildings or in steam
vessels should not contain any of the lighter products, which are in
many cases found even in the heavier crude. It should have a fire
test ranging from 220^ to 270° F. Under these conditions it is safe
to handle and there is no loss from evaporation.
Numerous tests have shown that where the petroleum fuel is sold
by measure the heavier grades have as high an evaporative test as the
lighter ones; when sold by weight the lighter crudes usually have a
higher evaporative value.
The important condition necessary is good combustion, and to insure
that the liquid fuel should be completely atomized by a steam jet or
by compressed air. The latter is preferable, especially when super-
heated, because it more easily produces complete combustion and does
not carry off so large a quantity of heat. To insure satisfactory
results it is also necessary in all cases to have the jet of liquid fuel
spray upon hot fire bricks and not come in direct contact with the
plates of the boiler until the combustion has been completed.
The best results have been secured by building an arch of fire brick
over the grate bars, the crown of which comes within 5 or 6 inches of
the bottom of the boiler and is parallel to it. About every fourth
brick in this arch should be left out for openings through which the
products of combustion may escape. Inside of this arch a loose
checkerwork of fire brick should be placed, upon which the petroleum
should spray, only the necessary air being admitted through the open-
ings of the grate bars. This can easily be regulated by the arrange-
ment of the fire brick upon the bars.
In like manner the fire boxes of locomotives which use petroleum
for fuel must be arched with fire brick above where the spray strikes
the back of the box, which must also be protected by fire brick, and
an inverted arch of the same material should extend down into the ash
pan, with open spaces in the brickwork and an open space at the front
end for the admission of ^the air.
The following table gives the number of barrels of petroleum
equivalent to V ton of the coal usually found in the San Francisio
markets, the cost of petroleum being estimated at $1 per barrel. If
the cost is more or less than $1 per barrel the figures in the third and
fourth columns can be changed proportionally. The third column
gives the price that the purchaser can afford to pay for coal per ton
to equal the fuel value of petroleum at $1 per barrel. The fourth
column shows the reduction in cost of the fuel, due to the cheaper
handling of petroleum.
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PETROLEUM.
685
Table fhaunng the number of barrels of petroleum equivalerU to 1 ton of the various coals,
and the value of different coals per ton, as compared with petroleum at fl per barrel.
One pound of combustible.
Petroleum, 15° to 18° Baum^ . .
Cirdlfr lump, Wales
Ctpe Breton, Canada
Nanaimo, British Columbia. ..
Cooperative, British Columbia
Greta, Washington
Carbon Hill, Washington
Poonds of
water evapo-
rated at
212° F. per
pound of
combustible.
16.0
10.0
9.2
7.3
8.9
7.6
7.6
Barrels of
petroleum re-
quired to do
the same
amount of
evaporation
as 1 ton of
coal.
4.0
8.7
2.9
3.6
3.0
3.0
Coat of coal
per ton to
equal petro-
leum at 81
per barrel.
Less 10 per
cent, owing
to the greater
economy in
handling
petroleum.
$4.00
3.70
2.90
3.60
3.00
3.00
13.60
3.38
2.61
3.24
2.70
2.70
PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM IN CALIFORNU.
In the following tables is shown the production of petroleum in
California by years, by counties for 1903, and by counties for various
years:
Production of petroleum in California, 1876-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Previous tb 1876
BarrelB.
175,000
12,000
13,000
16,227
19.858
40,552
99,862
128,636
142,857
262,000
325,000
377,145
678,672
690,333
803,220
1890
Barrels.
307,360
323,600
385,049
470, 179
705,969
1,208,482
1,252,777
1,903,411
2,257,207
2.642,095
4,324,484
8,786.330
13,984,268
24,882,472
1^6
1891
1877
1892
vm
1898
im
1894 . .
1880
1895
M81
1896
1882
1897
188S
1898
]m
1899
1886
1900
U8ft
1901
1887
1902
1888
1903
I8»
Producdon of crude petroleum in California in 190:2 and 1903, by counties.
County.
Froo
K«n
Urn Angeles
Onnge
auta Barbara.
Ventatt
BuHateo
SMtaClatt....
Total.
1902.
Quantity. TotalTalue. ^jjjljjff *
Barrett.
572,498
9,705,703
1,988,114
1,038,549
242,840
484,764
1,800
13,964,268
1257.629
2,397,872
1,119,679
661,158
167,911
267,168
2,700
4,878,617
10.45
.247
.58
.55
1.60
.848
1903.
Quantity. Total value. ^gjJJ^'
Barrels.
2,188,068
18,077,900
2,087,627
1,418,782
806,066
348,296
6,187
5,607
24,882,472
$706,559
3,796,859
1,308,406
1,097,290
169,888
822,842
9,887
4.723
7,899,849
80.83
.21
.624
.776
.522
.926
1.916
.842
.308
Digitized by V^OOQIC
686
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Production of crude petroleum in Calif omia^ 1897-190S, by counties.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Year.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Fresno.
70, 140
154,000
439,372
582,000
780,650
572,498
2,188,058
Kern.
10,000
16,000
892,500
4,498,455
9,705,703
18,077,900
Los An-
geles.
Orange.
Santa I
Barbara.
1,327,011
1,462,871
1,409,356
1,730,263
2.188,683
1,988,114 1,088,549
2,087,627 y, 418, 782
12,000
60,000
108,077
872,200
724,565
Ven-
tura.
I Santa
' Clara.
San
Mateo.;
Totel
130,136
182,217
208,370
163,750
135,900
242,840
306,066
368,282
427,000
496,200
418.000
463,127
484,764
848,295
4,000
3,000
1,500
771
I
5.607
1.800
5,187
i,9ii,aa
2.249.088
2.677,875
a4,ffi4,4M
8, 786, SO
18,9M,aGB
24.382,472
a Includes 225,000 barrels unapportioned.
Production and value of crude petroleum in California in 1901^ 190S, and J90S, by
counties.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
1901.
County.
Fresno
Kern
Los Angeles
Orange
Banta Barbara .
Santa Clara
Ventura
San Mateo
Total
Value per barrel .
Quantity.
780,660
4,493,455
2,188.688
724,566
135,900
463,127
8,786,830
Value.
$390,325
1,704,065
1,584,412
724.666
116.640
454.518
4,974,540
0.566+
1902.
Quantity. Value.
572.498
9,705,703
1.938,114
1.038,549
242,840
484,764
1,800
13,964,268
1251.888
2.397,372
1,119,679
661,158
167, 9U
267.168
2.700
4,873.617
0.848
1908.
Quantity.
2.138,068
18.077,900
2,087.627
1.413.782
906.066
5.607
346.296
5.187
24,882.472
Value.
f705.S9
S,796,8M
1.30S,406
1,097,290
150, 88S
4,728
822,812
9,8S7
7,899, 84»
0.3O
CONDITIONS OF PBODVCTITE DISTRICTS IN 190S.
The foUowinff table, compiled by Mr. Paul W. Prutzman, of the
State mining bureau of California, shows the conditions of the pro-
ductive districts in 1903:
Conditions of pdroleum-producing districts of California in 190S.
District.
Sargent
Coalinga Oil city.
"28"
Southwest
Kern River
Sunset
Midway
McKittrick
C^rreaga
Summerland
Newhall
Los Angeles
Whittier
Puente
Ventura
FuIIerton
County,
Santa Cruz
Fresno
do
do
Kern
do
do
do
Santa Barbara.
do
Los Angeles . . .
do
do
do
Ventura
Orange
Nature of surface.
Rolling grassy hills
Rough rocky hills
Rolling barren hills
Low barren hills
do
do
Rolling barren hills
do
RoUlng grassy hills
Ocean beach
Rough rocky liills
City lots
Rolling hills
do
Rough rocky hills
Rolling hills
Geological age.
Tertiary.
Upper Cretaceous.
Middle Neocene.
Do.
Do.
Lower and Middle Neocene.
Middle Neocene.
Do.
Middle Neocene.
Lower and Middle Neocene.
Lower Neocene.
Middle Neocene.
Do.
Bocene and Lower Neocene.
Middle Neocene.
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PETROLEUM.
687
OondiHons of petroleum-producing districts of California in 190S — Continued.
Dtoblct.
Saisent
CoallngaOU
City.
"28"
Southwest
Kern River
Sunset
Midway
McKittrick-...
Ckneaga
SommerlABd . .
NewhaU
Um Angeles . . .
Whlttier
Poenta
Ventura
PnllerKHi.
Formatioii.
Shale and sandstone.
Hard shale and sand
stone.
Shale and dry sand. . .
Shale and quicksand.
Clay and sand
Shale and sand
....do
Shale and quicksand. .
Clay and sand
Sandstone, shale, con-
glomerate and crys-
talline rocks.
Clay and sand
Clay, sand, and shale.
Shale
Sandstone, shale, and
conglomerate.
Shale and sandstone..
Depth of wells!
Maxl.
mum.
Feet.
1,000
2,260
1,800
1,800
1,200
1,100
1,500
2,000
2,400
600
1,960
1,900
2,200
2,000
2,100
1,876
Mini-
mum.
600
540
450
550
650
550
780
400
150
400
900
285
1,000
90
400
ATcr-
age.
Feet.
1,500
1,050
850
1,000
900
1,100
900
2,000
250
600
1,250
1,000
1,100
Number of wtlls.
Pro-
duc-
ing.
2
17
49
35
502
103
42
91
18
228
61
1,042
76
45
819
98
Dry.
IDrlU-
ing.
11
81
12
20
91
41
15
86
4
171
39
587
2
103
22
Estimated produc-
tion per day.
Maxi-
mum.
BhU.
2,500
400
250
250
1,500
2,500
60
60
20
40
60
3,000
Mini-
mum.
EbU.
Aver-
age.
BbU.
25
125
150
100
75
50
45
50
5
10
8
92
8
5
PHYSICAL PB0PEBTIE8 OF CALIFOBNU PETBOLEUM.
The following table, giving maximum, mimimmn, and average
gravities, Beaum6, for a number of districts, was also compiled by
Mr. Paul W. Prutzman, of the State mining bureau of California. The
figures marked t were copied from various sources. The viscosity was
determined by the Engler instrument; water at 16.6^ C— 1.
Fkytioai properties of crude petroleum from producing districts in California.
Color.
Gravity OB.
Viflcowlty.
Flash point.
Diirtrict.
Maxi
mum.
Mini-
mum.
Aver-
age.
Maxi-
mum.
Mini-
mum.
Aver-
age.
Maxi-
mum.
Mini,
mum.
Aver-
age.
CoaUngaOUCity
••28"
Qreen
34
28
17.8
17
17
14
20
32.5
18.3
11.6
12
10
20.2
12
88.8
22
16
15.5
14
17
17
14.5
24
......
1
30
200
260
160
600
80
OF.
^F.
OjP.
80
Dark brown....
Black
40
2,500
1,500
2,000
1,500
2,000
2
60
260
276
27
25
160
325
850
850
300
300
80
160
200
200
160
180
150
Southwest
250
K«fnRlTcr
itimaet
do
do
275
275
Midway
Black-brown ...
Black
McKittrick
200
Cmrwmmmm.
do
180
^hnmnrriniHl
Brown
16.5
t36
42.7
n8
26
18
tlO.6
t25
11
18
t22
tl8
1,000
1,500
800
2
1
250
200
60
60
225
do
KffvfMll
Black-white....
Black
LnAi^etoa
WkUUer
18.5
19
1,500
85
260
do
tl,«00
10
110
pQCBle
Brown
f^j^aygg^
do
21
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688
MINERAL RESOURCES.
PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF CALIFORNIA CRUDE PETROLEUM.
The following tables give the result of the distillation of a number
of California crude petroleums from districts that are produciDg
petroleum in profitable quantities and also of some petroleums from
nonproducing districts where the quantity is not sufficient to be
worked profitably.
Proximate analyses of Calif omia crude petroleum from producing districls.
District.
Claniflcatioii.
Qrav-
Coalinga Oil City Intermediate
Do do
TweDty-eight Light aspbaltic
Do do
Southwest Heavy aitphaltic.
Do do
Kem^iver do
Sunset do
Do do
Midway Light asphaltic.
McKIttrick do
Do Heavy asphaltic.
Carreaga do
Summerland do
Newhall Intennediate
Ventura Light asphaltic,
Los Angeles ' Heavy asphaltic.
Whittler Light asphaltic.
DistUlation
(per cent).
I
I
33.1
45
22
18.7
17.8
16.1
16
9.9
17.^
20.2
19
15
16.9
16
42.7
25.6
18.6
19
t
Nitrogen.
None
None
2.04
1.87
2.83 '
2.83
8.06
2.93
3.01
1.80
2.85
0.30
.247
84 0.063 81 oaoe
.341
.432
8.37
3.86
None
2.05
8.99
4.94
.347
.482
.050
.335
6.902
6.814
6.299
6.875
6,600
6.870
^.476
6.874
6.800
0.290
6.480
tf.880
22 I
.M7
18; .874
e.e06
9.648
8.669
.612
1.28
>.80O
15
/i.soo
i.oes
41.7(0
a Edmund O'Neill, Jour. Am. Ghem. Soc., July, 1908.
t> Paul W. Prutzman.
<*Mabery and Hudson, Am. Ghem. Jour., 25-258.
dMean of 4 samples, S. F. Peckham, Am. Jour. Sci., 48-250-255.
eMabery and Hudson, Am. Ghem. Jour., 25-253, mean of IS samples.
/Mabery and Quayle, Jour. Soc. Ghem. Ind., 19-602-508.
9Mabery and Hudson, Am. Ghem. Jour., 25-258, mean of 4 samples.
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PETBOLEUM. 689
ProximaU cmalyses of California crude petroleum from nonproducing digtricttt,<^
Classification.
Grtfv-
Distillation (per cent).
Asphal-
tene.
Mau-
mene
num-
ber.
Di§trict
Below
150° C.
150°-
270° C.
Above
270° C.
As-
phalt,
Grade
D.
Alcalde
Intermediate...
Light asphaltic
do
24
24.7
33
23
42.7
38
26.8
41.6
48.8
16.2
16.3
21.6
41.6
1
8
20
11
. 28
26
0
38
48
0
0
2
28
38
81
26
31
37
36
2
46
83
16
19
24
42
60
46
60
86
86
39
98
16
19
78
81
62
80
6
16
6
22
60
0
0
0
0
b1
bO
22
0
Slight tr.
1.40
4.08
.64
.46
Slight tr.
Slight tr.
None.
None.
.49
Slight tr.
6 23
None.
Frasoo-San Benito.
Do
Do
do
Wtterwater
MoodTs Oulch
Intermediate
Paraffin
.068
Monterey Oonnty . .
do
Sui Mateo Connty .
Do
do
do
065
Nipa Oonnty
Donbtfnl
168
CohuaCoanty
BoUmuBay
Hmnboldt Coonty .
do
Light a«phal tic
Paraffin
.306
.370
.030
•AnalyaeB by Paul W. Prutzman.
kThe 7 per cent residue from Napa County oil and the trace of residue from other oils thus marked
it Dot asphalt, though closely resembling it.
HAWAHAN ISLANDS.
These islands have for many years depended on the importation of
Wellington coal from Australia and Nanaimo coal from British Colum-
bia. It is necessary to transport the former 5,000 miles and the latter
over 2,000 miles. The United States Government has for a number
of years maintained a coaling station on these islands, which is sup-
plied from San Francisco at a cost of from $9 to $10 per ton. The coal
supplied to the sugar plantations and other manufacturers probably
costs |2 to $3 more per ton. All the coal imported is of an inferior
quality and contains a large percentage of sulphur, which causes it to
deteriorate upon exposure. Pi'obably between 3 and 3i barrels of
petroleum would equal the calorific value per ton of the best coal found
in Hawaii. The development of a very large quantity of fuel petro-
l«iin in California made it possible to introduce this fuel at a cost of
about 3 cents per gallon, or $1.35 per barrel, and as Si barrels of
petroleum is equal to 1 ton of coad, the cost would be about $4.39 for
the quantity of petroleum necessary to equal 1 ton of coal. This
reduces the cost of fuel more than 50 per cent, besides adding many
other advantages resulting from the use of petroleum in a tropical
country where the work of the stoker is especially onerous. It is
highly probable that California petroleum wiH eventually become a
Ijreat factor in the navigation of the Pacific by steamhhips belonging
to the transportation companies and also by those of the United States
Navy. The results of trials on numerous trading steamers on the
Pacific coast have been so eminently satisfactory that it is only a ques-
tion of the supply for general introduction.
M R 1903 u
Digitized by VjOOQIC
'690
MINERAL BE80URCE8.
The first table following shows that in 1902 there was no exportation
of crude petroleum to the Hawaiian Islands, but that in 1903 there
were received from San Francisco 244,132 barrels at a cost of about
$1.35 per barrel. The second table reveals the rapidity with which
this industry is increasing.
Shipment of crude and refined petroleum to Hawaii from the United States in fiscal yean
ending June SO^ 1902 and 1903.
Kind of oil.
Crude
Naphtha
niuminating .
Lubricating ..
1902.
19(0.
Quantity. I Value. | Quantity. Value.
QaJUoM.
850
1,217,780
138,068
$130
10,258,652 ;
269,285
188,109 900,225
89,571 109,285
«S26,S54
130.211
4S,9n
Export of crude and refined petroleum to Haioaii from the United Stales in the six matitiit
ending^ respectively ^ December SI, 1902 and 190S.
Kind of oil.
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Valw.
QixUaiM,
Crude 2,610,964
Naphtha
niuminating .
Lubricating . .
1903.
Gattofu,
13, 576, aw ;
183,141
91ft, 540
65.589
$458. «0
22,00
127,fiS
22.9S7
I
ALASKA.
The developments in Alaska during 1903 have not resulted in any
commercial production of petroleum, notwithstanding the numerous
surface indications and the wells that have been completed in the sup-
posed productive territory. The prospectors should not, however, be
discouraged, although it may require patience and careful prospecting
with the drill to tap the reservoirs, whose existence seems to be indi-
cated by remarkable surface shows of both petroleum and natural gas.
There are four localities where there are more or less shows of
petroleum, which have attracted the prospector. The first out from
Sitka is located between Icy Cape and Cape Yaktag or Yakataga, just
northwest of the great Malaspina glacier, 400 miles northwest of Sitka
and a few miles back from and parallel with the coast line. This sec-
tion is one that is most diflBcult to visit, owing to the very roujj^
character of the shore and the absence of a harbor, and litde is
known of this field. It is reported that for a few miles many of the
small streams flowing into the ocean carry a continuous scum of crude
petroleum, that the structural conditions are comparatively r^xilar,
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PETROLEUM. 691
and that there are numerous springs and seeps of petroleum, but noth-
ing in the way of drilling a test well has been accomplished.
Following the coast line almost 100 miles Cape Suckling is reached,
where the eastern portion of what is known as the Kayak field is
located. From this cape to the first delta of the Copper River is about
40 miles in a northwestern direction. From 1 to 10 miles back of the
coast line in this region there are indications of petroleimi in small
pools. Natural gas is found on the shores of Controller Bay, and farther
inland to the northeast there are numerous outcroppings of bituminous
coal. Dr. G. C. Martin,^ who visited this region during 1903, reports
the petroleum-bearing shales to be made up of a series of dark argil-
laceous and carbonaceous shales, with an occasional band of sandstone,
limestone, conglomerate, and glauconitic rock of probable Tertiary
age. All the rocks are generally highly inclined, but there are locali-
ties where the slopes are comparatively gentle and the anticlinal struc-
ture well marked. The first well in this region was drilled by the
Alaska Steam Coal and Petroleum Syndicate, who have subleased from
the Alaska Development Company. The well was not drilled to any
great depth before the tools were lost and work was suspended; some
petroleum was, however, found in this well. The same company
drilled a more successful well during the year 1902, which at a depth
of 250 feet developed a showing of petroleum, and at a depth of 365
feet in sandstone opened up a considerable amoimt of petroleum.
During the year 1903 this well was drilled to a depth of 500 feet with-
out finding any large flow. About 4,000 feet south of this last well
another company drilled a well to a depth of 1,700 feet, and failed to
find petroleum in quantity, although the bailer bought up a small
qoantity. A well was drilled on one of the islands in the Chilkat
Biver, 7 miles above its mouth, which at a depth of over 500 feet failed
to find any petroleum. Another well was drilled on the bank of the
Katalla River, about two miles above the village of Eatalla, which also
fafled to find sufiicient petroleum at the close of 1903.
The third field is known as the Cooks Inlet field. This field lies on
ti»e west shore of the main inlet, between Itimna Peak and Ttimna Lake,
near the mouth of Innerskin Bay, on whose shores there are numerous
seepages of petroleum, a considerable quantity of petroleum being
found at times on the surface of the water in the vicinity of Oil Bay.
A weU was started at Oil Bay during the summer of 1902, which at
500 feet was reported to have found some petroleum; when drilled
deeper the well struck a large flow of salt water, which was followed
by a flow of gas, and the well was finally abandoned. During 1903 a
new well was started, but it has not produced much petroleum.
The fourth field where there has been a well drilled is known as the
Cold Bay field, and is located near where the Alaska Peninsula leaves
«Xntln, Q. C. Petroleinn Fields of Alaska: Boll. U. S. Geol. Snry. No. 225, 1904, pp. 865-«82.
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692 MINERAL BE8OUB0ES.
the main land, being nearly opposite the southern extremity of Eadiak
Island. The strata at this locality are said closely to resemble those of
the Cooks Inlet field, and the strata can be followed for a considerable
distance on their outcrop. There were two wells drilled in this field
during 1903, but no practical results are reported from either of them.
Mr. Martin says that on the hill slopes, several miles in the interior,
there are seepages of petroleum, the continued discharge from which
has run down the hillside and impregnated the bituminous matter in a
swamp with paraffin wax and produced a fuel of considerable value,
which was used under the boiler in drilling.
There has been a great rush of prospectors to this region, many of
whom have staked out a large number of claims under the placer min-
ing laws and placed them on the market; many of these are without
purchasers and must in the course of time become forfeited.
rORBIGN COUNTRIES OF THE WESTERN CONTENENT.
CANADA.
ONTARIO.
The production of petroleum in Canada comes almost entirely from
the Petrolia and Oil Springs districts, in Lamberton County, and Both-
well, in Kent County, Ontario. One of the first productive wells was
put down at Oil Springs in 1862, which flowed vigorously. For
nearly twenty-five years the quantity of petroleiun produced in Canada
has been gradually declining, notwithstanding the opening of a num-
ber of smaller pools within the last four years. One of the most
important of the recently-developed pools is known as the Dutton dis-
trict, in Elgin County. There was also some production in the south-
eastern portion of Essex County. At Brantford, in Brant County,
two wells found petroleum in the underlying Medina sand near the
close of 1903.
Nearly all of the crude petroleum produced in Canada comes from the
Comif erous limestone, and contains a considerable proportion of sul-
phureted hydrogen, which imparts an unpleasant odor to the finished
product, unless removed by special treatment.
The wells are usually from 330 to 400 feet in depth, and are dieaply
drilled, as only one string of casing is required. Owing to tiiese con-
ditions, there is a great number of wells in operation compared with
the production secured. The present production in Canada does not
amount to more than 40 per cent of the quantity consumed, the defi-
ciency being supplied by the United States.
The table on a subsequent page gives the annual production from
1898 to 1903, during which period there was a yearly decline of about
40,000 barrels.
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PETBOLEUM. _ 693
In Quebec a number of deep wells have been drilled in the last ten
years on Grasp^ Peninsula. In all, 62 wells have been drilled in
this locality, from 500 to 3,700 feet in depth. A number of these have
shown traces only of petroleum of good quality, one variety being
much lighter in gravity than the other. There are several well-defined
anticlinak in a general southeast-northwest direction, more or less
faulted.
The strata containing the petroleum are sandstone, alternating with
red or brown shales, which are supposed to be of Devonian age.
The recent developments south of Moncton, New Brunswick, are
still progressing, and deeper drilling has developed more productive
sands. The production in this field at the close of 1903 is estimated
to be close to 100 barrels per day, the product of 15 wells, if pumped
to their capacity. The depth varies from 1,000 to 1,500 feet.
Several deep wells drilled within the last four years near Lake
Aimslie, Cape Breton, have failed to find petroleum in paying quanti-
ties, although the succession of shales and sandstone deposits are quite
similar to those of the Pennsylvania productive region.
The development of petroleum already mentioned in a former report
in southeast Kootenay district. Alberta, has not as yet taken place.
There are some evidences of petroleum springs in this region, and the
structural conditions are considered favorable.
NEWFOUNDLAND.
During 1903 another well was drilled near Parsons Pond, on the
west coast, to a depth of 1,204 feet, which developed a flow of petroleum.
Two other wells, drilled to a depth of 600 feet, developed consider-
able natural gas, but no petroleum. Up to this date, 6 wells have
been drilled at this locality to a sufficient depth, and 5 of them have
found petroleum. The quantity is yet to be determined by pumping
them a sufficient length of time to test their output.
No new developments have recently been made at Long Point, where
a number of small wells, having a small production, were drilled in
former years.
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694
iflNERAti RESOURCES.
PRODUCTION IN CANADA.
The following is a statement of the production of crude petroleum
in Canada for the years 1898 to 1903, inclusive, by districts:
ProductUm of crude petroleum in Canada, 1898-1908, by districts.
[Barrels of 85 Imperial gallons, or about 42 standard gallons.]
District
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Petrolla
Oil Springs
513,179
138,866
66,404
25,000
5,928
5,227
901
a 528, 641
b 107, 487
65,044
541.436
99,019
47,405
432,906
76,050
52,873
897,628
60,747
60,141
350, SW
56.406
48,880
Bothwell
Plympton
Dawn
Buphemia
Zone
::::::::::::r:;::::::::
!
Dutton
3,622
4,791
10,588
8,867
2,462
21,48S
1 161
Raleiirh ...
Wheatley '
1,»
1,190
liOaniinflrton .... ,,..-.
Total
750,000
704,794
692,650
572,416
519,845
481, 5M
a Includes production from Plympton.
b Includes the production from Dawn, Euphemia, and Zone.
Canadian oils and naphtha inspected, and corresponding quantities of crude ofl, I881-190S.
Year.
I Refined oils
I inspected.
Imi
1881 6,457,270
6,135,782
7.447,648
7,993,995
8,226,882
7,768,006
9,492,588
9,246,176
9,472,476
1890 ' 10,174,894
1891 .; 10,065,468
1892 10,370,707
1893 ! 10,618,804
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.,
1888.
1889.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
11,027,082
10,674,282
10,684,284
10,434,878
11,148,848
11,927,981
13,428,422
all, 123, 194
8,942,861
7,755,805
Crude
equivalent
calculated.
Ratio of
crude to
refined.
Imperial
gallons.
12,914,540
100:60
13,635,071
100:45
16,560,328
100:45
19,984,987
100:40
20,664,705
100:40
20,442,121
100:38
24,980,494
100:38
24,332,042
100:38
24,664,144
100:88
26,776,087
100:38
26,435,480
100:88
27,291,334
100 ."«8
27,944,221
100:38
29,018,687
100:38
26,414,838
100:42
25,438,771
100:42
24,844,995
100:42
26,643,686
100:42
28,899,956
100:42
24,867,449
100:64
26,483,795
100:42
21,291,336
100:42
18,466,202
100:42
Production
of crude
petroleum.
Barrels.
368,987
380,673
472,867
671,000
587,563
684,061
713,728
695,201
704,690
765,030
766,298
779,762
798,406
829,104
726,138
726,822
709.857
758,391
811,427
913.498
756,679
530,624
486,637
Average ,
price per Value of
barrel of crude oil.
crude.
I0.82J
.90
.78
L02}
.921
1.18
1.831
1.26i
i.m
1.001
1.49}
1.69
1.424
1.40
1.481
1.62
1.62
1.T9J
2.164
$483,271
666,706
713.740
653,600
902,735
1,010,2U
964,438
874, 2»
836, S2S
1,086, 787
1,156,617
1.0U,6«6
1,061.717
1. 286,321
1,479,867
1,216.820
961.190
l,Ofi.974
a Petroleum and naphtha.
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PETROLEUM.
695
PERU.
Peru is the only country in South America that refines crude
petroleum and secures benzine and refined and lubricating products.
The entire production, however, was only 46 per cent of the quantity
imported from the United States during 1903. Details of the varied
conditions of the industry have been discussed in previous reports.
A Cnitcd States consular report gives the following extracts taken
from a pamphlet published by authority of the Peruvian Government,
containing information for the use of prospective investors and settlers
in Peru:
Foreigners can become, according to the law, owners of real estate in Pern, sub-
ject to the same duties, benefits, and rights as the natives. The code of mines, pro-
mulgated July 6, 1900, grants to all persons the right to obtain mining property and
to be members of the boards of representatives. The number of concessions
demanded should not exceed 60. The greatest industrial development of Peru lies
in its gold, copper, and silver mines, its deposits of petroleum, and its mineral- water
soorces. The mines belong to powerful European and North American syndicates,
which are engaged in vigorous prosecution of the works, so that a great output is
expected for 1904 and the following years. A tax of 15 soles ($7.30) must be paid
every six months for each concession.
The following figures show the concessions made to different persons and societies
▼ithoat distinction as to nationality: 1899, 1,107; 1900, 1,663; 1901, 1,014; 1902 (first
ax months), 532.
The northern part of the Peruvian coast contains an abundance of coal, petroleum,
and naphtha. Coal is found is 23 provinces, and the coal beds being in many places
in close proximity to the sea, facilities for its exportation are offered. The principal
Booites of petroleum are found in the Department of Piura, where the production of
each well may be estimated at 136 to 140 hectoliters (3,590 to 3,696 gallons) per day.
The petroleum contains, very little paraffin. The heavy oils are valuable, being
amilir to those of Bussia. The crude oil can be employed as fuel without other
preparation than exposure to the atmosphere in open ponds for a few days.
The following statement of the production of petroleum in 1903, in
the Zorritos oil field of Peru, furnished by Mr. Faustino G. Piaggio,
who is operating in that field, shows that the production of crude petro-
leum was 2,060,000 gallons; of refined, 276,100 gallons, and of benzine
and gasoline, 61,745 gallons.
Production of petroleum in Zorritos oilfield of Peru, 1S96-190S,
[Gallons.]
Year.
Crude pe-
troleum*
Refined.
Lubricat-
ing oil.
Bensine.
18H
1,996,520
2,874,980
2,880,000
3,745,000
4,325,000
3,135,000
2,489,500
2.060,000
606,900
959,645
600,000
806,900
a400,000
a282,480
a873,250
a276,100
896,450
964,680
1,260,000
2,541.000
4,560
7,940
8,850
11,220
18,000
19,060
25.920
IW
vm
vm
wn
in
Utt.
im
61,745
a Kerosene.
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696 MINERAL BE80URCES.
In the coui-se of 1903 a new petroleum company has been formed,
which is operating with good results at Punta Lobitos to the north of
Talara. Recently ako to the south of Zorritos rich deposits of petro-
leum have been discovered, for the exploitation of which a new com-
pany is being formed, and it i^ quite possible that within a few months
the ground may be explored.
COUNTRIES OF THE EASTBBIS^ CONTINENT.
RUSSIA.
The facts stated in the following brief summary are derived chiefly
from the report of Mr. James C. Chambers, United States consul at
Batum, Russia, who, in his report, reduced the poods to United States
barrels and gallons.
The decline in the production of crude petroleum in Russia has con-
tinued for two years, that for 1903, as compared with 1902, being
4,795,660 barrels, almost identical with the decline in 1902 — 4,628,512
barrels, as compared with 1901. A serious strike of the workmen in
July is astimated to have reduced the output 2,100,000 barrels, and in
September a very disastrous fire destroyed 62 rigs, four of which were
large flowing wells, involving another loss of production amounting
to 2,100,000 barrels in the Bibi-Eibat field, a total of 4,200,000 barrels,
which would have brought the production up to a quantity only about
600,000 barrels less than the production for 1902.
FIELD DEVELOPMENT.
There were only 315 wells drilling at the beginning of 1903, as com-
pared with 416 at the beginning of 1902. The production from these
new wells was sufficient, however, to have nearly maintained the pro-
duction. There was a large falling oflf in production toward the close
of the year. The depression in the price of crude at this season always
causes a falling oflf in production and a decrease in new wells. Only
231 new wells were started during the year 1903. There were, how-
ever, 23 more wells producing at the close of 1903 than at the close of
1902. The time required to secure a producing well in the Baku field
is usually more than a year from the time drilling is conunenced, often
much longer, and at times they seem to be completed in clusters.
The stocks of crude petroleum at Baku refineries are insignificaDt,
and do not represent over one month's shipment, and from the fact that
the production in January^ 1904, was 30,000 barrels less than that of
one year ago, the outlook for the crude producers in this r^on for
1904 is encouraging, as the price of the crude is nearly as high as it
has ever been, the latest quotation being 7.7 cents per pood of 36.11
pounds — about 65 cents per barrel — while the average cost, it is esti-
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PETBOLEUM.
697
mated, can not be greater than from 4.1 to 4.6 cents per pood, or about
38 cents per barrel.
One of the most important events of the year was the reorganiza-
tion of the leasing of Government tracts in Bibi-Eibat. The high and
arbitrary royalty demanded by the Government in this field caused a
loss to the operator, when the price declined seriously. The Govern-
ment was petitioned to change the royalty to a proportion of the
petroleum produced. A temporary arrangement requiring the deliv-
ery of 30 per cent of the production to the Government was made,
pending the rearrangement of the lots, which will again be put up at
auction in October, 1904.
One of the remarkable features in all the districts was the steady
increase in the water pumped with the petroleum, which, however, did
not seriously impair the production of the old wells when they were
opened after the strike and fire.
No new territory was developed during the year 1903. The well
developed by Nobel Brothers at Berekei, 170 miles north of Baku,
mentioned last year, was still producing considerable oil up to the
close of 1903. Drilling new wells has continued, but no new produc-
tion has been secured.
PRODUCTION IN KUSSIA.
Production of crude petroleum in Russia in 190fS and 190Sy by fields.
production,)
{Profitable
Field.
1908.
1902.
^kn
Poodi.
606,681,166
88,094,000
Barrd8.
71,618,886
8,972,870
Poods.
636,629,000
84,869,672
BarreU.
76,414,045
4,126,999
On^Bif
Total
829,676,166
76,691,286
670,898,672
80,640,044
By profitable production is meant the quantity actually sold or
secured in tanks ready for delivery. The quantity of waste and the
quantity consumed as fuel are not included.
Total production of crude petroleum in Russia, 1S97-190S,
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Year.
Apsheron
Peninsula.
Qrosni.
Total.
U97
61,646,668
69,409,867
68,048,909
72,120,498
80,977,638
76,414,046
71,618,886
2,764,000
2,200,000
2,906,069
3,668,924
4,190,918
4,126,999
8,972,870
64,399,668
61,609,867
66,954,968
76,779,417
86.168,666
80,640,044
76,691,256
un
vm.
mo
mi..
MS.
issi
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698
HIKEBAL BESOUBCES.
Comparatwe production of crude petroleum of Russia and the United States, ISSJhtM.
[BarrelB of 42 galloiiB.]
RuflBia.
Year.
86,875,428
46,140,174
47,220,688
54,899,668
61,609,857
65,954,968
1900 ' 75,779,417
1901 ' 86,168,556
1902 , 80,540,044
1903 ! 76,691,256
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
Profitable
produc-
tion.
Gain
orlofls.
9,764,746
1,080,450
7,178,935
7,209,789
4,845,611
9,824,449
9,389,139
-4,628,512
-4,948,788
Percent-
age of
gain or
loss.
+26.8
+ 2.3
+15.2
+18.3
+ 7.05
+14.9
+12.4
- 5.4
- 6.1
United States.
Produc-
tion.
49,844,516
52,892,276
60,960,361
60,475,516
55,864,288
57,070,850
63,620,529
69,389,194
88,766,916
100,461,387
Gain or lo
8,547,760
8,068,085
- 4»1,845
-5,U1,283
1,706,617
6,549,679
5,768,665
19,377,722
11,694,421
Percent-
age of
gun or
ProdiM-
tionof
Buriain
percent-
age of
produc-
tion of
United
States.
+ 7.19
+15.25
— .80
- 8.40
+ 3.08
+11.60
+ 9.07
+27.91
+18.19
87.2
77.4
».9
ULS
115.&
US.1
122.7
90.7
Percentages of worW s produdion of petroleum in 1901 , 190fy and 1903 , by countries.
1901. i 1902. 1901
Percentage of total crude petroleum produced by Russia
5L49
41.97
6.54
48.50
47.94
8.56
38. 7S
Percentage of total crude petroleum produced by the United Btates
5L4S
Percentage of all other countries producing petroleum
9.81
Total
100.00
100.00
IOOlOO
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
GALIOIA.
The very remarkable production recently developed near the old
city of Boryslaw, in central Galicia, still furnishes a very large per-
centage of the petroleum produced in this country. This locality was
already well known, owing to the remarkable deposit of ozocerite or
mineral wax, which closely resembles our crude paraffin or sucker rod
wax. About three years ago persons interested were induced to drill
a deep test well near this locality, and were repaid by securing a
remarkable flow of petroleum. During the years 1902 and 1903 a
number of very deep and profitable wells have been secured. Several
of them flowed at the rate of over 3,000 barrels per day from a depth
of 900 meters or more. Want of facilities for storing and transport-
ing the large amount of petroleum produced in this locality curtailed
the production in 1902 and 1903. The output in Galicia during 1903
was 5,234,475 barrels, an increase of nearly 28 per cent over that of
1902, over 80 per cent of which increase came from the vicinity of
Boryslaw, district of Drohobycz. The stocks reported amounted to
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PETROLEUM.
699
over 1,000,000 barrels At the close of 1903, as compared with 600,000
barrels at the close of 1902.
There are 90 refineries in Austria-Hungary, of which 54 are in
Gaiicia. They are small affairs generally, although several are large,
well-equipped refining plants. These refineries treated about 4,800.000
barrels of crude petroleum, producing 1,790,000 barrels of refined
products.,
Austria-Hungary is also an importer of petroleum. By special con-
cession 140,000 barrels were imported from Roumania into Hungary.
Austria also imported illuminating and lubricating oils from Russia,
amounting to 145,700 barrels, and from the United States 14,900 bar-
rels, a total of 160,600 barrels during 1903. On the other hand, a very
considerable quantity of refined petroleiun is exported from Galicia
into Germany and Switzerland, which amounted to over 542,000 bar-
rels during 1903.
The indications are that Gralicia will yearly become a more important
factor in extending its refined products to those countries on its south-
em and western borders.
Production of crude petroleum in Oaiicia, 1886-190S, by districts.
Yetr. 'Quantity.
District.
l!*....
1887...
Metric
42,540
47,817
MB....
64,882
«»....
71,650
WW....
91.650
MM....
87,717
MK....
89,871
Ml....
96,881
l»t...
132,000
m....
214,810
«»....
888.766
WW....
809,626
m.^.
828,142
!«....
316,884
mn.,..
828,384
WM....
458,200
i«e....
676,060 1
!«....
727.971 '
QorUce district (Kryar, Lipinki, libiuza, Siary, Sekowa, Kobylanka, Mencina,
WoitowaHarklowa); Bobrka; Lodyna, near Ustrzyki; Ropianka, near Dukla;
Sloboda; Rungnnka.
I The above districts and Wietrzno, near Bobrka, Weglowka, near Kroeno, Wan-
kowa, and Ropienka, near Olszanica.
Same, and Rowne, near Dukla.
Same.
The above, and Strselbice and Stary Sambor.
The above, and Patok, near Krosno.
The above, and Torogzowka, near Krosno; Brelikow. near Olszanica.
Districts as in 1886.
Districts as in 1886, and Schodnica.
Districts as in 1886, chiefly Neu Sandez to Sanok and Lisko to Stryj.
Chiefly the second named in above.
Chiefly the second and Pasieczna.
Do.
Do.
Chiefly the second and Pasieczna, and Boryslaw, Unircz, BItkovr.
Do.
Do.
Chiefly Boryslaw.
PRODUCTION IN dALlCU.
In the following table is given a statement of the production of crude
petroleam in Gralicia from 1886 to 1903, inclusive, as ascertained by
tbe statistical bureau of the Galizischer Landes-Petroleum-Verein,
Umberg:
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MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
Production of crude petroleum in Cfalicia, 1886-190S,
Year.
1S86.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
Quantity.
Metric
centners.
425,400
478,176
648,824
716,595
916,604
877,174
898,718
968,812
1,320,000
BarreUqf
J^ gallons.
805,884
848,882
466,687
515,268
660,012
680,782
646.220
949,146
Year.
Quantity.
Metric
cetUtters.
1895 2,020,720
1896 8,897,650
1897 8,096,268
1898 8,804,510
1899 8,216,810
1900 8,268,840
1901 4,522,000
1902 5,760,600
1903 7,279,710
Barrdgnf
UffaOom.
l,46e,9«
2,448,080
2.226,3B
2.I13,M7
2,816,8a
8,2S1,M4
4,142. lfi»
5,2S4,47S
The following equivalents of value, weight, and length are given:
1 crown =20. 3 cents.
1 florin or golden =40. 2 cents.
1 metric ton=2,204.62 pounds.
1 metric ton=7.1905 barrels of crude petroleum of 42 gallon8=2,204.62 poundB.
1 metric centner^
1 q^iintal /=1^ ^'^^ (220.462 pounds).
1 kilogram=2.20462 pounds.
1 gallon refined petroleum =6.6 pounds.
1 gallon crude petroleum=7.3 pounds.
1 quintal or 1 metric centner of refined petroleum =0.795317 barrel of 42 galloDB.
1 quintal or 1 metric centner of crude petroleum =0.71905 barrel of 42 gallons.
1 kilometer=3,280.89 feet=0.6213 mile.
ROUMANIA.
Operations in the development of the petroleum industry in Ron-
mania during 1903 have been extremely active, and the result is an
increased production of 34 per cent in 1903 as compared with that of
1902, almost double that of 1899. The production is stiU, however,
but a small part of what the natural resources of Roumania are capa-
ble of producing for many years in the future. Gradually the im-
proved methods of production, transportation, refining, and marketing
are being introduced, which must sooner or later result in this country
becoming a much more prominent factor in the world's markets than
it is at present. The great broad curving of the Carpathian Moun-
tains base causes many minor swells in the strata which follow along
their flank, producing ideal conditions for the accumulation of petro-
leum over many miles of area within reasonable depths. A consider-
able portion of the petroleum continues to be raised in shafts or haod-
dug wells.
One of the serious conditions which retard production in a measure
is the unsatisfactory method of transporting and marketing the refined
products. Roumania is centrally located geographically and borders
on several countries, and were it not for the stringent laws and taxes
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PETBOLEUM.
701
relating the exportation, Austria and Germany alone would con-
sume its entire production and very much more. It is to the interest
of Roumania to facilitate the development of this industry, as the
residuum of the refined products is almost its only source of fuel, for
which it now depends largely upon foreign countries.
The Prahova district, with Cam'pina as a center, continues to produce
about 90 per cent of the entire output, and about 43 per cent of the
refined products are manufactured here by the Steaua Romana Com-
pany, the Telega Oil Company (Limited) refining about 11 per cent
and the International Roumanian Company about 9 per cent, the
remainder being absorbed by the smaller refineries. The most impor-
tant refineries are located at Campina, Baicoi, Plopeni, and Tergoviate.
There were 295,087,950 kilos of refined products secured during 1903,
as compared with 202,872,350 kilos during 1902, which quantities were
divided among the several products as given in the following table for ,
(he years 1902 and 1903, in kilograms of 2.0246 pounds:
Refined products of Roumanian petroleum in 190S and 1903,
Producte.
1902.
1908.
Benxtne
KUografM.
81,166,618
56,814,913
8,366,170
111,686,649
202,872,850
KUogromt.
48,226,279
IHomliuitiiur netmleiim
76,448,449
LabdcAtin^ pf^troletim
8, 719, 616
^^'■'4^11 and inferior 1nbricftnt« ....
166,699,606
T^itol
296,087,950
The decline in the consumption of illuminating petroleum when there
was an increase in the production is to be regretted, but, on the other
hand, the increase in the consumption of benzine is very gratifying,
especially as during the year just concluded, it found a new competitor
in alcohol, which, by a special law passed in Parliament, has come on
the market for industrial purposes in competition with benzine.
The prices for various petroleum products at the beginning of the
year and at the end, as quoted in the Moniteur du P^trole Soumain, on
the home market were:
Prices of Roumanian petroleum ^ infrancSy per ton
Be^nnlng
oTyear.
End of
year.
Crude oO
Francs.
21.00
100.00
180.00
84.00
41.00
66.00
F^rancs.
80.00
JJ^nwhtttinf fill
120.00
Badne
160.00
toMmb
86.00
for export:
^'nninatlnlr ott In cmm x * . *
66.00
Bfnilnft ., ,
80.00
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MINERAL RESOURCES.
Although the production is growing continuously the prices remain
firm, which is to be explained by the fact that the largest part of tbe
production is in strong hands, which absorb also the production of
the minor firms, so that the latter can profit by the good prices.
The total amount of refined petroleum exported from Roumania was
126,277,410 kilograms, equal to 850,000 barrels, which went to Austria,
England, Germany, France, Turkey, and Bulgaria. There is consid-
erable variation in the proportion of the lighter products of naphtha
and illuminating petroleum in different localities. The lighter crudes
secured at Cochin, Campina, Baicoi, and Bustenari give from 37 to 45
per cent of lighter grades when distilled, with considerable variation
in the proportion of naphtha and illuminating products, up to 150^
Centigrade. Some of the heavier varieties only produce 20 per cent
when distilled up to 150^ centigrade. Nearly all of the crude produced
in Roumania contains paraffin. The crudes produced in the Campina
and Moinesti fields are usually quite rich in paraffin, but that produced
in the Bustenari field contains only a small percentage. Owing to the
large percentage of paraffin in a large proportion of the crude produced
only a few of the distillates can be used for lubricating purposes without
further treatment. The proportion of sulphur in the Campina crude
amounts to 0.18 per cent.
During 1903 a very interesting report on the physical and chemical
properties of crude petroleum produced in Roumania by Dr. L. Me-
leano, of the department of mines, and Mr. I. Tanasesco, mining engi-
neer, was presented to the Congress for the development of science,
Bucharest, October, 1903.
PRODUCTION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM.
The production of the last eleven years was as follows:
Production of crude petroleum in Roumania^ 1893-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1893
MdrixitoJM,
56,600
64,530
76,000
80,000
110,000
180,000
1899
UtirieUm*.
sso,oei>
18W
1900
2SO,000
1895
1901
270. aoo
1986
1902
S10,000
1897
1903
9B1.S03
1898
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PETROLEUM. 703
GBRMANY.
There has been a gradual increase in the production of petroleum in
Germany commencing with 1899. Since that year it has more than
doubled its output. This increase is due to the operations near Weitze,
m Hanover. At present many new companies are forming, and there
is a large amount of drilling going on near the city of Braunschweig
and extending north^vest for 40 miles to Weitze. Near the latter a
number of wells have been drilled from 350 to 420 meters deep. The
petroleum secured is dark in color, and is from 0.94 to 0.95 in specific
gravity, the deeper wells furnishing an oil that is slightly lighter in
gravity. This field produced 296,830 barrels in 1903. At Piene, near
Celle, about 40 per cent of the crude is a very remarkable lubricating
oil, 20 per c^nt is spindle oil, 6 per cent is yellow illuminating petro-
leum, 6 per cent is water-white petroleum, and 5 per cent is benzine,
23 per cent being residuum and loss. The other field is 300 miles
southwest, in Alsace, at Pechebroun, which for many years has pro-
duced from 100,000 to 160,000 barrels of crude petroleum annually.
This is also a heavy petroleum, and is nearly all refined at Pechebroun
and Bodromstein, the products being also largely lubricating petro-
leum. The total production of crude petroleum in these two fields
during 1903 was 445,818 barrels, a gain of 26 per cent over the pro-
duction of 1902.
Germany encourages the development of her petroleum fields by
imposing on all of the petroleum products brought into the country
heavy import duties, amounting to $2 per barrel on illuminating petro-
leum and to 10 marks, or $3.33, per 100 kilos on lubricating petroleum.
The total of crude and refined products imported into Germany from
the United States during 1903 was 131,464,300 gallons; Russia fur-
nished about 32,500,000 gallons, and all other countries about 26,000,000
gallons. The United States, therefore, furnished about 69 per cent
of all the petroleum imported by Germany, Russia 16.5 per cent, and
all other countries 14.5 per cent. A large proportion of the petroleum
imported from Russia was lubricating products. The illuminating
petroleum imported from the United States is superior to all others,
being lighter in gravity, which according to the present duties gives
it a slight advantage and causes it to command a higher price in the
general market.
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MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
PKODUOnON.
The prckiuction and value of petroleum in Germany from 1880 to
1903 is shown in the following table:
Production and value of petroleum in Germany, 1880-190S,
[Metric ton=7. 1126 barrels.]
Year.
I
Quantity.
Metric
tons, a
Barrels (42
gallons).
Value.
Marks.^ ItoDan.
1880.
1881,
1882.
1883.
1884.
1886.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893
1894.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1,809
4.108
8,158
8,755
6,490
5,815
10,385
10,444
11,920
9,501
15,226
15.815
14,257
18,974
17,232
17,051
20,395
28,803
25,789
27,027
50,875
44,095
49,725
9,810
29,219
58,025
26,708
46,161
41,360
73,864
74.284
84,782
68,217
108,296
106,929
101,404
99,391
122,564
121,277
145,061
165,746
183,427
192,232
858,297
313,680
353,674
445,818
159,000
526,000
751.000
852,000
561,000
471,000
962,000
«3,000
1,028,000
881,000
1,242,000
1,196,000
880,000
783,000
972,447
962,455
1,188.5U
1,896,444
1,578,206
1,677,466
3,726,086
2,960,478
3,351,000
4,884,000
88,160
1^6,210
180,210
8t,48D
182, 2tt
118,040
230,889
228,990
246,790
2U,440
296,080
286,800
2U.200
187.900
2SS,S^
230,989
285,343
835.147
378,770
878,569
894,261
708,115
8M,340
1,040,169
a One metric ton, crude=7.1126 barrels.
h One mark taken asa24 cents.
Production of petroleum in
Alsace-Lorraine, 18S0-190S.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Metric
tons.
Barrels.
Metric
tons.
Banela
1880
1,068
1,237
2,169
1,198
2,776
8,087
7,696
7,892
9,150
6,682
12,977
12,817
7,490
8,798
15,427
8,521
19,787
21,966
64,788
56,183
65,080
46,759
92,300
91,162
1892
12,942
92.0SI
1881
1893
12,609 1 80,683
1882.
1894
16,632 ! 111,18S
1883 ...
1895
15,439 ' 109.8X2
1884
1896
18,883 1M,X»
1885
1897
20,703
23,282
23,554
22,597
19,997
20,205
20.947
147,S5»
1886
1898
166,87
1887
1899
167.Gao
1888. . ...
1900
160,73S
1889
1901
142.290
1890
1902
143, 71«
1891.
1903
148. 9n
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705
ITALY.
The statistics of production in Italy for 1903 are not yet obtainable
The production for 1902 was nearly 19,000 barrels, which is the largest
quantity produced since 1895, yet it is small in comparison to the
world's production, amounting to but one-hundredth of one per
cent of the world's output in 1903. There is a great variety in the
gravity and the color of the petroleum found in Italy. A large por-
tion of it is found in the field on the northern flanks of the Apennines
and is light and almost transparent, and of a gravity of 0.725. Near
Giovanni Incarico a dark heavy oil of a specific gravity of 0.983 was
produced. Asphalt is also found in localities. There are traces of
a dark green petroleum found in Sicily. The main production, how-
ever, continues to come from the province of Piacenza, near the town
of Velloi, where over 300 wells have been drilled to a depth of from
300 to 600 meters. There is a considerable quantity of natural gas
produced in this locality, and also at Salzo Maggiore, a town of 10,000
inhabitants, large flows of natural gas were encountered with some
shows of petroleum. It is reported that sufficient natural gas has
been produced from two wells near this last-named locality to supply
the entire lighting of this town for several years past.
GREAT BRITAIN.
Petroleum and natural gas are both known to exist in certain local-
ities in England, but thus far no large reservoir has been found. For
the last seventeen years or more there has been some production from
a coal mine in Derbyshire, which is given in the following table.
None, however, has been reported for 1903. There are a number of
locahties in which petroleum and natural gas have been found in small
quantities, but little has been done in the way of testing by drilling
deep wells. Some natural gas with showings of petroleum have
recently been developed at Nethertield, in Sussex.
PRODUCTION AND VALUE.
The mineral statistics of the United Kingdom give the production
and value of petroleum from 1886 to 1903 as follows:
Production and value of petroleum in Derbyshire ^ Englandy 1886-190S.
Yew.
UK..
tttt..
Production.
Value, a
Tons (2,240
pounds) .
Barrels (42
^llons).
Pounds
sterling.
Dollars.
43
66
35
314
482
256
219
256
129
99
627
481
80
85
45
52
219
253
M R 1903 i5
aValueatweUs. £1-14.86.
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706
MINERAL BE8OUB0ES.
Production and value of petroleum in Derby Bhire, England, 1896-190S-'Ckm&DXisA.
Production.
Value.
Year.
Tom (2,240
pounds).
Barre]a(42
gallons).
Founds
sterilng.
Donaii.
1891
100
218
260
49
15
12
12
6
5
7S1
1.594
1,900
358
UO
88
88
44
87
150
409
488
92
28
29
29
14
12
729
1892
1,9S
1898
2,972
1894
448
1896
136
1806
1897
1898
1899
1900
141
141
68
56
1901 .
8
25
59
184
1902 .
SCOTCH SHALE-OIL INDUSTRY.
This industry has continued for a number of years^ notwithstanding
the introduction of the products of crude petroleum imported from the
United States and Russia. The combined annual production of all of
the shale-oil manufactories has for a number of years been about 150,000
barrels of heavy naphtha, about 500,000 barrels of burning oil of a
very high-flash test, probably 300,000 barrels of lubricating oils, and
20,000 tons of solid paraflin, which is derived from about 2,250,000
tons of shale mined and treated in refineries.
In the following table is given the quantity and value of oil shale
produced in Great Britain during the years 1897 to 1903, inclusive:
Quantity and volume of oil shale produced in Cheat Britain, 2897-190S.
1897.
1898.
1899. ! 1900.
Country.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value. 1 Quantity. | Value. . Quantity.
Vtloe.
England
Scotland
Wales
T\ms.
10,568
2,211,617
1,560
Tons.
£2,642 2,975
552.904 2,133,409
890 1,609
1 T(ms.
£744 200
633,352 1 2,208,249
402 1 2,376
£50
552,062
891
Tbtu.
2,279,879 i£e!»,9«
0 S42 I 838
Total
2,223,745
555,936
2,137,993
534,498
2,210,824
553,003 1 2,232,221
1
ss,m
1901.
1902.
1903.
Cou
ntry.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity, j Vtloe.
Tbiw. 1
1
Tom.
TbM.
Scotland ! ■
2.105,953
1,581
Wales '
1
Total
2 9RA. »f>A
1 107 MU
2,009,602 .
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PETROLEUM.
707
The quantity and value of oil shale produced in Great Britain from
1873 to 1903 are shown in the following table:
Production of oil shale in the United Kingdom, 187S-190S.
Year.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1879.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883..
1884.
18»..
1888..
1887.
1888..
Quantity.
Value.
SUOuUUma.
fi24,096
£262,047
362,747
181,378
487,774
218,887
608,588
801,769
801,701
400,860 1
788,704
394,862
788,748
391.824
887,806
418,902
968, 2&5
479,127
1,080.916
810.686 1
1,167,948
299,676 1
1,618,871
886,780
1,770,413
447,302
1,728,608
485,963
1,411,878
356,085
2,076,469
619,074 1
Year.
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Quantity.
Statute tons.
2,014,860
2,212,260
2,361,119
2,089,987
1,966,520
1,986,885
2,246,865
2,419,626
2,223,745
2,187,993
2,210,824
2.282,221
2,864,356
2,107,534
2,000,602
Value.
£608,716
608,360
707,177
622.484
489,180
496,696
561,716
604,881
655,986
534,498
653,003
627.844
DUTCH EAST INDIES— SUMATRA, JAVA, AND BORNEO.
There was continued activity in these petroleum-producing islands
of the east during the year 1903, although complete figures are very
difficult to secure at this date. The inferior quality of the petroleum
produced in Borneo is largely marketed for fuel. Java produces a
petroleum rich in paraffin. Sumatra is by far the largest producer,
yielding about 76 per cent of the entire production of these islands.
The principal refineries are located in Sumatra. The oldest and most
successful producers of refined products is the Royal Dutch Petroleum
Company; next in order of production is the Moeam Enim Petroleum
Company. The Dordtsche Petroleum Company of Java is the oldest
organization, dating back to 1890,
The refineries in Sumatra during the years 1899 and 1900 had to
haild many miles of pipe line to newly developed fields to secure their
Hupply of crude petroleum, as the wells supplying the original refiner-
ies suddenly ceased to flow or to pump any large quantity of petroleum
just after they were fully equipped, salt water having invaded the
whole territory. This condition cut down the production in the year
1899 and 1900 to less than one-third of what it was in 1898. To secure
Dew production, pipe lines from 40 to 120 miles in length were con-
structed which involved a large amount of outlay for their completion
and equipment, but enabled the production of Sumatra to be more
ttttn r^ained.
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708 MINEBAL RE80UBCE8.
During 1890 the Shell Transport and Trading Company began opera-
tions in Borneo in the development of the crude petroleum which is
largely used as fuel, and it has been successful in increasing the outpat
every year. This company has devoted a large amount of capital to
marketing the fuel petroleum and bulk oils produced in the islands of
the Dutch East Indies group and in Russia, and has erected storage
tanks at the following-named seaports: In Africa, at Port Tenenk, at
Port Said, on the Suez Canal, and at Zanzibar; in British India, at
Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Karachi, Intikorin, Colombo, Penang, and
Singapore; in Dutch East India, at Soerabaya, Batavia, and Sheribon;
in Siam, at Bangkok; in China, at Hongkong, Shanghai, Amoy,
Swatow, and Foochow; in Japan, at Kobe, Yokohama, and Nagasaki; ,
and in Australia, at Sydney, Greenwig, Williamstown, and Adelaide. ;
Singapore is a very large and important distributing point (the most J
important of any in the Far East) for the refined products and the ^
fuel petroleum of the Dutch East Indies. There are 10 large storage
tanks erected here, and there are ample wharf facilities for the numer-
ous tank steamers which make direct connection with Palembang and
Balik Pappan. There are also extensive canning works located here.
Liquid fuel is year by year gaining a more extensive foothold in this
region as its merits become more generally known. The increased \
price of coal, which has to be transported thousands of miles to many
of the poi-ts of eastern Europe, southern Asia, and Africa, the yearly |
increase in the quantity of liquid fuel produced and consumed, and die
new areas of fuel petroleum that have lately been developed in these
islands and in other portions of the globe, all seem to show tliat an
increasing amount of coal must be annually supplanted by liquid
petroleum as a fuel.
THE ILLUMINATING PRODUCTS OF DUTCH EAST INDIA.
The refined products of the petroleum produced in Dutch East India
do not compare in quality with those of the United States, and are
also inferior to much that is manufactured in Russia. They are sold
at prices that are less than those obtained for the American and
the Russian articles.
The great masses of the natives of these islands and of the surroand-
ing countries — China, India, and Siam — are satisfied with an inferior
grade of cheap petroleum, as they consume it generally in crude clay
lamps without chimneys. They claim that the smoke drives off the
mosquitoes and kills the malaria.
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PETBOLEUM.
709
PRODUCJTION.
The production of these three islands is estimated as follows for the
years 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Production of petroleum in Sumalra^ Java, and Borneo in 1901, 190^, and 190S.
Country.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Soiaatre
Barrels.
8,100,000
615,000
460,000
Barrels.
4,200,000
750,000
910,000
Barrels.
4,880,000
680,000
1,080,000
JaTE.....
Borneo
Total
4,176,000
6.860,000
6,640,000
The following statement, furnished by the secretary -general to the
department of colonies, Holland, gives the production of petroleum in
the Dutch East Indies during the years 1900, 1901, and 1902:
Production of petroleum in the Dutch East Indies in 1900, 1901, and 190S.
Country.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Crude.
Refined.
Crude.
Refined,
Crude.
Refined.
59,882
97,808,800
85,554
102,797,800
24,617
c84,282
68,182,955
d 14, 215
20,290,000
148,042.680
J4T* literal..
'^niAtn <1o.. ..
117,109,600
264,820,500
■ Metric ton «- 2,204.6 pounds.
6Uter»61.027 cubic Inches >. 2642 of a United States gallon. 160 liters-l United States barrel
(amroximately).
•mclodee 82,aB tons ** liquid fuel " and 1,400 tons crude oil.
' InelcMlea 14,207 tons kerosene and 8 tons " solar distillate."
QiKmltty and value of refined petroleum imported into the Dutch East Indies from the
United States, 1890-190S.
Year ending June 80—
liluminating.
Lubricating.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
UB9
GaUons.
18.420,126
21,688,290
17,017,200
15,560,640
26,816,869
15,155,540
16,947,880
24,989,000
12,584,980
15,871,400
11,207,740
17,044,820
15,026,710
9,210,520
11,764,827
2,052,987
1,802,676
1,106,528
1,687,149
1,068,715
1,427,770
1,851,887
809,063
1,189,829
1,061,700
1,492,490
1,868,079
864,800
GaUons.
an...
vm
\m
UM
im..
UK
fl,041
7,696
7,795
11,972
12,751
16,454
88,087
88,668
vm
IM
m.
60,909
85,866
94,966
240,400
226,486
MO
MBL
tm..,
IM
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710
MINERAL BE80UR0E8.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
Crude petroleum is reported to exist in the southern portion of
Luzon, the western portion of Panay, the central portion of Negros,
and in a number of other islands that compose the group. Some of
them are worked in a very crude manner by the natives. As yet
nothing definite in the way of developing these i-esources has been
accomplished.
Imports of petroleum from the United States into the Philippine Islands in the yean eiuUng
June SOy 1901 y 1902 y and 190Sy by kinds of oil.
Kind of oil.
Naphtha
Illuminating oil
Lubricating oil .
Total
1901.
Quantity. Value.
Gallons,
1,050
1,208,100
38,743
1,247,898
1206
108,000
11,218
119.424
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Valoe.
GaOont.-
315,100
1,971,100
319,639
$27,845
166,670
40,882
OaUoM.
29,000
2.808.101
67.006
16,715
265,fiM
8,3»
2,005,839
235,897
2,889,107
279, M8
Quantity and value of refined mineral oils imported from the United States into the PkU^jpiM
Islands, 1S99-190S,
Year.
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Quantity.
Value.
GaOoM,
:
11,297
•2,8?8
617,849
65,130
1,812,M6
119, 5n
8,451,908
307.994
S,604,6M
42t,2«6
JAPAN.
The main supply of petroleum thus far developed in the Empire of
Japan is found on the island of Nippon, in the province of Echigo, on
the northwestern coast, about 200 miles northwest of the city of Tokyo.
There are other localities on this island where some petroleum has
been produced, namely, in the province of Ugo, in the extreme north-
ern portion, and in the province of Totomi, about 150 miles southwest
of Tokyo.
The island of Hokkaido or Ezo has produced some superior grades
of crude petroleum in a limited way, near the western flank of the
foothills of the great mountain chain running to the north, in the
provinces of Mikawa and Ishikari. During 1903 several wells were
drilled in the Ishikari district which indicated the presence of petro-
leum in quantity; later tests, however, have given rather discouraging
results. There are indications of petroleum scattered over a large
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PETROLEUM. 7ll
portion of this northern island of Japan, and there are also indications
of petroleum on the island of Formosa, and some small production in a
primitive way.
The production in Echigo and the indications elsewhere are usually
in the middle and newer Tertiary formation. Their individual occur-
rence is invariably on the flanks or along the crest of well-marked
anticlinals. Generally these anticlinals are of comparatively short
extent, as they suddenly burst up out of the level newer formations,
run their course, with slight undulations, for from half a mile to 2 or
3 miles, and then suddenly plunge under the level surface of the plain.
There are other cases where the ridge of an anticlinal can be traced
for 10 or 15 miles continuously.
There are usually steep dipping flanks on both sides of the anticli-
nals, which soon carry the oil-bearing strata to depths too great to be
reached by the drill, or at which the strata is saturated with water.
The depth of the wells is from 750 to 1,600 feet, and probably 80 per
cent of the production comes from drilled wells. The remainder is
from dug wells or shafts which range in depth from 200 to 500 feet.
The present production is maintained by the deepening of many of
the wells that have exhausted the upper pay.
The fonnation holding the crude petroleum is generally a loosely
cemented sandstone of a bluish cast, with more or less small crys-
tals of pure silica, and in some cases with pebbles interspersed; the
formation varies from 5 to 40 feet in thickness. There are usually
beds of blue shale or clay capping the sandstone, and in many wells
they follow each other in succession. A few of the wells flowed natu-
ally when the field was new. At present nearly all of the wells are
pomped. The life of the average well in some of the fields is not long,
as a few weeks or months find the output greatly reduced from the
original volume; others decrease more slowly. It requires the con-
stant drilling of new wells and the deepening of others where lower
productive strata have been developed to keep up the production in
most of the fields.
The petroleum produced in the early history of the development
generally came from hand-dug wells, which ranged from 100 to 500
feet in depth. These wells were roughly cribbed with timber as they
proceeded down. A supply of pure air was furnished the workmen
at the bottom by means of a peculiar bellows operated from the top.
All of the hoisting was done by a cable made of rice straw.
The average amount of marketable products secured from the crude
in Echigo is not far from 40 to 45 per cent. The specific gravity
varies from 22^ to 45^ Baum^; about 75 per cent of the output will
average 32^ Baum^. The price paid for crude petroleum during 1902
was quite high, owing to there being very little offered for sale, as the
production is controlled by the two large Japanese companies and the
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MINERAL RESOURCES.
International Oil Company. Crude petroleum was sold as high as 2i
to 3 yen pei koku, or from $1.10 to $1.25 per barrel.
The daily production, by districts, in Elchigo in 1902 and 1903 was
as follows:
DaUy production in Echigo in 190t and 190Sy by districts,
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
District.
Nagamine, Kamada, and other districts adjacent .
Nagioka
Higashi
Natsu
Total daily production .
1902.
1,280
980
aeo
650
8.270
1901
1.12D
ao
«60
2,9«
The number of American drilled, native hand-drilled, and hand-dug
shafts in operation in the above-named districts in 1902 is estimated to
be as follows:
Number of American driJUed, native hand-driUed, and hand-dug weUs in operation in
Echigo in 190Sy by districts.
District.
American
drilled.
Native
hand
drilled.
Native I
hand ToCal.
dug.
Nagamine, Kamada, and districts adjacent. .
Nagioka
Higashi
Ntitsu
Total-
is
188
48
66
140
8
20
28
180
451
148
228
U6
S4S
84
345
827
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PETBOLEUM.
713
PRODUCTION.
Production of petroleum in Jhpan^ 1875-190S,
Production.
Value received for
crude and refined
sold.
Year.
Crude.
Reflned.a
Koku.l»
Gallons.
Koku.&
Gallons.
Yen.o
Dollars.
1876
4,830
8,165
10,114
18,920
24,816
26.974
17,721
16,450
21,659
29,541
80,981
40,118
80,304
191,761
828,753
401,626
751,124
985,196
1,070,868
708,524
653,066
859,862
1,172,778
1,227,961
1,692,486
1,208,060
1,672,818
2.218,079
2,159,640
2,222.525
2,893,862
4,468,122
7,213,256
5,936,081
8,277,460
9,179,474
11,146,881
22,516,809
36,406,186
46,658,180
50,307,600
40,487,964
1876
M77
ure
Ig79
1£80
i
1881
1882
188S
1684
6,216
7,826
18,487
8,830
4,511
7,097
11,180
18,012
18,431
10,941
13,960
17,241
88,964
52,323
246,735
290,842
635,434
360,551
179,087
281,751
443,846
616,576
588,211
484,868
566,006
681,468
C)
CO
C)
1,849,165
2,077,228
107,964
98,496
186,911
126,298
138,602
250,977
221,478
207,029
207,246
178,290
246,697
351,607
468,646
1,019,766
1,941,510
92,633
84,510
18B5
1886
110,896
1887
99,018
1888
1889
1880
1891
18B2
1861
39,606
55,871
54,399
65,988
72,808
94,145
104,867
184,217
166.551
172,041
164,896
117,860
IBM
161,986
149.497
208,600
281,221
280.764
« 474, 406
767,092
968,000
1,060,000
/868,097
186,606
1896
172,689
U96
239,427
1887
1896
507,848
18»
1900..
970,766
1901
1902
vm
« This production of refined oil is not the whole amount of refined oil made in Japan, but is only
that pornon which is refined bv those who produce crude oil and refine it themselves. Most of the
crude oil goes into the hands of others, by wnom it is refined, and as yet there are no means of ascer-
tabiiDg tUB quantity.
H kokn B 89.7 English gallons » 47.46 United States gallons » 1.13 United States barrels.
« Value of yen onJanuary 1, 1886, in United States money. 85.8 cents; 1886, 81 cents; 1887, 78.4 cents;
1888, 76J cents; 1889, 78.4 cents; 1800, 76.2 cents; 1891, 83.1 cents; 1892, 74.5 cents; 1898, 66.1 cents; 1894,
S6.6 cents; 18B6, 49.1 cents; 1896, 52.9 cents; 1897, 61.1 cents; 1898, 49.8 cents; 1899, 49.8 cents; 1900, 49.8
eents.
4 Not ascertained.
'This represents the •quantity of crude sold in 1899.
/Estimated.
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714
MINEEAL BE80UBOES.
INDIA.
Almost the entire production of India comes from two districts in
upper Burma, known as the Pakokku and Magwe provinces. The
localities producing the petroleum are known as the Yengenyat and
the Yengenyoung fields. There is also some production in the districts
of Myngyan and Kyankpyu. All these localities are close to the great
Irawaddy River. Yengenyoung is 300 miles northwest of Rangoon and
Yengenyat is 50 miles north of Yengenyoung. Upper Assam pro-
duces a small quantity. There is also a small production of a very
superior oil in the district of Akayab, on the islands of Cheduba and
Ramree. In past years there was considerable production in Punjab,
which is at present almost abandoned.
There are about 65 producing, cable-drilled wells in Yengenyat, and
about 115 producing wells in Yengenyoung localities that range from
700 to 1,300 feet in depth. In the latter district about 750 barrels are
produced daily from many dug wells or pits. This district is about
3i miles long in a general northwest and southeast direction, and half
a mile in width, and is about 3 miles east of the Irawaddy River. The
Yengenyat district is 50 miles farther north on the west side of the
same river and within one-half to three-fourths of a mile of its bant
PRODUCTION.
The following table gives the production of petroleum in India from
1889 to 1903, in imperial gallons reduced to barrels of 42 gallons and
in rupees reduced to dollars:
Production and value of petroleum in India^ 1889-1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Imperial
f^aflODB.
Barrels
(42 United
States
gallons).
Rupees.
DoUan.
1889. ..
8,298,787
4,132,287
6.664,670
8,479,948
10.468,908
11.452,649
13,008,748
15,049,289
19,099,648
18,978,878
82,984,007
87,729,211
50,076,117
56,607,688
87,859,069
94,250
118.066
190,181
242,284
296,969
827,218
871,586
429,979
545,704
542.110
940.971
1,078.264
1,430.716
1,617.363
2.510.259
1890
282,173
862.792
868,631
771,112
1,126,744
«s,«a
1891 .
132.782
1892
U9,2n
1898
22S,]ffi
1894
S7«.0»
1896
1.539,281 1 312.174
1896
1,789,167 416, K»
1897
2,267,842
1.018,461
1,885,250
2,281,325
8,065,131
8,267,245
5,816,470
506.014
1898
2M.710
1899
sB,sa
1900
722. M»
1901
1902
9«.lO
1,058,6«7
1908
1.7tt.fl*
The value of the rupee on January 1, 1885, in United States money was 87.8 cents; 1886, 36^7 eenj
1887. 34.6 cents; 1888, 32.2 cent«: 1889. 32.3 cents; 1890. 83.2 cents: 1891, 36.6 cents; 1892. 32.8 cents: 1»
29.2 cents: 1894. 24.5 cents; 1895. 21.6 cents; 1896, 23.3 cents; 1897, 22.5 cents; 1896, 20.1 cents; 18».»*
cents; 1900, 32.4 cente; 1901. 32.4 cents: 1902, 32.4 cents; 1903, 82.4 cents.
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PETROLEUM. 715
CHINA.
The importation of petroleum products from the United States into
China was not so large during 1903 as it was for the year 1902, as
large quantities were held over from the previous year. However, it
will be found upon examination of the following tables that the quan-
tities exported from Russia and Sumatra have suffered slightly more
in their proportion of the decrease than did the United States.
It 19 reported that the value of the illuminating products of petro-
leum, known as kerosene oil, imported into China from the chief
sources of its production during 1903 was as follows:
United States 14,276,200
Sumatra 4,240,640
RuBsia 1,428,460
Total 9,944,320
In Manchuria there was quite a recovery in the kerosene trade for
the year, but large quantities are held over. The increased consump-
tion of oil is noticed all over Manchuria, and is especially observed in
all the cities under Russian administration.
The Russian Oil Company is constructing tanks in the principal
towns, and will carry the kerosene in tank cars to all towns along the
railway line. This system is in course of construction, but is not yet
complete. This will give the Russian oil a great advantage ip the
trade. Russian oil is sold throughout Manchuria at from 20 to 70
cents per case less than United States oil.
In the northern part of Manchuria, with Harbin as a center, Russian
oil is fast supplanting the United States product. There is no way of
ascertaining the quantity of Russian oil coming annually into Man-
churia, but it is fast assuming large proportions. Kerosene oil was
imported into Niuchwang during the year 1903 as follows: Ameri-
can, 485,381 haikwan taels ($315,497); Russian, 25,000 haikwan taels
(116,250). ■
PETROLEUM ON THE ISLAND OF SAKHALIN.
This island belongs to Russia and lies on the southeastern border of
Siberia immediately north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido or Ezo.
Petroleum deposits are reported in both the southern and the northern
portions of this island.
According to the description of the mining engineer, L. Batzevitch,
deputed to Sakhalin in 1889, the petroliferous area is situated on the
northern extremity of the island on the eastern slope of the mountain
range which traverses the middle of the island from north to south,
and here are to be found outcrops of petroleum and deposits of
asphalt. For determining the chai-acter of the formations several
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716 MINERAL RESOURCES.
shafts were sunk, and it was ascertained that by their geological age
the formations belong to Miocene deposits of the Tertiary system; and,
as is the case in most oil fields, here also are to be noted anticlinal
folds in the strata.
Analyses have been made which have proved that Sakhalin cnide
oil has a specific gravity at 17.5^ C. of 0.899, and represents an oxida-
tion of a lighter crude to be found at a greater depth. The specific
gravity of the fractions remind one of Baku oil, and the fractions
received up to 260° C. represent a high-class illuminating oil, of which
a yield of about 30 per cent can be obtained from the crude.
The petroleum deposits in southern Sakhalin are situated among
the hills covered with bogs on both banks of the river Niuta, and the
petroliferous fonnation is covered on top with deposits of recent origin.
The oil comes out on the surface in the valleys. It stretches along for a
distance of 2 miles, forming a continuous row of large and small shin-
ing black patches, which stand out clearly among the surrounding ver-
dure* The width of this belt is only several sagenes. It is presumed
that the oil pools were formed in those places where the axis of the
anticlinal running from north to south has been washed away and the
oil-bearing formation appears on the surface. The deposits on the
river Niuta have not been worked yet, but claims are already staked
out, and Mr. Kleie, who has secured a concession about 25 miles from
the town of Niutovo, has already made arrangements with an English
company for its development.
WORUD'S PRODUCTION.
The following table gives the entire production of crude petrolemn
in all the known countries for 1901, 1902, and 1903, and under the
head of '*A11 other countries" an estimate of the quantity produced in
countries which are known to have a limited production of petroleum,
but from which no actual figures could be secured.
Several of the South American States and Mexico are known to
have a small production of crude petroleum; also Algeria, Persia,
China, and the Philippines.
There was a remarkable increase in nearly every one of the countries
producing petroleum in 1903, except in Russia, which showed a decline
in both 1903 and 1902.
The United States, owing to the large production in the new fields
of California and Texas, has continued to increase in production, until
in 1903 it produced more than one-half of the entire product of the
world.
The increase in the world's production in 1903 compared with 1902
amounted to 10,045,150 barrels, equal to 5.4 per cent; the increase in
1902 was 19,384,661 barrels, or 11.7 per cent over 1901.
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PETBOLEUM.
717
The most conspicuous items shown in the table for 1903 are the
increase of 11,694,421 barrels in the production of the United States
orer that of 1902, and the decrease in the production of Russia of
4,948,789 barrels in 1903 when compared with the production of 1902.
The United States and Russia combined continue to furnish the
great bulk of the world's production, amounting in 1903 to 90.19 per
cent as compared with 91.44 per cent in 1902 and 93.22 per cent in
1901, although the combined production of all the other countries
increased in percentage. Gralicia, Roumania, and India combined pro-
duced 8.78 per cent of the total in 1903, leaving less thanrl per cent to
be supplied by all of the remaining countries.
The following table shows the world's production of crude petroleum
in 1901, 1902, and 1903:
WorUJPsprodiiction of crude petroleum in 1901 j 190S, and 190S.
[Barrels of 42 United States gallons.]
Country.
1001.
Quantity.
Percent-
age of
total.
1902.
Quantity.
Percent-
age of
total.
1908.
Quantity.
Percent-
age of
total.
United States
Cuuda ,
Pern
Ruria
GtHda
Snmatim, Java, and Borneo.
Boomania
India
Japui
Oemany
Itsly
AO other ooontiles
Total
69,889,194
W2,600
72,261
86,168,556
3,251,544
8,088,700
1,406,160
1,480,716
1,100,000
818,680
10,100
30,000
41.84
.85
.04
51.88
1.96
1.84
.67
.19
.02
165,778,861
100.00
88,766,916
520,000
60,000
80,540,045
4,142,160
5,860,000
2,069,980
1,617,868
1,198,000
858,675
18,968
26,000
47.94
.28
.08
48.50
2.24
3.17
1.11
.87
.61
.20
.02
100,461,887
481,504
61,745
75,591,256
5,284,475
6,640,000
2,768,117
2,510,250
964,000
445,818
20,000
80,000
51.46
.25
.08
88.78
2.67
8.40
1.42
1.29
.49
.28
.08
185,158,022
100.00
196,208,511
100.00
This table is one of production, irrespective of quality and value.
The quality of the greater portion of the petroleum produced in the
United States is more valuable than that from any other country, as
iDore than double the quantity of high-priced products are secured in
the process of refining than it is possible to secure from the Russian
or most of the other foreign petroleums. All crude petroleum has,
however, nearly the same amount of heating power when used as fuel.
The following table is compiled upon the assumption that there are
50 per cent of the refined products secured from the entire produc-
tion of the United States in 1903, as compared with 20 per cent refined
products secured from the Russian production and 25 per cent from
the production of all remaining countries.
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718 MINERAL RESOURCES.
Approximate production of refined products in the United StateSf Russia, and aU other
countries in 1903, and the percentages of the same.
Country.
Quantity.
Propor-
tion.
United States ---
DnUedStaies
gallon*.
2,109,688.077
684,966,660
•201,0m. 664
7L6
Ruasia
a.6
All other coMntrle**
6.8
Total of all countries. . .
2.946,739,291
100.0
The United States therefore produced 2.5 barrels of refined products
in 1903 for every barrel produced by the rest of the world.
The purest and most valuable grades of crude petroleum in the
world continue to be produced in the northeastern portion of the
United States, in the Appalachian and the Lima-Indiana fields.
A very fair grade is also produced in a comparatively small way in
Sumatra, Java, Oalicia, Roumania, and India.
Of late years there has been a very large production of crude petro-
leum of inferior quality consumed as fuel oil. Recently in Russia the
crude has only been distilled suflSciently to satisfy the requirements of
the Government as to the flash test and the remainder is marketed as
fuel petroleum, under the head of residuum. This is also true to a
certain extent in our newly -developed fields in Texas, Louisiana, and
California, the crude production of which is chiefly marketed in the
crude state for fuel petroleum. The exports of this petroleum must,
of course, meet the conditions demanded as to fire and flash test by the
country to which it is consigned.
Cheaper transportation by pipe lines and tank ships has made this
variety of fuel marketable in distant quarters of the globe that are
destitute of coal. Its peculiar adaptability and fitness as a fuel for
ocean liners and locomotives, where limited boiler space demands the
greatest possible eflSciencj, are being more generally recognized
throughout the world.
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NATURAL GAS."
By F. H. OuPHANT.
rNTRODUCTION.
The following are the most conspicuous features in the production
and consumption of natural ^s in the United States for the year 1903:
(1) The production was greater than in any previous year, and was
valued at $35,815,360.
(2) There was a large increase in the production of 1903 over that
of 1902.
(3) Four States, namely, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Indiana, and
Ohio, produced 94 per cent of the value of natural gas in 1903. All
of these States showed substantial gains, except Indiana, which had a
decreased production in 1903 as compared with 1902.
(4) The volume of natural gas produced in 1903 amounted to
238,769,067,000 cubic feet at atmospheric pressure and represented
approximately 5,968,726 tons. If the density should remain the same
throughout, this quantity would fill a reservoir whose base was 1
square mile to a height of 1.62 miles; it would fill a pipe that encircled
the earth at the equator and that had an internal diameter of 49 feet.
Its heating value would equal 11,938,453 tons of bituminous coal.
(5) There were 627,047 domestic consumers and 7,222 manufac-
tarers, a total of 634,269 persons, firms, and corporations, who were
supplied with light, heat, and power. A careful estimate puts the
Dumber of individuals benefited at not less than 4,500,000.
(6) A large amount of money was expended in 1903 in building
large mains for conveying natural gas, in equipping new compressing
stations, and in drilling gas wells, mainly in Ohio, West Virginia,
Pennsylvania^ and Kansas. .
(7) The United States produced 99i per cent of the entire world's
prodaction of natural gas.
rNCBEASE IN VAIiUE OF PRODUCTION.
The increase in value of the production of natural gas in 1903 was
$4,947,497, or 16 per cent, as compared with 1902. There was a
remarkable increase in Pennsylvania and Ohio, amounting respectively
to $1,830,651 and $2,123,582, and West Virginia gained $1,492,178.
«Tbe tablet in thli report were oompned by Mias Belle Hill, special agent U. S. Geological Sorrey,
nw>ort,Pla.
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720 MINERAL BE80UB0E8.
Of the total value of all the natural ^as produced in the United
States during 1903 Pennsylvania furnished 45.18 per cent, West Vir-
ginia 19.2 per cent, Indiana 17 per cent, Ohio 12.5 per cent, Kansas
3.14 per cent, New York 1.35 per cent, leaving a little less than 2 per
cent for all of the remaining States and Territories. Only in the
State of Kansas did the value of the natural gas exceed that of the
petroleum.
Louisiana is the only State producing petroleum in any quantity
that did not produce any natural gas to be sold, or even to be con-
sumed by the producer.
The general average of the price received for the sale of natural gas
in 1903 was very slightly greater than in 1902, being about 15 cents
per 1,000 cubic feet at an average pressure of about 4 ounces per square
inch.
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NATURAL GAS.
VAIiUE OP KATURAIj-GAS PRODUCTION.
721
In the following table is given the approximate value of natural gas
produced and sold in the United States from 1890 to 1903, by States:
ApproximcUe value ofncUural gas produced in the United States j 1890-190S, by States.
SUte.
1890.
1891.
1892,
1898.
1894.
1895.
1896.
Arkaiuafl
OtUlornia
Cblorado
««6,000
88,000
I2S0
80,000
flOO
55,000
flOO
62,000
flOO
60,850
12,000
15,000
5,487,000
86,600
89,200
4,600
249,000
1,276,100
6,279,000
flOO
55,000
7,000
7,500
5,208,200
112,400
98,700
8,500
241,680
1,255,700
5,852,000
$60
55,682
4,600
6,376
5,043,635
124,760
99,000
1,500
256,000
1,172,400
5,528,610
IlliDois
6,000
2,302,600
12,000
80,000
10,600
562,000
4,684,800
9,661,025
(«)
(«)
(«)
6,400
1.600,000
6,000
8,942,600
5,600
88,993
1,600
280,000
8,076,825
7,884,016
12 988 I 14 nno
lodiaDA
4,716,000
40,795
48,175
8,776
216,000
2,136,000
7,876,281
5,718,000
50,000
68,500
2,100
210,000
1,510,000
6,488,000
K4fv>tff
Kentucky
Hiaouri
New York
Ohio
PennsylyaniA ...
Sooth DakoU
100
60
500
128,000
100,000
50
500
895,000
50,000
20
20,000
100,000
50,000
rtah
20,000
West Virginia...
Other SUtea
Total* '
1
85,000
260,000
600
200,000
640,000
50,000
18,792,725 15,600,084 j 14,800,714
14,846,250
18,951,400
13,006,650
13,002,512
Bute.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Arfcanai and
Wyoming
CalifomU
Colorado
niiooifl
cm
60,000
4,000
5,000
5,009,208
$2,460
166,887
8,800
2,498
5,060,969
186,891
1,480
2,067
6,680,370
S79,088
1,800
1,700
7,254,589
167,602
1,800
1,825
6,954,566
$120,648
1,900
1.844
7,081,344
360
824,431
d365,666
2,154
316,471
2,355,458
14,352,183
10.280
14,953
104.621
14,140
3,310
itM^lana . ...
6,098,864
Indian Territory
^vi Okia homii
1.000
K^IM^
105.700
90,000
500
200,076
1,171,777
6, -242, 643
174,640
103,133
145
229,078
1,488,308
6,806,742
832,592
125,745
290
294,593
1,866,271
8,837,210
3,500
8,000
856,900
286,243
547
335,367
2.178,234
10,215,412
9,817
20,000
659,173
270,871
1,828
293,232
2,147,215
12,688,161
7,256
18. 5n
1,128.849
Kentucky
llMKmri
dS90,601
7,070
KewVork
Ohio
493,686
4,479,040
Penntylvania ...
South Dakou
16.182.834
10,775
Texai
765
7,875
1,384,023
20,000
21,351
Utah
15,060
912.528
20.000
W«t Virginia...
Other 8Ut«
2,335,864
2,959,082
8,954,472
5,890,181
e.SH-i.SW
30,867,863
Total*
13,826,422
15,296,813
20,074,873
28,698,674
27,066,077
35.815.860
« Includes value of gas produced in South Dakota, Texas, and Utah.
ADoes not include value of gas produced in Canada and consumed in the United States.
< Value of gas in Arkansas only.
^Includes small quantity produced in Tennessee.
M B 1903 46
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MINEBAL KESOUBCES.
VALUE OF NATURAIi GAS AND PBTROIiEUM ANT> THEIR
COMBENIBD VAIiUE, BY STATES, IK 1903.
The combined value of natural gas and petroleum produced by
twenty States and Territories amounted, in 1903, to $180,509,4:10,
which is greater by $28,462,637 than $102,046,773, the combined value
in 1902. Of the combined value for 1903, 27.4 per cent is the pro-
portion furnished by sales of natural gas and 72.6 per cent is the
propoiiion furnished by the sales of petroleum. The value of all the
coal produced in the United States in 1903 was $503,724,381. In 1902
the proportion of the value of the natural gas to the petroleum pro-
duced was as 30.2 per cent to 69.8 per cent, a comparative decrease in
1903 of 2.8 per cent.
The following tables give the value of natural gas and of petroleum
and their combined value in 1902 and 1903, by States, arranged in the
order of the value of the combined production:
Value of the natural gas and petroleum produced iv 1903 ^ and their combined valuer 6y
States,
State.
Value of
natural gas.
Pennsylvania ; $16,182,834
Ohio
West Virginia
Indiana ,
Texas
Californ la ,
New York
Kansas
Kentucky and Tennessee
Colorado
Louisiana
Indian and Oklahoma Territories.
Arkansas and Wyoming
Missouri and Michigan
South Dakota
Illinois
Total
4,479.040
6,882,869
6,096.864
21,361
104,621
498,686
1,123.849
890,601
14,140
1,000
2,460
7,070
10,776
8,810
Value of
crude petro-
leum.
118,170,881
26,284,521
20,516,682
10,474,127
7,617,479
7,899,849
1,849,185
968,220
486,063
481,723
416,228
142,402
62,720
4,660
Value of
natural ni
and crude
petroleooL
36.815,360 94,694,060
134,853,71$
d0.71S,5a
27.396, 8»
16,572,491
7,688,890
7,508.870
2,842.«1
2,112.00
676, «4
445, 8S3
416,228
1I3,«B
€5,180
U,7a9
10.775
S,Slft
130^509.410
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KATUBAL GAS.
723
Vaiue of the natural gas and petroleum produced in 190^, and their combined value ^ by
States.
State.
Value of
natural gas.
PennsylTania f 14,
Ohio ' 2,
WeatViiginfa 5,
' 7,
Gilifornia.
Texas
New York .
Kentucky and Tennessee
Colorado
Louisiana
Wjuning
Indian Territory
South DakoU
Michigan, Mlssoori, and Oklahoma,
miiiois
352,188
365,458
890,181
061,844
120,648
14,963
846.471
824,431
365,656
1,900
Total.
360
10,280
2,154
1,844
30.867,868
Value of
petroleum.
$15,266,093
20,757,859
17,040,317
6,626,622
4,873,617
3,998,097
1,530,852
292,464
141,044
484,683
188,986
48,771
82,190
1,816
1,000
71,178,910
Value of nat-
ural gas and
petroleum.
129,
23,
22,
13,
4,
4,
1,
1,
618,276
112.817
430,498
607,966
994,266
013,060
877,323
,116.896
506,700
486,683
188,986
48,771
82,560
10,280
3,970
2,844
102,046,773
NUMBER OF COMPANIES, VAIiUE OF NATURAI. GAS CON-
SUMED, AND VAIiUE OF OTHER FUEIi DISPIiACED BY
XATURAIi GAS, IK 1903, BY STATES.
The following table gives in the first column the number of compa-
nies and individuals reporting in the several States, amounting to 2,329
in 1903, as compared with 2,147 in 1902, a gain of 182. In Pennsyl-
vinia, New York, and Ohio there are numerous small wells which
wpply a single fire each in half a dozen houses. Many consolidations
of large companies have taken place during the year, especially in
Pennsylvania. The second column gives the value of the gas con-
sumed. In the third column is found the estimated value of coal and
wood or other fuel that would have been required to replace the natu-
1^ gas, consumed during 1903. The value of other fuel saved by the
natoral-gas engine is now a very important item.
The saving in 1903 amounted to $9,224,429, or about 26 per cent,
more than the value of natural gas. In many of the Lake cities and
towns high-priced anthi'acite coal has been replaced by natural gas.
Better prices were secured in the sale of natural gas in Indiana and
Kansas during 1908 than in fonner years.
The economy with which natural gas can be transferred to widely
separated points by pipe lines has made it possible for one State to
market large quantities of it in adjoining States, even when points of
production are more than 200 miles distant from those of consumption.
On comparing the table of natural-gas consumption with that of pro-
duction, it will be noticed that Pennsylvania consumed slightly less
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724
MINERAL RE80UB0E8.
natural gas than it produced. A considei-able portion of the natural
gas produced in northern Pennsylvania was sold in New York. On
the other hand West Virginia furnished large amounts of natural gas
to western Pennsylvania. Ohio, notwithstanding the newly developed
fields, produced but 62 per cent of its consumption; the remaining
38 per cent was furnished chiefly by West Virginia, with consider-
able quantities from Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Indiana. Indiana
consumed a large proportion of its production. West Virginia's
consumption was only 45.4 per cent of the value of its natural-
gas production, large quantities going to Pennsylvania and Ohio. A
small quantity was consumed in West Virginia that was produced in
Pennsylvania and Kentucky. Kentucky furnished some natural gas
to Ohio and West Virginia. Kansas and all the remaining States
and Territories consumed all the natural gas produced within their
borders.
Value of naiural gas consumed in the United Slates in 190Sy by StcUes^ and the value of
coal or wood displaced by samej as reported by £ySt9 persons, firmSj and corporation$.
State.
Pennsylyanla
Ohio
Indiana
West Virginia
New York
Kansas
Kentucky ,
Tennessee
California
Colorado
Texas
South Dakota ,
Missouri
Illinois
Arkansas and Wyoming
Indian and Oklahoma Territories
Total
Companies
or Indi-
viduals re-
porting.
a 414
6615
924
88
«144
120
20
2
24
4
6
4
18
89
2
5
Amount re-
ceived for
saleofgasor
value of gas
consumed.
Estimated
value of coal,
wood, or
other fuel dis-
placed bygas.
$16,060,196
7,200,867
5,915,867
8,125,061
1.944,667
1,123,849
280,428
300
104,521
<<14,140
21,861
10,775
7,070
3,310
2,460
1,000
$20,075,245
8,155.570
8,281,515
4,375,000
1,992,726
1,676,351
8U,565
800
104,5a
14.140
21,^
17.515
7,070
3.110
2,460
l,€l»
2,329
35,815,360 ,
45,089,689
a Includes 111 individual producers In Erie County, the product of whose wells is principalty for
their own domestic consumption.
b Includes 386 individual producers in Ashtabula. Cuyahoga, Lake, and Lorain counties, the prcNiiict
of whose wells is principally for their own domestic consumption.
c Includes 77 inaivldual producers in Chautauqua County, the product of whose wells is principally
for their own consumption.
d Largely used for illuminating purposes.
The following table gives the value of the natural gas consumed in
the States named from 1899 to 1903, inclusive:
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NATUBAL GAS. 725
Value of natural gas comumed in the United States, 1899-1903, by States.
state.
1900.
1901.
I
1908.
PenMyl?anla *7, 926, 970
Indiana a5,883,370
Ohio 1 8,207,286
Wert Virginia 1,810,676
New York 1,236,007
KuuM 832,692
Kentack j and Tennessee
California
Texas
Sooth Dakota
Mi«wiri
Ookffado
niinoii
Indian and Oklahoma Territories .
Arkansas and Wyoming
128,746
86,891
8,000
8,600
290
1,480
2,067
19,812,616
0 6,412,807
8,«28,209
1,630,378
1,456,286
366,900
194,032
79,083
20,000
9,817
647
1,800
1,700
Total I 20,074,878 23,698,674 27,066,077 30,867,
I
111,786,996
a 6, 276, 119
4,119,069
2,244,768
1,694,926
659,173
187,660
67,602
18,577
7,256
1,828
1,800
1,826
913,942,783
0 6,710,080
4,785,766
2,473,174
1,723,709
824,431
256,781
120,648
14,953
10,280
2,164
1,900
1,844
$16,060,196
0 5,916,367
7,200,867
8,125,061
1,M4,667
1,123,849
280,726
104,521
21,351
10,776
7,070
14,140
3,310
1,000
2,460
35,815,360
a A portion of this was consumed in Chicago, 111.
USES OF NATUBAIi GAS.
In the following table are specified the uses to which the natural
gas produced in the United States in 1903 was put:
Via to which natural gas produced in the United States in 1903 was put, as reported by
S,329 persons, firms, and corporations.
Compa-
nies or
indi-
Tldoals
report-
ing.
Domestic
consumers
supplied.
Establishments supplied.
State.
Iron
mills.
Steel
works.
Glass
works.
Other es-
tablish-
ments.
Total.
Pw»niylTania .
414
616
924
88
144
120
20
2
24
4
6
4
18
89
1
1
6
214,432
197,710
90,118
86,179
67,986
16,918
10,661
1
2.606
207
798
252
80
6
18
1
66
14
5
8
122
63
130
25
6
3
2,616
1,704
867
1,088
203
138
72
1
18
2
8
2
1
1'
2
2
8
2,834
Ohio
1,786
Indiana
1,020
WertViiglnia
1,122
KewYork
208
Unma
2
2
143
Kentnrky
74
TennesKe
I
CUUbrnla
13
QcilM«iio
2
Tncsi
8
SoothDakota
2
WWMlri....
124
1
niinob
42
68
2
16
1
Ark^nmn
1
2
Wyoming.
;
2
ladian and OUahom* Territories.
1
8
Total
2,829
627, W7
66
96
848
6,728
.7,222
There was an increase of 182 companies and individuals reporting
and a decrease of 881 in the number of establishments supplied in
1903, as compared with 1902. A large proportion of the decrease is
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726
MIKEBAL BK80UBGE8.
accounted for by the decreasing pressure of the natural-gas fields in
Indiana. A number of iron, steel, and glass works in Pennsylvania
and a number of glass works in Indiana have their own natural-gas
plants. The natural-gas companies have found more profitable cus-
tomers in the domestic trade, for which natural gas is so eminently
fitted and from which nearly all of their revenue is derived. There
were 627,047 domestic customers supplied in 1908. It is estimated
that not less than 4,000,000 individuals are supplied with light and
fuel by natural gas, and that not less than 4,500,000 people receive the
benefit of its use as an illuminant.
RECORDS OF WEIiliS AND liENGTH OF PIPE LJXES, BY
STATES.
In the following table will be found enumerated by States the num-
ber of companies and individuals reporting, the number of the pro-
ductive natural-gas wells up to the close of December 31, 1902, the
productive wells drilled during 1903, the wells abandoned in 1903, those
producing at the close of 1903, the nonproductive natural-gas wells
drilled during 1903, and the number of feet of wrought iron and steel
pipe of all sizes greater thun 2 inches in diameter in use at the close of
1903:
Record of wdh and amount of pipe line, as reported by £,S29 persons, firms, and corpora-
tions in 190S, by States,
State.
Pennsylyania
Ohio
Indiana
WestVliKlnia
NewYork
Kansas
Kentucky
Tennessee
California
Colorado
Texas
Sooth Dakota
Missouri
IlUnols
Arkansas
Wyoming
Indian and Oklahoma Terri-
tortos
Total.
Compa-
nies or
indi- •
Tiduals
report-
ing.
Pro-
ducing,
Dec. 31,
1902.
414
615
144
120
20
2
24
4
6
4
18
39
1
1
2,329
Wells.
Pro-
ducing,
drilled
in
1908.
5,444
1,348
5,876
908
652
404
128
2
38
2
18
5
17
14,862
699
290
895
242
75
295
2,529
Aban-
doned
in
1903.
Pro-
ducing,
DecTS,
1908.
228
110
1,257
46
20
S3
5
3
2
2
2
7
2
11
1
2
5,915
1,528
5,514
1,099
707
666
128
2
1,702
M5,689
Non-
produc-
ing
holes
driUed
in 1908.
126
62
242
48
U
66
3
38
aZ
118
8
5
22
4
43
5
2
2
Toul pipe laid to
Dec. 81, 1908.
Feet.
Miles.
666
58,886.301
27,876,588
34,888,058
18,224,176
7.418.11H
5,606,720
747,886
900
347,688
75,760
149,886
26,950
88,015
45,618
60,000
600
4,700
149.888,869
10,aEb74
5,279.61
6,598.01
S,45].6&
1,401.01
1.060. SI
14L65
.n
66. 8S
14.35
2&SB
&10
7.»
&«4
11.36
2S.3
ftGtia is produced from oil wells not included in this table.
b Includes 199 wells not utilized in 1908.
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NATUKAL GAS. 727
NATtJlLAX-GAS INDUSTRY IN INI>lVlI>UAIi STATES.
PENNSYLVANIA*
The large increase in the value of the production of natural gas In
Pennsylvania in 1903 is remarkable when it is remembered that Penn-
sylvania is the oldest State producing natural gas in any large quan^
tity. The supply has been derived from the deeply buried sands in
Greene and Washington counties in the southwestern portion of the
State, and from the counties of Armstrong and Clarion where deeper
producing sands have been developed during 1902 and 1903. Several
small pools were secured in Potter County. The productive areas are
found in lines of elevated strata extending in a general northeast and
southwest direction. There is a general dip of about l7i feet to the
mile from the New York State line to the southwestern comer of
Pennsylvania, where Greene County joins West Virginia. The con-
ditions necessary for accumulating and storing natural gas in the sand-
stone reservoirs deeply buried under impervious clay and shale are
remarkably well developed over a large portion of western Pennsyl-
vania.
Although many of the older natural-gas pools, which in former years
were large producers, have at this date ceased to produce any consid-
erable amount, there are other fields in which, by means of the suction
lines leading to the gas-compressor plants, large areas of low-pressure
gas are made available and have for many years been producing large
amounts in the aggregate.
The deep Bayard and other sands in Greene County, the Gordon,
the Big Injun, the Fourth and the Fifth sands of Washington and
Fayette counties, the Speechley in Butler, Armstrong, and Venango
counties, and the deeper underlying sands of Elk, McEean, and Potter
counties, have all contributed largely to maintain and even to increase
materially the output of Pennsylvania. *
During 1903 a well was drilled in Clinton County, on the Susque-
hanna River, near Hyner Station, which developed considerable
natural gas at a depth of about 2,000 feet. This well was located
upon a prominent anticlinal, from which the rocks dip to both the
north and the south at the rate of about 200 feet to the mile. The
shut-in or rock pressure showed 480 pounds to the square inch and a
considerable open flow. A second well was drilled not far from the
first, which at 1,222 feet is said to have found a reservoir which, when
first opened, gave a pressure of 2 pounds in the open end of a 2-inch
pipe.
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MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
Value of natural gas produced in Penngylvania, 1886-1903,
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
1886
$4,600,000
9,000,000
13,749,500
19,282,875
11,693,989
9,651,025
7,884,016
7,876,281
6.488,000
6,279,000
1885
1896
15,852,000
1886
5,328,610
1887
1897
1898
1899
1900
6.242,543
1888
6,806,742
1889
8,SS7,210
1890
10,215,412
12,688,161
14 852, IS
1891
1901
1892
1902
1893
1908
16,182,8M
1894
RECORD OF NATURAL-GAS INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA.
In the following table there is exhibited a very complete record of
the several uses to which natural gas is applied, including its value,
the value of other fuel displaced, the number of domestic consumers
supplied, the number of iron, steel, glass, and other establishments
supplied, the operation of wells, and the feet of pipe line 'Completed
at the close of 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903.
Record of natural-gas industry in Pennsylvania^ 1900-1903.
Amount received for sale of gas or value of
gas consumed
Value of natural gas produced
Value of coal and wood displaced
Domestic consumers supplied
Iron and steel works supplied
Glass works supplied
Other establishments supplied
Total establishments supplied
Total wells producing Jan. 1
Total productive wells drilled
Total wells abandoned
Total wells producing Dec. 31
Total dry holes drilled
Total feet of pipe laid to Dec. 31
Number establishments reporting
« Number domestic fires supplied.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1901'
90,812,616
$11,785,996
$13,942,783
$16,060,196
$10,215,412
$12,688,161
$14,852,183
$16,182,»4
19,789,066
$11,892,070
$17,912,629
$20; 075,245
' 0229,730
a 326, 912
185.678
214. 4C
56
82
99
96
80
80
124
122
1,161
1,581
2,226
2,616
1,296
1,748
2,448
2,8M
8,407
8,776
4,529
5,444
518
660
775
6»
210
289
203
22S
3,710
4,197
5,101
ft5,915
142
143
232
126
43,865,000
47,913,618
48,863,621
58.8S.ia
266
296
379
a4
b Includes 23 wells not used in 190$.
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KATUftAL GAS.
INDIANA.
729
The valne of the natural gas produced in Indiana in 1903 showed a
decline of $982,364. This State, in view of the falling pressure in the
original rock, has for several years maintained the value of its produc-
tion in a remarkable manner. The continued decline in the rock pres-
sure is reported in all of the fields in this State, but especially in the
older ones a^d m those that are located near where wells are drilling
and are producing petroleum.
Indiana has produced a much larger quantity of natural gas than it
has been credited with, as the rates are low and the amount paid is
based on the quantity that will pass through an orifice of a certain size
instead of on the number of cubic feet that pass through a meter.
The combined value of natural gas and petroleum in 1903, amounting
to $16,572,491, places Indiana fourth in the rank among the States.
An immense quantity of natural gas has been consumed in Indiana
without results, and many wells were allowed to discharge their
volume into the air, before a special law was enacted that required the
shutting of the wells that flowed large volumes of natural gas with the
production of petroleum. The general results of this law, although
evaded in numerous cases, were beneficial. The original rock pres-
sure has now declined to such an extent that many cities, villages, and
manufacturing plants have been forced to abandon natural gas as a
source of heat and to substitute other fuel.
Near the southern portion of the State at Petersburg a single well
has for several years supplied that town, and during 1903 an additional
well was drilled which gave a considerable volume of natural gas. A
number of wells near Princeton have been drilled for petroleum, sev-
eral of which have developed considerable flows of natural gas.
In the following table will be found a statement of the value of the
natural gas produced in Indiana from 1886 to 1903:
Value of natural gas produced in Indiana, 1886-1903,
Year.
Value.
I
Year.
Value.
1«
1800,000
600,000
1,820,000
2,075,702
2,902,500
8,942,600
4,716,000
6,718,000
6.487,000
1896
$5,203,200
5,043,635
5,009,206
5,060,969
6.680,370
7,264,539
6,954,566
7,081,844
6,098,364
vm
1896
un
1897 .
iw
1898
vm
1899 .'
MM
1900
rm
1901
lae
1902 ...
vm :
1903
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730 MINEEAL RE80UEOES.
Record of natural-gas industry in Indiana^ J900-190S.
Amount received for sale of gas or value of
gas consumed
Value of natural gas produced
Value of coal and wood displaced
Domestic consumers supplied
Iron and steel works supplied
Glass works suppl ied
Other establishments supplied
Total establishments supplied
Total wells producing Jan. 1
Total productive wells drilled
Total wells abandoned
Total wells producing Dec. 31
Total dry holes drilled
Total feet of pipe laid to Dec. 31
Number of establishments reporting
1900.
1901.
1903.
19QB.
16,412,907
$6,276,119
$6,710,080
$!».91&.»7
$7,254,539
$6,964,566
$7,081,844
$6,086,964
$11,862,768
$10,669,402
$10,086,248
$8,281,615
a 181,751
a 153,869
101,481
90,118
15
11
20
2S
101
lU
141
m
2,635
2,448
8.121
867
2,751
2,570
3,282
H,(»
4,888
4,287
6,871
5,876
861
985
1,331
m
648
700
8S2
1.257
4,546
4,572
5,8»
05,514
156
208
206
213
88,968,001
31,241,320
86.121,980
S4,8SB,Qtt
670
666
909
SM
a Number domestic fires supplied.
b In explanation of the decreased number of establishments, it is well to say that about 2,000, vhieb
were being supplied at the beginning of 1903, were shut off before the close of the year, and these bare
been omitted in making up the table.
c Includes 7 wells not used in 1903.
WEST VIRGINIA.
The value of the natural gas produced in this State is increasing at
a rapid rate, and in 1903 West Virginia ranked next to Pennsylvania.
The deeply buried sands of Lewis, Harrison, and Wetzel counties haTC
responded in a most remarkable manner when pierced by the drill.
The counties of Monongalia, Marion, and Calhoun have also furnished
wells of large outputs trom the Big Injun, Gordon, Gordon Stray,
Fourth, Fifth, and Bayard sands. The rock pressure is often from
800 to 1,250 j)ounds per square inch; the depth of the wells ranges from
2,700 to 8,200 feet, and the volume of gas amounts to from 5,000,000
to 30,000,000 cubic feet open discharge in twenty-four hours. The
counties of Tyler, Ritchie, Doddridge, Marshall, Wood, Pleasants,
Wirt, Roane, Boone, Mingo, Kanawha, Logan, and Gilmer have also
produced wells of greater or l6ss output.
During the year 1903 several new pipe lines of from 16 to 20 inches
in diameter were constructed, which led out of this State into Ohio
and Pennsylvania, and which enabled those States to show an increase
in the value of the natural gas consumed. The main supply comes
from the Big Injun and the Venango groups of sandstones, which are
deeply buried in West Virginia to the west of the last prominent uplift
of the Appalachian chain of mountains. On one of the declining anti-
clinals of this chain to the southwest many of the largest producers in
southern Harrison County and in Lewis County have been secured. To
the northwest of this line, however, where the folding is more gende
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NATUBAL GAS.
781
and extends in anticlinals to the northwest, the largest quantity of the
natural gas so far developed has been obtained. In numerous instances
it is found in higher portions of the strata, which contain the petro-
leum lower down the flank of the same anticlinal.
There are instances in which these sands in the same well are largely
productive of natural gas, and in which the greater pressure of the
lowest sand has filled up and packed those above it until the pressure
of all was equalized.
The value of the natural gas produced in West Virginia in 1903 was
$6,882,359, an increase of $1,492,178, nearly 28 per cent over 1902.
The value of the natural gas sold within the State in 1903 was
$3,125,061, which shows that only 45.5 per cent of the total production
was consumed within the State and that 54.5 per cent was exported.
The total number of wells drilled in this State in 1903 was 285, of
which 43 were dry holes and 242 were productive wells. At the close
of 1903 there were 1,099 productive wells, and of this number 10 were
shut in or not in use. There were 3,451 miles of natural gas pipe in
use, varying in size from 2 inches up to 20 inches in diameter.
The value of the natural gas produced in West Virginia from 1889
to 1903 is shown in the following table:
Value of nalural gas produced in West Virginiay 1889- 190S.
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
vm
$12,000
6,400
85«000
600
128,000
896,000
100,000
640, OCO
1897
1912,628
U0O
1898
1,384,028
im
1899
2,835,864
1892 .. .-.
1900
2,959,082
IM
19(tt
3,954,472
VSH
1902
5,890.181
isi& . .
1903
6,882,369
VM
RECORD OF NATURAL-GAS INDUSTRY IN WEST VIRGINIA.
The following table gives a detailed statement of the operations in
this State in developing and marketing natural gas from 1900 to 1903,
inclusive. All of the individual items show an increase in 1903 over
1902, as they do also in 1902 over 1901.
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732 MtN£BAL ttESODBCES.
Record of naiural-gas industry in West Ftr^ia, 1900-1903*
1900.
Amouut received from sale of gas, or value
of gas consumed i
Value of natural gas produced
Value of other fuel displaced
Domestic consumers supplied
Iron and steel works supplied
Glass works supplied
Other establishments supplied
Total establishments supplied
Total wells producing Jan. 1
Total productive wells drilled
Total wells abandoned
Total wells producing Dec. 81
Total dry holes drilled
Total feet of pipe laid to Dec. 31 . . .
Number establishments reporting.
$1,630,878
«2,%9,082
fl,712,4(J2
a 45, 943
2
14
168
184
328
129
37
420
6
10.185,093
34
1901.
1902. 1
$2,244,758
$2,473,174
$3,954,472
$5,390,181
$2,415,860
$2,994,777
a65,808
29.357
2
11
13
31
251
835
266
877
418
794
177
142
51
51
544
885
8
37
11,862,803
14,548,385
44
79
1903.
•8,125,061
$6, 882,359
14.375,000
36,171
%
1,0S6
i.ta
m
342
46
*1,0»
4S
18,224,176
a Number of domestic fires supplied.
b Includes 10 wells not used in 1903.
OHIO.
There are three horizons in this State, widely separated in the geo-
logical scale and in geographic position, which furnish natural gas.
The first known natural-gas deposits were in Noble and Washington
counties, where the sandstones of the Carboniferous period, especially
those of the Waverley group, have in many cases when drilled into in
search of salt brine responded by suddenly blowing out the water in
the well and sometimes the light tot)ls also, the result being very
often a conflagration by which the surrounding structures were
destroyed. Since the first well was drilled in southeastern Ohio
numerous wells have developed large quantities of natural gas, and
although there was not suflBcient volume and pressure to supply the
large cities of the State, numerous towns, villages, pumpmg stations,
and drilling and pumping wells have been supplied with fuel over a
large portion of the area extending from Columbiana County on the
north to Washington County on the south.
Just east of the central portion of the State, not far from the city
of Lancaster, a well drilled in 1887 developed a large flow of gas from
the Clinton limestone, which at that time was a new productive hori-
zon. This field did not produce natural gas to any very large extent
although it furnished enough for it to be piped to Columbus until
1889, when there was a very rapid development and extension to the
south in the vicinity of Sugargrove.
For the last three years this field has been largely drawn upon, and
the original rock pressure of nearly 800 pounds to the square inch has
been decreased in some localities to less than 200 pounds.
During 1901 and 1902 a very large field was opened north of the
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NATIJBAL GAS. 733
original Lancaster field, in Knox and Licking counties, which receives
its production from the geological horizon of the Clinton limestone.
The area of this field, so far as developed, is now about 20 miles long
and from 4 to 6 miles in width. Of a total of 72 wells drilled in 1902
inside of the area named, only 4 were dry holes. The rock pressure
is 750 to 800 pounds to the square inch. The average flow is about
4,000,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours. One well started at the
rate of 14,000,000 cubic feet, but fell off to about 9,000,000 cubic feet.
The wells are from 2,150 to 2,200 feet in depth. The area of this
field, so far as developed, is much larger than the original Lancaster
or Sugargrove field, and promises to produce large quantities of high-
pressure natural gas.
During 1902 and 1903 this new pool has been connected with Colum-
bus by two pipe lines, and it is now connected also with a number of
towns and villages that were formally supplied by the original Sugar-
grove pool.
Indications seem to point to the probable connecting of the Knox
and the Lancaster pools. The natural gas obtained from this portion
of Ohio has resulted in increased revenue, and has arrested a down-
ward tendency in the natural-gas production of the State.
The Trenton rock pools in the northwestern part of the State origi-
nally covered an area of about 500 square miles, with an average pres-
sure of about 425 pounds to the square inch. At the present time there
is scarcely any pressure over a great portion of this field, and probably
l^s than 100 pounds at any locality. A large quantity of the original
natural gas contained in this portion of the State was wasted to advance
wild speculation in real estate, and partly because of a mistaken idea
that the supply was inexhaustible. Certain portions of the Trenton
limestone in this section of Ohio have an open cellular stracture, and
many of the original wells showed a very great volume of gas, since bs
much as 24,000,000 cubic feet in twenty-four hours have been known
to be discharged from some of the best wells, although at the present
time and for several years past the field has become almost exhausted.
There is also a small field in the extreme northeastern part of the
State, in Ashtabula County, in which natural gas is found in the Cor-
niferous limestone; and on the south shore of Lake Erie, from Cleve-
land to Lorain, there are a number of small wells which furnish enough
natural gas to supply from one to three or four families.
During the year 1903 West Virginia furnished an increased quan-
tity of natural gas to the cities of northeastern and northwestern Ohio,
Toledo being partly supplied with gas from West Virginia; Penn-
tijlvania furnished a considerable quantity of gas to Youngstown
tmi several near-by villages; Kentucky furnished gas to Iron ton, and
Indiana furnished a decreased supply to several towns on the western
borders of the State.
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784
MINEBAL BE80UBGES.
The value of the natural gas produced in Ohio in 1903 was $4,479,-
040, which is almost double the .value of natural gas produced in 1902.
On the other hand, the value of the natural gas consumed in Ohio,
which includes that produced within the State and that obtained from
West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Indiana, was $7,200,867,
or $2,721,827 more than the State production. Of this exo^s West
Virginia furnished 85 per cent.
The combined value of natural gas and petroleum produced in Ohio
in 1903 was $30,713,561, the State ranking second, next to Pennsyl-
vania, both in 1902 and 1903. In 1902 the combined value was
$23,112,817, a gain of $7,600,744, or nearly 33 per cent, in favor of
1903. The value of coal, wood, and other fuel displaced in Ohio by
natural gas in 1903 was $8,155,570.
The value of the natural gas produced in Ohio from 1885 to 1903 is
shown in the following table:
Value of natural gas produced in OkiOy 1885-190S.
Year.
Value.
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
189S
1894
$100,000
400,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
5,215,669
4,684.800
3,076,825
2,136,000
1,510,000
1,276,100
Year.
Value.
1896 , $1,256. TOO
1896 ' 1,172.400
1897 1.171,771
1898 1 1,488.808
1899 1 1,866,271
1900 1 2,178.234
1901 ' 2,147,215
1902.
1908.
2,SS5,4»
4.47»,0«
Record of natural-gas industry in Ohio, 1900, 1901 ^ 1902, and 190S,
Amount received for sale of gas or value of
gas consumed
Value of natural gas produced
Value of coal and wood displaced
Domestic consumers supplied
Iron and steel works supplied
Glass works supplied
Other establishments supplied
Total establishments supplied
Total wells producing Jan. 1
Total productive wells drilled
Total wells abandoned
Total wells producing Dec. 81
Total dry holes drilled
Total feet of pipe laid to Dee. 31
Number of establishments reporting
a Number domestic fires supplied.
1900.
38,828,200
92,178,284
$8,565,142
a 135, 748
10
10
1,072
1.092
853
97
19
15,030,304
2S1
1901.
$4,119,059
$2,147,215
$4,448,584
0149,709
6
13
960
949
885
113
48
960
85
15,199,295
305
1902.
$4,785^766
$2,855,458
$5,361,878
120,127
17
66
713
786
1,099
266
75
1,290
40
20,098.670
451
190S.
$7,200,867
$4.4Ta,0«
$8,155,570
197, 7»
19
cs
l.TOi
1.7W
],9IS
S90
110
fri,aB
•2
27.876,583
S15
^ Includes 18 wella ahut in in 190S.
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NATURAL GAS.
NEW YORK.
735
Natural gas is found over a very large area in the western portion
of New York in a number of different sands and limestones, including
the Devonian black slate, the Bradford sand, and the underlying Kane
and Elk sands, the Comif erous limestone, the Medina sandstone, the
Trenton limestone, and the Upper Calciferous. The greater portion
of the gas comes from the neighborhood of Wellsville and Ricebrook,
in Allegany County, from the sands found in the Upper Devonian,
There are a vast number of wells scattered along the south shore of
Lake Ontario and many wells along the south shore of Lake Erie that
fnmkjh from one to four familes with gas. The greater portion of the
natural gas consumed in the State comes from Pennsylvania, the largest
consumption being in the city of Buffalo. The town of Fredonia used
natural gas as far back as 1821 from natural flows and shallow wells,
and has the honor of first making use of it as a source of light and
heat The counties producing natural gas are Allegany, Cattaraugus,
Erie, Livingston, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, Oswego, Seneca, and
Steuben. For the last three years the value of the output of natural
gas in New York has increased, the production for 1903 being valued
at $493,686, an increase of $147,215 over that of 1902. The value of
the natural gas consumed in the State in 1903 was $1,944,667, an
increase of $220,958 over the consumption in 1902.
There is also some natural gas produced in Canada, and consumed
at Buffalo, N. Y., but it is not included in this statement of production
and value.
The value of natural gas produced in New York from 1885 to 1903,
inclusive, is given in the following table:
VcUue of naiurcU gas produced in New York^ 1886-190S,
Year.
Value.
w».... . ...
1196,000
UBS
210,000
IW
338,000
832,500
MS
vm
680,026
652,000
280,000
216,000
210,000
249,000
\m
an
las
UK
UM
Year.
Value.
1895
9241,530
1896
a256,000
1897
200,076
229,078
1898
1899
294,598
835,867
1900
1901
293,282
1902
M6,471
1908
493.686
■ A portloo of this amount should be credited to PeniisylTania, but it was impossible to make the
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736 HINEBAL BE80UBCBS.
Record of natural-gas industry in New York, 1900, 190 J, 1902, and 1903,
Amount received for sale of gaa or yalue of
gas consomed
Value of natural gas produced
Value of coal and wood displaced
Domestic consumers supplied
Iron and steel works supplied
Glass works supplied
Other establishments supplied
Total establishments supplied
Total wells producing Jan. 1
Total productive wells drilled
Total wells abandoned
Total wells producing Dec. 31
Total dry holes drilled
Total feet of pipe laid to Dec. 31
Number of establishments reporting
a Number of domestic fires supplied.
1900.
$1,466,286
9886,867
fl. 887, 268
a89.837
0
4
184
188
487
67
11
638
11
6,772.796
89
1901.
$1,694,925
1298,282
$1,665,942
a96,161
0
2
96
96
686
68
8
680
14
6,786,0
114
1902.
$1,728,709
$846,471
$1,771,077
60,686
1
8
206
215
566
69
14
688
8
5,894,517
116
1908.
$1,944,857
S498,06
$1,992,736
57,»
5
20
206
fiSZ
75
20
kTO?
U
7,418,194
144
b Includes 6 wells not uaed in 1908.
KANSAS.
This State has made remarkable progress during 1903, as the active
search for petroleum has developed a number of natural-gas reser-
voirs that were formerly unsuspected.
The present development begins at Paola, in central-eastern Kansas,
thence extending in a general southwesterly direction clear across the
State into Indian and Oklahoma Territories. There are a series of
natural gas producing districts of greater or less area. . The counties
that have productive areas are Miami, Allen, Neosho, Crawford,
Wilson, Montgomery, Chautauqua, and Labette. The principal towns
now supplied with natural gas are Paola, Osawatomie, Greely, lola,
Gas City, Laharpe, Humboldt, Chanute, Erie, Benedict, Fredonia,
Thayer, Cherryvale, Independence, Coflfey ville, and Chetopa, besides
many villages and individuals scattered over this great are^. Although
some of the older districts have begun to show a decrease in pressure,
the additional area lately developed indicates that this portion of the
State will in the future supply a number of the larger cities within its
border and also those nearest in Missouri.
The gas is found in the sandstones and the more porous beds of the
Cherokee shales, which are at the base of the Coal Measures in the
E^nsas field. There is not a uniform gas-producing formation, but
rather local "sands" at varying horizons in the 450 feet of Cherokee
shales. The depth at which gas is encountered increases to the west-
ward as a result of the dip, and in the more productive belt varies
from 700 to 1,150 feet. The volume of many of these wells is as high
AS 5,000,000 cubic feet in twenty -four hours, and a few have gone as
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NATURAL GAS.
737
high as 10,000,000 cubic feet. The original rock pressure, which was
325 pounds to the square inch in a number of the pools, has decreased
somewhat In some of the pools the pressure was originally only
150 pounds.
The early history of this district dates back thirty years, when the
Acres Mineral well was completed at lola, which gave a small flow of
natural gas. After several wells had been drilled near this location a
vigorous well was found in 1893, which flowed about 3,000,000 cubic
feet in twenty-four hours. In 1892 the gas began to be introduced
successfully in a small way. In the year 1899 it was successfully
applied to the reduction of zinc ore, and began to be used by many of
the large towns in southeastern Kansas, and it began to be used also
in the manufacture of brick and hydraulic cement and in numerous
other manufactories. Development in the last year has been active,
and numerous natural-gas wells have been drilled.
The value of the natural gas produced in Kansas in 1903 was
$1,123,849, as compared with $824,431 in 1902, a gain of $299,418.
The value of the fuel displaced was $1,676,351. There were nearly
16,000 domestic consumers and 143 manufactories supplied, which
includes iron and steel works, zinc smelters, and glass and brick works.
The total number of wells producing at the beginning of 1903 was
i04 and 295 were drilled during the yeai", making a total of 666 natural-
gas wells drilled at the close of 1903. Of this number 124 were not in
use. There were 33 wells abandoned and 66 dry holes drilled during
the year. There were 1,060 miles of main pipe line from 2 inches up
to 12 inches in diameter in use at the close of 1903. The value of the
petroleum produced in Kansas in 1903 was $988,220, which, added to
the value of the natural gas, gives a total of $2,112,069.
The value of the natural gas produced in Kansas from 1889 to 1903
has-been as follows:
Value of natural gas produced in Kansas, 1889-190S.
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
IW..
S16,873
12,000
6.500
40,795
50,000
86.600
112,400
124,760
1897
$105, 700
USD
1898
174, 640
1891
1899
832,692
vm
1900
1901
1902
1903
366,900
\m
1>W
659,178
824, 431
]!«
1,123,849
UK
M K 1903 47
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738
MINEBAL RESOUBCES
The following table gives in detail the record for natural
Kansas during 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Record of naturcd-gaa industry in KansoB^ 1901, 190S, and 190S.
in
1901.
1902.
1659,173
9824,431
9659,173
9824,431
9995,350
91.175,349
10,227
13,488
0
1
8
9
0
3
12
14
52
64
72
91
2W
299
71
144
28
24
256
419
85
63
2,425,410
5,084,791
48
80
1901.
Amount received for sale of gas or value of gas consumed.
Value of natural gas produced
Value of coal and wood displaced
Domestic consumers supplied
Iron and steel works supplied
Zinc smelters supplied
Glass works supplied
Brick works supplied
other establishments supplied
Total establishments supplied
Total wells producing Jan. 1
Total productive wells drilled
Total wells abandoned
Total wells producing Dec. 31
Total dry holes drilled
Total feet pipe laid to Dec. 81
Number of establishments reporting
91, 123. M
91,123,849
91.676,851
15,91S
2
U
s
14
US
14S
401
395
S
am
m
5,S96.7»
m
a Includes 124 wells which were not in use in 1903.
INDIAN AND OKLAHOMA TERRITORIES.
A well was brought in on November 26, 1903, at Pawhuska, Okla.,
the product of which is now (1904) being supplied to consumers in
the town of Pawhuska. Other wells are being drilled.
At Lawton, Comanche County, gas from a well drilled in 1903 is
being used to drill well No. 2. The pressure of the gas seems to be
as strong as when the well was drilled.
While prospecting for oil near Newkirk, B[ay County, a little .gas
was stinick in the fall of 1903 and torches were burned awhile in the
streets of Newkirk, but the well was finally lost through water.
At Redfork, Ind.T., some gas is produced and used for fuel purposes.
MISSOURI.
The gas produced in Missouri comes principally from wells located
at Belton, Cass County, and Kansas City, Jackson County. The gas
is found at shallow depths. There are also a few wells producing gas
in Bates County, the product of which is used by the owners of the
wells for domestic purposes, none being sold.
ARKANSAS.
During the year 1903 a number of consumers in the towns of Mans-
field and Huntington were supplied with gas from two wells located
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NATURAL GAS.
739
in Sebastian County. The pressure seems to be stronger than it was
a year ago. The gas is found at a depth of 865 to 1,040 feet in dry
sand; is clean and almost odorless.
KENTUCKY.
The principal gas area thus far developed is in eastern Kentucky,
in Martin County. There are some fair gas wells in western Floyd
Count3^ Ashland, Catlettsburg, and Louisa are supplied from this
region. In Meade County there is still found some shale gas, which
is conveyed to Louisville. During the fall of 1901 a large gas well
was developed near the Beaver oil pool, in Wayne County. There is
ako a fair gas well just over the State line, in Fentress County, Tenn.
There is a small supply of gas obtained for domestic use in Breckin-
ridge County, in the vicinity of Cloverport, also in Hardin and
Jefferson counties.
Numerous gas wells of moderate output were found in the search
for petroleum, few of which have been utilized. A considerable por-
tion of the natural gas produced in eastern Kentucky was sold at
Huntington and other towns in West Virginia, and at Ironton, Ohio.
There was a small quantity of natural gas produced in Tennessee
that was consumed in Kentucky, and also some produced in West
Virginia was consumed in Kentucky.
The value of the natural gas produced, including the small quantity
produced in West Virginia and Tennessee, was ^90,601, a gain of
124,945 over that of 1902. The combined value of natural gas and
petroleum was $876,684.
The value of the natural gas produced in Kentucky from 1889 to
1903 is shown in the following table:
Value of natural gas produced in Kentucky, 1889-190S.
Year.
Afelue.
Year.
Value.
IM
•2,680
80,000
88,993
48,175
68,500
89,200
98,700
99,000
1897
$90,000
103,133
125,745
286,243
270,871
0365,656
6 890,601
\m
1898
lan
1899
iw
1900
\m
1901
WM
1902
w»
1908
\m
•lododes ficme gas produced in West Virginia but consumed In Kentucky; also $46 worth of gaa
pradoeed In Tennenee.
^lododea some gas produced in West Virginia but consumed In Kentucky; also $300 worth of gas
pratoeed in Tennenee.
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740
MINERAL RESOUBCES.
TENNESSEE.
No natural gas is produced commercially in this State, so far as is
known. There are three wells, one located in Warren County, drilled
in 1866, another in Franklin County, the product of which is used for
domestic purposes and to drive a 6-horsepower engine, and a third in
Fentress County, near the Kentucky line, known as the Beatty gas
well. See footnotes under table of value of natural gas in Kentucky.
ILLINOIS.
The production of natural gas in this State comes from shallow bat
persistent wells in Randolph and Bureau counties, which supply single
families.
The production of natural gas in Illinois from 1889 to 1903 was
valued as follows:
Value of naturcU gas prodxuxd in lUinoiSf 1889~190S,
Year.
Value.
i
I
Year.
Value.
1889
1890..
$10,616
6,000
6,000
12,988
14,000
15,000
7,500
6,875
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
•6,000
1891
2, Of?
1892
1,700
189S
1,825
LB94
1,S44
1895
190S
S,810
1896
ALABAMA.
Two natural gas wells were recently drilled near Hazel Green, Madi-
son County, Ala., which are producing a small quantity of natural gas.
Well No. 1, which is 625 feet deep, came in on March 21, 1903, aod
showed a closed pressure of 55 pounds; well No. 2, which is 375 feet
deep and was drilled in during Marcl) of 1904, is reported to be
stronger than No. 1.
CALIFORNIA.
Although there are numerous small gas wells in this State, by far
the greatest production comes from wells at the city at Stockton, in
the great Joaquin Valley. It is also found near the city of Sacramento,
in the Sacramento Valley, in Tulare County, near Tulare Lake, and
in Tehama County. To a small extent it is produced by a few welU
at the city of Los Angeles. In the two former instances it is asso-
ciated with artesian-water flows. At Stockton the wells are 2,00(»
feet deep, yet none of them has passed through the alluvial deposit
into the solid stratified measures. Under the pressure of 2,000 feet,
water will absorb a large amount of gas, which is gradually liberated
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NATUBAL GAS.
741
as it ascends in the well and the pressure diminishes. Ten of these
wells at Stockton yield about 30,000 cubic feet of natural gas a day.
The value of the natural gas produced in California from 1889 to
1903 is shown in the following table:
Valti€ of natural gas produced in Calif omia,^ 18S9-190S.
Tear.
Valae.
Tear.
Valne.
IS80
112,680
88,000
80,000
55,000 1
62,000
60,850 1
55,000
55,682
1897
$50,000
65,887
86,891
1890
1898
1891
1899
1892
1900
79,063
67,602
1888
1901
mi
1902
a 120, 648
5104,521
1895
190S
1896.
« Includes $82,188 worth of gas produced from oil wells and consumed in oil operationB.
5Iocludes $84,452 worth of gas produced from oil wells and consumed in oil operations.
TEXAS.
The value of the natural gas produced in Texas in 1903 was $21,351,
as compared with $14,953 in 1902 and with $18,577 in 1901. Nearly
all the gas consumed in this State is taken from wells near (/orsicana.
Some natural gas was consumed from the wells at Spindle Top and
Sour Lake.
Some wonderful pockets of high-pressure gas have been developed
in the Spindle Top and Sour Lake fields, which blew up bowlders and
aand mixed with water and traces of petroleum. When the pressure
was confined it developed 250 to 300 pounds to the square inch, and,
after the gas originally in the rock had been exhausted, the gas under
pressure was used to assist the petroleum wells to flow by having the
gas turned into the petroleum wells.
Several large natural -gas wells were developed on Bryan's Mound,
near the shore of the Gulf, in Brazoria County, and at Big Hill, in
Jefferson County, none of which have as yet been utilized.
Numerous artesian wells along the Gulf coast give off considerable
natural gas with the artesian water.
SOUTH DAKOTA.
The gas found in this State is associated with flows of water at a
nomber of localities, but only recently has its value been appreciated.
At Pierre there are three wells which have furnished sufficient
nataral gas to be used extensively for domestic purposes in the town
and to furnish fuel for a 60-horsepower boiler. These wells also
supply suflicient water for the use of the inhabitants of the town.
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742 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
The locations and conditions of the occurrence of natural gas in this
State, 80 far as developed, were discussed at some length in an article
written by Prof. J, E. Todd, State geologist, and quoted in this report
for 1901.
The value of the natural gas produced in South Dakota from 1899
to 1903 has been as follows:
Value of natural ga^ produced in South Dakota, 1899-190S.
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
1899
t8,500
9,817
7,265
1902
tia,2B0
1900
1903
11,775
1901
1
UTAH.
No natural gas has been produced in this State for five years. The
welk, 12 miles north of Salt Lake City, have become choked by the
decomposition of the slate forming the walls of the gas welk.
WYOMING.
Two very fair gas wells were drilled in at Douglas, Wyo., in 1903,
one on September 5, the other on October 24. The product is being
used for fuel and light for drilling purposes.
COLORADO.
In 1903 natural gas was discovered in a well about three miles from
Boulder and the product is supplied to domestic consumers in Boulder
for both illuminating and fuel purposes. In the Florence oil field
some gas is produced from the oil wells and to a small extent is used
for domestic purposes and also under boilers in the field.
CANADA.
There was an increase in the value of natural gas produced in Oanada
the during 1903, due chiefly to the increased production in the Welland
field, in which several extensions have been recently developed. The
Essex County field continues to decrease in output, and it has not
delivered any natural gas to Detroit since the fall of 190L The Wel-
land field furnishes a considerable quantity to Buffalo.
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NATtmAL aA6.
743
SUUigticB of natural-gas production in the Province of OntariOy Canaday 1893~J90S.
Year.
mi.
1895.
1895.
1867.
1898
1899.
1900.
1901.
vxa.
190B.
Producing
MlleiiofgM
Workmen
Value of gas
wells.
pipe.
employed.
product.
107
U7
69
$288,200
110
188
99
204,179
128
248
92
282,966
141
287
87
276,710
140
297
84
808,448
142
816
85
801,509
150
841
95
440,904
176
806
161
892,828
158
868
129
842,188
169
869
107
196,992
210
812
188
196,685
Wages for
labor.
•24,502
58,180
78,828
47,627
42,888
81,467
40,149
48,686
69,140
66,618
79,946
NATURAL GAS IN WESTERN CANADA.
There is a growing production of natural gas near Medicine Hat, on
the Canadian Pacific Kailroad, in the western portion of the province of
Assiniboia, on the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The first
well drilled in 1891 in search of coal developed a flow of natural gas.
In 1899 Mr. J. C. Colter drilled a well which supplied several families
with light and fuel. This was followed up by the drilling of four
wells in the interest of the town. Gas was found in all of them, and
was piped throughout the town and sold at 20 cents per 1,000 cubic
feet Afterwards it was decided to drill deeper, and a well at 1,000
feet found a sand rock from which a flow of about 1,000,000 cubic feet
was secured, the shut-in pressure being 500 pounds to the square inch.
Indications from surface examinations show a large area of pro-
spective natural-gas territory in this section.
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ASPHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS ROCK.
By Edmund 0ns Hovby.
rNTRODUCnON.
In commerce the term '^ asphaltum " is generally used to indicate any
or all of the varieties of hydrocarbons which are included under the
mineralogical names of asphaltum, as elaterite, wurtzilite, albertite,
grahamite, uintaite, gilsonite, and some other less well-known com-
pounds which exist in nature in all conditions from the viscid to the
solid. In this report no distinction is made between the various kinds
of asphaltic minerals, but all are included under the general term.
Opinion is divided as to the propriety of applying the term " asphalt"
to the residuum obtained by the distillation of some of the crude petro-
leums. The industry of producing an asphaltic roofing and paving
material from the destructive distillation of the California oils has
grown to laige proportions, as will be seen by consulting the table on
p«^ 7. In the general table on page 7, asphalt of this character is
entered under the heading "By-product from oil," as was done in the
report for 1902.
The term "bituminous rock" is used in the table on page 6 for all
the asphalt-bearing sandstones and limestones which are used without
previous refining in the making of street pavements. In practice the
material is mixed with other ingredients, as may be thought best at the
place of use. The bituminous sandstone reported is quarried in Cali-
fornia, Kentucky, and Indian Territory. For detailed descriptions of
the asphalt and bituminous rock deposits of the United States, readers
are referred to the article thereon by Mr. George H. Eldridge, in the
Twenty-second Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey."
•Eldxidge, OeoiKo H.. The asphalt and bituminous rock depodts of the United States: Twenty-
iMood Ann. Bept. U. S. Geol. Sorrey, pt 1, 1901, pp. 'n»-4S2, '
745
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746
MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
PRODUCTION.
The following table shows the annual production of asphaltum and
bituminous rock in the United States from 1882 to 1903, inclusive:
Production of asphaUum and bUuminous rock, 1881^-1903,
Year.
1882
1888
1884,
1886.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
8,000
$10,600
8,000
10,600
8,000
10,600
8,000
10,500
3,500
14,000
4,000
16,000
60.450
187,500
51,735
171,537
40,841
190,416
45,054
242,264
87,680
446,875
Year.
1898
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898,
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Qoantlty. | Value.
Shoritont.
47,779
I372,a2
60,570
351,4(10
68.16S
148,281
80,506
577,868
75,946
664,92
76,837
67S.6tf
75,085
568,904
54.889
415,916
63,184
555,335
106,468
7G5.048
101,255
l,O06.4i6
As will be seen from this table, the production of asphalt and bitu-
minous I'ock in 1903 was not quite so large as in 1902, but the value
of the product increased by $240,398, or over 31.4 per cent The
large increase in value was due to the expansion of the industry of
manufacturing "asphaltum" as a by-product in the refining of Cali-
fornia crude oil. Many of the plants and mines which were in oper-
ation upon bituminous rock and hard or gum asphaltum in 1902
reported no production in 1903.
From the following table, which classifies the production according
to varieties, it will be seen that the production of bituminous sand-
stone decreased from 57,837 short tons ($166,993) in 1902 to 38,633
short tons ($118,001) in 1903. The production of bituminous limestone
increased from 1,869 short tons in 1902 ($7,817) to 2,520 short tons
($8,800) in 1903. Mastic, which has been reported separately for sev-
eral years, is given at 961 short tons ($11,532), most of which was
produced from bituminous sandstone quarried in Kentucky. Hie
production of hard and refined or gum asphalt, which includes gilson-
ite, shows a decrease from 22,321 short tons in 1902 to 12,896 short
tons in 1903; but the reported value increased from $264,817 in 1903
to $343,799 in 1903. No production of liquid asphaltum or maltha was
reported from California, but 58 short tons, valued at $1,150, were
reported from Texas. The amount of asphaltic material produced by
the destructive distillation of petroleum increased from 20,826 short
tons ($303,249) in 1902 to 46,187 short tons ($522,164) in 1903; bat
the average value per ton decreased from $14.56 to $11.31. Pritr to
1902 the asphaltum produced as a by-product from petroleum was in-
cluded under the heading **Hard and refined, or gum."
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A8PHALTUM AND BITITMINOU8 BOOK.
747
Both quantity and value as given in the following two tables, which
distribute the production by varieties and by States, are for the prod-
uct in the condition in which it was first sold.
Varieties of asphaUum, etc, , produced annuaUy^ 1897-190S.
Variety.
1807.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity. Value.
1899.
BhominouB sandstone
Bitominoas limestone a
Maatic
Hard and refined, or gumb .
Uqnid, or maltha
Total
ShortiioiM.
48,801
2,100
483
9,911
14,650
$168,914
10,600
9,864
178,904
811,850
Short tons.
48,624
5,502
1,158
18,178
12,876
1126,831
26,412
17,840
238,566
271,000
Short tons.
43,041
15,650
8121,023
79,500
15,694
700
843,730
9,651
75,945
664,632
76,887
675,649
75,085
553,904
Variety.
Quantity. Value,
1900.
1901.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity. Value.
1902.
Quantity. Value.
1908.
BitomlnoQs sandstone .
tttamlnooB limestone «
Xaatie
Hard and reflned.orgumb
Liquid, or maltha
Br-product from oil . . .
ShoHtons.
38,884
2,434
$U9,779
11,822
Short tons.
84,248
6,970
1188,601
88,875
Short tons.
57,887
2,860
8156,993
19,817
12,867
1,254
256,793
28,064
19,316
2,600
833,509
49,850
22,321
1,605
20,826
264,817
20,172
808,249
Short tons.
38,638
2,620
961
12,896
58
46,187
1118,001
8,800
11,582
348,799
1,150
522,164
Total.
54,889
415,958
68,184
555,835
105,458
765,048
101,255
1,005,446
■ Not including mastic or refined asphaltum made from bituminous limestone,
frlncludinar f^Isonite from Colorado and Utah, gum asphaltum from Texas, and "Ventura" hard
aii^Itum. from California.
IHstribiUion of prodttctian of aspIiaUum in 190Sy by States.
Variety.
California.
Texas.
Utah.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Shorttons.
24,080
169,862
ShoHtons.
Shorttons.
Bttominoofl limestone
MMtic
11
6,400
182
140,000
Hard and refined, or gum asphalt
I^inld m«nhalt. or TnAlthfl. ^ , ^ ^ ^
5,619
$188,357
58
2,100
$1,150
29,400
By-pfoduct from oil
44,067
492,764
Total
74,578
702,758
2,158
30,660
5,619
188,357
Variety.
Kentucky.
Indian Territory.
Arkansas.
Quantity.
Value,
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty. Value.
w^nrainons sandMone - . - . .
Shorttons.
11,628
838,768
Shorttons.
1,710
2,520
^,908
8,800
ShoHtons.
1,215 $5,468
Mt^mliKwiB Hmeatane
Vtftic ...
950
11,400
1
Hani and refln^^d, or giim w*phAit
877
15,442
liquid asphalt, or maltha
1
•
1 t
Total
12,578
50,163
5,107
28,150
1,215 , 5.468
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748
MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
EXPOBTS.
During the year ending June 30, 1903, asphaltum and manufactures
of asphaltic material of domestic production to the total value of
$104,586 were exported from the United States to other countries.
The most important receivers of these products were, in the order
named, the Dominion of Canada, Peru, United Kingdom, Brazil, and
Argentina. The corresponding exports for the fiscal 1902 amounted
to $89,654.
IMPOBTS.
More than two-thirds of the asphaltum which is imported into the
United States from foreign countries comes from the island of Trini-
dad off the coast of Venezuela. Other important sources of the
material are Venezuela (Bermudez), Italy, and Cuba, and smaller
quantities, mostly in the shape of bituminous limestones, are imported
from Germany, Turkey in Europe, Mexico, Switzerland, France,
Great Britain, Turkey in Asia, and the United States of Colombia.
The following table shows the imports of crude asphaltum by fiscal
years from 1867 to 1885; and by calendar years from 1886 to 1903,
inclusive:
Crude asphaltum imported for immedicUe consumption into the United Stcties^ 1867-190S,
Year ending-
June 80—
1867...
1868...
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1876.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
•Quantity.
Value.
Umg tons.
16,268
185
5,632
208
10,559
488
13,072
1,801
14,760
1,474
35,583
2,314
38,298
1,183
17,710
1,171
26,006
807
28,818
4,532
36,560
5,476
35,982
8,084
39,635
11,830
87,889
12,883
96,410
15,015
102,698
88,116
149,999
36,078
145,671
18,407
88.067
Year ending-
Dec. 31—
1886...
1887...
1889.
1890.
1891.
1882.
1894...
1896a.
1896a.
1897a.
18986.
18990.
1900rf.
1901«.
1902/.
19030.
Quantity. Value.
Long ton*.
82,565
30,806
36,494
61,952
73.861
102,433
120.265
74.774
102,606
79,567
96,192
U6,628
69.857
106,474
118,771
138,833
146,883
181,579
$106,50
96,796
84,06
138,163
223, 9GS
299, a»
836,80
196,314
313^ on
210,01
3M,5«
992,779
425,20
454,78
6SS,4:S
489, 579
«S,3lf
a In addition tp the crude asphaltum imported in 1895 there was some manufactured or refined
gum asphaltum, valued at $36,664. In 1896 the value of the manufactured asphaltum imported wv
177,449: and in 1897, $25,095. The quantity was not reported.
Mndudes 8,069 long tons, "dried or advanced," valued at $17,005.
o Includes 4,264 long tons, " dried or advanced," valued at $86,396;
^Includes 5,141 long tons, " dried or advanced," valued at $49,242.
'Includes 6,754 long tons, " dried or advanced," valued at $86,958.
/Includes 7,289 long tons, " dried or advanced " valued at $G2,56L
^Includes 15,867 long tons, •• dried or advanced,'* valued at $^591.
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A8PHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS BOOK.
749
As will be seen from the following table, the imports from Trinidad
increased from 99,592 long tons ($329,819) in the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1902, to 129,133 long tons ($367,003) in the fiscal year 1903,
and the imports from Venezuela increased from 12,406 long tons
in 1902 ($62,028) to 16,445 long tons ($74,874) in 1903. The imports
from the British West Indies, which are cited as coming from Trini-
dad, include 547 tons of manjak from Barbados, the value of which has
not been given separately. The imports from Cuba show an increase
from 7,252 long tons ($28,497) in 1902 to 9,898 long tons ($48,218) in
1903.
Imports o/cuphaUum during the fiscal years ending June SO^ 1900, 1901 y 190S, and 1908^
with the countries from which exported.
Country.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
West Indies:
Britiflh (Trinidad)
LonfftoM,
98,687
25
663
$277,878
263
14,009
Long tons.
112,834
•882,754
99,592
1829,819
Pntch .
Cuba
4,888
19,162
7,252
20
12,406
60
28,497
757
Italy
Teneeuela (Bcrmudez)
11,579
50
106
40
106
58,298
185
2,202
642
9,548
18,605
98,025
9
62,028
862
GcnnRDT
Prtnoe
Mexico
Tn'kej in Affia -
95
1,648
41
88
629
8,679
Turkey In ^2rope
Great Britain
92
1
1,185
United States of Colombia
'
48
15
(^nada .
5
18
99
497
4
Netherlands
10
718
85
98
1,122
88a
flvfti^land '
Total
106,162
868,291
136,440
497,194
119,625
428,871
Country.
190i
\.
Quantity.
Value.
Wot Indies:
British (mostly Trinidad)
Long tons.
129,188
9,898
18,789
16,445
1,422
298
621
67
688
186
8
442
$867,008
48,218
61,284
74,874
9,974
1,462
2,869
Cuba
Italy
Venexnela (Bennndez)
G^imiany
Fiance
Mexico
Turkey in Asia ..... r r , . , , .
5,088
8,917
2,885
106
Toritev In EniODe
QfMt Britain
Cnited States of Colombia
Bwiti^and
8,786
172,892
Total
685,865
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750
HINEBAL BESOUBGES.
PRODUCTION IN OTHER COUNTRIES.
TRINIDAD.
The exports of asphalt from the island of Trinidad are given in the
following tables, which have been furnished through the courtesy of
the New Trinidad Lake Asphalt Company (Limited).
Eight-ninths of the asphalt exported from the island is obtained
from Pitch Lake," which is exploited by the New Trinidad Lake
Asphalt Company (Limited), under a lease which does not expire until
1930. Fresh supplies of mineral pitch are flowing constantly into the
lake from subterranean sources, but the amount which thus comes in
annually is much less than the amount dug from the deposit. Not
less than 2,050,000 long tons of asphalt have been removed from this
deposit, the annual exploitation having risen from 26,617 long tons in
1881 to 165,532 long tons in 1903.
Exports of Pitch Lake agphallum from Trinidady 1881-190S,
[In tons of 2,240 pounds.]
Year.
To United States.
Crude.
1881 5,600
1882.
1883.
1884..
1886.
1886..
1887..
1888..
1891.
1^92.
1893.
1894.
1895.,
1896.,
1897.,
1899d.
19004.
1901...
1902...
1903...
12,710
22,885
17,885
16,505
22,225
21,915
24,321
45,410
39,907
52,610
70,806
66,436
71,860
61,702
60,637
71,969
46,089
70.111
67,758
80,449
101,876
118,661
Dried.
2,256
1,769
1,692
666
3,180
2,211
3,536
Total
equiva-
lent In
crude.
6,600
12,710
22,886
17,886
15,606
22,226
21.916
24,321
46,410
89,907
52,610
70,806
66,436
71,860
64,976
60,637
74,407
48.428
70,777
70,938
80,449
104,956
128,582
To Europe.
Crude.
10,666
24,712
11,744
15,910
12,135
6,180
10,205
8,446
9,378
11,756
9,964
11,596
10,640
8,967
5,058
8,820
14,629
15,708
21.837
28,886
31,213
17,711
27,025
]fepur6
and
dried.
6,174
12,007
4,668
6,661
7,636
6,894
6,771
8,248
9,681
9,951
9,969
9,458
6,660
9,413
7,366
8,082
13,510
13,228
20,618
23,966
16,815
10,509
18,921
Total
equiva-
lent in
crude.
19,917
42,722
18,746
26,761
23,689
18,221
18.861
20,817
23,760
26,681
24,987
26,783
20,616
23,066
16,104
20,891
84,856
85,537
41,956
47,852
54,761
83,474
40,946
To other countries.
Crude.
£pur4
and
dried.
Total
equiva-
lent in
crude.
901
1,076
fr668
t»901
fcl.076
I'693
1,422
1,000
1,300
500
c' 1,646
2,369
3,031
686
536
8
c 1,918
680
2,999
2.359
4,453
644
746
1,001
Grand total
of exports
In erode
equivalent
25, a?
56, 4S
41, 6n
«»«
SO,OM
85,441
40.77S
45.188
69.169
67,256
78, MS
97.6SS
86,061
91,916
fld.MO
8Z.9I6
1(19.20
86,969
115.091
122,7a
196.054
139,171
165. S3
a For a particularly full account of this remarkable deposit see The Pitch Lake of Trinidad, by S. F.
Peckham, in the American Journal of Science, July, 1896, page 83.
^ Australia.
o Argentina and Mexico.
dThe dried and "6pur6" in 1S99 and 1900 are not reduced to crude equivalento.
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ASFHALTUH AND BITUMZNOUS BOOK.
751
Exports of land asphaUum from TrinicUid, 1886-190S,
[In tons of 2,240 pounds.]
To United SUtes.
To Europe.
To other countries.
Grand total
of exports
in crude
equivalent.
Year.
Crude.
£pur6.
Total
equiva-
lent in
crude.
Crude.
4:pur6.
Total
equiva-
lent in
crude.
Crude.
fepur6.
Total
equiva-
lent in
crude.
1885 1 2,297
2,100
1,536
2,052
1.841
7
325
199
71
542
860
100
2,297
4,345
7,620
13,568
17,417
20,514
17,406
3,450
8,858
4,744
12.049
19,243
18,160
25.164
84,796
81,767
25,153
18.478
1 1
2,297
4,565
8,239
14,401
17,417
20,693
18,105
9,052
13,256
10,320
15,873
21,268
20,119
26,067
85,244
84,917
25,443
2b, 364
1887 1,196
220
619
220
619
1
1888 ' 5.316
::::::;i:;:'7
1889
10,490
838 1
a833
18»
15,406
20,607
17,406
8,450
3.365
4.445
11,948
19.248
15.160
24.622
88.986
81,767
25,008
18,478
1891
139
699
2.432
2,200
1,770
842
298
700
275
251
1,704
200
2,258
1,862
•4,699
2,868
1,988
700
258
250
628
139
699
5,225
9,249
5,322
3.824
1,848
1,087
525
251
1,704
200
8,200
40
bAQ
1882
1898
110
13
178
94
169
b?m
M54
b254
18M
1885
1886
1807
415
404
80
127
1,446
15
1,347
178
312
298
70
50
224
682
872
378
197
1,446
90
1,686
1888
188»e
itoo«
1901
1902
IM
a Australia.
^O&nada, Venezuela, and West Indies.
cTbe dried and "6pur6 " in 1899 and 1900 are not reduced to crude equivalents.
tf Included in shipments of crude.
ToUd exports of all asphaUum from Trinidad^ 1886-190S,
[In tons of 2,240 pounds.]
To United States.
Year.
I Lake. Land. Total
1886 22,225
1«7 21,916
1888 24.321
l«t 45,410
1» 39,907
l»n 62,510
Vm. 70,806
Vm 66.486
MN 71.860
1W6 64.976
WW 00,687
1»7 74.407
vm , 48.428
l*»a ' 70.777
W»« ' 70.988
UOl '80.449
IW 104.966
wot 123, M2
2,297
4.845
7.620
18.568
17.417
20.514
17.406
8.450
3.858
4.744
12,049
19,248
18.160
25.164
84.796
81,767
25,158
23,864
24,522
26,260
31.941
58.978
57.824
78.024
88,212
75.713
69.720
72.666
96.660
66.583
95,911
106.784
112.216
130.109
146.946
To Europe.
Lake. Land. Total
18.221
18,861
20,817
23,750
26,681
24,937
25,783
20.615
23.086
16.104
20.391
84.856
85,537
41.955
47.352
54,761
83,474
40.946
220
619
139
699
5,225
9,249
5,322
8,824
1,843
1.087
525
251
1.704
200
8,200
18,221
19,061
21,436
23,750
26,681
26,076
26.482
25,840
32,335
21,426
24,215
86,199
36,624
42,480
47.608
56,465
33,674
44,146
To other countries.
Lake. Land. Total.
668
901
1.076
1,818
680
2.359
4,453
844
746
1,004
40
377
154
254
872
878
197
1.446
90
1,686
941
1,076
377
154
254
1.918
1.362
3,871
2,737
4,650
2,290
886
2,690
Grand
total.
87,748
45,841
53,377
83.561
84,673
99,041
115,770
95,103
106,202
91,400
96,819
180,511
107,078
141,158
157,987
170,971
164,619
198,782
aThe dried and "«pur6" In 1899 and 1900 are not reduced to crude equivalents.
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762 MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
BARBADOS.
The annual production of Barbados manjak, or glancepitch, has
been decreasing for at least seven years, with the exception that 1900
showed a slight increase over 1899. Nine mines were in operation on
the island during 1902, three of which were worked by the Barbados
Manjak Mines (Limited), with a force of from 70 to 100 laborers.
S. W. Knoggs, esq., colonial secretary of Barbados, reports that the
expoKts of crude manjak for the last two years have been as follows: *
Exports of crude manjak from Barbados in 190fi and 190S.
Year.
To United
States,
ToBurope.
Toother
coaiitrie&
1902
Long Urns.
647
382.3
Long Urns.
902.5
210
Limgtamf.
19
1903
58.S
The average export value of manjak in 1901 was a trifle more than
£9 per long ton. During recent years the exports of this material
from Barbados have been reported as follows: 1897, 1,880 long tons;
1898, 1,160 long tons; 1899, 1,026 long tons; 1900, 1,120 long tons;
1901, 1,043 long tons; 1902, 868.6 long tons; 1903, 650.85 long tons.
Manjak is a very pure form of " land asphaltum," and it is used for
the manufacture of Brunswick varnish, the insulation of electric
cables, etc.
VENEZUELA.
The exports of asphalt from Bermudez Lake in Venezuela to the
United States, which fell off greatly during 1902 on account of litiga-
tion between the two American companies leasing the right to worit
the deposits, regained a portion of their previous importance, the
legal troubles between the companies having been settled.
CUBA.
A somewhat detailed account of the asphalt resources of the island
of Cuba may be found in the advance extract on "The production of
asphaltum and bituminous rock," from Mineral Resources for the year
1902.* As may be seen from the tables already given, the industry is
rapidly expanding. Five-sixths of the asphalt exported from Cuba
during the year ending June 30, 1903, was sent to the United States.
a Communicated through the courtesy of Sir Percy Sanderson, K. G. M. G.» British consnl-genenl
at New York.
frThe production of asphaltum and bituminous rock: Mineral Beeources U. & for 1902, U. S. G«oL
Survey, 1908.
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A8PHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS BOCK.
753
PBODUCTION IN PRINCIPAIi PRODUCING COUNTRIES.
In the table below is given e^ statement of the production of asphal-
tum in the principal producing countries fi'om 1890 to 1902, inclusive:
Production of axphaUum in principal producing countrieSf 1890-190S.
Y€*r.
Qnantity. Value.
1»0.
1S91.
lase.
180S.
ISM.
1896.
1»6..
1897.
1898..
18W..
1900..
1901..
1902..
Year.
United States.
Shorttont,
40,841
45,054
87,680
47,779
60,570
68,163
80,503
75, M5
76,837
75,065
54,889
63,134
184,682
Quantity. Value.
$190,416
242,264
445,875
872,282
853,400
848,281
577,563
664,682
675.649
553.904
415,958
555,335
461,799
Trinidad.
Shoritons.
94,^
110,929
129,438
106,515
121,186
102,368
110,667
146,172
112,220
163,870
177,751
191,488
178,230
Quantity. Value.
9254,019
297,132
347,810
285,309
324,606
274,200
296.457
292.344
558,890
745,242
855.744
799,010
828,347
Germany.
Short Urns.
59,361
54,163
58.713
52,066
61,691
65,638
67,880
67,933
75.550
82,8^
98,833
99,420
97,415
189,961
89,419
99 666
84,962
107,850
108,153
107,908
91,984
99,068
123,984
160,000
168,750
146,470
Quantity. Value.
France.
Quantity. Value. ^Quantity. Value.
Italy.
Spain.
1890..
1891..
18K2..
IMS..
18M..
1»6..
I»6..
urn..
un..
UB9..
1900..
1901. .
IIQS..
Short tons.
198,984
278,316
246.848
244,644
254,562
294,234
249,052
257.127
252,358
285,208
293,654
275,695
284,719
$835,092
402,631
828,854
811,116
389,294
355,700
836.013
328,002
822,117
856,719
888,429
872,989
890,254
Short tons.
49,728
31,054
38,107
28,630
66,663
51,478
50.092
60,984
103,812
90,850
112,115
114,761
70,619
$232,351
181,028
162,308
109,200
270,854
197,584
171,507
183,017
256.347
222,519
292,287
261,761
151,829
Shorttons.
47
$94
274
505
554
1,014
904
1.285
1,065
1,939
870
1,525
1,231
2,156
1,825
8,196
2,604
4,605
2,801
4,964
4,621
8,632
4,861
8,187
6,946
12,356
•20,826 ihort tons of asphaltiim ($808,249) are excluded from this table of crude production, since
they are the by-product of oil reflnlng.
M R 1903-
-48
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754
MINERAL RESOURCES.
J*rodndi<m of asphallum in pnncipdi producing countrieSf 1890-1902 — C<>ntinue<l.
Year.
Anstria-Hungary.
Russia.
Venfrufla.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity. 1 Value.
Quantiiy.
ShoH tons.
Short tow.
Sh^tri Vf%*.
1890
1H91. . .
43
1268
15,471 1 $108,000
20,838 118,760
1892
48
288
1893
97
624
18,337 120,000
1.771
1894
2,740
75,696
17,706 176,400
T.TM
1895
2,963
59,001
20,699 144.893
.^073
1896
3,449
3,699
72,429
81.104
20,013 133,141
6,137
1897 ,
24,488 171,416
ll.f.>
1898
4,152 ' 86,018
6,276 1 79,634
13,244 128,176
Nil.
1899
25,435 170,300
12. on
1900
3,787 70,603
27,667
17,9K1
1901
3, 770 69. 164
(a)
24, 37*
1902 .
4,047 67,623
(rt)
10.»t)
'« statistics not yet available.
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STOnSTE."
INTRODUCTION.
The effort is made in these annual reports to record the significant
changes in the stone industry during the year under review. The
most precise summary of the general condition of the stone trade as
a whole is best shown by the total value of the stone product. The
fluctuations of this net result form a valuable barometer as to the
general prosperity of the business. A general review of these totals
for a succession of years shows a rather phenomenal growth in the
use of building stone, but a decrease of this product for the year just
passed, and also an increasing production of crushed stone, which has
advanced from a small and unimportant industry to one now repre-
senting one-fifth of the entire stone output.
In classifying the various kinds of stone many essentially different
rocks are, for simplicity of treatment, grouped in the following
classes: Granite, bluestone, marble, trap rock, limestone, sandstone,
and slate. This classification was explained in detail in the report for
1902.
PRODUCTION.
In making the statements as to the value of the stone the figures
given represent as nearly as it was possible to obtain them the value
of the stone as it left the bands of the producer, exclusive of any cost
of shipment. When the stone was sold by the producer to the man-
ufacturers in the rough state, the value is so given; and when the
producer dressed his own stone, the value given is the dressed value.
This applies particularly to the rough and the dressed granite, sand-
stone, and marble used for building and for monumental work.
The total value of the stone reported to this office in 1903 was
167,960,468. The value in 1902 was $64,569,099. This shows a gain
in 1903 of $3,401,369. The corresponding gain in 1902 over 1901
when the figures were $65,615,926, was $8,943,173 — a larger increase
in 1902 than in 1903.
Limestone, not including furnace flux, increased more in value of
prodoction than any other kind of stone, the figures for 1903 being
*» The collection of these statistics and the compilation of the returns have been carried on as In pre-
▼Wo* yean by Miss Altha T. Coons, statistical expert of this office, who has also prepared the entire
r^ort oo stooe tests and analyses.— D. T. Day.
755 J
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756
MTNEBAL BESOUBOES.
$26,642,551 and for 1902 $24,959,751, a gain of $1,682,800 for 1903.
The value of limestone used for blast-furnace flux, and not included in
the above, increased from $5,271,252 in 1902 to $6,423,732 in 1903, a
gain of $152,480, making the total gain in the limestone output
$1,835,280.
Granite, including trap rock, increased from $18,257,944 in 1902 to
$18,436,087 in 1903, or $178,143. The trap rock production increased
from $2,181,157 in 1902 to $2,732,294 in 1903, a gain of $651,137.
The granite decreased from $16,076,787 in 1902 to $15,703,793 in 1903,
a decrease of $372,994.
Sandstone, including bluestone, but not including grindstones and
whetstones, increased from $10,601,171 in 1902 to $11,262,259 in 1903,
a gain of $661,088. The value of bluestone, included in the above
figures, was $1,163,525 in 1902 and $1,779,467 in 1903, a gain of
$615,932 for 1903.
The sandstone figures increased from $9,437,646 in 1902 to $9,482,803
in 1903, a gain of $45,156.
The value of the marble increased $318,504, from $5,044,182 in 1902
to $5,362,686 in 1903.
The slate output increased $560,834 in value, from $6,696,051 in
1902 to $6,266,885 in 1903.
The figures as given in the table which follows do not include values
of stone quarried for the following purposes: Sandstone converted
into grindstones, whetstones, and other abrasive materials; sandstone
quarried and crushed into sand for the manufacture of glass; bitumi-
nous limestone and sandstone used in making asphalt pavements and
asphalt blocks; limestone used in blast furnaces, although the statistics
of the furnace flux are shown under the part of the report treating of
limestone; and limestone used in the manufacture of Portland cement.
The statistics of stone used for abrasives is shown in the report on
abrasives published by this office.
Value of the different kinds of stone produced in the United Slates, 189jhl90S,
Year.
1894.
1896.,
1896.,
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Granite.
$10,029,156
8,894,828
7,944,994
8,905,075
9,324,406
10,343,296
10,969,417
14,266,104
16,076,787
15,708,793
Trap Rock. Marble.
$1,275,041
1,706,200
1,710,857
2,181,157
2,782,294
$3,199,685
2,826,719
2,869,186
8,870,684
3,629,940
4,011,681
4,267,253
4,965,699
5,044,182
6.
Slate.
$2,790,
2,698,
2,746,
8,524,
8,728,
3,962,
4,240,
4,787,
5,696,
6,256,
Sandgtone. Bluestone.
965,847
211,314
023,199
066,445
724,412
924,670
272,866
974,199
487,646
482,802
a$900,000
a 750, 000
a 760. 000
a900,000
a 1,000,000
815,284
1,198,619
1,164,481
1,168,626
1,779,467
Limestone.
$16,190,118
16,808,755
13,022,637
14,8(M,9$3
14.204.966
<^16,177,164
016, 666, 625
ea, 747, 061
c24,969,751
026,642, 551
TotaL
$S7. 065,(09
34,6t«.8K
si,s«.m
ssvtyn.ffii
a6,eo7,w
41,50»,8n
41,SZ1,S4.S
55,61S^fi9S
«4, 659, 099
67.9«i.«8
a Estimated.
b Does not include value of
c Does not include value of
grindstones and whetstones,
mestone for flax.
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STONE.
757
The following tables show the value of stone produced in the United
States in 1902 and 1903, by States:
Value of various kinds of stone produced in 190£ and 190S, by States,
190S,
state.
Granite. Sandstone,
Slate.
Marble. LimeBtone.
Total
value.
Alabama
Arizona
.Arkansas
Calif omla
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
minois
Indiana
Indian Territoiy •
Iowa
Eentneky
Maine
Maryland
Musacbusetts . . .
Michigan
Minnesota
Miawurl
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Hew Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina. .
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
PeoQgylTania ...
I^bode Island
Booth Carolina . .
Sooth DakoU ...
tvofemee
Teas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Wtdiington
WestYlTginla...
WiKoQsin
WjromiDg
Other States
Total.
S3, 000
12.115
bl, 137, 679
66,023
b812,141
276,768
942,706
107,910
85,917
(«)
$4,000
31,500
992,298
366,161
128,579
(«)
803.778
940
11,970
2,650,450
758,208
b 3, 461, 397
478,989
167.708
77,060
2.090
1,147,097
b 948, 474
6 661,014
838,760
38,429
6661,062
784.628
698,848
60,003
1,479
1,670,423
282,046
147,278
869,137
f_
M8, 267,944
1,260
6,688
13,777
82,200
37,603
4,000
0,517
16,
106,
128,
(«)
15,
487,
188,
847,
66,
85,
206,658
118,084
(«)
166,489
(«)
406,726
12,291
01,408,699
4,826
2,078,754
24,200
1,109
02.800,106
82,000
126,718
577,298
3,547,822
160,428
110,789
7,670
166,665
106,011
618,266
2,600
80,725
423,632
207,066
90,691
1,464,918
160,961
2.628,164
61, 176
0180,561
•759,617
113, 163
496,848
203.700
206,871
63,571
1U,689
15,074
8.222,606
2.866,691
649,984
670,536
698.747
745, 132
453.030
339,349
621,380
830,867
1,697,139
104,726
146,473
2.800
181,660
2,419.121
28,158
8,201.718
50,541
20.133
6,420,287
83,814
87,860
86,605
482,033
228,662
186,663
226,703
684.113
213.814
616,366
1.351,058
6,340
9802,823
110,910
211,196
2,189,148
685,884
1,146,091
276,758
68,671
1,677,184
6,688
29,791
8,254,808
2,908,284
11,970
666,045
776,046
722,217
8.611,140
1,844,722
4,448,601
809,463
1,657,318
1,911,837
266,927
146,641
11,005
1,147,097
1,586,850
12,291
6,182,850
866,728
6,280,472
74,741
69,671
12,689,202
768,487
686,698
197,894
1,007,969
454.230
293,163
5.889,208
979,610
452,988
1,089.898
1,927.281
97,031
262,061
010,601,171
6, 6%, 051
6,044,182
480,281,003
e 69, 830, 351
« Inehided in other States. b Includes trap rock ^ ,, ^ Indtides bluestone.
^Indodea Alabama. Arkansas, Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah
« InehidM blast-furnace flux.
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758
lilNEBAL BESOUBOES.
Value of various kmds of stone produced in 190^ and 190$^ by Stales — Contanned.
1903.
State.
Granite.
Sandstone.
Slate.
Marble.
Limestone.
Total
value.
AlEbama
$42,938
626.875
61.172
762,827
889.132
119,417
i
$719,401
1.260
242,628
611,126
218,120
151,536
$762,337
Arizona
18,000
47,136
61,627,592
100,791
61,101,426
869,166
58tUS
ArkftTiflfMi . , , , .
$4,709
70,000
8S6,M5
California
$78,829
8,149,374
Colorado
706,013
Connecticut
(«)
1,149,374
Delaware
969,166
Florida
64,898
73,862
64,893
Geor^a
672,947
566,606
1,S11,90I
Hawaii
Idaho
2,760
11,866
26.293
82,651
18,962
8,206,271
2,935,274
1,460
635,431
495,069
746,590
798,553
386.226
272,471
609.082
676.090
2,516,688
152,691
187,718
2,400
83,558
lUinoia
8,232,564
2,967.905
Indian Territory
4,080
5,490
Iowa
19,011
102.128
98.742
651,412
Kansas
597.197
Kentucky
910, SS
Maine
2,686,765
837,787
6 2,720,066
281,280
187,631
8,611,518
Maryland
2,170
372.478
121,850
88,672
164,228
1,447,486
8,519.243
Massachusetts
Michigan
790, 4S2
Minnesota
408,906
150,409
25,993
863.262
49,402
1,443,258
Missouri
(a)
2.716,499
Montana
68,036
1.067
2.870
216,723
Nebraska
188,785
Nevada
7,460
854,613
6943,171
12,29
New Hampshire
New Jersey
854,513
864.887
7.610
rfl,766,501
600
1,798,379
6.600
2.912
d 8, 265, 073
i")
187,711
1,000
2,643,756
600
3,820,672
54,690
16.684
6,775,506
1,495.219
New Mexico
8.510
New York
549,015
218,947
146,401
748,160
4,866
5,742.86
North Carolina
224,512
Ohio
5.114,051
Oklahoma 1 fiooo
66,190
Oregon
118,411
1SS.007
Pennsylvania
6829,586
710,291
476,863
8,959,906
98,200
13 9nL2SD
Rhode Island
39,315 749.606
South Carolina
t
44,780
89,266
655,574
621, 60
South Dakota
163,067
20,649
114,381
71.279
202,331
Tennessee . . . . -
485,905
1.062.128
Texas
178,826
3,808
1,810,179
299,836
209,095
262,068
618.900
190,724
569,205
297.701
558.024
1.266.661
12.188
549. 7»
Utah
3,200
3,011,605
697, 1S2
Vermont
1,592,652
115,856
6,606.069
Virginia
4,471
47,480
262,204
142,446
91,849
988, S67
Washington
40,117
594,343
West Virginia
810,228
Wisconsin
678,891
1,972.497
Wyoming
8,100
'91.800
107.132
Other States
91,900
Total
618,486,087
d 11, 262, 269
6,256,885
5,362,686
/32, 006.283
/73, 384, 200
a Included in other States.
6 Includes trap rock,
o Included in New York,
d Includes bluestone.
e Includes Alabcuna. Arizona, Coanecticat, Minoaxi,
and Montana.
/Includes blast-furnace flux.
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STONE.
759
The following table is given to show the total values of the stone
used for various purposes in 1902 and 1903. Only those values are
given which are for uses common to two or more varieties of stone.
Value ofgramUy scmdsUme^ limestone j and marble used for varUms purposes in 1902 and
190S.
190S.
Kind.
Building
(rough and
dressed).
Monumental
(rough and
dressed).
Flagstone.
Curbstone.
Paving.
Crushed
stone.
Grtnite
17,084,882
6,007,484
5,563,064
2,184,941
•3,996,911
•62,880
1,142,699
241,688
•823,846
672.654
881,968
•1,528,776
527,617
•3,211,780
Bandfitonc
1. 116. 449
Limestone
7.152,780
Marble
1,942,674
Total
20.790.841
6,941,585
1.487,267
1,828,468
2.051.893
11.480.959
1903.
af&nitP
•6,192,145
6,403,969
4,981,241
2,218,186
•3,808,417
•91,142
1,164,156
166,961
•701.018
1.003,528
855,167
•1,954,266
696,063
515,760
•3,780.487
Sandstone
827,585
8,580,866
Marble
1.058,943
2,059.713
Total
19.796,491
5,767,860
1,422.259
3,166,079
18,188.988
As will be seen from this table the value of stone used for building
decreased— from $20,790,341 in 1902 to $19,795,491 in 1903— a loss of
$994,850. In 1902 the increase in value over 1901 was $3,953,960,
which was more than the decrease for 1903, and in 1901 the increase
over 1900 was $4,440,002.
There was also a decrease to $5,767,360 in the value of the monu-
mental stone quarried in 1903, from $5,941,585 in 1902, a loss of
$174,225. In 1902 the increase of this product over 1901 was
$1,206,886.
These decreases in the building and monumental stone industries
were almost entirely due to labor troubles, builders' strikes, and the
consequent small demand and low price for cut stone as compared
with cost of production, which prevented large producers from taking
contracts calling for cut stone.
The value of the flagstone output remained practically the same as
in 1902, there bemg a slight decrease, from $1,437,267 in 1902 to
11,422,259 in 1903.
The value of the curbstone reported increased from $1,828,468 in
1902 to $2,059,713 in 1903, a gain of $231,245.
Stone for paving increased from $2,051,393 in 1902 to $3,166,079 in
1903, a gain of $1,114,686.
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760
MINERAL BE80UB0E8.
Crushed stone increased from $11,480,959 in 1902 to $18,188,938 in
1903, an increase of $1,707,979.
The following tables show the value of crushed stone in 1902 and
1903 according to the variety of stone, and according, also, to the pur-
pose for which this stone was used:
Value of crushed stone in the DnUed States in 1902 and 1903.
10O2.
Kind.
Railroad
baUast.
Road
making.
c— f • 1 ^
Lliuestone
$2,661,081
847,869
674,780
12,890,985 ftl.fiQ0.fifi4
97,150,710
Sandstone '.
442,118
1,902,489
326,467
734,561
l,U6,4tf
Qmnit©
3,211,780
Total
8,588,780
5,235,687
2,661.692
ii,«o.w
10O3.
limestone .
Sandstone .
Qranlte....
Total.
93,105,602
287,988
750,142
4,148,782
92,997,547 | 92,477,717
289,325 t 250.272
1,896,191 I 1.134,154
5,183,068
3,862,143
98,580,866
8Z7,»&
8.780,487
18.188,9S
As will be seen from these tables, the value of stone used for con-
crete increased more than that of stone used for either baUast or road
making in 1903 as compared with 1902, the value of stone used for
road making decreasing slightly.
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STONE.
761
In the following tables is shown the total value of the crushed stone
produced in the United States in 1902 and 1903, by States:'
Value of crushed stone produced in the United States in 1902 and 190S, by States.
lOOS.
state.
Alabama
ArkansaB
Oilifoniia...
Colorado
Coanecticut.
Delaware ...
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
minoifl
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kanats
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Maaaachasetts ..
Michigan
Minnesota
Miwouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
NcwYork
North Carolina .
Ohio
Ok
Orefon
PennsylTanlA..
Khode laland . .
Booth Carolina.
SoQth Dakota . .
TienneflKa
Texas
Ctah
Vermont
Virginia
WashlngftOQ . . . .
WestVirginU..
Wiscooflin
Wyoming
Total.
Granite.
111,000
266,108
8,760
295,063
109,462
43,910
320
9,944
165,761
427,035
15,660
88,044
26,560
753,005
318,008
67,196
14,150
886,774
15,410
60,233
6,373
78,275
22,974
86,785
8,211,780
limestone. Sandstone. Total valae,
912,890
22,510
26,900
11,008
12,810
1,220,772
274,491
153,372
383,904
827,217
95,966
1,093
146,501
128,244
602,741
52,742
580
1,084,594
21,068
961,751
9,000
1,149,355
350
9,600
70,713
18,998
400
1,387
19,455
157,361
285,477
7,162,730
1200
44,746
187,750
71,008
6,688
26
1,000
785
42,050
55.000
6,965
296,529
21,099
1,350
760
43
30,930
59,562
8,304
800
228
179,805
168
42,207
25,041
764
84,162
1,116,449
$13,090
78,256
480,753
74,758
295,063
109,462
11,008
56,220
6,688
1,220,797
275,491
320
154,157
425,954
382,217
9,944
257,692
724,667
146,601
165,003
542,135
760
52,785
26,550
784,615
1,462,149
88,269
960,065
9,800
14,378
1,715,434
15,410
60,683
9,768
70,713
61,200
400
7,760
97,730
22,974
162.392
373,026
34,162
11,480,959
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762
MIKEBAL BESOUBOBS.
Valiie of crushed stone produced in the United States in 1909 and 190S, by 8Ude*—ConVd.
10O3.
State.
Alabama.
Arizona . .
Arkansas ...,
California....
Colorado
Connecticut.
Delaware . . . .
Florida ,
Oeoigia
Hawaii
niinoia
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts ...
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire .
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina . ,
Ohio
Granite.
$44,136
387,228
600
207,607
83,221
Limestone.
$460
5,813
92,245
50,762
3,256
7,600
882,644
660
177,484
256,228
450,820
11,678
220,655
447,674
22,140
42,827
48,464
50
145,186
109,040
1,011,666
16,407
811,671
74,452
2,406
401.694
100,432
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania . .
Rhode Island . .
South Carolina.
South Dakota . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
16,500
478,200
20,628
67,577
64,750
1,234,214
1,075,866
80,000
1,418,770
800
850
19,026
108,768
68,631
Sandstone. Total valoe.
$18,125
13,076
80.920
87,635
5,000
31,850
1,100
1,875
2M.719
5,500
20,721
24
165
1,960
250
29,89>1
38,288
"600
97
224.813
6.000 !
93
22,300 I
$460
13,125
63,€E25
560, SS
38,235
207,6011
83,2a
3,256
67,382
1,382.823
3S7.644
€50
177,966
288.078
451,420
11,678
270, 9»4
6Sl2,4a
150,686
151,901
1,084,507
165
74,4^
16,407
816,029
250
1,668.303
100. fiS
1,114,154
30,600
16,567
2,116,783
20,928
58,427
108,861
145, 6Ea
Vermont
Virginia
Washington...
West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total....
9,541
110,005
13,239
149,415
3,780,487
3,345
26,743
1,950
148,446
829,178
8,580,866 ,
803
I
15,202
1,560
70,623 I
827,585
12,886
116,551
15,189
163,648
480,143
70,623
13,18(i,9S8
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STONE. 763
GRANITE.
The stone classed as granite in this report includes gneiss, mica-
schist, lava, andesite, syenite quartz porphyry, trap rock, basalt, and
allied igneous rocks. Too small quantities of these allied stones are
quarried to make it practicable to tabulate them separately. Trap
rock, however, as quarried in California, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, and Pennsylvania represents a sufficient industry by itself to
make it advisable to show the value of this stone separately from the
granite. The California trap rock includes considerable basalt, quar-
ried and manufactured mostly into paving blocks.
In 1903 the value of the granite produced in the United States was
$18,436,087; in 1902 it waa practically the same, $18,257,944, the
increase for 1908 being only $178,143. In 1902 the increase in value over
1901 was $2,280,983; in 1901 the increase over 1900 was $3,301,344,
and in 1900 the increase over 1899 was $1,057,278. The falling oflF
in 1903 was principally in the Eastern States — Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Maine, and Rhode Island being most noticeably affected.
These States find a market for their stone chiefly in the large cities,
and the labor troubles, builders' strikes, increased price of materials,
and the generally unsettled condition of the trade in 1903 had their
effect upon the quarry industry. Vermont and Connecticut, however,
showed a decided increase in value of production.
Massachusetts still holds first place in value of production, being
closely followed by Maine, then by Vermont, California, Connecticut,
and New Hampshire.
The decrease in value of the stone used for building purposes was
from $7,034,832 in 1902 to $6,192,145 in 1903, or $842,687. In 1902
the increase over 1901 was $1,374,703. Rough building stone decreased
in value from $2,175,082 in 1902 to $1,671,929 in 1903, a loss of
1503,153. The stone quarried and dressed by the producer for build-
ing purposes decreased from $4,869,750 in 1902 to $4,520,216 in 1903,
a loss of $339,534.
The stone sold for monumental work in 1903, including the rough
stock sold by the quarrymen for this purpose, and the stone quarried
and dressed for this purpose by the quarrymen, was worth $3,808,417;
in 1902 this value was $3,998,911, a loss of $190,494 in 1903. The
roagh monumental stock was valued at $1,692,880 in 1903, and at
11,714,156 in 1902, a loss for 1903 of $21,276. The dressed stone was
valued at $2,115,637 in 1903, and at $2,284,755 in 1902, a decrease for
1903 of $169,218.
The value of the paving blocks increased from $1,523,776 in 1902
to $1,964,266 in 1903, an increase of $430,490.
The crushed stone increased in value from $3,211,780 in 1902 to
$8,780,487 in 1908, an increase of $568,707.
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764
MINEBAL BES0UBCE8.
The following table shows the production of granite in the United
States in 1902 and 1903, by States and uses:
Vahie of granite produced in the XMted States in 190f and 190S^ by States and uses,
190S.
State.
Sold in the rough.
BnUdlng. ^^^^ other.
building. !«s:j5J*>
Dressed
for
Dressed
for mon-
work.
Made
into par-
ing
blOCKS.
I
At]
Arizona
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Idaho
Indian Territory. .
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire..
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina . . .
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Texan
Utah
Vermont ...
Virginia....
Washington
Wisconsin . .
160
1215
S600
280,968
47,762
117,802
20.640
90,169
840
485,217
139,856
400,842
17.154
3,000
16,600
84,992
8,770
28,862
t8,455
45,814
8,929
4,698
12,330
52,836
15,825
412,172
80,656
27,061
100
12,720
4.160
128,899
2,700
148,579
70,884
131,549
26,490
3,931
121,198
18,798
70,580
10,345
495
28,845
21,158
9,870
1.460
57,835
2,940
1,600
820
2,750
1,660
m,752
20,966
17,185
534
766,007
12,600
4,804
16,650
8,564
450
975
1,250
1,000
525
750
833,728
600
289,667
28,840
12,057
30,963
138,574 I
1,800 I
200,262 I
2,407 i
99,218
7,700
1.435,808
328,289
966,842
181,089
29,283
16,000
150
471,337
48,761
175,904
131,526
5,460
78,678
120.767
71,000
3,439
Total.
2,175,082
1,714,156
543.914
4,859,750 2,284,755
13,000
43,855
1,513
66,899
18,665
%
1.800
155,305
17,500
881,872
154,826
2; 186
250
1,800
289,400
7,180
8,804
2,000
450
438,967
24,290
29,084
450
463,187
51.612
11,968
118,009
$144,160
34,579
9,675
151,779
354,580
80,521
858,396
8,280
42,359
101,548
72,404
6,562
6,986
6,400
44,411
14,667
4,647
2,855
14,845
5,000
114,280
1,523,776
rs'
28.205
23.080
4,701
317.164
860
112,290
35,965
Ul,164
15,340
6,900
300
140
827
79,832
6,799 ,
6,478 j
7,069
I
5,770!
29,796 I
10,273
823,816
sn
12,58S
10,288
7,301
15.614
SIO
610
8,28$
375
160
550
50,880
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STONE.
765
Value of graniU produced in the United States in 190$ and 1903^ by Stales and
uses — Continned.
lOOS.
state.
Crashed stone.
Road mak- Railroad
ing. ballast.
Concrete.
Rubble.
Riprap.
Other.
Total.
Arkansas
Arisona
Galifomta
Oolorado
GoDoecticnt
I>e2Aware
Georgia
Idaho
Indian Territory. . .
Maine
Maryland
Manachosetts
Minnesota
Minoori
Montana
Nerada
New Hampshire. . .
New Jersey
Sew York
North Carolina
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Sooth Carolina....
Texas
Utah
Venmnit
Vtaginia
Washington
Wlaoonsln
19,000
135,842
8,750
238,261
41,237
26,741
92,000
18,861
1175
$116,400
2.280
^67,291
10,122
8,070
74,622
278,666
12,635
18,808
16,788
578.424
198,485
4,910
11,500
140,166
12,808
660
8,848
6,133
86.760
Total ; 1,902,489
90
26,585
50,795
1,525
54,552
10,984
7,047
320
1,784
54,704
97,584
1,500
19,241
24,635
2,438
8,468
61,066
50,870
1,400
6,318 I
9,055 '
224, 187 j
6,605 I
$48,099 $174,118
82,426 I 400
68,800 I 909
21,441
13,077 I
2,250]
26,460 '
1,200,
3,451
43,800
1,780
59,546
80,126
54,080
1,560
188,129
42
28,510
8,012
115,065
94,442
8,206
1,100
58,479
2,560
86,073
810
17,056
700
4,330
6,874
1,000
6,888
8,676
1,550
813
16,769
3,488
2,974
621
5,585
3,025
25,554
22,974
25
46,588
2,000
26,255
34.054
500
108
17,215
36,788
574,780
7*1,561
500,176 ' 319,158 i
11,172
16,790
4,892
5,435
3,250
2,500
320
4,289
340
1,815
1,000
248,671
$12,115
3,000
1,137,679
66,023
812,141
276,758
808,778
12,910
2,659,450
758,203
3,451,897
478,969
157,708
77,050
2,090
1,147,097
948.474
651,014
388,750
88,429
661,062
734,628
598,848
60,003
1,479
1,570,423
282,046
147,273
369,137
18,257,944
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766
MINEBAL BE80IJBGE8.
Value of granUe produced in the United States in 190£ and 190S, by Slates amd
uses — Continaed.
1903.
State.
Sold in the rough.
Building. M«i^ other.
Dressed
for
building,
Dressed
for mon-
umental
work.
Made
into]>aY-
ing
blocks.
Curbing.
Flag.
Arizona
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Idaho
Indian Territory.
Maine
Maryland
Massachusette . . .
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina . .
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania ...
Rhode Island
South Carolina . .
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Wisconsin
Total.
934,064
12,856
71,041
63,462
39,585
1,500
840
267,778
228, 8»6
.324,688
21,992
2,680
3,430
950
115,524
60,824
86,406
8.250
1,533
167,442
9,890
13,800
3,839
661
108,353
26,345
6,612
4,185
948,351
8,122
26,164
9284,609
84,374
90
43,961
29,996
874,544
14,161
28,503
2,000
2,600
57,775
6,800
510
1,000
2,325
111,458
29,000
19,475
2,490
828,608
13,440
2,776
4,468
1,671,929
186,680
1,000
9479,979
77,188
408,876
8,084
29,421
93,000
81,869
626
68,811
214
18,945
2,850
10,016 1.900,608
1,400 I 271,929
44,875
418
648,471
53,474
11,782
11,863
400
169,478
10,634
211,175
172,927
100
2,100
6,964
360
42
280
426
2,040
192,600
22,611
660
679
750
282,014
20,672
51,172
44,628
1,691
91,694
149,114
167,100
2,600
252,044
12
2,400
6,760
4,000
16,390
1,300
860,043
1,900
5,676
992,082
86,686
11,812
189,671
946,290
1,600
24,806
4,654
249,948
1,260
639,607
88,1(M I
849.066 I
78,960 I
20,178
68,708
41,605
3.500
7,215
80
28,706
87,984
6,600
846,298
14,740
60,792
3,882
481,846
43,845
17,604
202,639
28,084
12,000
201.989
96,867
21,174
65,148
34,861
11,125
600
4,000
85,603
801
36,916
200
10,220
11,570
4.160
1,275
10,647
4,682
23,381
869
858,224 4,520,216 2,115,587
1,964.266 ' 701,018
VX
7.»
12,475
8,982
18,019
%m
3i,ise
1,040
1,8;5
150
sa
136
5,4S5
4.646
91,142
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8T0NB.
767
Value of granite produced in the United Stales in 190f and 190S, by States and
uses — Continned.
1903.
Crushed stone.
Rubble.
Riprap.
Other.
State.
Road
making.
Railroad
ballast.
Concrete.
Total.
Arisona
$3,000
47,136
1,627,592
100,791
1,101,425
869,166
672,947
2,750
4,030
2,586,765
837,787
2.720,066
408,906
150,409
25,993
7,450
854,518
M8,171
549,015
218,947
5,000
118,411
829,535
710,291
476,863
178,825
8,803
1,810,179
299,335
209,095
578,391
Arktnnii
$4,813
112,298
150
116,236
923,500
74,0d9
$15,823
200,891
450
57,207
21,000
27,612
$3,000
162,089
California
$9,161
$1,500
Colorado ....
Connectictit
84,164
47,976
80,350
82,752
6,000
26,792
91,587
6,000
5,770
BelAwar^
14,245
1,800
Georgia.^.
Idaho
10,794
rndian T^nitorr. .J
850
6,920
8,278
191.212
7,069
Maine T
5,254
8,818
87,771
86,868
734
3,106
122,120
122,121
700
4.443
15,920
1,029
40,895
457
1,262
1,000
21,957
1,800
4,274
25
850
Mtryland
60,664
288,685
20,706
SR9SU
Massachosetts
Minneaota
3fI«oari
MnntAiut
5,000
•
Nevada
New Hampshire...
New Jersey
New York
7,850
676,338
-283,480
3,447
2,470
86,109
6,087
Ifift 924
9.275
18,684
6,788
475
8,890
40,000 81.214
North Carolina....
Oklahoma
91,001
6.964
630
8,255
5,080
Oregcoi
' 12,000
146,923
18,081
13,000
25
1,500
182,425
8,000
149,852
2,597
78,587
12,898
8.650
6,726
84,831
619
90
58,100
92
856
22,410
78,644
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
4,080
2,590
Soath Carolina
86,797
7,780 1 15.450
Texas
64,725
ruh
Vermont
3,821
31,786
3,608
135,148
8,720
17,400
2,500
60,820
9,631
14,267
717
2,000
ViT]giniA ,
28,449
9,048
591
Washington
107
Total
1,896,191
750,142
1,134,154
605,189
891,110
69,189
18,486,067
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768
KINEBAL BB80UB0ES.
The following table shows the value of the prodaction of granite in
the United States from 1899 to 1903, inclusive:
Vcdue of granite produced in the United StateSf 1899-1903.
State.
1899.
1900.
190L
1902.
190S.
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Idaho
Indian Territory.
Kansas
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts . . .
Michigan
Minnesota . :*. —
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey.:
New York
North Carolina . .
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina . .
South Dakota....
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total .
$39,470
471,665
78,261
616,886
1,039,849
411.344
•62,500
788.993
143.064
507,764
608,028
380,434
2,450
•23,654
1,134,675
188,996
616,664
671,204
761,646
5,100
1.321,082
423,823
1,798,294
159,459
151,688
30.000
1,568,573
486,822
1,698,605
3,957
221,684
139,108
48.530
2,703,116
613,356
2,216,258
2,706
260,105
96,806
9,960
802.636
779,822
806,711
225,644
9,091
870,646
1,170,565
446,171
257.962
19,800
935, 49i
894,167
489,828
261,288
3,012
385.101
400,128
861.034
91,049
84.945
4,735
1,212,967
223,380
42,766
270,688
2,700
5.813
896,271
444,316
500,802
114, 115
76.069
2,170
1,113.788
211.080
48,900
407,711
8,700
10,754
486,008
501,698
996,084
99,941
27.005
6.688
1.245,828
275,701
43,808
889.953
2,810
U, 618, 339
12,675,617
15,976,961
•3,000
12.115 I
1,187.679 i
812,141
276,753 I
803,778
12,910 I
tS,O0D
47. 1»
l^«Z7.5e
wo.'m
1,101,425
»9.1€S
6T2.W7
2,750
4,0)0
2,650,450 I 2,586,765
758,203 j 837.7?7
3,451,397 I 2,7W,0G6
478.980
167,708
77,050
2,090
1,147,097
948,474
651.014
338,750
38,429
661.0G2
734.623
598,848
(«)
60.008
1.479
1.670,423
282.046
147,273
869,187
408,906
150;40»
25. »
7,450
85i513
94S.m
549.015
218,9C
.\O00
m4U
18,257.944
710,291
476, 80
(«)
17S,S25
S,«8
1,810,179
299.se
309,095
573, sn
18,436,067
a Value of quarUite included in sandstone.
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STONE.
769
The following tables show the value of the trap rock produced in
the United States in 1902 and 1903, by States and uses:
Value of trap rock produced in the United i^ates in 1902 and 190S, by Stales and usee.
lOOS.
Build-
lug.
Paving.
Crushed stone.
other.
State.
Road mak-
ing.
Railroad
ballast.
Concrete.
Total.
Califonila
195,409
235,748
289,552
582,128
164,723
■ 121,194
81,065
2,250
47, 131
59,546
26,126
152,649
1115,000
48,188
70,182
80,885
19,151
82,456
1316
1211,790
287,512
COnnecticat
81.067
13,675
84,640
8274
Munchnsetts
870,540
New Jersey
66,727
3,496
777,372
210,000
323,943
New York
PeoMjlTaniA
4,080
13,244
820
Total
53,452
80,245
1,388,749
288,767
865,812
4,132
2,181,157
1003.
Cklilbimia
Connecticut
1162.883
U,620
51,382
14,611
$26,120
22,426
$71,538
114,986
212,127
575,838
283,480
129,824
822,977
34,164
23,322
86,109
40,000
180,225
8193,731
46.288
82,168
100,224
65,945
129,991
$577
$466,326
229,484
Vfl«n^him»ttff
30
8,050
369,069
819,086
889,425
New Jersey
89,704
New York
PMin<ry1vaniA
9,336
5,476
4,682
458,984
Total
239.342
92,726
1,386,798
386,797
618,847
8,289
2,782,294
M B 1903 49
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770 MINERAL BB80UB0E8.
SAXBSTONE.
The value of the sandstone, including the bluestone from New
York and Pennsylvania, quarried in the United States in 1903, was
$11,262,259. This is an increase of $661,088 over the value for 1902,
which was $10,601,171. The increase in value in 1902 over 1901 was
$2,462,491— from $8,138,680 in 1901 to $10,601,171 in 1902. The
increase in the sandstone production, not including bluestone, was
comparatively small, being $45,156 — from $9,437,646 in 1902 to
$9,482,802 in 1903. The bluestone output increased in value $615,932,
from $1,163,525 in 1902 to $1,779,457 in 1903.
No sandstone used for the manufacture of grindstones, whetstones,
etc., or for grinding into sand, is included in these figures.
Most of the States showed a decreased production. Alabama,
Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York,
Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, and
Wyoming were the only States showing an increase, and of these
Arizona, California, New York, and Pennsylvania were the only ones
at all remarkable.
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York were the largest producers,
and in 1903 their production was valued, respectively, at $3,255,073,
$1,793,379, and $1,756,501. The next State approaching these States
in production was California, with a value of $762,327. The produc-
tion of the three principal States in 1902 was: Pennsylvania, $2,800,108;
Ohio, $2,078,754; and New York, $1,408,699.
In 1901 the total value of the sandstone sold by the quarry men for
building purposes was $4,875,973; in 1902 it was $6,007,484, an increase
of $1,131,511 over 1901; in 1903 it was $6,403,969, an increase of
only $396,485 over 1902. The value of the crushed stone decreased
from $1,116,449 in 1902 to $827,585 in 1903, or $288,864; ganister
increased from $112,600 to $187,689, or $75,089; riprap decreased
from $269,269 to $260,147, or $9,122; rubble increased from $645,619
to $656,933, or $11,314; paving increased from $527,617 to $696,053,
or $168,436; flagstones increased from $1,142,699 to $1,164,156, or
$21,457; and curbstones increased from $672,654 to $1,003,528, or
$330,874.
From these figures it will be seen that the building stone ou^ut
varied more than any other product, which is accounted for by the
general depression in the building market due to labor troubles-
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STONE.
771
The following tables show the values of the sandstone production
of the United States in 1902 and 1903, by States and uses:
Value of sandstone produced in the United States in 190S and 1908^ by States and uses.
10OS.
Rough
bnildTng.
Dressed
buUding.
Crushed stone.
Canister.
State.
Road-
making.
Railroad
ballast.
Concrete.
Riprap.
Aii^hfvmft
114,252
75,000
1,420
128,240
15,267
4,945
S200
•8,727
4,800
415
Arixma
19,570
8,874
80,038
98, U6
128,684
1,250
ArkaiVMfl
t88,475
4,000
65,000
6,271
146,000
6,008
California
$87,750
71,090
2,847
Goknado
Oonnwticnt
Georgia
Eawail
6,688
Idaho
7,828
21,185
24,565
9,044
10, 157
47,775
7,210
98,197
186,280
30,796
82,880
4,822
96
2,383
232,051
6,800
279,009
760
1,067,988
24,281
491,285
19,970
6,950
4,882
63,529
2,200
2,500
104,601
54,392
484
4,100
5,564
775
2,080
5,600
Illinois
25
1,000
750
1,000
450
IlkliAnft
Iowa
85
Xmnim»
42,050
50.000
4,500
KeDtocky
5,000
10
256,273
Maryland
1,455
40,256
545
Maiaachusetts
96,595
28,600
70,^
15,828
61,158
24
Michigan
800
Miiti^flK>tj|
5,400
15,609
450
750
25
4,061
845
Mimnirl
900
Montana
8,795
Nohn«ki^
18
Nerada
New Jeney
81,145
2,125
271,480
4.000
211^©72
50
80,880
New Mexico
New York
50,447
8,795
5,810
5,452
NordiGandina
Ohio
1,554
1,028
80,742
75
6,675
$1,595
21,858
Oklahoma
Onwvm
1,425,724
22,192
600
28,000
265
300
15,225
198,157
Mi.Sfffi
129,591
168
18,972
92,471
Pamsylvania
Sooth Dakota
62,927
8,652
TeoneaKe
Tewa „
16,800
26,907
59,919
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
8,000
8,823
5,436
8,995
83
25,000
8,685
680
12,861
51
9,162
Wisconsin
18,534
WyonilT^. . ......
14.003 1 26,448
882
Total
8,U9,286 2,888,248
442,113
847,869
326,467
112,600
269,269
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772
MINERAL BE8OUB0E8.
Value ofBondsUme pradticed in the United States in 1902 and 190S, by States and
uses — CJontinued.
1Q02.
State.
Rubble.
Paving. 1 Flagstone.
Curbing.
Other.
92,862
240
180
Total valne.
Alf^N^mn
$16,676
18,800
8,116
210
87,996
1
H2,706
Arixoiut
i
107,910
Arkanmflrr
19,810
12,979
114,878
86,917
California
462, 8S
Colorado
718 101.486
42,607
1,614
366,161
Connectictit
128, 5»
Georgia
l,2tt
Hawaii
6,668
Idaho
6,520
2,925
1,069
8,157
6,162
13,777
Illinois
2,400
160
406
32,200
Indiana
240 120
4,685
87,506
Iowa
75
21,124
7,420
1.225
100
6,700
650
15,061
Ksmsas
275
1,078
28,561
4,900
106,500
Kentucky
138,470
Maryland
1,035
1,000
27,393
29,361
8,001
4,462
5
8,657
59,777
50
18,683
75
44.471
16,406
Massachusetts
45
487,366
Michigan
188. 0«S
Minnesota
140,726
226
881
390
43,659
i.no
2,4S6
6,630
1,500
7,340
347.472
MisBOuri
66,990
Montana
86, US
Nebraska
lOB
Nevada
75
6.115
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
2,200
766
280.168
623
1,250
6.826
406,796
860
264,858
950
272,831
12,291
1,408,699
North Carolina . . .
4,826
Ohio
750
664,669
48,077
14,136
2,078,754
Oklahoma
-25, 300
Oregon
202,295
24,447
26,985
89,260
104,621
174,184
• 500
40,461
600
Pennsylvania
South Dakota
2.800,106
Tennessee
120 7.630
Texas
7.000
22,860
4,010
757
7
166,665
Utah
85.000
2,200
106,011
Virginia
2,500
Washington
West Virginia
5,000
79,080
29,760
10,096
80. 7S
2,746
15,635
112
50
421. 5C
Wisconsin
160
5,000
12,575
207.008
Wyoming
600
90. 6n
Total
645,619
527,617
1,142,699
672,654
106.780
10.601,171
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STOITE.
773
VcUue ofsandsione produced in the United States in 190£ and 1903^ by Slates and
uses — Continued .
10O3.
Rough
building.
Dressed
building.
Crushed stone.
Ganister.
State.
Road-
making.
Railroad
ballast
Concrete.
Riprap.
Alabama
12,800
7,000
4,415
20,450
56,192
115,765
10,787
16,319
19,062
8,072
16,431
51,997
795
72,828
89,931
41,359
23,511
11,087
1,000
100
270,253
1,955
131,268
600
471,106
2,900
1,654
560,991
50,868
600
18,795
39,968
2,682
1,100
67,978
56,699
11,240
$6,000
425,000
3.665
547,000
18,075
3,652
1,069
4,269
4,910
49
7,650
23,200
$13,995
Arixona
9625
960
15,000
30,000
$12,500
11,156
16,170
7,635
50,000
1,881
10 100
ArkAiiflafi
9960
^ 49,750
CUifomia
Colorado
$18,975
2,000
Connecticut
Idaho
IllinolB
i
600
100
Indiana
5,000
366
1,280
7,525
500
Iowa
ifi
Kansas
600 1 !n.250
Kentucky
1,100
1,375
1,085
Maryland
Masiachuiietts
93,360
157,089
14,000
33,680
3,450
16,221
Michigan
10,365
39,424
14,931
46,175
2,050
4,600
24
Minnesota
7,608
2,500
2,450
MiMoori
Montana . . , r , ^
165
Kebraaka
30
Nevada
2,000
91,721
1,758
555,879
New Jersey
New Mexico
1,750
200
250
22,894
New York
5,000
1,500
25,582
North Caiolina....
Ohio
407,170
8,000
793
1,602,152
40,895
19,586
19,465
12,031
986
82,450
109,469
18,870
8,672
32.080
600
97
12,919
500
300
5,908
5,897
84,428
Oklahoma . ....
Oregon . ......
300
Soj^th Dakota
Tennessee
185,452
500
26,442
5,000
93
15,800
143,639
46,797
7,119
Texan ....
7,000
41,506
rtah
Tiiginia
803
WRflhlnglnfi ,
WeitViiKlnia
5,460
1,125
8,125
260
1,617
165
70,623
2,285
1,256
18,578
WWlWflMr ..... r r -
Total
2,289,048
4,164,921
289,325
287,988
250,272
187,689
260,147
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774
MINERAL BE80UECE8.
Value of sandstcme produced in the United States in 1902 cmd 190S, by SUiks and
U8e» — Continued.
1©03.
State.
Rubble.
Paving.
Flagstone.
Curbstone. Other.
ToST
Alabama
$lf^,021
31,750
10,286
98,862
61,288
•5.117
|42,9S3
JiiizonA
526, S75
ArkftTiflfw* . , , , r
$3,993
375
2,962
•3,776
919,684
1,100
25,689
606
3,590
2,807
«ui"n
California
762,827
Colorado
168,509
389.132
Connecticut
119,417
Idaho
U,S66
Illinois
4,400
2,010
2,502
4,754
10,000
374
78
190
21,141
6,560
50
168
121
16,602
800
181
50
tt,2»
Indiana
93
170
5,100
32,651
Iowa
19,011
Kansas
200
102,128
Kentucky
98,742
Maryland
2,170
Massachusetts
2,071
872,478
Michigan
15,5&l
121,3»
Minnesota
81,186
5,060
1,759
10
100
187,374
15
562
1,482
1,260
84,210
1,639
4.140
928
240
1,000
27
S63,2G2
Missouri
49,402
Montana
68,086
Nebraska
1,067
Nevada
20
150
873
1,016
412,922
2,870
New Jersey
40
500
281,366
3S1.S8!
New Mexico
2,082
4,237
7,510
New York
856,788
9,616
1,756,501
North Carolina
fiOO
Ohio
65,043
682,046
230,686
8,815
1,798,8<9
Oklahoma
6,S00
Oregon
68
156.818
23,277
420
4,425
766
2,912
Pennsylvania
South Dakota
83,248
34,568
192,225
228,204
356
26,191
3,255,0:8
163,0(7
Tennessee
20,649
Texas
1,200
1,500
6,426
2,024
1,276
114,381
Utah
16,000
71.279
Virginia
i471
Washington
11,000
43,541
43,909
4,794
1,800
4,567
1,060
17,671
47,480
WestViiginia
Wisconsin
700
648
1,000
782
936
2S2,2D4
142,445
Wyoming
620
91,d49
Total ;..
656,983
096,068
1,164,156
1,008,628
62.199
11,2B2,1»
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The following table shows the value of the sandstone production in
the United States from 1899 to 1903, inclusive, by States:
Value of sandstone production in the United States, 1899-190S, by SUU^.
State.
1890.
1900.
1901.
1902.
I
1903.
.ilabuna
Arizona
Arkansas
Oftliibmia...
Colorado
Connecticut .
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Indiana .
Iowa.....
Kentucky
Lool^laiia
Maryland
Manachusettfl..
Middgan
Minnesota
Mi»ouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Xew Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina .
(Mik)
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania ..
South Dakota . .
TOmesBee
Texas
rtah
VirginU
Washington
WestViTKinia..
Wlseoiisin
WyomlDg
Total.
n,675
4,168
78,616
261,198
129,816
271,623
97,182
64,000
104,923
200,090
119,668
192,608
600
•8,680
202,500
62,826
301,028
287,831
146,814
16,183
86,636
24,848
49,629
119,982
a226,508
24,426
181,877
820,192
294,615
57,662
26,160
488
19,141
46,063
19,063
66,173
56,178
6118,192
6,656
163,427
238,650
267,000
63,401
69.630
20,848
12,884
28,834
14,341
49,901
108,269
4,646
247,310
174,428
246,685
42,170
68,489
616
147,768
»,829
<• 1,218, 063
10,300
1,775,642
198,284
2,500
01,467,496
27,210
2,283,596
4,163
c 717, 053
18,825
36,788
29,091
8,000
58,896
83,860
132,901
32,583
6,450
el, 050, 248
12,675
11,300
37,088
66,738
6,000
68,133
72,438
81,571
27,671
6,362,944
7,149,300
244,512
0 1,831,327
11,682
1,999,180
531
02,063,082
17,647
10,342
111,568
88,919
5,308
89,174
108,010
90,425
64,146
S42,706
107,910
85,917
462,828
866,161
128,579
1,250
6,688
13,777
32,200
37,593
15,061
106,509
128,470
8.188,680
16,406
487,366
188,073
347,472
66,990
85,162
168
6,115
406,726
12,291
01,408,699
4,826
2,078.754
25,309
0 2,800,108
110,789
7,670
165,665
105,011
2,500
30,725
423,532
207,086
90,691
10,601,171
$42,933
626,876
61,172
762,827
389,132
119,417
11,856
26,293
32,661
19,011
102,128
98,742
2,170
372,478
121,350
363,262
49,402
68,036
1,067
2,370
864,837
7,510
0 1,756,501
600
1,793,379
6.500
2,912
03,265,073
163,067
20.649
114,381
71,279
4,471
47,430
252,204
142,446
91,849
11,262,259
a Includes small amounts for Idaho and Nevada.
b Includes Mississippi.
c Includes bluestone.
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MINERAL BESOURCES.
The following table shows the value and uses of the bluestone pro-
duced in New York and Pennsylvania in 1902 and 1903:
Value andjMet of bl^teMone produced in New York and PenMyhania in 190S and 190S.
1902.
State.
Building
purpoBca.
Flagging.
Curbing.
Crushed
stone.
™?tS2- 'rotalv.lDe.
purpoflea. |
New York
$802,947
177,296
$203,748
92,469
$162,241
69,656
$28,847
90,209
$9,985 1 $697,713
Pennsylv&Dia
36,282 46&,812
Total
480,243
296,212
221,797
119,056
46,217 ' 1,168,90^
1Q03.
New York
$588,015
828,768
$205,558
178,701
$280,846
126,598
$8,060
82,462
$1,036,968
Pennsylvania
$46,971
752,49
Total
911,777
879,250
856,988
46,971
86,512
1.779,487
From these tables it appears that the value of the bluestone output
increased from $1,163,626 in 1902 to $1,779,467 in 1903, or $616,932.
The production of both States increased in value, in New York, from
$697,713 in 1902 to $1,026,968 in 1903, or $329,266, and Pennsylvania,
from $4:66,812 in 1902 to $762,489 in 1903, or $286,677.
SliATE.
In 1903 the slate production of the United States increased in value
$660,834, from a total of $6,696,061 in 1902 to $6,266,886 in 1903. Id
1902 the increase was $908,626, from $4,787,626 in 1901 to $6,696,061
in 1902. In 1902 there were 1,436,168 squares of slate produced,
valued at $4,960,428; in 1903 there were 1,378,194 squares of slate
produced, valued at $6,400,078, a decrease of 66,974 squares and an
increase of $449,660 in value, as compared with the output of 1902,
which showed an increase over 1901 of 130,789 squares and of $836,018
in value. The milled slate increased in value from $746,623 in 1902
to $866,807, or $111,184
•The slate trade in 1903 was reported in many cases as being very
active during the first nine months of the year, but the remaining three
months showed a much decreased demand. This was due to strikes in
the building trade. Contractors did not give orders for slate which
on account of stoppage of building work would be thrown on their
hands for an indefinite period. This unsettled condition increased the
price of slate and forced wages up. Pennsylvania and Vermont, the
chief slate-producing States, showed a decrease in number of squares
produced, with a considerable increase in the value. In the other
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STONE.
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lai^r States both the number of squares and the value increased. In
all cases the milled slate increased, and a steady demand was reported
for this slate all through the year.
The development of the Arkansas and West Virginia slate contin-
ued, and slate properties without conunercial production were also
worked in Colorado, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Utah.
The average price per square increased from $3.45 in 1902 to $3.91
in 1903.
The decreased export trade, due in part to the practically settled strike
in the Welsh quarries and in part to the increased price of American
slates and to the consequent importation into Great Britain of cheaper
slates, was one factor in the small increase of the entire production.
The increased cost of production of American slates due to labor
troubles also affected the export trade.
The following tables show the value of roofing and milled slate
produced in the United States in 1902 and 1903, by States:
Vahte of roofing and miU slate produced in the United States in 1902 and 190S, by States,
1902.
Arkuiias
CallfomU/....
Oeoiyia
Mmlne
Maryland
New Jeney . - .
New York
Penniylvania .
Vermont
Viiiglnia
ToUl.
State.
Roofing: slate.
of squares. ^*^'"®-
500
4,500
1,000
26,468
22,569
8,000
21,165
906,206
400,029
42,781
1.485,168
$4,000
31,500
4,000
143,832
117,155
32,000
116,628
3.001,545
1,388,817
160,951
4,950,428
Value of
mUled
stock.
$62,726
929
10,090
545,777
126,101
745,623
Total
value.
94,000
31,500
4,000
206,558
118,084
•32,000
126,718
3,547,322
1,464,918
160,951
5,696,061-
1903.
Arkaostf
Oriifomia
Maine
Maryland
XewJewey ...
NewYorkfr...
Pennsylvania .
Vennont
Virginia
Total.
118
10,000
27,377
24,475
(«)
23,337
871,875
891,866
29,646
1,378,194
«709
70,000
157,911
135,424
(«)
122,951
3,378,8(M
1.418,923
115,356
5.400,078
$4,000
73,319
2,207
22,450
581,102
173,729
856,807
94,709
70,000
231,230
137,631
(«)
145,401
3,959,906
1.592,652
115,356
6,256,885
a Induded with New York.
b Includes New Jersey.
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MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
The following table shows the average value of roofing slate per
square since 1890:
Average annual price per square of roofing date for the entire country.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
$3.34
1897
3.49
1898
3.56
1899
3.55
1900
3.11
1901
3.23
1902
3.36
1903
$3.09
3.42
3.14
3.01
3.15
3.45
3.91
The following table shows the total value of the slate production of
the United States from 1899 to 1903, inclusive:
Value of slate produced in the United Stales, 1899-190S.
state.
1809.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190a.
Ark
California
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
Minnesota
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania .
Tennessee
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
other States...
16,642
181,766
93,606
C)
76,675
2,537,022
(«)
(«)
872,678
183,110
11,250
t26,500
9,875
177,842
128,673
700
13,600
62,756
2,718,598
250
$18,606
8,000
202,825
105,798
1.400
80.000
100,960
2,984,264
14,000
81,600
4,000
206,568
118,084
R7»
7D,000
2S1,290
137,631
917,462
190,211
1,162,191
178,979
Total.
3,962,733
4,240,466
4,787,525
32,000
126,718
145,401
3,547,822 ' 3.96»,9»
1,464,918 !
160,951
1,G«2.6S2
115,866
5,696,061 6,25fi,8tt
a Included in Other States.
EXPORTS.
The exports of roofing slate decreased, according to the figures of
the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor, from
$945,352 in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, to $628,612 in 1903.
There was a large decrease in the slate exported to the United KingdcMn,
which was valued at $477,251 in 1903, as compared with $731,556 in
1902.
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The following table shows the ports and customs districts from
which and to which slate has been exported since 1893:
Expert* ofdaU from the Vniied States, showing parte and customs districts frcm which and
to which serUf in the fiscal years 1895-190S,
Port and customs district.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Baltimofe, Md
19.860
350
$101,581
$170,916
$99,063
$U0, 049 $135, 571
577 1,144
$240,734
449
375
48.299
6,650
374,264
164
243,701
$221,933
1.170
Bancor,Me
BeIfMt,Me.
Boston and Cbarlestown.
Mmc..
$448
609
1,020
18,170
557,099
120
94,865
270
385
65,290
986,638
40,622
42,220
968.395
65,531
19,950
592,288
98,972
12,910
888.590
80,273
Newport News, Va
350
New York, N. Y
31,092
192
242,559
2,800
207,260
Philmielphia Pa
136,916
205,779
150,254
236,090
120, 240
PortUnil and Faliinnnth, Ma.
Bnuos de Santiago, Tex
14
Oorpos Christl, Tex
106
174
1,761
44
New Orleans, La
Pmo del Norte. Tex
20
1,343
Paget Sound, Wash
22
67
7
1,436
1,504
StolMego.Cal
8*n Francisco, CaJ
1,222
Arisma
20
790
Boflalo Creek, N. Y
4,748
1,961
65
5,903
1,617
2,874
2,878
613
2,427
4,141
8,015
854
6,864
937
129
6,584
2,820
1,441
424
19,193 lfi.014
35,185
Champlain. N. Y
2,446
380
6.561
5,771
Detroit, Mich
Hnron Mich
v<nnDhmnaffTW. Vt
,
644
942
4,916
9
246
North and South Dakota
187
612
487
26
Oswegatchie, N. Y
3,702
3,714
VerauMit
200
189
1,569
Total
38,806
266,885
780,112
1,870,075
1,863,617
960,543
896,262
945,352
628,612
B*Jj*nin .
524
89
France
12,000
910
fi*?nnanT
25
5,860
2,087
695,980
82,916
25
1,213,877
8,150
270
157
65,974
520
1,188,962
25,828
669
280
288
7,480
67
17,921
818,918
25,487
859
202
798
11,894
30
5.180
600
727,088
48,844
1,857
8,222
1,269
27,587
2,878
1.555
1,400
731,566
47,957
25
443
582
28,600
1,343
Netherlands
United Kingdom
8,000
197,440
477,261
Denmark
17,376
NorvAT and Sweden - -■.
Bermuda
1,560
406
6,974
2,812
1,278
10,588
1,895
780
6,977
765
Dominion of Canada:
Nova Scotia, New Brunn-
wiek, etc
1,183
Qnebec, Ontario, etc
BritkhOobimhia
8,147
22
44,670
1.504
dor,,.. .
18
Central American Stetes:
Ck)au Rica
1,268
423
Qoat^nala
1,755
Hondoras
Mcxloo
488
821
150
1,872
35
2,866
26
880
20
60
1,067
854
479
lfbin»l«wi f^n<rlAV t»ti*
VcA Indies
Brftlafa
4.419
1,169
1,860
1,400
2,049
882
6.609
4,724
Haiti
52
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MINEBAL BB80UBCES.
Exports ofskUefrom the United States, shomng parts and custoim districts from which and
to which senty in the fiscal years ISBS-lOOS—Goniiaued.
Port and customs district.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
190L
1902. j 190S.
West Indies— C!ontIxiued.
Santo Domingo
$10
8,268
Cuba
$90
269
440
flOO
166
1,640
1678
$16
1
Colombia
$285
1
Guianas:
British
702
840
600
1,825
Dutch
2,275
650
1,000
829
$365j $!,»
Peru
TTmguay ^ . .
417
807
ua
650
44,642
760
$424
195.
China
East Indies— British
1,628
84,970
810
60,604
50'
British Australasia
17,3fi3
64,434
71,881
79.819
121,92li 7S.fT8
British Oceania
1,22
Hawaiian Islands
246
1,888
166
1,698
77
4,336
3
British Africa, South
Portuguese Africa
268
2,218
42
2,458
4,817
679 im
960,543
Total
38,806
266,386
780,112
1,870,075
1,863,617
898,202 d4&.S52l 62&612
MABBIiE.
The marble production of 1903 was valued at $5,362,686, an increase
of $318,504 over the value for 1902, which was $5,044,182. Arkansas
and Montana had no output in 1903, but North Carolina was added
to the list of producers. The increase was from the quarries m
New York and Vermont; the production in the other States decreased
somewhat.
Strikes in the building trade affected the marble industry as well as
the other branches of the stone business.
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The following table shows the value of the marble produced in the
United States from 1899 to 1903, inclusive, by States:
Vaiue of marble, by SUUeSy from 1899 to J 90S, indiLme.
SUte.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Alabama
$600
(«)
(«)
AlaskA
84,500
800
800
6,642
Arisoiuk ........r>T,.........T............
5,000
(«)
ArkaiMfflii ,..
•8,410
6,500
10,776
(«)
892,298
Cklifornl*
17,500
•78,329
Cok>n4)o . -
Connectlciit -
660.517
565,605
Geoigia
742,554
681,241
1.250
70,000
180,785
900
1.200
4,500
832,518
986,549
IrlfOlO ....
Maryland
77,000
50,416
68,100
126,546
2,100
1,500
10,600
879,159
(«)
165,489
88,672
164,228
Mumchiviettn
Mi»ouri .'
Montana
(«)
(«)
577,298
Xew Mexico
748,160
4,865
New York
838,816
North Carolina
500
157,547
494.637
320
2,758,588
22,816
Penoiylvania
189,506
6884,706
2,855
2,241,806
4,887
151,167
424,054
160,428
518,256
2,628,164
61,176
93,200
Tennenee g
485,905
3,200
3,011,505
40,117
3,100
<f91,800
rtah
Vermont
2,484.852
11,836
Washington
WyOminff r , - - r T r r , - , T
Other States
c 180, 561
Total
4,011,681
4,267,258
4,965,699
5,044,182
5.862,686
a Included in Other States.
b Contains small amonnt from North Carolina.
e Includes Alabama. Arkansas. Connecticut. Maryland. Montana. New Mexico, and Utah.
d Includes Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Missouri, and New Mexico.
The following table shows the various uses to which the marble
quarried in 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903 was put:
DUtribution and value of Ofuipui of marble m^l899, 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903 among
fxtrioususes.
Use.
Bold by producers in rough state
DresHcd for building
Omameotal purposes
Dressed for monumental work . . ,
Interior decoration In buildings ,
Other uses
Total
1899.
•640,585
1.176,208
92,942
1,660,155
889,040
62,801
4,011,681
1900.
•491,813
1,080,969
18,754
2.019,474
565,092
106,151
4,267,253
1901.
•591,667
1.286,028
126,576
1,948,892
1,008,482
54,059
4,965,699
1902.
1908.
•2,276,629 |
1,038,102 I
7,300
956,870 i
679,913 :
85,268 ,
•2,454,263
1,111,072
51,359
1,062,389
668,553
20,100
5,044,182 I 5.802,686
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MINERAL BESOITBCES.
The following table shows the value of the marble produced in the
United States in 1902 and 1903, by States and uses:
Valtie of the marble produdf by States and uses, 190S and 190S.
10OS.
Rough.
Dressed.
State.
Build-
ing.
Monu-
men-
tal.
Other.
Building.
Monu- Oma-
men- I men-
E' ™"
Other
pur-
poses.
TtrtaL
tal.
tal.
deco-
ration.
posee.
Alabama
W
Arizona
Arkansas
(a)
California
118,400
806
119,700
$4,000
$100
$65,000
$92,2»
(«)
600,517
Connecticut
Georgia
350,000
166,017
81,000
$60,000
7,500
6.000
Maryland
(a)
Massachusetts
51,695
81,394
6,000
16.066J
$11,344
iffLce
Missouri «»
Montana
(a)
New Mexico
(a)
New York
88,280
75,842
8,433
267.018
148,080
20O
577, 2»
OrefiTon ^
Pennsy 1 vania 22. 44«
t
110,977
24,000
9,000
3,000
160.423
Tennessee
227,837
26.00o| 4,500
240, 419 $11, 000
&18-25fi
Utah
7 A« 1M
Vermont
353,534
7,000
86,997
677,528 2R-07O
483,265
31,878
68,780
758,890
321,689
19,200
22,549
58,688
1,000
836
Washington '.
61,176
Other Statesc
40,819
2,103
10,900
1,000
l,O0ol 180,Sa
Total
1,146,689
985,804
8.180
1,088,802
956,870
7,300
679,918
71.024
15 244|5-<M4.1«5
o,xw
10O3.
Alabama
(a)
Arissona
Arkansas
California
$6,879
$20,000
$1,200
$48,000
$2,000
fTSO
$78,319
Connecticut
(«)
Georgia
271,432
28,180
5,387
$198,223
25,065
$50,000
30,427
5,000
25,000
$18,000
2,950
5651,606
Maryland
83, en
Massachusetts
134,600
2,400
6,841
154,238
^Missouri
(a)
Montana
New Mexico
(«)
New York. ..
195,506
64
4,365
7,595
356.561
179,484
7«.1»
4,16&
North Carolina. . . .
Oresron d
Pennsylvania
5,090
94,500
200
485,990
7,500
200
15,000
3,000
649,887
800
194
126,279
56,866
184,226
27,000
8,500
3,850
100
9S.9A
Tennessee
99,600
18,700
486,906
Utah
S»900
"Vermont
227,400
280,068
14,761
847,258
8,847
18,860
12,009
602.062
1.000
8,100
"1
$,(01,506
Washington.......
Wvominir .
200!
«|,117
S^IQD
Other States e .
6,400
4,700
80,000
100
100
9i.aeo
Total
1,107,064
896,604
450,595
l,m,0T2
1,062,839
51,369
663,563
l^90o 4,aoaA«a,«8S
a Included in Other States.
b Production of Missouri and Oregon included under report on limestone.
oincludes Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut. Maryland, Montana, New Mexico, and Vtuu
d Production of Oregon included under report on limestone.
e Includes Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Missouri, and New Mexico.
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STONE. 783
UMBSTONB.
The limestone production in the United States in 1903, including
limestone for furnace flux, was valued at $32,066,283; in 1902 the
value was $30,231,003, a gain in 1903 of $1,836,280. In 1902 th^
increase over the value for 1901, which was $26,406,897, was
$3,824,106.
The chief increase was in the value of crushed stone, which was
$8,580,866 in 1903 as compared with $7,152,730 in 1902, an increase
of $1,428,136. The value of lime, furnace flux, flagstone, curbstone,
paving stone, and riprap increased slightly, while building stone and
rubble decreased in value. In many cases building stone and lime
were affected by the labor troubles.
The most important States in value of production were Pennsyl-
vania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, New York, Missouri, and Wisconsin,
in the order named, i*anking as in 1902, except that Illinois and Ohio
changed places.
The value of the limestone quarried and used by Portland cement
manufacturers is n<5t included in the total. No regular attempt was
made to collect the figures of this production, but its value amounted
to over $500,000.
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784
MIKEBAL BESOUBOBS.
The following tables show the value of the production of limestone
in the United States in 1902 and 1903, by States and uses:
Valtie of the productwn of liniegtone in the United States in 190S and 1903 j by Slala and
uses,
190S.
Bollding
purposes.
Flagging.
Curbing.
IJme
made.
Stone
sold to
lime
burners.
Crushed stone.
State or Territory.
Road
making.
ballast ^^*""^*'^
Alabama
$87,868
1,900
17,250
$1,276
1,600
250
$285,568
82,853
395,996
46,345
208,899
37.968
71,724
$7,880
15.610
900
$2,500 12.500
Arkansas
7,000
1,625
California
24. SK
Colorado
$621
Connecticut .
1
Florida
11,000
4,295
9,668
1,350
12,810
Georgia
$17,600
Idaho
^
18,049
i
Illinois
640,448
1,813,577
195,009
70,491
75,669
6,893
7,815
1,306
89,296
117,077
2,874
5,675
45,778
485,644
812,189
114,051
7,858
15,898
742,182
326,417
688,796
180,188
399,537 1 282,491
Indiana
HR TM \ 2» SB
Iowa
95
103,074 21.298 1 29.000
KanRAS
175,874
124,467
18,698
126,048
864,721 10,5S5
Kentucky
176,082 1 26,13;
Maine.
Maryland
16,953
12,878
58,707
451,368
429,115
6,375
46,910
1,575
6,834
74,206
17,161 4-600
Massachusetts
324,480
208,232
' i,on
49.430
6S,S00
Michigan
200
28.481
586
1,400
150
489
98,000
1,344
66.261
65,744
193,327
40,810
Minnesota
7,260
32,444
75,870
615,780
8,775
150
2,800
123,478
661,228
2,090
1,082,277
25
Missouri
141,185
108,329
Montana ....
Nebraska
85
400
16,060
12,610
25,182
Nevada
New Jersey
4,450
480,141
k
500
New York
3,420
857
43,681
514,916
21,063
464,170
267,189
902. 4»
North Carolina
*«",*o» ,
Ohio
329,808
22,562
5,604
7,783
4,718
4,640
62,218
317,281
9,000
180,380
Oklahoma
Or^on
20,133
1,429,643
70,124
21,300
285,615
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
209,215
8,971
4,572
16.690
216,688
676,244
390
856,578
South Carolina
South Dakota
775
57,899
69,327
8,960
4,500
41,855
9.6B0
Tennessee ..,
180
6,620
8,267
A. Ton
8,878
56,817
400
5,S18
Texas
82,500
99,463
219,806
241,984
186,070
181,608
549,857
2,250
18.568
Utah
400
1,887
Vermont
•
Virginia
7,875
ii.sm
Washington
West Virginia
25
296,998
90
400
6,780
8,760
1,456
218,934
153,696 j 2,a00
Wisconsin
.■lOSftl
29,950 36. SOS
Wyoming
Total
5,563,034
241,688
331,968
9,335,618
287,888
2,890,965
2,661,061
1,600,664
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STONE. 785
Value of the production of limestone in the United States in 190£ and 190$ , by States and
uses — Continued.
190S.
state or Territory.
Rubble.
Riprap.
Arkanffui
California...
Colorado
CooDecticnt .
Florida
Qeorgria
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Canaas
Kentacky . . .
Maine
Maryland
MaaMchoaetts .
Michigan
Minneeote
Miwoori
Montana
Nebraalca
N'erada
Kew Jersey
New York
North Oarolina .
Ohio
OUahoma
Oregon .........
Penniylvania ..
Rhode Island...
Sooth Carolina .
Sooth Dakota...
TexM
CUh
Vermont
Virginia
Waahington
WettViiginla..
WiMondn
Wyoming
$1,786
5,250
85,726
4,850
1,400
858,699
87,916
144,339
79,769
8,101
106,693
147,151
175
24,114
95,026
3,600
154,624
15,346
82,588
9,292
22.500
22
5,740
83,447
43,998
16,515
5,806
Total 1,096,729
82,163
4,670
46,786
4,419
42,092
180 I
3,045 >
8,765 I
2,264
2,325
885 ,
44,234
163
69,578
Flux.
8465,065
5,250
156,484
1,472
5,760
2,025
214,881
187,265
15,487
1,000
8,263
1,398
82,246
14,066
88,000
4,407
58,142
92,849
2,461,426
1.190
54,750
108.860
23,432
82,840
125
220,001
22,239
268,059
50,946
4,000
608,157 6,271,252
Other pur-
poses.
860
44,548
1,850
42,758
82,171
1,263
1,849
41.106
2,000
3,000
68,164
1,150
11,809
61,669
56,068
2,061
98,904
700
8,000
11.318
5,505
7.442
492.884
Total.
r59,617
113,163
496.843
208.700
205,371
63,571
111,589
16,074
3,222,608
2.865,691
649.984
670,586
593,747
745,132
453,030
839,349
621,380
830,857
1,697,139
104,725
145,473
2,800
181,650
2,419,121
23,153
3,201,718
50.541
20,133
5,420,287
71,664
86,605
482,063
228,662
186,663
226,708
684.113
^218, 814
616.366
1,351.058
6,340
30,281,003
M B 1903 50
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786
MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
Value of the production of limestone in tht United Staler in 190^ and 1903, by States and
uses — Continued .
10O3.
State or Territory,
Alubunin
Arizona
Arkansaj)
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
niinoii*
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Mar>'land
Massachusetts
Michig&n
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas -^
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
pu^ef. ' ^^"CTTing. Curbing. living.
Lime
made.
Stone sokl
' to lime
burners.
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STONE.
787
Value of the production of limestone in the United States in 190^ and 1903, by States and
uses — Continued.
1903.
Crmihed stoi
lie.
Concrete.
1
1 Rubble.
Riprap.
Flux.
Other
purpoHes.
State or Territory.
Road
making'.
Railroad
ballast.
Total.
Alabama
$400
$60
1 $800
$5,000
$444,735
$719,404
Arizona ....
1,260
242,628
ArkfiniiA-^
$6,800
76,475
13
826
5,000
i 1,200
30
46,876
raliiomia
15,945
5,705
160,240
1,968
$90,086
611,126
0>loiado
4,213
218, 120
Connecticut
154,536
Pkirida
8,256
6,000
7,500
64,898
Georgia
1,600
73,352
Idaho
18,952
Illinois
386,686
286,467
650
96,306
20,038
131,122
688,364
42,427
407,774
53,750
1 265,862
49.364
112,483
15,756
246,379
155,209
5,231
27,724
3,206,271
Indiana
Indian Territory ....
Iowa
2,935,274
1.450
13,479
212,140
264,490
68,699
24,060
54,708
99,478
86,180
968
42.715
19,779
14,272
1,898
6,934
6,679
1,863
460
4,747
9,447
32,189
635,431
Kansas
495,069
Kentucky
16,478
746,690
Maine
793,653
Maryland
18,102
60
61,842
30,210
323,920
16,366
15,006
80
200
4,891
16,502
260
22,060
129,300
8,080
886,226
MarmrhuDcttn
272,471
Michigan
Minnesota
Mwouri
Montana
85,840
11,800
330,731
48,504
67,030
387.005
710
110,270
180,201
800
24,994
99.497
94
27,638
609,082
676,090
2,516,688
152,694
Nebraska
.Verada
8,449
33,500
82,603
19,849
100
187,718
2,400
New Jersey
1,271
1,187
1,060
60,084
93
187,711
New Mexico
1,000
New York
569,744
203,820
470,660
68,546
16,626
72,113
35,630
2,543,756
North Carolina
600
Ohio
548,073
391,998
80,000
135,795
49.064
2,583
1,500
4,758
25,982
668,778
80,514
1,625
3,820,672
54,690
Oregon
800
38.960
16,684
PnuwylTania
Rhode Island
211,161
300
850
656,317
646,302
2,658,711
683
100
6,304
136,903
65,551
108,465
200
199,989
60,703
243,135
51,116
88,704
5,775,506
39,315
Sooth Carolina
44,780
39,266
Sooth Dakota
19,026
42,480
6,968
510
12,172
13,161
Tfnnenee
18, U7
23,898
63,221 1
27,765
2,828
1,971
829
555 574
T*'taj'
— '-■-
5,815 262,053
Utah
10,500 618,900
Vennont
800
250
16,205
1,700
148,446 1
18,009
2,500
9.238
100
22
200 190.724
Virginia
569,206
297 701
W'aahinyton
West Virginia
80 558,024
Wiaconsin
244,132
67.037
37,349
47, 110
11,528 1 1.266.661
Wj-oming^
12,188
TWal
2,997.547
3.105,602
2,477,717
969.175
1
655,366
5,423,732
422,826 32.066.283
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788
MINERAL BESOUROES.
The following table shows the production of limestone in the United
States from 1899 to 1903, by States:
Value oflimeOoney 1899-190Sy by States.
state.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
lUlnois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachasetts ...
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina . .
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania ...
Rhode Island
South Carolina . .
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
1899.
1900.
1901.
$364,686
960 I
71,966 I
287,295
96,456
44,002
29,786
3,325
2,065,488
2,173,888
Total.
$533,608
165
71,407
407.489
160,587
148,060
128,881
54,461
84,687
U881,161
2,344,818
786,576
579,001
178,861
1,028,876
235,225
168,147
871,210
496,462
977,399
118,718
125,017
163,026
1,645,699
1,793,604
60,650
8,000
3,088,583
18,239
17,650
45,806
208,097
100,025
6,381
282,173
255.640
139,339
58,802
826,486
742
586,410
339.466
178,262
691,312
317,207
209,369
425,636
441,554
1,079,343
141,098
107,806
$619,423
300
68,319
645,455
246,799
140,424
61,870
86,629
21,251
2,793,837
2,993,186
1902.
1903.
777,484
478,966
199,567
715,272
382,381
244,089
565.981
622,778
l,3e2,'272
143,866
154,717
170,006
809,738
1,730,162
18,767,963
1,969,387
26,586
10,900
8,800,818
16,828
38,416
47,762
288,606
124,728
12,749
188,100
403,318
249,163
58,701
969,685
8,066
20,354,019
1,788,716
8,266
2,606,502
32,497
24,520
5,081,387
38,030
28,500
53.780
330,927
209,658
78,900
205,138
539,128
234,587
447,049
1.226,448
1,340
26,406,897
$759,617 I
113,163
496,843
208,700
206,371
63,571
111,589
15,074
8,222,608
2.865,691
649,964
670,636
593,747 j
745,132 I
453.080 I
339,349
621,380
830,867
1,697,180
104,726
145,478
2,800
181,650
2,419,121
23,156
3,201,718
60,541
20,138
5,420,287
71,664
86,606
482,083
228,662
186,663
225,705
534,113
213,814
616,866
1,861,068
6,840
$719,401
1,260
242, «»
6U,1»
218, 1»
16iSa6
6iSr3
73,362
18,9f2
3.205,271
2,9Ki,2:4
1,4S0
615. 4SI
496,0e»
746, £«0
7«S,d6B
386,235
272, *71
609, C»
676. C90
2,616,688
162,694
187,718
2,400
187, 7U
1,OOD
2,60,756
600
3,330,672
5iGH)
16, 6M
5,775,506
99,31h
44.780
39.266
566,574
992.063
618,900
190, 7M
6e9,»&
W7.7W
&5ft,0M
1.256,661
12, IW
80,231,006 32.066.20
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STOKE.
789
The following table shows the quantity and value of the blast-fur-
nace flux produced in 1902 and 1903, by States:
Production of blast-furnace flux in 190^ and 1903, by States,
Alabama
OfOifomia. . .
Colorado.. .
Coonecticut
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky . . .
ifaine
Maryland ,
Maasachuaetts .
Miehigan
Minnesota
Hhfoun
Montana
Nebraska
New Jersey
New York
Ohio ,
Pennsylvania . .
Rhode IsUuid..
.SMith Carolina.
South Ihikota . .
Tennt*«ee
Texas
rtah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Viri^nia..
Wiaeonsfn
Wyoming
Total.
State.
1902.
Quantity. Value. I Quantity. Value.
I
Long tona.
1,001,884
3,500
402,735
2,942
14,400
2,025
483,348
438,717
36,354
2,000
3,654
2,732
58,567
25,115
198,000
8,814
110,371
178,019
1,559,983
5,645,867
950
97,768
284,896
33.393
113,194
250
565,704
23,917
740,901
89,309
10,000
12,139,248
1903.
$465,065
6,250
155,484
1,472
5,760
2,025
214,881
187,265
15,487
1.000
3,263
1,398
32,246
14,065
88,000
4,407
53,142
92,849
630,325
2,461,426
1,190
M,750
108,860
23,432
82,840
125
220,001
22,239
268,059
50,916
4,000
5,271,252
Long tons,
1,006,814
8,410
353,849
3,698
491,542
. 400,268
490
6,792
23,518
500
25,953
229,000
10,150
119,294
121,170 I
1,632,367 :
5,558,051 I
433
100
14,510
313,721
96,884
160,432
400
499,108
101,161
708,672
108,696
$444,786
5,706
160,240
1,968
246,379
155,209
16,478
200
4,891
15,502
250
22,060
129,300
8,080
60.084
72,113
668,778
2,553,711
583
100
6,804
136,908
56,551
108,465
290
199,989
60,703
243,135
51,116
12,029,719 5,423,732
As will be seen from this table the production of limestone quarried
^or- blast-furnace flux decreased from 12,139,248 long tons in 1902 to
12,029,719 long tons in 1903, a loss of 109,529 tons in quantity, while
the value increased from $5,271,252 in 1902 to $5,423,732 in 1903, or
*152,480.
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CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES.
By Jefferson Middleton.
INTRODUCTION.
With the exception of the section on clay production, this report
deals with the products of the clay -working industries, and hence the
tables are made up to show the products of clay and not the production
of clay.
During the year 1903 the great prosperity of the clay-working
industries of recent years, as recorded in the reports of this office, was
continued, though the gain in neither branch of the industry was so
large as in 1902. At the beginning of the year, in view of the then
unusually prosperous condition of the industry, the feeling among the
operators appeared to be that the prosperity would be continued
throughout 1903. That this feeling had a good foundation in fact is
shown by the figures herein presented. These figures show that the
value of the clay products marketed was the largest ever recorded in
thb country, and, perhaps, in any other, and that the product would
have undoubtedly been much greater had not the element of labor
disturbance been so much in evidence. The labor troubles were not
within the clay -working industries, however, as no strikes — certainly
none of importance— were recorded during the year. But the strikes
in the building trades, especially in the large building centers, such
as New York, Pittsburg, and Chicago, could not but have their effect
on the consumption of building material, and though the higher prices
realized for clay products upon the resumption of building may have
offset, to a small extent, the lack of sales during the strikes, the fact
remains, notwithstanding the increased value of the buildings erected
in the large cities, that the consumption of clay products would have
been greater had building operations in these centers been uninter-
rupted by strikes.
In spite of the increased cost of manufacture, the average price
per thousand of brick, the only product for which quantities can be
given, has increased but little — 20 cents per thousand for common
791
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
792 MINERAL RE80UBCE8.
brick, 85 cents for front brick, and 55 cents for vitrified brick. This
is an increase of but 3 per cent in case 6t common brick, 7 per cent for
front brick, and 6 per cent for vitrified paving brick. Surely this is
a most creditable showing for the clay manufacturers of the United
States, as the increase in cost to the consumer in most other products
lias been much greater than in the case of clay products.
While the number of operating firms reporting is practically the
same — 6,033 in 1903 as compared with 6,046 in 1902 — the average value
of the output per plant increased from $20,207 in 1902 to $21,708 in
1903, showing that the plants are becoming larger rather than more
numerous, which conforms to the tendency of the times. The average
value of the output per plant in 1901 was $17,164; in 1900, $14,859.
This is an increase in the average value of output per plant of $6,849,
or over 46 per cent in three years. This does not mean that the plaots
have necessarily increased their capacity to that extent, but rather that
the smaller plants have either gone out of existence or have been com-
bined with or taken over by some plant already in existence. For the
same reason the number of firms reporting does not by any means rep-
resent the number of plants in operation, as all of the plants in one
State belonging to one firm or individual are counted as one plant
Thus, there are 144 firms reporting 518 plants, which, taken separately,
would add 374 to the number of plants reported.
In the pottery industry there seemed to prevail, especially in the
western district, the impression, perhaps well founded in some places,
that the year's business was not so good as that of the previous year.
However, from the returns furnished this oflSce by the potters them-
selves, as shown in this report, it appears that on the whole the
industry was prosperous, the product repoijed being even greater
than that of 1902, but the proportional gain over 1902 was not so great
as the gain of 1902 over 1901.
There are many small plants which make no report to this ofl^ce,
but the figures here presented are practically a census; for, it is
believed, all the plants not included in these fiygures would represent
considerably less than 1 per cent of the total, every plant whose
product was valued at $10,000 or more being included.
The value of the clay products as shown in the appended tables
increased from $122,169,531 in 1902 to $130,962,648, a gain of
$8,793,117, or 7.20 per cent. The increase in 1902 over 1901 was
$11,957,944, or 10.85 per cent. The gain in 1903 was, as is shown in
one of the tables, participated in by both the brick and tile and the
pottery branches of the industry.
The sand-lime brick industry, mentioned in the last report, made con-
siderable progress during 1903. Several plants had their product on the
market, and quite a number of new plants were built during the year,
but the large majority were engaged in preliminary work and put no
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OLAY-WOBKING INDU8TBIE8. 793
product on the market, though they will undoubtedly be factors in the
production of 1904. Returns covering 16 operating plants show a
marketed product of 20,860,000 brick, valued at $155,400, an average
of $7.45 per thousand. These brick are not included in the tables in
this report. Of these 16 operating plants three were located in
Michigan, two each in California, New York, South Dakota, and
Texas, and one each in Arizona, Maryland, New Jersey, North
Carolina, and Pennsylvania.
ACKNOWI.EDGMENTS.
The publication of these figures would have been impossible without
the cooperation of the clay workers of the country, to whom cordial
thanks are hereby tendered. Mr. D. V. Purington has again been of
material assistance in securing returns for Cook County, 111., and the
thanks of the writer are extended to him for this aid. Thanks are also
extended to the officials in many of the cities who have supplied the
information concerning the building operations of the principal cities
of the country.
As in previous years, the State geological surveys of Iowa, Mary-
land, and North Carolina, have cooperated in the collection of the
figures for their States, the complete returns for these States being
due to the efforts of the officers of the respective State geological
surveys. The New York State Museum, Alh»ny, N. Y., also cooper-
ated in the collection of the statistics of the clay-working industries
in that State for 1903.
BUTLDING OPERATIONS.
The following table shows the number of building permits and the
value of the buildings erected under these permits in the leading cities
of the United States in 1902 and 1908. These figures are from official
sources, having been furnished in every case by the city officers in
charge of the building departments. An effort was made in previous
years to obtain figures for new buildings only, but it has been found
that in so few of the cities are the records kept in such a manner as
to s^regate the permits for new buildings from permits for repairs
that the figures here given cover both new buildings and repairs. Nor
is it possible to separate the brick and stone buildings from those built
of wood, but it is safe to assume that practically all permits in the larger
cities are for brick or stone buildings and that in the smaller cities
many of the buUdings erected are of wood.
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794
MINERAL BE80URCES.
Building operations in the leading cities of the United States in 190t and 190$.
Allegheny, Pa
Atlanta, Oa
Boston, Ma£8
Brooklyn, N.Y. 'J
Buffalo, N.Y
Cambridge, Mass
Chicago, III
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Dayton, Ohio
Denver, Colo
Detroit, Mich
Fall River, Mass
Grand Rapids, Mich .
Hartford, Conn
Indianapolis, Ind
Jersey City, N.J
Kansas City, Mo
Los Angeles, Cal
Louisville, Ky
Memphis, Tenn
Milwaukee, Wis
Minneapolis, Minn ..
Nashville, Tenn
Newark, N.J
New Haven, Conn . . .
New Orleans, La
New York, N.Y. ft....
Omaha, Nebr
Philadelphia, Pa ....
Pittsburg, Pa
Providence, R. I
Reading, Pa
Richmond, Va
Rochester, N. Y
St. Joseph, Mo
St. Louis, Mo
St. Paul, Minn
San Francisco, Cal . . .
Scranton, Pa
Seattle, Wash
Syracuse, N.Y
Washington, D.C
Worcester, Mass
City.
19Q2.
Number
of per-
mits.
Cost of build-
IngB.
Total 96,428
642
2,818
1,078
2,009
2,109
607
6,099
2,571
3,172
1,389
1,200
1.667
2,576
342
1,045
621
2,764
948
3,979
4,868
1,885
2,480
2,141
7,188
5.728
1,801
276
1,707
2,877
564
8,954
2,406
671
588
660
812
785
4,502
1,289
1,670
820
2,980
284
1,111
366
1901
Number
of per-
mlta.
CoXofbuDd-
I loss-
t2, 206, 150
1.868.508
10,147,055
18,548,062
5,433.078
2,232.865
48.242.990
4,609.585
6,559,545
2,706,815
1.864,610
4,551,151
5,496.500
1,481,350
1,832.095
1,105.000
2,980,758
2,491.817
8,054,248
9,608,132
2,828,457
2,U9,824
5,655,428
7.056,017
1, 160, 199
9,044.162
847,680
2,916,262
89,882,778
1,626,045
29,902,260
15,811.728
2,554,050
1.072,600
2,386,000
2,913.142
1,039,664
12.854,036
5,151.480
14,001,472
1,534,342
5,471,620
1,075,900
6,736,607
1,654.895
7«
3,441 <
2.841
4,707
2,0U
519
iS,2a
3,949 I
3,226 I
1,529
1,200
1.946
8,888
886
1,114
S18
2,682
1,108
3,644
6.395
1.749
2.842
2,774
7,882
6,0tt
1.695
807
1.798
3.806
528
9,257
8,283
1,107
456
697
794
758
4.803
1.470
2.136
889
6,914
609
6.841
G97
12,127.350
S. 161,445
15.264,940
26,628.230
6,26S,4(B
1,290,G»1
47.296,6ft
4,602,355
6,2S0,SS1
S,909,l»
1,000,000
4,73S,4Q1
6. 912, 000
1,021,900
1,178,881
l,69ia05
3,006,293
8.011,95a
7,705.S5
13,0tl,8S
2.428,$e
2,l8i7S4
7,024,60:
7.7aQ.»l
1,420,912
5.47S,77I
1,624,061
2,964,154
86,502,231
1,338, 8»
3S.4S7,2U
15.90t8K
S,796.«)
1.087,300
2,106.410
1.8SB,5n
9S8.M5
14,544, 4»
1, 645. 775
17,264,26
1,80, K7
1,»,508
11.8M,«B
2,»90
366.469,037
127.665 ' 8OT,2»,«81
a The figures for Brooklyn cover the Borough of Brooklyn only.
^The figures for New York cover the Boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx.
From this table it will seen that the 45 cities reporting show that
the number of permits issued in 1903 was 127,555, compared with
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CLAY-WOBKING INDUSTRIES. 795
96,423 in 1902, a gain of 31,132 in the number of permits, or 32.29
per cent, and that the value of the buildings erected under these per-
mits increased from $368,469,037 in 1902 to $397,225,681, a gain of
$28,756,644, or 7.80 per cent. The average value of the buildings,
assuming that one permit was issued for each building, was $3,821 in
1902 and $3,114 in 1903. In Greater New York the number of permits
issued increased from 4,886 in 1902 to 8,013 in 1903, while the value of
the buildings erected thereunder increased from $108,430,840 in 1902
to $113,130,451 in 1903. This is an increase of 3,127, or 64 per cent,
in the number of permits, but of only $4,699,611, or 4.33 per cent, in
the value of the buildings to be erected under them. In New York
City alone the permits increased from 2,877 in 1902 to 3,306 in 1903,
a gain of 429, and the value of the buildings to be erected decreased
from $89,882,778 to $86,502,231, a loss of $3,380,547. In Brooklyn
the permits increased from 2,009 in 1902 to 4,707 in 1903, a gain of
2,698, and the value of the buildings increased from $18,548,062 in 1902
$26, 628,220 in 1903, a gain of $8,080,158, or 43.56 per cent. Chicago,
next to New York, shows the largest value in buildings erected; but in
1903, as in New York, while the number of permits increased the value
of the buildings decreased. The table shows that the permits issued
in 1902 were 6,099, in 1903, 13,241, an increase of 7,142, or more than
117 per cent, but that the value of the buildings decreased from
$48,242,990 in 1902 to $47,295,660 in 1903, a loss of $947,330, or 1.96
per cent. Philadelphia, the next most important city in building
operations, showed an increase in both the number of permits issued
and in the value of the buildings erected. The number of permits
issued increased from 8,954 in 1902 to 9,257 in 1903, an increase of
303, or 3.38 per cent, and the value of the buildings increased from
$29,992,200 in 1902 to $33,487,211 in 1903, a gain of $3,494,951, or
11.65 per cent San Francisco was the next city in value of buildings,
those for which permits were taken out in 1903 being valued at
$17,264,245, as compared with $14,001,472 in 1902, a gain of $3,262,773,
or 23.30 per cent. Pittsburg and Boston are next in order with a
gain of $90,108 and $5,117,885, respectively, the values of buildings
erected being $15,901,886 and $15,264,940. St. Louis is the city of
next importance, with building permits authorizing the erection of
edifices valued at $14,544,430 in 1903, compared with $12,854,036 in
1902, a gain of $1,690,394, or 18.15 per cent. The largest relative
gain was at New Haven, where the buildings rose in value from
$847,680 in 1902 to $1,624,601 in 1903, a gain of $776,921, or 91.65
per cent. Washington, D. C, comes next, with a relative gain of
nearly 72 per cent, and Atlanta, with a gain of 69.19 per cent. The
cities to show losses in 1903 besides those mentioned, were Allegheny,
Cambridge, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dayton, Fall River, Grand Rapids,
Kansas City, Louisville, Newark, Omaha, Richmond, Rochester, St.
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796
MINERAL BESOUB0E8.
Joseph, St. Paul, and Scranton. In the majority of these cities,
however, the decreases were small. The average value per building
in Boston in 1903 was $5,373 and $9,457 in 1902; in Brooklyn $5,657
in 1903 and $9,232 in 1902; in Chicago, $3,572 in 1903 and $7,910 in
1902; New York, $26,165 in 1903 and $31,242 in 1902; Philadelphia
$3,618 in 1903 and $3,350 in 1902. It will be noted that in all of
these large cities, except Philadelphia, the average cost per building
decreased.
PRODUCTION.
In the following tables will be found statements of the values of the
clay products of the United States in 1902 and 1903:
ValiLe of the products of clay in the United States in 1903^ by States and TerrUaria,
state. ^"tUe**"**
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut and Rhode Inland.
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampehiro
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Other States
Total
Per cent of total .
$1,3(M,607
109,756
578,946
2,782,065
2,011,441
1,098,619
208,908
819,657
221,295
1,70^. S80
10). 107
10,2^1064
6,ll:i.(i56
16<1.H22
8,037. r41
1,46;:. 175
2,051. 132
813. :J87
677. J 82
1,4a , 'i66
1,S07,S49
1,66-!. il4
1,527JI08
mi, 787
6,Mi'.'J06
:\i\K Ml
:u6,.S5
99,905
568,621
7,101,713
142,039
7,994,174
848,264
127,085
14,120,041
868,955
425,544
16,973,772
647,968
1,072,942
1,974,914
435,064
114,001
1,650,660
912,165
1,310.060
1,298,810
22,668
106,526,596
80.58
Potter}-.
123,320
Total
11,327.987
109.756
11.600
49,478
56.869
all2,450
589, »tf
2,831, 5C
2,O68.a0
1,206,069
203,906
10,854
830, 5U
221,296
22.142
1,731,022
164,107
890.783
580,969
11,190,797
5,6M,e25
166,022
65.762
23.529
139,827
(^)
(6i
479,255
800,896
48,007
397,578
14,296
51,401
3.08S.40S
1,487.0(H
2.190,969
813,187
677,182
1,908,821
2,108,688
1,710,421
l,92ifi«
677.082
5.661,607
929,317
7ffi^2S6
»;905
6,915,226
568,621
13,416.999
142,099
i, 274. 07^
14,232
9,208,254
862,496
127,085
11,088.087
25,208,138
968,956
1,879,552
9,827
425.644
18,8f7,S»l
657.196
fi8,825
114, 174
97.666
5,900
22,686
16.100
1,248,500
13,586
1,186,51$
1.472.380
440, SSI
114.(01
1,673,346
9av265
2,5».5«
1.907,3*;
22,663
c71,183
eTi.isa
^«fj<«
190,962,648
loaoo
a Produced by Connecticut alone.
b Included in Other States.
o Includes pottery products which could not be separately claarifled without disdosiDg tbe open-
tions of individual establishments.
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OLAY-WOEKING INDUSTBIES. 797
Value of the products of clay in the United States in 190^, by States and Territories.
State.
Brick and
Ule.
Arixona
ArkansM
California
Colorado
Oonnecticat
Delaware
District of Columbia.
Florida
Geoisia
Hawaii
Idaho..
niinois
Indiana
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kentucky
Loalaiana
Maine
Maryland
MaKachosetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
MWffippi
Miwooil
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada.
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina . .
North Dakota . . .
Ohio
Oklahoma
Onf on
Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode l(*land
Sooth Carolina . .
Soath Dakota
Tenneflftee
Texas
Ctab
Tennont
VirelnU
Washinj^n
Wert Virsinia . . .
WlKonsin
Wmming
(»tber Slate*
Total
Per cent of total.
114,608
' 610,728
2,201.489
2,166,668
a 1,100, 781
144,934
258,430
176,442
1,491,830
98,048
9,187,426
4,628,449
167,674
2,797,949
1,221.688
1,736,000
642.424
666.648
1,880,062
2, 0^6, 212
1,660,942
1,681,006
601,785
6.112,901
2^8,727
757,668
46,600
887,124
6,420,304
68,879
7,484.682
781,009
123.214
13,730,610
286.976
e 318, 604
16,957,160
696,706
63,426
862,427
1,696,612
368,266
78.886
1,673,842
891,877
1,862,080
1.014,373
22,150
98,042,078
80.25
Pottery.
126,499 I
9.450 I
51,607 ;
84,315 I
M16,897
(0
6,192,959
929.431
14,512
10,519,138
1,876,266
16,805
60,698
98,202
6,760
3.991
13,864
1,166,464
12,286
083,162
24,127,463
19.75
Total.
$1,016,364
114,608
620. 178
2,253,096
2,200,983
a 1,217, 678
144.934
267,627
175,442
1,508,669
93,048
9,881,840
6,283,783
167,674
2,843,886
1,221,688
1,873,043
642,424
656,648
1,906,362
2,376,667
1,744,040
1,901,731
516.209
5,166,414
278,727
757,668
46,600
887,124
12,613,263
68,879
8,414.118
796,621
128,214
24,249,748
285,975
0 318,604
17,833,425
(/)
618,611
68,425
918,125
1,693,814
869.005
78,886
1,677,833
906.231
2,618,544
1,026,658
22,150
088,152
122,169,531
100.00
• Inclodefl Rhode Island.
ft Produced by Connecticut alone.
« Included In Other States.
4 Included in Oregon.
'Includes Hawaii.
/Included in Connecticut.
(rCompriadnK pottery totals for the following States: Florida. Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Montana.
New Hampshire, and Oregon. This total could not be distributed among the States to which it
beltings without disclosing the operations of individual establishments.
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798 MINERAL BE80UB0ES.
These tables show that the value of the clay products increased
from $122,169,531 in 1902 to $130,962,648 in 1903, a gain of $8,793,117,
or 7.20 per cent. The gain in 1902 over 1901 was $11,957,944, or
10.85 per cent. Had the labor troubles in the building trades been
less pronounced the output of building brick in 1902 would have
probably been reached, and, with the added value, the increase of
1903 over 1902 would have been as great as that of 1902 over 1901.
Nevertheless, the increase is an indication of the healthy growth of
the industry, which, unless unforeseen conditions arise, is bound to
become one of the great industries of the country, owing to our mag-
nificent supplies of clays in almost every State of the Union.
Of the total value mentioned above, the materials which enter into
structural and engineering arts, the brick and tile of this classification,
composed $105,526,596, or 80.58 per cent, and the finer products, pot-
tery, composed 19.42 per cent. In 1902 these percentages were 80.25
and 19.75, respectively. These two classes of products have main-
tained about these proportions for several years.
The following table shows the value of the clay products of the
United States from 1898 to 1908:
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CLAY- WORKING INDUSTRIES. 799
Vduf of the products of clay in the United States^ 1898-1908, by States and Territories. ( a )
StAte or Territory.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut and Rhode
Island
Delaware
Dfetrict of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
niinola
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kentucky
Loaiaiana
Maine
UaryUnd
MasMchusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
MisBiMippi
MlKouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire .
New Jersey
New Mexico
NewYork
North GaroUna . .
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Soath Oarolioa . . .
SoQth Dakota....
TenncMsee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
WsMiington
West Virginia....
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Other States
Total
Operating firms reporting.
1898.
$456,597
81.509
245,766
1,263,734
766,767
952,180
160,665
820,320
180,987
857,268
27,865
6,866,715
8,881,997
85,683
2,188,022
444,975
1,000,940
517,060
600,029
1,542,853
1.809^)70
1.043.362
1.132,584
321,783
8,112,716
275,026
518,565
439,189
8,706.367
41.940
6,717,383
429,782
72,900
13,167,627
78,268
181,864
9,714,683
269,282
80,770
620,088
817,797
180,992
60,474
894,888
260,988
1,096,676
877,806
8,826
74,487,680
5,971
1899.
1897,810
101,964
389,142
1.687,518
1,071,388
1,074,202
168,485
in,145
138,808
1:43, 995
17,624
7,J59,825
1,236,854
35,075
i, 288,808
s39,767
1,^58,428
..54,729
(^62,685
1,679,641
2,181,710
1,288,997
1,218,697
646.741
8,666,616
314,840
848,315
17,860
670,287
10,787,273
106,090
8,076,412
774,202
168,124
16,600,626
160,652
827,874
14,108,245
606,829
46,600
948,868
1,221,119
216,449
181,626
1,093,784
691,277
1.451,639
1,811.712
8,460
96,797,870
6,962
1900.
$712,727
112,737
381,012
1,376,998
1,200,519
1,099,972
156,274
38,983
10.604
98,218
49,382
7,708,859
0.^58,350
30.233
•J. 291,251
1.016,760
L 131,324
r>07,694
724,934
1,711,856
1,833,101
1,181,696
1,?96,697
673,368
8,736,667
350,489
683,958
9,560
485,018
10,928,428
41,898
7,660,606
816,976
92,899
18,804,628
164,467
281,886
13,391,748
711,836
, 43,440
' 916,678
1,171,017
284,221
121,041
1,806,195
626,469
2,016,765
1,072,179
21,500
96,212,846
6.475
1901.
1902.
•946,791
92,986
407,263
1,769,165
1,594,867
1,130,909
131,164
) 08
74
«3
h-"-. ;i28
y, (;'i2, '190
■1, 4(it;. 454
117.224
•2, 7;^7, H26
yy 1,020
i.r>i4.ri48
Cir.,703
7*^1, r.78
l,t;(>r,.(i56
1.870,.S37
l.,^J2,tl34
.>1^, ei47
156, 173
474,r.58
^iir,, i73
17,(525
7G5, <«4
11,681,878
81,846
8,291,718
771,338
76,708
21,574,986
206,060
6263,891
15,321,742
676,218
59,865
896,967
1,723,375
291,189
77,564
1,489,347
944,798
1,946,480
1,247,544
28,950
<-76,488
1,
-!,■
110,211,587
6.421
$1,016,364
114,608
620,178
2,258,096
2,200,983
1,217,678
144,934
267,627
175,442
1,608,669
98,048
9,881,810
5,283,733
167,674
2,848,336
1,221,688
1,878,043
642,424
666,648
1,906,362
2,376,667
1,744,040
1,901,731
616,209
6,166,414
278,727
767,668
46,600
887,124
12,613,263
68,879
8,414,113
795,621
123,214
24,249.748
235,975
& 318, 604
17.833,425
618,511
63,425
913, 125
1,693,814
359,005
78,886
1,577,833
905,281
2.518.544
1,026.658
22.150
d 83. 152
122,169,531
6,046
1903.
$1,327,927
109,755
589,946
2.831,543
2,068,310
1,206,069
203,908
330,511
221,295
1,731,022
1W,107
11, 190, 797
5,694,62A
166,022
3,093,403
1,487,004
2,190,959
813,387
677, 182
1, 908. 821
2,108,685
1.710,421
1,924,586
677, 032
5,661,607
329,817
768,255
99,905
568,621
13.416,939
142,039
9, 208, 252
862,496
127,086
25, 208, 128
368,955
425,544
18,847,324
657,195
68,825
1.186,516
i; 472, 580
440, 3S4
114,001
1,673,316
928.265
2,558.500
1.307,39(i
22.663
''71,133
130,962,648
6,088
a In 1866 the flfures for California include the pottery products of Oregon and Washington; Colo-
lado. those of Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, and Utah: Maryland, those of the District of Columbia;
Georgia, those of Florida; Mianasippi, those of Louisiana: New Hampshire, those of Maine; Minne-
iola, those of Wisconsin; and North Carolina, those of South Carolina. This is done in order that the
opendon of inddvidnal establishments may not be disclosed.
ftlndndes Hawaii.
eComprifliiis pottery totals for the following States: Florida, Kansas, Maine, Montana, New Hamp-
ifaiie, Oregon, and Utah. This total conld not be distributed among the States to which it belongs
without discloalng the operations of individual establishments.
<< Comprising pottery totals for the following States: Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine. Montana,
New Hampshire, and Oregon. This total could not be distributed among the States to which it
belongs without disclosing the operations of individual establlKhments.
f Includes pottery products which could not be separately classified without disclosing the opera-
UoDs Of indlTidual establishments.
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800
MINERAL BB80UBGES.
The foregoing table shows the value of the products of clay by
States and Territories for six years and the number of firms reporting,
and is a condensed statement of the industry for the period covered.
Notwithstanding the general prosperity, as shown by this table, eight
States showed a decline in the value of their products as compared
with 1902. Some of these decreases were, however, small, and as only
one of these States, Texas, showed a decrease in 1902 it is only fair
to assume that it was due most probably to local conditions that the
clay-working industries in these States showed a slight falling off.
The States showing the decreases are: Arizona, $4,853, or 4.23 per
cent; Colorado, $132,673, or 6.03 per cent; Connecticut and Rhode
Island, $11,609, or 0.95 per cent; Indian Territory, $1,652, or 0.99
per cent; Massachusetts, $266,982, or 11.24 per cent; Michigan,
$33,619, or 1.93 per 6ent; New Hampshire, $318,503, or 35.9 percent,
and Texas, $221,234, or 13.06 per cent. The location of these States
should be observed, four being in the West and Southwest, three in
New England, and one in the Central West.
The States showing the largest inci^eases were: Illinois, $1,308,957,
or 13.26 per cent; Pennsylvania, $1,013,899, or 5.69 per cent; Ohio,
$958;380, or 3.95 per cent; New Jersey, $803,676, or 6.37 per cent;
New York, $794,139, or 9:44 per cent, and California, $578,447, or
25.67 per cent.
In the following table will be found a comparison of the several
varieties of clay products made in 1902 and 1903, showing the actual
gain or loss, together with the percentage of gain or loss:
Value of the products of day in the United Stales in 190S and 190S, with increase or
decrease.
Product.
Common brick
Front brick
Vitrified paving brick
Fancy or ornamental bnck .
Enameled brick
Fire brick and stove lining .
Drain tile
Sewer pipe
Ornamental terra cotta
Flreproofing, hollow building tile or blocks, and
terra-cotta lumber .^
Tile (not drain)
Miscellaneous
Total brick and tile .
Total pottery
Grand total.
1902.
148,885,869
5.818.008
5,744,580
885,290
471,163
12,601,435
8,506,787
7,174,892
8,526,906
3,175,593
3.622,868
8.678,742
1908.
96,042,078
24,127,458
122,169,531
850.582,075
5,806,908
6,458,849
822,567
569,689
14.062,869
4,639,214
8,525,369
4,672,028
^***- in 1901
$1,646,206 I
a9,100 i
709,319
al2,723
1.460,984 I
1,182,427 j
1.850.477 i
1.145,122 I
3.861,343 , 685,750 i
8,506,329 I aU7.534 |
8,073,856 ' a604.886 {
8.f7
«L7B
12.«
• S.79
20.91
U.»
82.29
U.S
S2.4:
2LM
• S.24
aH.44
105.506,596
25,436,062
130,962,648
7,484,518 I
1,808,599
7.0
5.43
8.798,U7I
a Decrease.
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OLAY-WOBKING INDUSTRIES. 801
This table shows in a striking manner the results of the canvass of
this Office and the lines along which there is most activity. It will be
observed that four varieties of product showed a decrease — front brick,
fancy ornamental ''shape" brick, tile (not drain), and the miscellane-
ous products. The loss in the last is, however, of little importance,
since it may mean merely that the products embraced in this column
have been better classified and reported under some other classifica-
tion. The other decreases are so small that they are hardly worth
considering, so that the entire industry may be considered as having
been in a highly prosperous condition in 1903.
As mentioned elsewhere, the disturbances in tha labor world undoubt
edly reduced the demand and consequently the consumption of build-
ing material, especially in the eastern centers, yet the value of the
building brick increased from $55,010,330 in 1902 to $56,733,239 in
1903, a gain of $1,722,909, or 3.13 per cent. As compared with 1901,
when the building brick were valued at $51,048,653, this is a gain
of $5,684,583, or 11.14 per cent, which indicates a substantial growth
in tills branch of the industry.
The conmion-brick product increased in value from $48,885,869 in
1902 to $50,532,075 in 1903, an increase of $1,646,206, or 3.37 per cent.
In 1902 this product showed a gain over 1901 of $3,382,793, or 7.43
per cent.
The front-brick product showed a small decrease — from $5,318,008
in 1902 to $5,308,908 in 1903, a loss in value of $9,100, or 1.78 per cent.
That the vitrified paving-brick industry is in a flourishing condition
is shown by the steady gain in value that this product has made for
several years, the increase in 1903 over 1902 being one of the largest
gains recorded since this OflBce began the collection of figures relating
to clay products, namely, $709,319, or 12.35 per cent, as compared
with a gain of $260,396, or 4.75 per cent, in 1902 over 1901. The
total value of this product was $5,744,530 and $6,453,849 in 1902 and
1903, respectively. This product is fourth in point of value, being
exceeded only by conmion brick, fire brick, and sewer pipe, respectively.
The value of fancy -shaped brick showed a slight decline in value as
compared with that of 1902, the figures being $335,290 in 1902 and
$322,567 in 1903, a loss of $12,723, or 3.79 per cent.
Hie enameled brick product showed a gain of $98,526, or 20.91 per
cent This is a product which seems destined to become a more
important branch of the industry than at present, owing to its
extended use in large buildings for both ornamental and sanitary
purposes.
TTie fire-brick industry is one of great and growing importance.
In 1903 the value of this product was $14,062,369, as compared with
$12,601,435 in 1902, a gain of $1,460,934, or 11.59 per cent. It was
second only to conunon brick in point of value, and it has increased
M R 1908 51
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802 KINEBAL BBSOUBCES.
in value of product $6,004,252, or 65.25 per cent, in five years. This
product is consumed almost wholly in the iron and steel industries; it
naturally follows the rise and fall of these articles; and, as in 1903,
the largest production of iron and steel ever attained in the United
States was made, the value of the fire brick of that year was also the
largest in the history of the industry.
The drain-tile product increased in value from $3,506,787 in 1903
to $4,639,214 in 1903, a gain of $1,132,427, or 32.29 per cent. The
gain in 1902 over 1901 was $368,786, or 11.57 per cent. The unusu-
ally wet seasons of 1902 and 1903 undoubtedly were responsible for
this large increase. There seems, however, to be a growing confidenoe
in the benefits of drainage in the middle West, which may be, in part,
at least, responsible for this large increase in the drain-tile industry.
The sewcr-pipe product is another that has made constant gains in
recent years, going from $7,174,892 in 1902 to $8,626,369 in 1903, a
gain of $1,360,477, or 18.82 per cent. The gain in 1902 over 1901 wts
$437,923, or 6.60 per cent. This product has steadily gained in value
from $3,791,067 in 1898 to more than double that value, or $8,626,369,
in 1903.
Ornamental terra cotta showed the largest proportional gain in value
of any product, rising from $3,526,906 in 1902 to $4,672,028 in 1903,
a gain of $1,146,122, or 32.47 per cent, thus attesting the popularity
of this material. The use of glazed terra cotta in modern buildings
in large cities where bituminous coal is the principal fuel is on the
increase, as its merits as a building material are unquestioned.
Fireproofing, another material which finds its chief use in large
buildings, is also gaining in popularity, as is shown by the large
increase in 1903. The product in that year was valued at $3,861,343,
as compared with $3,176,693 in 1902, a gain of $686,760, or 21.59 per
cent. Recent large conflagrations have testified most forcibly to the
great advantage of fireproof construction.
Although the product classed as tile (not drain), embracing floor,
wall, and mantel tile, increased in 1902 over 1901, in 1903, as com-
pared with 1902, there was a slight falling off, the value of the product
dropping from $3,622,863 in 1902 to $3,605,329 in 1903, a loss of
$117,634, or 3.24 per cent.
The brick and tile industry as a whole increased 7.63 per cent, or
from $98,042,078 in 1902 to $105,626,596 in 1903, a gain of $7,484,518,
and the pottery industry gained in the value of its product $1,308,599,
or 6.42 per cent, the total gain for both branches of the industry
being $8,793,117, or 7.20 per cent.
The following table shows the products of clay in the United States
from 1894 to 1903, inclusive, by varieties of products, together with
the total for each year and the number of operating firms reportiiig:
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OLAY-WOBKING INDU8TBIE8.
808
Products of day in the United States, 1894-190S, by varieties.
Number of
operating
firms re-
porting.
Ck>mmon brick.
Front brick.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
price per
thousand.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
price per
thou-
sand.
im
ThotuandB.
6.152,420
6.017,965
6,708,279
5,292,632
5,667,416
7.605,806
7,140.622
8,088.579
8,476,067
8,463,683
185,062,538
81,569,126
29,664,043
26,430,207
80,980,704
39,887,522
88,621,514
45,503,076
48,885,869
60,582,075
$5.70
5.25
5.20
4.99
6.28
5.18
5.41
6.66
6.77
5.97
Thowands.
(«)
839,204
270.335
310,918
295,833
488,817
844,516
415,343
458,391
426,364
(«)
$4,899,367
3,390,941
3,865,0S3
3,572.385
4,767,343
3,864,670
4,709,737
5,318,006
5,308,906
im
$12. 97
1«6
1897
1898
m
1900
1901
1902
5.298
5,424
6,971
6,962
6.476
6,421
6.046
6,033
12.54
12.40
12.08
10.86
11.09
11.84
11.60
12.45
Vitrified paving brick.
Tear.
Quantity.
Value.
I Thousands^
li^ I 457,021 I $3,711,078
I8D5
IW..
IW..
I9WI..
1»1..
1»2..
1«B..
381,501
820,407
435.851
474,419
580,751
546.679
606. on
617, 192
654,499
3,130,472
2,794,585
3.682,067
4,016,822
4,750,424
4,764,124
5,484,184
5,744,630
6.458.849
Average
price per
thou-
sand.
$8.12
8.20
8.72
8.22
8.47
8.18
8.71
9.06
9.81
9.86
Fancy or
ornamen-
tal brick
(value).
eled
brick
(value).
$1,128,606
(N
652,619
C)
763,140
(«»)
685,048
C)
868,372
$279,998
476,191
329,969
289,698
323,630
372,131
463.709
335,290
471, 163
822,567
569.689
Fire brick
(value).
$4,762,820
5,279,004
4,944,723
4,094,704
6,093,071
8,641,882
9,830,517
9,870,421
11,970,511
^14,062,369
Stove
lining
(value).
{<')
$416,235
462, 5ll
423,371
680,924
Drain tile
(value).
$5,808,168
8,450,961
2,613,513
2,623.805
8,115,818
3,682,394
2,976,281
3,143,001
3,806,787
4,689,214
Y<ar.
Sewer pipe
(ralue).
Ornamen-
tal terra
cotta
(value).
Fireproof-
ing
(value).
Hollow
building
tile or
blocks
(value).
Tile,
not drain
(value).
Pottery
(value).
Miscella-
neous*
(value).
$4,517,709
Total
value.
\m
$5,909,928
$1,476,185
$514,637
(/)
$1,688,724
(0)
$64,655,385
:•«
4,482.677
2.512,198
741,628
(/)
2,572.628
(0)
6,619,333
65,409,806
1*98
4,688,508
2,869,988
1,706,604
(/)
1,618.127
$7,456,627
1,210,719
63,110,408
:«97
4,060,534
1,841,422
1,979,269
(/)
1,476,638
10,309,209
1,413,505
62,359,991
1«W
8,791,057
2,048,825
1.900,642
(/)
1,746,024
14,589,224
2,000,743
74,487,680
l*W
4,660,834
2,027,582
1,665.066
(/)
1,276.300
17,260,250
6,066,928
95,797,370
im
5.842,562
2,872,668
1.820,214
(/)
2,349,420
19,798,570
2,896,036
96,212,345
:yn
6.738,969
8,367,982
1.860,269
(/)
2,867,659
22,463,860
2,945.268
110,211,567
im,
7,174,802
3,626.906
3,175,608
(/)
3,622,868
24,127.453
3,678,742
122,169,531
vn
8.625,869
4,672,028
2,708.143
$1,158,200
3,606,829
25,436,052
3,073,866
130,962,648
a Onnmon and pressed brick not separately clasiifled in 1894.
b Enameled brick not separately classified prior to 1898.
e Stove lining not separatelv classified prior to 1898.
d stove lining included in fire brick in 1906.
« Including pottery products in 1804 and 1896.
/ Hollow Imilding tile or blocks included in flreprooflng prior to 1008.
9 Pottery not aepantely dMBifled in 1804 and 1806.
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804 MINERAL RESOURCES.
This table is interesting, inasmuch as it shows the industry for ten
3^ears, the period covered by the statistical canvass of this office.
Almost all products have advanced in total value of output from 189T
(which was the year showing the lowest value since the beginning of
the work) to 1903, the total value of the output being $62,359,991 in
1897, and $130,962,648 in 1903, a gain of $68,602,657, or 110 percent.
Brick and tile products have increased from $52,050,782 in 1897 to
$105,526,596, a gain of $53,475,814, or 103 per cent. Pottery made
still greater gains, from $10,309,209 in 1897 to $25,436,052, a gain of
$15,126,843, or nearly 150 per cent. The number of common brick
rose steadily, with the exception of 1900, from 5,292,532,000 in 1897
to 8,463,683,000 in 1903, while the value rose from $26,430,207 in
1897 to $50,532,075 in 1903, except in 1900, when this product wa^
less in both output and value than in 1899. The average price per
thousand ranged from $4.99 in 1897 to $5.97 in 1903. Vitrified pav-
ing brick has shown a steady growth from 1897 to 1903, and there
seems to be no reason why this product should not grow in popularity,
as it is a cheap and highly efficient paving material when properly
laid, and should appeal to the small municipalities, and could even be
used to advantage on country roads.
For the first time an attempt was made to get statistics of the fire-
proofing industry by itself. Heretofore the information under tht
head has included hollow building block or tile, terra cotta, lumber,
etc. In 1^03 the combined value of these products was $3,861,3i3.
and the fireproofing alone was valued at $2,708,143. This fact should
be borne in mind in making comparisons in this table.
RANK OF STATES.
In the following table will be found a statement of the rank of
States, the total value of the products of clay, the percentage of the
total products made by each State, and the number of operating finn>
reporting in each State in 1902 and 1903:
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OliAT-WOEKINO INDUSTRIES.
805
Rank of States, value of output^ and percentage to total value of day products in 190^
and 190S,
lood.
Rank. I
State.
Number
of operat-
ing firm?
report-
ing.
Ohio
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Illinois
NewYork
Indiana
MlMoori
Iowa
California
West Virginia
Kentucky
Manachusetts
Colorado
Minnesota
Maryland
Georgia
Michigan
Virginia
Kansas
Texas ."
Alabama
Wbconsin
Connecticut and Rhode Island .
Tennessee
Washington
North Carolina
Louisiana
Nebraska
Maine
MisaisBippi
South Carolina
Arkansas
New Hampshire
Utah
Oregon
Oklahoma
District of Columbia
Montana
Florida
Delaware
Indian Territory
Idaho.:
New Mexico
North Dakote
Vermont
Arizona
Nerada
South Dakota
Wyoming ,.
Other States
Total.
Value.
815
523
159
502
242 I
490
242
804
105
56
118
86
91
116
59
99
178
100
56
168
111
158
41
110
67
195
68
100
64
85
62
59
84
48
62
88
15
24
18
24
17
43
14
14
12
24
8
12
7
6,038
925,208,128
18,847.324
13,416,939
11,190,797
9,206,252
5,694,625
5,661,607
3,098.408
2,881,548
2,558,560
2,190,959
2,108,685
2,068,310
1,924,586
1,908,821
1,731,022
1,710,421
1,678,346
1,487,004
1,472,580
1,827,927
1,807,396
1.206,069
1,186,516
928,265
862,496
818.887
768,266
677,182
677, 08^
667,195
589,946
568,621
• 440,384
425,544
868,965
880,511
829,317
221,295
203,908
166,022
164,107
142,069
127,085
114,001
109,756
99,905
^ 68,825
22,663
a71,133
Percent
of total
product.
19.26
14.89
10.24
8.M
7.08
4.35
4.32
2.36
2.16
1.95
1.67
1.61
1.68
1.47
1.46
1.32
1.31
1.28
1.14
1.12
1.01
1.00
.92
.91
.71
.66
.62
.69
.62
.62
.50
.46
.48
.84
.82
.28
.26
.25
.17
.16
.18
.18
.11
.10
.09
.08
.08
.06
.02
.06
130,962,648 i
100.00
OHratioat
» pott4
ofindi
ivldoal establishments.
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806
HIKK&AL RB8OUB0ES.
Rank of SUUes, value of output^ and percentage to total value of day products t» 190S and
iPOJ— Continued.
1908.
Rank.
State.
Number
of opeiut-
' ing finns
report-
ing.
Ohio
Pennsylvania
New Jereey
Illinois
New York
Indiana
Missouri
8 I Iowa
9 WestVIrglnia
10 Massachusetts
11 California
12 Colorado
13 Maryland
14 Minnesota
15 Kentucky
16 Michigan
17 Texas
18 Virginia
19 Georgia
20 Kansas
21 Connecticut and Rhode Island .
22 Wisconsin
23 Alabama
24 Tennessee
26 Washington
26 New Hampshire
27 North Carolina -...
28 Nebraska
29 Maine
80 Louisiana
31 South Carolina
32 Arkansas
38 Mississippi
34 Utah :
86 Oregon and Hawaii
36 Montana
87 District of Columbia
38 Oklahoma
39 Florida
40 Indian Territory
41 Delaware
42 North Dakota
43 ArijBona
44 Idaho
46 Vermont
46 New Mexico
47 SouthDakota
48 Nevada
49 Wyoming .♦
Other States
Total
801
511
154
515
262
612
235
325
53
90
89
85
68
lU
Ul
182
172
96
lOS
55
41
150
103
96
66
37
211
98
62
60
70
63
76
56
61
29
15
84
24
22
21
12
22
30
18
12
18
7
9
Value.
'Percent
I of total
' product.
6,046
$24,249,748
17,833,425
12,613,263
9,881,840
8,414,U3
5,283,733
5,166,414
2.613,836
2,518,514
2,375,667
2,253,096
2,20a963
1.905,962
1,901,781
1,873,043
1.744,040
1,698,814
1,577,833
1,506.689
1,221,588
1,217,678
1,026.658
1,016,364
913,125
905,231
867,124
795,521
757.668
656,648
66,424
613,511
5120,178
516,209
359,005
316, 6M
278,727
267,627
285,975
175,442
167,674
144, 9IM
123,214
114,606
98,046
78,886
68,679
63,425
45,600
22,160
066,152
122. 109.531
a Comprising pottery totals for the following States: Florida, Kansas,
New Hampshire, and Oregon. This total could not be distributed ai
belongs without disclosing the operations of individual establiahments.
Digitized by
, ICaine, Montana.
'no which it
Google
CLAY-WORKINa INDU8TBIM.
807
The following table shows the rank of the several States and Terri-
tories in the value of products of clay from 1894 to 1903:
Bank of day-producing Statety in value of products of clay^ 1894-190S.
State.
AlabamA
Arizona
Arkansas
Ulifomla
Colorado
Connecticata
Delaware
District of Columbia.
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Muyland
MMMchuBetts . . .
Michigan
Minnesota
MiniBBippi
MIsBouii
Montana
Nebruka
Nerada
New Hampdhire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina . .
North Dakota . . .
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon c
Penniylyania ...
Rhode Island
Booth Carolina . .
Sooth Dakota . . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
WtttViiginia...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
31
46
84
16
27
20
48
28
40
18
44
2
6
26
6
4
80
42
1
fc41
86
8
29
82
45
22
18
86
89
14
25
21
12
47
1895.
28
47
83
10
22
20
41
27
39
15
44
3
6
9
82
19
25
21
18
8
11
12
86
7
85
84
28
5
4
26
42
1
b43
87
2
29
80
45
24
14
40
88
18
81
17
16
46
1896.
26
48
84
21
29
11
41
28
89
15
46
4
7
(ft)
9
32
18
25
18
10
8
12
20
38
6
31
86
22
5
(ft)
8
24
42
1
645
88
2
80
27
44
28
14
87
40
17
85
16
19
47
23
3
48
4
27
40
1
44
87
2
(«)
29
45
22
12
86
42
16
84
18
20
48
8
44
5
29
42
1
41
87
2
(«)
85
46
22
19
86
43
17
88
18
20
48
1899.
23
44
84
12
21
20
38
33
41
16
45
6
6
47
8
25
14
81
27
11
9
15
18
32
7
86
24
48
30
3
43
4
26
39
1
41
35
2
(«)
28
46
22
17
87
42
19
29
18
10
49
1900.
1901. 1902. 1903.
(«)
27
45
23
19
87
41
15
29
9
21
48
23
42
34
11
14
21
40
35
39
16
46
4
7
41
8
22
18
80
29
18
10
17
15
33
6
32
26
49
28
3
43
5
27
45
1
38
37
2
(«)
31
47
25
12
36
44
19
24
9
20
48
23
43
32
11
12
21
41
37
39
19
44
4
6
40
8
20
15
30
29
13
10
16
14
33
7
36
28
48
26
3
46
5
27
42
1
38
85
2
(«)
31
47
24
17
84
45
18
25
9
22
49
21
46
82
9
13
28
40
87
89
16
42
4
6
41
8
19
11
27
29
15
12
17
14
80
7
47
83
3
43
5
26
44
1
86
86
2
(«)
81
48
24
20
34
45
19
25
10
22
49
• Rhode Island is included with Connecticut in 1897, 1898. 1899. 1900, 1901
^ In 18M, 1896, and 1806 Indian Territory and New Mexico were included
€ iBelwling Hawaii in 1901 and 1902.
, 1902. and 1908.
with Oklahoma Territory.
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gOg ttntefiAL fifisoimoss.
From these tables it will be seen that though every State and Terri-
tory produces clay products in greater or less quantity, the leading
producing States are located in the northern poition of the country
from the Atlantic Ocean to the Missouri River. Hawaii, which has
reported a product for several years, reported none for 1903.
Ohio has been the leading State in the production of the products of
clay since the beginning of the canvass of the industry by this office.
In 1903 the value of her clay products was $25,208,128, or 19.25 per
cent of the total, as compared with $24,249,748, or 19.85 per cent of
the total, in 1902. The number of operating firms reporting from
Ohio showed a slight increase from 801 in 1902 to 815 in 1903. Penn-
sylvania maintained her standing as second, which she has held for
nine years, with products valued at $18,847,324 in 1903, or 14.39 per
cent of the total, as compared with $17,833,425, or 14.60 per cent of
the total, in 1902.
New Jersey has been the third State in point of value of clay prod-
ucts for several years, and reported products valued at $13,416,939,
or 10.24 per cent of the total, in 1903, as compared with $12,613,263,
or 10.32 per cent of the total, in 1902. In fact, there has been no
change in the relative standing of the States, all showing material
increases, until ninth place is reached, which was occupied by Califor-
nia in 1903, with a product valued at $2,831,543, or 2.16 per cent of
the product, displacing West Virginia, which occupied ninth place in
1902, with a product valued at $2,518,544. In 1902 California was
eleventh, with a product valued at $2,253,096. The other changes of
note are Kentucky, which rose from fifteenth place in 1902 to elev-
enth in 1903; Massachusetts, which fell from tenth to twelfth; Mary-
land, which fell from thirteenth to fifteenth; Georgia, which rose
from nineteenth to sixteenth, regaining the place held by her in 1901;
Louisiana, which rose from thirtieth to twenty-seventh; New Ham p
shire, which fell from twenty -sixth to thirty -third, and Texas, which
fell from seventeenth to twentieth. The remaining States are unim-
portant so far as relative rank is concerned.
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OLAY-WOBKING INDUSTRIES.
809
BRICK AND TIIiE.
PRODUCTION.
The following tables show the production and value of building
brick and other structural products of clay, together with fire brick,
paving brick, and other clay products used in engineering work, in
1902 and 1903, the former year being presented for comparative pur-
poses only:
Brick and tile products of the United Stales in 190S,
Common brick.
Front brick.
state.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
price per
thou-
sand.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
price per
thou-
sand.
ATftbAint
Thousands.
166,475
15,148
78,506
217,715
182,788
158,882
21,562
81,062
86,629
257,844
19,887
1,015,541
294.890
28.499
191,828
141,936
128,809
111,105
61,244
147,663
190,812
215,791
161,911
109,217
274,766
25,896
106,616
9.454
86,614
272,178
16,098
1,068,464
136^493
14,825
497,071
47,796
82,216
927,212
124,769
7,818
129,818
178,134
44,867
18,907
189.891
72,825
88,060
181.722
2,531
•918,911
109,699
658,716
1,600,882
896,666
890.969
188,058
286,888
218,086
1,306,806
148,217
5.888,589
1.697,190
153.722
1.855,129
706,010
689.403
689,187
407,214
976,969
1,236,103
1,251,572
982.728
668,491
1,726.253
197.604
710,899
83,405
546.172
1,500.295
102,246
5,805,622
728,802
116, 547
8,002,606
847,755
249,178
6,174,437
612,968
68,875
789,111
1,074,051
265,558
88.801
1,245,861
567, 147
576.404
1,198.860
22,668
15.84
7.24
7.04
7.86
6.78
5.62
8.78
7.62
5.94
5.06
7.45
5.81
5.76
6.54
7.06
4.97
5.69
6.20
6.65
6.62
6.48
5.80
6.07
6.08
6.28
7.78
6.66
8.82
6.80
6.51
6.86
4.96
5.83
7.86
6.04
7.27
7.78
6.66
4.91
8.17
6.08
6.08
6.92
6.89
6.66
7.65
6.66
6.67
8.96
Thousands.
765
•6,166
•8.06
Aiiiona
ArkaiMu . . . a
1,115
8,886
26,841
700
(«)
11,020
229,587
281,929
©,660
9.88
CaUfornla
26.88
CokHmdo
10.70
Connecticut and Rhode Island ..
Dekirare
16.04
18.07
District of Columbia
15.24
Florida
Qeoffia
2,915
460
28,122
24,742
tm
14,259
6,869
8,616
2,728
2,626
2,225
6,922
890
41,076
2,580
^•^^
80,177
800
'8,429
5,462
12,191
25,748
5,950
274,728
232,487
118,561
68,769
mCooo
40,479
52,460
19,000
78,980
^^
16,600
5^,568
80,867
248,760
8,228
6»(,101
42,876
1,060,806
2,800
65,628
111,825
8.88
Irf«ho
18.22
nUnoia
10.98
Indiana
9.36
iMian Territory
13.83
Iowa .'.
10.60
Kanmfi
8.31
Kentucicy
7.83
Louisiana .
12.44
Maine
9.18
Maryland
14.84
MsamchnneVrJi
19.98
Michigan
8.54
Minnesota
11.40
iTwiffipH
11.98
MiSmi?. ^....
12.77
Montana
24.52
Nebraska
11.24
Nevada
18.68
New Hamuahire
16.47
Xevr Jervey -
18.35
New Mexico
11.99
KewYork
13.53
North Carolina
10.74
North Dakota
13.73
Ohio.
12.41
Oklahoma
8.00
Oreffon .
26.07
fVnii«vlv«nla
13.11
Sooth Carolina
9.83
SoQth Dakota
20.00
Tennf^Mee
10.49
T^xas
12.02
rtah
9.17
Vizirinia
is, 866
8,421
269
6,794
303,431
65,765
3,366
62,857
16.06
WuhinWrin
19.22
WMtVirvinla
12.48
Winoonsln
9.25
Wyomiiur
ijth«r f>tat£a6
8,390
114,965
13.70
Total
8,468,683
60,582,075
47.88
38.58
5.97
426,364
6,806,906
5.03
4.06
12.45
Per cent of brick and tUe prod-
tw*tM
Percent of total of clay products.
• Included In other States. . , ^ .,. . ... *^
^Inclndea all producU made by less than three producers in one State in order that the operations
of indlTidaal estabUahments may not be disclosed.
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810
HINEBAL RESOUBOES.
Brick and tile products of the Uniied States in 190S — Continued.
state.
Vitrified brick.
Quantity.
Alabama
ArkansaH ,
California
Colorado
Connecticut and Rhode Is-
land
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory'
Iowa
Kansas ,
Kentucky ,
Maine
Maryland ,
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
M issouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Other Statesb
Total
Per cent of brick and tile
products
Per cent of total of clay
prod u c te
2,477
96,668
47,864
21,888
54,061
(*»).
195
81.496
4,300
1,402
(°)
16,797
202,649
(a)
72,039
4,655
51,762
46,446
654, 49t*
Value.
>,824
("I
1,015,710
482,967
282,610
430,744
1,876
307.237
(«)
35,700
22,196
(«)
220,296
(«)
1,860,071
685,274
CT,814
576,268
(«)
489,874
6,453,849
6.12
4.93
Average
price per
thou-
sand.
S8.86
8.50
16.00
10.43
14.03
10.93
20.00
10.52
10.09
10.62
7.96
15.20
14.96
9.46
18.27
9.62
9.75
18.00
8.30
15.83
9.24
13.11
10.00
9.17
9.00
9.51
15.00
8.85
9.53
8.92
14.78
11.13
12.00
10.55
9.86
Fiancyor
ornamen-
tal brick
(value).
(«)
$4,618
'2*i66'
12,927
(«)
Fire
brick
(value).
' Dmintilel
(value).
1297,965
9,850
200,332
631,074
61.500
Sewer
pipe
(nlue).
(«)
$418'
1,650 .
17,994 ' $4ll,M
8,000 {«)
«
(«)
h
'S9,'756
14,970
["1
42.522
32,602
22,696
11,240
27,830
(«)
111,806
73,600
2X{,106
115.526
976
(«)
873,294
(«)
272,296
200,226
(«)
51,500
l<i2,0»
(«)
892,807 SS^m
.014,706 30,212
926,915
101.700
(«)
949,892
(«)
629,245
5.250
(«)
1,561. 9R6
(«)
6,537,076
27,240
(«)
60,585
22,333
28,160
(«)
64,171
13.932
70,802
114,880
<? 892,256
.68
14,062,369
13.33
10. 74
,028.383
24,266
20.621
2,327
1.S55
129.028
10.087
2,620
45.368
(«)
(«
(«)
(-)
(0)
1,060, 7M
20,825,
140. 181
5,969
(«)
,149.990 3,296,635
23,831
11,451
13,609
'4,750
10.888
1,499
34.566
27,626
4,639,214
4.40
3.51
(■)
727, 4(
(«)
(-)
171. lis
(«)
1.621.9M
8,535,319
8.08
fi.5]
a Included in Other States,
b Includes all products made by less than three producers In one State in order that the opcratiooa
of individual establishments; may not be disclosed.
0 Including enameled brick valued at $569,689, made in the following States: California. IIliIKrf^
Maryland, Missouri. New Jersey. Ohio, and Pennsylvania. New Jersey and Ohio, with piodocu,
respectively, of ^213.463 and $32,552, were the only States in which there were three or more produ-
cers of enameled brick.
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OLAY-WOBKIKG INDUSTRIES.
811
Brick and tile products of the United States in 190S — Continued.
state.
Ornamen-
tal terra
cotta
(value).
Fireproof-
ing
(value).
Hollow
building
tile or
blocks
(value).
Tile, not
drain
(value).
Miscella-
neous
(value).a
Total
value.
Alabama
(«►)
$1,304,607
Arizona
$56
109,755
678, 846
Arkansas
Calif om ia
1180,488
161,649
(*)
(«►)
(«►)
27,976
49,000
2,782,065
2,011,441
Colorado
Connecticut and Rhode
Island
(«►)
1,093,619
203, 908
Delaware
District of Col umbia
(*)
16,243
319, 657
Florida
221,295
Georgia
85,500
(«»)
C')
1,069
120
4,498
358,511
7,500
63,904
27,099
1,708,880
164,107
Idaho
Illinois
1,198,477
iP)
308,661
iP)
$27,277
162,172
$288,426
463,082
10,291,004
Indiana
5,113,656
Indian Territory
166. 022
Iowa
131,191
iP)
(«►)
(«>)
222,420
3,037 641
Kansas
1,463,475
2 051,132
Kentucky
(«►)
Louisiana
73,200
813,887
Maine
677, 182
Maryland
(*)
(b)
t^
27,360
2,778
1,435,566
Mamachusetts
(«»)
1,807,849
1,662,414
Michigan
19,188
60,500
Minnej«ota
(«»)
ieo
200
409,355
1,527,008
662, 737
Missiasippi
MisBouii
871,006
91,588
(«»)
7,855
235,091
(«»)
5,610.206
329, 317
Montana
Nebraska
4,706
768, -255
99 905
Nevada
New Hampshire
568,621
New Jersey
1.364,094
1,266,002
69,652
734,169
407,054
800
46,450
5,000
7,101,713
142 039
New Mexico
New York
947,153
iP)
28,825
150,504
7,934,174
848 264
North Carolina
North Dakota
127 085
Ohio
(«»)
347,105
518,544
1,072,108
598.686
15,000
12,000
847.470
14,120,041
Oklahoma
368 955
Oregon
191,890
86,731
425, 544
Pennsylvania
829,004
207,608
16 973,772
South Carolina
647,368
South Dakota
68 825
Tenneasc^
(«►)
(«►)
1,072,3^12
Texas ,.r, -,
iP)
65,500
150
1,374 914
Utah
436, 081
Vermont
114 001
Virginia
160
651
1,650,660
Washington
(*)
(«»)
(^)
912, lf»5
West Virginia
(«•)
1,310 «)0
(«►)
1,200
1,293,810
Wyoming -
2^ mi
Other States <?
196,306
451,406
51,815
136,936
Total
4,672,028
4.48
8.57
2,708,143
2.57
2.07
1,158,200
1.09
.88
3,606,329
3.32
2.68
3,073,856
2.91
2.35
106,526,596
100.00
Per cent of brick and tile
products
Per cent of total of clay
products
80.58
o Including adobes, aquarium ornaments, assayers' furnaces, boiler and locomotive tile and tank
blocks, burnt-clay ballast, carboy stoppers, chemical brick, chimnev radial brick, pipe, and tops:
clay furnaces, retorts, and settings: crucibles, cupola lining, curbing blocks, electrical conduits, fire
mortar, flue lining, gas Xof^, glass-house supplies, grave markers, muffles, oven tile, paving block,
ranner brick, saggers, seariflerfi, sectional sewer blocks, stone pumps, tunnel and well brick, and
wall coping conduits.
b Included in Other States.
« Includes all products made by less than three producers in one State in order that the operations
of individual establishments mav not be disclosed.
<'The total of Other States is distributed among the States to which it belongs in order that they
may t>e fully represented in the totals.
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812
MINERAL RESOUBOE9.
Brick and tile products of the United Stales in 1902.
Common brick
F
Quantity.
"ront brick.
State.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
price per
thou-
sand.
Value.
Average
price per
thou-
nnd.
Alabama
ThotiMiidB.
128,106
15,696
69,997
181,040
147,318
156,885
13,972
25,081
81,711
223,706
12,440
1,023,681
306,233
20,G54
228,142
115,856
112,728
99,025
59.060
141,235
241,376
287,264
192,674
85,730
292,134
18,292
100,788
4,666
125, 442
300,683
6,806
1,061,712
131,816
16,866
638,562
32,048
27,369
949, 718
117,710
7,678
106,106
217.461
39,924
10.808
192,337
73,325
81,166
152,127
2,546
$730,907
114,580
466, 170
1,291,941
986,882
896,171
115,684
185.480
170,852
1,114,527
92,309
5,131,621
1,710,385
135,749
1,675.959
606,726
659,612
697,833
377,059
879,995
1,529,671
1,381,752
1,103,515
496,736
1,832,118
130,839
638,901
40,600
861.976
1.506,224
40,364
5,021,132
692,813
113,022
3,091,847
230,666
208,647
6,074,852
560.409
60,100
606,883
1,853,489
236,876
60,886
1,185,862
677,407
627,661
919,883
21,800
$6.71
7.30
6.62
7.14
6.70
6.71
8.28
7.40
6.89
4.98
7.42
5.01
5.60
6.67
6.91
5.24
6.85
6.04
6.88
6.23
6.34
6.61
5.72
6.79
6.27
7.13
6.84
8.70
6.87
6.01
6.40
4.73
5.28
6.91
6.74
7.20
7.62
6.40
4.76
7.88
5.72
6.22
5.93
6.63
6.16
7.87
6.50
6.06
8.56
Thoutands.
43
$500
$11. e:
Arizona
Arkansas
3,258
6,099
31,737
1,800
29,760
119,302
834,332
(«)
9.13
California
19.56
Colorado
10.53
ConnectieiU und Rhode Island ..
Delaware
9.0
14.01
District of Columbia
14.17
Florida
Georgia
6.160
a),943
24,866
7,604
25,817
6,172
8,457
3.631
6,684
6,280
828
30,744
930
6.648
42,926
2,082
18,963
996
(«)
63,815
(")
540
77,746
773
75
3,462
6,»I4
9,44t
46.560
(«)
240,466
215,202
229.980
47,027
45,375
69.230
42,792
75.850
3.350
358,089
16,213
87.416
552.000
20.811
249,573
8,376
^*4.822
15.500
966,590
6,380
1,325
35,686
73,619
84,979
9.64
Idaho
10.00
Illinois
11.48
Indiana
&65
Indian Territory
11.24
Iowa
10.76
Kansas
8.91
Kentucky
7.62
l^ou isiana
10.00
Maine
10.00
Maryland
IS. IS
.Maf^sachu.settH
19:07
Michigan
7.S
Minnesota
12.08
Mississippi
ia2i
Missouri
1L65
Montana
17.43
Nebraska
1115
Nevada ^
20.0)
New Hampshire
10.87
New Jersey
1180
N ew Mexico
10.00
New York...
18.1'J
North Carol ina
8.42
North Dakota
13.40
Ohio.....
10.5;
Oklahoma
12.00
Oregon *>
21 70
Pennsvl vania
12. 4S
South Carolina
6.9S
South Dakota
17.67
Tennessee
lasi
Texas
laTf
Utah
9.00
Vermont
Virginia
20,433
2,400
(«)
7,724
g,238
344,139
61.771
%,303
86,632
16. 84
Washington
21.57
West Virginia
14. SS
Wisconsin
9.10
Wyoming
14.00
Otner Statesrf
lass
Total
8,475,067
48,885,869
49.86
40.01
6.77
458.391
5,318.008
5.42
4.35
11.60
Per cent of brick and tile prod-
ucts
Percent of total of clay products
n Included in Other States.
Mncludes Hawaii.
c Value of front brick for Wyoming included In Wyoming miscellaneous.
d Includes all products made by less than three producers in one State in order that the opentloos
of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES.
813
Brick and tile products of the Viiiied Stales in 1902 — Continued.
state.
Alabf jna
Arkansas
Otlifornia
Colorado
Connecticut and Rhode
Island
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
niinoig
Indiaoft
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Majsachusetts . . .
Michigan
Minnesota
Misissippi
Miseoun
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampslilre.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina..
North Dakota ...
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon^
Pennsylvania
South Carolina..
Boutb Dakota
Tennemee ,
Texaa
rtah ,
Vermont
Virginia
Waflhington
West Virifinia
WiKonf«in ,
Other States <f ....
Total
Pfer cent of brick and tile
products
Per cent of total of clay
products
Vitrified paving brick.
Quantity.
Thousands.
S
1,549
91,116
45,933
23,905
37,937
(«)
22,288
8,250
1,014
27,009
186.786
76,024
t-\
4,700
60,549
85,132
617,192
Value.
S
117,915
889,784
441.494
232,056
285,156
(°)
194,250
2^,150
10,437
(«)
322,260
(«)
1,643,532
716,887
74,329
578. 777
362,513
6,744,530
5.86
4.70
Average
price per
thou-
sand.
Fancy or I
omamen-i
tal brick '
(value). I
Sll.OO
9.00
11.57
9.10
9.22
9.61
9.71
7.62
13.80
10.00
19.99
15.61
12.26
8.72
15.00
7.74
10.29
7.76
11.93
10.00
8.80
9.00
9.43
10.49
9.23
15.81
9.56
10.32
9.31
Fire
brick
(value).
114.185
"(a)'
10,3
1,«
49,411
121
11,407
46,027
(«)
20,972
4,667
la!
164,760
«806,453
.82
9222,660
13,500
96,491
609,495
(«)
199,048
66,726
850
(«)
605,448
277,290
64,342
(°)
739,885
113,112
t^}
580
402,006
1,203
a?
982
750
6,080,213
29,800
(«)
39,318
17,781
12,400
13,847
18,662
28.633
(«)
184,990
11,970,611
12.21
9.80
S^JI 'Draintilc
(S. ' (value).
$1,260 110,469
4,706
12.750 !.
a
21,540
133,752
(«)
8,477
'i32*832
192,460
116,653
(«)
(«')
11,210
630,924
.64
.52
698,788
807,516
672.212
6,625
26,039
5,777
2,105
96,645
2,219
1,700
35,887
33,020
110,801
8,600
894,718
18,097
9,317
10,323
2,766
6,200
4.240
7,649
1,226
17.763
16,900
1,606,787
3.58
2.87
aincladed in Other States.
ft Includes Hawaii.
'Stove lining for Vermont included in Vermont miscellaneous.
<< Includes all products made by less than three producers in one State in order that the operations
of indlTidoal establishments may not be disclosed.
^Including enameled brick, valued at ^71,163, made in the following States: California, Illinois.
Marvland, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. New Jersey and Pennsylvania, with
pTodocis respectively of 8202,740, and •57,183, were the only States in which there were three or more
producers ox enameled brick.
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814
MINERAL BE8OUB0B8.
Brick and tile products of Hie United Slates in 190S — Continned.
state.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut and Rhode Is-
land
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory ,
Iowa ,
Kansas ,
Kentucky ,
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland ,
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon c
Pennsylvania . ^
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Other States/
Total
Per cent of brick and tile
products
Per cent of total of clay
products
Sewer pipe
(value).
$881,076
87,820
174,006
860,149
811,223
s
1^1
1'
908,279
C)
209,106
2,646,134
^!
481
118,462
1,483,155
7,174,892
7.82
6.87
Ornamen-
tal terra
cotta
(value).
$173,194
91,000
1,000,765
(«»)
861,780
18,289
'248*866
85,225
*i,"id2,*968'
8,526,906
8.60
2.88
Piroproof-
ing
(value).
$18,645
*2i,'666
858,015
342,854
108,824
41,000
99,690
965,047
128,497
757,618
8,815
188,839
(*)
(ft)
196,814
8,175,598
8.24
2.60
Tile
(not drain)
(value).
(ft)
i!!
Miacella-
neons
(value). a
$600 i
28 I
10,187 I
49,001
72,304 I
$257,049
579,896
2,590
'237,469
67; 418
3
'i63,*866
795,153
125,680
1,156,871
*"282,*48i'
(ft)
65,450
3,622,863
8.70
2.97
25,000
180
22,403
92,556
51,157
81,449
23,571
31,318
9,015
360
480,544
11,083
649,139
480
106.825
1,279,471
45
749,502
6,665
878
<'18,000
5,161 I
500
1,120
«350 !
8,678,742
8.75 [
3.01 I
Total
value.
$989,865
114. «e
510,728
2,201,489
2,166.60
1,100,7SI
144. »4
2S8,4»
175,442
1, 491.830
93,048
9,187,426
4,62s, 449
167.674
2.797,949
1,221,588
1,736,000
642,421
656,648
1.880,062
2,075.211
1,660,942
1,531,001
501.786
5,112,901
278,737
757,688
45.60D
887. 1»
6,420,304
68,879
7,484,682
781.061
123,214
lS,7».f]0
23S,fi5
318. m
15,9S7.UD
596,706
6S,4S
862,427
1,595,613
8a,S5
78, 8»
1.573,80
891. OT
1.SSZ.O0O
1,014,133
22,150
(^)
98,042,0»
loaoo
£0.21
a Including adobes, aquarium ornaments, boiler and locomotive brick and tile. bumtH^Iay ballast
carboy stoppers. chemiciU brick and tile; chimnev blocks, pipes, and tops; clav furnaces retorts and
settings; conduits for underground wires, crucibles, curbing blocks, fire-clay insulatori. fire mortar,
flue lining, furnace brick and tile, gas logs, glasshouse supplies, grave markers, ground fire brirl^
muffles, oven tile, paving blocks, porous cups, saggers, stone pumps, wall coping, web tOe, sewer and
well brick.
b Included in Other States.
o Includes Hawaii.
d Stove lining for Vermont included in Vermont miscellaneous.
• Value of front brick for Wyoming included in Wyoming miscellaneous.
/ Includes all products made by less than three producers In one State, in order that the operatioftf
of individual establishments mav not be disclosed.
9 The total of Other States is distributed among the States to which it belongs, in order that tbey
may be fully represented in the totals.
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CLAY-WOBKING INDU8TBIES. 815
These tables show in detail the brick and tile products of the country
as classified by this OflSce in the two years of greatest prosperity the
industry has ever known, when the products shown were valued at
$105,526,596 and $98,042,078 in 1903 and 1902, respectively. This was
a gain in 1903 of $7,484,518, or 7.63 per cent. The corresponding
increase in 1902 over 1901 was $10,294,351, or 11.73 per cent. These
products composed 80.68 per cent of the total in 1903 and 80.26 per
cent in 1902. The number of common brick reported in 1903 was
8,463,683,000, as compared with 8,475,067,000 in 1902, a decrease
of 11,384,000. The average price per thousand of this class of brick
increased from $5.77 in 1902 to $5.97 in 1903. The value of the com-
mon-brick product in 1903 was 47.88 per cent of all brick and tile
products and 38.58 pjer cent of the value of all clay products. In
1902 these percentages were 49.86 and 40.01, respectively.
The next most important product in point of value was fire brick
(includmg stove lining), which was valued in 1903 at $14,062,369, or
13.33 per cent of the brick and tile products and 10.74 per cent of the
all-clay products. In 1902 this product was valued at $12,601,435, or
li.85 per cent of the brick and tile products and 10.32 per cent of the
total clay products.
The sewer-pipe industry is one of importance, this product ranking
third in point of value in 1903, when it was valued at $8,525,369, or
8.08 per cent of the brick and tile products and 6.51 per cent of all
clay products.
The vitrified paving brick was fourth in value, being in 1903 valued
at $6,453,849, as compared with $5,744,530 in 1902. The quantity
increased from 617,192,000 in 1902 to 654,499,000 in 1903, and the
average value per thousand increased from $9.31 in 1902 to $9.86
in 1903.
Fireproofing apparently fell off in 1903, but this is only apparent, as
for 1903 it was reported separately, whereas in previous years hollow
building block or tile, etc., have been included with it.
RANK OP STATES.
The following tables show the rank of States in the output of brick
nd tile products as distinguished from pottery products and the per-
• ntage of the total made by each State and Territory in 1902 and 1903.
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816
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Bank of States, xxUue of output, and percentage of total brick and tUe prodwstM in 1902
and 190S.
1908.
Rank,
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
,27
28
29
80
31
State.
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Illinois
New York
New Jersey
Missouri
Indiana
Iowa
California
Kentucky
Colorado
Massachusetts
Georgia
Michigan
Virginia
Minnesota
Kansas
Maryland
Texas
Went Virginia
Alabama
Wisconsin
Connecticut and Rhode Island
Tennessee
Washington
North Carolina
Louisiana
Nebraska
Maine
Mississippi
South Carolina
Arkansas
New Hampshire
Utah
Or^on
Oklahoma
Montana
District of Columbia
Florida
Delaware
Indian Territory
Idaho
New Mexico
North Dakota
Vermont
Arizona
Nevada
South Dakota
Wyoming
Total
Value.
! Percent
of total
I product
116, 973, 'Ti
1&0»
14,120,041
ll»
10,291,064
9.75
7,934,174
7.52
7,101,713
6.7S
5,610,306
5.S
5,113,656
4.M
3,087,641
188
2,782,065
IW
2,051,132
1.94
2,011,441
1.91
1,807,»19
■ L71
1,708.880
LC2
1,662,414
l.»
1,650,660
LM
1,527,008
1.6
1,463,475
l.»
1,435.566
L36
1,374.914
1.80
1,310,060
1.11
1,304,607
L24
1.293,810
L23
1,098,619
LW
1,072,342
1.02
912,165
.»
848,264
.80
813,387
.77
768,255
.73
677,182
M
6e2,737
.63
647,368
.61
578,346
.hS
568.621
M
435,084
.41
425,544
.40
868,955
.85
329,817
.S
319,657
.80
221.296
.21
203,906
.1»
166,022
.K
164,107
.K
142,089
.IS
127,085
.12
114,001
.11
109,756
.10
99.906
.09
68,825
.«c
22,668
.oe
105,526,596
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CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES.
817
BamkofSUUeSj value ofoulputj and percentage to total of brick and tile products in 190S
and 190S,
1902.
Rank.
State.
Value.
Per cent
of total
product.
$15,967,160
16.28
13,780.610
14.00
9,187,426
9.87
7,484,682
7.68
6,420,801
6.55
6,112,901
5.22
4,628,449
4.72
2,797,949
2.85
2,201,489
2.i25
2,166,668
2.21
2,075.212
2.12
1,736,000
1.78
1,660,942
1.69
1,595,612
1.63
1,578,842
1.61
1,581,006
1.56
1,491,880
1.52
1,880,062
1.41
1,852,090
1.88
1,221,688
1.25
1,100,781
1.12
1,014,878
1.08
989,865
1.01
891.877
.91
887,124
.90
862,427
.88
781,009
.80
757,668
.77
666,648
.67
642,424
.66
596,706
.61
510,728
.52
501,786
.51
858,256
.86
818,604
.83
278,727
.28
268,480
.26
286,976
.24
176,442
.18
167,674
.17
144,934
.15
128,214
.12
114,608
.12
98,048
.09
78.886
.06
68,879
.07
68,425
.06
46,600
.05
22,160
.02
98,042,078
100.00
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
ao
21
22
28
24
26
»l
27
28
»
m
«i
e
"I
35
»
37
88
89.
40
41 ,
42
43
44
45t
46
47
48
Peniuylvania .
Ohio
lUlnob
New York
New Jersey
Mlaonri
Indiana
I Iowa
I California
Colorado
I Munwchngetts .
j Kentucky
I Michigan
I Texas
Virginia
I Minnesota
Georgia
Maryland
West Virginia .
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Wisconsin
Alabama
Washington
New Hampshire
Tenneswe
North Carolina
Nebraska
Maine
Louisiana
South Carolina .
Arkansas
MisBiflBippi
Utah
Oregooa
Montana
District of Columbia .
Oklahoma
Florida
Indian Territory.
Delaware
North Dakota
Arixona ,
Idaho
Vermont ,
New Mexico
South Dakota
Kerada
Wyoming
Total .
M R 1903 62
n Includes Hawaii
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818 MINEBAL RE80UB0EB.
Ohio is the leading State in the value of all clay products, but took
second place in the production of brick and tile products in 1903,
Pennsylvania producing these materials to the value of $16,973,772, or
16.09 per cent of the total, compared with Ohio's production of
$14,120,041, or 13.38 per cent of the total. This is accounted for by
the large output of building and fire brick in Pennsylvania, while
Ohio's chief brick and tile products are vitrified paving brick, drain
tile, sewer pipe, fireproofing, and floor, wall, and art tiles. Ohio's
leading position with regard to the total value of all clay products is
due to the large pottery output. The other leading States maintained
their relative positions during 1902 and 1903.
HUDSON RIVER REGION.
The following table shows the production of common brick along
the Hudson River from Cohoes, N. Y., to New York Cit}", including
Bergen County, N. J. This region continues to be the most impor-
tant common-brick making region probably in the world, and is the
principal source of supply for the New York market, the largest in
the United States. New York State continues to be the largest pro-
ducer of common bnck in the United States, marketing 1,068,464,000
in 1903. Of this quantity 798,254,000, or 74.71 per cent, were pro-
duced along the Hudson River, as compared with 782,932,000, or 73.74
per cent, in 1902, a gain of 15,322,000, or 1.96 per cent.
This output of common brick was exceeded by only two States in
the Union, Illinois and Pennsylvania, Ohio producing a little less than
two-thirds as much as the New York portion of this region. No other
State produced even as much as 40 per cent of the New York portion,
Indiana being the largest producer, with only 36.94 per cent Ulster
County had the largest output, 190,981,000, and Rensselaer the small-
est, 17,504,000. There were only 10 States besides New York that
marketed more common brick than Ulster County, namely: Califor-
nia, 217,715,000; Georgia, 257,844,000; Illinois, 1,015,541,000; Indiana,
294,890,000; Iowa, 191,323,000; Michigan, 215,791,000; Missouri,
274,755,000; New Jei-sey, 272,178,000; Ohio, 497,071,000, and Penn-
sylvania, 927,212,000.
Of New Jersey's output of 272,178,000 common brick, one county,
Bergen, included in this table, produced 46,246,000, or a little more
than one-sixth of the total. The market for the brick of this county
is found almost wholly in Greater New York, hence this county was per-
haps more seriously affected by the building strikes in 1903 in that city
than any other part of the region, which may account for its falling off.
The average price per thousand ranged from $4.01 in Ulster County
to $5.57 in Orange County, the average for the New York portion
being $4.69 as compared with $4.42 in 1902. The average value per
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OLAY-WOKKING INDUSTRIES.
819
thousand in Bergen County, N. J., in 1903 was $6 as compared with
$^.38 in 1902. The average for the whole region was $4.70 ip 1903
as compared with $iA2 in 1902.
As heretofore, the figures embraced in this table include principally
the output made along the river, which is 8hipf>ed mostly to Greater
New York, though of course there is more or less local consumption,
especially in the northernmost counties.
FroiiucHon of common brick in the Hudson River districty from Cohoes to New York CHty, in
1902 and 190S, by counties.
1903.
County.
Number
of firms
report-
ing.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
price per
thou-
sand.
Albany
Colombia
Datchea
Greene
Onmge
Benaelaer
Rockland
Hrter
Westchester
Total for New York .
Berfcn County, N.J
Total
Thousands.
46,000
67,382
143,462
28,225
80,946
17,504
184,255
190,981
49,600
107
8
116
$244,851
243,707
667,465
122,625
460,663.
85,823
921,611
765,504
240,264
798,254
46,246
3,741,908
281,413
844,500
3,973,816
95.32
4.25
4.65
4.84
5.57
4.87
6.00
4.01
4.85
4.69
5.00
4.70
1902.
Albany
Tolmnbia
Dutchess
Greene
Oiange
ReoMelaer
Rockland
riiPter
Westchester
Total for New York
Bet^en County. N. J
Total
11
40,550
$184,674
$4.56
1 5
58,500
809,625
5.29
19
133,081
586,873
4.40
4
30,101
134,748
4.48
8
88,900
412,960
4.66
• 7
11,200
66,350
6.08
33
209,905
898,605
4.28
23
169,130
638,063
4.01
9
51,565
242,795
4.71
119
782,932
3,463,683
4.42
8
50,133
219,696
4.38
127
838,065
3,683,379
4.42
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820
HINEBAL BESOUBCES.
PRICES.
The following tables show the average prices per thousand of the
various kinds of brick in 1902 and 1903, by States and Territories:
Average value per thousand of various kinds of brick in 190S, by Stales and TerriUnia.
COMMON BKICK.
Wyoming $8.95
Nevada 8.82
Delaware 8.73
South Dakota 8.17
North Dakota ^ 7.86
Montana 7. 78
Oregon 7.73
Washington 7.65
District of Columbia 7. 62
Idaho 7.45
California 7. 35
Oklahoma 7.27
Arizona 7. 24
Iowa 7.08
Arkansas 7. 04
Colorado 6.73
Nebraska 6.66
Pennsylvania 6.66
Maine 6.65
Maryland 6.62
Wisconsin 6. 57
Virginia 6.56
West Virginia 6.55
Indian Territory 6. 54
Massachusetts 6. 48
Vermont 6,39
New Mexico 6.35
New Hampshire 16.30
Missouri 6.28
Louisiana 6. 20
Tennessee 6.08
Minnesota 6.07
Ohio 6.04
Mississippi 6.03
Texas 6.03
Rhodelsland 6.00
Florida 5.94
Utah 5.92
Alabama 5.S4
Michigan 5.80
Indiana 5. 76
Kentucky 5. 50
Connecticut 5.57
New Jersey 5.51
North Carolina 5.33
Illinois 5.31
Georgia 5.06
Kansas 4.97
New York 4.96
South Carolina 4.91
Average for the United
States 5.97
FRONT BRICK.
Or^on
California
Montana
Connecticut
South Dakota
Massachusetts
Washington
Nevada
Delaware
Virginia
New Hampshire
District of Columbia .
Rhode Island
Maryland
North Dakota
New York
New Jersey
Indian Territory
Idaho
Pennsylvania
Missouri
West Virginia
Louisiana
Ohio
Texas
$26.07
25.83
24.52
23.00
20.00
19.98
19.22
18.53
18.07
16.08
15.47
15.24
15.00
14.84
13.73
13.53
13.35
13.33
13.22
13.11
12.77
12.48
12.44
12.41
12.02
New Mexico $n.99
Mississippi 11.96
Minnesota 11. 40
Nebraska 11.24
Illinois 10.93
North Carolina 10.74
Colorado 10.70
Iowa laao
Tennessee ia49
Arkansas 9.88
Indiana 9. 36
South Carolina 9.83
Wisconsin 9.25
Utah 9.17
Maine 9.13
Geoii^ 8.83
Michigan 8.54
Kansas 8.31
Alabama 8,06
Oklahoma 8.00
Kentucky 7.83
Average for the United
Steles 12.45
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CLAY-WORKING INDU8TBIE8.
821
VITRIFIED PAVmO BRICK.
Idaho $20.00
Montana 18.00
New Jersey 15.83
Kentucky 16.20
California 16.00
Sooth Dakota 15.00
Mame 14.96
Wadungton 14.78
Michigan 13.27
New York 13.11
Wisconsin 12.00
West Virginia 11.13
Georgia 10.93
Iowa 10.62
lilinois 10.52
Colorado 10.43
Rhode Island 10.43
Indiana 10.09
North Carolina $10.00
Missouri 9. 75
Minnesota 9.62
Texas 9.53
Pennsylvania 9. 61
Maryland 9. 46
New Mexico 9.24
Ohio 9.17
Oklahoma 9.00
Vircinia 8.92
Alabama 1 8.85
Tennessee 8. 85
Arkansas 8. 50
Nebraska 8. 30
Kansas 7.96
Average for the United
States 9.86
Average value per thouMnd of various kinds of brick in 190^^ by States and Territories.
COMMON BRICK.
Hawaii $14.40
Nevada 8.70
Wyonung 8.56
Delaware 8.28
Washington 7.87
SoothDakota 7.83
Oregon 7.44
Idaho 7.42
District of Colombia 7.40
Ariiona 7.30
Oklahoma 7.20
California 7.14
Montana 7.13
Iowa 6.91
NorthDakota 6.91
Rhodelsland 6.88
New Hampshire 6.87
Colorado 6.70
Indian Territory 6.57
Arkansas 6.52
West Virginia 6.50
NewMewco 6.40
Pennsylvania 6.40
Maine 6.38
MaaBachusetts 6.34
Nebraska 6.34
Miffloori 6.27
Maryland $6.23
Texas 6.22
Virginia 6.16
Wisconsin 6.05
Louisiana 6. 04
Utah 5.93
Kentucky 5. 85
Mississippi 5. 79
Ohio 5.74
Minnesota 5. 72
Tennessee 5.72
Alabama 6. 71
Vermont 5.63
Michigan 5. 61
Indiana 5.60
Connecticut 5. 58
Florida 5.39
North Carolina 5.28
Kansas 5.24
Illinois 5.01
New Jersey 6. 01
Georgia 4.98
South Carolina 4.76
New York 4.73
Average for the United
States 5.77
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822
MINBBAL RE80UBCE8.
FROUT BRICK.
Oregon 128.70
Connecticut 23.00
Washington 21.67
Nevada 20.00
California 19.56
MasBachufletta 19. 07
SouthDakota 17.67
Montana 17.43
Virginia 16.84
WestViginia 14.33
District of Columbia 14.17
Delaware 14.03
Wyoming 14.00
North Dakota 13.40
New York 13.16
Nebraska 13^15
Maryland 13.13
New Jersey 12.86
Pennsylvania 12.43
Minnesota 12.08
Oklahoma 12.00
Missouri 11.66
Alabama 11.63
riinois 11.48
Indian Territory 11.24
New Hampshire $10.87
Iowa 10.76
Texas 10.76
Ohio 10.57
Colorado 10.53
Tennessee 10.31
Mississippi 10. 21
Idaho 10.00
Louisiana 10.00
Maine 10.00
New Mexico 10.00
Arkansas 9.13
Wisconsin 9. 10
Georgia 9.04
Rhodelsland 9.00
Utah 9.00
Kansas 8.91
Indiana 8.65
North Carolina 8.42
Kentucky 7.62
Michigan 7.53
South CaroUna 6.96
Average for the United
States 11.6
VFTRIFIED PAVING BRICK.
Maine $19.99
Washington 15.81
Maryland 16. 61
Montana 16.00
Kentucky 13.80
Michigan 12.26
New York 11.93
Colorado 11.57
Alabama 11.00
Tennessee 10.49
New Jersey 10.29
Louisiana 10. 00
North Carolina . 10.00
Iowa 9.71
Indiana 9.61
West Virginia $0.56
Pennsylvania 9.43
Texas 9.23
Illinois 9.22
Rhodelsland 9.10
Arkansas 9.00
Oklahoma 9.00
Ohio 8.80
Missouri 8. 72
New Mexico 7.75
Nebraska 7.74
Kansas 7.52
Average
States.
for the United
9.31
Hawaii, which had the highest priced common brick in 1901 and
1902, reported no product in 1903, leaving Wyoming the State in
which the highest average price was attained, namely, $8.95 per thou-
sand, but as the production was small it had little effect on the general
average. The average price of this variety of brick in this State in
1902 was $8.56. Nevada was second with conmion brick, valued at
$8.82 per thousand. Delaware was third with an average of $8.73 in
1903 and fourth in 1902 with an average of $8.28. As in 1902, the
highest average prices prevailed in the far western States, except in
Delaware and the District of Columbia, where prices seem to range
abnormally high for the easteni part of the country. South Carolina,
New York, and E^ansas appear to be the States in which the average
price was lowest, being $4.91, $4.96, and $4.97, respectively. In
Rhode Island and Florida the average most nearly approached the
average for the country.
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OLAY-WOBKING INDUSTRIKS. 828
Front brick ranged in value from $26.07 per thousand in Oregon to
$7.83 in Kentucky, Louisiana, with an average value of $12.44, being
the nearest to the general average, $12.45. In 1902 the average
ranged from $28.70 in Oregon to $6.96 in South Carolina, with Ala-
bama the nearest to the general average of $11.60, the average in that
State being $11.63.
Vitrified paving brick ranged in value from $20 per thousand in
Idaho to $7.96 in Kansas. In Ohio, the largest producer of this
variety of brick, the average per thousand was $9.17, and in Pennsyl-
vania, the next largest producer, $9.51, while in Illinois the average
was $10.52. Missouri was the nearest to the general average of $9.86,
her product being valued at $9.75. In 1902 the prices ranged from
$19.99 per thousand in Maine to $7.52 in Kansas, Texas coming the
nearest to the general average of $9.31 with a value of $9.23 per
thousand.
POTTKRY.
INTRODUCTION.
The year 1903 should have been a satisfactory one to the potters of
the United States as a whole, inasmuch as the total value of the prod-
uct marketed showed an increase, but to some of the white-ware manu-
facturers the year's business was not so good as in 1902. This was
especially true of the so-called western potters — those located west of
the Alleghany Mountains, where quite a considerable number of new
potteries were added to the list, and although some of them did not
actively enter the market in 1903, the fact that they were about to
become competitors, coupled with the large increase in imports, seemed
to unsettle the market and materially to reduce the output of many of
the leading potters of the western region.
The total value of the product increased from $24,127,453 in 1902 to
$25,436,052 in 1903, a gain of $1,308,599, or 5.42 per cent. This gain,
while not so large as that of 1902 over 1901 or 1901 over 1900, when
the increases were $1,663,593, or 7.41 percent, and $2,665,290, or 13.46
per cent, respectively, shows that the industry is more than holding
its own, and that although the prosperitj^ of the industry may not have
been as great, comparatively, as in 1902, nevertheless it is in a healthy
condition. The number of operating firms reporting increased from
518 in 1902 to 546 in 1903, a gain of 28, or 5.41 per cent.
Ohio and Pennsylvania, where the new white- ware potteries have
been established, showed a gain of 21 establishments, or an increase
of 13.13 per cent, although the output of these two States increased
only 4.57 per cent.
Another notable feature of the year was the large increase of the
imports. The pottery imports increased from $9,570,534 in 1902 to
$11,227,701 in 1903, again of $1,657,167, or 17.32 per cent, as com-
pared with a gain of 5.42 per cent in domestic production. This is
the largest value for imported pottery ever recorded. The next largest
was in 1895, when it was $10,234,322.
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824
MINEBAL RESOUBOES.
PRODUCTION.
The following tables show the value of the pottery products of the
United States, by varieties of products and by States and Territories,
in 1902 and 1903:
Value ofpoUery producU, by varieties of products in 1903, by States and Taritories.
PLAIN.
SUte.
Red earth-
enware.
Stoneware.
YeUowand
rocking-
ham ware.
C.Cware.
White granite,
soniporce-
lainware.
andaemivn-
reoQs porce-
lain ware.
rhiiiA
AlAbaniA
11.216
6,264
18,560
10.854
8,972
27.685
9,700
4.800
122,104
9,400
9.858
A rkiin8M
California
Colorado
(«)
Connecticot
Piiitrict of Coh»inhfa
Qeorffia
17,970
662,868
68,460
48,622
28,529
120.620
Illinois
(«)
(«)
• "^r-
Indiana
Iowa
KanHfti^ , ...-,,,
,
Kentucky
19,207
I/>Tii<^ana
Maine
(«)
Maryland
14,928
Ul,542
42.007
9,718
680
6,697
^m
29,959
612
94,601
2.840
5.800
(*)
$161,000
Massachusetts
26.840
e*)
Michigan
Minnesota
885.995
18,715
43.804
Miasiflsippi
Missouri
Montana
New Jersey
66.404
52.851
18,620
960,628
89.847
U
$400,029
386, 9B4
$87i.900
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
•222,904
419,689
2. 676. 069
161. MD
Oregon
Pennsylvania
(«)
286,888
(•)
South <[]flkrollna
Tennessee
Texas
(«)
(«)
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
16,600
(«)
Washington
West Virginia
(«)
303,200
Wiswomrin ..,...,.-- ,^ ^ - - ... .
12,886
21,290
other States'
47.396
102.790
128.092
212,761 fU,71S
Total plain
681,760
3,185,119
325,694
956,760
4,026,865
866^10
DECORATED.
Colorado
niinois
Maryland
Massachusetts .
New Jersey
Ohio..
Pennsylvania..
West Virginia. .
Other States d..
Total decorated
Grand total
Per cent of total clay prod-
ucts
Per cent of pottery products.
^.970
5.150
32,295
66.415
696.175
.58
2.74
(«)
$141,651
6.472
148.023
3.338,142
2.54
18.10
$325,694
.25
1.28
(«)
R^836
"*ei*6o6'
895.336
1,862.096
1.08
5.82
&9,000
1,188,966
4.005.0U
749,786
750.898
180,908
W,7»
7,U4,661 89S.9»
11.140.916 l.a».5K
8.61 I
43.80 1
l.»
d Included in Other States.
b Yellow and Rockingham ware for Maryland and New Jersey are inoloded in the misoelkMoiB
column of each of these States.
oC. C. ware for Massachusetts included in Massachusetts miscellaneous.
d Includes all products made by less than three producers in one State, in order that the opetatJOM
of individual establishments may not be disclosed. The total of Other States (plain pottenr) it dis-
tributed among the States to which it belongs, in order that they may be fully represented in the totals.
0 Decorated earthenware for Colorado. Maryland, and Maasachusetts Included in the mlsofllaneo—
columns of each of these States.
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OLAY-WOJtKING INDU8TEIE8.
825
Value of pottery products^ by varieties of jiroducts in 1903^ by States and Territories—
Continaed.
PLAIN.
State.
Bone
china,
delft, and
belleek
i^are.
ware.
Porcelain
electrical
supplies.
Misoella-
neou8.a
Total.
Alabama .
t28,320
11,600
Arkanmfl ....
CWilomla
(*)
111,788
112
19,000
49.478
Ooloiado
83,230
77,250
Oonnwtlcmt .. .. ^ . \ i
(«»)
DiKtrii^ Af Co1nm>*ift 1 1
10,854
Qcoigia
200
10,600
22,142
826,914
510,658
55,762
23,529
189,827
nihiSfai . ,
rndinna ...
: :.,
i^)
(^)
Iowa
2,840
KaiUBfi ....
Eentacky
LraMftna .
m755
M^ne ,..J
Maiyland
6,827
75,923
• 6,000
214,805
Michigan
48,007
MiimeeoU
895, 713
IffkriMinpl
14,295
MtaioniVV........
(«)
600
50,601
Montuia
(d)
N«w Harapffhire
lW,828
38,731
l^)
New Jeney
371,000
•2,774,484
S385,398
474,842
4,5W,477
New York
981,686
North Carolina
14,232
Ohk> ^
(*)
486,740
786,024
5,818,130
1,071,511
Oregon
Pennsylvania
144,414
5.364
Sooth Carolina
9,827
114, 174
Tennweee . . ...
19,074
Texas
-
97,666
Otih
5.300
Vermont
^686
12,086
W^Hihiffton
16,100
Wftit Vfrginia
(<>)
497,622
12,386
Other States
422,065
118,000
9,000
/ 46. 753
Total plain . .
71,000
8,840,963
1,464,980
1,130,947
15,988,740
DECORATED.
Oolondo
•23,639
•23,639
72,819
nKqoiff
Mtryland
1,500
86.531
36,400
657,829
1,238
290,500
86,581
If •imrhnnr^A
New Jersey
io)
i^)
1,724,749
5,274,957
Ohio
P*nfwylTani» ....
802,041
750,878
West^irwinia
Other Bt&es
921,800
63,200
A 426, 198
Total decorated
.05
.28
21,300
8,362.263
18.22
870,337
2,0D1,2&I
1.58
7.87
9,452,312
Grand total
$1,464,980
1.12
5.76
Per cent of total day products
Per C4iit €vi iMYttprr nrodncts r^ r^r
100 00
•lodnding art and chemical pottery, Easter ware faience, Flemish ware, grueby potterv, Herty
tOTMOtine cups, porcelain castas, filter tubes, door and shutter knobs, shuttle eyes and thread
pudes, porcelain hardware trimmings, pins, stilts and spurs for potters' use, tobacco pipes, toy mar-
bles, washboards, and white-lined earthenware.
68uiitarr ware for California and Ohio is included in the miscellaneous column of each of these
States.
' Indoded in Other States.
'Included in/ (•46,758).
«Foroelain electrical supplies for Missouri included in Missouri miscellaneous.
/Made up of State totals of Louisiana, Maine, Montana, New liampshire, Oregon and Vermont
vDecotated bone china, delft and belleek ware for New Jersey (which is also the total for the
United States) is incJuded in New Jersey miscellaneous.
A Made up of State totals of Connecticut. Indiana, Louisiana. Minnesota. Missouri, New Hampshire.
New York, Oregon, Vernumt, and Wisconsin, in order to prevent disclosbg the operations of indi-
ridnal establishmentB.
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8^26
MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
Value of pottery producU by varieties of productg in 190S^ by States and TerriUmes,
PLAIN.
state.
Red earth-
enware.
Stoneware.
Yellow and
rockingham
ware.
C. C. ware.
White grmnite
Bem]poT€«-
lain ware and
semiTitreoQs
porcelain
ware.
AlabAinA
11.125
•25,074
9,450
9,697
(«)
Arkansas
California
80,816
2,675
15.400
8,697
8,810
19,400
4,660
7,050
1
Colorado
(«»)
(«»)
Connecticut
District of Columbia . ...
L..:.. :::;:.
Florida
582,708
24,130
86,887
120,822
1
Qeorgla
}»^1
1*1
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
16,221
Louisiana
1
Maine
(«»)
Maryland
18,651
128,115
44,098
10,798
278
6,401
(«)
$190,722
CO
Massachusetts •
26,992
Michigan
Minnesota
857,625
8,716
89,419
Mississippi
1^1
Missoui^t
Montana
New Hampshire
New Jersey
16,300
31,878
658
•99,727
120,823
2,970
2.820
3,226
6,750
48,100
54,535
18,854
1,086,575
8TO,664
18,835
48,878
88,176
(^)
446,820
iP)
$468,fflO
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
$129,591
386,365
2,891,686
Oregon
Pennsylvania
(«»)
2W,««
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
C)
Utah
Virginia
11,825
15,018
WftsblngtfkTi
West Virginia
(*)
380,274
Wisconsin
'?:S5
Other States «
69,346
78,822
166,882
141,878
Total plain
614,651
3,066,920
206,413
1,177,289
4,(tt7.a
DECORATED.
Illinois
(*)
(^)
i-
Maryland
^^447
New Jersey
C)
New York
y6.422
8,260
Ohio
$96,962
(ST
344.161
1KI,000
8,8S6,90
Pennsylvania
(^)
844,156
West Vinrinia
WKTU
Other States «
91,168
6,853
$3,030
3.080
2U,448
.17
.88
»u»
Total decorated
120,836
786,886
.60
8.06
105,315
8,172,235
2.60
18.15
638.606
1,816,897
L49
7.62
6.587.678
Grand total
ia56&.214
Per cent of total clay products. .
Percent of pottery products...
^8.64
a Yellow and rockingham ware for Alabama included in Alabama misceUaneooa
6 Included in Other States.
e Yellow and rockingham ware for Maryland, Mississippi, Mlasoari, and New Jeney is included in
the miscellaneous column of each of these States.
dC. C. ware for Massachusetts and Texas is included in the miscellaneoas column of each of these
States.
e Includes all products made by less than three producers in one State, in order that the operfttioo»
of individual establishments may not be disclosed. The total of Other States (plain pottery) w distrib-
uted among the States to which it belongs, in order that they may be fully represented in the t
/C. C. ware for West Virginia included in West Virginia misoeUaneoas.
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CLA.T-WOKKING INDU8TME8.
827
Value of pottery products of the United Stales in 190S, by States — Continued.
PLAIN.
State.
China.
Sanitary
ware.
Porcelain
electrical
snpplies.
Miscellane-
ous, a
Total.
Aifthftfnft
$300
$26,499
ArkanMs
9,450
Cftlffomi*
C)
11,695
88
13,881
61,607
Colonulo
21,285
i^)
66,647
District of Columbia
8,697
Florida
Qeorela ^....
25
4.950
niinois
660,976
Tndiana
(«) {<=)
583,741
Iowa
2,000
46.887
ir<tn««ff,
(d) •
Kentucky
1
137,048
Liooiiriana
210,300
Maine
I
Maryland
j:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
6,927
76,197
89,000
Ntiiiiarhnsett'*
226,804
Michigan
;
83,098
Minnffiota
1
368,428
Minriarippi
10,435
8,600
14,424
vimmA^ ... ;
49,420
Montana
(<*)
N«w Hamp^fhlre
1®,676
31,164
(**)
New Jersey
1321.169
$2,792,822
$858,496
391,319
4,650.914
KcirYork.
674,061
Korth Carolina
14, 512
Ohio
{0)
(<')
416,874
494,450
6.799,648
Oregon
^,097
PennsylvanJa
(')
146,000
5,210
Sooth Carolina
16,805
TfDnwwpc .
60,698
Texas
1,800
98.202
ntth
6,760
Virginia
3,786
•3,991
WMhington
.
18,354
WffltVfiginla
{0)
464,124
WTlKonsIn
10,785
0ther6tates«
216,242
601,840
184.666
7,692
/63,044
Total plain
1^688,712
8,539,662
1,850.256
864.676
16,428,014
DECORATED.
Illinois
$83,439
M^ryi#w1 ,
816,000
Hew Jersey
$369,199
(c
h)
e)
(0)
$80,000
60,000
383,982
1,542,046
NevYork
266.880
Ohio
4,719,490
Penqivlvatiia r - ..... .
OOo, XOo
712,840
West Virginia
111,602
71,808
Other 8iS«e :::;:: ::.:::
231,843
$16,000
<238,677
Total decorated
i 630, 681
fc 1.219. 293
1.00
6.06
16,000
3,565,662
2.91
14.74
"$i,' 360,' 286*
1.10
6.69
647,392
1,612,068
1.24
6.27
8,699,489
Orand total
24,127,463
19.76
100.00
Per cent of total clay products.
* Per cent of pottery products
'Inchidinff art and chemical pottery, fa'fence. Flemish vare, grueby pottery, porcelain casters, filter
tabes, door and shutter knobs, snnttle eyes and thread guides, porcelain hardware trimmings, let-
toce-leaf ware, pins, stilts, and spurs for potters' use, terra vitrea, tobacco pipes, toy marbles, wash-
board». white earthenware, and white-lined earthenware.
^Sanitary ware for California, included in California miscellaneous.
« Included in Other 8Utes.
tflndoded in/ ($63,014).
'Includes all products made by leas than three producers in one State, in order that the operations
of indiridual establishments may not be disclosed. The total of Other States (plain pottery) is
dlatrlbated among the States to which it belongs, in order that they may be fully represented in the
totals.
/Made up of State totals of Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Montana. New Hampshire, and
OrMon.
f InchidinK bone china, delft, and belleek ware, valued at $61,301, made in New Jersey alone.
^Decorated china for Ohio, included in Ohio miscellaneous.
< Made up of SUtc totals of Colorado. Connecticut. District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana.
Massachuaetta, Minnesota. Missouri. New Hampshire, and Wisconsin, in order to prevent disclosing
the operationa of individual establishments.
i Including decorated bone china, delft, and belleek ware, valued at $89,639, made in New Jersey
•kme.
k iDclndea the total ($00,840) of bone china, delft, and belleek ware, which waa made in New Jersey
ftkne.
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828
MIKEBAL BBSOUBOBS.
These tables show that the pottery products of the United States
were valued at $25,436,052 in 1903, as compared with $24,127,453 in
1902, a gain of $1,308,599, or 5.42 per cent. In 1902 the gain over
1901 was $1,663,593, or 7.41 per cent, and in 1901 the gain over 1900
was $2,665,290, or 13.46 per cent.
As in previous years, the white ware, principally for domestic use,
composed by far tiie larger part of the pottery produced in this coun-
try, though the conmioner grades, such as earthenware and stoneware,
had a more general geographica,l distribution. '
The following table gives the value of the pottery products and of
the plain and decorated ware made in each State for 1902 and 1903 by
States and Territories:
Value of pottery products of the United States in J90S, by States and Territories,
state.
Plain.
Decorated.
Total
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticat
District of Columbia
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Other States <>
Total
Per cent of total
$28,820
u,eoo
49,478
88,280
77,260
10,854
22,142
826,914
510,668
65,762
$28,699
85,200
72.819
70, SU
189,827
(«)
1,765
214.805
48,007
885,718
14,295
60,601
290.600
86.581
4,6M.477
961,686
14,282
5^818,180
1, art, 511
9,827
U4,174
97,666
6,800
1^686
16,100
497,622
* 12,886
46,763
1.865
•"800
1,724,749
292,442
5,274,997
80S^041
(•)
750.878
1,200
24,880
$38. 8»
u^en
49,478
66. 80
112,450
10,861
22,142
890.731
586,969
65,7a
28,629
189,827
(«)
«)
473.396
800,896
48,007
387,538
14.296
51,4111
6,815,221
1,274,098
14, 2B
U,068,487
1,873,552
9.827
n4,174
f7,6M
5^809
%^
16, K»
1,948, 5»
13.586
71,188
15,963,740
62.84
9,452,312
87.16
2Sy4a6.069
a Included In Other States. ^
b Includes all products made by less than three producers in one State, in order that the opemnotw
of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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OLAY-WOBKING INDU8TBIE8. 829
Value of the poUery products of the UnUed States in 190B, by States and Territories,
8Ute.
Plain.
Decorated.
Total.
Arkaima
California
Oolondo
Gonnectlcut
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
minol»
Indiana
Iowa
Kantas
Kentucky
Looislana
Maine
Maryland
Maanchosetts
Michigan
MinncMta
MMarippi
Mlawari.V.
Montana
Kew Hampshire
New Jersey
NewYork
Korth Carolina
Obfc)
Ortgui
Pminsylvania
Soath Carolina
TenncsMO
Texai
Utah
Virginia
Wuhington
WertVfiglnia
Winonrin
Other States*
Total
Per cent of total
926,499
9,460
51,607
21,285
66.547
8,607
660,975
588,741
45,887
187,048
210,800
225,804
88,098
868,428
14.424
49,420
918,030
60,860
600
88,489
71,548
(«)
815,000
75,151
660,914
674,051
14,512
799,648
2,802
'4*098"
1,&I2,045
265,880
993,097
16,805
50,698
98,202
6,760
8,991
18,854
454,124
10,785
68,044
4,719,490
* "888,168*
712,840
1,600
20,106
126,499
9,460
51,607
34,815
U6,897
9,197
(«)
16.889
694,414
655,284
45,887
(«)
137,048
525,800
300,455
88,096
370.725
14,424
58,518
6.192,959
929,431
14,512
10.519,188
1.^6.266
16,805
60,698
98.202
5,760
8,991
18,854
1,166,464
12,285
88,152
15,428,014
68.94
8, 099, 489
86.06
24,127,468
100.00
•Inclnded in Other States.
frlndudesall products made by less than three producers in one State, in order that the operations
of tndlTidual establishments may not be disclosed.
It will be seen from these tables that the plain ware constituted 62.84
per cent of the pottery product in 1903, and the decorated ware 37.16
per cent. These proportions are nearly the same as in 1902 when the
percentages were plain, 63.94, and decorated, 36.06, a slight increase
bebg made in 1903 by the decorated ware. As in 1902, nineteen
States reported decorated ware, but in only eleven was this product
valued at over $10,000. The total value of this variety of ware in
1903 was $0,452,312, as compared with $8,699,439, a gain of $752,873,
or 8.65 per cent. The plain ware was valued at $15,983,740 in 1903
as compared with $15,428,014 in 1902, a gain of $555,726, or 3.60 per
cent Ohio is the leading producer of decorated ware, reporting
$5,274,957 worth marketed in 1903, which was 55.80 per cent of the
total decorated ware reported, and 47.57 per cent of Ohio's total pot-
tery products in 1903. New Jersey and Pennsylvania were the next
largest producers of decorated ware, with outputs worth $1,724,749
and $802,041, respectively, followed by West Virginia, whose decor-
ated pottery in 1908 was valued at $750,878 and was 60.14 per cent of
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lONEBAL BESOUROES.
her total pottery products. New York and Maryland were close
rivals for next place, with decorated pottery valued at $292,442 and
$290,500, respectively. The others were cx)mparatively unimportant
producers of decorated ware. The first four States mentioned — Ohio,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia — produced decorated
ware valued at $8,652,625, or 90.48 per cent of the total. In 1902
these States produced decorated ware valued at $7,857,043, or 90.32
per cent of the toted.
The division of the product into plain and decorated is not entirely
satisfactory for the reason given heretofore, namely, the fact that
there are fewer than three producers of the several varieties in many of
the States, thus making it neceasary to combine the outputs in order
to prevent the disclosing of individual returns.
The following table shows the value of the pottery products in the
United States, by varieties, decorated and plain, together with the
number of producers reporting each variety and the percentage of
each variety in 1902 and 1903:
Value of pottery products in the. United States in 190£ and 190S, by varieties,
1908.
Variety.
Plain.
Decorated.
Nmnber
Total. 1 ofpro-
1 durerk
Peiteat-
««e<rf
pottery
pro-
duced.
Red earthenware
$631,760
3,185,U9
1128,815
148,023
1760,075 ' 199
3,833,142 257
333,521 17
1,422,596 20
U, 140, 916 1 70
1,686,502 J 11
106,000 4
3,517,263 ao
2.99
Stoneware
15.10
Yollow and rockinfrham ^ware ,
338,521
LSI
C. C. ware
1,027,260
4,026,865
850,152
71,000
3,496,968
1,465,580
897,020
896,886
7,114,561
886,350
35,000
21.300
&»
White granite, semiporcelain, and
semivltreoas porcelain ware
4SL»
China
6.6
Bone china, delft, and belleek ware...
8an1 tarv ware ....,.,^--r,,T
Porcelain electrical supplies
1,465,580
1,670,457
81
61
5.7(
Mii9cellaneou8 a
773,487
ts:
Total
15,983,740
62.84
9,452,312
37.16
25,436,052
100.00
100.00
Per cent of total . ....
« Including art and chemical pottery, Easter ware, faience, flemish ware; gmeby pottenr; Hefty
turpentine cups, porcelain casters; filler tubes; door and shutter knob«; shuttle eyes and thread
guides: porcelain hardware trimmings; pins, stilts and spurs for potten' use, tobaooo pipei, toy
marbles, washboards and white-lined earthenware.
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OLAY-WOBKTNO INDUSTRIES.
831
Value of pottery products in the United Slates in 190S and 190S, by varieties — Continued.
1908.
Variety.
Plain.
Decorated.
Total.
Number
of pro-
dacera.
Percent-
age of
pottery-
pro-
duced.
Red earthenware
Stoneware
Yellow and rockingham ware .
C.C. ware
White granite, semiporeelain,
and
semiTitreous porcelain ware. .
China
Bone china, delft, and belleeic ware .
Sanitary ware
Porcelain electrical supplies
Macellaneouaa
$614,561
8,066,920
247,240
1,244,089
4,017,636
537,411
51,301
3,544,662
1,350,265
754,049
1120,836
106,816
8,030
760,210
6,587,678
685,024
89,639
16,000
441,808
9735,886
8,172,235
250,270
1,994,299
10,655,214
1,222,435
90,840
8,560,662
1,360,256
' 1,196,857
195
246
17
28
60
10
4
31
23
8.05
18.16
1.04
8.26
43.75
5.07
.88
14.76
5.59
4.96
Total
Per cent of total.
15,428,014
63.94 !
86.06
24,127,458
100.00
100.00
• Including art and chemical pottery, faience, flemish ware; gnieby pottery; porcelain casters;
filter tubesrdoor and shutter knobs; shuttle eyes and thread guides; porcelain naraware trimmings,
lettuce leaf ware, pins, stilts, and spurs for potters' use, terra vitrea, tobacco pipes, toy marbles; wash-
boards, white earthenware, and white-lined earthenware.
It will be noticed that the figures given here do not quite agree with
those given on preceding pages. This is accounted for by the fact that
in the former table it was necessary to combine some of the products
in order to prevent disclosing, individual returns. The figures given
in this table, however, are accurate and represent the actual value of
these varieties of pottery in the United States as reported to this oflSce,
though the figures given in the former tables are as accurate as can be
given for the State totals. From these tables it will be seen that the
total value of the pottery products in 1903 was $25,436,052, divided as
follows: Plain,$15,983,740, or 62.84 per centof the total, and decorated,
$9,452,312, or $37.16 per cent of the total. In 1902 these totals were
$15,428,014, or 63.94 per cent, and $8,699,439, or 36.06 per cent,
respectively. The product of greatest value in 1903 was white granite
ware, etc., which was valued at $11,140,916, or 43.80 per cent of the
total, as compared with $10,555,214 in 1902, or 43.75 per cent, a gain
of $585,702, or 5.55 per cent. Of this product, $4,026,365, or 36. 14 per
cent, was plain ware, and $7,114,551, or 63.86 per cent, was decorated.
As in 1902, the ware of next greatest value was sanitary ware, probably
all being undecorated, which was valued at $3,517,263, or 13.83 per cent
of the total; in 1902 this product was valued at $3,560,662, a decrease
of $43,399, or 1.22 per cent. The next product in point of value, as in
1902, was stoneware, which was valued at $3,333,142, or 13.10 percent
of the total; in 1902 this product was valued at $3,172,235, or 13.15
per cent of the total.
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832 MTNISBAL BESOUBCBS.
The china ware, in which there is always general interest, increased
from $1,222,435, produced by 10 potteries in 1902, to $1,686,502, pro-
duced by 11 potteries in 1903, an increase of $464,067, or 37.96 per
cent. This product in 1903 was nearly evenly divided into plain and
decorated, the former being valued at $850,152 and the latter at $836,350,
the former being 50.41 per cent and the latter 49,59 per cent of the
output.
The white ware, including that made for sanitary purposes (which
is of a white body), and porcelain electrical supplies, aggregated
$19,338,857, or 76.03 per cent of the whole, as compared with $18,773,-
705, or 77.81 per cent of the total in 1902. Of the total for white
ware for 1903, $10,936,320, or 56.55 per cent, was plain and $8,402,537,
or 43.45 per cent, was decorated.
Exclusive of sanitary ware and porcelain electrical supplies, which
were practically all plain, the total value of the white- ware products
was $14,356,014, of which $5,974,777, or 41.62 per cent, was plain and
$8,381,237, or 58.38 per cent, decorated. These figures are also inter-
esting from the fact that they compose the products generally under-
stood by the public, and many manufacturers also, to be ''pottery,"
the products, namely, used for domestic or household purposes, such
as tableware, toilet sets, etc.
Yellow and rockingham ware, which for several years seemed to be
on the decline, except in 1901, increased its product in 1903, the value
being $333,521, as compared with $250,270 in 1902, a gain of $83,251,
or 33.26 per cent. Stoneware is made in more States than any pottery
product, except red earthenware, and in 1903 the output was valued
at $3,333,142, or 13.10 per cent of the total, as compared with $3,172,235
in 1902, or 13.15 per cent of the total. This was a gain of $160,907,
or 5.07 per cent.
The number of firms reporting these wares is interesting. They
range from 257 reporting stoneware — a gain of 12 over 1902 — to 4
firms reporting bone china, delft, and belleek ware. The number of
firms reporting china in 1902 was 10; in 1903, 11; 17 firms report yel-
low and Rockingham ware in each year, 1902 and 1903; those report-
ing C. C. ware decreased from 23 in 1902 to 20 in 1903; and the firms
reporting white granite, etc., increased from 60 in 1902 to 70 in 1903. •
Thirty-one firms reported sanitary ware in 1902 and 30 in 1903, while
23 reported electrical supplies in 1902 and 31 in 1903. There is do
footing to this column for the reason that one would not show the
number of operating firms, since many firms report more than one
product.
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833
RANK OF STATES.
The following tables show the rank of States in the production of
pottery, together with the value of the product in each State, the per-
centage of the total product made by each State in 1902 and 1903, and
the number of firms reporting in each State:
Rank of States, valtie ofotUptU, and percentage to total of pottery products in 1903.
Rank.
1
2
:i
5 ]
C I
8
9
10
11 '
12
13 ;
14
15
16 1
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
State.
Ohio
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
New York
West Virginia
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Minnesota
MassachosettH
Kentucky
Tennessee
Connecticut
Texas
Colorado
Iowa
Missouri
California
Michigan
Kansas
Alabama
Virginia
Georgia
Washington
M ississippi
North Carolina
Wisconsin
Arkansas
District of Columbia
South Carolina
Utah
Louisiana. Maine, Montana, New Hampshire, Oregon, and
Vermont
Total *.
Number
of Arms
report-
ing.
Value.
129
51
52
22
8
27
16
10
2
17
11
13
5
19
6
7
17
14
4
3
•23
3
20
3
8
25
4
3
3
8
4
I
$11,088,087
6,315,226
1,873,552
1,274,078
1.248,500
899,733
580,969
473,255
397,578
300,836
139,827
114,174
112,450
97,666
.=>6,8e9
55,762
51, 401
49,478
48,007
23,529
23, 320
22,686
22,142
16,100
14.29:)
14,2:V_>
13, 5S<)
11, aw
10,8.^1
9. H27
5. 3()0
46, 753
Percent,
of toUl
product.
9|
516 0 25,436,052
I
48.69
24.83
7.37
5.01
4.91
3.54
2.28
1.86
1.56
1.18
.55
.45
.44
.38
.22
.22
.20
.20
.19
.09
.09
.09
.09
.06
.06
.06
.05
.05
.01
.ai
.02
.28
100.00
a Includes 824.3HO for decorated pottery, which could not be separately classified without disclosing
the operations of individual establishments.
M R 1903 63
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834
MINEBAL BB80UBOE8.
Rank of States^ value of oiUptU, and percentage to total of pottery products m 190f.
Rank.
State.
Number I
of films
report-
ing.
I Value.
Pereent
of total
product
Ohio
New Jersey
Pennsylvania .
West Viiglnla .
New York
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Minnesota
Massachusetts .
Kentucky
Connecticut...
Texas
14 , Michigan.
15 S Missouri..
16 ! California .
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
SO
Tennessee
Iowa
Colorado
Alabama
Georgia
South Carolina
North Carolina
Missiaslppi
Washington
Wisconsin
Arkansas
District of Columbia ,
Utah
Virginia
Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Montana, New Hamp-
shire, and Oregon
lis
61
47
8
21
25
18
12
2
18
11
5
20
4
15
12
10
9
6
24
18
10
26
8
4
4
8
8
8
8
10
Total.
518
$10,519,138
6,192,969
1,876,265
1,166,464
929,431
694,414
665.284
605.300
370,725
800.455
137.043
116.807
98,202
83.098
68,513
61.607
60,698
46.3»7
84,815
26,490
16,839
16,805
14,612
14,424
13.854
12,285
9,460
9,197
6,760
8,991
88,162
24,127,453
4S.60
25.67
7.78
4.n
3.86
2.88
172
2.18
L54
LJ4
.57
.48
.41
.34
.a
.a
.21
.19
.14
.u
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.06
.01
.04
.08
.OS
100. OO
Ohio continues to be the leading pottery producing State, both as
to value of the product and the number of firms reporting. In 1903
her pottery products, reported by 129 firms, were valued at $11,088,087,
or 43.59 per cent of the total output for the United States; in 1902 her
product, reported by 113 firms, was valued at $10,519,138, or 43.60 per
cent of the total, practically the same as the percentage of 1903. New
Jersey is second in both years, with a product, reported by 51 firms,
valued at $6,315,226, or 24.83 per cent of the total in 1903, and at
$6,192,959, or 25.67 per cent of the total in 1902. Pennsylvania was
again third, with 52 operating firms, a gain of 5, with a product valued
at $1,873,552, or 7.37 per cent of the total, as compared with $1,876,-
265, or 7.78 per cent of the total in 1903, a slight loss. New York
and West Virginia exchanged places, the former taking fourth place
with a product valued at $1,274,078, or 5.0X per cent of the total, the
latter going to fifth with a product valued at $1,248,500, or 4.91 per
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
CLAY-WOBKING INDUSTBIES.
835
cent of the total. The next six States, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland,
Minnesota, Massachusetts, and Kentucky, maintain the same relative
positions in both years. Tennessee jumped from seventeenth place in
19Q2 to twelfth in 1903, her product more than doubling during the
year. Colorado rose from nineteenth place in 1902 to fifteenth in 1903,
and Michigan dropped from fourteenth in 1902 to nineteenth in 1908.
The other changes in relative rank were unimportant.
The first five States produced ware valued at $21,799,443, or 85.71
per cent of the total; in 1902 the product of these same States was
valued at $20,684,257, or 85.73 per cent. The output of the first ten
States in 1903 was valued at $24,451,814, or 96.13 per cent of the total;
in 1902 the product of these ten States was valued at $23,230,435, or
96.29 per cent of the total.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of
potteries reporting during the years from 1900 to 1903, inclusive,
showing the idle and operating plants:
NumbtT of operaHng and idle potteries in the United States reporting in 1900, 1901, 190S,
and 190S.
1900.
190L
1902.
1908.
State.
Oper-
ating.
Idle.
Tbtal.
Oper-
ating.
Idle.
Total.
Oper-
ating.
Idle.
Total.
Oper-
ating.
Idle.
Total.
Aii^mn.
27
10
25
29
15
10
IS
IS
43
25
89
118
8
47
18
19
24
4
8
80
7
18
8
5
8
1
26
2
29
17
7
4
10
4
2
9
19
4
8
7
20
1
1
1
46
27
48
119
8
60
14
20
25
6
22
6
10
60
25
88
109
2
48
12
16
26
2
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
8
1
8
1
8
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
4
S
0
8
0
1
8
0
24
5
12
5
5
8
1
21
1
27
16
U
8
12
4
2
10
IS
6
2
6
17
1
1
1
52
26
87
117
2
51
12
17
29
2
24
8
12
6
6
8
1
18
0
25
13
9
2
11
2
1
12
18
4
2
S
16
1
0
1
51
21
26
118
2
47
10
10
20
8
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
8
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
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8
4
8
7
0
6
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28
8
12
7
5
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1
21
1
27
14
10
8
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18
IS
4
2
8
15
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54
25
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120
2
52
12
11
23
8
28
8
14
6
5
8
0
20
1
0
8
1
0
0
1
2
24
Arktntaii
8
CUifomiA
17
Ooloado
7
Oonnecticut
DtefetofColmn-
bk
6
8
Rofida
1
GeondA
22
SS?.::::::::::;
nitiu4ff
27
16
7
3
11
3
1
10
17
4
2
S
17
1
0
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51
22
25
129
2
52
8
13
19
3
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6
0
2
2
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0
0
0
8
0
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80
Indluia
16
lowm
8
Kuimi
8
KtotQckr
11
LoofiS
8
ifSJir^
1
MaiylaDd
11
asBs^r*^--
17
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Mbml^ ::::::::
asr.:::::::
2
9
18
MootftMi::::::::::
1
HebaAa
l^Hunpflbire..
5«wJewey
KewYork
1
1
51
24
BortbOuoUDa...
27
185
Oiccoo
2
P<euM7lTaDia
Booth Cuolina....
Jtnnemte
Tknru
54
myi
▼vsoot
vSS£'
6
6
6
8
9
S
S
8
4
5
9
4
8
0
0
0
7
5
9
4
8
4
8
4
8
1
0
0
6
5
8
4
WadiiiiKton
aSvfiglnla
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TWal
6«1
46
607
635
47
5S2
518
49
567
546
86
681
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836
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The total number of operating firms reporting increased from 518
in 1902 to 546 in 1903, an increase of 28. This increase was chiefly in
Ohio and Pennsylvania, these two States showing a total increase
of 21. Tennessee and Indiana showed an increase of 8 each; and
California, Georgia, Illinois, and Missouri added 2 plants to those
reporting in 1902. The following States showed a decrease of 2
plants each from the 1902 figures: Iowa, Maryland, and South Caro-
lina; and the following 1 each: Alabama, Florida, Massachusetts,
North Carolina, Texas, and Washington. These decreases, with the
exception of Maryland, occurred in unimportant pottery States. The
idle plants decreased from 49 in 1902 to 35 in 1908, while the total
number of plants reporting increased from 567 in 1902 to 581 in 1903.
TRENTON, N. J., AND EAST LIVERPOOL, OHIO.
The following tables show the pottery products of Trenton, N. J.,
and East Liverpool, Ohio, the great pottery centers of the country, in
1902 and 1903:
Value of poUery products of Trenton, N. /., and EaM Liverpool^ OkiOy in 1903, bf
varieties.
Variety.
Yellow and rockingham ware
C. C. ware
White granite, semiporcelain and semiyitreous porcelain ware.
China
Bone china, delft, and belleek ware .
Sanitar>' ware
Porcelain electrical supplies
Miscellaneous c
Total
Per cent of total pottery product.
Trenton.
EastUTer-
pool.
9454,089
1,570,892
805.691
106,000
2,378,081
885,898
113,891
5,818,432
22.86
8544.664
4.104.728
866,662
379.189
5,395.443
21.21
Total.
(•)
•998, wl
5,675^69
805,691
106,006
2,S78,0n
752.060
492, «0
]l.a08.S35
44.07
a In order to prevent disclosing the operations of individual establishments the value of yellow and
rockingham ware for East Liverpool is included in East Liverpool miscellaneous.
Mn order to prevent disclosing the operations of Individual establistiments the value of china for
East Liverpool is included in East Liverpool miscellaneous.
c Including stilts, pins, and spurs for potters' use, porcelain casters, and porcelain door and i
knobs.
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CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES.
837
Valve of pottery produds of Trenton^ N, /., and East Liverpool, OhiOj in 190£f by varieties
Variety.
Yellow and rockingbam ware
C.C. ware
White granite, semlporcelain, and semi vitreous porcelain ware ..
China
Bone china delft, and bel leek ware
Sanitanrware
Porcelain electrical supplies
Mlacellaneous b
Trenton.
East Liver-
pool.
Total
P«r cent of total pottery product.
3681,267
1,426,270
680.368
90.840
2.408,389
358.496
151,831
6,697,411
23.61
990.911
694,506
4,175.421
(«)
273,232
a 362, 123
Total.
S90.911
1,275,793
5,601,691
680,368
90,840
2,408,389
631,728
613,954
6,596,213
23.20
11,293,624
46.81
a In order to prevent disclosing the operations of individual establishments the value of china for
Eut Liverpool la included in East Liverpool miscellaneous.
ft Including stilts, pins, and spurs for potters' use, porcelain casters, and porcelain door and shutter
knobs.
The remarkable equality in the value of the output of these two
pottery centers noted in 1901 and 1902 continues, though the differ-
ence in the value of the production in 1903 was considerably greater
than in 1902. In 1903 the production was, Trenton, $5,813,432, or
22.86 per cent of the total for the entire country, and I^t Liverpool,
15,395,443, or 21.21 per cent of the total. This is a difference of
$417,989, or 7.75 per cent, in favor of Trenton, the greatest difference
between the values of the products of the two cities since comparisons
have been made by this office. In 1902 the difference was $101,198,
or 1.81 per cent, in favor of Trenton, and in 1901 it was only $13,036.
These two cities produced in 1903 pottery valued at $11,208,875, or
44.07 per cent of the total for the entire country; in 1902 their prod«
uct was valued at $11,293,624, or 46.81 per cent of the country's
total. While Trenton increased her production from $5,697,411 in
1902 to $5,813,432 in 1903, a gain of $116,021, or 2.04 per cent, East
Liverpool decreased from $5,596,213 in 1902 to $5,395,443 in 1903, a
loss of $200,770, or 3.59 per cent. The value of the products of these
two cities, which is practically all white ware, was $11,208,875, or
57.96 per cent of the white ware of the entire country; in 1902 these
two places made 60.16 per cent of the total white ware. Of the total
pottery products of New Jersey, valued at $6,315,226, Trenton pro-
duced 92 per cent, while of Ohio's product, valued at $11,088,087,
East Liverpool produced o«ly 48.66 per cent. In 1902 these places
made 92 per cent and 53.20 per cent of the totals of their respective
States. This decrease in the proportion of East Liverpool's produc-
tion is due to the establishment of potteries elsewhere in the State and
in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, some of them in the imme-
diate vicinity of East Liverpool. As will be seen from these tables,
East Liverpool makes no sanitary ware, and Trenton makes no yellow
nor rockingbam ware. Trenton's leading products are sanitary ware
and white granite, and East Liverpool's product is chiefly white
granite. Trenton is also the larger producer of china.
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838
MOTEBAL BESOUBOES.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
The following table gives the imports of clay products from 1867
to 1908, inclusive. It will be seen that the imports are the heaviest
ever reported, mcreasing from $9,806,271 in 1902 to $11,456,290 in
1903, an increase of $1,650,019, or 16.83 per cent, whereas the pro-
duction of the United States increased $1,308,599, or 5.42 per cent
Value of earthenware, china, brick, and tile imported and entered for conswnption in the
Vmied Slates, 1867-190S,
Year ending-
Brown
earthen
and
oommon
Btone
China and
porcelain,
not deco-
rated.
China and
porcelain,
decorated.
^18,498
9489,824
809,960
408,565
400,894
555,425
420,442
630,805
891,874
571,032
470,749
814,184
479,617
867,206
897,730
676,666
436,888
654,966
409,689
718,166
826,956
668,514
889,183
657,485
296,591
813,850
834,871
1,188,847
821, 2&9
1,621,112
816,811
2,075,708
868,943
2,587,545
982,499
2,664,231
828,884
2,834,718
865,446
8,850,145
967,694
8,888,609
1,064,854
4,207,698
1,148,026
4.580,821
974,627
8,562,851
1,921.648
6,288,068
2,022,814
6,555,172
1,782,481
6,248,255
1,560,960
5,892,648
2,117,425
8,065,473
1,511,542
7,729,942
1,406,019
7,067,261
1,002,729
5,906,209
1,125,892
6,740,884
1,059,152
7,617,766
1,094,078
8,386.614
1,016,010
8,495,506
1,234,228
9,807,568
other
earthen,
■tone, or
crockery
ware,
glased, etc.
Brick, fire I
brick, and '
tile.
TolaL
June 80—
1867...
148,618
47,208
84,260
47,457
96,695
127,346
115,253
70,544
68,601
36,744
30,408
18,714
19,868
81,604
27,586
86,023
43,864
50,172
44,701
87,820
48,079
55,558
48,824
56,780
• 99,983
68,008
57,017
47,114
61,424
41,585
1897 j fr82,227
1898 J 654,672
1899 540,164
1869
1870
1871...
1872
1878
1874
1876
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883........
1884........
1885
December 81—
1886
1887
1888
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
565,214
551,551
568,926
595,890
$4,280,924
8,244,968
8,468,970
8,461.624
8,578,254
8.896,664
4,289.868
3,686,794
3,280,867
2,948,517
2,746,186
8,081,898
2,914,567
3,945,666
4,418,869
4.438,237
5,685,709
(«)
' •5,187,8a
4,006,681
I 4.4fi9,5«
I 4,460,228
4,6S2,K6
6,308,898
6,751,H4
4,8Sl,7M
4,4ll,n«
I 4,112,W
! 8,772,0»
4.0K,72I
4,0*4,836
5,800,888
i 6.8B,W
I «,8e6,779
' 8,686,011
1666,595 ' 4,861,497
968,422 4,6G6.m
961,298
1.008,860
886,314
788.881
563,668
858,736
S80,5EI0
888,148
189,681
ai,473
217,466
146.668
U7,S24
134.091
169.961
160,268
285,737
228,669
5,204,704
5,907,642
6,»i»
«,»w
6,157,776
8,668.460
9,021,6119
8, 835, aw
7,180,318
10.44S,7!6
8,«2.176
7.079,984
8,041,681
8,912,033
9,e8l.4U
«. 806, 271
a Not separately cUusified after 1883.
5 Including roddnghani ware.
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CLAY-WORKING INDUBTBIEB.
839
In the following taUe will be found a statement of the exports of
clay products from the United States from 1895 to 1903, inclusive:
Exports of day wares of domestic manufacture from the United States^ 1896-190S.
Brick.
Pottery.
Year
Building.
Fire
(value).
Total
(value).
Earthen
and
stone
ware
(value).
China
(value).
Total
(value).
Grand
total
Qoantlty.
Value.
184,782
32,759
30,888
32,817
77,783
128,800
74,210
81,804
63,774
(value).
1895
Thotucmds.
i,7b7
5,258
4,606
4,708
9,872
12,526
9,072
3,995
8,783
$88,729
102,686
110,626
146,682
214,375
594,287
467,379
470,130
375,503
$123,461
135,395
141,009
178,949
292,158
723,087
541,589
501,434
489,277
$114,425
144,641
177,320
212,769
467,925
489,942
476,957
555,840
527,689
$24,872
24,702
80.283
39,052
43,807
68,852
49,863
49,806
61,312
$139,297
169,343
207,603
251,821
511,732
558,794
526,820
604,646
589,001
$262,758
1896
804,738
1897
848,612
1896
430,770
803,890
1899
1900
1,281,831
1901
1,068,409
1902
1,106,060
1903
1,028,278
It will be noted that the exports of brick continue to decline, though
the exports of china showed a slight increase in 1903.
In addition to the foregoing, pottery of foreign manufacture to the
value of $19,411 was exported in 1903 and to the value of $18,989 in
1902.
CONSUMPTION.
The imports of pottery into the United States in 1903 were valued
at $11,227,701 and the production at $26,436,052, a total of $36,663,753.
After deducting the exports, domestic $589,001 and foreign $19,411,
there appears a net consumption of $36,055,341, of which the domestic
production was 70.55 per cent. The domestic production was 72.91
per cent of consumption in 1902, 71.39 in 1901, 70.75 in 1900, 69.99 in
1899, and 68.49 in 1898. It will thus be seen that the gradual increase
of the domestic production as compared with consumption from 1898
to 1902 was checked in 1903 by a fall from 72.91 to 70.55 per cent—
in other word^, domestic production did not increase as much as
importation.
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840
MINERAL BSdOlTBCES.
CliAY PRODUCTS IN THE VARIOUS STATES.
The following tables give the statistics of the products of clay, by
States, from 1899 to 1903, inclusive, for the more important clay-
working States, and will be of interest to those who desire to compare
the growth of the industries in these States for several years:
CALIFORNIA.
Clay products of California, 1899-1903.
Product.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Brick:
Common—
OuftDtity
129,512,000
1800,210
t6.18
3,642,000
•W.918
$16.45
(«)
$10.00
(«)
•28,798
$1,860
19,298
$479,537
r6,ooo
r.ioo
$8,400
$29,663
(«)
(«)
$92,244
119.906,000
$698,583
$5.88
1,761,000
$82,584
$18.61
146,522,000
$943,250
$6.44
8,787,000
$86,426
$22.82
(«)
$12.00
$4,540
$87,665
(«)
$50,156
$285,599
$141,880
$12,825
(«)
$28,169
181,040,000
$1,291,941
r.i4
6,099,000
$119,802
$19.56
217,715,000
Value
$1,600,882
" Ayera^e per M
Tt.fSi
Preaacd—
QuAntity rr-TT
8,886,000
$229,267
Value
AveraareperM
I25.88
Vltrifled-
Quantity
$15u00
Value
Average per M
Fancy or ornamental,
value
(«)
$48,461
$2,100
$8,141
$357,867
r4,800
$15,500
$22,387
$96,491
$1,250
$10,450
$881,076
$175,194
$18,645
$40,012
1200, se
(*)
$17,9M
$411, »
$180,488
$61,64}
$37,740
Fire value..
Stove llninic do
DraintUe do....
Sewer pipe do —
Ornamental terra ootta . .do. . . .
Fireprooflng do —
Tile, not drain do....
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Yellow and rockingham
ware value..
Sanitary ware do
MiBcellaneous « do....
$129,166
(-)
$120,726
$B1,M1
$115,575
Total value
$1,687,518
$1,375,998
$1,769,165
$2,253,096
$2,SSl,5a
Number of operating Anna re-
porting
79
12
72
14
92
11
80
11
105
Rank of State
9
a Included In miscellaneous.
b stove lining included in fire brick in 1903.
e Includes all products not otherwise classified, and those made by less than three produoeia, in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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OLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES.
841
CONNECTICUT AND RHODE ISLAND.
Clay products of Connecticut and Rhode Islandy lS99-19dS.
Product
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Brick:
Quantity
150,665,000
$751,239
$4.99
(«)
(«)
$8.78
(«)
(«)
$10.00
(«)
(«)
(«)
164,431,000
$862,834
$5.24
(«)
$15.02
(«)
(•)
$12.00
(«)
160,096,000
$822,079
$5.12
(«)
(«)
$15.04
156,885,000
$896,171
$6.71
(«)
$9.09
(«)
$9.10
(«)
$12,750
158,382,000
Value
$890,989
AY^nge p6r M
$5.62
Prewed—
Quantity
(«)
(«)
$15.04
Valae
Avera^ per M
Vitrified—
Onantitv . ,
$14.08
Value
Avprage per M
nmcy or ornamental,
value
(«)
$61,500
Fire value..
Store lining do....
Dnintne do....
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
$44,250
$193,388
Sewer pipe do....
Fiieproofing do
THe, not drain do. ...
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
Pottery:*
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
MiweUaneouad do....
$53,210
$269,713
$48,200
$260,630
$48,100
$260,667
$42,260
$211,330
Total value
$1,074,202
$1,099,972
$1,130,909
$1,217,678
$1,206,069
Kmnberof operating firms re-
pnrtfnff , . _ _
45
20
47
20
45
21
41
21
41
Bank of Connecticut and
Rhode Island
23
a Included in miscellaneous.
^ Store lining included in fire hrick in 1903.
« Produced bv Connecticut alone.
'Includes all products not otherwise classifled, and those made by less than three producers, in
Older that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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842
MIKERAL RESOUBOBS.
GEORGIA.
Clay products of Georgia, 1899-1903,
Product.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
m.
Brick:
Common-
Quantity
201,991,000
$968,810
$4.79
8,505,000
r8,175
$9.19
(«)
$6.25
(«)
$24,400
(«)
(«)
$100,612
(«)
(«)
196,468.000
$982,088
$5.02
5,591,040
$49,800
$8.91
(«)
$iaoo
(«)
$35,502
(«)
(«)
(«)
$66,000
(«)
222.111.000
$1,182,568
$5.32
5.325,000
228.706.000
$1.U4,G27
$4,98
fi Lsnono
11,306^ 8N
Value
Avftxn^ft p<*r M
1^06
PreBBed—
Quantity
2,915,000
Value
$55,700 ' ft46 .vn
$25, i«
Average per M
$10.46
(«)
$7.69
$12,200
$35,000
(«)
(«)
$151,500
$71,800
(«)
(«)
$16,410
(«)
$19,920
$9.04
IB. 83
Vitrlfied-
Quantity
(a)
Value
Average jwr M
tio.»
Fancy or ornamental,
value
(-)
(«)
t2,IflO
Fire value..
Stove lining do
|78,W
Draintile do....
Sewer pipe do
Ornamental terra cotta . .do —
Flreproofing do....
Tile, not drain do. . . .
$174,008
$91,000
$21,650
$16,464
(«)
$44,460
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Yellow and rockfngham
ware value. .
$28,268
$20,048
(«)
$39,790
»,»«
Miscellaneoufl c do....
$64,280
•M,l«
Total value
$1,268,996
$1,193,218
$1,515,088
$1,508,669
$l,781*«fi
Number of operating firms re-
porting
109
16
99
17
107
16
108
19
»
Rank of State
It
a Included in miscellaneous.
b Stove lining included in fire brick in 1903.
e Includes all products not otherwise classified, and those made by less than three prodacezi, in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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OLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES.
843
ILLINOIS.
Clay produotB of lUimiSy 1899-1903.
Product
Brick:
Gonunon—
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Prowcd—
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Vitrified—
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Fiancy or ornamental,
value
Fire value..
Draintile do —
Sewer pipe do
Ornamental terra cotta..do —
Fireproofing do
Tile, not drain do
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Yellow and xocklngbam
ware value..
C. C. and white granite
ware value. .
Semivitreoufl porcelain
ware value..
Xiaoellaneoufi c .
.do...
Total value.
Number of operating firms re-
porting
Bank of Bute
664,684,000
13,231.332
$1.86
26,941,000
1252,244
19.36
88,047.000
roo.524
r.96
927,868
$132,759
$1,026,192
$229,040
(«)
$198,360
$180,066
9624,927
(«)
(«)
(«)
$706,494
$7,260,825
643
5
1900.
685,161,000
$3,981,577
$5.84
26,040,000
$240,969
$9.25
87,724,000
$720,089
$8.21
$15,705
$176,259
$734,249
$271,065
$76,347
$229,729
$641,473
(«)
$622,407
$7,708,869
669
4
1901.
930,661,000
$5,188,654
$5.58
19,241,000
$204,980
$10.65
99,572,000
$899,454
$9.03
$13,105
$212,510
$694,588
$348,716
$812,015
$263,276
$229,746
$698,549
$176,897
$9,642,490
550
4
1902.
1,023,681.000
$5,131,621
$5.01
20,943,000
$240,466
$1L48
91,116,000
$839,784
$9.22
$11,893
$199,048
$693,783
$360,149
$1,000,765
$358,015
$257,049
$602,708
(«)
$56,256
(^)
$130,303
$9,881,840
515
4
1903.
1.015,541,000
$5,888,689
$5.31
25,122,000
$274,723
$10.93
96,668,000
$1,015,710
$10.62
$12,927
$238,106
$892,807
$532,858
$1,198,477
$335,838
$288,426
$691,770
$168,863
(«»)
$159,203
$11,190,797
502
4
a Included in miscellaneous,
ft Included in C. C. and white granite ware.
« Includes all products not otherwise clarified, and those made by less than three producers, in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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844
MINERAL BESOUB0E8.
INDIANA.
Clay products of Indiana^ 1899-1903,
Product
Brick:
Common-
Quantity
Value
Average perM
Prcaaed—
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Vitrified—
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Fancy or ornamental,
value
Fire value..
Stove lining do
Draintile do....
Sewer pipe do
Ornamental terra cotta. .do
Fireproofing do
Tile, not drain do
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Yellow and rockingham
ware value..
G. C. and white granite
ware value . ,
Semivitreous porcelain
ware value..
Sanitary ware do
Miscellaneous b do...,
Total value
Number of operating firms re-
porting
Rank of State
1899.
364,675.000
$1,727,697
$4.74
14,817,000
$139,978
$9.78
28,120,000
$268,471
$9.19
$8,841
$72,860
$839,046
$161,935
$62,575
$328,041
$54,606
(«)
(«)
(«) ■
$581,814
$4,285,854
1900.
274.388,000
$1,391,878
$5.08
19,064,000
$172,752
$9.05
80,826,000
$831,276
$10.92
r,8io
$40,976
(«)
$674,602
$279,719
(«)
$116,581
$848,985
$48,544
(«)
C$450,732
$8,866,850
1901.
815,966,000
$1,624,138
$6.14
27,298,000
$284,776
$8.60
81,468,000
$320,221
$10.18
$8,160
$51,526
(«)
$772,241
$253,626
(«)
$91,061
$478,130
$54,871
(«)
(«)
$578,190
$4,466,454
567
6
540
7
1902.
805,283,000
$1,710,385
$5.60
24.866,000
$215,202
$8.65
45,988,000
$441,494
$9.61
$10,896
$66,725
$807,516
$3U,223
(•)
$342,854
$579,896
$28,780
(«)
C)
(«)
$769,260
$5,283,733
512
6
IfOS.
a«7,iso
16. 7S
21,76,000
I9.lt
47.861,000
•tt2,«7
110.09
(-)
(0
n.oiins
tW,21S
(«)
(«)
I46S.0B2
|7S,W
(«)
CO
(•)
11.^296
I8.»t.»
a Included in miscellaneous.
6 Includes all products not otherwise classified, and those made by less than three prodneen, m
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be discloned.
c Porcelain electrical supplies for Indiana included with New York.
d Included in C. C. and wnite granite ware.
« Stove lining included in fire brick in 1903.
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OLAY-WOBKING INDUSTRIES.
845
IOWA.
Clay products of Iowa, 1899-190S.
Product
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Brick:
Oommon —
Quantity
Value
Ayerage per M .
Quantity ,
Value
Avenge perM
Vitrified—
Quantity
Value
Average perM
Fancy or ornamental,
value
Fire value..
Stove lining do..
DmintUe do..
Sewer pipe do..
Ornamental terra cotta do. .
Fireprooflng. terra-cotta lum-
ber, and hollow building
block or tile value..
Tlie, not drain do..
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value. .
Mlacellaneousb do..
Total value. .
Number of operating firma re-
porting
Rank of State
220,384,000
$1,828,050
16.06
17.280,000
$160,800
$9.81
29,556,000
$225,044
r.6i
$4,700
$359,568
(«)
$80,080
$125,476
$2,288,806
872
8
222,744,000
$1,386,641
$6.28
8,013,000
$79,682
$9.94
17,888,000
$151,386
$8.78
$1,750
32,146
$877,586
$62,462
249,818,000
$1,611,040
$6.46
8,785,000
$88,164
$10.04
24,270,000
$341,108
$9.98
$2,229
$1,810
228,142,000
$1,575,959
$6.91
7,504,000
$80,711
$10.76
28,905,000
$282,066
$9.71
$1,690
$860
$584,985
$54,500
$25,900
$6,450
$31,389
$176,910
$59,270
$11,908
$26,200
$106,666
$672,212
(«)
(«)
$108,824
$2,590
$48,887
$180,057
$2,291,261
$2,737,825
$2,843,386
358
841
825
8
191,823,000
$1,355,129
$7.08
12.816.000
$185,849
$10.60
21,888,000
$232,510
$10.62
(«)
$975
$1,028,888
$131,191
$52,922
$156,444
$3,093,403
804
8
« Included in miaoeUaneous.
^Includes all products not otherwise classified, and thoae made by less than three producers, in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed,
c Stove lining Included in fire brick in 1908.
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846
MINERAL RES0T7B0ES.
KENTUCKY.
Ctay products of Kentucky , 1899-1903,
Product,
Brick:
Common-
Quantity
Value
Average perM
PresBed—
Quantity
Value
Average perM
Vitrified—
Quantity
Value
Average perM
Fancy or ornamental,
value
Fire value..
Stove lining do
Dralntile do....
Sewer pipe do
Ornamental terra cotta . .do
Flreproofing do....
Tile, not drain do
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value. .
Miscellaneous o do
Total value
Number of operating firms re-
porting
Rank of State
108,994,000
$546,535
15.26
2,606,000
S20,275
$8.09
5,919,000
160,896
$10.20
(«)
$86,182
(«)
$104,605
$256,853
$1,858,428
111
14
1900.
113,868,000
$608,834
$5.34
$21,098
$9.25
(«)
$12.00
(«)
$898,220
(«)
$26,727
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
$181,497
$300,448
$1,481,824
118
12
1901.
1902.
U5, 977, 000
$621,756
$5.86
2,486,000
$16,585
$6.65
(«)
(«)
$12.71
(«)
$377,741
(«)
$29,496
$100,705
$139,697
$228,611
$1,514,548
117
18
112,728,000 j
$669,612
$5.85 I
6.172,000 I
$47,027
$7.62
(«)
$18.80
$605,448
(«)
$26,089
$297,469
$187,043
$160,406
$1,878,048
Ul
15
ISOSL
msi9,(ii»
|6BB.4(B
6,869,000
|SS,79
r.s
(•)
{-)
t87S.2»(
ia),ezi
(•)
$222. 4»
$13».8!t7
$191,®
$2.H0H»
US
U
a Included in miscellaneous,
ft Stove lining included in fire brick in 1908.
c Includes all products not otherwise xslassified, and those made by leas than three prodnceo. in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be discloeed.
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OLAY-WORKING INDUSTBIE8.
847
MARYLAND.
day products of Maryland, 1899-190S.
Product
Brick:
Common—
Qnantity
Value
ATen^perM ,
QnanUtF
Value
Ayen^eperM
Vitrified—
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Tianey or ornamental,
Talue
Fire value..
Store lining do....
Diaintile do....
Sewer pipe do....
Ornamental terra cotta . .do. . . .
TOe, not drain do....
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Tellow and rockingham
ware value..
C. C. and white granite
value..
Mlieellaneoas c do. . . ,
Total value.
Kamber of operating flrmB re-
porting
Bank of State
lU, 479, 000
1682,247
16.12
14,836,000
$157,918
$11.02
60,000
$700
$14.00
$6,997
$825,812
$82,457
$8,678
$16,225
(«)
(«)
$454,612
$1,679,641
1900.
117,880,000
$724,018
$6.14
4,489,000
$60,729
$18.68
74,000
$695
$8.04
$9,886
$321,666
$86,049
$2,868
(«)
(«)
(«)
$8.U5
(«)
(«)
$548,440
1901.
$1,711,856
U8, 457, 000
$676,708
$5.96
5,772,000
r6,792
$18.80
(«)
$15.00
$11,000
$842,055
$40,287
$2,402
(«)
(«)
$16,586
$18,874
$176,687
$249,864
$1,605,655
18
1902.
141,285,000
$879,995
$6.28
8,467,000
$45,875
$13.18
(«)
$15.51
(«)
$277,290
$21,540
$2,105
(«)
(«)
(«)
$18,651
(«)
$505,722
$159,684
$1,905,862
1908.
147,663,000
$976,969
$6.62
2,728,000
$40,479
$14.84
(«)
(«)
$9.46
(«)
$272,295
$1,856
$16,428
$450,000
$151,295
$1,908,821
59
16
« Included in miscellaneous.
^ Stove lininf included in fire brick in 1908.
^IncludesalTproducts not otherwise classifled, and those made by less than three producers, in
' that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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848
MINERAL RESOURCES.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Clay products of Massachusetts, 1899-190S.
Product.
Brick:
Common-
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Pressed —
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Fancy or ornamental,
value
Fire value. .
Stove lining do
Draintile do
Ornamental terra cotta . .do
Fireproofing do
Tile, not drain do
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value . .
r. C. and while granite j
ware value. .
Miscellaneous/'
do....!
1899.
1900.
1901.
230,487,000
$1,256,767
15.45
3,710,000 I
S79,280 !
rjl.37
(«)
r22, 792
$143,547
(«)
(«)
870,673
I
198,698,000
$1,123,586
$5.65
4,884,000
$87,575
$17.93
(«)
$69,400
$144,044
$198,866
$409,885
Total value 1 $2,181,710
Number of operating firms re-
porting
Rank of State
(«)
(«)
{^)
$176,902
<; $231, 594 I
1902.
170,455,000 241,376,000
$1,060,493 $1,529,671 ,
$6.22 $6.34
6,950,000
$96,892 I
$14.23
$63,040
$57,945
$185,570
$204,038
(«)
r250,859
3,631.000
$69,230
$19.07
(«)
$54,812
$133,752
(«)
$67,418 I
$206,806^
$314,446
$1,833,101
101
10
1«3.
190.812.000
$1,236,103
16.4^
2,625,000
$i2.4S0
$19. 98
(«)
riOO.225
fl»,»2
S«l,525
$1,870,837 I $2,375,667 $2,10^.6Si
90
10
(1 Inj'luderl in miscellaneous.
''Includes all prodiicLs not otherwise elassified, and those made by less than three producera.in
order lluit the opcraliona of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
«• Includes pottery prt)ducts of Maine.
ii Stove lining included in fire brick in 1903.
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OLAY-WOBKINa INDUSTRIES.
849
MICHIGAN.
Clay products of Michigan^ 1899-190S,
Prodact.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Brick:
Quantity
Value
Ayerage per M .
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Vitrified—
Quantity
Value
Average perlC
Ikncy or ornamental*
value
Fire value^
Stove lining do....
DnintOe do....
Sewer pipe do....
Ornamental terra cotta . .do. . . .
Fireproofing terra cotta, lum-
ber, and hollow Imilding tile
or blocks value..
Ttle, not drain do....
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Miicellaneoua^ do...,
Total value.
Kunber of operating firms re-
porting
[Of
200,144,000
1988,176
14.66
4.290,000
t58,920
$18.78
(«)
$12.00
(«)
$140,171
$60,800
$5,900
$29,641
$65,889
$1,288,99'
196
15
180,892,000
$863,250
$4.77
8,421,000
$48,411
$5.76
(«)
$12.42
(«)
215,886,000
$1,095,254
$5.07
9.476,000
$64,081
$6.76
(a)
$12.80
(«)
287.254,000
$1,381,752
$5.61
5,684,000
$42,792
$7.58
(«)
$12.26
(«)
$114,747
$57,916
(«)
$2,850
$84,817
$60,704
$98,972
$96,645
$1,880
$42,465
$239,432
$1,181,695
$1,542,034
$3,290
$44,098
$225,463
$1,744,040
189
18
180
17
182
16
215,791,000
$1,251,572
$5.80
2,225.000
$19,000
$8.54
(«)
(«)
$18.27
(«)
(«)
(<»)
$129,028
(«)
(«)
$19,138
$42,007
$249,676
$1,710,421
178
17
•Included in miscellaneous.
» Includes all products not otherwise classifled, and those made by less than three producers, In
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
'Store lining Included in fire brick in 1908.
M B 1903 54
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850
ICINEBAL RESOUBOES.
MINNESOTA.
day products of Minnesota^ 1899-190S.
Product.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Brick:
Ck>mmoii—
Quantity
145,338.000
$754,499
$5.19
8,965,000
$41,280
$10.42
152.497,000
$811,457
$5.82
4,520,000
$46,830
$10.36
(«)
$6.00
(«)
(«)
$2,745
(«)
157.727.000
$852,303
$5.40
5.506,000
$55,016
$9.99
192.674.000
$1,108,515
$5.72
6,280,000
$76,850
$12.08
161.911,0110
Value
$882,728
Avera^ per M
I&07
Preaeed—
Quantity
6,922,000
Value
178, W
Average per M
tlLID
Vitrifled-
Quantity
195,000
Value
I1.S75
Average p<^r M .........
10.6
Fancy or ornamental,
value
(«)
(-)
(«)
$6,739
(«)
(«)
(«)
$2,219
(«)
(«)
$41,000
(«)
$870,725
$808,422
(a)
Pire value. .
Draintile do
Sewer pipe do —
Ornamental terra cotta . .do. . . .
$11,400
110.087
(-)
Fireprooflng do....
Tile, not drain do. . . .
(«)
(«)
$278,795
$256,870
$85,700
(«)
$292,095
$306,794
(»)
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Miscellaneous b do
$206,865
$206,203
|»7,578
|4SS.Iffi
Total value
$1,218,697
$1,396,697
$1,548,647
$1,901,731 1 $1,924,896
Number of operating firms re-
ix>rting
116
18
114
13
116 ml 116
Rank of State
15 1 15 1 U
a Included in miscellaneous.
6 Includes all products not otherwise classified, and those made by less than three pFod«oeR.iB
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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OLAY-WOBKING INDU8TBIE8.
851
MISSOURI.
Clay products of Missouri 1899-1903,
Product.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1906.
Brick:
Gofflmoii—
Quantity
258,220,000
$1,845,792
$5.81
80,062,000
$281,797
$9.87
22,594,000
$188,787
$8.86
$49,219
$875,023
$53,576
$436,624
$184,496
$26,257
$70,169
$654,878
195,960,000
$1,067,497
$6.40
22,018,000
$228,070
$10.86
28,019,000
$252,783
$9.02
$42,096
$510,166
$57,900
$624,962
$158,051
$19,529
$69,874
$n6,169
276,821,000
$1,696,031
$5.76
26,801,000
$296,168
$11.84
26,860,000
$225,247
• $8.71
$62,108
$620,116
$9,520
$46,114
$788,518
$228,564
$59,048
$60,202
$62,647
$425,300
292,184,000
$1,882,118
$6.27
80,744,000
$858,089
$11.65
22,288,000
$194,250
$8.72
$49,411
$739,385
(«)
$35,887
$903,279
(«)
$99,690
$106,356
$48,913
$802,086
274,766,000
$1,726,258
Value
A V6raff6 Dcr M
$6.28
PKned—
Qnantity
26,168,000
Value
$883,966
$12.77
ky^ngf) p4f r M
Vitrified—
Qnantity
81,496,000
$807,287
Value
ATerage per M
$0.76
Itacy or ornamental,
value
$89,756
$925,916
(ft)
$46,868
1,050,794
$371,006
$96,888
$285,091
$50,001
$478,888
Fire value...
Store lining do....
DmintUe do....
Seirerplpe do....
Ontmental terra cotta . .do
Flreprooflng, term cotta. lum-
ber, and Kollow buildincr tile
or blocks value...
Tile, not drain do....
Pottery:
Eathemware and stone-
ware value...
Mteellaneonitf do....
Total Talue
$8,666,616
$3,736,567
$4,474,668
$5,166,414
$5,661,607
Number of operating flmw re-
porting....77.77^!;
289
7
267
7
259
6
286
7
242
Rank of State
7
* Included In miacellaneoui.
»8tove llniiur included in flie brick in 1908.
•Includes all products not otherwise classified , and those made by less than three producers, in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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852
MINERAL RESOUBOES.
NEW JERSEY.
Clay products of New Jersey, 1899-190S,
Product
1899.
1900.
190L
1908.
1901
Brick:
Common—
Qoantity «
Value
Avera^ per M
PrcMed—
Quantity .'.
Value
Average perM
Vitrlfled—
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Fancy or ornamental,
value -
Fire value..
Stove lining do —
Drain tile do ... .
Sewer pipe do. . . .
Ornamental terra cotta . .do
Fireprooflng, terra cotta, lum-
ber, and hollow building tile
orblocks value..
Tile, not drain do
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Yellow and rockingham
ware value . .
CO. ware do —
White granite ware, .do —
SemivltreouD porcelain
ware value..
China do —
Bone china, delft, and bel-
leek ware value. .
Sanitary ware do
Porcelain electrical sup-
plies value..
Miscellaneous (^ do —
Total value
Number of operating firms re-
porting
Rank of State
394,764,000
$1,809,906
14.68
87,825,000
•609,819
$16.12
(«)
(«)
$12.80
$48,368
$688,158
(«)
(«)
$99,000
$660,804
$658,144
$87,128
$60,500
$751,444
$442,854
$372,850
$494,870
$42,000
$1,850,225
$154,807
$2,078,901
881,579,000
$1,449,694
$4.37
25,229,000
$426,692
$16.91
(«)
$12.48
$4,112
$1,072,535
(«)
$55,655
$154,481
$647,884
$873,706
$506,892
$75,260
(«)
$544,249
$1,189,620
$875,926
$577,593
$66,800
$1,848,858
$286,466
d$828,010
861,886,000
$1,675,746
$4.76
29,239,000
$473,188
$16.18
2,251,000
$22,024
$9.78
$U,514
$780,827
(«)
$22,612
(«)
$020,664
$610,864
$486,122
$82,009
(«)
$443,455
$1,486,263
$225,962
$665,948
$270,606
$2,244,904
$842,479
< $917, 151
800,688,000
$1^506.224
$6.01
42,926,000
$662,000
$12.86
1,014,000
$10,487
$ia29
$U,407
$819,580
$8,477
$»,Q20
(-)
$861,780
$066,047
$796,168
$6$, 820
$681,267
' $1,481,270
$680,868
$90,840
$2,807,822
$356,496
/$1, 040, 806
$10,787,278
$10,928,428
$U, 681, 878
272,178,000
$l,a)Q,»
41,075,000
85IS,XI
$11»
1,402.000
$22,116
$l5.tt
$l4,f!0
$9tt.tn
(*)
$»,»
(•)
$l,$6iOH
$i,saB,«M
$3H1»
$66,091
$464.00
$l,5».aB
$106,000
$2.7K«4
$»6,l»
9r4i.8»4
$12,618,268 $11.416,«i
159
8
149
3
160
8
154
S
151
S
a Included in miscellaneous.
6Stove lining included in fire brick in 1903.
o Includes all products not otherwise classifled, and those made by less
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disolosed.
<f Includes pottery for New Hampshire.
« Also includes enameled brick valued at $177,128.
/Also includes enameled brick valued at $202,740.
0 Also includes enameled brick valued at $218,468.
than three prodoeen. in
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OLAY-WOBKING INDUSTRIES.
853
NEW YORK.
Qay products of New Forib, 189^190$.
Prod act
Briek:
Common^
Quantity
Value
ATerageperM.
Quantity
Value
Average per M
Vitrified—
QtfanUty
Value
Average per M
Fkncy or ornamental,
Talue
Fire value..
Store lining do —
Dndntfle do....
Sewer pipe do....
Ornamental terra cotta..do
Flreprooflng do —
TUe, not drain do
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Yellow and rockingham
ware value..
a C. and white granite
ware value..
China do....
Sanitary ware do
Porcelain electrical sup-
pliea value..
MlneUaneous 0
Total value.
Nmnber of operating flmu re-
porting
Rank instate
1899.
1,246,766,000
t5, 275, 194
$4.28
24,796,000
1824,645
$18.09
82,860,000
$842,845
$10.60
(•)
$227,814
$74,607
$41,921
$61,298
$417,860
$106,961
$01,645
$67,899
$886,680
$125,284
$690,424
$8,076,412
276
4
1900.
i,oo9,oa,ooo
$4,266,715
$4.23
19,204,000
$249,078
$12.97
29,948,000
$847,671
$11.61
$360,988
$98,188
$89,019
$94,203
$676,406
$93,994
$105,519
$62,215
(«)
$371,564
(«)
$257,882
d$592,177
$7,660,606
269
5
1901.
1,016,287,000
$4,947,599
$4.87
18,721,000
$254,696
$18.60
29,950.000
$848,843
$11.46
$293,944
$U5,054
$73,554
$96,770
$754,911
$98,947
$140,890
$76,068
(«)
$441,667
(«)
$810,214
$844,061
$8,291,718
276
5
1902.
1,061.712,000
$5,021,132
$4.73
18,968,000
$249,578
$18.16
27,009,000
$322,250
$11.93
$402,006
$182,832
$U0,301
$209,105
$128,497
$125,680
$86,708
(«)
(«)
(•)
$891,819
$1,289,710
$8,414,118
262
5
1908.
1,068,464,000
$5,805,522
$4.96
18,888,000
$248,760
$18.58
16,797,000
$220,296
$18.11
(«)
$629,245
(*)
$140,181
$184,860
$947,158
(«)
$150,604
$82,810
(«)
(«)
(«)
$474,842
$875,079
$0,208,262
242
5
•Included in miscellaneous.
»8tove lining included in fire brick in 1908.
^Indudea all products not otherwise classified, and those made by leas than three producers, in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
'Indodea porcelain electrical supplies for Indiana and nndecoreted china for Ohio.
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854
MINBBAL BESOUBOBS.
OHIO.
Oen/ products of OMo, 1899-1903.
Product
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190S.
Brick:
Common—
Quantity
Value
Average per M .
Preised—
Quantity
Value
Average per M .
Vitrifled-
Quantity
Value
Average per M .
Fancy or ornamental,
value ,
Fire value..
Stove lining do. . . ,
Draintile do...,
Bewer pipe do. . . ,
Ornamental terra cotta . .do. . . ,
Fireprooflng, terra cotta lum-
ber, and hollow building tile
or blocks; value . .
Tile, not drain do...
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
wa;te value..
Yellow and Rockingham
ware value. .
C. C. ware do
White granite ware, .do
Semivitreous porcelain
ware value..
China do
Sanitary ware do
Porcelain electrical sup-
plies value..
Miscellaneous 0 do
Total value.,
Number of Operating firms re-
porting
Rank of State
497,888,000
12,427,684
SK.19
48,829,000
•466,665
10.66
145,657,000
$1,183,509
•7.78
•42,037
•976,693
•977,778
•1,680,724
•346,090
•565,094
•748,170
•159,663
•789,044
•1,143,990
•2,676,412
•424,428
•190,314
•1,752,555
411,682,000
•2,232,090
•5.42
40,923,000
•438,066
•10.68
146,698,000
•1,118,106
•7.62
a •47,166
•1,340,775
iP)
•715,874
•2,243,386
•2,867
•851,884
•690,267
•949,451
•175,176
•1,066,226
•2,767,887
•2,251,213
(ft)
(ft)
•247,135
•1,682.120
480,276,000
•2,726,612
•5.67
09,405,000
•612,718
•8.88
176,787,000
•1,443,637
•8.21
a^60,908
•1,287,059
(ft)
•707,409
•2,736,708
(ft)
•357,284
•996,006
•962,329
•206,848
•726,321
•2,710,726
•3,520,006
(ft)
(ft)
•325,664
•2,206,969
638,662,000
•3,001,847
•6.74
63,815,000
•674,822
•ia87
186,786,000
•1,643,682
•8.80
o 847, 376
•1,827,982
•192,460
•894,713
•2,646,134
•18,289
•757,613
•1,156,871
•1,8U,686
•129,691
•729,626
•6,767,661
(ft)
(ft)
•116,874
•2,454.271
•16,600,625
•18,804,628
•21,574,965
•24,249,748
960
1
871
1
818
1
801
1
497, €71, 000
•8,002,506
•6.04
50,997,000
•631,101
•1141
202,649.000
•1,860,071
•1.17
•42, GC
•i,6a,«6
•1,140. no
•8,295.635
(ft)
•865,641
•1,072,KB
•l,22S,'iS
•222,904
•762,4:5
•6,681.060
- •266.300
(ft)
•486.740
#«2,060^S81
•25,208.138
815
1
a Including enameled brick.
b Included in miscellaneous
0 Includes all products not otherwise classifled, and those made by less than three produeen, In
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
d stove lining included in fire brick in 1903.
e Includes enameled brick valued at •32,562.
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CLAY- WORKING INDUSTRIES.
855
PENNSYLVANIA.
Clay producis of Penntylvaniay 1899-190S,
Product
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Brick:
Common —
Qo&ntity
Value
Average per M
PresMd—
Quantity
Value
Average perM
Vitrified—
Quantity
Value
AverageperM
Fiancy or ornamental,
value
Fire value..
Stove lining do —
DraintQe do
Sewer pipe do
Ornamental terra cotta . .do —
Fireprooflng, terra-cotta lum-
ber, hollow building tile or
blocks value..
TQe, not drain do —
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Yellow and rockingham
ware value..
C. C. ware do —
White granite ware.. do —
Sanitary ware do —
lOscellaneons fr do —
Total value
Number of operating firms re-
porting
Rank of State
782,944,000
$4,537,806
15.80
88,784,000
9960,000
flO.80
89,017,000
1702,782
17.89
$67,299
$4,921,889
$106,851
$26,719
$204,400
$189,100
$U0,210
(«)
$277,156
(«)
(«)
$201,067
(«)
$1,860,027
744,663,000
$4,484,590
$6.02
54,068,000
$596,559
$11.08
57,827,000
$481,670
$8.83
$57,279
$4,587,991
$90,348
$8,420
$522,660
$180,100
$95,957
$191,878
$844,139
(«)
$880,000
875,681,000
$5,857,079
$6.12
70,207,000
$844,067
$12.02
78,498,000
$670,081
$0.12
$74,726
$4,791,088
$86,190
$7,409
$438,998
$314,900
$101,652
$188,525
$431,433
$920,167
$839,903
$1,175,676
949,718,000
$6,074,852
$6.40
77,746,000
$966,580
$12.48
76,024,000
$716,887
$9.48
$20,972
$6,080,218
$116,658
$9,817
$650,481
$248,800
$188,839
$282,481
$499,227
(«)
(«)
$1,099 Oil
$146,000
C$938,712
$14,108,245
$13,891,748
$15,321,742
$17,888,425
650
2
508
2
507
2
511
2
927,212,000
$6,174,487
$6.66
80, m, 000
$1,060,806
$18.11
72,089,000
$685,274
$0.51
$82,602
$6,587,076
$11,451
$727,465
$829,004
$278,621
$207,608
$588,685
$1,086,194
$144,414
$1,098,888
$18,847,824
• Included in miscellaneous.
fc Includes all products not otherwise classiiied, and those made by less than three producers, in
ordo' that the operations of Individual establishments may not be disclosed.
< Also Includes enameled brick valued at $57,188.
'Stove lining included in fire brick in 1906.
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856
MINERAL BESOUB0E8.
T£XA8.
day products of Texas, 1899-290S.
Product.
1899.
1900.
1901.
19Q2.
1908w
Brick:
Common-
Quantity
174,472,000
$947,980
$5.43
7,816,000
$60,061
$8.21
(«)
$9.88
$3,147
$23,234
$2,325
$58,753
(«)
170,124,000
$964,743
$5.67
3.827,000
$35,606
$9.30
(«)
$8.96
$1,109
$14,144
$2,164
222,469,000
$1,396,889
$6.28
10,138,000
$96,492
$9.42
(«)
$8.70
$1,389
$23,337
$904
217,461,000
$1,858,489
$6.22
6.844,000
$73,619
$10.76
(«)
$9.23
$4,667
$17,781
$2,766
178. IH 000
Value
$1,074,061
Averaee ner M
$6.(B
Pressed—
Quantity
6,462.000
Value
$65,628
Averasre ner M
$12. (B
Vitrified—
Quantity
(•)
(«)
tin
Value
Average per M
Fancy or ornamental,
value
$U.M)
$22,SB
Fire value..
Draintile do....
Sewer pipe do —
Fireproofing do....
Tile, not drain do. . . .
$87,464
$65,788
$2,950
$90,876
$111,588
$96,402
$145,200
$96,116
»iOS,l«2
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
Miscellaneous b do
$74,062
$51,567
Total value
$1,221,119
$1,171,017
$1,723,375
$1,693,814 1 $1,472,160
Number of operating firms re-
porting
125
17
193
19
201
12
172
17
166
Rank of State
ao
aIncliidfMl in niisfcllaneous.
Mnt'Iudesall pro<iucis not otherwi.se classified, and those made by less than three prodnoen, in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclcwed.
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OLAY-WOBKING INDD8TBIE8.
857
VIRGINIA.
Clay products of VirginiOy 1899-1903,
Prodact.
1899.
1900. .
1901.
1902.'
1903.
Brick:
Common—
Qiimntlty
128,847,000
$765,598
$5.94
18,712,000
$242,137
$12.94
5,000,000
$50,000
$10.00
$16,117
$6,160
153,409,000
$934,185
$6.09
15,617,000
$275,847
$17.66
8,692,000
$44,067
$11.94
$17,921
$26,573
$3,285
(«)
$925
$2,392
171,624,000
$1,189,894
$6.64
17,650,000
$267,028
$15.13
192,337,000
$1,185,362
$6.16
20,483,000
$344,139
$16.84
189,891,000
Valne
$1,245,861
$6.56
Ayereg^ per M
PreMed-
Qiiantity
18,866,000
$808,431
$16.08
Value
ATeragf!> I>er M
Vitrilled—
Qnantity
$8.92
Value
Average iM%r M
Fancy or ornanental,
Talne j
Fire value..
DialntUe do....
$20,429
$3,971
$3,978
$13,847
$4,240
$27,830
$54,171
$4,750
Pottery:
Earthenware and stone-
ware value..
MieceUaneousfr do
$1,480
$13,292
$4,047
80,245
$37,808
Total value
$1,098,784
$1,805,195
$1,489,347
$1,677,833
$1,678,346
Number of operating firms re-
porting
96
19
112
16
109
19
98
18
100
Rsnk of State
18
'Included in miscellaneous.
(Inclodes all products not otherwise classified, and those made by less than three producers, in
Older that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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858
HIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
WEST VIRGINIA.
Clay producU of West Vtrginiaf 1899-190S,
Product.
1899. *
1900.
1901.
1902.
VSOL
Brick:
Common—
OuAiitlty ,
49,908,000
$269,656
$5.40
2,196,000
$16,218
$7.89
53,451,000
$415,089
$7.77
(«)
$54,400
106,700,000
$708,861
$6.88
1,610,000
$16,797
$10.43
58,492,000
$474,880
$8.88
60,004,000
$848,452
$5.81
(«)
$7.12
62,805,000
$555,889
$8.84
(«)
$102,800
81,166,000
$527,661
$6.50
(«)
$14.83
60,549,000
$578,777
$9.56
88,060,000
1676, 4M
Value
Average per M
I&5S
Praned—
Quantity
269,(100
•3,886
•11«
51.7«2,00i
•S76,ffl
•ILIS
Value
Averacpe per M
Vitrified—
Quantity
Value
Average per M .........
Fancy or ornamental,
value
Fire value..
Stove lining .........r^-.rT.^^rr*
$149,257
(«)
$1,846
(«)
$23,633
Draintile value..
Sewer pipe do....
Fireproofing do. . . .
$8,656
(«)
(«)
(«)
$16,464
(«)
(«)
$676,056
$1,485
$1,226
(«)
Tile, not drain do....
Pottery;
Barthenware and stone-
ware value..
C. C. and white granite
ware value..
Semivitreous porcelain
prare value. .
•0,827
$18,069
$419,878
(«)
(«)
$505,912
$16,018
$1,026,446
(*)
$345,783
•1«,6W
$i,o».«o
Sanitary ware do....
Miscellaneoufld do....
$655,797
(-)
$213,741
Total value
$1,451,589
$2,016,765
$1,946,480
$2,618,644
$2.6e8,5a
Number of operating firms re-
porting
55
18
58
9
58
9
58
9
W
Rank of State
ID
a Included in miscellaneous.
ftStove lining included in fire brick in 1908.
0 Included in wbite granite ware.
<i Includes all products not otherwise daasifled, and those made by less than three prodoeen, in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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OLAY-WOBKIHG INDU8TBIES.
859
WISCONSIN.
Cfay products of Tfiaooimn, 1899-1903.
Product
1899.
1900.
' 1901.
1902.
1908.
Brick:
CommoD—
Quantity
178,722,000
91,078,101
96.00
6,881,000
960,213
98.75
(«)
916.00
91,976
166,686,000
9968,461
96.16
10,832,000
984,601-
97.81
187,173,000
91,161,838
96.15
6,827,000
964,879
98.88
(«)
97.60
92,106
(«)
922,727
(«)
912,400
94,096
162,127,000
9919,883
96.06
7,724,000
970,808
99.10
181,722,000
Value
91,198,860
96.67
Pre«d-
Qnantlty
6,794,000
Value
962,867
Aveia^ per M
90.26
Vitrified—
Qnantity
(a)
Value
A vevaffe i>er M
92,272
(«)
914,996
(«)
(»)
96,860
.
912.00
Fancy or ornamental,
talue
(«)
(«)
917,763
(«)
912,285
96,424
(a)
Pipe value..
DnintOe do....
THe not drain do....
928,884
984,666
Pottery:
Eartbenware and stone-
ware value..
KfK4«I1anfM>Tifi A ....... . . .dn. r ^ .
918,146
9689,944
918,686
98,087
Total value ...r
91,811,712
91,072.179
91.247,644
91,026,658
91,807,806
Number of <^>erating firma re-
178
10
168
21
170
20
160
22
168
Rank i>f Rtat^
22
« Included in roisc-ellaneoua.
»Ineliided with Minneeota.
« Includes all products not otherwise classified, and those made by less than three producer^ in
order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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CliAT.
PRODUCTION.
In the following tables will be found statistics of the production of
clay in 1902 and 1903. In compiling these figures only the clay sold
by the miner has been considered, that which is manufactured by the
producer not being taken into account:
Production and valne of day in the Ikiiled States in 1903, by SkUea.
[Quantity in tons of 2.000 pounds.]
Kaolin.
Ball clay.
State.
Raw.
Prepared.
Raw.
Prepared.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value,
Quantity. Value.
Arizona «
10,005
i87,800
13,496
$36,802
W (»)
California
Colorado
::::::::::r::::::::
{<=)
i<^)
Delaware
14,065
110,273
Florida
24,1B4
tl2L828
Georg'ia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
(<■)
(<')
i
Miasouri
180
S695
Montana
New Jersey
22,962
24,872
10,225
41,M
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
(<»)
(«)
23,976
145,056
Tennessee
C*)
{")
Texas
Vermont
(«)
(^)
1,679
13,251
West Vinrfnia
Wisconsin
other States «
400
710
29,861
44,858
Total
530
1,405
49,725
856,380
66,309
106,027
84,409
166,317
Fireclay.
Stoneware clay.
State.
Raw.
Prepared.
Raw.
Prepared-
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
37,165
5,094
29,097
12,910
{0)
920,855
7,082
30,199
12,860
3,552
1,711
r,520
10,968
Arizona a
2,460
8,960
1,810
•8,282
4,100
1,968
California
Prtlnrado
{0)
(0)
Delaware
Florida
a Including Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts. Michigan, New Hampshire, Kortli Caro-
lina, North Dakota. Oregon. Utah. Virginia, and ball clay (raw) for Tennessee.
b Ball clay (prepared) for Utah included in miscellaneous clay (raw).
o Included In Other States.
d Ball clay (raw ) for Tennessee included with Arizona, etc.
« Includes all products made by less than three producers in one State, in order that t
of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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CLAY-WOBKING IKDUSTBIES.
861
Production and value of day in the United States in 1903, by States — Continued.
State.
Quantity. Value.
Fire clay.
Baw.
QoaDtity. Value.
Prepared.
Quantity. Value.
Stoneware clay.
Raw.
Quantity. Value
Prepared.
Geoigia.
niinois.
Kentucky
MlaBOuri
Montana
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
PennsylTanla ..
Sooth Carolina .
Tenneane
Texai
Vermont
West Virginia..
Wisconsin
Other SUteafr...
21,403
81,614
44,288
1»8,539
8,567
840,047
1,091
80,800
106,204
•24,274
80,687
86,258
158,588
8,210
450,789
2,151
56,219
137,983
14,886
(«)
(«)
81,789
(«)
(«)
118,758
(«)
(«)
182,429
(«)
(«)
(«)
18,024
(«)
(«)
5,664
(«)
$14,592
(«)
(«)
8,880
82,980
82,196
70,983
68,979
(«)
24,408
22,960
2,676
41,158
16,689
(«)
(«)
(«)
2,625
(«)
(«)
8,566
(«)
(«)
6,918
(«)
(«)
55,958
(«)
42,858
7,863
1,245
(«)
(«)
74,964
67,846
17,044
35,243
1,286
1,646
9,771
$17,518
Total 948,908 1,047,007 240,018 427,258 90,976 97,246 9,771 17,518
State.
Miscellaneous. /
Raw.
Quantity.
Value.
Prepared.
Quantity. Value.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Aiisma^..
California.
OdIoiBdo..
Delaware .
Florida...
Georgia...
imnois
100
2,767
9,000
2,500
1250
4,865
15,800
1,700
1,000
12,822
8,750
1,776
2,000
57,594
18,198
811
4,602
8,025
$24,290
8,025
Kentucky
MisKmri
Montana
New Jemy
NewTork
Ohio
PennsylTmnia...
South Oarolina .
Tennenee
Texas
Vennont
Westl^rglnia...
Wisoonrin ...... .
Other States fr...
8,60Q
77,869
17,561
8,662
5,609
86,856
1,890
10,800
91,086
18,061
5,258
6,862
188,903
2,863
10,662
20,743
280
805
680
960
1,278
11,500
40,817
85,533
42,047
87,817
80,285
25,184
17,874
71,088
48,846
57,363
191,122
7,417
493.254
18,958
198,102
170,963
86,703
dll,428
1,909
2,829
66,439
1,906
$28,125
150,819
50,099
41,454
171,471
126,828
82,334
73,842
41,678
67,010
^845,537
21,510
684,625
20,963
156,892
355,128
135,408
18,792
2,865
16,276
50,911
12,480
TMal.
190,892 864,581
24,797
65,863
1,660,835
2,649,042
•Inohided in Other States.
^ Indndea all prodacts nuule by less than three producers in one State, in order that the operations
of tndtrldaal eftabUshments may not be disclosed.
•Indodins Gonnectioat, lows^ Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, North Caro-
lina. Kor^^akota, Oregon, Utah. Viiginia, and ball clay (raw) for Tennessee.
'Ball clay (raw) for Tennessee included with Arisona, etc.
*Tht total of Other States is distributed among the States to which it belongs, in order that they
be fnUy represented in the totals.
/iBctadmg btick clay, clay for wall paper, plaster, and boiler covering, paper clay, slip olay, terra-
QOtta elay, and wad clay.
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862
JONEBAL BESOUBOES.
ProdtLction and vaiue of day in the United Spates in 1902, by 8Ude$.
[Quantity in tons of 2,000 poonds.]
KaoUn.
Ball clay.
State.
Raw.
Prepared.
Raw.
Prepared.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value,
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Alftlmn^A
(«)
(«)
California
Colorado
(«) -
660
(«)
14,580
•2,067
<«)
68.613
(«)
(«)
\
Connecticut^
24,797
14,294
$186,068
110,446
10.000
•00.000
Delaware
Qeoiyia
niinols
Kentucky
(«)
(«)
Maryland
Missouri
(«)
1,576
. 3.495
1,761
3,799
697
$8,991
New Jersey
(«)
(•)
New York
Ohio«
Pennsylvania
21,889
(«)
128,730
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
South Carolina
28,237
106,707
Tennessee
(«)
(«)
Texas
West Virginia
Wisconsin
(«)
9,845
12,666
4,990
82,940
Other States**
29.303
64,633
10,627^' 42.5C
Total
68,843
189,608
65,470
457,174
80,000
68,524
20,527 1 102.562
Fire clay.
Stoneware clay.
State.
Raw.
Prepared.
Raw.
Prepared.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Vslne.
Alabama.
39,340
5,724
40,982
2,522
(«)
$18,292
6,886
38,719
2,219
California
(«)
600
(«)
$125
Colorado
Connecticut^ .
12,600
$5,000
Delaware
Qeorgia . .. ......
28,040
18,666
Illinois
(«)
17,662
6,785
117,187
281,506
1,043
62,267
84,600
(«)
11,256
7,808
130,020
827,580
2,045
28,300
98,575
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
Kentucky
Maryland
1,177
2,979
34,397
(«)
15,836
(^)
(«)
1.700
290
(«)
1,441
1.656
69,270
(«)
11,836
(«)
(«)
1,694
486
(«)
Missouri
New Jersey
(«)
(«)
New York
Ohiotf
56,326
16,920
41,000
30,340
(•)
(«)
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
West Virginia
Wisconsin
(«)
(«)
Other States'!
125,022
69,355
67,618
78,790
7,228
10.160
4,482
«.$»
Total
774,632
736,066
152,864
156,130
87.147
106.182
4,4«
8»$»
a Included in Other States. .
Mnduding Florida, Indiana. Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, Utah, VeixDODt. and
Washington.
oin miscellaneous raw clay for Ohio is included 7,120 tons of sand, valued at $9,320.
ttlndudes all products made by less than three producers in one State, in orderthat the o
of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
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CLAY-WOBKING INDUSTRIES.
863
Production and value of clay in the Umted Stata in 190$, by iSiEa/«9--Continiied.
State.
Baw.
Prepared.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value,
Quantity.
Value.
Alatwma ,r,r-
40,066
28,488
75,918
52,968
128,819
18,696
62,162
26,562
8,882
121,401
494,800
8,909
142,440
161,646
29,136
14,660
810
57,506
2,786
(/)
•19,742
Cblifomia
16,269
20,568
1,974
•13,069
16,861
896
24,446
Colondo
2,870
•2,726
67,484
Connecticut b
254,854
Delaware
171,714
750
2.748
750
2,886
76,480
Illinois
88,468
Kentucky
44,256
M*f7lftn<l . .
920
806
10,065
Miaoaii
184,862
New Jeney
167,226
8,420
14,689
d82,087
482
8,800
186,471
7,840
12,569
d26,686
877
8,882
6,765
16,686
612,721
New York
14,686
Ohio*
101,805
PennsylTikiila
288,811
Sooth Carolina
107,825
Tennessee
60
60
27,171
Texas
455
West Virginia
48,266
Wbconsin
76
888
28,178
Other States «
(/)
Total
258,847
219,810
9,195
18,872
1.456,867
2,061,072
a Including brick clay, pipe clay, slip clay, terra-cotta clay, and wad clay.
ft Including Florida. Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, Utah, Vermont, and
Washington.
«In miscellaneous raw clay for Ohio is included 7,120 tons of sand, valued at •9,320.
<f8and.
'Includes sdl products made by less than three producers in one State, in order that the operations
of individual establishments may not be diacloeed.
/The total of "Other States " is distributed among the States to which it belongs, in order that they
znay be fully represented in the totals.
As heretofore New Jersey is the leading clay-producing State, mar-
keting 493,254 tons in 1903, or 29.88 per cent of the total, valued at
$684,625, or 25.84 per cent of the total; in 1902 this State produced
494,800 tons, or 34 per cent of the total, valued at $612,721, or 29.73
per cent of the total. Missouri was second in value of product in 1903,
marketing 191,122 tons, or 11.58 per cent of the total, valued at
$345,537, or 13.04 per cent, displacing Pennsylvania, which produced
170,963 tons, or 10.36 per cent of the total, valued at $355,128, or
13.41 per cent of the total. In 1902 Missouri's product was 121,401
tons, or 8.34 per cent of the total, valued at $134,862, or 6.54 per cent
of the total, while Pennsylvania's product in that year was 161,546
tons, or 11.10 per cent of the total, valued at $288,811, or 14.01 per
cent of tiie total.
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864
MINEBAL RESOUBOE8.
The following table shows the production of clay in the United
States in 1902 and 1903, by varieties and by condition in which sold:
Production and value of day in the United States in 1909 and 1903, by mrieliei.
1908.
Raw.
Prepared.
TotaL
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Kaolin
ShorttonB,
58,348
30,000
774,582
87,147
253,847
$189,608
68,524
736,055
105,182
219,810
Short tons.
65,470
20,627
152,364
4,482
9,195
$457,174
102,562
155,130
8,060
18,872
ShorttoM,
123.813
50,627
926,806
91«679
262,512
$M6,777
Ball
171,MS
Fire
8n,i«
iis,8e
288,19
Stoneware
Miscellaneonso
Total
1,206,869
1,819,174
251,988
741,898
1,456,887
XO61,072
1$08.
Kaolin
580
66,809
943,908
90,976
190,892
$1,405
106,027
1,047,007
97.246
364,531
49,726
84,409
240,018
9,771
24,797
$866,880
166,317
427,258
17,618
65,363
60,255
100,718
1,183.926
100,747
215.189
$857. 78S
Ball
2n,m
1,474,«D
114,710
429, 8N
Fire
Stoneware
Miscellaneous
Total
1,292,115
1,616,216
868,720
1,082,826
1,660,885
2.64»,0tt
a In miscellaneous law clay are included 80,157 tons of sand, valued at $85^966.
From this table it will be seen that all the varieties of clay increased
in value in 1903 over 1902 except kaolin. The reason for this decrease
is the fact that in 1902 and previous years some clays were reported
as kaolin which should not have been so classified, and so the loss is
more apparent than real. The fire-clay product was the most valuable
in both years, being valued at $1,474,260 in 1903, or 55.65 per cent of
the total. In 1902 this product was valued at $891,185, or 43.24 per
cent of the total.
Of the product of 1,650,835 tons, 1,292,115 tons, or 78.27 per cent,
were sold as mined and 368,720 tons, or 21.73 per cent, were washed,
ground, or prepared in some manner before shipment In 1902 these
percentages were 82.69 and 17.31, respectively.
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OLAY-WOBKING INDUSTBIES,
865
IMPORTS.
The following table shows the imports of clay into the United States
from 1886 to 1903:
Classified imports of day ^ 1886-190S.
K*Alfn or chlnA
All other days.
yew.
clay.
Unwrought.
Wrought!
Common hlue.
Tooii.
Quan-
tity.
[Value.
^T
Value.
'^
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
US5
Long
tons.
10,626
16,690
23,486
18,150
19,843
29,923
39,901
49,468
49,713
62,716
76,447
76,718
71,988
85,586
92,621
m,969
m,766
138,062
140,267
$83,722
123,093
141,860
102,050
118,688
270,141
294,468
376.176
874,460
466,601
681.714
686,081
493,431
673,696
616,717
698,720
668,879
883,092
898.673
9,736
13,740
17,646
20,604
19,237
21,049
16,094
20,132
14,949
13,146
18,419
18,319
9,406
16,130
19,614
21,626
27,597
26,831
29,188
r6,899
118,875
139,406
152,694
146,983
156,486
118,689
166,047
118,029
98,776
126,417
88,029
56.264
96,434
118,679
126,203
156,838
138.032
152,018
Long
tons.
3,564
1,664
2,187
6,882
8,142
2.978
6,297
4,651
6,090
4,768
6,160
4,614
7,839
1,412
1,716
"8,196
6,707
2,680
2,433
$29,839
20,780
22,287
58,246
64,971
29,143
56,482
64,818
67,280
60,786
60,775
66,701
52.232
24.959
31.948
45,481
75,721
47,093
36,211
Long
tons.
Long
tons.
23,916
81,984
43,318
46,586
47,222
63,960
62,292
79,823
75,066
83,167
102,895
99,584
93.744
108,440
123,074
144,107
167,196
168,651
180,954
$190,460
257,698
303,052
307,989
824,492
464,770
469,629
656,011
606,658
668,949
768,484
735,606
652.881
755,268
872.962
962,867
969,777
1,164.805
al, 198, 418
U86
1887
\m
\m . ,, .
1890
1891
1882
6,172
4,804
2,528
3,869
4,983
4.662
6,312
9,223
7,827
6,136
6,978
9,076
$69,971
51,889
28,886
40,578
54,695
50,964
58.280
106,618
92,018
73,839
86,688
110,794
189$
1894
UB6
18W
1897
1808 •..
1899
1900
MOl^
1102
190$
•InehideB clay not otherwise provided for. yalued at $822, but for which no quantity is reported.
MB 1903 66
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THE SAND-IilME BRICK rNT>U8TRY.
By S. V. Peppel.
INTRODUCTION.
The sand-lime brick industry has become so important in the United
States as to be worthy of special consideration. There are in the
country probably as many as 50 plants, with a total capacity of,
approximately, 1,000,000 brick per day. Up to the present time and
owing to the youth of the industry, no very satisfactory statistics
have been collected with reference to the actual number of brick
manufactured.
During the last few years many articles have appeared in news-
papers and trade journals describing a wonderful industry which was
to revolutionize the brick business in this country. It was claimed
that brick to answer all purposes could be made from sand with a
small addition of lime at a cost far cheaper than that of ordinary
brick. Time has not yet proved this statement to be true; neverthe-
less the sand-lime brick industry seems to be already permanent and
to have a very promising future in certain sections of this country,
those sections, namely, in which clay of good quality is not readily
obtainable, but in which a comparatively pure sand is abundant
There are many such locations in Michigan, Wisconsin, and other
northwestern States; and the South and the Southwest also offer many
inducements to manufacturers of sand-lime brick.
The experience of plants in operation indicates that sand-lime brick
can usually be manufactured at a cost below that of common clay brick;
when, however, a sand-lime brick is desired which shall in every way
be comparable to the fine clay front brick, the cost of production is
naturally increased beyond that of common clay brick. The sand-lime
brick have been in use long enough, and there has been sufficient experi-
mental work done, both in this country and in foreign countries, to
prove that when properly made they have sufficient strength and suffi-
cient water and weather-resisting qualities to make them a safe build-
ing material.
HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY.
The sand-lime brick of to-day is the natural outcome of the improve-
ments made in the old mortar brick, which has been known for years.
This mortar brick was at first never more than a molded mixture of
lime and sand mortar which was allowed to harden in the air. Later,
carbon dioxide was supplied artificially in large quantities so as to
S66
Digitized by VjOOQIC
OLAY-WOBKING INDUSTRIES, 867
hasten the process of hardening. The next improvement was the
introduction of carbon dioxide under pressure. Following this use of
carbon dioxide under pressure and in the presence of moisture, mild
heat was applied. Thi^ last process is still used to some extent. .But
the most marked advance was the one which applied an entirely new
principle to the hardening of sand and lime mixtures, and produced
what is known to-day as sand-lime brick, an entirely different body
from that of the mortar brick. This was the invention of Doctor
MichaelLs. Some twenty-five or thirty years ago he patented a process
for the hardening of mixtures of lime and sand by steam under pressure,
thereby introducing into the sand-lime brick an entirely different bond
from that in the mortar brick, which in reality has no bond but only
a hardened or solidified filler.
Doctor Michaelis allowed this patent to lapse without commercial
development, and in consequence the fundamental principle on which
the manufacture of sand-lime brick is based is now public property,
and all patents must be on details of manufacture or combinations of
8uch details. The term "mortar brick" should be confined to the
brick which is hardened by the solidification of the lime through the
formation of carbonates, and should not be confounded with the sand-
lime brick, which is a different product and has materially different
properties.
The commercial development of the sand-lime brick industry does ,
not date back more than fifteen years in foreign countries, and does
not exceed four years in this country. In 1896 there were 5 factories in
Germany, and there are probably now as many as 200 in operation in that
country, with an actual annual output of between 350,000,000 and
iOO,000,000 brick. Early in 1901 a plant was built in Michigan City,
Ind.
Two years ago there were 5 factories in this country, with a total
capacity of about 100,000 per day; a year ago there were about 20
plants in existence, with productive capacity in proportion. At least
6,000,000 brick were actually sold in 1902. Full and accurate data are
not obtainable for 1903 as to the actual output, but about 20,000,000
brick have been reported as sold in that year. Most of the factories,
owing to the fact that they had just started, were not manufacturing
to their full capacity during the year. •
The development of the industry has been more rapid in this country
than it was in foreign countries, for domestic manufacturers profited
by the experience of foreign manufacturers, not only as to processes
of manufacture, but also by the knowledge acquired by those manu-
facturers as to what types of machine were best adapted to produce
the ends desired. As a result the machinery used in this country for
this purpose is, in almost every case, an improvement over that in use
in foreign countries.
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868 MII9EBAL BESOURCES.
Owing to the high price of labor in the United States it is absolutely
necessary for the manufacturer to reduce this source of cost as mudi
as possible. This has probably been the main incentive which has
brought about the extensive introduction of labor-saving devices into
American practice.
In this country, as in foreign countries, a number of processes or
systems have been introduced, some patented and some not. They all
reach the same end and all involve the same fundamental principle—
that is, the formation of a bond which consists of calcium-hydro-sili-
cate or calcium-magnesium silicate, or magnesium silicate. There are
different processes and different systems because they reach this end
by different routes. The value of each will depend on the economy
with which they can be operated, since the intelligent handling of the
materials under almost all of the systems developed will yield a good
brick, but it must be borne in mind that good sand-lime brick can be
made without the use of any patent or any chemicals whatsoever, and
that no patent can be obtained on the principle or the process of hard-
ening a mixture of sand and lime with steam under pressure in the
ordinary way.
SAND-LIME BRICK DEFINED.
Sand-lime brick or sand brick, or the "Kilksandstein" of the Ger-
mans, consists of sand particles which are bound together by a network
of calcium silicate, or calcium-magnesium silicate, or calcium-hydro-
silicate that has been formed by the action of steam under pressure
upon a mixture of sand or granular silicate and lime; this lime may
be either a high calcium lime or a magnesian lime which has been
hydrated prior to the time when the mixture is molded into the
desired form. The formation of this calcium-silicate bond is just as
distinct a chemical reaction as fusion, and the result is the production
of a mass in many ways similar to that produced in the dry-press
brick when it is burned. In this class of brick, vitrification does not
penetrate to the core of the constituent parts making up the brick;
and the same thing is true in the hardening of the sand-lime brick.
Sand and lime hardened by the action of steam under pressure form
a bond of calcium silicate, which combines particle with particle by
extracting enough silicate from each to satisfy the chemical affinities
of the hydrated lime.
PROPERTIES OF SAND-LIME BRICK.
Porosity. — ^The experimental work done by the writer for the Ohio
geological survey shows that the best gi*ades of sand-lime brick were
practically saturated with water at the end of 48 hours, and had taken
up the greater part of the water which they would absorb in 24 hours.
Sand-lime brick having a crushing strength of 5,000 pounds or more
per square inch will absorb water equal to from 8 to 10 per cent of
the weierht of the dry brick. The writer has known brick which were
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manufactured in the commercial way, and which probably did not
receive the pressure most desirable, to take up 14 or 16 per cent.
Some manufacturers, however, claim to get absorption down as low as
6 per cent. The writer has not examined any brick which absorbed
less than 8 per cent. It is probably fair to assume 10 per cent as
the average of absorption for the conmiercial product.
Crushing strength. — ^The crushing strength of the commercial prod-
uct ranges from 2,500 to 5,500 pounds per square inch. The average
crushing strength of 12 samples manufactured under the most favor-
able conditions was 7,746 pounds per square inch.
The following table gives a comparison of strength shown by sand-
stone used for construction and by sand-lime brick:
Comparison of crushing strength of natural sandstone and of sand-lime brick.
Wclfht per cobio foot pounds..
Abaorption percent..
Cnahing strength pounds.
OoeOcient of elasticity
Natural Sand-lime
sandstone.
a 187
a7.8
dl65,440
brick.
186
8
©7,746
«600,000
a Average of 16 samples, Bull. Wis. Survey, No. IV, p. 402.
fr Average of 51 samples. Bull. Wis. Survey, No. IV, pp. 398-894.
c Average of 12 samples tested.
d Average of 28 samples. Bull. Wis. Survey, No. IV, p. 899.
« Calculated from samples tested.
As will be noted, the weight and the absorption are very nearly the
same. The crushing strength is in favor of sand-lime brick, as well
as the elasticity. While the average strength of a large number of
sandstones is less than that of sand-lime brick, there are some sand-
stones of great strength, as is shown by the record (taken from " Brown-
stones of Pennsylvania, " Appendix 30) of a stone from White Haven,
Pa., which had a crushing strength of 29,262 pounds per square inch.
The coefficient or rather modulus of elasticity is an arbitrary figure
tmiqposed to represent the theoretical load at which an inch cube would
be pressed to zero length if the block were perfectly elastic to that
point. This figure is obtained from the amount or rate of compres-
sion, or shrinkage in length with increment of load, up to the com-
mercial elastic limit, and the load at the elastic limit.
The commercial elastic limit is that point at which the compression
carve increases by 50 per cent or more. An example will make this
more clear. Let it be assumed that with a load of 5,000 pounds on a
1-inch cube, the shrinkage in length would be 0.01 inch; that is, 0.002
inch for each 1,000 pounds of load. Now if, when another 1,000 pounds
is added to the 5,000 already on, the total additional shrinkage is 0.002
and 0.001 inch, or 0.003 inch, the commercial elastic limit would
be 5,000 pounds per square inch. The high modulus of elasticity
shown by sand-lime brick means, of course, that they will make a very
rigid Btruotore.
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870 lOlfrBBAL BBSOUBOEB.
This property of sand-lime brick is perhaps made more clear by the
statement that a sand-lime brick cube with a load of 1,000 poondg per
square inch only shrinks 0.00125 inch in length. Now since only 250
pounds per square inch is allowed to be placed on the best Portkuui
cement mortar by municipalities, the greatest load that we could tsk
the brick to carry would only cause a compression of one-fourth that
given, or 0.00031 inch per inch of height. This means Uiat in any
building, bridge, or other structure which b called upon to carry a
varying load, there will be little or no deformation due to this load.
In other words, very rigid structures may be made from this material
The highest modulus of elasticity quoted in Bulletin of Wisconsin
Survey, No. IV, p. 899, is one from Ablemans and is 400,800. Lime-
stones go sometimes as high as 1,800,000 and some granites above
2,000,000.
Bedstance to weather, — The resistance of sand-lime brick to weather
is shown by its behavior in buildings which have been erected in
severe climates and have shown no signs of disintegration in a number
of years. The writer has observed the condition of a house built in
Michigan City, Ind., early in the winter of 1901. This house was
inspected late that winter, again in 1902, and again late in the winter
of 1903, and no signs of weakness or attack due to the action of frost
could be detected. There are buildings in northern Germany which
have been standing eight or ten years and which show no signs of disin-
tegration. Severe freezing tests have been applied to sand-lime brick by
the Ohio geological survey, and no evidence of weakness has resulted.
The experience of Prof. Ira Woolson, of Columbia University, in test-
ing commercial samples has confirmed the work of the writer. The
freezing tests which were applied were very severe. Blocks were
saturated with water, then frozen rapidly by artificial means, then
i^emoved from the freezing can and immediately plunged into warm
water, and as soon as completely thawed out they were at orlce
introduced into the freezing-can again. This was repeated as many as
twenty times. The bricks were then dried, and their crushing strength
was compared with that of duplicates which had been manufactured
at the same time and had not been frozen or otherwise exposed to the
weather. In every case, except when the bricks contained consider-
able quantities of clay, there was practically no falling off in the
crushing strength. From the foregoing it is evident that, if properly
manufactured, sand-lime brick is not at all susceptible to the ravages
of frost and moisture.
Fire-resistiTig properties, — Numerous tests have been made to deter-
mine the behavior of sand-lime bricks under the action of fire and
water. In every case they have come out with a favorable record. The
result may be summed up in the following statement: The application
of great heat, followed by sudden quenching with water, destroys to
0ome extent the bond on the surface and to a littie depth beneatfai but
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leaves the brick safe and intact. There was seldom any cracking or
breaking of the brick, and the softening did not seem to penetrate
the brick to any great extent. This is perfectly natural, since the
brick are largely made of quartz, which is a poor conductor of heat.
Thus it is seen that on this score sand-lime brick compares very favor-
ably with almost all classes of building materia].
CcloT. — ^The natural color of most of the sand-lime brick on the
market is a pleasing gray, occasionally with a faint pink or faint
yellow tinge, depending on the mineral make-up of the sand. With
a compai'atively pure quartz, a brick which is almost white is pro-
duced; but most of the sands used contain enough impurities to give
the brick a gray aspect. There is no difficulty, however, in coloring
this brick by the addition of mineral oxide, and in this way a brick of
almost any color can be had. A desirable feature in this connection is
the readiness with which a color once produced can be obtained again.
COMPOSITION.
The analysis given below is that of a sand-lime brick made in Ger-
many, and probably represents the average composition of the ordi-
nary sand-lime brick. Of course, the composition will depend upon
the mineral make-up of the sand and the composition and quantity of
the lime used.
AnaXym of German sand-lime brick.
Percent
8iO, (sand and Sol. SiO,) 84
Fe,0,-^Al,O, 2
CaO 7
MgO, H,0 and CO, and alkaliee 7
Total 100
When three grams were ground fine and treated with a large amount
of water, only a trace of Ca was found in the water.
CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESS IN MANUFACTURE.
RAW MATERIALS.
The materials necessary to the manufacture of a good sand-lime
brick are a comparatively pure sand or granular silicate, with the
preference in favor of a quartz sand, and a comparatively pure lime
of eitiier type, with the preference in favor of a high calcium lime.
A brick which is fairly good at the time of manufacture can be made
with almost any sand, if the process of manufacture is adapted to fit
the case, but unless the sand is comparatively pure, the weathering
properties of the brick will suflfer, and the brick will weaken in time.
PBEPARATION OF BAW MATEBUL8.
This is a very important step in the process of manufacture, and
carelessness in this operation is perhaps more responsible than any
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872 MINBBAL BESOUBOES.
other one detail for irregularity in the product. If the lime is not
evenly distributed, the strength of the brick will not be fully developed;
and in cases of imperfect mixing anA improper slaking both at the
same time, masses of lime may remain sufficient to cause rupture by
expansion during the process of hardening, when the lime is com-
pletely hydrated by the steam.
The method most desirable for the preparation of the raw materials
will depend upon local conditions. For instance, an essentially dry
sand may be available, or one that is quite wet; dolomite lime alone
may be obtainable, or only a high calcium lime, or only one that has
already been hydrated. So far as wet sand is concerned, it may be
di'ied artificially, or it may be dried by the heat generated by the
slaking of the quicklime which is added to it.
There is another method possible which the writer does not believe
is used anywhere in the United States, at least, and that is thsit the
sand may be used wet and mixed wet with the wet-lime putty. As to
the lime, the essential problem is so to handle or treat it that it shall
be completely or approximately hydrated prior to the time it enters
the hardening cylinder. A great deal of difficulty has been experi-
enced in this direction by many manufacturers. There are a number
of lime hydrates on the market which are very satisfactory for making
mortar or plaster, but when tried for sand-lime brick they are found
to be unsatisfactory, usually producing brick from one-fourth of an
inch to 1 inch too long, because of the expansion of these hydrates
in the hardening cylinder. It is only fair to state, however, that these
hydrates are dolomite lime, which is more difficult to slake than cal-
cium lime. If the lime be slaked with steam, there will be no further
expansion when it is introduced into steam again; nor is there any
material expansion in the brick when a lime in which hydration b 90
per cent complete is used.
SAND.
Ordinary impurities, — ^The ordinary impurities in sands are for the
most part silicates, represented by clay, mica, feldspar, and almost
always some ferric oxide. In the general run of cases, feldspar and
mica are not present in any important quantity, but there are regions
in which the sands are rich in one or the other, and sometimes in
both. Oxide of iron, which is almost always present in greater or less
quantity, reacts very slowly, if at all, with silica, in the presence of
steam under pressure; it may therefore be considered inert except for
its coloring action, unless it acts as a promoter of chemical combina-
tion, as is the case with ferric oxide in the manufacture of Portland
cement. No attempt has been made to determine whether or not this
is the case in the manufacture of sand-lime brick. By far the moet
widespread impurity in sand is clay, or kaolinite. If there is any
impurity in sand, clay is nearly always present, and there are many
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0I*AY-WORKINO XNDUSTBIBS.
878
sands which carry considerable quantities of clay. Its effect on the
sand-lime brick process is therefore important.
Professor Rinni,^ of Hanover, commenting on the examination of a
number of sections of sand-lime brick undei* the microscope, says:
'^ Mica flakes do not seem to have been materially attacked. Quartz
and feldspar do not show much if any difference.'^
EacUn. — ^The following table, taken from the Transactions of the
American Ceramic Society,* shows the effect of the presence of kaolin
in the sand:
^ect of kaolin in Band in the manufacture of sand-lime brick.
Number of test.
Composition of mixtures.
^Ri
4
"9.
0*0 9
Per cent
quicklime.
When tested.
At once after
hardening.
After aging.
After freezing.
i si
i
If
IS
a
8
85..
»..
87..
88..
2.5
5.0
10.0
20.0
2766
2500
1943
1706
338
210
184
162
2449
2876
1687
1325
194
277
157
188
2917
2481
1910
1477
219
181
121
93
8.32
8.00
8.50
9.00
Data.— Molding pressure, 10,000 pounds per square inch; steam pressure, 160 pounds per square
indi. Tempefatoie in hardening cylinder, 185^ C. Time exposed to steam, ten l^ours.
In connection with this table it will be noted that the per cent of
lime used was small and that the conditions of manufacture were not
the best, though all conditions were identical. The crushing strength,
as well as the tensile strength, decreases with the increase of kaolin.
It should be observed also that after freezing both crushing and
tensile strength were materially less than they were before freezing;
especially is this the case with the tensile strength. Other tests made
at the same time indicate that with the use of greater pressure the
influence of kaolin is to decrease the crushing strength and to increase
the tensile strength, and that there was no material weakness shown
by the action of frost when as much as 10 per cent of kaolin or clay
was present. It would seem reasonable, therefore, to conclude that
kaolin or clay up to 6 or 8 per cent may not be dangerous, and may
possibly be advantageous.
Sands with a large percentage of clay in them should not be used,
because there will be danger of disintegration from the attack of age
and water. The influence of kaolin or clay can to some extent be
counteracted by the introduction of a larger percentage of lime.
Fdcbpar* — Feldspar, up to 10 per cent, does not seem to have any
materially injurious eflfect. The eflfect of the introduction of feldspar
aThon Industrie Zeitung, 1908, No. 16, p. 158.
bTnng, Amer. Ceramic Soc., toI. 5, p. 174.
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874
MINERAL BBBOUBOBS.
is to decrease crushing strength and to increase tensile strength, but
after freezing there is a decided falling off in tensile strength. It is
probable that sands containing as high as 10 per cent of feldspar, and
possibly more, are not especially dangerous in the manufacture of
sand-lime brick.
From theoretical considerations, the presence of silicates in any
large quantity would act as a dilutant or inert material with perhaps a
few exceptions. Kaolin (AljO,, 2 SiO„ 2 H^O) may be converted
into anorthite (CaO, Al,Oj, 2 SiOJ. But this is not known to be the
case. Also anorthite, if present in the sand, might take on four
molecules more of SiO„ and five molecules of HjO as water of hydra-
tion, and foi-m heulanite (5 H,0, CaO, Al^O,, 6 SiO,); and the acid
orthosilicates represented by phenite (H,0, 2 CaO, Al^O,, 3 SiO,)
might take on a molecule of CaO and give up a molecule of H,0.
It is hardly likely that the normal silicates would become more
basic in the^ presence of large quantities of available silicic acid. It is
not likely that the metasilicates, represented by the simplest silicates
of calcium and magnesium, enstatite (MgO, SiO,) and woUastonite
(CaO, SiOg), can do more than promote crystallization of the calcium
or magnesium silicates formed by their mere presence in crystal form.
Physical character. — The physical character of the sand is an impor-
tant factor, as was determined by Prof. M. Glasenapp, of Kiga, who
published an account of his investigation in the Thon Industrie Zeitung
for 1900. He clearly showed the necessity of using very fine sand for
rapid and economical production. Doctor Michaelis recommended a
mixture of three parts of coarse to two of fine sand as the best The
relative influence of fine and of coarse sand in the strength of sand-
lime brick is well shown by the accompanying table, taken from the
Transactions of the American Ceramic Society.*"
RtmUU of proportioncUe mixture of coarse and fine sand on strength ofsand-Ume briet
Number.
Composition.
Parts
coarse.
Parts
fine.
Cnishlof
strengtfi
per
square
inch.
THHile
per
BQQsre
inch.
77
79
84
8,U4
2.966!
2.461 i
m
144
2S4
I
The proportions of the mixture in the bricks tested were: Coarse
sand, 20 to 40 mesh, 50 per cent; 40 to 60 mesh, 33^^ per cent, and the
remainder finer; fine sand, 200 mesh, 97 per cent, and the remainder
finer. It is evident from the figures in this table that a decrease id
the proportion of coarse sand decreases crushing strength, and that it
increases tensile strength by increasing the per cent of fine material
o Trans. Amer. Ceramic Soc., vol. 6, p. 171.
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OLAY-WOBKINO INDUSTBIE8. 875
present, which i« only natural, since chemical union will be more rapid
under these conditions. Though this is the case with the range of
mixtures indicated, it is probable that a limit would be reached in both
directions at which these conditions would not be nmintained. The
reason for the low crushing strength shown in this table is that the
bricks were made on a hand press and did not receive sufficient
pressure. The best results shown by the work of the Ohio geological
survey was with mixtures of two parts coarse and one part fine sand.
In selecting sand which is to attain the best results the object should
be to get a sand which will contain sufficient very fine particles to com-
bine with the lime, and which when pressed will leave the smallest
possible interstitial spaces, thus reducing the quantity of lime neces-
sary for welding these particles together.
Work done in connection with the cement industry has shown that
practically none of the sand coarser than 100 mesh, and only a part
of that of 150 mesh enters into the active cement reaction.
The finer the material, as a whole, the more difficult will it be so
to mix it as to get a coating or film over each particle of sand. On
the other hand, the union will be more complete, and the product
more pleasing to the eye.
A sharp sand would be more desirable than sand with round cornel's,
since the shai'p particles give a greater crushing strength, and for two
reasons — one is that the sharp corners are more susceptible to chemi-
cal union, and the other is that these particles do not slide so readily
upon one another, when subjected to pressure, as the particles which
have round comers. A sand with round corners will produce a sand-
lime brick of sufficient strength to answer all requirements, especially
if some fine material is introduced prior to manufacture, or if some of
the sand is crushed or ground during the process of manufacture. A
comparatively pure sand is essential for cheap manufacture, as well as
for the production of a safe and durable material; nor should the sand
be too coarse if the best results are to be obtained. It is probable
that to produce the best results the sand should not be coarser than
40 mesh, and not so coarse as that, unless there be some fine material
present. If, however, there is a very good gradation of the sizes
from the very finest to the coarsest, there may be some very coarse
particles in the sand, and still a good solid brick, and one of fair
appearance, may be produced. It must be borne in mind also that if
all of the sand be extremely fine, it will be much more difficult to
handle in the press.
LIME.
Almost any good commercial lime will answer the purpose, so long
as it is not badly air-slaked. Economy in manufacture will determine
that some limes are more desirable than others, because a unit of one
kind of lime will go farther in the production of strength in the brick
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876
MINEBAL BE80UB0E8.
than a unit of some other kind of lime, and that this is the case is
shown in the following tablej^* which compares the two types of lime
when used under identical conditions. The results given are the bver-
age of twelve tests of each kind of lime.
Results of tests of high calcium and dolomitic lime in the manufacture ofsand-Ume Wdfc.
Composition of mixtures.
When tested.
Number of
test
Parts
coarse
sand.
Parts fine
sand (in-
cluding
impuri-
ties).
Per cent quicklime.
At once after hard-
ening.
After freezing.
Pereest
Parts
CaO.
Dolo-
mitic.
Crashing
strength.
Tensile
strength.
Cmahing
strength.
Tensne
strength.
water ab-
sorptkn.
A
2
2
1
1
10
7,746
5,187
437
286
9,007
^863
S71
S14
8.68
B
10
111
Data: Molding pressure, 16,000 pounds per square inch. Steam pressure, 160 pounds persqure
inch. Temperature In hardening cylinder, 186° 0. Time exposed to steam, 4 to 14 hones.
It will be noted in this table that a unit of high calcium lime will go
materially farther in the production of strength than a unit of dolo-
mite lime. In consequence, if the two limes be purchased at the same
price, the high calcium lime would be the cheaper of the two. But,
if the lime should be shipped a long distance, or if the conditions
be such that it must lie some time before it is used, it is probable
that the dolomite lime would be as effective as the high calcium lime,
owing to the fact that the high calcium lime air-slakes with much
greater i-apidity, and that in consequence of this property each day
makes it less valuable, on account of the formation of carbonates. It
is not clear why a high calcium lime should develop so much greater
strength, because experience seems to prove that the magnesium oxide
is as active as the calcium oxide in attacking silica, if not more so.
The only explanation that seems feasible is that the magnesium silicate
formed is a much weaker bond than the calcium silicate. Some pre-
liminary experiments seemed to indicate that the magesium silicate
, formed in sand-lime brick contains a higher percentage of combined
water than the calcium silicate.
The quantity of lime necessary to make a good product will depend
on the quality of the lime, the type of lime, and its condition and
preparation, as well as upon the physical and mineralogical character
of the sand. The general practice to-day is to use from 5 to 10 per
cent of lime, no matter what kind of lime it is, the various processes
not being so arranged that the percentage of lime is absolutely regular
in all brick. Anj' essentially pure lime properly burned, no matter of
which type, will be desirable, because each unit of weight will have
the active agent, the oxides of calcium and magnesium. There is
another good reason in favor of high calcium lime for this purpose,
and that is that it slakes so much more rapidly than the lime inade from
0 Trans. Amer. Ceramic Soc., vol. 6, p. 182.
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OLAY-WORKING ITfDUSTRIES. 877
dolomite. Therefore much less care is needed and less time required
in order to have a thoroughly slaked product, which is almost essential
to the success of manufacturing.
Lime slaking. — ^^Ithough there are a large number of slaking proc-
esses, they all fall within two distinct classes. One is the time-honored
method of slaking to a putty, with a slight excess of water, and then
allowing the lime to stand some time to ripen. This yields the best
possible product, which may be used either in the putty or after being
dried and ground to a flocculent powder. The other method — the one
which is most used on account of ease and cheapness of operation — is
to slake to a dry powder, and if all conditions are just right a satisfac-
tory product can be had in this way. This dry powder is now pro-
daced in two ways. The first is by the addition of sufficient water
during the agitation of the lime to hydrate as completely as possible
and still to leave a dry powder. This process requires water in excess
of that theoretically demanded for completing hydration, because unless
the process takes place in an inclosed vessel there will be some loss of
water from evaporation. The heat of hydration eliminates the excess
of water if it has been properly adjusted. There are a number of
patented as well as a number of unpatented devices for accomplishing
this end. The other method of dry hydration is to slake by the aid of
steam in an inclosed vessel.
Two processes are included under this method. One is to slake
entirely with steam, and the other is to complete with steam the reac-
tion in the lime already partly slaked with water. In the latter proc-
ess some of the devices are so constructed that the steam which is
generated in the preliminary stage of hydration is confined and utilized
to finish the product.
The general practice in this country seems to be in favor of the use
of lime hydrated prior to being mixed with the sand; yet there is no
real reason why a rapid-slaking lime of high grade should not be used
satisfactorily and economically with wet sand in the production of a
good brick. If the sand be not too wet, the heat due to chemical reac-
tion between the calcium oxide and the water in the sand will be suf-
ficient to dry the sand. When this method of operation is followed,
the mixing machinery must of course be sufficient and be adjusted to
meet the special requirements. The simplest and surest way, and the
one least liable to cause variations in the product, will naturally be the
process in which the sand is dried, and a thoroughly slaked dry hydrate
is mixed with it in the desired proportions before any water is added,
because, owing to the sticky nature of hydrated lime when moistened,
distribution through the sand particles can be accomplished far better
while it is dry. When hydi-ated lime is added in the moist state it
forms small nuclei which are quickly surrounded by sand particles,
and the only way in which distribution can then be secured is by pro-
longed rubbing.
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878 HITfEBAL BESOUBCES.
Mixing. — Even distribution of the lime throughout the entire mass
of sand is very essential. The presence of fine sand seems to assist
this distribution. Diflferent factories differ materially as to the man-
ner of bringing about this result
All sorts of mixing machines are in use, almost all of which can be
made to do the work. All those of the intermittent type yield a thor-
ough mixture, if the mixture is retained in the machine long enough.
The mixers which are continuous in their operation also do the ^ork,
provided' sufficient machines, or large enough machines, are used to
keep the mateiial in vigorous agitation a sufficient time. The amount
of moisture introduced should be sufficient to yield a mass which re-
sembles that used in dry press- brick manufacture. If the distribution
is complete slightly less moisture is required, and the less the moisture
it is necessary to introduce the cheaper the process of manufacture
will be. The mixture should be just moist enough to hold together
when a handful is taken up and squeezed. Of course the mixture
will behave in this way also if an excess of moisture be present, but
to the practiced eye the correct condition can within safe limits be
readily determined. Some manufacturers transfer the mixture of sand
and lime directly from the mixer to the press; others allow it to stand
for a short time for the purpose of more thorough distribution of the
moisture. There are some points in favor of each method of pro-
cedure; but it is probable that future practice will eliminate tb«
soaking or storage bins.
MACHINERY.
The mechanical equipment of a plant consists of —
Power and transmission;
Lime-preparing machinery;
Mixing apparatus;
Presses;
Hardening cylinders;
Conveyors;
Tracks and trucks.
Power and transmission. — ^The power and transmission machineiy
does not differ materially from that used in other industries.
Lime-preparing machinery. — The lime-preparing nuu^hinery has
already been incidentally mentioned. When the quicklime processes
are used the only preparing machinery necessary is such as will reduce
the lump lime to fine powder. This usually consists of a small crusher
and a grinder or pulverizer. This machinery should be so constructed
or so located as to confine the dust either to the machine itself or to a
small compartment. For plants with sufficient capacity the best
arrangement is to have a pulverizer with an air separator.
In plants which hydrate their lime prior to mixing with the sand,
the machinery used is some sort of a crusher or breaker which breaks
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OLAT -WORKING INDUSTRIES. 879
the lime down to small lumps, varying in size from tliat of a pea to
about 1-inch in diameter. This breaker is not always used.
Dry hydrate slaking may be divided into two processes, open slak-
ing and inclosed slaking. Open slaking is accomplished in several
ways. In the most simple form of open slaking, floor space or bins,
usually constructed of concrete, are used, and sufficient water is added
to the lump lime, so that after it has stood a few days and dried off, it
is for the most part slaked. The resultant product is then screened,
and the fine material used, and the remainder thrown back for reslaking.
There is a patent process of the same type in which the lime is wet,
and then covered with a coating of previously hydrated lime which
serves as a protection from the action of the air and retains a good
deal of the heat and steam generated. Open-slaking machinery prop-
erly consists of mixing machinery, which is not covered. There are
a number of machines now used for this purpose, some of them on the
pug-mill order, and others on the wet or dry plan. Some are patented
and some are not. The patents mainly apply to details of manipula-
tion and not to the mixing machines themselves. One of the patents
in this class slakes finely -ground quicklime by constant agitation with
water, another slakes lime or ground lime to a putty, and then dries
this product by the addition of more quicklime.
The inclosed slaking machines are of three kinds. One kind agitates
the lime in an inclosed vessel with water alone; another type not only
uses water but introduces some live or exhaust steam as well; the third
kind slakes in an inclosed cylinder with steam alone. The slaking of
lime in an inclosed cylinder has been patented; but the patent is at
present in the courts, and their decision will decide whether it is public
property or not.
Mixing apparatus. — Almost every class of mixing machinery has
been tried for this purpose, and those now in use fall pretty closely
within the following four types: wet pan, pug mill, ball or tube mill,
and an inclosed cylinder with curved paddles or S-shaped mixing
arms. Each type of machine has its advocates. The main consider-
ations in the selection of a mixing machine should be economy of
power; durability of machine, available space, and efficient mixing
capacity.
Presses. — It is safe to say that there is no press now made which ful-
fills all the requirements of the sand-lime brick industry. Not that
there are no American or Europen presses which will make good
brick, because there are a number of them manufactured on both con-
tinents. If the good points of each could be combined, and a few
minor defects could be remedied, a very good press would result. The
requirements which a good press must fulfil are the following:
1. The press must be able to deliver regularly a pressure of from
200 to 250 tons per brick, and yet not break down if by accident the
pressure becomes somewhat greater.
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880 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
2. The iilliDgof the mold must be accomplished with ^freat accuiBcy
and uniformity.
8. All working parts must be so arranged that they will be free
from contact with loose sand; otherwise they will cut out at an alann-
ing rate.
4. The dies and mold linings must be made of the hardest material
obtainable.
Work done by the Ohio geological survey and reported in a bulle-
tin published by that survey on "The lime-sand brick industry "and
also in volume 5 of the Transactions of the American Ceramic Society
indicates clearly that a pressure of from 200 to 250 tons per brick is
essential to the development of the greatest strength in the product
when mixtures low in moisture are used. The same work indicates
that the press is liable to be subject to much greater pressure than
this, because, after the application of the first few tons of pressure,
the amount of compression is so slight with the increase of pressure
that a very small excess of the material will cause the strain on the
press to increase at a very rapid rate. Hence, the dry brick press
machines now in use which are not provided with some release are
very susceptible to breaking down from overstrain. There are prab-
ably more presses in use to-day of this type than of any other. If
the belts do not slip there is no release. This sort of press makes a
brick of uniform size, but if there be too much sand in the mold there
will be a breakdown, or if the belt slips it will leave a brick in the
mold at a such a point that it will be necessary to stop work and take
part of the sand out of the mold.
The small decrease in the volume of the material with increment of
pressure accounts for the necessity o^ filling the molds each time with
the same quantity of material, and with material of approximately the
same condition of moisture.
The increase of the pressure delivered increases the abrasion of the
molds and shortens their life, as well as increases the tendency of the
metal abraded from the molds to stain the brick. It is, therefore, prob-
able that in a commercial way the pressure which has been indicated
as being most desirable will not be used, but that a happy Medium
between scientific desirability and present practice will be adopted. It
is desirable that the pressure should be delivered to the brick from
both sides or from top and bottom. It is also desirable that the pres-
sure be either repeated or that the release of the pressure be not too
sudden. In view of the high pressure demanded and the d^irability
of a slow release, it appears that a properly constructed hydraulic press
should have many advantages over those now in use. So far as known,
there is no hydraulic press now in use in a conmiercial way in this
industry. There is in existence, however, such a press of experimental
size, and also the plans for one of full size, which will no doubt be put
upon the market within the next year.
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OLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES. 881
There are two distinct types of presses in use — the ordinary Ameri-
can dry press-brick machine, and what is generally known as the
Grerman type of machine with a rotary table. This rotary table has
one very distinct advantage over the American type of machine in
that the bricks are presented on the top of the die, so that the off-
bearer may pick them up, and thus the bricks are not moved nor slid,
as is the case with the dry press-brick machine. The result is that
fewer bricks are injured. Because of their tenderness, when the
bricks are pushed or slid off the die, they frequently leave a ragged
edge or a broken-off corner behind. One disadvantage of the German
type of press is that it requires more floor space and more power to
operate per thousand bricks produced than the American press.
There are a number of these machines of German type being manu-
factured in this country to-day which are copies of German presses.
It is safe to say that there are more presses of the American type now
in use than there are of the other. There is room for improvement
in both before they meet fully the demand of the sand-lime brick
numufacturer.
Hardening cylinders. — These are ordinarily nothing more than enor-
mous steam-tight iron or steel receptacles so constructed that cars
loaded with brick can be readily introduced. In appearance they resem-
ble enormous boilers or steel tubes, with one entire head removable.
The size of the hardening cylinder varies from 5i to 7 feet in diameter
and from 35 to 67 feet in length. The arrangement for fastening the
bead should be made strong and safe, since all the accidents which
have occurred have been due to some defect at this point.
Conveyors. — From the nature of the material it is apparent that the
best conveying machinery will be that which will move the material
with as little friction between the conveyor and the sand as possible.
Broad continuous belts or heavy chain bucket conveyors are perhaps
best adapted for this purpose where dump cars are not desirable. If
screws or auger machines are used for conveying, they should be of
large diameter and large capacity, and should be geared to move
slowly.
Tracks and trucks. — Of the trucks, nothing need be said except that
they should be well made, strong, and easy running. No trucks
should be used without ball or roller bearings, so that the power used
in moving them may be small. The tracks also should be first-class,
laid with rails of good weight, and kept in good alignment to avoid
jolts or jars on the brick, especially before it is haixlened.
COST OF PLANT AND OF PRODUCTION.
The cost of plants will, of course, vary slightly from time to time
with the rise and fall of hand and machine work, but will vary
markedly with the locality at any time. A well-equipped sand-lime
M R 1903 66 " T
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882
MIIYEBAL BBBOURGES.
brick plant, with a capacity of from 16,000 to 20,-0()0 brick in ten to
twelve hours, will cost, independent of site, from $20,000 to $25,000.
The cost of production also will vary considerably with location.
The cost of production in this country, independent of depreciation
and interest on investment, varies from $2.50 to $4 per 1,000. The
selling price ranges in diflferent localites from $8 to $15 per 1,000.
COMPANIES AND PLANTS.
Companies have been incorporated at the following places, and the
majority of them have plants in operation or in process of construction:
Alabama:
Kansas— Continued.
New York— Continued.
Birmingham.
Topeka.
Waterfoi^.
Mobile.
Wichita.
North Carolina:
Arizona:
Kentucky:
Ashville.
Prescott.
Winchester.
Wilmington.
Arkansas:
Maryland:
Oklahoma:
Fort Smith.
Cumberland.
Oklahoma City.
Calif omia:
Michigan :
Pennsylvania:
Bakersfield.
Calumet
Altoona.
Lo6 Angeles.
Detroit.
Genesee.
Riverside.
Flint
Mount Gretna.
Ran Francisco.
Hancock.
Pittebui^.
Ck>lorado:
. Holland.
Scranton.
Colorado Springs.
Jackson.
South Carolina:
Connecticut:
Saginaw.
Charleston.
Canaan.
SaultSte. Marie.
South Dakota:
New Haven.
Sebewaing.
Deadwood.
Delaware:
Mississippi:
Sioux Falls.
Wilmington.
Greenville.
Tennessee:
Florida:
Grenada.
Memphis.
Pensacola.
Montana:
Texas:
Tampa.
Billings.
Amarillo.
Illinois:
New Jersey:
San Antonio.
Kankakee.
Atlantic City.
Vii^ia:
Peoria.
Jersey City.
Bramwell.
Wilmington.
New Mexico:
Wisconsin:
Indiana:
Albuquerque.
Westbend.
DanviDe.
New York:
Canada:
Kokomo.
Albany.
Brandon.
Tiafayette.
Dunkirk.
Manitoba.
Michigan City.
Glens Falls.
Montreal.
Terre Haute.
Lancaster.
Ottawa.
Iowa:
Newburg.
Clinton.
New York City.
Kansas:
Sanford Comers.
Fort Smith.
Sandy Hill.
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C E M E ]Sr T .-
IKTROBUCTION.
The total production of hydmulic cement in the United States in
1903 was 29,899,140 barrels, valued at $31,931,341, an increai>e of
4,145,636 barrels in quantity and of $6,564,961 in value as com-
pared with 25,753,504 barrels, valued at $25,366,380, produced in
1902.
Of the total production in 1903, 22,342,973 barrels, having a value
of $27,713,319, wei-e Portland cement.
The production of natural-rock cement was 7,030,271 barrels, valued
at $3,675,520.
The production of Pozzuolana or slag cement was 525,896 barrels,
valued at $542,502.
The increased production of Portland cement in 1903 resulted in a
glutted market, which made the artificial product so low in price in
the eastern part of this country as to seriously interfere with the pro-
duction of natural-rock cement Many of the plants whose output is
exclusively the natural cement were for this reason shut down during
a large pwrt of the year.
PORTIiAND CEMENT.
PRODUCTION.
The production of Portland cement in 1903, 22,342,973 barrels,
showed an increase of 5,112,329 barrels over that of 1902. This
increase in supply was not entirely justified by the demand, and a
quantity of the Portland cement produced during the year was left
unsold in the bins when the year closed. Prices fell as a result, only
the oldest and best-known brands being able to maintain a rate approxi-
mating their usual market value. At the present time the outlook
seems to indicate that care is required to avoid over-production.
a The entire statistical canyass aud compilation of this report has been conducted by L. L. Kimball,
oi the United States Geological Snrvey.— D. T. D.
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884
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
Following in a table showing the quantity and value of the Portlaiid
cement produced in each State during 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Production of Portland cement in the United States in 1901, 1902, and 190S, by Stala,
1901.
1902. a
1908.fr
State.
Num-
ber of
works.
Quantity.
Value.
Num-
ber of
works.
Quantity.
Value.
Num-
ber of
works.
QoanUly. Value.
Alahama .....
Barrels.
1
Barrdt.
1
1
8
1
2
5
3
1
Barrd*,
A rkanBAf . . . . -
<?1
1
California....
Colorado
Georgia.
146,848
686,000
1513.968
643,500
2
2
1
4
3
1
10
1
2
10
7
15
I
2
1
1
294,156
82,044
$431,910
106,016
681,151 $1,019,351
256.773 436,»
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
10
628,925
218,402
581,818
240,242
767,781
536,706
830,060
1,677,006
977,541
628,244
1,017.824
2,184,396
1,257,600
1,077,137
1.010 ffifi
1,914,500
1,3(7,787
1.285,310
Michigan
Missouri
1,026,718
1,128,290
18 , 1,966.183
2 82S.257
2,674.780
1,164,834
New Jersey...
New York....
Ohio
«7
13
/2
1,612,000
617,228
689,862
7,091,600
1,450,800
617,228
768,837
6,382,350
2,152,168
1,166,807
563,113
8,770,4M
2,563,355
1,521,553
686,671
10,130,432
8
12
8
17
1
2
1
1
1
2,693,381
1,602,946
729,519
9.754,813
2.944,001
2.0S1.S10
996,300
Pennsylvania
South Dakota
ll,a05,«i
Texas .
196.752
216,327
165,500
234,950
Utah
ViiKinla
334,869
438,286
588,131
690,106
West Virginia.
Total...
66
12,711,225
12,632,360
65
17,230,644
'20,864,078
78
22.342,973
27,715,319
a The States combined for 1902 are mentioned in the text of the report for 1902.
b The States combined for 1903 are given in the text below.
<T Includes product of the single plant in Utah.
'^Includes product of the only Portland-cement plant in Kansas.
e includes product of the only Portland-cement jtlant in Virginia.
/Includes product of the single plant in South Dakota.
In such States as have but a single plant their production is combined
with that of another State, in order that the separate figures of any
plant shall not be revealed. In the table above the Poitland-cement
product of the only plant in Alabama which produces that variety of
cement is combined with the product of the plants in Georgia, Virginia,
and West Virginia. The plants in Missouri and Arkansas have their
products combined; those in Kansas and Texas, and those in Utah,
South Dakota, and Colorado also show combined products, and in each
case the result is given in connection with the State which was the
largest contributor to the total product. There is but one new State
shown in this table for 1903, which is West Virgmia.
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CfiHEKt.
885
The following table shows the growth of the Portland-cement in-
dustry in the United States since 1890:
Development of the Portland-cement indvMry in the United States since 1890,
Section
New York
Lehigh and Northamp-
ton counties. Pa., and
Warren County, N. J .
Ohio
Michigan
All other sections
Total -*..
1S90.
Num-
Per
berc. .Quantity ,„,
Barrels. \
65,000 ,
201,000 '
22,000 I
60.0
6.6
47,500 1 14.1
1900.
Num- I
berof Quantity.
works.
Barrels.
465,832
Per
1902.
Num-
«««» l>er of
^^"'- works.
15
6,153,029
5.'H,2ir)
664,750
663,594
5.5
72.6
6.3
7.8
7.8
16 335,500 100.0 ,
50 8,482,020
100.0 ,
Quantity.
Per
cent.
Barrels.
1,156,807
6.8
10,829,922
62.8
563,113
3.3
1,577,006
9.1
3.103,796
18.0
17,230,044
100.0
Section.
New York
Lehigh and Northampton counties, Pa .
New Jersey
Ohio
Michigan
All other sections .
Total.
1903.
Niun-
berof
works.
78
Quantity.
Barrels.
1,602,946
9,631,541
2,693,881
729,519
1,955,183
5,730,403
22,342,978
Per
cent.
7.2
43.1
12.1
3.3
8.7
25.6
100.0
As a producer of Portland cement, Pennsylvania is still in the lead
by more than 7,000,000 barrels; New Jersey holds second place, as in
the preceding year; Michigan ranks third, although one of her large
producers was closed down for a time in order so to change the ma-
chinery of the plant as to introduce the dr}' process of manufacture
instead of the wet process heretofore used. In the preceding table
for 1903 **A11 other sections" includes the production of Portland
cement in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois,
Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and
West Virginia. In the statement of production for 1890, 1900, and
1902, shown in this table, Warren County, N. J., was included with
Lehigh and Northampton counties, Pa., but in the table for 1903 it
has been thought best to state separately the output of the counties
in Pennsylvania and the output for New Jersey.
THE PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY, BY STATES.
There were 19 States which contributed to the entire output of
Portland cement manufactured in the United States in 1903, detailed
accounts of which are as follows:
Alabama. — ^The only Portland-cement plant in Alabama is located at
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886 imrESAL Bfisotmofid.
Spocari, tieai* DemopoIi», in Marengo County. It was an actiye pro-
ducer during the year 1903, being closed down only a short time for
necessary repairs. The plant is now undergoing improvements which
when finished will double its producing capacity. The other plants
in this State are producers of slag cement, and in 1903 they were both
under the same management
Arkansas. — The single cement plant in this State produces Portland
cement from the deposits of limestone at White Cliffs. The com-
pany began producing early in the year, and made a very creditable
showing.
California, — The new plant in California for the production of
Portland cement was finished in time to begin work in April, 1903,
and has been running steadily since that time. The success of the
venture has led this company to consider the possibility of erecting a
second plant at Santa Cruz. There are at the present time three
cement mills in this State, all of which are producers of Portland
cement. The demand for cement in this part of the country is steady,
prices are good, and there is not an over supply.
Colorado. — In 1903 the only plant producing cement in Colorado
was the Portland Cement Company, which, in 1902, bought out the
other active plant in the State. In 1903 only 4 kilns were operated
by this company, while the machinery of the plant just purchased ^nis
brought to the new factory and installed. There are now 6 .rotary
kilns in active operation, which will increase the output for another
year to nearly double its already large production. In addition to its
increased facilities for the production of Portland cement, the com-
pany has constnicted a 3-kettle gypsum factory for the manufacture
^f gypsum products, and a hydrated lime factory, both of which will
be active in 1904.
Georgia. — ^There were two plants in this State which produced
Portland cement in 1903. One was devoted exclusively to this cement
and one made it a small proportion of its output only, giving prece-
dence to its large production of natural cement. The new plant,
which is located at Rockmart, Polk County, was not completed until
late in the year, and only conmienced operations after the middle of
November. The other plant ran continuously during 1903.
Illinois. — Four of the 5 plants for the production of Portland
cement in Illinois ran continuously throughout the year, with the
exception of a few weeks idleness for repairs. The remaining plant
was idle nearly all the year on account of the lack of a market. There
are 8 cement plants in the State, but 3 of them are devoted exclusively !
to the production of natural-rock cement. The Illinois Steel Com- I
pany, which is the largest producer of cement in Illinois, has a new
factory at Buffington, Ind., which will be active in 1904. This plant i
will have sixteen 80-foot by 7-foot kilns installed, which will give
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CEMENT. 887
it a capacity of 4,600 barrels per day of Universal Portland cement.
The plant in Illinois produces sla^ as well as Portland cement.
Indiana. — ^The 3 plants which produced all the Portland cement
made in this State in 1903 had a combined output of more than a mil-
lion barrels during that year. The Wabash Portland Cement Com-
pany's plant was closed down for about three months, during which
time 6 additional rotary kilns were installed. The increase in capacity
more than made up for the loss of time, and the output of cement
showed an increase over that for the previous year. The other 2 com-
panies operated on full time and produced larger outputs than they had
done in 1902. The plant of the Midland Portland Cement Company,
at Bedford, was not completed in 1903, though its 10 big rotary kilns
were in position. A plant is contemplated at Marengo for the produc- •
tion of Portland cement. One other company producing Portland
cement has dissolved and a second one has gone into the hands of a
receiver. The production of natuml-rock cement is an old industry in
this State, but that of Portland cement, which is confined entirely to
the northern part of the State, is of very recent date.
Kansas. — The new plant for the production of Portland cement,
located near lola, Kans., was not completed until 1904, and therefore
its production will be recorded in a future report. The older plant at
lola had a successful year, was not closed down, and increased ita
production considembly, besides acquiring new Portland-cement prop-
erty in Texas. The factory contemplated at Independence for the
production of Portland cement was not built in 1903. At Chanute,
Neosho County, in the southeastern corner of the State, a Portland-
cement plant is to be erected, for which ground will probably be
broken in December, 1904. The Chanute Cement and Oil Company,
which owns at this place nearly 400 acres of lands containing immense
beds of high-grade cement rock and shale, is to build the plant. This
company is composed of some of the men who were among the very
first to start in the cement industry in Michigan; they are among the
most successful of the present producers in that State. The fuel for
the mills in Kansas is to be natural gas, found in apparently inexhaust-
ible supply on the 4,000 acres of gas and oil property leased by the
company, and lying in close proximity to the land containing their
deposits of cement rock. The factor}^ is to be equipped with the
most modern machinery, and the buildings will be constructed of iron,
steel, and concrete. The cement used will be from the company's
plants at Bronson and Union City, Mich. The plant will be located
so as to connect with three railroads. The oldest plants in the State
are producers of natural-rock cement only.
MoMHOchusetts. — A number of years ago a charter was obtained for
the production of Portland cement by a firm in this State, oui, no
factory was ever erected. A report received this year from the com-
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888 MINERAL BESOtJRCES.
pany states that the project has been definitely abandoned, and that
the charter will be canceled or returned.
Michigan. — For the j^ear 1903 Michigan stands third in the produc-
tion of Portland cement in the United States, ranking every State
except Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Keystone State leads all
others by millions of barrels, while New Jersey takes second place by
but little more than half a million barrels. Michigan is only entitled
to third place by about 350,000 barrels; the lack of which, however,
leaves New York fourth in rank. There were 13 active plants in
Michigan during the year, but several of those were in operation only
a part of the time, some of the winter months being so cold as to
compel a shut down in the factories, though the cement season there
•is a fairly long one. Two of the large plants were shut down half the
year for reconstruction, and two were not started until late in the
summer. Another was idle a month while necessar}' repairs were
being made. One company shut down in October and went into the
hands of a receiver. The plant at Alpena had a large production, not-
withstanding the fact that important changes in the raw-material part
of its mills were made. The changes were such as to admit of the
dry process of manufacture, which replaces the wet process formerly
used, and increases the production nearly 100 per cent, with no appreci-
able increase in the cost of manufacture. Reports from 16 other
companies were received, none of which had active plants in 1903.
Seven factories are under construction: two companies are only organ-
ized, having purchased no land as yet; two companies consolidated;
one changed hands, and four failed altogether. In 1897 Michigan had
but one cement factory; in 1900 the numl)er of plants had increased to
6; in 1903 Michigan takes third place as a producer and has 13 active
factories, with a prospect of a large increase in this number for 1904.
Portland is the only cement manufactured in this State.
Missouri. — The expectations of the company, which started in this
State late in 1902, were realized in 1903, and the plant had a large out-
put for the year. The second factory, which began producing in 1903,
is a larger one, and had an output slightly in advance of it« only com-
petitor in the State. In 1904 there will probably be three factories
producing Portland cement in Missouri, as the plant of the Mississippi
Valley Portland Cement Company, at Louisiana, in Pike County, will
be started in the fall of that year. Only Portland cement is made in
the State, and until 1902 no cement of any kind had been produced
there.
New Jersey. — Of the 7 companies reporting from New Jersey, but 3
were active producers of Portland cement in 1903. The plant at
Alpha is a very large and successful one. For six months 20 rotary
kilns were continuously active, and during the rest of the year 4 addi-
tional ones were in service. The only shut down during 1903 at these
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CEMENT. 889
works was for holidays, and the output of cement was very large.
The plant at New Village has labored under many difficulties, but suc-
ceeded in having a product in 1903. It was idle from March to Sep-
tember reconstructing, after a disastrous tire in the coal plant. Three
plants are under construction, but were not ready for operation dur-
ing the year. The Vulcanite plant has always been a successful pro-
ducer, and in 1903 it mn ahead of any previous production. The
State total for this year is larger than that for the preceding year by
several hundred thousand barrels.
New York, — The larger proportion of the plants in the Empire State
is devoted to the production of natural-rock cement, but in 1903 there
were 10 works making Portland cement exclusively, and 2 that made
both natural-rock and Portland. Of these two one had a larger pro-
duction of natural-rock, and one a larger production of Portland
cement. One was closed down for about two months for repairs and
alterations. Of the 10 active Portland-cement producing plants, one
was closed about a month for repairs, and another was idle nearly three
months for the same purpose. Another had an overproduction and
closed down for a month. One plant spent part of the year in
enlarging its capacity, and one was shut down a short time on account
of extreme weather. One plant that had been destroyed by fire was
rebuilt in time to operate during about half the year. The output of
Portland cement for 1903 in New York, as well as the number of
plants producing it, showed an increa«e over the figures 'for 1902.
Ohio. — Five plants made all the Portland cement that this State
produced in 1903, and of these only 2 report continuous activity
throughout the year. One plant was closed for a time because of the
necessity for repairs, and following that because of a strike; another
had an overproduction and took advantage of this fact to shut down
for several months and make repairs; the third plant closed down for
part of the year to make some changes; notwithstanding this, and the
further fact that 3 usually productive plants were idle during the
whole year, the total output of artificial cement was larger than it has
ever been before. Two of the Portland-cement plants changed hands,
and were improved and remodeled; one company abandoned its project
and dissolved; while the new plant at Manchester was in process of
construction, but with no expectation that it would be finished before
the fall of 1904. There are 2 plants which make only natural-rock
cement, and 2 devoted to the production of slag cement, making 13
plants in all in the State.
Pennsylvania. — The condition of manufacture of Portland cement
b the very home and center of that industry in 1903 was practically
the same as that of the preceding year, except that the product
exceeded the output for 1902 by almost a million barrels. There were
9 plants actively engaged in producing Portland cement only ; of these.
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g90 MtKEBAL BSS0ITB0S8.
but 3 ran on full time, the others being closed down for a longer or
shorter space of time, for various reasons— among which were the
necessity for repairs, time needed to increase capacity, strikes, and,
in several cases, overproduction. The 6 factories which manufacture
both Portland and natural-rock cement were all active, and in nearly
every case the production for 1903 showed an increase over that for
1902. About the same conditions existed in regard to the time each
factory was in operation as were stated above in connection with the
plants producing Portland cement exclusively. There were 2 compa-
nies that abandoned their projected factories, and 2 that were idle.
There is but one company in the State that reported a production of
natural-rock cement only, and one that reported a production of slag
cement. There were 7 companies having plants under constructioD,
most of which are expected to be active producers in 1904. The plant
at Sandts EMdy, in the eastern part of Pennsylvania, was incorporated
under the laws of New Jersey, and has a capital stock of $5,000,000.
It is reported that when these works are complete, the plant will have
a capacity larger than that of anj^ cement factory in the world, and
will be able to produce nearly two million barrels of Portland cement
per year. There were 26 companies reporting from this State in 1903.
Smith Dakota,— The Portland-cement plant located at Yankton is
the only cement works in South Dakota. It was an active producer in
1903, and had an output which was in excess of the one for the pre-
vious year.
Texas. — There was, in 1903, no production of Portland cement
reported from the plant which has formerly been used exclusively for
that purpose in this State, owing to the fact that the property changed
hands, the lola Portland Cement and Lime Company, of Kansas, being
successors to the old company. There was, however, a production of
Portland cement reported from the mills which have for several years
made both natural rock and Portland cement, but it was not so large
as that of the preceding year.
Utah. — There is but one cement plant in this State, and it produces
Portland cement exclusively. During more than half of the year 1903
the mills were shut down, in order that they might be reconstructed
and enlarged. The works were started up in August, and a good-sized
output was the result. It is expected that the production for 1904
will be largely in advance of the record of this plant, which has always
been a successful one.
Virginia, — ^The Portland-cement factory in Virginia, which was the
only producer in the State in 1903, had a very large output during the
year, the effect of the improvements made in the factory in 1902 being
apparent in the nearly double production for this year. There were
two plants which produced natural-rock cement, and there was one
plant idle. A new plant for the production of Portland cement is
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891
contemplated, but as yet the company has not organized. A company
which reported as about to build in 1902, has now abandoned the plan,
and though not dissolved, is doing nothing.
Washington. — No production of cement was made in this State in
1903, though there seems to be a probability that a plant will be built
in the near future.
West Virginia. — In this State one Portland-cement plant was an
active producer in 1903, while another plant was idle, and a third one
was engaged in making natural-rock cement only. These 3 are the
only cement factories in the State.
RELATION OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION AND CONSUMP-
TION TO IMPORTS.
The increase in the production of Portland cement in the United
States within the last fourteen years, as compared with natural-rock
cement and with imported cement, is shown in the following table:
Oamparatire production of Portland and of natural-rock cement in the United Stales and
ofhydraxdic cement imported and entered for consumption^ 1890- J 90S,
Year.
Natural
cement.
Portland
cement.
Total of nat-
ural and
Portland
cement.
Imports.
1890
Barrels.
7,082,204
7.411,815
7,741,077
8,311,688
9,868,179
8,383,619
7,084,823
8,(M4,305
6,930,271
BarreU.
885,500
590,652
990,324
2,677,775
6,652,266
8,482,020
12,711,225
17,230,644
22,342.973
BarreU.
7,417,704
8,002,467
8,731,401
10,989,463
16,520,445
16,865,539
19,796,048
25,274,949
29,899,140
BarreU.
1, 940, 186
1M8. . ,-
2,674,149
imb
2,997.895
vsn
2,090,924
vm
2,108,388
1900
2,386,683
1901
939,330
1902
1,961,013
1908
2,251,969
This table does not include the production of Pozzuolana or slag
cement reported by this Bureau for the last three years, which is as
follows: 1901, 272,689 barrels; 1902, 478,565 barrels; 1903, 525,896
barrels.
The following table shows a comparison of the production of Port-
land cement in the United States with the entire amount of hydraulic
cement imported for consumption in 1891, 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903.
The increase in the percentage of total consumption of the home prod-
uct continues, 1903 marking the highest point yet reached.
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892
MIKBBAL &S80tmOSS.
Comparison of domestic production of Portland cement with coTisun^on of oH h^drmtU^
cements, 1891-1903.
Production in the United States.
Imports ,
Total
Exports (domestic and foreljjn).
Total consumption
)*ercentage of domestic production to
total consumption in the United States.
1891.
Barrels.
454,813
2,988,313
3,443,126
3,443,126
13.2
1900.
BarreU.
8,482,020
2,386,683
10,868.703
139,939
10,728,7&i
79.1
1901.
BarreiB.
12,711,225
922.426
18,633,651
417.625
18,216,026
96.2
Barrdt. BarrtU.
17,230.644 22.842.9:3
1.961.013 2.251,99
19,191.657 i 24,591,913
373,414 28S,4«3
18.818,243 I 24.809,479
91.6 9L9
The production and the annual percentage of increase in the last ten
5^ears have been as follows:
Production of Portland cement, tmth increase each year, 189Jhl90S.
Year.
Quantity.
Increase.
Barrett.
208,106
191,667
552,699
1,184,762
1,014,509
Percent-
afire of
increase.
1894
Barrels.
798,757
990,324
1,543,023
2,677,775
3,692,284
86.2
24.0
55.8
78.6
37.9
1895
1896
1897
1898
Year.
Quantity.
Increase.
1899
5,652,266
8.482,020
12,711,226
17,280,644
22,342,978
Ba9rft».
1.969,962
2,829,751
4,229,206
4,619,419
5,112.329
1900
1901
1902
1903
Percent-
age of
Increase.
53,1
50.1
50.0
S&.6
a:
The total consumption of all kinds of cement in the United States
in 1903 was 30,987,161 barrels, an increase of 2,359,732 barrels over
the total consumption of 1902.
NATURAIi-ROCK CEMKNT.
PRODUCTION.
The quantity of natural-rock cement manufactured in the United
States during 1903 was 7,030,271 barrels, having a value of $3,675,5^,
a decrease in quantity of 1,014,034 barrels and in value of $401,110,
as compared with 8,044,305 barrels, valued at $4,076,630, the produc-
tion of 1902. Reports for 1903 show that the cause of this decline in
quantity of natural-rock cement produced was the overproduction and
the consequent lowering in price of Portland cement, particularly in
the eastern part of the United States.
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CEMENT.
893
The following table shows the quantity and value of the natural-
rock cement produced in the United States in 1901, 1902, and 1903:
Production of natural-rock cement in 190 J, 1902^ and 190S, by States,
1901.
1902.
1903.
State.
Num-
ber of
works.
Quantity.
•
Value.
Num-
berof
works.
Quantity.
Value.
Num- 1 1
ber of [Quantity. Value.
works. 1 1
Oeoigia
2
2
16
a2
4
b2
1
BarrtU.
f)0,bT7
469,842
2,160,000
176,660
361,829
126,000
•40,967
187,986
762,600
97,002
176,666
63,000
2
3
16
2
4
2
Barrel.
66,685
607.820
1,727,146
160.000
409.200
150,000
•31,444
166,856
869,168
80,000
150,680
67.600
2
3
16
2
4
Barrels. |
80.620 ' 244.402
UUnote
543,132
1,633,573
226,293
178,900
Indiana and Ken-
tacky
Kansas
Maryland
766,786
169,165
1!M A1Q
Minnesota
2 ' 175,000 1 78,750
!«»hrMka
New York
<-18
1
2,234,131
1,117,066
19
3,577.340
2,135,036
20 '*;► 417 1S7 1 510-fi29
North Dakota
1
2
6
1
2
1
2
2
1
Ohio ! d\
104,000
942,864
62,400
876,964
67,025
1,389,090
46,776
Pennsylvania 7
Texas 1
796,876
340,669
576,269
Viiylnla 1
84.000
20,000
62,665
162.628
2
1
9
47,922
25,961
West Virginia l
1 88,475
2 4!n Q1S
Wiaoonsin
2
481,020
182,788
330,622
189,873
• Total
^60 17,084.823
8,066,278 1 /62 ,8,044,305
4,076,630
17 65
7,080,271
3,676,620
a Includes product of Nebraska and Texas.
6 Includes product of North Dakota.
^ThenumSerof companies producing natural cement only, is given, and the number given for
1899 and 1900 has been onanged accordingly, as in those years the total number of companies in the
State was given.
tf Includes product of Virginia and West Virginia.
«This total includes one plant in North Dakota, which for this year is reported as htiving a natural
ccnent prodoct.
/The States combined for 1902 are noted in the text of the report for 1902.
9Tbe SUtes wherein the product of cement was combined Avith that of some other State for 1903 are
iriren in the text below.
The single cement plant in North Dakota has a production which
for 1903 has been combined with that of the only plants producing
natural-rock cement in Kansas and Texas. The other States stand in
the table exactly as the reported productions are given.
As in other similar tables shown in this report, the total results of
combined productions are placed against those States which contrib-
uted the greater proportion of cement to make the entire quantity.
New York leads all other States, as usual, in the production of
natural-rock cement. As this State is the original home of the cement
industry in the United States, that position seems to belong to it by
right of discovery.
Second in point of production is the natural-rock cement output
from the Louisville district, which is the product of Indiana and
Kentucky. Pennsylvania, which stands first as a producer of Portland
cement, ranks third in the production of natural-rock cement.
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MINERAL RESOURCES.
THE NATURAL-ROCK CEMENT INDUSTRY, BY STATES.
Of the 16 States mentioned below as properly belonging to those
noted under the heading of natural-rock cement producers, only 14
were contributors to the total quantity of that product manufactured
in the United States in 1903. FoUowirig are the detailed accounts of
State productions:
Florida. — The mills at River Junction remained inactive, and the
formation of the company for the improvement and enlargement of
the plant is still incomplete. No cement was made in this State in 1903.
Georgia. — Of the two plants in Georgia which had a production of
natural-rock cement in 1903, one was devoted exclusively to the manu-
facture of that product, and the other made both Portland and natural-
rock cement. The first plant ran ahead of its production for the
previous year, and the other factory ran ahead on its natural-rock
production only. Both of the plants kept their mills busy during the
entire year.
Illinois. — ^Three of the 8 cement plants in Illinois manufacture
natural-rock cement only. The two larger of these were continuously
operative during 1903, and had an increased production over that of
1902. The smaller and newer factory, was shut down for nearly six
months of the year, labor strikes interfering seriously with the oper-
ation of the mills.
Itidiwna and Kentvxiky. — In these 2 States the output of natural-
rock cement for 1903 was somewhat smaller than that for 1902. Many
of the factories were closed for the greater part of the year, and a
number were entirely idle. The low price of Portland cement, an
overproduction and lack of demand for natural-rock cement, and 8ome
minor labor troubles are given as reasons by the various factories
reporting for the slightly decreased output during the year. A new
company is reported as having been formed at Louisville, with capital
for an extensive plant, to be located there.
Kansas. — ^This State has at present 2 plants which produce natural-
rock cement, both of which are located near Fort Scott Of these, 1
factory was shut down a month because of overproduction, and the
other was in operation throughout the year. Their combined produc-
tion was largely in advance of that for the year 1902.
Maryland. — One of the factories which has for years been among
the steady producers of natural-rock cement in the State of Maryland
was burned in the early part of 1903, and up to the end of that year
had not been made ready for use. One factory was idle, as it has
been for several years, and the natural-rock production was, therefore,
from the 3 remaining factories which manufacture that product Of
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CEMENT. 895
these plants 1 was closed nearly two months for repairs, 1 was shut
down after November because the low price of Portland cement
rendered competition unprofitable, and 1 was idle nearly one-half of
the year on account of labor troubles. The State produces both
natural-rock and slag cement.^
Minnesota. — ^The only cement produced in this State is natural-rock
cement, and there were but 2 plants manufacturing there in 1903.
Of these, 1 ran ahead of its production for the year before and was
active continuously, except for the months during which it was too
cold to opemte the mill. The other factory had a production which
equaled that of the previous year, and was idle for repairs only a
month. In this section of the country the demand for good cement
i:) constant.
New Mexico. — The new plant producing cement at Ancho, in this
State, in 1903 proved to be one for the manufacture of a kind of
cement made from gypsum, which product is not reported by this
Bureau.
New York. — There were 20 plants for the manufacture of natui-al-
rock cement in the State of New York in 1903, two of which also
produced Portland cement. Of the 18 remaining factories, 3 were
idle during the year and 15 were used for the production of natural-
rock cement only. A company which formerly manufactured natural -
rock cement at Lefever Falls has closed down the works there and
will for the present bum cement at their Rosendale factory only. One
company reporting a product considerably larger than its output for
1902 was closed for a time to repair damage caused by a fire. The
plant at Warners, which was burned in 1902, was active again in 1903,
and had a good production of cement. One plant was sold during
the year, but continued to run except through the coldest weather.
Several of the plants that had a production report having been idle a
number of months on account of the insuflScient demand, and 2
companies report their factories as having been shut down a few
months because of labor troubles. Strikes among the building trades,
as well as those among the workmen at the factories, were in part
•On p. 7C5 of Mineral Resources U. 8. for 1902 the statement occurs that no attempt to manu-
hctnre Portland cement had been made in the State of Maryland, notwithstanding the presence
in that State of much material suitable for such an industry. It would have been more strictly
in aeoordance with the facts to state that no record of such an attempt appears in this office, and
that no report of such a production was made to the Bureau. The superintendent of the Cumberland
Hydraolic Cement and Manufacturing Company has informed the office, since the issue of the annual
report for 1902, that his company did manufacture a true Portland cement at Cumberland, Md., as
^ back as 1896; that they erected a dome kiln of 150-barrel capacity, ground the necessary cement
from their limestone and cement quarry, and manufactured a kiln full of Portland cement, which is
St the present time under test both in briquettes and laboratory, and also in one pavement. It is
farther intimated that the manufactore of Portland cement may be begun by this company in the
Mar fntiire.->L. L. Kimball.
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g96 MINEBAL RBS0IJBGE8.
accountable for the lack of demand and supply in the cement business
in 1903. «
North Dakota. — ^The output of the only cement plant in North
Dakota is a high-grade natural-rock cement exclusively, and for 1903
it showed an increase over the production of 1902. The factory was
idle during about three months in the winter because of diflSculty m
transportation and to make some improvements in the plant.
Ohio. — The new plant which was projected in this State for the
manufacture of natural-rock cement in 1902 did not develop, and there
seems to be no immediate prospect that it will do so. The plant at
Defiance, which was idle in 1902, remained idle in 1903, its owner
being averse to operating the mill on account of his advanced age.
The plant near Lisbon, which manufactures only natural-rock cement,
was active part of the year, being closed down about six weeks in all
for various reasons, among which was the flooding of their mine.
The production was about the same as that of the preceding year.
Ohio has 1 cement factory devoted to the manufacture of slag cement
Pennmjlvania. — In 1903 the production of natural-rock cement in
Pennsylvania ran ahead of its production for the year before, as did
the output of Portland cement. There was 1 plant which manufac-
tured only natural-rock cement, and 6 which made both natural-rock
and Portland cement. There was also 1 plant which made only slag
cement. Of the 6 factories which had a production of both natural-
rock and Portland cement, 2 ran on full time, 2 were closed a short
time for repairs and improvements, and 2 were idle about a month on
account of accumulated stock. One new factory is reported, but the
nature of the cement to be manufactured is not stated.
Texas. — The only active cement mill in Texas in 1903 was the one
producing both natural-rock and Portland cement. The producdoo
of the former variety ran considerably ahead of that for the preceding
year, while the output of the latter variety was not equal to that of
the year before by some thousands of barrels. This plant was closed
down during part of the year on account of the lack of demand for
cement and on account of labor strikes. There are 2 other pknts
in this State, 1 of which manufactures Portland cement and the
other produces only natural-rock cement. Both were idle in 1903.
" On p. 800 of Mineral Resources U. S. for 1902 the building of the Buffalo cement plant In W74li
mentioned. Since the issue of that volume, Mr. Bennett, the president of the Buff^o Cement Coa*
pany, has informed this Bureau of the fact that the production of the plant mentioned wu oolyft
continuation of the manufacture of cement from that particular ledge of rock, which had been worted
many years. Mr. Bennett says: "In the fall of 1824 a cement works was constructed at WilliaBsrilk;
Erie County, N. Y., which is now standing. It was owned and operated by Timothy Hopkini tod
John S. King, and was afterwards known as the Wllliamsville Cement Works. This cement wMwed
in the construction of the locks of the Erie Canal at Lockport, and was hauled to that place by wafos.
It wajB afterwards used in the first United States Government stone breakwater in Bulblo, in VOA.
On thlH same ledge, 6 miles nearer Buffalo, the Buffalo Cement Worka was afterwaida coostrocted, »
thnt cement has been manufactured continuously on this ledge for the last eighty yean."—!*. L
Kimball.
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CEMENT.
897
The former plant has been purchased by the lola Portland Cement
Company, of Kansas, and is being improved and reorganized. 11 will
probably have a production in 1904.
Virginia. — The record of this State for 1903 is an almost exact
repetition of its record for 1902, so far as the cement industry is
concerned. There were 4 plants in the State, 2 of which produced
only natural-rock cement, and their joint production ran ahead of
that for the previous year by many thousands of barrels. One of
them was idle in order to make improvements, and the other shut
down a short time for lack of a market. The third plant is a Portland-
cement plant, and the fourth was idle throughout the year. A new
company, reporting in 1902, does not return a report for 1903.
West Virginia. — The only plant which produced natural-rock cement
in West Virginia was running less than 5 months in 1903, owing to
the fact that improvements were being made in the factory. As stated
in the report of 1902, the plant which was active at Shepherdstown
for many years as a producer of natural -rock cement, has been idle
since the death of the proprietor. Negotiations for its purchase by
some Baltimore capitalists are pending.
Wisconsin. — This State had an output of natural-rock cement only,
there being no Portland or slag cement produced. In 1903 the two
cement plants in operation had a production which fell short of the
one for the preceding year.
POZZUOIiAl^A OR SliAG CEMENT.
PRODUCTION.
In giving the production of slag cement for 1903 it is not possible
to itemize the State productions without disclosing individual figures.
The following table shows the total production of slag cement in the
United States and the number of plants in each State:
Production of slag cement in the United States in 190Sy by Stales.
190S.
state.
Number
of works.
Quantity.
Value.
Alfttmma
2
BarreU,
Ullnoto
Maryland
KewJeney
Ohio..
^VBQtjiTanfa. . . - r
Total
625,896
1642,6(0
M R 1903 67
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898 MINERAL BE80UECE8.
THE POZZUOLANA OR SLAG-CEMENT INDUSTRY, BY STATES.
The account in detail of the 6 States contributing to the total quantity
of slag cement manufactured in the United States in 1903 is as follows:
Alabama, — This State is the only one which had in 1903 more than
one slag-cement plant. Both the plants engaged in this industry last
year were operated under the same management, the Southern Cement
Company having leased the plant of the Birmingham Cement Company.
The mills were busy almost continuously, being shut down only a few
weeks for repairs.
niinou. — The plant in this State which produced Pozzuolana or
slag cement is located at North Chicago, and ran on full time the
entire year. A plant owned by the same company but used for
making Portland cement is located in South Chicago. The output of
slag cement for 1903 was considerably in excess of that for 1902.
Maryl^ind. — For the year 1903 the plant manufacturing slag cement
at Sparrows Point was idle only a short time while making necessary
repairs; except for this, the works were active all the year. Their
output of cement was not quite as large as that for the preceding year.
New Jersey. — The production of slag cement in this State is carried
on at Perth Amboy. The works were idle a few weeks on account of
labor troubles, and the production of slag cement for 1903 was not
quite equal to that of 1902. This plant has a number of rotary kilns.
Ohio. — There was but 1 plant actively engaged in making slag
cement in Ohio in 1903; but in 1904 the new plant which has been in
process of construction will probably be in condition to run. ITie
output of the plant at Youngstown was not nearly as large as that for
the previous year, and the cement works were idle about half the year.
Pennsylva7iia. — The new plant at Sharon had its initial run in 1903
and produced a fair output of slag cement. The works were not oper-
ated throughout the entire year, however, and the production for 1904
will probabl}'^ be larger. This is the first time that Pennsylvania
appears in the list of producers of slag cement.
TOTAIi PRODUCTION OF HYDRAUL.IC CEMENTS IN THE
UNITED STATES.
The manufacture of natural-rock cement in the United States greatly
antedates that of Portland cement, the former beginning about 1818,
in New York State, and the latter about 1870, in Pennsyhnnia,
Although the phenomenal growth of the Portland-cement industry
within the last few years has made a large increase in the total output
of that product, yet by far the greater total stands against the
production of natural- rock cement, as shown by the following table:
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CEMENT.
899
Total production ofnatural-rockf Portland^ and slag cement in the United Stales^ 1818-1 90S.
[Barrels.]
Year.
Natural.
Portland.
Poxzuolana
or slaf.
1818U11S30
300,000
1,000,000
4,250,000
11,000,000
16,420,000
22,000,000
2,080,000
2,440,000
8,165,000
4,190.000
4.000.000
4,100,000
4,186,152
6,692,744
6,2?>8,295
6,581,876
7,082,204
7,451,535
8,211,181
7,411,816
7,563,488
7,741,077
7,970,460
8,311,688
8,418,924
9,868,179
8,883,619
7,064,823
8,044,805
7,080,271
1830 to 1840
1840 to 1850
1860 to 1860 . -
1860 to 1870 .
1870 to 1880
82,000
42,000
60,000
86,000
90,000
100,000
18S0
1881
1882
18S3
1884
1885
150,000
1886 '.
150,000
250,000
250,000
800,000
836,000
454,813
547,440
590.652
798,757
990,324
1,543,023
2,677,775
3,692,284
5,652,266
8,482,020
12,711,225
17.280,644
22,342,973
1887
1888
*
1889
I8B0
1891
iwa X .XX.....
1898
18M
1895 ,
1896
12,265
1897
48,329
!»;:::::
160,896
1899
885,000
1900.
446,609
1901 ;
272,689
1902
478,565
1906 *
525,896
Total
209,132,626
79,608,196
2,270,238
The figures for natural-rock and Portland cement in this table
through the year 1896 are taken from a statement made by Mr. Uriah
Cummings, president of the Cummings Cement Company, of Akron,
N. Y., in his volume entitled American Cements, 1898, on page 288.
The remainder of the table is compiled from the reports in this OflSce
on the production of cement
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900
MINERAL BESOUROES.
IMPORTS.
The table showing the imports of cement into the United States in
1903, by countries, is as follows:
Imports of hydraulic cement into the United States in 1899, 1900, 1901, 190£, and 1903, hi/
countries.
Country.
United Kingdom
Belgium
France
Gennany ,
Otiier European countries,
British North America
other countries
Total
Barrels,
199,633
624, 149
15,619
1,198,822
68,348
4.896
2,8S9
2,106,888
1900.
1901
BarrHa.
267,921
826.289
32,710
1.165,550
75,827
4,517
28,869
2,386,688
Barrets.
37,390
803, IW
11,771
555.088
• 19,077
6,066
6,808
939,330
1902.
BarrHt.
79,067
615,793
14,922
1,259,265
17,966
8.611
4.163
1.994,787
1901
BarrtU.
146,994
737,671
14.866
1,977,414
27,415
4,4a
9.26
2,817.869
The figures used in compiling this table are those which show the
total imports, and the figures used elsewhere in this report as imports
are those which show the imports withdrawn from the warehouse for
consumption in the United States. In 1903 England stands third in
the list of foreign countries which sent cement to America. From
1871 to 1876 nearly all importations of foreign cement were from
England. In the four years following Germany gradually assumed
an important place as rival, and in 1882., while England sent one-half
the cement exported to the United States, Germany sent three-fourths
of the remainder. Ten years later Germany was the leading foreipi
country sending cement to America, and since then has held that
position.
PRODUCTION OF CICMENT LNT CANADA.
The total production of cement in Canada in 1903, according to the
preliminary statement of the geological survey of Canada, was 719,993
barrels, valued at $1,166,497. Of this amount 92,252 barrels were
natural-rock cement, worth $76,655, and 627,741 barrels were Porthnd
cement, worth $1,090,842.
These figures show an increase in the production of Portlmd
cement in 1903 over that in 1902 of 33,147 barrels, and a decrease in
the amount of natuml-rock cement produced in 1903, as compared
with that produced in 1902, of 32,148 barrels. In 1902 the increase in
the production of Portland cement amounted to over 100 per cent
and the decrease in the production of natural-rock cement to about
6.5 per cent, as compared with the production for 1901.
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CEMENT. 901
PORTI/AND CEMENT IN GERMANY.
The condition of the cement industry in Germany is of deep interest
to this country, in view of the fact that more than half of the unports
of cement into the United States are from that country.
The following extract is from a report made by Mr. F. H. Mason,
consul-general at Berlin :<»
The cement mannfacture may be desijjjnated as that one of the great long-
established industries in this country in which the capacity of production is most
excessive and disproportionate to the normal consumptive power of the people.
There were in operation in this country at the close of 1899, 261 cement factories, and
their number has increased rather than diminished since that time.
During the year 1901 there was consumed in Germany 14,600,000 barrels of cement,
while the reports of the several syndicates show that the collective productive
capacity of all their factories for the same period was 29,000,000 barrels per annum.
The power of proddction had thus, in respect to Portland cement, outgrown the
actual home demand by 100 per cent. Just how much cement was really produced
in that year is difficult to ascertain. The cement factories of Germany are divided
into several syndicates, which fight each other with persistent valor and reveal as
little of the inside workings of their several organizations as possible; but from all
indications and estimates there must have been in 1901 a surplus of from 10,000,000
to 12,000,000 barrels, of which there was exporte<l 506,652 tons, leaving a large
excess, which broke down the market, reduced profits to a pittance, and brought
on a crisis in the industry from which it has not yet recovered.
In tracing the causes which led up to this result, it is noticeable that during the 10
years from 1890 to 1900 all kinds of construction which use cement were phenomenally
active in Germany, and the consumption was enormous and steadily increasing.
Millions of barrels were used in the construction of the Kaiser Wilhelm and the Ems
canals and in improvements in the Rhine, Weser, and other rivers.. It was expected
that the Midland Canal w^ould also be authorized, and the cement factories made
preparations to meet that additional demand, so that the failure and postponement
of the project were among the contributing causes to the overproduction of that
period. The situation led to a new effort to unite the several local syndicates and
groups into which the cement makers were divided into one national and all-
onbracing combination, which could restrict the output, shut down superfluous fac-
tories, and, by getting the industry thoroughly in hand, restore prices to a profitable
basis. All such efforts proved futile, and the war between the competing factories
was bitter and unrelenting.
The year 1902 brought no substantial relief. The supply of cement everywhere
exceeded the demand. Building operations slackened under the general industrial and
ftmwi^ftl depression, while labor and fuel — two of the principal factors in cement pro-
duction— maintained practically undiminished values since the prosperous years pre^
ceding 1900. The only outlet for the surplus was through exports, and these slowly
increased from 497,780 metric tons «► in 1898 to 528,676 tons in 1889, 543,991 tons in 1900,
and 641,520 tons in 1902. Of this large export the United States takes a lai^r share
than any other nation, the shipments to our country aggregating 197,174 tons in 1900,
108,596 tons in 1901, and 246,726 tons in 1902. Next in order of importance in this
respect comes the Netherlands, which last year took 66,837 tons of German cement;
BritiBh Soath Africa, 36,720 tons; Great Britain, 33,534 tons, and Brazil, 18,209 tons.
a Advance Sheets Ck)n8. Rept8., No. 1691, July 8, 1903.
t>l metric ton»2,20Q pounds.
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902 MINERAL BESOUBCES.
Under the present tariff cement is free of duty when imported into Germany, tod
there was a small influx of 51,947 tons in 1902, which came across the border at
points in Belgium, Denmark, France, Austria, and Switzerland, where factories near
the frontier were geographically tributary to German territory. To shut out this
slight competition the new German tariff imposes a duty of 50 pfennigs (about 12
cents) per 100 kilograms ($1.20 per metric ton) on cement, as against $4.04 per ton
duty assessed by Russia, $2.38 in Austria and Switzerland, $1.42 in Sweden, and
$1.76 in the United States.
The sum of all recent information is that only the oldest and largest factories in
Germany, which enjoy every advantage of location for obtaining raw material and
handling their product, are able under present conditions to earn any sabstantial
profit. Many of the newer and smaller establishments are working at a loss. Eari j
in the present year there was a meeting in Berlin of cement manufacturers from all
parts of the Empire, which, after a long secret session, appointed a commtseioD to
consider and report in April upon a plan for the organization of the entire indostrr
under a cartel or syndicate, which should control output and manage the market
Thus far it would appear that the commission has not reported, and its continued
silence is construed as an indication that the differences between local syndicates
and individual factories have again been found irreconcilable, and that no gen^
basis of combination can be reached.
In connection with the subject of the manufacture of Portland cement
in Germany, it may be of interest to note that the Association of Ger-
man Portland Cement Manufacturers has adopted the following defi-
nition of Portland cement:
An hydraulic cementing material having a specific gravity of not less than 3.10 in
the calcined condition, and containing not less than 1.7 parts by weight of lime to
one part each of silica, alumina, and ferric oxide, the material being prepared by
intimately grinding the raw ingredients, calcining them to not less than cUnkering
temperature, ai^d then reducing this clinker to a proper fineness.
METHODS OF SHIPPING CEMENT.
The transportation of cements was formerly made in barrels, that
being considered the best means that could be used. At present, how-
ever, the large proportion of all cement made in this country is shipped
in cotton or paper bags. To such an extent is this true that the
immense stave industry which was built up in former years at Cherry-
field, Me., has been abandoned and the mills shut down, there being an
insuflBcient demand to make the business profitable. In a pamphlet
entitled "The Inspection and Testing of (^Jements," by Mr, R. L. Hum-
phrey, the author says:^
Cement is usually shipped in cotton sacks or paper bags, although aboot 35 per
cent of the shipments are in wooil. Where cement is going to be used immediately
and will not be held long in storage, the bag shipments are undoubtedly more con-
venient and satisfactory, besides being more easily handled on the work. Such sliip-
a Humphrey, R. L., The inspection and testing of cements: Jour. Franklin Inst., toL 1, 1^ Pf^
45(M51.
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CEMENT. 908
mente can also be sampled much more thoroughly. Cement was shipped in barrels
in this country in the early days, as it was generally accepted that cement must be
kept in tight packages, as it deteriorated in the air; and, besides, nearly all the early
natural-cement mills were located along canals, and the cement had to be placed in
wooden packages for water shipments. Again, prior to 1893 foreign Portland cement
was used very extensively in this country, and on account of the ocean voyage it was
absolutely necessary to pack the cement in tight, well-coopered barrels in order to
avoid damage to the cement from sea-water, and to the barrel from the handling it
received in loading and unloading. When the American cements began to replace
the foreign Portland cements the American engineers had become so accustomed to
cement in barrels that they continued to insist on shipments of cement being delivered
in wood. This sentiment is, however, undergoing a change, and bag shipments are
becoming the rule. Another advantage of having cement delivered in sacks is the
reduced cost of the package.
The danger of inferior cement being rebagged is readily avoided by requiring the
cement manufacturer to seal his bags with a lead seal, such as is the custom in France
and other foreign countries. The packages should state plainly the brand, name, and
place of manufacture, and all shipments of cement which are not properly labeled
should not be inspected.
ACKNOWXiEDGMENTS.
It is desired to acknowledge here the almost unfailing courtesy which
has been extended to this Bureau by the gentlemen engaged in the
manufacture of cement in the United States in 1903. In nearly every
instance where information additional to that already given was
requested it was forwarded without delay. As these statistics are
compiled from data sent by the different manufacturers of cement
only, and as no estimates or statements outside of those from the fac-
tories themselves are included in the figures showing either production
or values, the importance of prompt responses to requests can be
readily appreciated. The ability to forward the issue of such a pam-
phlet as this hinges very largely upon the facility with which returns
can be received from cement manufacturers.
PORTIiAND CEMENT TN MICHIGAN, 1903.
By L. L. Kjmball.
Marl has been known and utilized as a fertilizer and for producing
lime in Michigan for many years, and it was used as the principal ingre-
dient in manufacturing Portland cement just across the State line at
South Bend, Ind., by Mr. Millen in 1877; and yet it is only within the
last seven yeai's that it has been successful Ij^ used in producing Port-
land cement in Michigan. There was a factory started at Kalamazoo in
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904 MINERAL BESOUBCKS.
1872 for the manufacture of Portland cement from the marl beds located
near that city, but the old set or dry kiln process proved to be so expen-
sive that this site was ultimately abandoned. At Bronson, where marl
was discovered by a section foreman while piles were being sunk for a
railroad bridge, and at Union City the first successful marl plants were
started, and cement was first produced in 1897. Following these plants
were those at Coldwater and Quincy in 1898. The next active mill
was at Wyandotte, where, however, the cement is manufactured from
limestone brought from Alpena. This mill began producing in 1899.
In 1900 the factory at Mosherville first had an output of cement made
from marl. At the close of 1903 the total of five m^irl- using factories,
which reported in 1900 had increased to thirteen companies reporting
production for that year in Michigan, of which ten were using marl as
a principal ingredient for their cement and three were using lime-
stone. In addition, the number of plants projected amounted to as
many more in all stages of development, ranging from a company
which has been organized simply for the puipose of holding certain
cement properties and with no inmiediate intention of building a plant
to companies naming the specific dates on which their factories are to
begin the manufacture of Portland cement. This astonishing growth
of the cement industry, which was the immediate result of the dis-
covery of an abundance of marl in the State and which in 1903 put
Michigan third in rank among the States manufacturing Portland
cement, received a slight check from the fall in prices paid for cement
in 1903 and the early part of 1904. This fall in price made greater
economy in manufacture necessary. The further fact that experi-
ence began to prove that the difference in quality of the marl deposits
was an important consideration and one which could not be safely
ignored also tended to render caution in production necessary.
MATBJIIALS.
In no other State are the calcareous marls so generally used for the
manufacture of Portland cement as in Michigan. Cement is manufac-
tured from marl by four companies in New York, by three companies in
Ohio, and by two companies in Indiana, but in Michigan it is produced
from marl to the exclusion of other materials except at Alpena, Elk
Rapids, and Wyandotte, where limestone is used. At the cement plant
in Alpena it was at first intended to use the marl deposits on land con-
taining the clay belonging to this company; but the quality as well as
the inexhaustible quantity of their limestone deposit altered the orig-
inal intention, and the plant was erected with machinery adapted to the
production of cement from limestone rather than marl, though the wet
process of manufacture was used. As stated in another part of this
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CEMENT. 905
report, the factory has recently been remodeled, so that the dry process
could be used instead of the wet.
The numerous deposits of marl in Michigan differ greatly in both
quality and quantity, and actual experience in using these deposits
sometimes develops diflSculties which do no appear in preliminary
examinations. In one place where a successful plant has been operat-
ing for some years a marl is used for producing cement which has a
coarse grain, is loosely constructed, and is of a dirty, grayish color;
but it is comparatively free from stones and organic matter; the water
drops out of it readily; it is easily separated from its organic matter,
and it is not very sticky to handle. This last consideration means much
in the economy of a cement factory. This is shown by the experience
of another plant located somewhat farther north, in which the machin-
ery is practically a duplicate of that used in the one just mentioned.
Although the marl is conveniently located with reference to manufac-
turing and handling, the output is not nearly so large as that at the
other plant, because the marl, fine and white in appearance, works into a
compact, sticky mass that requires more fuel for moving, more wetting,
and consequently more drying, and is far more expensive and trouble-
some in every way to handle than the coai-se gray marl of the deposit
first mentioned. Considerations of this kind make the possession of a
large bed of marl a thing of much more doubtful value than was at first
supposed. Where the marl is found to contain an excess of organic
matter the process of eliminating it and the water it carries becomes
one of great expense. Furthermore, the thickness of the deposit must
be taken into account. A bed only 8 or 10 feet in depth will be much
less economical to handle than one of three times that depth, because
in each case the surface growth will be mixed with the marl and will
have to be burned to an ash in the kilns, involving an additional cost
for fuel. Then there will be a small percentage of marl at the bottom
of the deposit which can not be profitably dredged on account of its
admixture with the sand or gravel on which it rests. Hence the
thicker the deposit of marl between the surface and the bottom layers
the greater the supply of available material to be had at the least
expense.
These and other considerations in the manufacture of Portland
cement in Michigan have raised a question as to whether rock or marl
may be used to greater advantage in this State, and the erection of
several of the contemplated factories is at the present time being held
in abeyance until their stockholders shall have reached a decision in
the matter. One company having large holdings of marl land near
Frankfort decided to use rock instead of marl, and has bought over
400 acres on which are enormous deposits of limestone, cement rock,
shale, and clay. The limestone and cement-rock deposits are near
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906
HINEBAL BESOUBCES.
Charlevoix, in the northern part of the southern peninsula of Michi-
gan, and border on Lake Michigan. The following are analyses of
these raw materials:
Analyses of limestone and cement rock from Charlevoix^ Mich.
Constituent.
Silica
Oxide of iron and alumina,
Carbonate of lime
Carbonate of magnesia
Sulphuric acid
Organic matter
Moisture by difference
Total
Limestone.
1.
Percent.
1.54
1.60
95.64
None.
.53
.47
.22
100.00
2.
Per cent.
1.93
1.21
96.03
None.
.40
.36
.07
100.00
Cement rock,
1.
Percent
6.74
2.40
87.86
None,
.72
2.96
.30
100.00 '
Percad,
&U
2.75
87. «
NoDe.
.69
2.78
.32
100. OD
The conditions at Charlevoix are favorable for the manufacture of
Portland cement, and the materials to be used yield a better quality of
cement than could be made for the same expenditure of capital at
Frankfort. Two other companies in the State are contemplating a
change in their plants to enable them to substitute rock for marl.
PROCESSES.
Although the cement mills in Michigan all turn out practically toe
same product, and although that product bears almost an unvaryingly
good reputation, yet the methods employed in arriving at this result
ditfer in detail at nearly every plant in the State. The various man-
agers find it expedient to alter their processes to meet individual needs
and conditions.
At one plant the marl is dropped from the dredge into large buck-
ets standing on a car and is conveyed by cable into the factory just
as it comes from the lake, the first process inside the buildings being
to put it through the hopper of a separator, where stones, roots,
sticks, and other materials likely to break the blades of the mixers and
agitators through which the material goes later are taken out. At
another plant the dredge is placed on a float, to which is fastened a
scow equipped with machinery necessarj^ to remove the undesirable
matter immediately, so that the marl is dumped from the dredge
directly into the separator. It flows out from this machine in thin
streams through pipes and is discharged into scows lying next to the
machine. Thence it is towed across the lake to the mill by a steam
tug, and here it is drawn up by compressed air through lai'ge pip^
into the storage tanks inside the buildings. At still another plant
the marl deposit adjacent to the mill is not used at present, but.
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CEMENT. 907
instead, marl is brought by railroad from a lake about 30 miles dis-
tant from the factor}^ experience having proven that the quality of
the distant marl is so greatly superior to that of the near-by bed as to
quantity of organic matter contained, as to quality of cement pro-
duced, and as to the ease with which it can be handled that the cost
of moving it is much more than covered by the increased output
resulting therefrom. At another plant the marl is brought to the mill
by compressed air through tubes, and is not dealt with by hand from
the time it is dredged until it is turned out into the storage bins as a
finished product.
All the cement plants now operating in Michigan burn their cement
in rotary kilns. There is, however, a new plant near Chelsea which
is practically completed and will probably be in operation before this
report is printed, which is equipped with vertical or dome kilns only.
The reason for this is that the manager at this plant believes that
a more uniformly even and perfect burning can be accomplished
by drying the marl in bricks and packing it between layers of coke
for burning than by putting it through a process where inequalities
in the size of the clinker affect the degree of perfection to which it
can be burned. There is also at this plant an economical and very
interesting arrangement of pipes for the utilizing of most of the heat
that is usually waste heat. Eiconomy has been observed in many ways,
and the results at this mill will be of general interest. The deposit of
marl covers over 700 acres of ground, much of which was a marsh and
part of which was a shallow lake. This lake is now reduced by drain-
age to a mere pond, and it is intended ultimately to drain it completely,
so that the marl will be practically dry when it is brought to the mill.
The property now owned by this company was originally held by the
West German Portland Cement Company, and was sold to the present
owners because of the failure of that company to develop as was
expected.
The problem of thoroughly utilizing the waste heat in the cement
factories for the purpose of drying marl is one which engages the
attention of most of the managers in Michigan, especially during the
prevalence of present prices, and if the problem can be more success-
fully solved than has yet been done a great step will be taken toward
a more economical production of cement in the State. For, although
it is entirely possible to dry the marl before it is burned, and although
if dried it takes less fuel to burn than is required when it is wet,
the drying has usually proved to be so expensive a process as to be
unprofitable. Where the wet process is employed a kiln will burn 125
barrels of cement per day, as against 200 barrels burned in the same
time where the marl is dried; but the cost of fuel for drying is
usuall}' more than double the profit gained on the 75 additional bar-
rels. A plant which is at the present time shut down has machinery
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908 MINEBAL BKSOUROES. j
for drying the marl which is about as extensive and as expensive as the
machinery required for making the cement, and after the marl is
dried it has to be carried nearly 60 miles in order to reach the fac-
tory. The company owning this plant also owns a large deposit of
limestone near Alpena, in the northern part of the State, and if it is
decided to change the material of manufacture from marl to lime-
stone, which is a plan in favor with a majority of the stockholders, the
stone will be brought by rail or by boat to the plant from this deposit
In the making of Portland cement by the wet process, one of the
most interesting parts of the whole operation is the transformation that
goes on inside the rotary kilns from the time the slurry enters until
it drops out as clinker. At the upper or elevated end of the kiln is a
small hole; in looking through it the slurry that is being fed into the
kiln is first seen as a sort of spray, dropping in coarse and fine lumps
into the clouds of brownish, lurid steam and smoke that fill the big
rotary, and seeming to vanish there. The smoke is dense and thick
toward the sides of the kiln, flame and light showing mostly toward the
center. At the other and lower end of kiln, where a flame made usually
of powdered coal is forced into and through the long tube, nothing
but a glare of light can be seen if the eyes are uncovered. It is neces-
sary to use smoked glasses to distinguish objects within the kiln from
this end, and when they are used, in looking into the roaring mass of
intense heat and flame, it is possible to distinguish small blue- white balls
of clinker that seem to leap about hurriedly as they are driven hither
and thither by long tongues of fire, but always travel toward the open-
ing at the end of the kiln, through which they finally drop as red-
hot clinker. As the huge kiln slowly and steadily revolves at the rate
of about one revolution each minute, the larger balls of clinker are
broken by falling against its sides, and gravity compels them down-
ward, so that as they leave the kiln, there is rarely a piece to be found
larger than an English walnut. After emerging from the kiln, the
clinker is cooled, crushed, ground into a fine, almost impalpable pow-
der, and stored in bins, whence it is packed in barrels or sacks for
shipment.
To describe in a general way the processes of any one plant where
cement is made from marl and burned in rotary kilns is to describe
them all, except in so far as they differ in small details. In each case
the marl is first put through the hopper of the separator, whether this
is done in or out of the factory. It is then conveyed to large storage
tanks, where it is kept in a state of agitation by blades that constanth*
stir it. Meantime the clay or shale has been brought to the mill,
crushed, ground, and stored. The marl then is pumped into a vat,
where it is thoroughly mixed with clay, and water is added in proper
proportions, from which vat a chemist takes samples in order to regu- |
late the proportions of the mixture. In nearly all factories this sam- j
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CEMENT. 909
pling and testing goes on throughout practically the whole process of
manufacture. The mixture, or slurry, is then run into large tanks,
being mixed and ground still more thoroughly on its way over the
tube mills, and is again tested in its passage. From the vats,, where
it is kept in motion to prevent it from settling, it is pumped into the
rotary kilns, whence it emerges as clinker. About 1 per cent of
gypsum is generally added. The buildings covering the machinery
for this process are usually of brick, steel, and concrete constiiiction,
and the fuel used is nearly always powdered coal.
USES AND PRICES.
The various uses to which Portland cement is constantly being put
appear to justify the statement that it is now regarded as among the
chief building materials of the twentieth century. It is daily becoming
a greater factor in the industrial development of the United States,
and nowhere is this fact more forcibly illustrated than in the State of
Michigan. The matter of the abolition of grade crossings which is
now agitated there has caused thousands of barrels of cement to be
used, and in almost every town, even in the very small ones, are found
miles of cement sidewalk. It is also used for poles, both for telephone
and telegraph service; for piles, railroad ties, foundations for fence
posts, and even for the posts themselves; for curbs and street cross-
ings, for smoke stacks, grain elevators, water tanks, sewer pipe, dams,
reservoirs, tiles, brick, and for piers, docks, and tunnels. Much
important bridge work has been done through the use of cement, in
Michigan, and it is largely used in all railroad work done in the State.
Nearly all the cement made in the State is of a good quality and has
80 far stood the test of the years admirably, no failures and few com-
plaints being reported.
The low prices that prevailed during the season of 1903-4 have
caused some anxiety to managers of Michigan cement plants. Some
of the plants have decreased their output until such time as prices
should rise, and the result of this has been that nearly all of the fac-
tories running on full time are behmd in their orders and can only
promise delivery from a week or ten days to two weeks after the
order is placed. The advantage of an enormous output is largely
governed by the market a plant finds during a dull season or when
prices have fallen. For, although a mill producing a quantity of
cement sufficient only to supply a comparatively small field might dis-
pose of its entire product at a fair profit, if it manufactured three
times the quantity, it would be necessary to enlarge its territory in
Kke proportion to place its output profitably.
In view of the prevailing low price of cement and for other reasons
the building of several of the proposed plants in Michigan has been
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910 MOYEBAL BESOUBOES.
postponed for a year, and several companies that were incorporated
have abandoned their projects. Among them are the Zenith Portland
Cement Company, which built the foundation of a plant at Grasslake,
but failed to interest a sufficient amount of capital to proceed after
the fall in cement prices; the West German Portland Cement Com-
pany, that was to build a plant near Chelsea, but sold out to the
White Portland Cement Company; and the German Portland Cement
Company, which proposed to build a plant at White Pigeon.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
In closing a necessarily brief and limited account of some of the
most important features of the Portland cement industry in Michigan
it is proper to express appreciation of the invariable courtesy extended
to the writer during a trip to the cement plants in the State. In no
case was information withheld or refused, and the intelligence and
cordiality which were met with in each factory visited were a most
welcome assistance in gathering the data for this sketch.
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PRECIOUS STONES.
By George F. Kunz.
INTRODUCTION.
The increased interest in the production of precious stones in the
United States has resulted in bringing together a splendid exhibit of
these beautiful products of nature at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
at St. LfOuis; and many of the States and foreign countries have shown
these objects both in their natural state and in their cut form. Indeed,
in visiting" and studying these successive expositions, it may be remarked
in passing, one is impressed, upon seeing the Louisiana Exposition,
with the fact that during the last twenty -eight years, from the Centen-
nial to the St. Louis World's Fair, the exhibits of the mining products
of the States have gradually evolved from simple collections of ordinary
ores into systematic and scientific expositions of the geologic charac-
teristics and mineral products of the States, so arranged as to show
the evolution, from the geologic view-point, of the ores, the methods
of their working, and the literature pertaining to them. The result
18 that successively and with varying, though on the whole increasing,
fullness at Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, Buffalo,
Charleston, and finally at St. Louis there has been brought together the
greatest exhibit representative of the mining and mineral resources of
the States ever shown at any world's fair.
The production of precious stones in the United States in 1903 was
valued at $321,400; it was valued at $328,450 in 1902, and at $289,050
in 1901.
The total value of the imports of precious stones in 1903 was
$26,522,523, as against $24,753,586 in 1902, $22,815,352 in 1901, and
$13,561,588 in 1900.
DIAMOND.
SOUTH AFRICA.
De Beers Consolidated Mines. — The reports of the directors and of
the managers for the year closing on June 30, 1903, rendered to the
general meeting of shareholders in London on November 16, 1903,
show great recovery from the effects of the late war and general pro-
gress in all departments. The two chief difliculties resulting from the
war, as to native labor and African coal, seem to have passed away.
911
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912 MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
There is no further trouble in obtaining negro workmen, and the Afri-
can coal mines are yielding freely and are being developed at several
new points. The figures of production, as collected in the tabular
statements given below, differ but little from those of the preceding
3^ear, there being a small general advance, save in the case of the
recently opened Bultfontein mine, in which there is large increase.
The regular exploitation of the Dutoits-pan mine had not been
begun, but was to be undertaken soon.
A considerable part of the report is occupied with detailed state-
ments of the various costs and losses due to the war, the siege of Kim-
be rley, etc., and to the final settlement of claims against the Govern-
ment thence arising, some of which were allowed, others compromised,
and others rejected. The details are interesting reminiscences of tie
contest in its various stages and its wide extent. The total losses are
estimated at £272,904. For more than half of this amount (largely
involved in the defense of Kimberley) no claim was made for com-
pensation. There had already been paid £20,806 in cash for horses
taken; and £16,924 were paid by the colonial government of Griqua-
land West. A final claim for £54,641 was presented to the Imperial
Government, and this has been compromised for £30,000. It will be
seen from the data given that the company lost, in expenses, contribu-
tions, and the ravages of war, a total amount of somewhat over a mil-
lion and one-third dollars.
The dynamite factory — the De Beers Explosives Works — at Somerset
West has at last been completed, and is supplying all the material for
use at Kimberley. Besides this, contracts are under way for fur-
nishing dynamite for a large part of the mining enterprises in the
Transvaal.
The contract with the diamond syndicate has worked favorably, and
the diamond market has felt no effect from depression in other indus-
tries. The total sales to the syndicate within the year past have been
£5,241,172, as against £4,687,194 in the year preceding. The com-
pany paid dividends amounting to £2,175,000, as compared with
£1,925,000 in 1902. The balance on June 80, 1903, was £746,764, a
little less than the balance, £798,686, on the same date in 1902, owing
to a very large ''writing off" on account of depreciation of property,
which was more fully estimated than had been the case for some years
previously.
The development of the four main mines has gone on actively. The
Bultfontein and Premier have not been opened to any greater depth
than last year, 600 and 500 feet, respectively, being the lowest levels
worked. The yield of diamonds per load of rock has increased in the
Bultfontein from 0.21 to 0.24 carat, and in the Premier has retained
its remarkable uniformity of 0.30 carat. The amount of blue ground
in sight at these two mines, above the present lowest working levels,
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PEE0IOU8 STONES.
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reaches the enormous estimate of 14,901,600 loads for the Bultfontein
and 16,885,000 loads for the Premier, or, together, 31,786,600.
The following table shows the production of the Bultfontein and the
Premier mines in 1902 and 19(SB:
Production of the BuUfontein and Premier mines for the years ending June SO, 190S and 190S.
Bultfontein.
1902.
1903.
Loads of bine hoisted
Loads of blue washed
CsTsts of diamonds found a. . .
Value of diamonds found a . . .
Number of carats per loada . .
Value per carat a
Value per loada
Gost of prodnctioii per locula .
Loads remaining on floofs
353,042
20,194
4,486
£6,817
0.21
30s. 4d.
6s. 9d.
6s. 6d.
480,934
318,410
817,185
76,673
£118,102
0.24
30s. lOd.
78. 5d.
58. 9d.
482,159
Premier.
1902.
1,932,140
1,752,189
621,487
£878,203
0.80
88s. 5d.
98. lid.
38. 5d.
1.573,914
1908.
1,987,543
1,969,698
694,890
£1,021,276
0.80
848. 4d.
108. Sd.
3s. 8d.
1,671,869
a Fractions of pounds, carats, and pence omitted.
The De Beers and Kimberley mines have both been carried down
considerably within the year, two new working levels having been
added to each of them. The De Beers mine is still greatly hampered
by mud rushes, of which there were no less than 29 during the year,
causing great loss and delay and in two cases killing native laborers.
A new tunnel is being driven around the entire mine in the hard rock
below the shale with the hope of taking up the water that causes
these mud rushes, as has been successfully done at the Kimberley
mine. At the end of the year the blue ground estimated as in sight
at these two mines was as follows (in loads):
Amount of blue-ground in sight at De Beers and Kimberley mines June SO, 1903.
Level: Loads.
Above 1,660 feet 1,931,700
Between 1,660 and 1,720 feet 1,996,800
Between 1,720 and 2,040 feet 3,947,200
Total 7,874,700
KIMBERLEY.
Level: Loads.
Above 1,920 feet 645,800
Between 1,920 and 2,160 feet 1,837,400
Between 2,160 and 2,480 feet 1,896,000
Total 4,279,200
This gives a total for the two old mines of a little over 12,000,000
load^, which, added to the figures above given for the other two mines,
aggregates nearly 44,000,000 loads in all.
X R 1903 68
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914
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The rock shafts in the De Beers and Kimberley mines have reached,
respectively, the depth of 2,076 and 2,539 feet. The lowest actual
working levels are 1,480 and 1,920 feet, respectively. The figures of
production are as follows, these two* mines being as usual given
together in the reports:
Combined production of the De Beers and Kimberley mines for the years ending June SO.
190S and 190S.
Loads of blue hoisted
Loads of blue washed
Carats of diamonds found « . .
Value of diamonds found a . . .
Namber of carats per load
Value per carata
Value per load o
Cost of production per load « .
Loads remaining on floors. . . .
1902.
1901
2,062,450
l,9ftl,898
1,499,299 !
£S, 484, 247
0.76
46s. 5d.
858. 6d.
8b. 5d.
2,826,720
2.370,501
2, 561. MB
1,674, 1»
£8.819,01
o.a
48B.6d.
29L91
7^81
2.136,»
a Fractions of pounds, carats, and pence omitted.
The fifteenth annual report of the De Beers Consolidated Mines
(Limited) for the fiscal year 1903 is as follows:
lyieenth annual report of De Beers Consolidated Mines {Limited) for the year ending Jime
SO, 190S.
Average yield per load for De Beers and Kimberley mines carat. . 0. 61
Average value per carat for De Beers and Kimberley mines 48e. 6. 3d.
Average value per load for De Beers and Kimberley mines 298. 9. Sd.
Average yield per load for Premier mine ( Wesselton) carat. . 0. 30
Average value per carat for Premier mine (Wesselton) 348. id-
Average value per load for Premier mine (Wesselton) lOs. 3. 2d.
Average yield per load for Bultfontein mine carat. . (X 24
Average value per carat for Bultfontein mine 30b. 10. 2d.
Average value per load for Bultfontein mine 7a. 5d.
It will be seen that, with all the general advance in production and
profit, the yield per load, after rising, has again seriously fallen. This
is attributed in the report mainly to the intermixture of mud with the
blue-ground, caused by the mud rushes in the De Beers mine. It is,
however, very suggestive to see the yield per load at the lowest figure
yet reached, and less than half of what it was in 1889, when the work
of the Consolidated Company began.
This falling oflf in the yield per load continues to be more than coun-
teracted by the steady rise in the value of the diamonds contained,
which is nearly two and a half times what it was in 1889; so that the
actual value of a load has increased. In the fifteen years since that
time the yield per load has fallen from 1.283 carats to 0.61; the value
per carat has risen from 19s. 8d. to 48s. 6d., and the value of a load
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PRECIOUS STONES.
915
has hence made a net advance from 25s. 3d, to 29s. 9d. The two newer
mines show a general small advance, and costs are diminishing with
improved appliances and with the passing away of the embarrassments
dae to the war.
C!omparing the figures in these respects for the several mines, the
facts may be tabulated as follows (omitting fractions of pence):
RaHos of yield and value atthe De Beers Consolidated Mines, for the year ending June SO,
190S,
Mine.
DeBeers-
Kimberley.
Premier.
Bultfonteln.
ATerage yield per load carat..
Average value per carat
Ayeiage yalue per load !
0.61
488. 6d.
29b. 9d.
0.80
848. 6d.
10s. 8d.
0.24
80b. lOd.
78. 5d.
To give an idea of the immense total production from the group of
mines controlled and operated by this great company the following
figures have been compiled from the tables for the several years pre-
sented in the report. Of course even these results do not give the
total of diamond production in South Africa, as large quantities were
obtained in the years pri6r to the formation of the consolidated com-
pany, and both before and since that time other mines in the Orange
River and neighboring districts have yielded considerable quantities.
But the main output from the Kimberley mines imder the present
management is as follows:
Total yield from the De Beers mines since the consolidation in 1889 to June SO, 1903,
Klne.
Diamonds
produced.
Value.
De Beers and Kimberley,
Premier (7 years)
Boltfontein (8 years) .. . .
Total
CaraU..
80, 560, 057*
2,470,609
81,124
£ 8.d,
46,170,998 9 1
8,535,528 13 6
125,066 8 7
88,101,790 I 49,831,582 11 2
A sum therefore of nearly $250,000,000 expresses the value of the
diamonds hence derived and added to the world's wealth in the last
fifteen years. This amount (sales through the syndicate), however,
large as it is, represents the uncut stones only. Their commercial
value is fully doubled in the process of cutting and polishing for use.
In addition to the report of the assistant general manager, Mr.
Alpheus S. Williams, and the tables of accounts, there are included
the addresses made at the shareholders' meeting by the chairman of
the directors, Sir Lewis Loyd Michell, and by Mr. Julius Wernher,
one of the two surviving life governors of the company, both of which
are occupied with the discussion of important aspects. Mr. Wernher
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916 MINEBA.L RESOURCES.
has recently visited the mine^ after an absence of many years, and has
much of interest to say of the extraordinary changes that he found in
all the conditions. He refers at some length to the rise above noted
in the market price of diamonds, showing that it has practically doubled
in the course of twenty years. On this head he says:
There is another important and very pleasing feature, and that is the price which we
obtain for our diamonds. Before leaving London I happened to come across * * ♦
an old statement giving the statistics of the company from 1883. * ♦ * Going
back twenty years, to the time when I left Kimberley in 1883, I find that the whole
production of the district of Kimberley at that time was 2,413,953 carats, yieldii^
£2,742,521, or £1 28. 8d. per carat. This was the production of the whole of the
district. « The figures for the succeeding years will show you the results of Mr.
Rhodes* s policy. The amalgamation was effected * * * five years later; ♦ * *
not every mine was then included, but we may say that in 1888 the change to the
one big company was brought about. In that year we produced, in round figuree,
3,800,000 carats, for which we obtained £4,000,000, or £1 Is. per carat In the i(A-
lowing year, when the effects of the amalgamation became more apparent, we pro-
duced * * * less— 2,900,000 carats instead of 3,800,000— for which we obtained
£4,300,000, or £1 98. per carat.
Well, I will not trouble you with the whole of this list, but I will come at once to
the year just ended, in which we produced 2,400,000 carats — practically the same
amount as in 1883, but although in 1883 we obtained only £2,700,000, we obtained for
our present yearns output £5,240,000, or £2 2s. 5d. per carat. The results are in fact
slightly better than that, because included in our present output we have a large
quantity of tailings, which » * * yield, comparatively speaking, only a small
price, but if we take the stuff as it comes from the mine our average is really £2 4s.
per carat, as against £1 2s. twenty years ago. These are very remarkable resalts, oi
which, I think, we may well be proud. * * * I might further point out that in
the old returns of which I have been speaking, there was a large proportion (20 per
cent or nearly so) of Dutoits-pan stuff, which always yielded a much higher price
than the produce of the other mines, and we did not at any time carry on the amoant
of fine sorting which now takes place. CJonsequently the real increase is very moch
more than appears from the figures I have quoted.
It will be seen from these statements that the price has been grad-
ually advanced, largely by a judicious system of limitation of output
made possible by the consolidation. The ereat Dutoits-pan mine, for
instance, here alluded to as of exceptional richness in point of value
of product, has been un worked for years; and though it is proposed
to open it again ere long, this may very likely depend upon the con-
ditions of the diamond market.
The dividends of £2,175,000 above mentioned consist of the follow-
ing items:
Dividends of De Beers Consolidated Mines {Limited) for year ending Jutie SO, 190S.
Dividends for half year ending December 31, 1902:
10s. per share on 800,000 preference shares of £2 lOs. par
value <e400,000
128. 6d. shaj-e on 1,000,000 deferred shares of £2 lOs. par
value 625,000
£l,O25,00C
a Mr. Wemhcr includes not only the mines now operated but the others in the same district, some
of Mrhich have been long kept closed.
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PBE0IOU8 STONES. 917
Dividends for half-vear ending June 30, 1903:
The same dividends on same stock of both kinds £1, 025, 000
Additional bonus of 28. 6d. on deferred shares 125, 000
£1, 150, 000
Total dividends and bonus for the year £2,175,000
Transvaal diamonds. — In the report of this Bureau for 1900* refer-
ence was made to the diamond mines in the Ti*ansvaal, and some data
were given up to the outbreak of the war. Within the year past
important and extensive developments have been made in this district,
and it is clear that diamond deposits of a character similar to those of
Kimberley and of very promising richness exist throughout a wide
area to the east of Pretoria. Many mines have been located, and
something like 100 prospecting shafts have been sunk to varying
depths to test the nature and the extent of the deposits. These
resemble in general those of Kimberley — a red surface soil, then
yellow ground, and then blue ground. The red clay is very rich in
diamonds, presumably from its being a residual material concentrated
through an indefinite period; the yellow ground is poorer, and the
value of the blue ground is yet to be proved. Thus far, however, the
output has compared not unfavorably with that of the De Beers prop-
erty— superior to it in yield per load, but inferior in size and quality
of the stones obtained.
Among the mines actually in operation by far the most important is
the Premier (not to be confounded with the De Beers Premier). This
is an immense mine in area, representing between 3,000 and 4,000
claims of 30 by 30 feet each. This, however, is the upper or super-
ficial pK)rtion, and the actual size of the "pipe" is yet unknown,
though it must be, of course, very much less. The company operating
this mine began work in May, 19(^3; from June to October, inclusive,
the monthly output advanced from 14,619 carats to 22,549, the number
of carats per load varying from 1.03 to 1.47, the ratio for October
being 1.28. This is like the ratio at Kimberley in the earlier years,
which for two years past has been only 0.76 carat per load. On the
other hand, the average recent value of De Beers and Kimberley stones
is $11.62 per carat, while the new Premier diamonds bring only about
16.75. There are estimated to be 20,000,000 loads in sight at the
new Premier, but it is pointed out that, with these figures as to value,
the De Beers Company is in control of the situation and that a reduc-
tion in price on their part of several dollars per carat would still leave
them a good profit, while it would almost obliterate the profits of the
new Premier. This may come to pass, it is thought, if the Transvaal
development continues as it apjxMirs likely to do.
The mines in this district are operated under a law which assigns
• Production of precious stonw: Extract fn)m Mineral Resources U. 8. for 1900, U. 8. Geol. Survey,
1901, p. U; Joor. Soc Arta. October, 1899.
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918 MINKBAL EE80UB0E8.
six-tenths of the area to the State and four-tenths to the private owner
or owners, the latter supplying the capital for working, and the net
profits being divided in the same proportion. The State therefore
becomes the controlling partner, and no repetition of the Kjmberley
process of buying up minor claims and consolidating all into one great
corporation is possible in this new area. Thi^ law went into operation
in July, 1903, and is in general much more liberal than the. laws of the
Transvaal Republic, though some owners do not like certain of its
provisions as well.
The new Premier mine yields about four-fifths or more of the entire
diamond production of tJie Transvaal, though there are numerous
smaller and experimental workings. The total production for the year
1903 up to November, inclusive, increasing greatly from month to
month, is reported to be 144,573 carats, valued at £197,569.
Dicmiond miriMig in the Vaal district — ^An interesting article was
published in the Engineering and Mining Journal in September, 1903,
by Mr. T. Lane Carter, on diamond mining as now in progress in the
old Vaal district, where the first excitement developed about African
diamonds, at the soKjalled " river diggings," before Kimberley was
founded, or the '^dry diggings," whence it arose, were known.^ The
whole region has been searched over and turned up by prospectors,
and some are still to be found at work. This universal digging over
has had two results; on the one hand, it has made the geological struc-
ture very easily observable — everywhere a bed of sand and gravel from
5 to 20 feet thick, full of bowlders of basalt and melaphyr, and resting
on the limestone layer that forms the uppermost rock of the country.
In this gravel bed the diamonds are found, with more or less of pyrope
garnets and peridots, but very unequally distributed, so that working
at any particular point is a veritable game of chance. Upon this
gravel originally reposed a thin bed. of svrface soil, but the removal
of this layer by the widespread digging has made this whole portion
of Griqualand West a hopeless desert, in which agriculture is impos-
sible from the absence of soil.
But the most interesting feature of Mr. Carter's article is his account
of the existence and present working of a large and genuine ''pipe"
mine similar to those at Kimberley, in the heart of the Vaal River
diamond country. This is doubtless the source, or one among several
sources not yet discovered, of the diamonds of the "river diggings."
It presents identical features with the Kimberley pipes, so far as it has
been opened — a limestone capping 5 or 6 feet thick, underlain by yel-
low ground and then by blue. This last is much like that of the
De Beers mines, though quite distinguishable. It often contains large
bowlders and is a good deal broken up with dikes. Mr. Carter remarks
upon the presence of diamonds in the limestone as indicating that this
rock was produced by infiltration from l>eIow, ''after the formation of
a Carter, T. Lane, The diamond district of the Vaal River: Eng.and Min. Jonr.^SeptC^im.
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PKKCIOUS STONES. 91^
the diamonds/' It is not easy, however, to see how diamonds could have
been carried upward by ^' infiltration;" and this peculiar occurrence
must await explanation by further study of the structure of the lime-
stone cap. If it is a travertine, as Mr. Carter's view would imply, the
diamonds must represent a residuum left from the previous atmospheric
erosion of the upper part of the yellow ground.
The area of the pipe is very large, though its extent is not stated
and is perhaps not accurately known. Two companies are at work
upon it, of which the larger, the Elandsdrift Diamond Mining Com-
pany, has in its employ about 30 white men and 250 Kaffirs. As yet the
work is all by open cuts and has not gone below about 200 feet. The
outside shaft method pursued at Kimberley will in due time become
necessary, as caving-in is already causing trouble, but it will be delayed
as long as possible on account of its cost.
The production is not extensive, and the stones are for the most part
small, the larger ones ranging only from 4 to 8 carats, but they are of
fine quality, very white, pure, and brilliant, and bring $26 a carat or
even more. In these respects they resemble those of the river dig-
gings; their aspect is characteristic and unmistakable, quite distinct
from IQmberley stones, and they often present a peculiar laminated
appearance. Every two weeks the output is taken to Kimberley, about
20 miles distant, and sold to the diamond syndicate.
The mine is a moderate success on account of the high quality and
value of the stones, but these are not very abundant in the blue.
Hence it is what is termed a low-grade mine, and Mr. Carter thinks
it would be much more profitable if operated on a large scale like the
De Beers mines. The working is all by hand and also the sorting and
picking, the grease separator not being used, although it has been
-found to be so much cheaper at Kimberley. Down to the present
depth, 200 feet, the blue is quite soft and does not need any drying
floors. It is taken directly to the washing plant and crushed between
rollers before being washed. The concentrates are very like those
at Kimberley, though with rather more colored minerals, as olivine,
serpentine, etc.
The natives are dealt with much as in the De Beers mines, with a
compound system rather less strict. Wages are about the same, aver-
aging $5 a week. The distance from the railroad (12 miles) involves
some additional cost as compared with Kimberley in the necessary
hauling of all kinds of supplies.
The whole account of this new *'pipe" is highly interesting from a
scientific point of view, whatever may be its practical results.
Mechanical equipment of the Kimberley mines, — Mr. Charles V.
Allen, in a recent issue of the Engineering Magazine,^ has given a
• Allen, Cbms. V., The mechanical equipment of the Kimberley diamond mines: Eng. Mag.,
NoTember. IMS, New York. pp. 177-192.
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920 MINERAL RESOUBOES.
very extended account of the whole great system of modem engineer-
ing appliances in use at the various mines and establishments operated
by the De Beers Company in South Africa. This sketch includes not
only the diamond mines at and around Kimberley, but the De Beers
Explosive Works, at False Bay, near Cape Town, and other accessory
plants. Mr. Allen notes the fact that the last year has witnessed maoy
changes in the work of operating the mines, made necessary to a large
extent by the increased depth attained, and he gives first place to the
great extent to which electrical machinery has been introduced, not
only at the mines but in all the works and holdings of the company.
His article, indeed, consists chiefly of descriptions of the electrical
apparatus, illustrated by numerous half-tone figures.
The account is a very remarkable one in its exhibition of the power
and variety of electrical machinery already installed in the vast and
varied activities of this immense corporation. To give any particulars
in a brief notice like this is of course impossible. The power houses,
the various machine shops, and the different kinds of motors employed
are all described in some detail and their manner of use in the several
parts of the mining and hauling operations. In the machine shops
the smaller tools are now for the most part run by separate motors,
each motor operating a gi*oup of several tools or machines of like
character, as lathes, scrapers, screw machines, etc., thus doing away
largely with shafting and belting, and resulting in much economy.
Powerful narrow-gage electric locomotives are being introduced for
ore hauling on inclines, etc., all of which are described and some
figured, as are also the elaborate arrangements at the False Bay
explosive works.
Mention is made of the fact that African coal is now being freely
obtained and is giving much satisfaction. The interruption of this
native supply during the late war caused great embarrassment and
expense to the De Beers Company, but now the Indwe mines are yield-
ing an output of 12,000 tons per month, of which 6,500 are taken by
the De Beers Company. The calorific power of this coal is only about
60 per cent as compared with Welsh coal; but the difference in cost of
supply much more than counterbalances this defect. About 1,00()
tons a month from the Stormberg district are also used by the company.
INDIA.
Mr. SarratC. Rudra, a member of the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, Calcutta, India, presented at the New York meeting of the
Institute, October, 1903, an admirable paper « on the mineral resources
of India, which treated of the past, the present, and the future possi-
bilities of that great oriental country. Of especial interest are his
references to the precious stones.
aTrans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., New York Meeting. October. 1908, pp. 11-16; Table III, p. 26.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 921
Mr. Rudra refers briefly to the sapphires of Cashmere, and he gives
an interesting review of the diamond mines of India, basing his paper
on the writings of Saurindro Mohun, Maharajah of Tagore, Marco
Polo, Tavernier, and Ball.
In regard to occurrences, localities, etc., of the diamond, Mr. Rudra
says that this pure crystalline form of carbon has played a very impor-
tant part in the history of ancient and modem India, and that references
to this mineral are found in many of the ancient Sanskrit writings of
India, in which names of localities where diamonds were found are also
given, although to recognize some of these localities is rather difficult
owing to changed nomenclature. The Maharajah of Tagore <» has tried
to establish the identity of these localities with fair success.
Karl Ritter suggests in his work* that the Arabs and the Phoeni-
cians had a regular trade in diamonds with India. He also found
evidences that the trade existed in the time of Solomon and even of
Moses. In addition to Marco Polo, much information regarding dia-
monds in India has been published by Tavernier,^ Fitch,*' and New-
bury.'^
The name ''Golconda diamonds" though derived from the town of
Golconda near the city of Hyderabad, was used for the stones obtained
from the extensive regions comprised in the provinces watered by the
Krishna and Godavari rivers. The stones were collected and polished
in the town of Golconda.
Besides Golconda, the other localities in the same neighborhood where
diamonds were formerly mined, areCuddapah, Bellary, and Kumul.
The diamond-producing fields in India may be divided roughly into
three sections:
1. Southern: Golconda or Telingana, including the five modem dis-
tricts of Cuddapah, Kumul, Bellary, Krishna, and Godavari (Bhadra-
chalam).
2. Middle: Includes the large tract of country between the rivers
Godavari and Mahanadi. In this section diamonds are still found
near Sambhulpur and Warragurh. There are also two or three locali-
ties within Chota-Nagpur where diamonds are occasionally found in
river beds.
3. Northern: Includes the country known as Bundelkhand, in which
is situated the district of Panna. In the country surrounding Panna
diamonds occurring in place are being mined regularly.
In northern India diamonds occur in the Rewah group of the upper
Vindyan formation, and in lower India, Madras Presidency, in the
Kumul (Silurian?) formation. The geological strata of northern and
southern India as described by Valentine Ball '' are as follows:
alfanf Mala, 2 vols., Calcutta, 1879.
b Erdkunde Ajdenn, toI. 6, p. 348.
<• VoyagoR, vol. 2, Paris.
<<Selecyoni from Uie recordn of the Bombay Government, vol. 8, 1868.
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922 MINERAL RESOURCES.
OeologiccU formations of northern and southern India.
Northern India.
{Bhaurer group
Rewah group (diamond).
Kaimur group
Lower Vindyan section .
Tirhowau limestone
Palkoa shales
Dalchikur sandstone
Semii shales and limestone . .
Semri sandstone
Southern India.
Absent.
(Known as the Kumol lonnatSon.)
Khundair shales and limestone.
Panceun quartzite.
Jamalmadgu shales and limestooe.
Banaganpilly (diamond).
So far as known, the oocuri'ence of diamonds at Panna is limited to
the Rewah group, being found in place in a conglomerate rock, and
in alluvial and superficial deposits. The Rewah bed extends over a
large area, but po search for diamonds has been made elsewhere than
at Panna. Diamonds are sometimes found included in pebbles.
In Chota-Nagpur and Sambhalpur, diamonds are found in river
beds, from which they are obtained by some low-caste tribes in the
following primitive manner: After a rain}' season, the Mahanadi
River near the town of Sambhalpur becomes low, and a large number
of the members of these tribes begin to dam the north channel of the
river between an island and the bank. Later, when the river gets
stilT lower, the gravel included in this dam is collected and carried to
a dry place, where it is washed for gold and diamonds. The quantity
of gold obtained is very small indeed, and may be barely enough to
pay for the daily meals of one person, but sometimes the washers are
rewarded by the find of a good-sized diamond, which may keep a
family in ease and comfort for years. The diamonds found in this
river bed have evidently been brought down from a higher source,
perhaps from the headwaters of the Mahanadi River, and a thoroughly
equipped prospecting expedition would doubtless find their matrix.
In the southern Golconda region, diamonds are found in gravel
beds composed of rolled stones of various sizes, intermixed with mud.
The pebbles are ferruginous schistose sandstones or sandstone-con-
glomerates, and include also quartz, chert, jasper, claystone, porphyry,
feldspar crystals, blue jasper veined with iron oxide, red jasper, and
quartz crystals.
Reports of the finding of diamonds near Simla in the Himalayas are
very interesting. The older Paleozoic rocks somewhat resemble the
southern Kurnul (Silurian?) formation. It is, therefore, likely that
diamonds may also occur in this locality.
It is interesting to note that whereas at one time the mines of India
produced all the diamonds of the world, now more diamonds are pro-
duced in the De Beers mines in one hour than are produced in the
entire Indian Empire in a year. The garnet production of India is
four times that of the diamond in value.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 923
NEW SOUTH WALES.
In the annual report of the department of mines of New South
Wales for 1903 the estimated quantity of di^^monds found during the
year is given as 12,239 carats, valued at $49,930, an increase of 244
carats, but a decrease of $6,690 in value, as compared with the output
of 1902, a considerable decline having occurred in the price of the
stones.
NOTES ON TliE DIAMOND.
ELECTRIO PECULIARrriES OF THE DIAMOND.
Specific gravity, hardness, and quantitative analysis by combustion
with oxygen, have hitheiio been held as the necessary requisites for
the certain identification of the diamond.
Very recently Prof. Alexandro Artom, of Turin, proposed that a
number of electric phenomena, of which some appear quite character-
istic, be added to the distinguishing features above mentioned, as in
a measure complementary and of equal importance.^
The specific electrical resistance of the diamond is about the same
as that of ordinary glass; it lies, according to the values calculated by
Artom, somewhere between 0.2 and 1,3 by 10".
It is worthy of note that graphite, the allotropic form of carbon,
into which the diamond is transformed at very high temperatures,
possesses 10" times as great a conductivity. Subjected to the Roent-
gen rays the diamond has its conductivity increased twofold, but the
original value returns immediately upon the removal of the beam.
Like ice, the diamond also possesses a dielectric constant, which is much
greater than would be expected. Theoretically, it ought to be 7; in
reality, however, it lies somewhere between 10 and 17. This may be
taken to indicate that the diamond, as is the case with ice, retains the
dielectric constant of a former fluid state after it has become solidified.
It is possible also that certain hydrocarbons, such as CH, and CHj, are
present in small quantities in the diamond, and that the augmentation
in the dielectric constant may be ascribable to them.
The diamond, moreover; discloses a certain amount ot permanent
polarization and electric hysteresis. Besides, it is very weakly para-
magnetic and pyro-electric.
DIAMONDS USED IN WIRE-DRAWING.
Among the uses to which diamonds are applied in the industrial aits,
one that is known only to the trade but is of considerable importance
is in the process of wire-drawing. For this purpose both diamonds
«AcadcmiaReale delle Scieiuedl Torino. Anno 1901-1902. Ricerche sulle Propriety Electriche
<ld Diamante. Nota Alesaandio Artom. Torino, Carlo Clauaen, Libralo della R. Academia delle
Bdenze. 1902.
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924 MINEBAL RESOUBCES.
and bort are employed to make what are called wire dies — a round
polished hole being drilled in the stone.
In reply to inquiries by the writer, a letter from Mr. J. H. O'Donnell,
of Waterbury , Conn. , givBS some interesting particulars. The demand
for such dies is quite large, chiefly of sizes between 0.008 and 0.040
inch. Stones from 20 carats down to one-fourth carat are used, rarely
anything smaller; and the total quantity of diamonds so used dunng
the year ending July, 1903, amounted to 4,000 carats, of various grades.
Clear bright diamonds are preferred for steel wire, as they last longer
than inferior stones. A die of this kind, 0.010 inch in aperture, does
not show wear until it has drawn from 500 to 1,000 pK)unds of wire.
Off-color diamonds and bort are used for copper, brass, and alloys.
The bort should be flawless, and, if round, it is flattened or cleaved so
as to have two flat sides. A first-rate die of this character will " hold
to size," 0.030 inch, for as much as 300,000 pounds of brass pin wire.
For copper wire, dies have been known to last through five years of
steady work, though the average life is only about half that time; this
is for wire of 0.036 inch: the smaller sizes wear out more rapidly.
COKUNDUM GISMS.
CORUNDUM.
NORTH CAROLINA.
In connection with the early history of sapphires, it is interesting to
note that Prof. Daniel S. Martin, while recently rearranging the col-
lection in the College of South Carolina at Columbia, S. C, found
several specimens of corundum collected by the late Prof. Richard T.
Brumby from Clubb Mountain, Lincoln County, N. C.,in 1852. Pro-
fessor Brumby arranged and lal>eled this collection in the early fifties,
and a particular record of date and locality is made in his own hand-
writing. These are perhaps the first specimens of North Carolina
corundum definitely placed in a public collection, and Professor
Brumby was evidently one of the first to recognize this mineral in the
State.
BEBYIi AKD EUCIiASB.
BRAZIL.
Considerable interest has lately been manifested in the mining of
beryls and tourmalines in the province of Minas Geraes, Brazil, and a
number of remarkable blue and green beryls have been obtained.
One of the latter was a crystal weighing 224 ounces (ISJ pounds)
slightly weather worn, and another weighed 5 pounds, both of a rich
greenish color. The larger crystal of these is more than twice the
weight of the great beryl in the Imperial Mining Institute at St
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PRECIOUS STONES. 925
Petersburg, Russia, which weighs 8 pounds, and is a perfect doubly
terminated crystal, valued at the time of its finding at $13,000. Dur-
ing 1903, a remarkable discovery of blue beryLs was made at a station
on the Leopoldina Railroad, northwest from Rio de Janeiro. These
were deep blue crystals, from which single gems were cut weighing
as much as 100 carats each, an extraordinary size.
During some mining carried on for gems at Villa Rica, Brazil,
some two dozen magnificent crystals of euclase were found, measuring
from 10 to 33 nun. in length (two-fifths to li inch). A number of
these were unfortunately broken in removal from the rock; and it is
greatly to be regretted that some local lapidaries, in endeavoring to
improve these broken crystals, destroyed their crystallographic value
by polishing the natural faces.
GARNET.
ESSONITE.
CALIFORNIA.
Essonite -has been found at a number of localities in deposits spread
over a considerable territory from 9 to 10 miles northeast of Jacomba
Hot Springs, San Diego County, Cal., usually associated with granite
and granular limestone. At three of the places some gem material has
been found. Associated with it is a little vesuvianite and crystallized
quartz. Eleven localities in this region are noted by Mr. W. H.
Trenchard, of San Diego, Cal. Essonite has also been found near San
Vicente, El Cajon Mountains, but the crystals were full of imperfec-
tions. The finest essonite crystals are obtained at Ramona, San Diego
County, associated with green tourmaline, white topaz,, and beryl,
occasionally in perfect dodecahedrons and trapezohedrons, of rich
yellow to orange- red color, and very brilliant. They have also been
discovered at Warner's ranch. Mesa Grande, Santa Ysabel, Gravilla,
and Julian, San Diego County; Deer Park, Placer County; Laguna
Mountains and Jacomba, and also at several places below the Mexican
line. As some of the crystals were of exceptional brilliancy, it is pos-
sible that on further development many fine gems will be obtained.
PYROPE.
KENTUCKY.
The peridotitic dikes of Elliott County, Ky., which at one time were
thought of as a possible source of diamonds, from special resemblances
m their occurrence to that of the rock at Kimberley, South Africa, have
recently been yielding some fine pyrope garnet and olivine of gem
quality, both of which species are characteristic of peridotite. They
were observed and collected here nearly twenty years ago, when the
region first came into notice, by Prof. Edward Orton, Mr. A. R. Cran-
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926 MINERAL RESOURCES.
dall, Prof. Carvill Lewis, and the writer,** bat have not attracted much
attention of late. Mr. C. W. Hall, of Minneapolis, now states, how-
ever, that Bohemian garnet (i. e., pyrope) is being found in Elliott
' County in considerable quantity, though he does not say how far it u
of gem quality.
Some pyropes have also been obtained from the similar peridotite
dike at Highland street, Syracuse, N. Y., referred to in the report of
this Bureau for 1901. These are noted by Mr. P. A. Schneider, of
Syracuse, who has given much study to this remarkable and isolated
group of peridotite intrusions.
TOURMAIilNB.
CONNECTICUT.
The fine gem-tourmalines of Haddam Neck, Conn.,* are obtained
from an albite quarry at that point, situated a few rods from the east
bank of the Connecticut River, and at some elevation above it The
albite occurs here as a great vein, or more probably dike, Qutcropping
with a north and south strike and a nearly vertical dip. There are
two points where openings have been made. The main quarry is an
excavation about 95 feet in length and 50 feet in width, and has been
carried down some 40 feet in snow-white feldspar; the other lies a
hundred yards to the southwest, and shows an outcrop of perhaps 130
feet long and 26 feet wide; only a few trial openings have been made
here; the feldspar in this quarry is very pure, but slightly yellowish.
In both places the depth of the dike is unknown. It probably extends
downward indefinitely. At the main quarry, the excavation has fol-
lowed down the west side of the dike, where it meets the gneiss rock
of the region, but though extended eastward for 50 feet, the opposite
wall has not yet been reached.
The gem-tourmalines occur principally near the eastern border
of the dike, in a zone of 2 or 3 feet wide, where the feldspar is
largely intermingled with other minerals, chiefly quartz, potai>h-mica
(muscovite), and lithia-mica (lepidolite), garnets, black tourmalines,
and several other species of less value. The colored tourmalines are
chiefly green, but many are pink, and even red (rubellite), and various
tints are often curiously and beautifully present in the same crrstal.
They frequently penetrate the quartz crystals, and are also in the mica
and in the albite, but the finest crystals are those from cavities or
pockets, where they have had space to develop independently.
The mine has been worked somewhat irregularly for three or four
a Gems and Precious Stones of North America, pp. 31, 82.
b Mineral Resources U. 8. for 1902, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, p. 841. Eighteenth Ann. Kept. D.S, GtcL
Survey, pt. 5 (cont.). 1897, pp. 1183-1204; Nineteenth Ann. Rept, pt. 6 (conL), 1898. p. 505; Twendrth
Ann. Rept, pt. 6 (cont.), 1899, p. 602, PI. I, Fig. E.
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PBEOIOU8 STONES. 927
years of late, though not since 1901. It has been operated principally
for the feldspar, which was at first shipped to pottery works at Tren-
ton, N. J. ; but later the product has been taken and ground up by the
Bon Ami Company for their various polishing uses. Some 1,200 tons
have been taken out, and about ten times that amount is estimated to
be in sight. Mr. M. P. Gillett, the owner and principal manager of
the mine, states that it was recognized as a trainable property as much
as sixty years ago, and proposals were made to operate it, but nothing
was done, for various reasons, until 1896. In the next year one of the
cavities was encountered and blown out, with the' result of finding
pieces of a peculiar green mineral in the debris. These were not rec-
ognized, but Mr. Gillett showed them to Prof. William N. Rice, of
Middletown, Conn., and to Mr. Ernest Schernikow, of New York,
who at once perceived their interest and value. The latter became
associated in operating the mine, and subsequently leased it for the
entire season of 1901.
A large number of very beautiful gem-tourmalines were obtained,
and many fine stones cut from them, besides an extensive yield of
choice mineralogical specimens, which have gone into both pdblic
and private collections near and far. The museum of Wesleyan Uni-
versity at Middletown, Conn., possesses a very fine series of these
tourmalines, gathered by and through Professor Rice. Mr. Scherni-
kow presented a set of 80 representative specimens from this mine,
comprising 10 species, to the museum of Oxford University, England.
These have been described quite fully by Mr. H. L. Bowman in the
Mineralogical Magazine (London) for May, 1902.**
MAINE.
The tourmalines •from Rumford Falls, Oxford County, Me., are
mined on the side of a densely wooded mountain, at an altitude of
2,511 feet above the sea. The exposed pegmatite dike in which they
occur is 5 feet thick and has been traced for 300 feet. Work is
being done by tunneling, and the best material is taken out at a depth
of 25 feet below the surface. The color improves with the depth at
which the material is mined, and over fifty pockets have been found
containing fine, clear gem crystals, from one of which has been cut a
stone of 16 carats. The varieties found include green tourmaline, the
colorless achroite, the red rubellite, and the dark blue indicolite. The
associated minerals of the locality are quartz, feldspar, mica, lepido-
lite, amblygonite, and a pale lilac spodumene resembling the variety
kunzite, but opaque.
sMineralog. Mag. and Jour. Mineralog. Soc., vol. 18, No. 60, May, 1902, pp. 97-121, pi. 4.
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928 MINERAL RESOURCES.
JADE (XEPHRITE).
GERMAN NEW GUINEA, SILESIA, AND ELSEWHERE.
The recent discoveries of ja^e and the archaeology- of the subject
are of great interest. The most important contribution to the subject
that has appeared during the last decade is the article ** of Herr Geheim-
rath Dr. A. B. Meyer cited below, who gives a thorough yet concise
r^sumfi of the discoveries and publications concerning jade since 1891.
It is a continuation of the two volumes prepared by Doctor Meyer and
published by the Royal Saxon Museum in the year mentioned, and
with them forms a noteworthy account of the history, technologgr,
and archsBology of jade and allied minerals so far as present knowledge
goes. Doctor Meyer has published in all no fewer than 36 articles on
the general subject, and, as is well known, has clearly shown that the
subject is a chemical rather than an ethnological problem.
Three distinct regions have furnished most of the material discussed
in the present memoir.
First. The Humboldt Bay, Astrolabe Bay, Saddle Mountain, and
Collingwood Sound districts of New Guinea. A full discussion of the
nephrite from this general area is given, and attention is called to
the use of the material from this section for implements, notably axes,
several of which are illustrated. A remarkable flat ring, 4 inches
in diameter, recalling some peculiar Chinese forms, is also described
and figured.
Second. The Jordansmuhl locality in Silesia, in which Kunz discov-
ered in situ the mass of nephrite, weighing 4,715 pounds, now in the
Bishop collection. The occurrence also in this vicinity of nephrite
bowlders and the finding of flat jadeite axes are fully discussed, as are
the frequent misstatements that have been made regarding transpor-
tation of jade, nephrite, and chloromelanite by tribal wanderers and
its influence on the distributioh of adzes of those materials. Doctor
Meyer concludes that the value which such objects are supposed to
have had among prehistoric peoples is overestimated.
Third. The occurrence of jadeite, nephrite, and chloromelanite in
other localities is discussed at length. The discoveries noted included
those of nephrite pebbles in the river Sann, at Cilli, Styria; from the
Mur, in the vicinity of Graz, and at other points in Austria; those at
Monte Viso, at Lake Geneva, at St. Marcel in Piedmont, and in the
Val d'Aosta (which last have been shown to be jadeite). The jadeite
pyroxene from Piedmont; a rough mineralogical specimen from the
Rivoli in Piedmont, at the entrance of the Val d'Aosta, and Heierli's
aZur Nephrltfrage (Neu Guinea, Jordansmilhl u. a., Alpen, Bibliographisches). von Dr. A- a
Meyer, Dlrektor des Museums: Abhandlungen und Beriehte des Edniglichen Zoologiscbcn uwl
Anthropologisch-Ethnographlschen Museums zu Dresden, vol. 10. Nr. -1^ Berlin, R. friedlander 4
Sohn, 1908. Folio, 82 pp., 2 pi.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 929
discovery of nephrite and saussurite in pebbles as well as in the rock
in place in Canton Wallis in the central Alps, are also noted. In view
of these and other well-defined European occurrences, Doctor Meyer
asks, " What sh^l one say when, as late as 1902, an author who has
given much attention to the whole nephrite subject can write: 'The
question is still unsolved whether the nephrite objects found in the
pile dwellings of Lake Constance (which would require tools and con-
siderable skill to make) have come from distant Asia (China, Tibet,
and Turkestan), or, as many believe, owe their origin to the Swiss
Alps. It is left for the further solution of the nephrite question to
determine whether the inhabitants of the lake dwellings — perhaps
before their migration from Asia — possessed the knowledge and the
use of nephrite and brought the latter to Europe, or whether it was
obtained through importation.'"
Dr. A. B. Meyer has also lately presented another article, ''Neue
Mitteilungen uber Nephrit," in Globus^ describing the occurrence
of nephrite in New Guinea. In this he states that after giving a
description of the nephrite axes from the Saddle Mountain region
in the north of Huon Gulf, German New Guinea (in Abh. u. Ber.
Mus. Dresden, vol. 10, 1903, Nr. 4, s. 9ff.), he wrote to his cor-
respondent to ascertain whether it was possible for him to procure
specimens in their natural state from the region where the axes had
been obtained. His correspondent replied that in his voyages on the
Waria and the Hercules rivers, in the south of Huon Gulf, he had found
in pieces of various sizes in the large sand banks the material out of
which these stone axes had been made. He adds, also, that the pieces
must have traveled a great distance, as they were entirely smooth and
partly polished, with no sharp edges visible. On inquiring of a native
how the stone axes were made, the latter seized a piece of nephrite
and striking it with a similar one immediately separated it into two
smooth long pieces. One of these pieces was struck again, and it again
separated as before, and into the form and thickness of one of the
stone axes, only requiring further the trimming of the edges. Not
all the material, however, is of such texture that axes can so easily be
made, as in another locality the correspondent found that the stone
did not so readily break in this way. He remarks that the natives
have an experienced eye for determining whether the material is
well breakable or not. This native manufacture is not carried on any
more, because all the axes and adzes that are now used are of com-
mercial iron and steel, which are sold throughout the entire world for
a trifle of the cost at which the stone axes can be made. The region
of the Hercules River is not yet known, so that it is impossible at
present to state what is the real home of the material. It has possibly
aOlobcu: Sonderabdruck aus Band LXXXVI, Nr. 4 des., s. 68-65, 1904,
M R 1903 69
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930 MINERAL RESOURCES.
been carried by the river from the Albert-Edward Mountains, or from
the hills between the latter and the Bismarck Mountains. It is an
interesting fact that the nephrite has been also observed in the other
side streams of the Huon Gulf, showing that it must occur at a num-
ber of localities in that general region.
In a description of the quarry where nephrite is found at Jordans-
muhl, Silesia, Dr. A. von Sachs presents a paper in the OntralWatt
fur Mineralogie* describing fully this remarkable locality. It was at
this locality that the great mass of jade weighing 4,715 pounds, now
in the Heber R. Bishop collection at the American Museum of Art
was found by the writer, who collected with it a large series of the
associated minerals and rocks, photographing the quarry and its vari-
ous points of interest. These will appear fully in the great catalogue
of the Heber R. Bishop collection, which catalogue, now in press, is
likely to appear within the next year or two.
Dr. von Sachs says that the celebrated quarry of Jordansmuhl near
Mount Zobten, the place where the nephrite is found, is situated at
the opening of the great plateau extending between Jordansmuhl and
Naselwitz. It consists mainly of serpentine, but shows also certain
white masses of rock, and on the boundary between these and the
serpentine is frequently observed the nephrite.* Traube chose this
subject (as "sogenannten Weiss-stein") for his inaugural dissertation/
evidently accepting the observations made by J. Roth, who called the
same rock occurring at Mlietsch, south of Jordansmuhl and east of
the mountain, Weiss-stein, while in the above-mentioned treatise on
the nephrite of Jordansmuhl he has called it granulite. But the
definition of .the latter does not correspond with the rock found
at Jordansmuhl. In the first place, it is remarkable that there is
no parallel structure, as likewise observed by Roth on the Weiss-
stein of Mlietsch; further, some varieties of the Jordansmuhl Weiss-
stein do not contain feldspar at all; and lastly, the chemical composition
is quite different from that of granulite. The typical granulite, ako,
does not contain mica, which Traube observed in the nephrite. (Cher
den Nephrite v. Jordansmuhl, s. 414.)
Consequently, the questions to answer are: What is the Weiss-stein
of Jordansmuhl, its origin, and its relations to serpentine?
Before undertaking to answer these questions Doctor von Sachs
studied carefully in every detail the Jordansmiihl localities. Samples
were taken from twenty-six different parts of the quarry, andaboutone
rt Der Welss-stein des Jordansmtthler Nephritvorlcommens, by A. von Sachs, Brcslau. with 4 text
figures. From Separat-Abdruck aus dem Centralblatt fi\r Mineralogie, Oeologie, und PalftODUrfciffe.
1902, pp. 335-396.
6H. Traube, Cber den Nephrite von Jordansmahl in SchTesien, N. Jahrb. fUr MIn., BeJl.-Bd. Ill
Heft 2, 1884, s. 414.
cBeitriige z. Kenntnlss der Gabbros, Amphibolite, und Serpentine des niedonchlCBlenen G«bixgos,
Grcif.swald, 1884, s. 40.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 931
hundred fine sections examined. According to their exterior appear-
ance we may divide the rocks of the quarry into three classes — those
of white to light-yellow color, those of light green to dark green, and
a third class representing a mixture of the white and colored sub-
stances. The first class is not banded or lined; the second is narrow
lined, and the third wide lined.
The quarry represents a curve with an opening to the east, and is
divided into five different portions of production:
1. The northeastern wall of the quarry.
2. The portion surrounding the large nephrite block discovered in
1899.
3. The portion surrounding the mass of so-called Weiss-stein men-
tioned by Traube (Ueber den Nephrite von Jordansmiihl, p. 414).
4. The portion located in the southern section of the quarry.
5. The portion situated in the eastern section of the quarry.
There is an elevated weather-beaten column in the northern part of
the quarry, and another standing to the northwest beyond the quarry
proper.
According to the proposed division of the rocks of the quarry into
three classes, the selected samples being designated by letters, there
are:
» 1. The samples f, m, n, o, x (stones or rocks white in color).
2. The samples a, b, c, d, e, g, h, k, 1, p, r, s, t, u, v, z (light
green to dark green).
3. The samples i, q, w, y (combination of white anfl colored).
Nos. 2 and 3 are from the west wall of the quarry.
In respect to the second class, which is not so important ip this
examination, the contents are mostly serpentine; next hornblende
partially altered, with some nephrite; and, last and of least impor-
tance, rocks in which talc and chlorite prevail.
The samples a, b, c, k, r, v, examined under the microscope, present
only serpentine. No net-like, reticulated structure is visible, so that
olivine as a source is out of the question (as Traube states. Nephrite
from Jordansmiihl, p. 418). The so-called knitted structure, pointing
to the occurrence of pyroxene, is plainly observed. The angle of 90^
is generally prevalent. The three first-mentioned samples, coming
from the northeastern wall of the quarry, are of columnar structure,
but the remainder have a tendency to a small fibrous structure. The
presence of minute metallic particles throughout in parallel order
points to the development from original pyroxene minerals. Sample
t (from the southern portion of the quarry) contains especially numer-
oo:* residues of the original material, giving the section the familiar
porphyritic appearance.
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932 MINEBAL RESOURCES.
NEW ZEALAND.
The location of a vein of jade, "greenstone," at Milford Sound,
New Zealand, has resulted in the organization of a mining company
under the name of the Milford Sound Green Stone Company, which
has been capitalized with 10,000 shares, at 1 pound sterling each.
Until very recently the jade, or greenstone, as it was known, was
found only in rolled pebbles or bowlders, varying in size from small
pieces to masses weighing as much as the great mass in the Brit-
ish Museum, 1,131 pounds. As this material has been extensively
shipped not only to Great Britain and Germany, but to Russia and to
China, where many of the finest pieces of art work of recent manu-
facture are made, it is possible that there will be some market for the
output.
THE HEBER R. BISHOP COLLECTION OF JADE AND HARD-STONE
OBJECTS.^
One of the greatest donations of precious-stone materials to any
American institution was that of the Heber R. Bishop collei^tion of
jades to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. This
collection is now permanently installed in the new wing of the museum,
and occupies the room immediately north of the hall devoted to the
J. Piei-pont Morgan collection of oriental porcelain. The installa-
tion of the jade collection is as stately as that of an}^ in the world,
all of the cases^ the handiwork of AUard Freres, of Paris, France,
being made of gilt bronze and plate glass, designed and executed in
the most perfect Louis XV style. The entire hall in fact has been
pronounced by a number of foreign architects the finest example of
Louis XV style existing anywhere except possibly at Versailles or Pots-
dam. It is a royal collection, and in cases and surroundings is not
surpassed in any European museum. Each article is recorded and
described in the great forthcoming catalogue.* Considered as a
whole, for scientific as well as artistic value, the collection is without
a peer in oriental collections of hard-stone objects.
The collection has been arranged and catalogued under the three
main headings:
L Mineralogical, or crude fragments; lK)wlders, pebbles, etc
IL Archaeological, consisting of implements, weapons, partly worked
pieces, and such ornamental and ceremonial objects as were used by
the ancient or prehistoric peoples of the countries from which they
come.
IIL Art objects, embracing the many specimens so artistically
designed by the lapidary craftsmen, which are principally from China
and India and which form the bulk of the collection.
a Metropolitan Museum of Art Hand-Book No. 10, 1904.
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. PRE0IO08 STONE8. 988
Under this last section there has been nmde a collection of rock
crystal, agate, and other hard stones, beautifully carved and showing
a degree of artistic ability equal in all respects to that exhibited in
jade carvings, with such change of design as the various textures of
the rock crystal, amethyst, agate, jasper, and other materials required.
MINERALOGIGAL.
The mineralogical series includes not only fragments of crude jade
from mines and quarries and bowlders and pebbles from the beds of
jade-producing rivers, but also pieces removed from objects of worked
jade for the purpose of chemical analysis or of other scientific research.
Every continent except Africa is represented in the various localities,
though the list of countries is to a certain extent tentative.
Europe is remarkably well represented by specimens from several
localities.
134. A hi^9e block, weighing 2,140 kilos, discovered in 1899 by Mr. George F.
Konz in a stone quarry near the village of Jordansmuhl, Silesia, Grermany. Several
specimens have been detached from different parts of the block and subjected to
various tests. Nos. 134 A and 134 B of the collection are from one end, and show much
alteration, but No. 134 C from the other end of the block shows the beautiful quality
of the almost pure nephrite. These are supplemented by Nos. 135-143, fragments
picked up at different times in the same quarry at Jordansmuhl
probably originally part of the large rock and collected at a later date,
November, 1900, by George H. Kunz, son of George F. Kunz, and
with them is a series of the rocks and minerals associated with
nephrite.
ARCH^OLOGICAL.
It has been customary to designate as celts all objects included in
this class; but a study of the collection shows so many different forms
classed under this name that they have been separated into axes, adzes,
hatchets, knives, chisels, etc., arranged under the names of the coun-
tries from which they come. Those from Switzerland, Fmnce, China,
Mexico, and Guatemala date from the neolithic period and are classed
as prehistoric. Undoubtedly from the same period are the greater
number of the crude, the rough, and the polished materials from
British CJolumbia, Alaska, and New Zealand, though many of these
are quite modern, almost of the present period. In some instances
jade has been used in these countries from an unknown antiquity
nearly to modern times.
The two specimens classified under this head of partly worked pieces
are of special interest because of the evidence they afford of the old
methods of working jade.
298. An ancient worked fragment from Guatemala. Exceedingly interesting as
showing that in pre-Columbian times crude jadeite existed in Guatemala or Mexico,
that it was worked on the ppot, and that the aborigines of these regions knew the
use of the cylindrical drill.
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934 MINEBAL RESOUBOES. .
299. A large partly worked piece from New Zealand, Evidently a stock piece,
showing several ground fai^ets and saw marks, and an arrested attempt to remove a
long kern or eardrop.
The prehistoric specimens in the collection that served a purpose
as ornamental and ceremonial objects are few in number and are
all from Mexico and Guatemala, except one piece from New Zealand.
They consist principally of beads and p>endants of various kinds; some
are sculptured, and all are highly polished. Though most of the
objects are said to have come from Mexico and Guatemala they are
undoubtedly of Mayan origin.
Tovih jades, — A certain number of pieces have been separated from
the general collection of art objects of China and grouped under the
head of tomb jades. This is a very strong series and exhibits evi-
dences of decomposition of material and staining of surface such as
would be produced b}' burning or by burial underground for a long
period. " Han y u " was the name the Chinese applied to the jade which
was used in ancient times to be put into the mouth of a corpse before
burial, but the name has gradually been extended to include all kinds
of jade found in the present day in ancient tombs. The group of
tomb jades in the collection contains examples of many curious injsignia
of rank, many amulets, sacrificial utensils, etc., and ranges in time
from the prehistoric period down to the Sung, the Yuen, and the early
Ming dynasties. Most of the pieces are to be attributed to the Han
dynasty, which flourished from B. C. 206 to A. D. 220. The Chinese
themselves cultivate the greatest reverence for antiquity, and they
classify pieces of ancient jade as the rarest and most precious of their
archaic treasures. No collection of Chinese jade could be considered
complete if it did not contain a certain proportion of these ancient
specimens.
ART OBJECTS.
The remainder of the collection is comprised under this heading
and embraces many specimens of several varieties of jade which
have been artistically designed for ceremonial woi*ship in temples or
private shrines, for use in the studio of the artist or calligraphist, for
the decoration of the cultured home of the Far Eastern virtuoso, in
short, for any of the manifold purposes for which this precious mate-
rial has been utilized b}^ the lapidary craftsman. The artist has occa-
sionally lavished upon it the utmost resources of the glyptic art. The
most intricate and delicate lapidary work combined with the greatest
detail and perfection of polish and finish have been employed, and, as
in India, sometimes the soft sheen of a perfectly rounded box reflect-
ing and multiplying the rich effect of a jeweled decoration has been
brought into use.
The Chinese specimens include all art objects of jade from that
country, except the few carved pieces which have been separated from
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PBECI0U8 STONES. 935
the rest and put among the tomb jades. They have been divided into
three classes— carved jades, jeweled jades, and jade flowers and fruits;
and they have been further classified as far as possible in chronological
order, beginning with the Han dynasty (B. C. 206 to A. D. 220) and
extending down to the present time. Objects in jade of Chinese manu-
facture are rarely inscribed with a^te outside the imperial workshops
in the palace at Peking, so that the inscription of a "mark" under
the foot of a piece may generally be taken to indicate that it was espe-
cially made for the use of the Emperor whose reign is indicated.
There are many such in this collection, and some of the finest pieces
came originally from the Yuan Ming Yuan, the summer palace of the
emperors of China, situated near Peking, which was burned and sacked
during the Anglo-French expedition of 1860.
SPODUMENE, HIDDENITE, AUTD KUNZITE.
NORTH CAROLINA AND CALIFORNIA.
Spodumene has long been known to mineralogists, but only within
recent years has it been ranked among gem minerals. It is a silicate
of alumina and lithia, rather complex in constitution and peculiarly
liable to alteration, the first eflfect of which is to destrov its transpar-
ency, so that most of the spodumene found is opaque and of little or no
beauty. In this condition it is somewhat abundant at several localities
in New England and also in Pennington County, S. Dak., the crystals
often being very large, but dull and unattractive. It began to be
recognized, however, some twenty-five years ago, that all these crystals
bad undergone alteration and must originally have been very beauti-
ful. The change had proceeded from without inward, and at the
center were found portions that still retained the color and transpar-
ency^ that once belonged to the whole. Even these remnants, however,
were so fissured and marred that they could hardly be used for gems;
but they indicated a lost elegance that led the writer to apply to
spodumene the expression ''a defunct gem." Since then, however, it
has been found in the unaltered state and in several colors at two or
three localities, and has come into recognition as an interesting and
beautiful gem stone.
The name spodumene is from the Greek spodos^ ashes, from the
dull whitish color of most of the altered crystals. In Europe the
mineral is also frequently called triphane. A transparent yellow
variety is known from M inas Geraes, Brazil, and these specimens have
been to some extent cut into gems. In 1881, Mr. W. E. Hidden dis-
covered numerous clear, bright green crystals at Stonypoint, Alex-
ander County, N. C, which were found in seeking for emeralds.
Tlieir real character was not recognized at first, and they were
supposed to be cyanite or diopside; but an analysis by Dr. J. Law-
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936 KINEBAL BESOUBOES.
rence Smith, of Louisville, Ky., showed them to be spodamehe. He
proposed for this new variety the name of hiddenite, which it has
since borne, and it has also been called lithia emerald. Thb discovery
excited much interest, and the new and beautiful American gem at
once came into favor. The yield, however, was limited in amount,
and for several years past, because of litigation and from other causes,
the mine has not been worked.
Within the last two years another, and by far the most remarkable
discovery of gem spodumene, has been made in San Diego County,
Cal. The crystals from North Carolina are small, though very
beautiful; but the California crystals are of noble size. They are of
a delicate rosy lilac or amethystine tint, are perfectly clear and of great
brilliancy, so that large and elegant gems can be cut from theoL This
variety has received the name of kunzite, proposed by Prof. Charles
Baskerville, in consequence of its first having been identified by the
writer. The amethystine spodumene has also some veiy marked and
peculiar physical properties, to be described further on, which render
it a mineral of special interest, apart from its value as a gem stone.
Spodumene occurs abroad in the Tyrol, in Sweden, at KiUiney Bay,
Ireland, and near Peterhead, Scotland. In the United States it has
long been known at Peru and Windham, Me., and at Winchester,
N. H., but chiefly at several places in Massachusetts and Connecticut
In the former it appears at six localities in the western part of Hamp-
shire County, in the towns of Chesterfield, Goshen, Chester, and
Huntington. These localities and the great crystals there found, with
their alteration products and associations, were described and discu^ed
at length in 1878 and 1879 by Dr. Alexis A. Julien.* In Connecticut
the principal occurrences are at Brookfield and especially at Branch-
ville, and the remarkable development of spodumene at the latter
place was similarly described in four articles, from 1878 to 1880, by
the late Prof. George J. Brush and Prof. E. S. Dana.^ It was here
that the large altered crystals were found to have retained some inte-
rior remnants of their original transparent character, of a rich lilac
tint. Some specimens from one or two of the Massachusetts localities
also showed remnants of an original green color, translucent to trans-
parent. These extended discussions and the evidence which they
presented as to the changed and "defunct" character of spodumene
awakened much interest in the mineral and a strong desire to find it
somewhere in its original and so largely lost beauty.
Within a year this desire was gratified in part by the finding of the
"spodumene emeralds" in Noi-th Carolina, already mentioned. The
description and analysis were published in 1881 by Dr. J. Lawrence
ajulien, Alexis A., Spodumene and its alterations, from the granite veins of Hampshire Coastr,
Maas.: Ann. New York Acad. Scl., vol. 1, No. 10, November, 1879, pp. 818-354.
b Brush, George J., and Dana, Edward S., Spodumene and the results of its alteration. BraochTiDe.
Conn.: Am. Jour. Set, 8d ser., vol. 16, 1878, pp. 38. 114: vol. 18, 1879, p. 46; vol. 20, 1880, p. 257.
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PBE0IOU8 STONES.
937
Smith, who proposed to name the variety after its discoverer, Mr.
Hidden." Later in the same year Prof. Eldward S. Dana described
the variety more fully, especially with regard to crystallography,
from additional and finer material.*
The circumstances connected with the discovery of this emerald
spodumene were related by Mr. Hidden in a paper published in Octo-
ber, 1887. The locality, since known as the Emerald and Hiddenite
Mine, is in Alexander County, 16 miles northwest of Statesville, N. C,
and about twice that distance southeast from the Blue Ridge.
The finding of the new variety of transparent lilac spodumene in
California is one of the most notable discoveries of a gem mineral that
has been made in a long time. It not only adds a novel and elegant stone
of purely American production to those used in jewelry, but a stone that
has great scientific interest from the remarkable properties it possesses
in connection with the action of Roentgen (or X) rays and those of
radium and like substances. The fii*st of these large and elegant
crystals were obtained early in 1903, close to a deposit of colored tour-
maline, itself of notable interest, a mile and half northeast of Pala, in
San Diego County, Cal., and now known as the Pala Chief. This new
discovery is but a half mile northeast of the celebrated rubellite and
lepidolite mine at Pala,^ where recent developments have brought to
light great quantities of amblygonite, this species occurring by the
ton, while the lepidolite is estimated by the thousand tons. The local-
ity is thus unequaled in the world for its abundance of lithia minemls.
The colored tourmalines at the new opening are of remarkable size and
elegance: but the spodumene crystals were an unexpected novelty —
large, transparent, and beautiful in their color tones, varying from
deep rosy lilac at some depth to pale or almost colorless nearer the
surface, a change doubtless due to weathering or to the action of
sunlight.
The following figures give the weights and dimensions of seven of
the principal crystals.
Weight and dimensions of California spodumene crystals.
Ko.2.
No.8-
Ko.4.,
No. 5.
No.6.
No. 7.
Weight.
Grams.
528.7
628.7
297.0
256.6
840.5
289.5
1,000.0
Weight.
DImensIoiu.
Ounces troy.
17.10
17 by 11.0 by 1.00
17.10
22 by 8.0 by 1.50
9.56
19 by 6.6 by 1.60
8.25
28 by 4.0 by 2.00
10.95
13 by 6.0 by 2. 52
7.70
18 by 4.0 by 2.00
81.00
18 by 8.0 by 8.00
« Am. Jour. Scl., 3d »er., vol. 21, February, 1889, p. 128.
6 Am. Jour. Bd., 3d ser., vol. 22, September, 1889, p. 179.
«Kaox, Q. F., Mineral Resources U. 8. for 1898, U. S. Geol. Survey, 18M, p. 695; Ibid, for 1900, p. 761;
Ibid, for 1901, p. 748.
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938 MINERAL RESOURCES.
These crystals are extraordinary objects to the eye of the mmenJo-
gist; to see flat spodumenes of characteristic form as large as a man's
hand, but with bright luster and perfect transparency and of this rich
delicate pink-lilac tint is a novel and unlooked for experience.
These elegant tourmalines and spodumenes occur near the top of a
ridge lying from a mile to a mile and a half from the lepidolite ledge
of the old Pala locality, and separted from it by a valley some 900 feet
deep. The ledge in which these new minerals occur is on the west
side of this ridge and has been traced for 1,200 feet in a northwest-
southeast direction. The description given of it suggests a large dike.
The rock is a coarse decomposed granite (pegmatite), the feldspar
much kaolinized and reduced to a red dirt, and with many large quartz
crystals, some of them reaching 150 pounds in weight, but not clear.
This remarkable occurrence was first announced by the writer, in
Science for August 28, 1903,^ and in the American Journal of Science
for September, 1903,^ and was further discussed by Dr. Charles
Baskerville, in Science for September 4, 1903.*^
The locality was visited in the smnmer of the same year by Mr.
Waldemar T. Schaller, then of the department of geology of the Uni-
versity of California, now of the United States Geological Survey, and
a remarkable account of it was published by him in September. He
described the occurence as follows:*'
The formation in which theee fine crystals are found at the Pala locality consistB
of a pegmatite dike, dipping westerly at a low angle, perhaps 20 degrees. It is more
or less hroken, and as a whole seems to form the surface of much of the slope of the
hill on which it occurs. The dike is rather broad, but irregular * * ♦ and haa
a thickness of not more than 30 feet.
Mr. Schaller goes on to say that the remarkable presence of Uthia
minerals is not found throughout the dike, but is apparently' confined
to certain rather small portions. This is a curious fact in lithology,
and not readily explicable. The rock is mainly a coarse granitic
aggregate of quartz and orthoclase, with some muscovite and rather
broken and rounded crystals of black tourmaline. At times, however,
lepidolite comes in, replacing the muscovdte, and with it appear the
colored tourmalines instead of the black; and associated with these
are the spodumenes. The tourmalines and the lepidolite are fre-
quently inclosed in the quartz and feldspar (as notably also at the
Mesa Grande tourmaline locality, and at Haddam Neck, Conn.), but
the spodumenes are rarely so found. They usually occur free, in
pockets, like the hiddenite spodumene of North Carolina; and from
this fact Mr. Schaller at that time regarded them as of later formation.
a Science, new ser., vol. 18, No. 462, 1908, p. 280.
b Am. Jour. Scl., 4th ser., vol. 16, 1908, pp. 264-267.
o Science, new ser., vol. 18, 1903, pp. 303-S04.
rfSchaller, Waldemar T., Spodumene from San DiegoCounty, Cal.: Bull. Dept. Geol. I'nir. OUilomia,
vol. 3. September, 1903, pp. 26&-275.
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PRECIOUS STOKES. 939
But subsequent discoveries have shown that the occurrence of the
spodumenes is probably similar to that of the tourmalines, several
specimens having been found in which the spodumene is inclosed in
the pegmatite.
The great lepidolite mine at Pala, famous for its radiations of rubel-
lite, occurs in a similar dike of pegmatite, as described by Mr. Schal-
ler, having the same general dip and strike but not containing any
spodumenes. The suggestion arises, however, whether the latter may
not be represented by the alumina-lithia phosphate, amblygonite,
there so abundant. At both points the rock traversed by the dikes is
a dark hornblende-diorite containing some orthoclase.
The greater part of Mr. Schaller's paper is occupied with a detailed
description of the crystals of spodumene, their physical and optical
properties, their crystallization, and their remarkable etching figures,
together with an analysis, given on a following page. He mentions
also the interesting fact of the occurrence of the green variety, hid-
(lenite, at the same locality, though apparently in small quantity. He
speaks of receiving such a crystal, twinned and etched, measuring 26
by 8 by 7 mm., a very fair size for this variety, but does not allude to
its transparency or its color as related to gem quality. The report is
illustrated with three plates — one showing the locality, one the crystal
forms, and a third the etching figures magnified.
Besides this main locality, others have also been discovered in the
same* general region. One of these, to be presently referred to, is
about 25 miles from Pala. Mr. Schaller says that it is '^somewhere
in the San Jacinto Mountains, probably not far from Coahuila, River-
side County." He adds that kunzite will very possibly be found at
other points in the San Jacinto Mountains, and also in the Smith
Mountains of San Diego County.
The Riverside County locality is situated on Coahuila Mountain,
some 10 miles west of Thomas Mountain, and 20 miles northeast of
Pala. It was discovered in May, 1903, by Mr. Bert Simmons. The
mine bore his name for some time, but has been sold to a Mr. Fano,
of San Diego, and is now known as the Fano mine. Spodumene,
green beryl, and gem tourmaline are reported from this mine.
The first specimens of this mineral reached the writer in December,
1902, through Messrs. Tiflfany & Co., from Mr. Frederick M. Sickler,
who thought them tourmalines. Their exact locality was not given.
In August, 1903, he announced that they came from the White Queen
mine, near Pala. The crystals, though much smaller in size, are similar
to those obtained soon afterwards from the Pala Chief.
The crystals obtained were quite numerous, and vary from half an
inch or less to 2 inches in length by an inch in breadth. . Some are ele-
gant specimens and could be cut into pale gems. The hardness is about
7.5. They are perfectly transparent and remarkably free from flaws.
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940 MINERAL BESODBCES.
and they possess the spodumene pleochroism veiy markedly. Looked
at transversely, they are nearly colorless, or faintly pink; but longi-
tudinally they present a rich pale lavender color, almost amethystine.
The characteristic etching is also well developed, especially on the
pyramidal faces; but all of the crystals are dull upon the surface and
are etched all over as if with a solvent.
Three of the largest crystals gave the following measurements:
Measurements of spodumene crygtaU,
a 53 mm. (2i in. ) and 35 mm. (1 J in. )
b 37 mm. (IJ in.) and 27 mm. {l^ in.)
c 11 mm. {^^ in. ) and 15 mm. (f| in. )
The specific gravity determined on threes crystals was found to be
3.183.
Color, weighl, and specific gravity of spodumene crystals.
Color.
Weight,
Spedfle
1. Lftvendei' ^ . ^ ^ . . r ,,-,,-., ,,_,--.
Grow*.
20.S9S
8.359
10.872
1179
2. Yellow-white
119&
8. Lavender -.
1187
The crystals are so etched and corroded that the terminations are
entirely gone, and therefore it is not possible to study their crystal-
lography to much profit. The rounded protuberances and crystallo-
graphic points left by the etching are interesting, but it would be
exceedingly difficult to make much out of them or to Illustrate them.
Prof. S. L. Penfield kindly measured the prismatic angle on two crys-
tals and reported as follows: "The prism faces were well developed
and gave good reflections. The prismatic angle m/\m\ 110 A HO, on
two crystals was found to be 86^ 45', from which m/\7nf'\ 110A1W=
93^ 15'.
''For comparison, measurements were made of the cleavage angle
of spodumene from Branchville,* ?wA^^'"=93^ 13'; also of the pris-
matic faces of hiddenite from North Carolina,* m/\m=93^ 14'. The
angle 7n/\m given by Dana in his System of Mineralogy is 93*^ (Xjand
is based on measurements made with a contact goniometer by Prof. J.
D. Dana on a crystal from Norwich, Mass."
Aside from differences in color, the fragments of the California
mineral are remarkably like the etched crystals of hiddenite from
North Carolina.
This occurrence recalls strongly the famous one at Branchville,
Conn., before referred to and described by Brush and Dana, but
there the gigantic crystals were almost entirely altered to an opaque
mineral.
a Brush and Dana, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 20, 1880. p, 257.
bDana, E. S., Am. Jour. Sci., 8d eeriee, vol. 21, 1881, p. 179.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 941
Although these White Queen crystals were the first specimens of the
mineral to be clearly recognized and determined, it is the Pala Chief
locality that has yielded all the large and elegant crystals that have
Deen cut for gems or made the basis of physical experiments. These
have all been received from Mr. Frank A. Salmons, from his mine
already described; although the mineral has been found at some other
neighboring localities.
It seems now, indeed, that the unaltered pink and lilac spodumene
really occurs at several places within a limited region in San Diego
and Riverside counties. Mr. Frederick M. Sickler, an explorer very
familiar with the district, claims to have been the original discoverer
of the mineral some years ago, jointly with his father, Mr. M. M.
Sickler, but its composition was not known, and from its association
with colored tourmaline it was regarded as a peculiar variety of that
species. Since becoming acquainted with its real character Mr. Sick-
ler has searched for it at various points in the vicinity, and has located
several claims, together with other parties, particularly a French pros-
pector, named Bernardo Hiriart, and his partner, Pedro Teiletch.
The name of Hiriart Mountain has been given to a ridge containing
several outcrops yielding these minerals, and Mr. Sickler has fur-
nished the writer with a very clear and connected account of these
interesting localities.
He describes the several occurrences as found in three parallel
north-and-south ridges called, respectively, Pala Mountain, Pala Chief
Mountain, and Hiriart Mountain, lying within a breadth of little over
1 mile and separated by two narrow valleys, each with a stream. On
the first named is situated the great lepidolite mine, containing radi-
ated pink opaque rubellite; on the second is the Pala Chief gem mine,
where the large crystals of colored tourmaline and kunzite are found;
on Hiriart Mountain are several points of kunzite occurrence, includ-
ing the White Queen mine. The three ridges are much alike geolog-
ically, consisting of the same dark bluish-gray diorite described by
Mr. Schaller, and traversed by pegmatite dikes, with a north-and-south
strike and a westerly dip. Mr. Schaller states that there is a marked
difference between the upper and lower portion of these dikes, the
former having the coarse pegmatite character and containing the
tourmalines and spodumenes, and the latter being a tine-grained,
rtriped rock consbting chiefly of quartz, feldspar, and mica. If this
fact be established as general, it shows that the gem minerals lie within
a somewhat limited zone, which may in time be worked out. The fine
crystals of the upper portion are found mainly in pockets, with crys-
tallized feldspar and quartz, and often embedded in a peculiar pink or
reddish clay-like substance. This latter is doubtless the same as that
identified by the writer with montmorillonite, which has been noted at
BranchvilI6, Conn., Paris, Me., and other localities of lithia minerals.
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942 MINERAL RESOURCES.
In the coarse upper portion a great variety of minerals have been
developed. Mr. Sickler enumerates the following: Quartz — ordinary,
milky, smoky, rose, and amethystine, also hyalite; orthoclase; albite;
pyroxene; hornblende, green and black; spodumene — colorless, straw-
yellow, lilac, and green; beryl — colorless, green, 3'ellow, and rose;
garnet; epidote; tourmaline*— black and of many colors; micas — lepi
dolite, muscovite, biotite, damourite, and cookeite; montmorillonite
amblygonite; triphylite; and among the metallic oxides, hematite;
sulphides, pyrite and molybdenite; bismuth, native and the oxide;
also apatite, siderite, and columbite.
On the Hiriart Mountain there seem to be numerous dikes insteid
of one or two great ones, as on the other two ridges. Many outcrops
and openings show lepidolite, and several show kunzite at various
points on the ends and on both sides of the ridge. Eleven claims are
located and more or less developed. These are the following:
San Pedro claim, north end; by Bernardo Hiriart and Pedro Teiletch;
lepidolite and gem spodumene.
Sempe claim, crest and west slope; by the same; lepidolite, beryl,
and colored tourmaline.
Anita claim, west side; Hiriart and his partner; lepidolite.
Catarina claim, south side; Hiriart and M. M. Sickler; lepidolite,
amblygonite, and gem spodumene at two openings.
El Molino claim, south side; F. M. and M. M. Sickler; gem tour-
malines.
Center Drive claim, south side; by the same; beryl and gem tour-
maline.
White Queen claim, south side; F. M. Sickler; lepidolite, beryl, and
spodumene. This is the mine where the first kunzite crystals that
reached the writer were found in 1902, as above mentioned.
Hiriart claim, south and east side; M. M. and F. M. Sickler; lepido-
lite and gem tourmalines.
Vanderberg claim, south slope; M. M. Sickler; lepidolite, beryl,
gem tourmaline, and gem spodumene.
Nay lor claim, east slope; F. M. and M. M. Sickler; lepidolite and
gem spodumene.
In addition to these the Sicklers, father and son, own the Fargo
claim, on the west slope, which is promising, but hardly developed.
They have recently reported the finding of a very fine, deep-colored
crystal of kunzite, almost flawless^ measuring 12.5 by 8 by 3 centi-
meters, at one of their newer claims on this mountain, 20 feet in the
ledge and 16 feet from the surface.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
Two separate accounts have appeared as to the composition of
kunzite spodumene, which are in the main closely accordaiit One of
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PRECIOUS STONES.
943
these is an analysis by Prof. Charles Baskerville and Mr. R. O- E.
Davis, and the other is the average of several analyses by Mr. W. T.
Schaller. The results are as follows:
Analyses of kumite spodumene from Pala, CcU.
Constituent.a
SiOs
AlA --
NiO
MnO ,
ZnO
OaO
MgO
K,0
Ka,0
IJjO
Um on ignition
Total
Perooit.
64.05
27.30
.06
.11
.44
.80
None.
.06
.30
6.88
.15
CoosCitiieittfr
100.15
SiO,
AlaO,
MntO,
LijO
NajO
KjO
Fe^O,
CaO ....
MgrO..
Ign —
Total
Percent.
64.42
27.82
.15
7.20
.89
.08
None.
None.
None.
No lose.
99.51
a Am. Jour. Sci., 4 ser., vol. 18, July, 1904; R. O. E. Davis, analyst.
6 Bull. Dept Geol. Univ. Caliiornia, vol. 8, 1908, p. 274; W. T. Schaller, analyst.
The lime, zinc, and nickel, in the first of these analyses, are unusual
and peculiar ingredients. Otherwise, both compare pretty closely
with Professor Penfield's results" for the unaltered pink spodumene
remnants at Branch vile, Conn.
At about the same time that the Pala spodumenes were coming into
notice, the writer became engaged in a series of investigations upon
the behavior of gem-minerals with ultraviolet light. Roentgen rays,
and various forms of i-adio-activity. These studies were carried on
for several months in conjunction with Prof. Charles Baskerville, of
the University of North Carolina, and resulted in a number of inter-
flsting determinations; but all that calls for reference here is the pecul-
iar action of this new variety of spodumene, whir»h was found to be
remarkably sensitive to such agencies. It was in connection with these
studies and the facts which they developed that Doctor Baskerville
proposed to name the new variety after the writer.* The following
extract from his paper gives his first statement of these observations:
Daring an extended investigation on certain optical properties of the Tiffany- Mor-
gin Gem and Bement Mineral collection in the American Museum of Natural History
it has been my privilege to examine the new lilac-colored transparent spodumene
described by Dr. George F. Kunz in Science, August 28, 1903, page 280, No. 452, vol.
18. It has been my good fortune to see and handle from this locality massive spod-
omene crystals (10 by 20 by 4 cms.), perfectly clear, of a rose-lilac tint, varying with
the spodumene dichroism from a very pale tinge when observed transversely to the
prism to a ridi amethystine hue longitudinally. ^ No such crystals of spodumene have
aPen0eld, Am. Jour. Sd., vol. 20, ISSO, p. 259.
bfiMkerrille, Charles, Kunzite, a new gem: Science, new series, vol. 18, Sept. 4, 1908, pp. 80S-804.
«Kimxite is highly dichroitlc. With the dichroscope the darker specimens show a rich deep
purple for the ordinary ray and a pink for the extraordinary ray. In the lighter crystals, almost like
pink topa2 in color, the ordinary ray is pink and the extraordinary ray almost white. To the rubbing
touch kunzite is not resistaiit, bein^ in this respect more like topas.
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944 Mnra:RAii besoubces.
ever been seen before, and the discovery is of great mineralogical interest The ays-
tals have been etched by weathering, like the hiddenite variety. The mineral when
cut and mounted parallel to the base gives gems of great beauty. The chanical
analysis, which is under way in my laboratory, will shortly be published.
The observations of Doctor Kunz sufficiently characterize this mineral of peculiar
beauty as a new gem, which he has not named. I have submitted lai<ge crye^als to
the action of ultra-violet light with very positive continued phosphorescence. When
subjected to bombardment of the Roentgen rays of high penetration for several
minutes no fluorescence is observed, but on removal to a dark chamber it exhibits a
persistent white luminosity not observed with this class of minerals, as learned by
experiments with altered and unaltered spodumene from the localities mentioned,
including cut stones and such handsome crystals of hiddenite as afforded by the col-
lections mentioned. I have been able to excite a crystal (2 by 4 by 10 cms. ) by the
action of the X-rays for five minutes sufficiently to cause it to photograph itself
when subsequently placed directly upon a sensitive plate (thin white paper being
interposed) and allowed to remain in an especially constructed padded black box in
a dark room for a period of ten minutes. The material is penetrated by the rays ss
shown by a cathod^raph. The excitation is not superficial, but persists throughout
the mass. On account of this unusual and characteristic phosphorescence, as well as
of the other properties, I propose the name ''Kunzite," for reasons unnecessary to
give to American and European scientific men.
The subject thus opened was followed up by Doctor Baskerville and
the writer, and the results were presented in a joint paper published
in July, 1904.* From this the following paragraphs are taken:
In a recent investigation & made by us on the behavior of a large number of min-
erals and gems with various forms of radiant energy, including the emanations, as
well as on the production of luminescence in some cases by other physical means,
the new variety of spodumene, designated kunzite, was found to be peculiarly sensi-
tive and to exhibit some remarkable properties.
In general, as shown by these investigations, the gem-minerals were little affected
by ultra-violet rays; but three species exhibited a high degree of responsiveness to
these and to all forms of radio-activity, so f&r experimented with. These minerals
were diamonds of certain kinds; willemite (zinc orthosilicate), which in some cases
has been used as a gem-stone, and kunzite. The behavior of the last, as noted in
various experiments, is unique and will be briefly described here by itself.
i. AttriHon and heat. — Kunzite does not become luminous by attrition or rub-
bing. Several specimens were held on a revolving buff cloth making 3,000 revolu-
tions per minute, so hot as to be almost unbearable to the hand, and still it failed to
become luminous. Wollastonite, willemite and pectolite are, however, very tribo-
luminescent.
As to luminescence induced by heat alone, it was found that kunzite does possess
the property of thermo-luminescence to some extent, with an orange tint and at a
low degree of heat.
f . Electricity,— The mineral assumes a static charge of electricity, like topaz, when
rubbed with a woolen cloth. On exposing kunzite crystals of different sizes to the
passage of an oscillating current obtained from laifse Helmholtz machines, the entire
crystal glowed an orange-pink, temporarily losing its lilac color. A well-defined,
brilliant line of light appeared through the center, apparently in the path of ibe
current. On discontinuing the current, the crystal gave the appearance of a glowing
coal. It was not hot, however, and the phosphoresenoe lasted for forty-five minutes.
a Baskerville, Cbarlee, and Kxmz, Qeorge F., Kunzite and its unique pmpeities: Am. Jocr. Sei,
4th ser., vol. 18, 1904, pp. 25-^
«> Science, new Wr., V9lf 18, 1908, P. 769.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 945
Three large ciystals, weighing 200, 300, and 400 grams each, were attached to cop-
per wires so that the current passed from below upward, in one case lengthwise of
the prism and in the other across the width of it. In each instance the crystals
became distinctly luminous, a pale orange-pink, and between the two wires a bright
almost transparent line passed from one wire to the other; in reality, as if two
elongated cones crossed each other, the line of the path being transparent at the
sides, whereas the rest of the crystals appeared translucent. After the exposure
of two minutes they were laid upon photographic plates, and in five minutes pro-
duced a fine auto-print. The crjrstals continued to glow for forty-five minutes.
When a cut gem is suspended between the two poles it becomes an intense orange-
pink color, glowing with wonderful brilliancy. The discharge seemed as if it would
tear the gem asunder, although actually it was imaffected.
S. TJUra-vioIet rays. — ^These invisible rays, produced by sparking a high voltage cur-
rent between iron terminals, caused kunzite, white, pink, or lilac, to phosphoresce for
some minutes. The white responded most readily.
4. Roentgen or X-rays. — All forms of kunzite become strongly phosphorescent imder
these rays. An exposure of half a minute caused three cut gems to glow first a golden
pink and then white for ten minutes. The glow was visible through two thicknesses
of white paper which was held over it. A large crystal excited for five minutes
afterwards affected a sensitive photographic plate. « Another crystal exposed for ten
minutes was laid for five minutes on a sensitive plate. ^ The resulting autophoto-
graph was clear and distinct, but presented a very curious aspect not seen by the
eye — as of a misty or feathery outflow from the side and termination of the crystal,
BUggeeting an actual picture of the invisible lines of force. The other varieties of
spodamene, natural mineral and cut gems, failed to show this property. We are
not yet in a position to offer a satisfactory explanation of this fact.
5, Conduct with radium preparationa. — Exposed fora few minutes to radium bromide
with a radio-active strength of 300,000 (uranium being taken as unity), the mineral
becomes wonderfully phosphorescent, the glow continuing persistently after the
' removal of the source of excitation. The bromide was confined in glass. Six hundred
grams of kunzite crystals were thus exciteil with 127 milligrams of the radium bromide
in five minutes. The effect is not produced instantaneously, but is cumulative, and
after a few moments* exposure the mineral begins to glow, and its phosphorescence
is pronounced after the removal of the radio-active body. The luminosity continued
in the dark for some little time after the radium was taken away. No other varieties
of spodumene examined, including hiddenite, gave like results. . In this respect, as
with the Roentgen rays, the kunzite variety stands by itself.
When pulverized kunzite is mixed with radium-barium chloride of 240 activity or
with carbonate of lower activity the mixed powder becomes luminous and apparently
remains so permanently; i. e., in several months no loss has been observed. The
same is the case if pulverized wollastonite or pectolite be used instead of the kunzite.
When either of these mixtures is put in a Bologna fiask and laid on a heated metal
plate (less than red-hot) the powder becomes incandescent and remains so for a
long time after removal.
These three minerals phosphoresce by heat alone, as was mentioned above in
regard to kunzite. Perhaps this luminosity of the mixed powders at the ordinary
temperature may be accounted for in part by the evolution of heat <^ on the part of
the radium compounds, but there are experimental reasons which cause us to reject
such explanation for the total effect.
a Science, new Her., vol. 18, 1903, p. 308.
6 This test was made by Dr. H.G. PIfTurd, of New York city.
0P. Curie and Labordo, Comptes Bendus, vol. 136, p. 073
H R 190S— «)
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946 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
The emanations of radium, according to Rutberford,o are condensed at a temper-
ature of —130*' to —140® C. The emanations were driven from radium chloride by
heat and condensed with liquid air on a number of kunzdte crystals, according to
a method which will be described by one of us (B) and Lockhart in another paper,
and no phosphorescence observed. Consequently kanzUe responds only to the x «>y»-
6, Actinium. — A sample of the still more rare and novel substance discovered by
Professor Debieme ^ and received from him through the courtesy of Professor Curie,
was also tried as to its action upon kunzite and some other minerals. The actinium
oxide, with an activity of 10,000 according to the uranium standard, gave off profuse
emanations and affected diamonds, kunzite, and willemite in a manner similar to the
radium salts, with quite as much after-continuance. However, we have not tried
the condensation of these emanations upon the minerals by refrigeration.
The peculiar properties of the kunzite variety of spodumene which have been
enumerated have not been observed in any other of the gems or gem minerals that
we have examined. It is barely possible that the small amount of manganese may
have much to do with it, but from our present knowledge basing a chemical explana-
tion thereon is idle.
Sir William Crookes, the eminent English physicist, conducted
some similar experiments on the behavior of kunzite with radium bro-
mide and obtained identical results, as stated by him in a letter to the
writer in October, 1903.
USE OF KUNZITE IN JEWELRY.
Kunzite has now been cut and sold as a gem for about one year, and
has been received with much favor as a new and a wholly American
gem. At first it was feared that it might be difficult to cut, as many
specimens, being mistaken for a variety of tourmaline, were ruined,
in the attempt to cut them because of their strong tendency to cleav-
age. But the fact that kunzite spodumene has a facile cleavage in
one direction was soon understood by lapidaries who were familiar
with the cutting of the hiddenite variety or of the yellow spodumene
from Brazil.
The result is that there has been no difficulty in having the gem cut
into every form — ^brilliant, degree top, mixed brilliant, and other
styles — and of sizes weighing from one to one hundred and fifty carats
each. In color they vary from almost white with a faint pink tone
through pink and lilac pink into dark lilac. The gem is remarkably
brilliant, no matter what the color. It is usually perfect and free from
flaws, and, when pink, is one of the few natural stones of that color.
As a lilac gem it is quite unique. The price has varied from six to
twenty dollars per carat, although generally it has averaged one-third
of the latter figure.
a Philos. Ma«., vol. 5, 661. bComptes Rendua, vol. 129, p. 598.
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PBE0IOD8 STOKES. 947
QUARTZ.
SMOKY QUARTZ.
MARYLAND.
In the i-eport of this Bureau for 1896 reference was made to a large
crystal of smoky quartz from Harford County, Md., and to the evi-
dence afforded by the nimierous pebbles of this material in the Potomac
gravela of its presence in considerable amount in the crystalline rocks
farther up. It seems that an enormous specimen of this mineral was
obtained in Maryland many years ago, which has not been heretofore
recorded. Mr. £dward C. Mitchell, president of the Academy of
Sciences of St. Paul, Minn., writes that he has in his possession a fine
crystal of smoky quartz, 16 inches long, 7i inches in diameter, and
weighing 47 pounds, which he found in 1860 near Ellicott's mills, in
Howard County, Md.
BLUB QUARTZ.
WYOMING.
A discovery has lately been made in Wyoming of a beautiful mineral
association, consisting of a brilliant coating of quartz crystals over a
blue or greenish-blue copper silicate. The specimens are similar to
those so well known and so much admired from the Globe mine, Gila
County, Ariz., and are quite equal to them in elegance. The Wyo-
ming locality is the Sunrise mine, near Hartville, Laramie County, a
region already known for its remarkable moss agate. In the speci-
mens here obtained the base is a reddish-brown ironstone; upon this
rest successively a layer of fibrous radiated green malachite, then of a
blue chrysocolla, and then of a pale, almost turquoise, blue mineral
(cupreous allophane?), upon which is a coating of quartz crystals, some-
times colorless, translucent to transparent The sparkling surface and
the rich blue-green color showing through it from beneath make a
combination of great beauty, and this quartz is generally thick enough
to admit of a polish and makes a very pleasing ornamental stone.
AMBTHT8T.
NEW JERSEY.
Amethysts in beautiful specimens have been found on the Haledon
property and in the Sourbut quarry at Paterson Falls, Paterson, N. J.
The crystals are generally very dark purple at the points, turning
Into white at the base, and occur associated with apophyllite and other
zeolites in a trap rock, being found in the blasting for that rock,
which is extensively used as a road-making material in the vicinity of
Paterson and elsewhere in New Jersey.
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948 MUTEBAL BES0UBCE8.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Amethysts in groups of crystals were found in a mica mine in the
valley of Cashiers, North Carolina, by Rev. H. Bennett, about 100
yards from the Adams house. There were two masses weighing from
10 to 20 pounds each, made up of grouped crystals; one was beauti-
fully clear, but flawed, and the other was smoky amethyst.
NONCRYSTAXI.1NF. QUARTZ.
AQATE AND CHALCEDONY.
TEXAS.
A magnificent series of agate and chalcedony specimens ranging
from 2 to 6 inches in length and 4 inches across, beautifully polished,
were shown in the exhibit of the State of Texas at the Louisiana Pur-
chase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. These agates wei*e collected and
prepared under the direction of Prof. William B. Phillips, director of
the State mineral survey at Austin, Tex. They were found in many
places in the counties of Pecos, Brewster, Presidio, Jeflf Davis, and El
Paso. The more important localities are in Brewster County, from
10 to 15 miles northeast of Alpine and from 15 to 20 miles south of the
same town; also south and southeast of Santiago Peak, and at many
points in the lower part of the county; and in Presidio County, from
10 to 15 miles south of Marfa. These are the localities which have
produced the best agate so far.
MOSS AQATE.
WYOMING.
Large masses of the moss agate, as mentioned in this report for
1894, have been found in abundance in the foot range of the Black
Hills, in the Hartville mining district, about 130 miles north of Chey-
enne. The material occurs in lenses, or interrupted veins, from 5 to
6 or more inches in thickness, and varying in width from 2 to 3 feet
More than 7 tons of it were mined during the year 1903, and senUto
Germany for cutting.
AQATIZED WOOD.
ARIZONA.
Petrified forests of Arizona, — Prof. Oscar C. S. Carter, in the Frank-
lin Institute Journal,^ presents an admirable article on the petritied
forests of Arizona, giving exact information as to how to visit the
locality. The article contains illustrations of the forest and a map
ajour. Franklin Inst., vol. 157, No. 4, 79Ui year, April, 1904, p. 298.
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PRECIOUS 8T0NES. 949
showing its relation to the Painted Desert. A magnificent series of
the agatized wood is now (at the time of the writing of this report) on
exhibition in Block 40 of the Mines Building at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. It is the finest collection that has ever yet
been shown to the public: single stumps weigh 1 ton or more, each
stump 5 or 6 feet in length; slabs 5 feet in diameter are magnificently
polished by the ingenious mechanical contrivance devised by Colonel
Drake and driven by water power at Sioux Falls, S. Dak.
EGYPT.
SUiciJied wood from Egypt. — Dr. Alexis A. Julien " gives a descrip-
tion of a specimen of silicified wood from a petrified forest near Cairo,
and the mode of distribution of the fungus throughout its ducts. An
interesting association of crystals of hematite and of pseudomorphs
after gypsum and halite occur, which testifies to the earlier conditions
of petrifaction. The organic forms have been preserved in remarka-
ble perfection and abundance. The generic relationships and genetic
local history of the wood are then discussed, with a review of various
theories of the process of silicification.
OPAIi.
IDAHO.
Considerable interest was manifested in the opal mines of the Lemhi
district, Owyhee County, Idaho, described in the report of this Bureau
for 1902. Several companies were organized, *but little active work
was done, and for financial reasons operations were suspended.
WEST AUSTRALIA.
Mr. Edward L. Simpson, mineralogist of West Australia, conamu-
nicates a discovery of crocidolite opal made three years ago by two
prospectors, in all about 2 pounds of this material being obtained at
the Bulgaroo opal mine in about latitude 26^ S., longitude 116^ E.
The miners were compelled to abandon the lease on account of lack of
water. Mr. Simpson believes the stone to be a replacement of veins
of asbestos by hydrous silica and oxides of iron. The opal was fawn
colored and the crocidolite a pale reddish brown, the opal and the
crocidolite occurring in alternate bands, and when the stone is polished
a beautiful effect of the silky reflection of the crocidolite combined
with the rich fawn color of the opal is obtained, which causes the stones
to differ from any variety of these gems found anywhere else.
aOeoL Soc. America, Sixteenth Winter Meeting, St. Louis, Mo., December 30, 1906-JanQary 1, 1904.
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950 MIKEBAL BESOtTRCES.
MOONSTONE.
CALIFORNIA.
Minute crystals of the adularia variety of moonstone with beaatiful
blue reflections, occurring in a volcanic rhyolite rock, were found at
Rialto, in the Funeral Mountains, in Inyo County, Cal., near the line
marking the boundary between California and Nevada. These tiny
moonstones are of wondei*ful beauty, but are valueless on account of
their small size. They were supposed to be opals by many collectors
who distributed them.
NORTH CAROLINA.
On the Bowman place, 1 mile north of Bakersville, Mitchell County,
N. C, has been found an oligoclase, or sagenitic moonstone, contain-
ing, in addition to the beautiful luster, interior reflections, which are
due to the presence of crystals of goethite, making it really a moon-
stone with sunstone eflfects. The occurrence was noted by Mr.
Daniel C. Bowman, of Bakersville, N. C.
WEST AUSTRALIA.
Mr. E. L. Simpson, mineralogist of West Australia, says that he
has found several fine specimens of moonstones on the old beach at the
mouth of the Bows River, 28° 30' S., 114° 30' E., in an hour's picking.
FUCHsrrE.
Fuchaite as an amdent decorative stone. — Among the various green
minerals used by the ancients for decorative purposes, compact fuch-
site must now be included. An interesting account is given by Prof.
H. A. Miers, of London, of a fragment of a Roman statuette composed
of this material.^ It was found in the Oxford collection, but with no
record of its source. The specimen is 3 inches long, and represents
the thigh of a human figure from the hip to the knee. It is well
executed and is referred by archseologists to the best period of Roman
work. The piece is bored at both ends, as though the figure was made
of portions fastened together, thus suggesting that the material was
scarce and not to be had in large pieces.
The stone is of an emerald-green color, translucent, and beautifully
polished; it is not quite uniform in tint, having clouds or patches of
deeper green, and also of brown. There are bright internal reflections,
resembling flawed emerald; but the fractured surface shows the tex-
ture of a compact micaceous mineral, consisting of minute flakes or
plates. The microscope reveals for these an axial angle of about 70*
and a negative bisectrix nearly perpendicular to the cleavage. Tl.o
aMlneialog. Mag., yoL 13, No. 62, Deoember, 1906k P* USL
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PRECIOUS ST0NE8. 951
brown patches, which resemble iron stains, are found to be caused by
minute inclusions, probably rutile; Blowpipe examination shows the
presence of chromium, thus identifying the material as fuchsite. Its
density is 2.84.
The specimen thus determined is a surprise to archaeologists, who
have never known it or, at least, recognized it before. Max Bauer,
indeed, has noted its use as the material of prehistoric beads in Guate-
mala.^ But it is pew to classical students, and Professor Miers thinks
that this discovery may lead to others heretofore unsuspected. The
micaceous character would not be observed in a piece entirely polished,
and specimens may exist that have never been recognized. The color
and Inster are so beautiful that Professor Miers thinks it may well have
been a valued ornamental stone, and very probably was one of the
many kinds of so-called smaragdus. He quotes Pliny's description of
one variety as being quite suggestive of this compact emerald fuchsite.^
TUBQUOISE.
NEW MEXICO.
An extended account of the turquoise of the Cerrillos hills in New
Mexico, by Mr. Douglas W. Johnson, now of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, has been published within the last year in
the School of Mines Quarterly of Columbia University,*' New York
City. The discussion occupies three papers — one on the general geol-
ogy of the turquoise and two on the petrography, the last of which
deals more particularly with the matrix rock. The articles are
illustrated with plates, and accompanied by analyses, historical notes,
and compaiisons of material from other places.
The exact localities are clearly defined. The great ancient excava-
tions that attracted so much attention at first are on what is called
Mount Chalchihuitl, an inconspicuous hill or knob east of Grand Central
Mountain, which latter is the most prominent point in the line of the
Cerrillos hills. These two have been confounded by some observers.
The old workings, after being reopened and to some extent developed,
were ere long abandoned for what was found to be a more favorable
locality, where are now the main workings of the American Turquoise
Company. These are "situated at the southeastern end of Turquoise
hill, a low ridge rising above the level of the plains northeast of the
main group of hills." On this ridge also are very ancient mines at
sevend points, but they have not attracted so much notice as the
extraordinary excavations at Mount Chalchihuitl, where work was done
with the aid merely of stone hammers and fire that is actually amazing
a CentralblAtt fOr Mineialogle, 1900, p. 29L
^Hlft Nat, Ub. XXXVni. 18.
« School of Mines Quart, Joly-Ootober, 1908.
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952 MINERAL RESOURCES.
in its extent. "The whole north side of the hill has been quarried
out, ♦ ♦ * while less extensive excavations are found in other
parts of the so-called mountain." The mass of rock taken out form;^
a ridge surrounding the great opening, and appears in the photograph
as a sloping hill overgrown with cedars and piiions; beyond this riaes
the cliff-like wall of the main excavation, which goes down to a great
depth. Prof. William P. Blake, the first describer, in 1858,** referred
to the debris as thousands of tons in quantity; and Prof. Benjamin
Silliman, in 1880,* estimated it, on the authority of a local surveyor,
as covering 20 acres of ground. Both these observers noted the
size and age of the trees growing on the dumps and down in the main
pit as proofs of great antiquity, and Mr. Johnson corroborates their
testimony. All the indication^ point to the cessation of this long-con-
tinued exploitation by the native peoples from the time of the great
fall of rock in 1680 that cost many lives, and is believed to have led
to the uprising in the same year against the Spaniards and their
expulsion from the region. Of this rock-fall Mr. Johnson says: '"I
was able to get far enough back through the debris of the slip to
make out a part of the old roof of the cave formed by the overhanging
cliff. It was still black from smoke of ancient fires, and served to
give a very good idea of the extent of the great disaster."
A careful discussion follows of the geological relations of the tur-
quoise at these localities, and of the views of previous writers as to
its origin. The rock is a white or sometimes yellowish material that
has been taken sometimes by unskilled observers for a sandstone, but
which geologists have constantly recognized as an altered eruptive
rock. The earlier describers called it a trachyte, but it is now shown
to be undoubtedly an andesite. Mr. Johnson goes largely into the
discussion of the evidence on this point in the second part of his paper.
He calls the matrix of the turquoise "an altered phase of the augite
andesite forming the main portion of the Cerrillos hills." The tur-
quoise itself "occurs as seams throughout the rock, filling crevices
formed by crushing and shearing, and as little nodules in streaks or
patches of kaolin." The microscopic structure of these two forms and
their relations are treated of in his third article.
As to the origin of the turquoise there have been three theories
advanced. The first was that of Prof. Benjamin Silliman, in 1881,*
who regarded the mineral as resulting from alteration of the rock of
the region b}^ the rise of heated vapors through the lines of fracture
and shearing. Thus was produced a breaking down of the crystal-
line structure in the "trachyte" of the Cerrillos, with more or less
kaolin ization. The alumina of the turquoise was derived from the
a Am. Jour. 8cl., 2d ser., vol. 25, pp. 227-232.
MbicL,3d ser.. vol. 22, 1881, pp. 67-71.
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PRECIOUS STONE8. 953
feldspar thus decomposed, and the phosphoric acid from apatite, which
is a good deal disseminated through the f eldspathic rock when less
altered. The small percentage of copper came up with the heated
vapors. The turquoise was thus regarded as a primary product of
alteration in the matrix rock.
The second theory was that proposed by Prof. F. W. Clarke and
Mr. J. S. Diller, in 1887.^ It held to a somewhat similar origin, only
the turquoise was regarded as a secondary alteration product, derived
from veins and nodules of apatite.
The third view, announced by Dr. C. L. Herrick in 1900,* considered
the turquoise to be due to contact metamorphism, by the outbreak of
syenitic intrusions through mesozoic strata. *'It would appear
* * * that the turquoise owes its origin to action of the molten
syenite on the copper-bearing sandstones of the Jurassic * * *
caught up in its escape." This hypothesis was referred to in the
report of this Bureau for 1900, and the views of Doctor Herrick stated
somewhat fully, with a suggestion that further investigation was
needed to establish them.
Between these different theories Mr. Johnson finds little difficulty
in deciding. The last is dismissed as without substantial basis. No
sandstones are known in the vicinity, all the rock of the Cerrillos
being igneous. The question therefore lies entirely between the theo-
ries of Silliman and of Clarke and Diller. The turquoise is in the one
view a direct and contemporaneous product of alteration of the feld-
spathic rocks, and in the other a secondary and subsequent one, replac-
ing apatite. Mr. Johnson feels confident from extended study of the
locality and of microscopic sections that the former is the correct
theory. He notes the entire absence in the turquoise veins of either
any remnants of apatite or any traces of the crystalline structure
usually so marked in that mineral. All his observations lead him to
regard the turquoise as having formed directly and not by secondary
alteration. The general process is considered as well outlined by
Silliman: the alumina as derived from the partial decomposition of
the andesite by heated waters or vapors rising through the zones of
fracture and shearing, th^ phosphoric acid as coming from apatite
disseminated through the andesite as a previous accessory constituent,
and the copper as brought up with the altering vapors. In regard to
these last two points the fact is noted that apatite is ''usually abun-
dant in all the fresher portions of the rock, sometimes occurring as
quite large crystals" (though generally minute), but "is seldom seen
in the more decomposed portions containing the turquoise — which is
just what we should expect on * * * the theory ♦ * * — here
supported." As to thef copper, its introduction by the altering solu-
aBull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 42, 1887, pp. 89-M.
frRept Governor of New Mexico, 1900, p. 268.
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954 MINERAL BE80TTBCE8.
tions is connected with the cupriferoos solutions which gave rise
to the copper ores of the general region. ^^In the mines of the
American Turquoise Company the copper is found forming a green
coating (of malachite) on the walls of the tunnels, etc., whenever the
rock is left undisturbed for any length of time."
The presence of minute amounts of fluorite is noted as highly sug-
gestive. It is associated with the turquoise in many instances and
bears about the same ratio to the phosphoric acid of the latter that the
fluorine does to the acid in ordinary apatite. This fact is a strong
indication of an apatite origin for the turquoise, although it does not
clearly determine anything as between the two theories propounded.
The second part of the article, on petrography, is divided into two
portions — one dealing with details of the occurrence and structure of
the turquoise itself and its most immediate associations and the other
with the matrix rock. The turquoise, in seams and veins and in small
nodules, varies from the finest shade of blue to a fuU green. Many
specimens are marred by specks or veinlets of kaolin or of limonite,
the latter derived from pyrite, which sometimes remains unaltered as
brilliant little crystals embedded in the turquoise. Though opaque in
the mass, the mineral is almost clear and colorless in thin sections.
Two types of structure are well marked — one fibrous transversely to
the vein or seam and the other fibrospherulitic. The former of these
was emphasized by Clarke and Diller, whose accounts are largely cited;
the latter was conspicuous in many sections examined by Mr. Johnson.
Considerable space is given to details of microscopic and optical exami-
nation of these varieties. The presence of an isotropic mineral, appar-
ently fluorite, is described, sometimes as a very thin layer between the
turquoise of a veinlet and the wall of altered andesite, and at other
times as an interstitial fiUing between the spherulites when these are
pronounced. ''The appearance of the turquoise as seen in the above
relations strongly suggests the crystallizing out of the gem from solu-
tions in small fissures, excluding the molecules which later formed the
fluorite (?). If these solutions * * ♦ represented in part^ the
original apatite scattered through the country rock, the occurrence
of the fluorite would be quite natural. The evidence does not
* * * suggest to me the formation of the turquoise from ♦ ♦ ♦
vein apatite formerly occupying these same fissures.'' Moreover, he
adds, " no evidence of vein apatite has ever been found in the region,"
while it is a striking fact that the finely distributed apatite content of
the unaltered andesite has in some way disappeared from the altered
portions where the turquoise occurs. On all these grounds Mr.
Johnson holds decidedly to ^^the simpler method of origin — that the
gem is a secondary product, but the originaroccupant of the vein."
The remainder of this part of the paper is given to analyses of tur-
quoise from these and various other localities, with notes on their
special physical peculiarities.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 955
The portion of the paper that treats of the petrography of the
matrix rock is mainly occupied with a discussion as to the nature of
the largely altered feldspar of which it consists. Messrs. Clarke and
Diller pronounced this to be chiefly orthoclase with a small amount of
plagioclase, which they regarded as secondary; these conclusions
rested on microscopic evidence and on one or two analyses that showed
considerable potash; and these writers remark that this result is rather
unusual among the igneous rocks of the Southwest. Mr. Johnson
takes issue with these determinations, and holds that they must be
based upon exceptional material, as in his study of many sections he
found the crystalline structure to be chiefly that of a plagioclase,
which is not secondary, but the main ingredient of the rock. The
pieces examined were taken partly from the actual excavations on
Mount Chalchihuitl and partly from less altered rock in the adjacent
country; and on this and other evidence Mr. Johnson bases his strong
conviction that the matrix of the turquoise is simply an altered phase
of the augite-andesite of the region.
MEXICO.
Turquoise, which is known at so many points in Arizona, New Mex-
ico, and southern California and Nevada, must undoubtedly occur in
the similar rocks south of the United States boundary line, but has
not been heretofore observed there to any considerable extent. The
discovery of a turquoise mine, however, is now announced in Mexico,
in the State of Zacatecas. The locality is in the Santa Rosa district,
near the town of Bonanza, at a mine which was worked for silver
(argentiferous galena), and the discovery was accidental. According
to the manager, Mr. V. D. Williamson, it was made by a lady, Mrs.
V. M. Clement, a stockholder in the company operating the mine, who
lived for a time at Bonanza, and frequently visited the workings and
picked up minerals, etc. About a year ago Mrs. Clement gathered
some small pieces from the dumps that she thought resembled tur-
quoise, and, though others made light of it, she insisted on their being
sent to the city of Mexico and analyzed. They proved to be true tur-
quoise, and search was at once made for more. The mineral is found
lK)th in veins and in nodules, and is said to be of rich color and of fine
quality; and the mine is now operated mainly for the turquoise. No
particulars are yet given as to the quantity obtained nor the character
of the rock in which it occurs.
AMBER.
BAST PRUSSIA.
A very extended account of the amber production of the Baltic
coast was prepared by Dr. R. Klebs to illustrate the great amber
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956 MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and published as a guide
thereto.^
After some general remarks on the geology of northern Europe and
the great geographical changes that took place in Tertiary time conse-
quent upon the elevation of many of the most important mountain
chains, Professor Klebs proceeds to consider the specid conditions
under which amber was produced. He says:
Where the Baltic Sea is now situated there was formerly land, the southern limit
of which was not very far from the Baltic shore of to-day. This land was the home
of amber.
He describes the development here of a luxuriant vegetation, chiefly
of resinous trees, growing on the calcareous soil of the chalk forma-
tion raised from beneath the sea. A multitude of successive genera-
tions of these trees flourished and died, their imperishable resin
accumulating in the soil through long periods of time, while the
woody portions decayed and have mostly disappeared.
From their remains it is shown that the .vegetable and animal life of that pwiod
have a close connection with those existing at the present day in the southwestern
parts of North America and in Japan. The character of the amber forest is distin-
guished by a great number of oaks and conifers, especially of the Thuja group, nith
which are found Camelliacese, Lauraceee, and numerous other families.
The wood found indirect connection with amber, or inclosed in it, is
uniformly seen to be coniferous when its structure is microscopically
examined. This evidence, however, is general only, and gives no
means of identifying the species. "A specimen of amber containing
both the wood and the leaves belonging to it has not yet been found
Awaiting this happy chance, it must remain an open question whether
the amber conifers belong to the genus Pinus or the genus Picea,
Hence it is best to give the amber tree GOppert's name of Pinites sue-
cmifei\ which leaves it indefinite whether it is a pine or a fir."
On this point. Professor Klebs diflfers from the amber specialist,
Doctor Conwentz, of Danzig, who holds that the microscopic struc-
ture of the associated wood is so perfectly identical with that of
modern Pinus that there is no l)asis for a distinct genus.*
The article goes on to describe the origin of the several varieties of
amber as now distinguished. On first exuding, the re^in was dim and
cloudy from the presence of a multitude of minute bubbles of sap
diffused throughout it. But in drying, and perhaps by exposure to
the heat of the sun, these gradually concentrated, enlarged, and were
able to rise to the surface of the still soft mass, so that the resin could
become clear. In these ways. Doctor Klebs believes that the varieties
were produced which are designated as follows: Osseous or bony
a World's Fair, St. Louis, 1904; Collective Exhibit of the German Amber Industry, shown by the
Prussian Department of Trade and Industry; Prof. Dr. R. Klebs, manager and director; Golde. p. «0l
frBrit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1896. Reviewed in Mineral Resources U. & for 1896.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 957
amber (knochig); mottled osseous (bunt-knochig); oily or misty (bas-
tard and flOmig); and clear (klar). The rare green and reddish-
brown tints may be due to some peculiar coloration of the original
sap; the dark blue tint sometimes found is of foreign origin, caused
by deposits of pyrite in minute cavities and cracks.
It may be noted here that the clearing of a fossil resin may be caused
by some molecular change not understood, entirely apart from any
question of bubbles. The fact is familiar to collectors of copal, for
instance, that pieces which were originally dim will sometimes become
perfectly transparent, from without inwards, in the course of a few
years.
Professor Klebs illustrates the varieties above named from certain
typical examples in the amber exhibit, specified by number. In the
'* knochiger Bernstein," the bony or pale opaque variety, '' the bubbles
have a diameter of 0. 0008 to 0.004 mm., and the sum of all the bubble
sections is equal to 0.04 to 0.52 of the entire section." After these
illustrations Professor Klebs continues:
Besides this, we find a second type of amber, which had undergone an alteration
before being deposited in the soil. Under the heat of the sun, or perhaps of forest
fires engendered by lightning, the dim or in many cases already half-clear amber
was sometimes melted again, so as to flow down in threads, scales, and stalactitic
forms, which quickly hardened at the surface, thus preventing the subsequent
streams from solidifying together into a complete mass. Thus arose another sort of
amber, distinguished by its great clearness, somewhat higher specific gravity, and
especially by ita possessing a less degree of cohesion in the direction of its original
flow than at right angles to it. The trade name of this sort of amber is Schlauben.
No illustration of this variety is especially cited from the exhibit,
but similar forms are familiar in copal and other semif ossilized resins.
Specimen No. 122 in the exhibit is of much archaeological interest,
consisting of amber beads from prehistoric tumuli, referred to a date
as remote as 600 B. C.
At this point the article takes up the historical aspect of the subject
as relating to Germany, passing over the early traditions of the amber
trade with southern Europe.
HISTORY Oi^ THE AMBER INDUSTRY IN GERMANY.
Doctor Klebs writes:
The firet definite records of the amber industry in the middle ages are of the four-
teenth century. There was a guild of amber turners in Bruges, which was followed
by a similar one in Lubeck. Their work was limited to the making of rosaries;
hence their name of paternoster makers. In 1399 there was in Konigsberg a very
skillful amber cutter who worked for the grand master, making artistic reliefs for
altars, etc., which were composed of precious metals and incrusted with gems.
In the sixteenth century the amber industry had sprea<l and assumed great dimen-
rionH. Kdnigsberg especially produce<l a great variety of artistic wares in amber.
All the great works of art, of which there are splendid specimens in almost every
mii8e<im« are of the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries. The imperial collections
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958 MINERAL BB80UBGES.
in St Petersbui^ and Moscow, the Grune Gewolbe (Grreen Vault) in Dreeden, and
the collection in Berlin possess real gems of art in amber work.
Especially celebrated is the amber chamber, a remarkable and original attnctioD
of the imperial palace at Zaraskoje-Szelo, the fomitore of which is composed of gifts
of Frederick William I to Peter the Great and of Frederick the Great to Catherine.
Amber was then very much employed for royal gifts to friendly coorts and theii
embassies.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century the amber industry declined, bot
improved again gradually from 1872 onward; to-day it is still increasing.
So far as we can learn from historical records amber seems to have been in eariy
times the absolute property of the finder. Later on the Dukes of Pomerania claimed
it for themselves as far as to the confines of Danzig.
But when the ^'Ritterorden'' (Order of Knights) took possession of ProfisiaiDthe
thirteenth century, not only did they take over the monopoly of the Dukes of Pome-
rania, but extended this monopoly over the entire line from West to East Proaoa.
From this time on the knights were the owners of every piece of amber, and any
finder was obliged to give it up to them for a small specified recompense. This law
is still practically in force, and all the changes in the production and sale of amber
during the last eight hundred years have been affected by it, with the usual resolt—
dissension between producer and buyer. On the one hand has been the oontiniial
striving on the part of the knights to turn the prerogative into a direct monopoly in
order to keep the determination of prices in their own hands and thus to rale the
market; on the other hand, the efforts of the manufacturers to break through the
monopoly so as to procure their raw amber as cheaply as poesibla Side by side with
this have been the earnest endeavors of the Government to remove abuses and to do
justice to both sides.
After having parted with their amber fishing rights on the coast of Samland to the
bishop of Samland in 1257, and with those on the coast of Danzig to the Danxig
fishermen in 1312, and to the monastery of Oliva in 1340, the knights attempted to
annul the contracts they had made and to get the monopoly back into their own
hands. But not until after many unsuccessful attempts did they sacceed (in the mid-
dle of the fifteenth century) in overcoming all the difficulties in their way. When in
1466 by the peace of Thorn a laige portion of territory was alienated from the order,
these alienated lands obtained a license by Polish law to extract amber on their
own territory — a right which West Prussia succeeded in obtaining also on the parti-
tion of Poland in 1773, which right was thus lost to Samland. Accordingly oar
inland Pomeranian amber monopoly is limited to East Prussia and the diocese of
Pomerania, while in other inland places the right of amber mining rests with the
owner of the soil. It is otherwise with the right of collecting amber on the seashore.
On the coast of Jutland, Schleswig, Mecklenburg, Rugen, and Neovorpommem, it is
the property of the owner of the shoreland. From the mouth of the Weichsd to
Polsk near Danzig, the amber found is the property of the last-named dty. On all
other parts of the Baltic coast of West or East Prussia, as well as in the Pomoanian
districts of Neu-Stettin, Drambuig, Belgaid, and Butow, amber belongs to the State
as a royal perogative.
Improved processes. — It was the late Moritz Becker who introduced entirely new
methods of procuring amber. Instead of ** sticking'' he instituted diving; iiMteid of
cutting, mining; and in the deeper water of the sea he attacked the stores of amber
with steam dredges. He established the steam dredging station at Schwaizort, the
diving station at Brusterort, and the mines at Palmnicken, now carried on by the
Prussian State. The open workings at Palmnicken extended rapidly by secdons np
to the neighboring villages of Kraxtepellen and Hubnicken, and are now carried on
in the Annengrube ( Annen mine). Great masses of blue eurth are brooc^t op from
these workings, and thoroughly washed by enormous volumes of water, which cany
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PRECIOUS STONES.
959
away the sand and clay through sieves and drains and leave the amber. In 1902
there were brought up 125,076 cubic meters of blue earth, containing 406,397 kilo-
grams of amber, or about 3i kilograms (7.2 pounds) of amber to a cubic meter.
The amber procured in this way, however, is very much weathered on the outside,
making it impossible for the manufacturers to test it as r^ards color, flaws, and
other peculiarities, and thus to fix the use to which it can best be put The shore
amber, which the waves in their constant motion have polished against the sharp
8and and which the heavy surf has pounded and broken, is very much preferred as
an article of trade. Hence means must be taken to impart simUar good qualities to
the mined amber. What is done on a large scale by the waves is copied artificially
at Palmnicken on a small scale. The amber taken from the blue earth is placed in
great revolving barrels along with sand and water; these are kept in motion until
the dark Burface is removed and the amber has assumed a similar appearance to that
taken out of the sea. Thus prepared, it is taken to the sorting rooms at Konigsberg,
where the chisel of the workman takes the place of the surf and divides the large
pieces.
Production, — Very considerable quantities of amber have been brought up at Palm-
nkken. In 1901 the whole output was 406,000 kilos; in 1902, 406,397 kilos. In the
last twenty years there have been obtained 1,716,178 kilos of lai^ge pieces, 1,920,450
kilos of medium-sized, and 4,820,212 of small, making a total of 8,456,840 kilos
(18,604,248 pounds) of amber. The revenues which the Prussian State draws from
the royal prerogative are correspondingly high. From 1803 to 1811 the amber
indostry had to receive a subsidy from the Government; after that, however, the
revenues were as follows:
Government reventie from amber ^ 1770-1909.
Tear.
Marks.
Year.
Marks.
Year.
Marks.
Year.
Marks.
1770
60,000
68,000
14,000
1,000
45,000
1826
84,000
41,000
199,000
230,000
262,000
1876
871,000
770,000
656,000
661,000
660,000
1898
660,000
826,817
1780
1866
1877
1899
1790
1870
1880
1900
1,019,210
1,589,273
1,599,248
1810
1871
1881
1901
1830
1878
1892
1902
In view of these high figures, one can not help asking the question. What has
become of these enormous quantities of amber?
The year 1837 was a turning point in the history of the amber trade. The State
fanned out the mining of amber along the shore to the adjacent communities. In
consequence of this, the Samland shore villages began to prosper and rose from a
miserable condition to be flourishing communities. This prosperity went on increas-
ing year by year, and the revenues of the State increased at the same time.
In the year 1860 the amber trade received a great impetus through the enterprise
of the firm of Stantien & Becker, to whose influence on amber mining I shall again
i«fer. This flrm went to work with such enei^y and foresight as to get the royal
prerogative as a practical monopoly into their own hands. But the complaints of
the manufturtarers against the management of the firm became so urgent that the
State decided to parchase their whole stock in trade; and thus on April 1, 1899, the
exercise of the royal prerogative passed again into the hands of the Prussian State.
The extraction of amber, — As the location of amber is various, so is the manner of
its extraction. It is to be assumed that in ancient times only that amber was found
which was thrown up by the sea; but in the time of Pliny it was known that in
lignria and Scythia amber could also be obtained by digging. Not until 1585, how-
«rer, have we any anthentic records of the extraction of amber from the earth; this
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960 MINERAL BES0UBCE8.
was at Lochstiidt, a fortress of the Ritterorden, on the Frische-Nehnmg, between
Pillau and Konigsberg.
The oldest picture of the home of amber and description of digging for it are ^ven
by Hartmann in 1677. In the same book there is a picture of fishermen with thdr
nets fishing for amber. Both these pictures are sufficiently interesting to be added to
this guide on pages 33 and 34.
In 1872 level mining in the high banks on the shore was resorted to; the digging
followed the ** Striped Sands," but the output was so poor that the attempt was eoon
given up. Not until the second half of the nineteenth century did the original
source of the amber, the **blue earth," become known. Open workings were thai
established at several points on the northern and western shores. These were open
excavations from which the soil was removed imtil the blue earth was reached at a
depth of 90 feet or more. Enormous masses of earth had thus to be removed, for it
was necessary to clear away 10,000 cubic meters of sand and clay to reach down
through the funnel-shaped narrow excavation, and expose an area of only 2,500
square meters of the blue earth. As the soil cleared away was always thrown into
the sea to become the sport of the waves, the government feared that tbe banks
might be more worn away than by the ordinary action of the surf, and so it pat a
stop to these open cuttings.
While all these attempts were being made, the fishing for amber in the sea contin-
ued to yield the chief supply. When violent storms agitate the sea to a great depth,
masses of seaweed are torn up, bringing up amber entangled with them. As amber
weighs but little more than sea water, it does not sink immediately, but is carried
84ong with the weeds and waves. Thus, after a heavy storm, one sees the sea covered
over a great extent with a meadow-like surface of seaweed, and the people wait with
anxiety to see at what point the floating mass will be cast ashore. If the sea breeze
turns to a land breeze at the critical moment, there b^ns an eager struggle with
the watery element. Even in the hardest winter weather the men dash into the
surf, catching up the masses of seaweed in hand nets and throwing them in on the
shore where their wives and children search through them for the precious treasure.
The work must be quickly done, for in a few moments the amber might slip away
from the entangling seaweed and begin to sink. There have been storms in Novem-
ber after which the people of one district have gathered 30,000 marks' worth of
amber in a few hours. When the sea is smooth, amber is taken by so-called "stick-
ing." The men see from the boats when there is a piece of amber of any size caoght
between rocks and stones at the bottom and seek to get it up by means of pecoliariy
constructed hooks and nets.
In former times merchants went to the shore after a favorable storm and bought
roughly, by heaps, the amber which had been brought in. This sort of trading was
naturally calculated to induce extensive speculation. It was again the late Moritx
Becker, head of the firm of Stantien & Becker, who put an end to this speculation.
When he had first placed mining in the blue earth on a paying footing, the market
suddenly became flooded with such quantities of amber that it was impossible to dis-
pose of it. Becker therefore introduced a system of exact sorting of the raw amber
in order to allow the different branches of the industry to buy only ihat sort of
amber which was suitable to their own trade. Thus every manufecturer gained the
advantage of being able to concentrate his whole buying power on the kinds suitable
to his own use, whereas previously he was forced to buy also other kinds which he
could not use for himself but had to resell to others. This sorting system still pre-
vails in the amber trade of to-day, and has been retained and extended under the
state management.
Commercial products. — The subdivisions of raw amber for trade purposes fall under
three heads, viz, pieces suitable for the manufacture of articles connected with smok-
ing, those which can be used for beads and other ornaments, and those which from
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PRECIOUS STONES.
961.
their small size can only serve to make varnish. The amber from which mouth-
pieces for cigars and cigarettes and tips for mouthpieces and pipes are made is called
Fliesen or Flatten, the former being the thicker and the latter the thinner pieces.
In the manufacture of ornaments and beads, Grundstein and Bodenstein, Rund and
Knibbei are used. To make varnish, the various Fimiss sorts are utilized. Within
these chief groups there are about 150 trade divisions distinguished partly by size
and partly by coloring and purity. According to the number of pieces to a kilogram,
the Fliesen are divided into about twenty grades. In Fliesen No. 0 there are from
2 to 3 pieces contained in a kilogram; in No. 1, from 10 to 12 pieces, while in No. 9
there are about 260. The rounder pieces are subdivided into about 18 sorts accord-
ing to size; of the largest of these about 10 would go to a kilogram, of the smallest
about 1,600. These are used chiefly for beads, from the coarser beads for export to
less civilized countries to the pale yellow olive-shaped bead necklaces destined to
gleam on the throat of an English or a Turkish lady, and from the clear-cut beads
of Brunswick, France, and Russia, to the rosaries of the Roman Catholics and the
Mohammedans.
The quantity of raw material produced, the exactness of its assortment, and the
facility of traffic have raised the amber trade now to a point which no other period
has even approximately reached. The best example of the increase in this industry
is given by America, where the amber trade has increased five-fold within the last
ten years.
The following tables relative to the amber trade are here given:
Value qf amber used in America, 1891-190S,
Year.
Marks.
Year.
Marks.
Year.
Marks.
Year.
Marks.
1801
109.288
186,961
187,807
290,788
1896
800,061
407,788
864,736
1898
402,786
514,609
486,292
1901
618,297
1892
1896
1899
1902
834,622
W98. . .,..
1897
1900
1908
886,382
1J)M
Value of amber used in other countrieSj 1900-1901S,
Country.
1900.
1901.
Marks.
Marks.
260,900
262,200
691,100
634,600
149,200
171,800
148,500
141,500
63,600
61,200
60,800
68,700
1,800
1,900
1902.
Oennanj
Austria..
Russia...
France ..
England.
Turkey . .
Holland.
Marks.
706,856
1,193,141
181,924
121,718
48,828
76,214
1,728
Doctor Klebs enters into some account of the manufacture of amber
articles as now developed. There is a large and varied production in
north Germany of objects adapted to the tastes and peculiarities of
many semicivilized or even barbarous peoples. These have much
ethnographical interest, and a striking display of them is made in
exhibit No. 124 by the Royal Amber Works at KOnigsberg, which was
formed by Doctor Klebs and by Mr. A. Zausmer, of Danzig. Here
are shown articles of special forms and color shades for exportation
M R 1903 61
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to dilBTerent countries according to the local demand. Among them
are beads and ear ornaments for the negroes of western and eastern
Africa; red cylindrical beads for Japan; green round beads ("man-
darin chains'') and rings for China: sacred amulets for Morocco; a
royal ornament for Korea, etc.
In the general exhibit modem artistic wares in amber are contributed by several
firms.
August Richter, in Hamburg, sends a considerable collection of jeweby in real
amber. Aside from the great manufacturing centers, this firm has arisen to be one
of the largest of its kind, entirely through the energy of its head and without any
extraneous aid whatever. Everything necessary to the complete fitting out of the
many articles manufactured, from sheet metals and wires in different metals and
alloys to the cards on which the finished articles are sewed, is produced in the fac-
tory. In a magnificent mechanical work room this firm makes all the machinery
for the manufacture of their articles. Among these are especially noteworthy the
complicated machines for the automatic production of buttons. In the last working
year collar buttons alone to the value of 1,700,000 marks were manufiictured by this
firm. Latterly the establishment has been noted for the production of modem jew-
elry after the designs of celebrated artists, such as Bruno Kruse, Hans Dietrich,
Leipheimer, Professor Kleeman, H. Baum, and others, and it offers an abundance
of "motives" in necklaces, girdle buckles, chatelaines, etc.
Ambroid. — In spite of the manifold uses of amber, a great proportion of tiie middle
sorts, too expensive for varnish, would have been practically lost for want of a use to
put them to but for the invention of a method whereby small pieces may be pressed
together by hydraulic power. Amber is insoluble in water and can not be melted
by heat; but at a temperature between 170° and 190° C, it softens without disinte-
gration to about the consistence of india rubber.
While in this state small pieces of amber are pressed together in the following
manner: After being thoroughly cleansed and carefully freed by hand from the
weathered crusts, they are placed on a very strong, deep, steel tray which is closed
with a pot-like perforated cover. At a temperature of 200° C, these two vessels (the
tray and its cover) are pressed together so that the amber in its softened state is forced
up through the holes of the cover, where in cooling it solidifies into a mass. In this
way, by hydraulic pressure, amber is obtained in the form of flat pieces which can
be turned, bored, and polished like natural amber. It is harder than the natnral
materia], but inferior to it in brilliancy.
The many difficulties which present themselves in preparing amber for preesingand
the waste which takes place render pressed amber (ambroid) quite expensive, but the
high price is counterbalanced by the increase in adaptability and the decrease of
waste in turning. Pressed amber is therefore excellent for all cheap bulk articlee,
especially those used by smokers, in which the use of wood, horn, bone, celluloid,
etc., is avoided for hygienic reasons, and a permanent good appearance is not required;
but it is not adapted to fine manufactures. All pressed cloudy amber having the
color of *' bastard' ' undergoes a change in a very short time after use, which is appar-
ent not only on the surface, but through the whole mass. The evenly distributed
cloudiness seen at first becomes after a few months bony white, producing an uneven
and disagreeable appearance. The clear sorts retain their original quality, bnt can
not be compared to the natural amber m beauty and luster. The real amber will
therefore always be preferred, except for those uses in which beauty and genuineness
may be sacrificed to mere economy without too much loss.
It frequently occurs that dishonest dealers endeavor to sell pressed amber for the
genuine, and it is therefore well to learn the distinguishing features. The natural
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PRECIOUS STOKES. 963
dear amber is tnmsparent through its entire mass and possesses a strong internal
glow or "fire." The pressed amber is also transparent, but on close observation it
can be seen to be not perfectly clear. It contains undulating lines and elevated por-
tions which reflect the light in different ways, and recalls the aspect of two liquids
of different densities — as glycerin and water — ^about to mingle, or of heated air,
when passing into cooler, and often described as "trembling air." This distin-
guishing feature is typical and is best seen when the object examined is so placed
that the light penetrates as large a mass of it as possible. It is more difficult to
distinguish the cloudy sorts. There are convex layers of cloudy and clear parts in
pressed amber, caused by the manufacturing process. These have the appearance
of the well-known cirrus clouds. These layers show the direction of flow when
pressed. If a cigar holder is cut parallel to this flow, the cloudy layers can be seen
above one another, extending from the cigar end to the mouthpiece; or if it is cut at
right angles to the flow they can be seen side by side across the holder. Such
peculiar cloudy spots and bands are not found in genuine amber, and an experienced
person can detect the structure immediately, or if not, a microscope will give very
reliable evidence. In natural amber cloudiness is caused by a multitude of small
babbles, as already mentioned, which are round or somewhat oval and are sur-
rounded by clear amber. In pressed amber the ground is seen to contain a large
number of flat, crevice-like cavities which run in all directions or appear like moss.
A mere fragment is sufficient for examination, and this can be procured with a knife
from a spot which is not conspicuous.
The Royal Amber Works have placed on exhibition a pillar of pressed amber 7
meters high, designed by the architect Bruno Mdhring, of Berlin. The rests of
amber in the second pedestal inside the carved work of light gray maple are genuine
amber.
Attempts to color an entire mass of amber have been recently successful, causing
it to resemble other stones. This material can be easily turned and polished, and
the colors are permanent On account of its great durability and elegant appearance,
colored amber will probably prove a substitute for several other materials used for
decorative effect, where durability is required.
This seems especially to be the case in mann&cturing doorknobs, window handles,
and similar objects. For such purposes it can compete with ivory, the finest
material known. Both are very valuable, neither conducts heat, and both are
equally durable. Ivory, however, changes its hue very quickly and becomes yellow,
whereas amber retains its color.
With regard to the source of amber ^ Doctor Klebs says:
What qoantitiee of resin must these conifers have produced to have supplieil
the world for thousands of years. And how long will the supply hold out? Both
these questions are pertinent The first one is best answered by analogy with living
trees. The fir-resin trade manages to destroy a respectable number of conifers for
their supply of turpentine and gallipot resin by wounding the bark. The Pintut
niffrat for example, between 60 and 80 years of age, produces from 4 to 10 kilos of
turpentine and from 1 to 3 kilos of thick resin, in all about 120 kilos of thick resin;
the Pintu marUima Poir. , as much as 400 kilos of gallipot in the same time; Abies excelsa
D. C, 220 kilos; Pinua tUvestris I^, 150 kilos; and even the Larix europaxt L., which is
poor in resin, 50 kilos of pure turpentine.
In order to come to definite figures, let us calculate the amber output of a single
year. In 1902 there were 36,750 cubic meters of soil exhausted, and from that sur-
face were taken 406,397 kilos of amber, or about 11 kilos to the cubic meter. A Pintu
nigra, requiring a surface of about 10 square meters, produces from this surface 120
kilos of thick resin, or estimating the depth at one meter, 10 kilos more than the
earae surface of amber pine or Pinites succinifer. When one considers that not one
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964 MINEBAL BEBOnBCBS.
tree, but generations of them, produced the amber, an<l that the blue earth was
probably washed together from lai^ areas, it will appear that in the formation of
amber no other conditions need be assumed than those that prevail to-day.
The second question is also easily answered, as careful borings have shown that
even at the present rate of excessive extraction there is blue earth enough to supply
the demand for fifty or sixty years to come. Scientifically, however, it is more than
probable that the amber-bearing stratum may extend so far into Samland as to
provide a supply for a much longer time.
SANTO DOMINGO.
A very interesting occurrence of amber has recently been brought
to notice on the island of Santo Domingo, in the Province of Santiago,
in the Dominican Republic. The locality is at an altitude of 1,800
feet, near the top of a hill or mountain known as Palo Quemado
(Burnt Post), at the headwaters of the Licey River, on a small branch
called the Miguel Sanchez. It is situated about 30 miles inland from
the coast, and lies some 10 miles northwest of Tambonil and 7 miles
north of Santiago. The district was until lately almost unknown to
travelers, but has recently been partly explored by Mr. C. W. Kempton,
of the Progressive Mining Company of New York, from whom the
following data have been obtained.
The amber occurs in a friable, disintegrated, and much broken sand-
stone, which at times becomes a conglomerate and is much impreg-
nated with lignite. So much is this the case that the rock is mostly
dark colored, and after a rain the water of the adjacent stream is often
black with particles of the lignite. The pebbles of the conglomerate
are chiefly siliceous, of varied colors, some of white quartz, well
rounded, 2 or 3 inches in diameter, and smaller ones of rich red jasper.
This rock is undoubtedly Tertiary, but its precise age is not known.
Fossil leaves are reported as occurring in it in connection with the
lignite and amber in groups or masses 2 inches across and one-eighth
of an inch thick, but unfortunately no specimens were brought.
The amber itself is found loose in the soil and disintegrated rock, and
also in the friable sandstone. It appears usually in ovate masses, from
an inch or two to the size of a man's hand, round, sometimes flattened,
dull on the exterior, and covered with a brown surface crust, like
much of the Baltic amber and like buried resins generally. It pos-
sesses somewhat of the opalescent character of the beautiful amber
from Roumania, and of that from Catania, Sicily, of which latter a
very fine exhibit was made at the exposition in Milan in 1881. In
color it varies from yellow to rich brown, resembling the amber found
some 3^ears ago in the marl beds of New Jersey, but differing from it
in always showing the petroleum-like fluorescence. It seems to exist
in considerable quantity, and may prove very valuable for the manu-
facture of articles of ornament. The exterior is generally roughened
from weathering.
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PBECI0U8 STONES. 9^5
There is a tradition that the natives i^sed to bum a substance of this
kind as incense in their religious rites, probably this amber; and it is
said that they still do the same, burning all that they obtain. Its
existence has been known for some time, reports of it having often
reached Santiago; and it was recognized as amber by its electrical
properties, attracting bits of paper, etc., after being rubbed on the
clothing. But the region where it occurs is wild and inaccessible, and
heretofore it has been almost impossible to ascertain any particulars
about it.
It is very interesting to compare this occurrence with a somewhat
similar one reported some j^ears ago in a remote district in southern
Mexico. From this district pieces of richly colored amber, with a
fluorescence resembling the Sicilian, occasionally reached the coast,
through natives from the interior, who reported it as so abundant that
they were wont to burn it. It is known that the Aztecs used amber
as incense in some of their temple rites, and it was also employed for
a like purpose in the Catholic churches in the early times of Spanish
dominion in Mexico.^ A very fine piece of this amber, perhaps
the only one in the United States, is in the Field Columbian Museum
at Chicago. The amber from Santo Domingo seems to have much
the same characteristics as the Mexican. A number of pieces have
been sent to the United States, the largest piece that has reached
this country being about twice the size of a man's fist.
FliUORSPAB.
ILLINOIS.
Mr. H. Foster Bain, of the United States Geological Survey, com-
municates the statement that the old and celebrated Shawneetown
region in southern Illinois has lately been yielding fluorite of remark-
able beauty. Among some specimens recently sent to the writer for
examination there were cleavage pieces of much elegance from several
of these localities, notably the Empire mines and Cave-in-Rock. From
the former were large cleavages of rich reddish purple and of the
peculiar sea blue of that region. In one ca^e the general appearance
was of the latter color, clouded at points with the former — like the tint
of a blue Alabashka topaz with included clouds of Uralian amethyst.
Both the purple and the sea-blue varieties pass at times into almost
colorless fluor. From Cave-in-Rock is an octahedral cleavage, per-
fectly transparent and of amber yellow. A cubical crystal from Kosi-
clare is pale bluish, passing into nearly colorless. This region from
Cave-in-Rock to Rosiclare has produced many thousands of tons of
fluorspar that have been used in the industries as a flux and for other
purposes.
a Gems and PreciouD Stones of North America, 1890, p. 802.
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966 MINERAL BESOUBOES.
MISCEXiliAXEOUS.
PRECIOUS STONES OF PERU AND BOLIVIA.
The exploration by Dr. G. F. Bandelier of the tombs of the Incas
and other graves in Peru and the Bolivian region has naturally been of
great interest. Doctor Bandelier, whose work in anthropology in the
Southwest and Mexico well equipped him for such an exploration and
who belongs to the anthropological staflf of the American Museum of
Natural History, had every facility extended to him in his exploration,
which has resulted in great collections of textiles and of all manner of
objects used by the ancient Peruvians, so that this collection of the
American Museum of Natural History is now one of the most complete
known. Doctor Bandelier gives his observations on the occurrence of
precious stones and gem minerals as a result of some eight years of
investigation. These are of much value in connection with the state-
ments that have appeared for four centuries touching this interesting
region.
Antonio Raimondi, the noted Italian naturalist, to whose labors Peru
is so much indebted, nowhere in his numerous treatises mentions the
presence of gems in Peru or in northern and central Bolivia. During
thirteen years of residence in Peru and upper Bolivia Doctor Bandelier
could not find any authentic accoimt of the location of any gem of
practical value in either of the republics named.
With the interest for mining in Bolivia that has -recently been
awakened outside of its territorial limits, and particularly among
North American prospectors, it is to be expected that discoveries of
minerals which are considered precious when in a state of sufficient
purity will sooner or later be made; but up to the time of Doctor
Bandelier's investigation there had been no authentic finds of either
diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emaralds, topazes, almandines, or zircons.
The following are the stones of which Doctor Bandelier heard from
reliable sources or that he actually saw:
Ainethyats. — ^These occur in southern Bolivia, in the districts of
Tarija and Tupiza.
Oamet. — A number of well crystallized and very characteristic
specimens of melanite from the province of Inquisivi in the southern
portions of the department of La Paz were seen, but while the species
was unmistakable, the crystals were opaque and without any value
commercially.
Tourmaline. — The common black variety accompanying cassiterite
occurs near La Paz.
From southern Bolivia and from the vicinity of its former capital,
Sucre, rubies and almandines are reported to appear in the sands of
rivers. Diamonds are thought to exist, accompanying gold in the
Tipuani gold district on the eastern slope of the Cordilleras. There is
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PRECIOUS STONES. 967
no impossibility that such reports may at some future time prove to
be the shadows cast before real events. In the neighborhood of the
city of La Paz there are streams carrying gold, with its usual accom-
paniment of titanic iron, wash tin, and metallic grains, the nature of
which is yet undetermined. Such mineralogical associations may yet
prove significant.
In regard to emerald. Doctor Bandelier states that this is the gem
about which in those parts of South America more has been said than
about any other. It is certain that many emeralds have existed in
private hands for centuries past, since the times of the Spanish colo-
nization. But the source whence these precious stones came, which
are seen worn in rings, bi'acelets, and other articles of personal adorn-
ment, has never attracted due attention. Doctor Bandelier holds that
never in' any part of Peini (Bolivia included) did the emerald play an
important part in the practical results of warlike spoils or in tribute
as it did in Colombia. What is said in some mineralogical text-books
relating to Peruvian emeralds is the result of geographical confusion,
if not of ignorance. Emeralds were unquestionably met with at the
beginning of the conquest, but not at all comparable in quantity with
what Colombia yielded or with what was obtained on the Ecuadorian
coast. •
Hence, the number of emeralds that appeared at Cuzco, for instance,
within the last century, after the interior of Peru became more acces-
sible, is not to be ascribed to emerald localities in that region, but to
the tsict that the early colonists had easy opportunities for obtaining
the highly prized stones from points under immediate Spanish sway
and situated on the same side of the South American continent. It is
much more than likely that all the emeralds at Cuzco, La Paz, and in
the interior of Bolivia originally came from Muzo in Colombia, or,
in very early days, from Ekiuador. The number of emeralds at Cuzco
is very great, or at least has been so, and there is yet a considerable
quantity remaining, although in hands that would not permit commer-
cial manipulation of them. At La Paz, some thirty years ago, the
emeralds were extensively supplanted by modem imitations (by shrewd
candidates for the acquisition of gems).
Most of the emeralds still met with at Cuzco, and on the highlands
in general, have what is there called a "garden;" that is, they are
impure in the sense that minute fissures traverse the otherwise well-
colored stone. Such a gem with a ''garden" is even looked upon
with favor by many of the people. The cutting is usually very imper-
fect and the ''cabochon" quite common. Everything tends to show
that the gems were not originally obtained in the country, but were
brought thither after the settlement by the Spaniards. Considerable
wealth accuifiulated in the hands of early settlers, because gems could
be obtained by them with much less outlay than is generally imagined.
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968 MINERAL RESOURCES.
Potosf, in Bolivia, affords an example of the layishness with which
precious metals were expended in order to obtain other luxuries.
Had the emerald been known and accessible to the Peruvian abo-
rigines as a gem, it would have been found much more frequently in
the excavation of ancient settlements, dwellings, or graves. As it is,
there are hardly any such disc>overies on record. Neither on the
Peruvian coast nor in the highlands have they been met with, except
very sporadically. A monetary value the Indian could not attach to
any jewel, but a religious one he might have conceived. Doctor
Bandelier knows of only one perfectly authentic finding of an emerald
in Bolivia. This occurred in the vicinity of the now abandoned min-
ing settlement of Sotalaya, north of Huarina and near Lake Titicaca.
Here an emerald in the shape of a pear, very clear, and over an inch
in length, was taken out of an ancient skull. The witchcraft'practices
of the present Indians, copied by them from their ancestors, makes it
altogether probable that this gem was placed within the cranium long
after the fifteenth century. It is now brilliantly cut and in private
hands in Germany. The cutting has brought out the marvelous beauty
of the jewel, but at the expense of its value as an antique.
Emeralds were never found anywhere by Doctor Bandelier in his
niunerous excavations both in Peru and Bolivia. But specimens of
what is called emerald of Coroooro were obtained in western Bolivia.
The formation in which these transparent green stones are met with is
Permian. Many were taken to England and, if the reports from there
are correct, were declared to be *' soft ^ emeralds. An examination of
the crystals proves them to be simply very handsome green fluorite,
with the cubic form perfectly plain. And yet, to this day many believe
in the *' soft-emerald" explanation.
Excavations on the coast, and sometimes also in the interior, yield
turquoise in the shape of beads and incrustations. No clue has yet
been obtained to their locality. Raimondi also mentions the fact of
their occurrence, without having been able to explain it or to deter-
mine the source of the mineral. As a general rule such substances as
served for decorative or ceremonial purposes become more abundant
in the ruins in proceeding from the interior to the coast, and in the
interior as one gets within the range of the Inca influence.
Serpentine^ nephrite^ and possibly jadeite,—K number of gi^eenisb
beads, some of large size, were sent to the museum by Doctor Bande-
lier, who was unable to determine to which of the three species they
may belong. No locality of jadeite has as yet been discovered in Peru
or Bolivia.
Lazvlite. — Lazulite is quite common, and is found even occasionally
in ruins in the Bolivian cordilleras. The locality is unknown, although
lazulite occurs presumably in situ in the copper region of central
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PRECIOUS STONES. 969
Bolivia, and perhaps near Ayacucho, in Peru. A fetich is reported
as exhumed somewhere near Cuzco that represented a human figure
of gold with lazulite; but, while such a things is not unpossible, the
statement is doubtful.
The Spanish writers, from the sixteenth century and the century
following, are explicit in limiting the localities where emeralds were
found to the Muzo country, in Colombia (where the Well-known emer-
ald localities still exist), and to some unknown region in Ecuador. It
should not be overlooked, in regard to the latter, that there is no evi-
dence to the effect that it was on the Ecuadorian coast near the Manta
or the Esmeraldas of to-day. It appears that the gems were in pos-
session of the Indians at these points when the Spaniards first came in
contact with them; but an author of great reliability, who wrote at
the close of the sixteenth century and one who devoted some attention
to the question of emeralds in South America, the Jesuit Joseph de
Acosta, distinctly states that the emeralds of Manta came from the
interior and from a region that had not been visited in his time.
Hence the story that the emerald mines of the Ecuadorian coast were
kept concealed by Indians, or were even covered up from the sight of
the Spaniards, still requires critical. investigation. Oviedo, who also
mentions the emeralds of Manta, describes even the rock in which
they are found; but it is likely that he took his description from what
was known at his time of the emerald mines in Colombia. Of other
gems, like diamond^ rubies, sapphires, etc., no mention is made in
any authentic documents of that period.
PRECIOUS STONES OF ELBA.
Since the death of the distinguished Italian minei*alogist, Giovanni
D'Achiardi, professor of mineralogy at the University of Pisa, several
papers have appeared from his pen. Besides their scientific value,
these posthumous publications have a special interest as being the last
contributions of the lamented author to the science of his country, to
which he was so devoted.
The papers are as follows:
On the crystalline character of the quartz of Palombia, on the island
of Elba, treating of its occurrence and crystallogmphic features.^
On the crystal form of beryl on the island of Elba, with illustra-
tions of the complex character of the remarkable crystals.*
On the tourmalines found in the granite of San Piero in Campo, on
the island of Elba. In this Professor D'Achiardi speaks of the asso-
ciated minerals, pyrite, arsenopyrite, rutile, apatite, lepidolite, and
aProcesBi verbal! della Society Toecana di Scienze Natural!: Adunanza del dl 8 marzo 1908, Pisa,
MM. pp. 1-7.
^Estratto dal Proceasi della Society Toscana di Scienze Naturali: Adunanza del di 13 marzo 1901«
PP.I-U.
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1>70 MINERAL BESOUKCES.
stilbite. The locality in niany ways resembles those of southern
California, in San Diego and Riverside counties.^
PRECIOUS STONES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
In the exhibit of the Philippine Islands at St. Louis, Mo., there
are a number of interesting gem stones. Some of the^e were pro-
cured by the collectors sent out by the Philippine Exposition Board:
the rest were sent to the Exposition by the Mining Bureau, Manila.
But little is known of the localities, no data accompanying the speci-
mens.
Mr. Roy C. Hopping, of the Department of Mines of the Philippine
Exhibit, describes these stones as follows:
Wood opal. — Wood opal is found on the mountains near Capas,
Tarlac Province, Luzon Island. Capas Is 60 miles north of Manila on
the Manila and Dagupan Railroad. There is a large suite of speci-
mens, gray, yellow, reddish-brown, and black, banded and mottled.
They all have the semiopal glimmering luster. One specimen of white
petrified wood was also procured at Capas.
Petrified wood, — Petrified wood occurs in the district of Zambo-
anga, Mindanao Island, the land of the Moros. Zamboanga is a pen-
insula on the west coast of Mindanao, about 400 miles south of Manila,
with Borneo 250 miles southwest. The suite of specimens is white,
red, and gray, one very striking specimen being pure white with a
jet-black center. ^
Woodjaspei\ — Wood jasper and petrified wood is found at Mauban,
Tayabas Province, Luzon Island. The specimens are large, white,
porous limbs and trunks of trees, and heavy sections of compact, red
and yellow mottled tree trunks. Mauban is 60 miles southwest from
Manila on the opposite coast, a mile or so inland from Lamon Bay.
Chalcedony, blue chert, white agate, drusy^ and vitreous quartzes, —
These stones are found associated at San Miguel, Bulacan Province,
Luzon Island. The specimens appear to be pieces of large nodules
and geodes. The chalcedony is clear, translucent gray, the chert
pretty mottled blue-gray, and the agate white, finely lined and banded.
The quartz is drusy (lining cavities) and vitreous crystalline, of the
crypto-crystalline varieties.
Fossil coral, — Fossil coral, siliceous, beautifully marked, translucent,
and white, is represented by one specimen, broken from a weathered
cliff or reef at San Miguel. San Miguel is an inland town among the
mountains of Bulacan Province, 40 miles due north of Manila, and ite
important mineral industry is mining and smelting the high-grade
steel ores which occur here and elsewhere in Bulacan. A well-known
oBstratto dai Processi verbali della Society Toscana di Scienze Natumli: AduDanra del dl 8 lOMg-
glo 1904, pp. 1-9.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 971
mineral spring is at Sibul (Tagalog, spring) not far from San Miguel.
The water contains lime, chlorine, silica, and carbonic acid gas.
Agate jasper^ jasper^ and chalcedony, — ^These stones occur on the
island of Panay, about 200 miles southeast of Manila. Most of the
specimens are rounded bowlders, mottled red and yellow. One speci-
men of clear gray chalcedony, a partial nodule in green diorite, comes
from Aniniy, Antique Province, Panay.
Mr. Hopping also quotes the following from an article by Mr. H.- D.
McCaskey, chief of the mining bureau, published in the OflScial
Gazette for May, 1904:
With the exception of opal, reported from Binangonan in Rizal, and some^ very
small rubies, reported in the headwaters of streams flowing into the ocean near
Mambulao and Paracale, no minerals have yet been identified as precious stones.
Mr. Hopping states that Binangonan is a basalt locality quite near
Manila, and that Paracale is the center of the best known gold field.
The island of Mindanao, the most probable gem field, is thus far
almost entirely unexplored.
PRECIOUS STONES OF CEYLON.
In the report^ issued in connection with the Ceylon court at the
Lfouisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Mo., there is an admir-
able chapter on the mineral resources of Ceylon, by Mr. A. K.
Coomaraswamy, that treats at some length of the graphite, mica, iron
ore, and manganese, but the most interesting chapter of this report is
that on gems. In this Mr. Coomaraswamy mentions the occurrence
of the various forms of gems found upon the island, noting that the
only gem at present actually mined from the rock is moonstone, the
orthoclase variety being especially quarried in the Dumbara district
of the Central Province. The silvery sheen suggested is probably due
to incipient decomposition, minute flakes of kaolin being arranged in
definite planes within the crystal. The best varieties are those in
which the silvery sheen has a strong blue color. The large quantity
of the stone which can be obtained prevents its commanding a very
high price; from 76 to 100 rupees ($25 to $33) is the very highest
price which the largest and best stones would fetch.
In i*egard to the remarkable garnet known as essonite, or cinnamon
stone, he says:
Garnets are likewise obtained in sUu, though occurring also in the gravels. Gar-
nets of small size, but brilliant color, are exceedingly abundant in many of the
cryetalline rocks; occasionally they are large enough and good enough for use as
gems, and are then usually obtained by being picked out from partially decomposed
portions of the rock. Cinnamon stone is a variety of garnet of a strong brownish-
yellow color; it is not much valued. Of ordinary garnets those are best which have
aOfflcial Handbook of the Ceylon Court, with Mapfl and niustrationa, Qeoz^e A. Skeen, goyem-
ment printer, Colombo, Ceylon, 1904, pp. lid-lfiO.
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972 MINEBAL BE80UB0E8.
a pink color withoat any shade of brown. Fine fiery specimens of garnets may be
worth as much as 100 or 200 rupees (f33 or $66) or more, and cinnamon stones of t
pure rich yellow color, and weighing 10 to 15 carats, may fetch as much as 500 or
600 nipees ($166 or $200). Of course the stones must be of perfect color and free from
flaws to fetch thene high prices.
It is interesting to note what is said about rubies. Varieties of
corundum include the most important gem stones, ruby and sapphire.
Of these rubies are much the most valuable, it being very rarely that stones of any
size without flaws are obtained. It is rarely also that the most perfect "pigeon's
blood" color is found. A ruby of about 1 carat and of the best color and flawlea
fetches about 300 to 800 rupees ($100 to $266) ; as much as 15,000 rupeee ($5,000) has
been offered for an absolutely perfect ruby of 4 carats, but the price of 7,500 rupees
($2,500) for a perfect 6-carat stone, actually sold, was considered high.
Ceylon rubies are never the true red of the Burman, although often
more brilliant, and hence are less valuable.
The varieties of chrysoberyl are very interesting. The cat's-eye is highly valued,
and fine specimens have realized large sums, but it is affected by the caprice of
fashion, not commanding general admiration as do the sapphire and the ruby; the
result is that in some years its price is increased by a demand which in otfaera as
suddenly falls. There are inferior kinds of stones resembling cat's-eyes, such as the
quartz cat*8-eye and crocidolite, which is now stained to resemble the chrysoberyl
or true cat*8-eye, but in no case do these compare with the real cat's-eye, which is
said to be peculiar to Ceylon. Although found in several districts, the finest have
been produced from the gem pits of the Morawak corral.
In the same district, and it is said almost exclusively, there is found the beaatifol
gem called Alexandrite. This mineral was formerly found only in the northern ptrt
of the Russian Empire, and took its name from the Imperial family. The charac-
teristic of this gem when really fine is its rich vivid green hue by day (much darker
than the emerald and slightly bronzed), which by artificial light is completdy
changed to a deep red. Like the cat's-eye, this gem occasionally conunands a high
price in the European markets, and is sometimes sought after by Americans and
Russians, who are often led to suppose that the stones are of Russian origin. In
reality the Russian stones are finer in color and of greater beauty, but rarely over 2
carats in weight and very rare, whereas many Ceylon stones weigh from 10 to 20
carats each.
The stone known as zircon is classified under various names, according to riigbt
variations of color or the imagination of the dealer who introduces it to the market
Its usual colors are various shades of brownish and yellowish red, showing in fine
specimens a very fiery hue, which the ancients were wont to credit with supernatural
powers. Many other qualities it was supposed to possess; among others the power
of composing the wearer to sleep and protecting him from unseen enemies. Another
kind of zircon is almost colorless; it is a whitish crystal with a faint smokinesB, and
is often spoken of as Matara diamond. It has, of course, no connection with the
real diamond, although used to imitate rose diamonds in the eighteenth century.
In regard to beryls and emeralds he says that pale green beryls
are found in large flawless crystals and sold under the name of aqua-
marine; it is only very occasionally that Ceylon beryls possess the true
emerald color. This color has never been seen by the writer of this
review although he has examined great quantities of gems from
Ceylon.
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PRECIOUS STONES. 973
Mr. Coomaraswamy closes his discussion as follows:
To the mineralogist the gems are of most interest in their micut state and in con-
nection with their mode of occurrence in the rock. Unfortunately most of the inter-
esting gems of Ceylon have not yet heen found in gUu, but only as more or less
water-worn pebbles in the river gravels of the Balangoda, Kakwana, and Ratnapura
districts. Several new minerals have been found in the heavy refuse from gem
washings during the last fifteen years, and it is possible that others remain to be
discovered.
These observations are interesting in connection with the statements
that have appeared in previous reports in which Barrington-Brown
and others have attempted to show that the mining of precious stones
in Ceylon by the compound system could not be successfully carried
on owing to the cupidity of the natives, which renders it impossible
for the operators to receive the return of all the gems or even the
larger part thereof.
PREHISTORIC JEWELRY IN RUSSIAN TURKESTAN.
Prof. Kaphael Pumpelly, who has been engaged in archaeological
investigations in Russian Turkestan under the auspices of the Carnegie
Institution, has recently sent a letter to the president, Dr. Daniel C.
Gilman, describing some remarkable discoveries in the vicinity of
Anan, a few miles east of Aschabad. Here, near the ruins of that
city, which was inhabited up to a century ago, are two very ancient
mounds rising above the present level of the plain respectively 40
and 52 feet. These show a long succession of layers of remains, with
pottery, etc., divisible into four marked stages, two in each. The
earliest layer in one mound is wholly without evidence of metals, fol-
lowed by one containing traces of bronze and lead; the other mound
is chiefly of the more developed bronze age, with an upper stage in
which traces of iron appear. In all these stages, save the last. Pro-
fessor Pumpelly finds a peculiar custom of burying children under the
houses, beneath a covering of fire-hardened earth. With these remains
are found beads of various kinds, including especially carnelian, tur-
quoise, and lapis-lazuli. The mining and use of these minerals and
the traflic in them in this region are thus carried back into the later
stone age.
THE CHESTER MINERALOGICAL COLLECTION.
The mineralogical collection of the late Prof. Albert H. Chester, of
Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., has been presented to that
institution by his son, Mr. A. H. Chester, jr., a most generous and
appropriate gift. The collection is a remarkably fine one, in its com-
plete and typical illustrations of the field of mineralogy, and hence it
ia especially valuable for purposes of instruction. It includes 4,850
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974 MTCTERAL RESOURCES.
specimens, carefully selected and authenticated by Professor Chester,
who was both a high authority and an excellent judge. He especially
aimed at securing perfect and typical crystals, and also possessed a fine
SBsthetic taste in his choice of specimens, which enabled him to obtain
those that were attractive as well as accurately illustrative.
In addition. Professor Chester's working library, gathered through
many yeai-s with liberal expenditure of time and means, accompanies
the specimens. This library was extremely full in the department of
nomenclature, in which Professor Chester was a specialist, having
written the most complete volume of mineralogical names and syno-
nyms and being the editor of the mineralogical department of Murray's
great dictionary. This library is probably the most complete of its
peculiar kind in the United States.
WATCH JEWELS.
At no former period were watch jewels made so beautifully perfect
as to mechanical accuracy. A certain number of jewels, often simply
called stones, are used in every watch. A watch is said to run on so
many stones, and though it can not strictly be said that the value of a
watch increases with the number of stones used, still in an approxi-
mate sense it is true. This is indicated by the fact that during the
last fifteen years, which have witnessed a very marked improvement
in watches, the number of stones required for the works of a fin<t-
class watch has been increased by nine, and as millions of watches are
made annually, the number of jewels annually sold is at least from
10,000,000 to 20,000,000. The little gems are pierced to receive the
gearing of the axles of the wheels. The object of using them is to
give to the works a base which shall cause the least friction and shall
not wear out easily. Among the gems employed for this purpose
garnet is the least valuable, but it is much used in the cheaper watches.
Sapphires and rubies, fine enough in quality to make gems, are mostly
used, but only minute pieces are necessary. For the most part, how-
ever, these gems are merely fragments of larger ones which have no
color, or else are rolled crystals that are of such color as to have no
value, and hence are not considered as jewels. This is especially true
of sapphires too pale for setting, which, however, are a shade harder
and hence more serviceable for watch stones, and of stones which, like
the Fergus County, Mont., blue flat crystals, or the Granite County,
Mont., multicolored crystals, have little value in jewelry. Many
thousand ounces of these American gems are sold at from $1 to $5 per
ounce, and are an important factor in American sapphire mining.
In Switzerland most of the jewels are cut and sold in boxes of from
500 to 1,000 per box. Each stone has been given a rounded form and
is pierced in the center, the drill-hole being smaller by a minute qoan-
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PBE0I0U8 STONES. 975
tity than the diameter of the axle which it is to hold. The bed of the
stone in the watch is a small cylinder, apparently of brass, but in
reality consisting of a soft-gold alloy. Before the stone is handed to
the watchmaker it is put in a lathe, and by means of a tiny steel drill,
covered with oil and diamond dust, the central opening is enlarged
sufficiently to enable the steel axle or pin for which it is intended to
fit into it accurately. The watchmaker first fixes the cylinder in the
lathe, then picks up the stone with the moistened finger and inserts it
in the cylinder while the latter is turning with the axis of the lathe.
With a pointed tool the workman next presses against the edge of
the revolving cylinder and thus forces the soft metal to cover and
protect the sapphire or ruby to such an extent that it appears as if
embedded in a metallic cushion. Next a drill is inserted in the metal-
lic coat of the cylinder from the opposite side of the lathe, and a hole
is drilled in this coat exactly of the same size as the hole in the stone
itself. A great variety of forms have been made recently, not only
for watches, but for electric and other meters. The latter, as com-
pared with watches, require a greater and more enduring life in the
jewels, which, owing to the microscopic inclusions, either of softer
minerals or of fluid cavities, is often shortened materially. Sapphires,
rubies, and even diamonds are used with wonderful ingenuity, and
with the increasing demand for hard bearings in the endless variety
of electrical devices, in which the moving points revolve rapidly,
there is much to be looked for in the way of new devices, and a greatly
increased demand for jeweled bearings is probable.
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976
MINERAL REdOUBOES.
PRODUCTION.
In the following table is given a statement of the production of
precious stones in the United States from 1897 to 1903, inclusive.
Production of precious stones in the UtiUed States, 1897-190S.
Stone.
Diamond
Sapphire
Ruby
Topaz
Beryl (aquamarine, etc. )
Beryl (pink)
Emerald
Phenacite
Tourmaline
Peridot
Quartz, crystal
Smoky quartz
Rose quartz
Amethyst
Prase
Gold quartz
Rutilated quartz
Dumortieritc In quartz
Tourmalinated quartz
Agate
Moss agate
Chrysoprase
Silicified wood (silicified and
opalized)
Opal
Garnet (almandlte)
Rhodolite ,
Garnet (pyrope)
Topazolite
Amazon stone
Oligoclase
Moonstone
Turquoise
Utahlite (compact variscite) . .
Chlorastrolite
Mesolite (thomsonite, so
called)
Prehnite
Diopside
Epidote
Pyrite
Malachite
Rutile
Anthracite (ornaments)
Catlinite (pipestone)
Fossil coral
Arrow points
Miscellaneous
Total .
1897.
None.
t25,000
None.
None.
1,500
25
None.
9,125
500
12,000
1,000
None.
200
None.
5,000
None.
None.
None.
1,000
1,000
None.
2,000
200
7,000
None.
2,000
None.
500
25
None.
55,000
100
500
500
100
100
None.
1,000
None.
800
1,000
2,000
500
1,000
130,675
1898.
None.
955,000
2,000
100
2,200
60
None.
4,000
500
17,000
1,000
100
250
None.
5,000
100
None.
None.
1,000
1,000
100
2,000
200
5,000
None.
2,000
None.
600
10
None.
60,000
100
5,000
1,000
100
None.
None.
1,000
None.
110
1,000
2,000
500
1,000
160,920
1899.
1900.
S300
, 68,000
8,000
None.
4,000
I
50
None.
2,000
500
12,000
None.
100
260
None.
500
50
None.
None.
1,000
1,000
100
3,000
None.
5.000
None.
2,000
None.
250
20
None.
72,000
100
3,000
1,000
50
None.
None.
1,000
250
200
2,000
2,000
50
1,000
185,770
S150
75,000
3,000
None.
11,000
4,000
None.
'^ 500
500
10,000
1,000
100
500
None.
2,000
50
None.
None.
1,000
1,000
100
6,000
None.
500
20,000
1,000
None.
250
20
None.
82,000
100
8,000
1,000
50
None.
None.
2,000
200
100
2,000
2,000
50
1,000
283,170
1901.
1902.
1901
$100
90,000
500
None.
5.000
1,000
None.
15,000
500
10,000
1,000
150
600
None.
2,000
50
None.
1,000
1,000
500
1.500
7,000
None,
100
21,000
1,000
None.
200
None.
None.
118,000
250
8.000
1,000
None.
None.
None.
3,000
100
None.
2,000
2,000
100
500
289,050
None.
$115,000 I
None. I
None.
4,000
1,000
None.
30,000
500
12,000
2,000
200
2,000
None.
8,000
100
None.
None.
1.000 !
500
5,000
7,000
150
None.
1,500
1,000
None.
600
None.
None.
130,000
None.
4.000
1,000
None.
None.
None.
8,000
None.
None.
2,000
2,000
None.
None.
328,450
100.000
None.
200
4,000
200
2«
None.
45,000
5.000
10,001
1,500
1,500
3,000
None.
3,000
100
Nose.
None.
2,000
1,400
1«500
5,000
2D0
None.
1,000
2,000
None.
400
None.
N<Bie.
110,000
IflO
3,000
soo
None.
None.
None.
3, CO)
None.
None.
2,000
2.00
None.
None.
IS, no
321.400
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PRECIOUS STONES.
977
IMPORTS.
The following table shows the value of the diamonds and other
precious stones imported into the United States from 1867 to 1903,
inclusive:
Diamonds and other precious stones imported and entered for consumption in the United
States, 1867-190S.
Year ending—
Diamonds.
Glacier.-. Du,t Rj^"'
Jane 80—
1867
•906
484
445
9,872
976
2,386
1868
1809
1870
1871
1872
1873
1
1874 '
1875 j
1876
1877 1
1878 . .
1879 1
1880 !
1881. '
1882..... 1
1888 1
ISM
22,208
11,526
8,949
9,027
10,025
8,156
147,227
c565,623
582,246
357,989
82,061
107,468
78,990
a 29, 576
8,058
2,428
8,833
5,864
10,788
10,634
1885
Dec 81—
1886
18K7
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1898
1894
1896
1896
18J7
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1905
I
fl40
71
17
89,707
40,424
68,621
82,618
20,678
45,264
36,409
18,889
49,860
51,409
92,858
82,628
87,121
80,426
82,316
33,498
29,127
68,746
179,154
125,688
144,487
74,265
63,691
135,658
65,690
167, 118
240,665
618,864
605,496
831,984
798,528
720.150
Set,
8176,426
144,629
211,920
186,404
78,033
68. -270
104,158
129,207
233,596
449,513
448,996
367,816
871,679
802,822 I
262,857 '
244,876 I
196,294
840,915 I
Unset.
1,386,726
2,613,800
4,896,324
3,658,645
6,592,469
8,221,389
10,275,800
$330
6,622
13,388
10,721
2.654
175
675
(/)
82,789,924
6,743,026
8,795,541
7,803,066
13.544,326
13,884,168
18,020,367
Diamonds
and other
stones not
set.
81,817,420
1,060,644
1,997,282
1,768,824
2,849,482
2,939,156
2,917,216
2,168,172
8,284,819
2,409,516
2,110,216
2,970,469
8,841,835
6,690,912
8,820,315
8,877,200
7,698,176
8,712,815
6,628,916
7,916,
10,526,
10,228,
11,704,
612,429,
« 12, 065,
« 13, 846,
«9,766,
«7,291,
<6.880,
«4,474,
1,903,
1,660,
2,882,
1,472,
1,888,
1,888.
2,494,
Set In
gold or
other
metal.
1291
1,466
28
1,604
266
2,400
826
114
46
1,734
1,026
638
766
1,807
8,206
a 2, 801
Total.
SI, 818, 617
1,062,498
1,997,890
1,779,271
2,860,781
8,083,648
8,184,392
2,871,636
8,478,757
2,616,648
2,286,246
8,071,173
8,964,920
6,870,244
8,606,627
8,922.771
8,126,881
9,139,460
6,042,547
8,259,747
10,831,880
10,607,668
11,978,004
18,106,691
12,756,588
14,521,851
10,197,506
7,427,214
6,573.866
4.618,991
6,276,729
10,162,941
17,208,631
13,561,588
22,815,352
24,763,686
26,522,628
a Not specified since 1883.
* Includes stones set and not specially provided for since 1890.
e Including also engravers', not set, and jewels to be used in the manufactnrc of watches, from 1891
to 1894; from 1H94 to 1896 miners' diamonds are also included.
'Included with diamonds and other stones from 1891 to 1896.
« Including rough or uncut diamonds.
/Not specified prior to 1897.
yineroaing also miners' and engravers', not set.
M B 1903 62
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TALC AND SOAPSTONE.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
INTRODUCTION.
The notable changes in the talc industry dunng the year 1903 are
the development of the new deposits in Georgia; the opening of
deposits in Vermont, thus adding this State once more to those pro-
ducing talc; the large decrease in the production of New York talc,
due to strikes in the paper mills, and the increase in the import duty
on ground talc.
The new deposits opened and developed in Georgia during 1903 are
located near Ball Ground, Cherokee County, and near Canton, Chero-
kee County. ^These were not worked very extensively, but sufficient
work was done on the Ball Groimd deposit to show a large body of
white talc, and a plant for grinding it is now being installed. The
Vermont deposits are in Windsor County, and have been worked by
two companies. Most of the talc (soapstone) was manufactured, there
being but little of it put on the market as ground talc.
Owing to strikes in some of the paper mills during 1903, which
caused them to be closed down for some time, there was a large
decrease in the production of the fibrous talc from New York. Nearly
all the talc mined in this State is sold to the paper manufacturers, and
when, for any cause, there is any noticeable decrease in the quantity
of paper manufactured, the production of the fibrous talc in New York
is affected. The demand for this fibrous talc in the manufacture of
paper is increasing with the increase of the manufacture of paper, for
it gives much better satisfaction than clay, which is still used to some
extent, hut which was formerly used almost exclusively as a filler for
paper. The talc has the advantage inasmuch as, besides acting as a
filler, its fibrous character gives additional strength to the paper.
Although some of the talc mined in the other States is used in the
paper industry, none of them produce a talc that is used almost exclu-
sively for this purpose, as is the case with the New York product.
There was some excitement in the talc trade during 1903, especially
among the importers, owing to the placing of an import tax of 1
cent per pound on ground talc. It is considered dutiable at the same
979
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980 MINERAL BES0UB0B8.
rate as French chalk, which is dutiable at the rate of 1 cent per ponnd
under section 13 of the tariiar act of July 24, 1897, which is as follows:
Chalk (not medicinal nor prepared for toilet powders), when ground, predpilsted
naturally or artificially, or otherwise prepared, whether in the form of cubes, blocks,
sticks, or disks, or otherwise, including tailor's pencils, billiard, red, or French chalk,
1 cent per pound. Manufactures of chalk not specially provided for in this act, 25
per centum ad valorem.
Although the two minerals are not the same, they are used in many
cases for the same purposes. The imposition of this import tax on
imported ground talc resulted in the advance of prices of domestic
talc, especially by the producers in the South. In some instances an
advance of as much as $10 per ton was reported. As a result of this
duty, it is probable that there will be a decrease in the importation of
ground talc and a corresponding increase in domestic ground talc, as
the foreign talc, with a $20 per ton duty upon it, can not so easily
compete with the domestic talc, even when the increase in the price of
the domestic article is considered.
One result of this increase in the price of talc will be to stimulate
prospecting for domestic deposits of talc that are suitable for manu-
facturing into ground talc, and to increase the production of the
known deposits that are suitable for this purpose. Much of the talc
mined is not suitable for the manufacture of ground talc, Wt is used in
the manufacture of washtubs, laboratory sinks, etc. It may be of
interest to give in this connection a synopsis of the talc localities iu
the United States that were noted in the reports for 1900, 1901, and
1902.
OCCURRENCES AKD liOCAIilTIES.
Talc is found in greater or less quantity in nearly every State along
the Atlantic slope, the deposits of best quality being in New York and
North Carolina. The other States that have produced talc or soap-
stone are New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, and California,
New York. — The talc deposits of New York are in Exlwards and
Fowler townships of St. Lawrence County, and occur in a belt of
impure limestone which crosses a portion of these townships for a dis-
tance of 7 or 8 miles. The principal mines are located near Talcvillc,
Edwardsville Township, and near Little York, Fowler Township.
There has been a consolidation of a number of the smaller properties,
so that they are now worked more systematically and on a larger
scale.
North Carolina, — In North Carolina the talc deposits are found in
Swain, Cherokee,* Jackson, and Madison counties. In the two former
counties, which produce by far the largest amount, the talc occurs for
the most part between strata of marble and quartzite. The principal
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TALC AND 80APST0NE. 981
mining is in the vicinity of Hewitts and Nantahala, Swain County, and
a few miles east of Murphy, and in the vicinity of Kinsey, Cherokee
County. The pyrophyllite deposits of Moore County are mined to
some extent, the product being used for various purposes; but it is
not so good In quality as the genuine talc, and does not command so
high a price.
Ma8sach%Lsetts, — ^The Massachusetts talc deposits are located near
Dalton, Berkshire County, and are worked by drifting and shafting.
The talc is foliated, and all that is mined is ground to a flour talc.
Vermont, — The Vermont deposits are in the town of Rochester,
Windsor County, about 3 miles southeast of the village of Rochester.
New Jersey. — In Warren County, N. J., a soapstone vein has been
encountered which has a northeast-southwest strike. It is worked
by the Lizzie Clay and Pulpstone Company, which has an open quarry
on the bank of the Delaware River, about 20 feet above the water.
This deposit has been worked almost continuously for twenty years,
and there have been over 50,000 tons of talc taken out, nearly all of
which has been ground to a powder, the larger proportion being used
in the manufacture of paper. The tailings from the bolting of the
ground talc are used to some considerable extent by roofing-paper
manufacturers and others.
Pennsylvania. — ^This same vein of talc outcrops across the river on
the Pennsylvania side, in the vicinity of Easton, Northampton County,
and is worked extensively. The general width of the soapstone belt
is from 500 to 600 feet, and it is associated with limestone. Practi-
cally all of this Pennsylvania and New Jersey talc or soapstone, which
is almost identical in appearance and quality, is put on the market in
the form of a ground product.
Maryland. — ^Talc deposits have been worked in Maryland by Mr.
H. A. Weldy , in Howard County. Near Westminster, Carroll County,
soapstone deposits are reported, which contain fine stone that is capa-
ble of being mined in large blocks, and is also of suflScient purity for
grinding. A small amount of this soapstone was ground during the
last year. These deposits are owned by Thomas & Son, of West-
minster.
Virginia, — The Virginia deposits are, for the most part, the steatite
variety of talc, some of which is used for manufacturing into wash-
tubs, etc. A considemble quantity of this soapstone was formerly
used in the manufacture of slate pencils, but very little is now used
for this purpose. Mr. B. H. Hester, of Oakland, Louisa County,
reports the occurrence of a deposit of soapstone of very good quality
in that section. In the vicinity of Wiehle, Fairfax County, a fibrous
talc has been obtained in some quantity. Another deposit of talc is
about 4 miles from Schuyler, Nelson County.
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982 MINERAL RESOURCES.
Georgia, — ^The occurrence of talc in Georgia is somewhat simikr to
that of North Carolina, and the formation is probably a continuation
of it, but the talc is more compact und is not so fine in quality. The
principal mining has been done in Murray County, 2 miles east of
Dalton. There is a deposit of white talc 2 miles from Ballground,
Cherokee County, and another deposit of talc near Canton, Cherokee
County. About one-half of the talc mined in Georgia is put on the
market in the form of ground talc.
Washington.— K}ao\\X» 7 miles above Marblemount, Skagit County,
Wash., on Skagit River, a talc deposit has been developed by Messrs.
T. M. and E. H. Alvord, of Marblemount. No talc has thus far been
put on the market, but a mill for grinding is near completion, and
they expect to be producers of this mineral in 1904.
California.— In California talc is known to occur in quantity near
Castella, Shasta County, but high transportation charges are at the
present time prohibitory to profitable mining. On Catalina Island,
Los Angeles County, there is a deposit of serpentine that is being
operated and its product used for the same purposes as talc.
PRODUCTION.
The total production of talc and soapstone of all varieties during
1903 was 86,901 short tons, valued at $840,060, as compared with
97,954 tons, valued at $1,140,507, in 1902. This is a decrease of 11,053
tons in amount and of $300,447 in value and is due to the large decrease
in the production of the fibrous talc in New York.
PRODUCTION IN ALL STATES EXCLUSIVE OF NEW YORK.
Of this 1903 production, 26,671 short tons, valued at $418,460, were
obtained from all the States exclusive of New York, a decrease of
only 183 tons in quantity, but of $106,697 in value, as compared with
the production of 26,854 short tons, valued at $525,157, in 1902. This
large decrease in value is due to the lower prices received for manu-
factured articles. As will be seen further on, the average price per
ton received for the ground talc was higher in 1903 than in 1908.
The value given above includes that of the manufactured product made
from the talc, there being but a small amount of the production sold
in the crude state. The production is classified, therefore, as it is
marketed, as rough,* sawed into slabs, manufactured articles, and
ground talc. The variation that will be noticed in the value of the
manufactured articles as compared with that of the tonnage is due to
the character of the article made, some years the articles manufac-
tured being much more expensive, as was the case in 1902, than in
other years.
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TALO AND 80AP8TONE.
983
The following table gives the production and value of the talc and
soapstone produced in the United States (exclusive of the State of
New York) from 1893 to 1903, inclusive, according to the condition
in which it was marketed.
Ptoduclion of talc and BoapOonCy 1893-1908.
Condition in which
marketed.
1893.
1894.
1896.
1896.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
^Sr-
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
ROORh
Short
tons.
6,760
104
7,070
8,137
$51,600
4.400
123,600
75,467
Short
tons.
6,620
1,808
6,426
9.796
$60,780
19,600
244,000
87,045
ShoH
tons.
1,041
868
10,789
8,802
$8,886
12,320
170,791
74,498
ShoH
tons.
1,550
928
10,183
9.577
$13,875
Sawed into tlabs
15,481
282,261
92,948
M&nulactarod articlesa
Ground^
Totalo
21,071
265,067 28,144
401,826
21,496
266,495
22,188
364,066
CondlUon in which
marketed.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Rough
Short
tons.
1,020
1,107
12,095
7.701
$12,686
21,726
267,583
68,785
Short
tons.
1,880
1.805
11,886
8,210
$16,468
13,240
191,928
66,496
ShoH
tons.
1,540
1,499
12,877
9,849
$18,800
12,392
d229,810
70,803
Short
tons.
8,066
1,065
10.561
18,241
$82,466
19,620
174,270
157- 29»
Sawed into slabs
Manufactured articles^
Ground b
Totals
21,923 I 865,629
22,231
287,112
24,765 1 830,805
27,948
388,641
1
Condition in which marketed.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Qu
She
antity.
Value.
Hou«h..- .•-
Short tons.
3,920
226
12,618
11,880
$80,874
4,261
267,146
182,607
ShoH tons.
2,816
486
18.476
10,126
$20,036
7,722
412,028
85,871
»rt tons.
•2.90IR
$28,704
Sawed into slabs
2,027
12,219
9,517
33,800
Mannfa<^ur^ articl<«a^ . , . . ,
274,978
Ground fc.....m....rr-T,.,T .,
85,978
Total c
28,648
424,888
26,864
525- 157
26.671
418,460
aJncludes bath and laundrv tubs: fire brick for stoves, heaters, etc.; heartiistones, mantels, sinks,
piddles, slate pencils, tailors'^ pencils, gas tips, and numerous other articles of everyday use.
bFor foundry facings, paper making, lubricators, dreasinff skins and leather, etc.
^Exclusive of the amount used for pigment, which is included among mineral paints,
cilncludes manufactured materials to the value of $40,275, for which no quantities were given.
As is seen from this table, there was a slight increase in the quantity
of rough talc sold in 1903. Nearly one-half of this rough talc was of
^orth Carolina production. There was a large increase in the quantity
of talc sawed into slabs, the quantity in 1903 being the greatest of any
year in the last ten years. The most noticeable change is in the value
of manufactured products, the quantity of which was a little over
1,000 tons less than in 1902, but the value was $137,050 less. The
production of ground talc was a little less than in 1902, but its value
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984
MINEBAL BE8OUB0ES.
was somewhat greater. The 1903 production averaged 19.03 per ton,
while that of 1902 was $8.43 per ton. The variation in price of the
1903 production of ground taJc was from $5.20 to $20 per ton. The
value of the ground talc used in the manufacture of paper was almost
uniformly $7 per ton.
The States from which the above production was obtained and the
number of producers in each were as follows: Calif orniai 1 ; Georgia,
4; Maryland, 1; Massachusetts, 1; New Jersey, 1; North Carolina, 7;
Pennsylvania, 2; Vermont, 2; and Virginia 2; a total of 9 States and 21
producers. As there was only one producer in a number of the States
it has been necessary to group them together in giving the production
by States. In the following tables are given the production, by States,
in 1902 and 1903, and also the production from 1898 to 1901:
Production of UUc and soapstone in I90£ and 190Sy by States, exdudve of New York
State.
1902.
Quantity. Value.
190S.
Quantity. Value.
New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
Maryland and Virginia
North Carolina
Georgia
OtherStatesfc
Total
Short tons.
7,062
18,221
5,239
(«)
1,312
$52,812
372,163
88,982
11,220
ShoHtons.
5,412
13,118
5,330
1,012
1.799
144,(168
20,552
75,98*
9,012
44,824
26,854 625,157
26.671
41^4CD
a Included in "Other States" in 1902.
b QEilif omia, Massachusetts, and Georgia in 1902, and California, Massachusetts, and Vennont in 190B.
Production of talc and aoapstone in 1898, 1899, 1900, and 1901, by States.
state.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Georgia
Short tons.
639
1,696
3,778
10,059
6,060
27,320
25,436
119,480
110,822
Short tons.
1,062
1,817
5,012
10,886
5,988
a$42,085
81,880
32,872
107,062
0 116,906
ShortUms.
6,477
4,522
$77,213
76,308
ShortUms.
688
5,819
2,552
12,511
7.068
14,717
77,834
19,132
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Virginia
9,806
7,138
116,930
114,090
28^,900
Other States 6
90,315
Total
22,231
287,112
24,766
330,806
27,943
383,541
28,643
424, 88S
a Includes manufactured articles to the value of $36,000 for which no quanUUes were given,
frCaliforuia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Vennont; also Peonsyl-
vania in 1900.
o Includes $40,276 value for which no quantity was reported.
Vermont, which had made no production of talc in 1902, was again
a producer in 1903, and added considerably to the year's output
There was a large increase in the Georgia production, although its
total is still small. In North Carolina there was a slight increase in
the tonnage, amounting to 92 tons, but a considerable decrease in the
value, to the extent of $11,978.
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TALC AND 80APST0NE.
PRODUCTION IN NEW YORK.
985
The production of fibrous talc in New York in 1903 amounted to
60,230 short tons, valued at $421,600, as compared with 71,100 short
tons, valued at $615,350. This is a loss of 10,870 tons in quantity and
of $193,750 in value. As already explained, the chief reason for this
large decrease in production is due to the long and protracted strikes
at some of the paper mills. The average price per ton in 1903 was $7,
while in 1902 it was $8.65, a decrease of $1.65 per ton. All of the
production of 1903 was put on the market as ground talc, most of it
being used as a paper filler. In the table below is shown the produc-
tion of fibrous talc in New York since 1897.
Disposition of fibrous talc produced since 1897 in New York.
Use.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
Qoantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty.
Value.
SoM erode
Short toru.
9,800
47,209
$21,600
875,486
Short tons.
600
63,856
11,250
410,180
Short tons.
600
54,155
11,250
436,900
Short tons.
Paper flUinK
Paint
68,600
$499,500
Wall plasters
ToUl
57,009
896,986
54,356
411,430
54,655
488,150
68,600
499,500
Use.
1901.
1902.
1906.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Sold erode
ShoHtoM.
200
09,000
1000
488,000
ShorttOM,
100
71,000
1850
615,000
Shorttons.
Paper filling
60,280
Print. , .
$421,600
Wall plaatera . .
Total
ei^.Toa
48S.MW
71 inn
MR ftfin
fit\ <»n
421,600
'
The production of fibrous talc in 1903 is the lowest in tonnage since
1899, when the production was 54,155 short tons, valued at $436,900.
Usually the production of New York talc is double in tonnage and
about the same in value as that produced in all other States; in 1903,
however, the tonnage was more than double but the value only a little
more than that of the other States.
TOTAL PRODUCTION.
In the following table are given the quantity and the value of the
talc and soapstone produced in the United States since 1880, the
production of New York being given separately from the combined
production of the other States.
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986
MINERAL BE8O0ROES.
Production of talc and soapstcme in the United States, 1880-1903.
Year.
1880
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886,
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1895
1896,
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
New York.
All other
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Shxyritom.
Shmitons.
4,210
S54,730
8,441
5,000
60,000
7,000
6,000
75,000
6,000
6.000
75.000
8.000
10,000
110,000
10,000
10,000
110,000
10,000
12,000
125,000
12,000
15,000
160,000
12,000
20,000
210.000
15.000
23,746
244,170
12,715
41,854
389.196
18,670
58,054
493,068
16,514
41,945
472,485
23,908
35,861
408,436
21,071
39,906
435,060
23,144
89,240
370,897
21,495
46,089
399,443
22,183
57,009
396,936
21,923
54,356
411,430
22,231
54,655
438,160
24,766
63.500
499,600
27,943
69,200
483,600
28,643
71,100
615,350
26,854
60,230
421.600
26,671
Total.
Quantity. Value.
$66,665
75,000
90,000
150,000
200,000
200,000
225,000
225,000
250,000
231,708
252,309
243,981
437,449
255,067
401,325
266,495
354,065
365,629
287,112
830,805
383,541
424.888
525,057
418,460
SluiritoM.
12,651
12,000
12,000
14.000
20,000
20,000
24,000
27,000
85,000
36,461
55,024
69,568
56,932
63,060
60,735
68.272
78,932
76,587
79.420
91,443
97,843
97.954
86,901
$121,396
135,000
165,000
2S.0OD
310,000
310,000
SSO.0OO
385,000
40,000
475, S^
641, SOB
737,Oe
909,9M
658,508
83S,S5
637,ae
753, 5QS
762,5©
696,56
768,»
883, Ofl
908,ffi$
1,140,407
840.061
IMPORTS.
Since 1889 the quantity of talc imported into the United States has
been very irregular, owing partly to the development of deposits of
first-class talc in this country, which furnish a product equal in quality
to the French or the Italian, of which most of the imported material
consists. The imposition of a 1-cent per pound import duty will
have a still further tendency to reduce the amount of talc imported.
The quantity and value of the talc imported into the United States
since 1880 are given in the following table:
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TALC AND 80APST0NE.
Talc impmted into the UniUd States, 1880-1903.
987
Year.
QuaDtity.a
1880..
ShoHUms.
1881 1
1W2_., ,
IffS. , , 1
1884
If^
1886
1887
1888
24, 165
1889
19,229
1800
1,044
81
1891....
Value.
•22,
7,
26,
14,
41,
24,
24,
49,
22,
80,
1,
1,
Year.
I Quantity.
1802.
1893.
1894.
1806.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1906.
Short Urns,
531
1,860
622
8,165
1,966
796
761
254
79
2,886
2,850
1,791
Value.
85,546
12,826
6,815
26,848
18,098
8,428
9,388
8,644
1,070
27,016
85,866
19,677
a Quantity not reported previous to 1888.
During the last few years nearly all of the talc imported has been
in the form of the ground product.
CAKABIAN PBODUCTIOK.
There is but little talc produced in Canada, and the product varies
widely from year to year both in tonnage and value. In the table
below is given the quantity and value of the Canadian production
since 1886, the table having been compiled from figures obtained from
the Geological Survey of Canada.
Production of soaptttoiie in Canada, 1886-1903.
Year.
1686..
1887..
1888..
1880..
1800..
1891..
1892..
1804.
Quantity.
Value.
ShoH tons.
50
$400
100
800
140
280
195
1,170
917
1,239
None.
1,874
6,240
717
1,920
916
1,640
Quantity.
Short tons.
475
$2,138
410
1,230
157
850
None.
450
1.960
420
1,365
None.
Value.
1,804
2,064
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ABRASIVE MATERIALS.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
INTRODUCTION.
The abrasive materials are an interesting and important group of
mineral products on account of their dose relation to so many manu-
facturing industries. But few people understand and appreciate to
how great an extent the arts are dependent upon these abrasive mate-
rials, and know their value, uses, and occurrence. It is not always
the hardest abrasive that gives the best satisfaction for a given piece
of work, and it is necessary to select not only the kind of abrasive but
also the grade of that particular kind suitable to the nature of the
abrasion that it is desired to make. An' abrasive that will give satis-
faction in one instance will not necessarily do so in another instance.
There are many kinds of abrasive materials on the market, some
being natural products and. others artificial, and they readily arrange
themselves into three general groups, as follows:
1. Those which occur as a rock formation and are cut and manu-
factured directly into the form desired while retaining their original
rock structure and appearance, as grindstones, scythestones, etc.
2. Those which occur as a constituent of either a rock or a vein and
have to be mechanically separated from the associated gangue and
cleaned, as corundum, garnet, etc.
3. Artificial abrasives, as carborundum, crushed steel, etc.
The abrasive materials included under these three heads and treated
in this report are as follows: Oilstones and scythestones, grindstones
and pulpstones, buhrstones and millstones, pumice, infusorial earth and
tripoli, crystalline quartz, garnet, corundum and emery, feldspar, car-
borundum, crushed steel, artificial corundum, and adamite.
All of the above products are not used exclusively for abrasive pur-
poses, and in some cases only a small part of the production is actually
used as an abrasive material. With the exception, however, of infu-
sorial earth and tripoli, only that portion of the production of the
various abrasive materials that is used for abrasive purposes is included
in this report. In the case of infusorial earth and tripoli, the total pro-
duction is not large, and it is therefore all included under the one head*
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990
MIKEBAL BE80UBOBS.
From year to year there is a noticeable variation in the quantity of
the different kinds of abrasives produced, which is due partly to the
replacement of a certain abrasive by another natural product or by an
artificial abrasive; and partly also to the closing down of certain of the
mines, owing to their being exhausted or to the excessive expense of
carrying on the mining operations. In the latter case the loss in the
domestic production is often made up by the importation of that par-
ticular abrasive. In the aggregate, however, there is an increase in the
amount of abrasive materials produced each year. This b the natural
outcome of the continuous growth of our manufacturing industries.
The aggregate value of the production of abrasive materials in 1903
is the largest on record since these statistics have been collected, and
amounted to $1,493,303. As compared with the value of the 1902
production of $1,326,756, this is an increase of $166,548. The values
of the different abrasives produced in the United States for the years
1900 to 1903, inclusive, are given in the following table:
Value of abrasives produced in the United Stales during 1900, 1901, 190^, and 190S.
Kind of abrasiTe.
Oilstones and scythestones . .
Grindstones
Buhrstones and millstones . .
Pumice
Infusorial earth and tripoli .
Crystalline quartz
Garnet
Corundum and emery
Total 1,208,073
1900.
$174,087
710,026
32,858
24,207
40,705
123,475
102,715
1901.
1158,300
680,703
67,179
52.960
41,500
158,100
146,040
1,1M,772
1902.
1221.762
667,431
69,806
2.750
58,244
84,835
132.820
104.605
19(6.
$»6.85T
721,4*-.
82, »2
2,fi65
T6.273
76, m
132. ao
64,102
1.326.755 I 1.493,308
As is seen from this table, there was a large increase in 1903 in the
value of the production of oilstones and scythestones, and of grind-
stones and pulpstones, and a considerable gain in infusorial earth, and
it is to be noted also that the value of the 1903 production of each
of these three abrasive materials is the highest since these statistics
began to be collected in 1880. The other abrasives showed a decrease
in 1903 in the value of their production, and in the case of corundum
and emery the value is the lowest on record for any year. The con-
sumption of this abrasive in the United States in 1903 was about the
same as the year before, and the deficiency in production was supplied
by the imports.
In addition to the value of the natural abrasives, the estimated value
of the artificial abrasives amounted to $493,815, an increase of $103,570
as compared with the estimated value of $390,245 of the 1902 produc-
tion. The quantity of the two artificial abrasives, carborundum and
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ABRASIVE MATERIALS.
991
crushed steel, produced in the United States since 1900 is given in the
following table:
Artificial abrasives produced in the United States during 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903,
Kind of abrasive.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Carborundum ...,--,,,-,..,.,,,...,, ^ ^ r
Pounds.
2,634.900
700.000
Pounds.
3,838,176
090,000
Pounds.
8,741,600
785,000
Pounds.
4,759,890
Crashed steel
766,000
The importation of certain abrasive materials still further swells the
total value of the abrasives used in the United States. In 1903 the
total value of the abrasives imported was $621,585, as compared with
1426,736 in 1902, an increase of $194,849. This brings the total value
of the abrasive materials consumed in the United States in 1903 to
12,608,603, which is $464,867 more than the value, $2,143,736, of the
1902 consumption, in the following table is given the total estimated
value of all the abrasive materials consumed in the United States for
the years 1900 to 1903, inclusive:
Total value of all abrasive materials consumed in the United States, 1900-1908.
Year.
Natural
abrasiTes.
Artificial
abrasives.
Imports.
Total
value.
1900.
$1,208,073
1,194,772
1,326,755
1,493,203
$276,641
388,886
390,246
498,815
$400,807
490,712
426,736
621,686
$1,884,021
1901
2,068,870
1902
2,143,736
1903
2,608.606
These totals should be reduced probably by $100,000 to represent
the value of the abrasive materials exported from the United States.
Twenty -one different States contributed to the production of 1903,
and they are given below in the order of the value of their respective
productions, together with the kind of abrasive mined.
List of StcUes producing abrasives in 190S,
1. Ohio: Grindstones, pulpstones, oilstones, and scythestones.
2. New York: Millstones, infusorial earth, garnet, and emery.
3. New Hampshire: Oilstones, scythestones, and infusorial earth.
4. Arkansas: Oilstones.
5. Michigan: Grindstones and scythestones.
6. Connecticut: Quartz and garnet.
7. Missouri: Grindstones and infusorial earth.
8. Vermont: Scythestones and millstones.
9. Indiana: Oilstones.
10. Virginia: Millstones and infusorial earth.
11. North Carolina: Millstones, garnet, and corundum.
12. Massachusetts: Infusorial earth and emery.
13. Pennsylvania: Millstones, quartz, and garnet.
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992 MINERAL RESOUBOES.
14. Montana: Grindgtones and corundum.
15. California: Infusorial earth and quartE.
16. Nebraska: Pumice.
17. Kentucky: Oilstones.
18. Maryland: Infusorial earth.
19. Kansas: Emery.
20. Gboroia: Infusorial earth.
21. Florida: Infusorial earth.
OrLSTONES AND SCYTHE8TONES.
There were no new localities producing oilstones and scythestones
in 1903, the production being obtained from the old localities in Arkan-
sas, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, New Hampshire, and Ver-
mont. In the two latter States the material mined is a quartz- schist;
in the others it is a sandstone. There is included under this head all
kinds of oilstones, whetstones, water hones, knife sharpeners of all
varieties, razor hones, dental points, etc. The novaculite (sandstone)
of Arkansas is the most valuable of all the abrasives of this class on
the market. •
PRODUCTION.
Notwithstanding the decided increase in the production of oilstones
and scythestones in the United States in 1902 as compared with 1901,
there was a still larger increase in the production of 1903, which was
valued at $366,857. This is an increase of $145,095 as compared with
the value of the 1902 production, $221,762, which in turn was an
increase of $63,462 over the value of the 1901 production, $158,300.
This is also the highest recorded value for these abrasives. Hie
increase is due partly to the large demand for the Arkansas and
Wichita oilstones, made from the Arkansas novaculite, which bring
the highest price of any oilstone or scythestone made, and to the
increase in the exportation of scythestones and oilstones. In nearly
every instance the producers of the materials used in the manufacture
of oilstones and scythestones are also the manufacturers of the finished
or marketable product, and for this reason it is the value of the
jSnished stone instead of the raw material that is given in these
statistics.
The 1903 production was obtained from the following States, given
in the order of the value of their production: New Hampshire,
Arkansas, Vermont, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Kentucky. There
were eighteen producers of the oilstones and scythestones in these
States.
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ABRASIVE MATERIALS.
993
In the following table is given the value of the oilstones and scythe-
stones produced in the United States from 1891 to 1903, inclusive:
Value of otUtones and whetstones prodtuxd in the United Stales^ 1891-190S,
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
1891
1150,000
146,730
185.173
136,873
155.881
127,098
149,970
1898
$180,486
208 283
1892
1899
1898
1900
174,0.' 7
158,300
221 762
1891
1901
1896
1902
1896
1903 f
366,857
1897
From 1880 to 1890, inclusive, the production and value of the rough
stone have been published in these reports, except in the case of the
output of 1890, when the value for the unfinished product was given
for the novaculite of Arkansas, while in all other cases the value of
the finished stones was given. The annual production from 1880 to
1890 was as follows:
Production of oilstones and whelstoneSy 1880-1890,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1880
Pounds,
420,000
600,000
600,000
600,000
800.000
1,000,000
$8,000
8,680
10,000
10,000
12,000
15,000
1886
Pounds.
1,160,000
1,200.000
1.500.000
5,982,000
$15 000
1881
1887
16.000
1882
1888
18,000
32,980
69 909
1883
1889
1884
1890
1885
IMPORTS.
Notwithstanding the very large increase in tne production of oil-
stones, scythestones, etc., in the United States, there is imported each
year a considerable quantity of razor hones from Germany and Bel-
gium, and a variety of oilstones known as the *' Turkey" oilstone,
from France and Italy. In 1903 the value of these imported stones
amounted to $65,763. This is about one-fifth the value of the domestic
production. There has been considerable variation in the imports of
oilstones and whetstones from year to year, and since 1891 they have
ranged in value from one-fifth to one-third of the value of the domestic
production. The year of greatest comparative importation was 1901,
when the value of the oilstones and razor hones imported amounted to
$64,655, and the value of the domestic production was only $158,300.
M R 1903—63
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MIKEBAL BESOUBCBS.
In the following table there is given the total value of all kinds of
hones and oilstones imported into the United States since 1880:
Imports of hones and whetstones, 1880-190S.
Year ending—
Value.
Year ending—
Vilne.
jTtne8&—
1880
tl4,185
16,681
27,882
80,178
26,518
21,484
21,141
24,098
80,676
27,400
87,454
85,844
December 81—
1892
|S^42B
1881
1898
25,301
2S,(m
1882
1894
1888
1896
32, 4»
50,5»
ao.8S
HSU
89,S1S
1884
1896
1897
1885 *
December 81—
1886
1898
1889
1887
1900 ...
1888
igOl
64,6S6
1889
1902
1890
1903 '.
1891
EXPORTS.
The exportation of American oilstones and scjthestones is steadily
increasing, but as no separate record is kept of the exports of these
stones no definite valuation can be given. It is, however, very prob-
able that the value of the exports now e;cceeds the value of the imports.
There is a considerable demand abroad for New Hampshire scythe-
stones, which make up a large portion of the material exported. There
is also a growing demand for the Arkansas oilstones. Besides these
there are smaller amounts of Indiana oilstones exported.
GBENDSTONBS ANB PUIiPSTONES.
Although sandstone suitable for manufacturing into grindstones is
known to occur in many of the States, there are only a few that have
these deposits so situated that they make commercial propositions.
During 1903 grindstones were produced in Michigan, Missouri, Mon-
tana, Ohio, and West Virginia with, however, over one>half of the
production from the one State, Ohio. The grindstones that are manu-
factured in Montana are used locally, but the Montana Sandstone Com-
pany, of Butte, Mont., which is producing this stone, expects to be
able to manufacture a grindstone that will give good satisfaction in the
optical industry. The stone has been tested by Riehle Brothers Test-
ing Machine Company of Philadelphia, who reported the following
tests made on 3-inch cube samples: *
Subjected to the frost test, the specimen was frozen twelve honra at 6** F. above
zero, then placed in water at 70°, raised to 212°, and maintained for five hours. The
specimen showed no evil effects from the test.
n Eighth Biennial Report, Bnrean of Agriculture, Labor, and Industry of Montana, l«a-t
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ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 995
Subjected to compression, the specimen spawled at 57,000 pomids pressure, and
broke at 76,000 pounds.
Subjected to the absorption test, the weight of the specimen, after drying five
hours at 212® F., was 1,194.5 grams. AVeight of specimen after boiling five hours at
212** F. was 1,243 grams. Increased weight due to absorption, 48.5 grams, equal to
3.9 per cent absorption.
Subjected to specific gravity test, the weight of the specimen in air, after drying five
hours at 212® F., was 1,217.5 grams. Weight of specimen in water, 701.9 grams.
Specific gravity, 2.34.
Specimen subjected to abrasion test was dried five hours at 212° F., after which it
weighed 1,217.5 grams. The weight of this specimen after abrasion at 30 pounds
mean pressure was 1,022.6 grams, equal to 16 per cent loss.
Near Buckhannon, W. Va., a sandstone deposit has been developed
and experimented with by the Buckhannon Marble and Granite Com-
paoy, which is now manufacturing a grindstone for the glass-cutters'
trade. The company has two grits, a coarse and a fine one, which are
of very even texture, and if large blocks can be obtained, like the sam-
ples examined, they should make grindstones of superior quality. A
eoDsiderable quantity of the grindstones imported are used by glass
cutters and in optical works, and if the Montana and especially the
West Virginia deposits can furnish a good stone, adapted for the glass-
wrorkers' industry, they should be able to enter into successful com-
petition with the foreign stones.
At Griesel, Mo., a small number of grindstones were manufactured
by Mr. Charles A. White, and thus another State is added to those
that are producers of this class of abrasives.
PRODUCTION.
The production of grindstones and pulpstones in 1903 was confined
to Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Ohio, and West Virginia, with by
far the largest amount from Ohio, which was the only State that pro-
duced any pulpstones. The total value of all kinds of grindstones
produced in 1903 was $721,446, which is $54,015 greater than the value
of the 1902 production, $667,431. This value is the greatest recorded
for the production of grindstones during any year since these statistics
were firet collected in 1880, being $11,420 greater than the value of
the 1900 production, $710,026, which was the previous greatest value.
In comparing the values of the productions of the earlier years with
those of the last few years, it must be borne in mind that the average
value per ton has decreased from $15 to $18 per ton to from $8 to $11
per ton, these values being exclusive of pulpstones. Consequently
the actual tonnage of grindstones produced in the last five years is
greater than for previous years. Of the total value of the 1903
production, the sum of $33,970 is due to pulpstones, an increase of
110,882 as compared with the value ($23,088) of the 1902 production,
and this in turn was an increase of $4,288 over the 1901 value of
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996 MINEBAL BE8OUR0B8.
$18,800. The sum of $687,476 due to grindstones is an increase of
$43,133 as compared with $644,343, the value of the 1902 production,
which was an increase of $82,440 over the value of the 1901 produc-
tion of $561,903. In the following table is given the value of the pro-
duction of grindstones and pulpstones for the years 1901 to 1903:
Valtte of the production of grindstones and pulpstoneSy 1901-190S.
4
1901.
1902.
19(B>
Grindstones
S561,903
18,800
2S.088 1
|6S7,I76
Pulpstones
33,970
Total
680,703
667.431
721,446
Since 1898 there has been a decided increase in the production of
grindstones, which is due very largely to the marked increase during
this same period of all kinds of manufacturing industries, nearly all
of which use some variety of grindstone. There has also been an
increase in the production of pulpstones, which, although not large in
itself, causes a large gain in percentage.
Some of the producers in making their reports to the Survey use
the ton as the unit of measurement, while others give the actual num-
ber of grindstones made. In 1903 the number of grindstones reported,
exclusive of pulpstones, aggregated 52,383 pieces, valued at $501,500,
as compared with 29,543 pieces, valued at $100,875, in 1902. The
product reported by weight amounted to 16,891 tons, valued at
$185,976, as compared with 44,268 tons, valued at $638,713, in 1902.
The average value of that portion of the 1903 product reported by
weight was $11 per ton. The price per ton reported varied from $6
to $26, the latter figure being for the Montana production, which was
sold locally. The weight of the pulpstones produced in 1903 was 414
tons, valued at $33,970, or an average of $82.05 per ton, the value
varying from $30 to $100 per ton.
There is given in the following tables the value of the grindstones
and pulpstones produced in the United States during 1903 and 1902.
by States:
Valtie of grindstones and pulpstones produced in the United States during 190S, hy >9alcf.
State. 1908.
Ohio »*6,776
Michigan 70,SO
West Virginia, Missouri, and Montana 4. 13)
Total 721.4*
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ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 997
Value of grindstones and pulpsUynes produced in the United States during 190S, by States,
state.
Ohio
Michigan, Montana, and Wyoming.
West Virginia
Total.
1902.
1560,412
a 84, 672
22,347
667,431
a The greater part of the value of this production was from Michigan.
As is seen from these tables, there was an increase of $86,364 in the
value of the Ohio production in 1903 over that of 1902, while there
was a large falling off in the value of the West Virginia production.
The production for Michigan was about the same in both 1902 and
1903. Wyoming, which had a small production in 1902, did not report
any in 1903, while Missouri was added to the list of producers in 1903,
making the number of States producing grindstones in 1903 the same
as in 1902. There was a total of 21 producers of grindstones in 1903,
of whom 14 were in Ohio, 4 in Michigan, and 1 each in Missouri, Mon-
tana, and West Virginia.
The following table shows the value of the production of grindstones
and pulpstones from 1880 to 1903, inclusive. This table illustrates
very clearly the depression and revival of this industry, and therefore
of the manufacturing industries of the country, during and since the
financial depression of 1893 and the years immediately following.
Valtie of grindstones produced in the Untied States, 1880-190S.
Year.
1860
1B81
1882
1888
1884
1886
1886
1887
1888
1889
1800
1801
Value.
8600,000
500.000
700,000
600,000
670,000
600,000
250,000
224,400
281,800
489,587
460,000
476,113
Year.
1892.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Value.
$272,244
838,787
223,214
206,768
326,826
868,068
489,769
676,586
710,026
680,708
667,431
721,446
IMPORTS.
The grindstones that are imported into the United States are prin-
cipally pulpstones and grindstones for use in the glass and the optical
trades. These are obtained from Newcastle- upon-Tybe, England, and
from Wales, Scotland, and Bavaria; and in 1903 their value amounted
to $85,705, as compared with $76,906, the value of those imported in
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998
MINERAL RESOUHCES.
1902. With the increase in the production of pulpstones from Ohio
and the introduction of the West Virginia stone on the market for us<»
in the glass and the optical tirades, it would seem that there should l)e
a greater decrease in the imports than has taken place during the last
three or four years. The Bureau of Statistics of the Department of
Commerce and La}x)r, in reporting the imports of grindstones, ha>
not made any separation of the quantity of the finished and of the
unfinished products since 1883.
In the table below are given the quantity and the value of the
grindstones imix>rted into the United States from 1868 to 1885, inclu-
sive, and of the value since 1886.
Grindstones imported and entered for consumption in the United States. 1868-19^^.1.
Year ending-
June 30—
1868...
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
3877.
1878.
187*J.
1S.H0.
1881.
188 J.
188;i.
18S4 .
Finished.
Quantity. \ Value.
Unfinished
Quantity.
Lojig Ions.
Long toils.
3Sry
1.202
1,437
1,443
1,373
1,681
1,245
1.463
1,603
1,573
2,064
1,705
1,755
925,640
15,878
29, 161
43,781
13,453
17,033
18,485
17,642
20,262
18, 546
21,688
24,904
24, 375
30,288
30.2»6
28,055
3,967.15
10.774.80
8, 376. 84
7,721.44
7,6.^6.17
6,079.34
4,979.75
3.609.41
4.584.16
4.578.59
5.044.71
5.945.61
6.945.63
or rough.
Value.
«35,215
99,716
96.441
60.1C5
100,494
94.910
87, :i^i
yo. 171
69. 1^/7
his, 575
46,441
52, 343
51.899
56.840
6t".,93y
77.797
1.8N^
December 'M-
l.s^ei
lKs7 ...
] KS,s
l.SVH). .
1^91.
IV/J
18'Jl.
I89t...
i^y;..
1M>S.
1 M»0
I'.KHl.
I'.HJ].
VM.i.
saiue.
$(50.NJ5
115.^
li>4,7]5
ii^y,:
in ^.3
ii.fc..u:i'
liC Ml
- v.]
t*.lJS
77. .MT
xrt
^7 1>
lu' ^Ti
3? 10
4-=. ir.
f .Since I'^sa nul >>oi»ttruiely classified.
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ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 999
CANADIAN PRODUCTION.
The production of grindstones in Canada has not yet become very
large, and in 1903 there were produced only 5,538 tons in quantity,
valued at $48,302, or $8.72 per ton. This value per ton is somewhat
lower than the average price of $11 per ton received for the United
States production.
BUHRSTONES AND MILI.STONES.
PRODUCTION.
The value of the production of buhrstones in 1903 was $52,552, a
decrease of $7,256 as compared with $59,808, the value of the produc-
tion in 1902. For the last three years the value of the production
has been over $50,000, and it is very probable that the production will
continue for some time to come to increase gradually in value. From
1880 to 1887 the value of the production mnged between $100,000 and
$200,000, but from 1887 to 1894: there was a large decrease, from
$100,000 to $13,887, due to the introduction of the roller-mill process
in grinding wheat, which superseded the use of buhrstones, except in
a few local areas. Since 1894, however, there has been a gradual
increase in the production on account of the use of these stones for
grinding the coarser cereals, mineral paint ores, fertilizers, cement
rock, barytes, quartz, and other minerals. For these uses the demand
is increasing each year.
There were 5 States from which the production of 1903 was obtained,
with a total of 26 producers, as follows: New York, 17; Pennsylvania
and Virginia, 3 each; North Carolina, 2, and Vermont, 1. These were
the same States from which the production of 1902 was obtained. The
following table gives the value of the production in 1902 and 1903 bv
States:
Vulne of huhrstones prodturd in the United Staffs in 1903 and lOOS^ h;/ Statea.
State. 19(^2. liKXi.
NfW York S;{tt.570 ?:V>.-I4l
Virginia 11.43."» y.MJ
North Carolina and Veriuoui ("),,sjf> o.WJ
Pennsylvania l.i»7H l.:J'J7
Total aV>,SO>> 'y2,\'y2
As is shown by this table, the dccroiisr in the value of th<^ ])r()diu -
tion of buhrstones in 1903 as compared with 19(^2 is nearly unifonuly
divided among all the States.
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1000
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The value of buhrstones produced in the United States since 1880
is given in the following table:
Value of buhrstones prodtLced hi the United StaieSf 1880-1903.
Year.
Value.
1880 «200,000
1881 i 150,000
1882 1 200,000
1883 1 150,000
1884 ' 150,000
1885
1886
100,000
140.000
1887 1 100,000
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
81,000
36,156
23,720
16,587
Year.
Valu*--
1892 «s,«:
1898 16,639
1894 1 13,887
1895 1 22,542
1896 22,.^
1897 25,9S2
1898 25.934
1899 28.115
1900 32,856
1901 57.179
1902 M,8»
1903 7.1 52,582
IMPORTS.
There is considerable variation in the value of the imports of buhr-
stones into the United States, as is shown in the following table, which
gives the value of the buhrstones imported since 1868.
Value of buhrstones and millstones imported into the United States, 1868-1903.
Year ending-
Rough.
Made
into mill- Total,
stones.
Year ending-
Rough.
Made
into mill-
stones.
Total.
June 30—
1868
$74, 224
57,942
58,601
35,406
69,062
60,463
36,540
48,068
37,759
60,857
87,679
101,484
120,441
100.417
103,287
73,413
45,837
85,022
«74,224
60.361
December 31—
1886
1
S29,'273 I 1662
»>9.g3S
1869
$2,419
1887
23,816 i 191 H.(ffi
1870
2,297 60,898
3,698 39,1(H
5,967 75 ft»
1888
36,523 ■ "TOn
37,228
1871
1889
40.432
32,892
23,997
83,657
29,532
452
1,103
42
529
729
40,881
18?2
1890
33,995
1873
8,115
43,170
66,991
46,328
23,068
1.928
5,088
4.631
3.495
747
272
263
455
68,578
79,710
115.059
84,087
83,925
89,607
106,572
125.072
103,912
104,034
73,685
46,100
35,477
1891
1892
24. OS)
1874
34,186
1875
1893
30.261
1876
1894
<il8,0S;
1877
1895
I
a 20, 316
o26,965
«22,956
23.999
1878
1896.
i
1879
1897
1
1880
1898
22,974
18.368
27,960
40,885
16,245
21,160
l,0c25
1881
1899
1900
513 1N«M
1882
9H 2K.9M
1883
1901
1,302 42,157
1884
1902
1903
915 i ie.i5»
1885
8,481 1 29.641
a Not separately classified.
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ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 1001
PUMICE.
The name pumice is applied to the loose, spongy, cellular, or froth-
like parts of lava, and also to a volcanic ash, which includes the finer
detritus that is ejected in many eruptions, and is often deposited at
considerable distances. For commercial pumice both the solid rock
and the volcanic ash are mined. Extensive deposits of volcanic ash
are known in Nebraska, which are available as a source of pumice.
In the Hawaiian Islands also there are large quantities of pumice,
which could readily supply the demand of this country if it could
compete with the imported material.
Pumice stone varies considerably in grain and hardness, and this
fact has led to experiments being carried on with a view to producing
an artificial pumice stone. Such a product is now manufactured quite
extensively by a German company, as described by Mr. O. J. D.
Hughes, consul-general at Coburg, as follows:*
The factory of Schumacher, at Bietigheim, in the valley of the Enz, has been
manofacturing an artificial pumice stone out of ground sandstone and clay for some
time, and it is interesting to note to what extent this manufacturer has tried to
adapt his products to the various purposes for which they are required. There are
on the whole 10 kinds, differing from each other in regard to hardness and grain,
vix: There is (1) a hard and a soft kind with coarse grain, particularly useful in the
leather, wax-cloth, felt, and wood industries; (2) a hard and a soft kind with
medium coarse grain, suited to stucco workers and sculptors, and particularly use-
ful for polishing wood before it is painted; (3) a soft, fine-grained stone for the
white and dry polish of wood and for tin goods; (4) one of medium hardness with
fine grain for giving the wood a surface for an oil polish; (5) a hard, fine-grained
one for working metals and stones, especially lithographic stones; and, finally,
pumice stones with a very fine grain. These artificial stones are used in pretty much
the same way as those of volcanic origin. For giving a smooth surface to wood a
dry stone is applied, but to give it a fine polish the stone is dipped in oil. For fine
work no coarse-grained and for coarse work no fine-grained stones are used.
Nearly all the world's demand for pumice is supplied by a deposit
in the northwestern part of the island of Lipari, and about 80 per
cent of that used in the United States is shipped directly here from
that island. There have been numerous attempts made during the
last twenty years by various firms to obtain control of the Lipari
pumice deposits, but without success. In 1903 a German company
made a determined effort to realize this aim, and according to the Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter of December 21, 1903—
The agents of the German promoters at Lipari, according to the latest authentic
private reports, have succeeded in closing contracts for pumice stone with all the
producers except one or two. All but 46 per cent of the entire territory, of which
only a small pcut has never been worked, belongs to the town of Lipari. Efforts
have been made to get the municipality of Lipari to join the combination, but up to
the present these treaties have not come to a satisfactory close because the municipal
aCoiunilar Reports, No. 275, August, 1908.
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1002 MINERAL RESOURCES.
council of Lipari was dissolved in September last The affairs of the munidpality
are at present directed by a government deputy, who, however, is not empowered to
make contracts of such importance in the name of the island.
If such a merger should be effected there would be a sharp advance
in prices, which would tend to stimulate the development of the
American and Hawaiian deposits.
PRODUCTION.
The entire production of pumice in the United States in 1903 was
from Nebraska, and amounted to 885 tons, valued at $2,665, or $3.02
per ton. This is an increase of 185 tons in quantity, but a decrease
of $85 in value, as compared with the production of 1902, which
amounted to 700 tons, valued at $2,750, or $3.93 per ton. Nearly all
of the production was used in the manufacture of soap. There were
four producers engaged in the production of pumice in 1903. A little
development work was carried on by Mr. C. A. Warner, at Kockland,
Oneida County, Idaho, but there was no production during 1903.
IMPORTS.
The importation of pumice into the United States is very irr^ular,
some years there being enough imported nearly to satisfy the market
for the following year. In i896 there was no pumice imported. In
1903 the value of the imports of pumice was $83,920, as compared
with $22,448 in 1902.
rNTUSOBIAIi EARTH ANJ> TBIPOIil.
The terms infusorial earth, tripoli, and diatomaceous earth are aD
applied to the deposits formed from the siliceous shells of diatoms and
other microscopic species, which sometimes occur over mAny miles in
area. The material from such deposits will always show remains of
diatoms or other similar species when examined under the microscope,
and is composed principally of silica, with perhaps from 3 or 4 to 10
or more per cent of water or moisture. Sometimes the deposits are
impure from the admixture of clay, and then again the}^ may be dis-
colored by organic material. This, however, can very often be
entirely removed by heating. There are on the market other mate-
rials besides that obtained from these deposits which are sold under the
same name. Thus in New York and Connecticut there is ground
quartz used for infusorial earth, and in Newton Countj^ Mo., the
material mined is evidently a residual silica left from an impure silice-
ous limestone by the leaching out of the calcium carbonate. These
materials do not make so smooth and even a grit for the manufacture
of scouring and polishing powders as the real infusorial earth.
Only a portion of the infusorial earth is used for abrasive purposes,
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the more extensive use being in the manufacture of dynamite and of
packing for boilers, steam pipes, and safes, and as a 1)^e for fire and
heat- retarding cements. It is also used in some quantity for the manu-
facture of fireproof building materials, such as solid and hollow brick
and tile. For this latter use the demand is constantly increasing.
Another use that is being introduced is in the manufacture of plasters. .
The ground quartz, sold under the name of infusorial earth, is all used
for abrasive purposes. The Missouri product is principally used in
the manufacture of various filtering apparatus.
PRODUCTION.
There was a considerable increase in the production of infusorial
earth in 1903, which amounted to 9,219 short tons, valued at $76,278,
a gain of 3,554 tons in quantity and of $23,029 in value, as compared
with the production of 5,665 short tons, valued at $53,244 in 1902.
Of the 1903 production, 1,914 short tons, valued at $6,632, was sold in
the cmde state, and 7,305 short tons, valued at $69,641, was subjected
to some refining or cleaning process before being marketed. In the
case of the Missouri product the value of the manufactured articles
is used.
The States from which this production was obtained, given in the
order of their production, and the number of producers in each were
VLi* follows: Missouri, 3; Virginia, 2; New York, 2; California, 3;
Maryland, 1; Georgia, 1; Massachusetts, 1; New Hampshire, 1; and
Florida, 1 — a total of 15 producers in 10 States.
There is considerable variation in the quantity and value of the
infusorial earth produced in the United States from year to year,
which is due partiy to the substitution of other materials for it, and
partly to the production by some companies in one year of an amount
of the raw material sufficient to last a year or two. This variation is
shown in the following table, which gives the quantity and value of
infusorial earth produced in the United States since 1880:
Production
of infusorial earth, 1880-190S.
Yemr.
Quantity.
Value.
$45,660 '
10,000
8,000
5,000
5,000 1
5,000
6,000
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1880 1
Short torn.
1,833
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,200
3,000
1,500
8,466
2,582
1892
Short toM.
$48,665
22,582
11,718
20,514
26,792
22,885
16,691
25,302
24,207
52,950
58,244
76,278
1881..
1893
1882
1894
2,584
4,954
8,846
8,888
2,733
3,302
8,615
4,020
5,665
9,219
188S
1896
1884
1896
1885
1897
1880
1898
1887
15,000 1
1899
1888
7,500
23,872
50,240
21,988
1900
1889
1901
law....
1902
1891
1903
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1004 MINERAL BE80UBCIS.
IMPORTS.
The infusorial earth or tripoli imported into the United States is
included with rotten stone, which is used for similar purposes* The
value of these imports in 1903 was $34,987 as compared with $39,926
in 1902. The Bureau of Statistics does not keep any record of the
number of tons of this material imported.
CBYSTAXIilNE QUARTZ.
Under the head of crystalline quartz is included only that portion
of the total quantity of this mineral that is actually used for abrasive
purposes. The larger amount of the quartz mined is used in the brick
and pottery, building, and glass industries, and as a flux in metallur-
gical works. That which is included under abrasives is used in the
manufacture of sandpaper, scouring soaps, and as a wood finisher.
Nearly all of the quartz used in the manufacture of a wood finisher is
obtained from Connecticut, while the greater part of that used in the
manufacture of sandpaper is obtained from Pennsylvania. There are
also large quantities of quartz sand used in the stonecutting trades, espe-
cially by the marble dealers, for cutting the blocks of stone into slabs
by means of a gang saw. Crushed steel, also, although much more
expensive, is beginning to be used to a considerable extent for this
purpose. Considerable quartz sand is also used in the manufacture of
oilstones, scythestones, etc., in reducing the rough blocks of sandstone
and schist to the correct size and shape on the rubbing table. As the
users of quartz sand for these latter purposes keep little or no record
of the quantity they use or of its value, there has been no attempt made
to include them in this report. In many instances the only cost of tine
sand to the consumer is that of cartage, while in other cases it costs
from 10 cents to $1 per ton.
PRODUCTION.
The production of crystalline quartz in the United States in 1903
amounted to 8,938 short tons, valued at $76,908, as compared with
13,904 tons, valued at $84,335, in 1902, a decrease of 4,966 short tons
in quantity and of $7,427 in value. Of the 1903 production the quan-
tity reported as sold in the rough was 918 short tons, valued at $5,318,
or $5.79 per ton. The refined product amounted to 8,020 short tons
in quantity, valued at $71,590j or $8.93 per ton. This production was
obtained from California, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with the larger
amoimt from Connecticut.
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In the following table are given the quantity and value of crystal-
line quartz produced in the United States since 1894:
Production of crystaU
ine quartz, 189jhl903,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
' Quantity.
Value.
18M
Short tons,
6,024
9,000
6,000
7,500
8,812
$18,064
27,000
18,000
22,500
23,990
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Short tons.
13,600
14,461
14,050
15,104
8,938
$39,000
18B6
40,705
1806
41,500
1897
84,335
1806
76,908
GARNET.
Tte principal change in the garnet industry is the development of
a new locality for this mineral in North Carolina and its introduction
on the market early in 1904. The deposit is located near Marshall,
Madison County, on Little Pine Creek. The garnet crystals, which
are of the almandine variety, occur in a band of chloritic schist about
20 feet wide, that can be traced across country for a distance of about
1 milQ. The noticeable feature of this deposit is the remarkable
size of the crystals, which average at least 2 inches in diameter, some
having been found 7i inches in diameter. The crystals, though usu-
ally elongated, are well developed and dodecahedral in character.
They are usually slightly altered on the exterior surfaces to chlorite,
but on the interior they are sound and break with a clean, sharp, cutting
edge. They are readily separated from the inclosing rock, and a pure
garnet product is easily obtained. None of this garnet was mined in
1903; but mining operations were begun early in 1904, and the prod-
uct already shipped has been received very favorably. On account
both of the ease with which this garnet can be mined and separated
and of its quality, it should readily be able to compete with any other
garnet The property is well located for railroad transportation
facilities, being on the main western line of the Southern Railway,
running from Salisbury, N. C, to Chattanooga, Tenn.
There were no other new localities developed in 1903, and the pro-
duction was confined to the old deposits in Connecticut, New York,
Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.
PRODUCTION.
During 1903 there were produced in the United States 3,950 short
tons of garnet, valued at $132,500. This is very close to the 1902 pro-
duction of 3,926 short tons, valued at $132,820, being an increase of 24
tons in quantity, but a decrease of $320 in value. The average price of
the 1903 production was $33.54 per ton. The highest price received
for garnet is stiQ for the North Carolina garnet.
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1006
MINEBAL BESOUBOE9.
There are given in the following table the quantity and value of the
garnet produced in the United States since 1894:
ProducUon of abragwe garnet^ 1894^1 90S,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
T«r.
Qnantitj.
Value.
1894
ShorttoM.
2,401
8,825
2,686
2,554
2,967
190,660
95,050
68,877
80,858
86,860
1899
ShoHiom.
2.766
8.185
4,444
8.926
8,960
198, S5
1896
1900
123,475
1896
1901
158,100
1897
1902
132,830
1896
1908
132, SOO
Previous to 1900 there was a certain quantity of the North Carolina
production that was not included in the garnet statistics, and tiiis will
account to some extent for the decided increase in the production since
that year. In reality there has been a close agreement between the
quantities of garnet produced from year to year.
CORUNDUM AND EMERY.
Whereas formerly the United States produced all the corundum
used in this country, now but a small portion is mined here, the
remainder being obtained from Canada and India. There was consid-
erable development work carried on at both the Montana and the
North Carolina conmdum deposits in 1903, although the production
from the latter State amounted to but a very few tons. The Montana
Corundum Company, whose property is near Salesville, Mont, and
the North Carolina Corundum Company, whose property is at Buck
Creek, Clay County, N. C, have both completed mills for cleaning
the corundum, and they expect to be large producers of this abrasive
in 1904. Mr. Hugh Ferguson, of Pittsburg, Pa., has also been devel-
oping a corundum deposit in the Buck Creek district, North Carolina.
In Buncombe County, N. C, on the Elk Mountain range, a few
miles north of Asheville, corundum has been found associated with
garnet, sometimes being entirely inclosed by the garnet and at others
inclosing the garnet. The corundum occurs in a gametif erous gneiss,
and although it is somewhat abundant it is very doubtful if it will
prove to be a commercial source o£ corundum. As described by Mr.
C. E. Lyman, of Asheville, the<5orundum is found sometimes in crys-
tals that measure as much as an inch in diameter. They are prismatic*
and are terminated by the basal plane. They vary considerably in
color, from blue to red, and a few gems have been cut from some of
them. The corundum is found in the gneiss near its contact with a
pegmatitic dike.
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ABBA8IVB MATERIALS.
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Near Norris, Madison County, Mont., Mr. A. W. Tanner reports
the finding of considerable corundum of gem quality in his concen-
trates from gold placer mining. One piece of corundum showing
good red and green colors, weighed 8 ounces, and one piece of ruby
corundum weighed 588i carats.
Mr. F. A. Maxwell, of Georgetown, Clear Creek County, Colo.,
reports the finding of corundum on Saxen Mountain, near that place.
PRODUCTION.
There was a very large decrease in the production of corundum and
emery in the United States in 1903, which amounted to only 2,542
short tons, valued at $64,102. This is a decrease of 1,709 tons in
quantity and of $40,503 in value as compared with the production of
4,251 tons, valued at $104,605, in 1902. A small portion of this pro-
duction was due to corundum which was obtained principally from
Montana, with a smaller amount from North Carolina. The emery
was obtained principally from New York and Massachusetts, with a
small amount reported from Kansas. This year the production of the
Peekskill, N. Y., deposits largely exceeded that of the Chester, Mass.,
deposits, which formerly were the largest producers of emery.
Thp total quantity and value of the corundum and emery produced
in the United States since 1880 is given in the following table:
Annual production of corundum and emery, 1881-190S.
Year.
1881.
1«82.
vm.
vm.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1880.
1880.
1891.
1882.
Quantity.
Short toM.
600
500
560
600
600
645
600
589
2,245
1,970
2,247
1,771
Value. ;
180,000
80,000
100,000
106,000
108,000
116,190
106,000
91,620
105,667
89,895
90,230
181,800
Year.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Short Urns.
1,718
9142,825
1,495
96,986
2,102
106,266
2,120
113,246
2,165
106,574
4,064
275.064
4,900
160,600
4,805
102,715
4,305
146,040
4,261
104,605
2,542
64,102
Value.
IMPORTS.
The imports of emery and corundum continue to be largely in
excess of the home production, and in 1903 they were valued at
$321,569, as compared with $214,842, the value of the 1902 imports.
There continued to be an increase of corundum imported, particularly
from the Canadian deposits. The following table shows the quantity
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MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
and value of emery and corundum imported into the United States
from 1867 to 1903, inclusive:
Emery and corundum imported itUo the United States^ 1867-1 90S.
Year ending-
June 80—
1867...
iae»
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
18T7
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1888
1884
1886
December 81-
1886
1887
1890.
1891.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1897.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
QnUns.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
Ore or rock.
Quantity.
610,117
381,680
487,725
886,246
343,697
334,291
496,633
411,340
454,790
620,214
474,105
143,267
228,829
161,297
367,239
480,397
503,847
534,968
90,658
566,448
616,963
597,713
678,761
756,693
639,176
5n,655
728,299
661,482
1,086,729
1,665,737
3.615,137
129,706
16,216
23,845
18,999
16,615
16,859
24,466
20,066
22,101
25,314
22,767
5.802
9,886
6,910
14,290
16,216
18,987
20,882
3,729
22,686
20,073
18,645
25,066
28,493
20,865
23,820
29,124
26,620
43,217
49,107
109,272
Long tons,
428
85
964
742
615
1,641
756
1.281
961
1,396
852
1,476
2,478
3,400
2,884
2,766
2,447
4,145
2.445
8,782
2,078
6,176
6,234
3,867
2,530
6,280
6,066
2,804
6,803
6,389
5,213
5,547
7,435
11,392
12,441
7,157
10,884
Value.
114,373
4,531
36,206
25,385
15,870
41,321^
26,065*
43,886
31,972
40,027
21,964
88,454
68,065
76,481
67,781
69,432
59,282
121,719
65,368
88,925
46,033
98,287
88,727
97,939
67,573
96,625
108,876
61,487
80,886
119,738
107,655
106,269
116,493
202,980
240.856
151,959
{'194,468
Pulverized or
ground.
Quantity.
Pounds,
924,431
834,286
924,161
644,060
613,624
804,977
843,828
69,890
85,853
77,382
96,351
66,068
133,566
223,865
177,174
117,008
93,010
513,161
194,314
365,947
a 144, 880
other
manu-
^f^- Total
tures. value.
Value.
$38,131
33,549
42,711
29,631
28,941
36,103
15,041
2,167
2.990
2,683
3,608
1,754
4,9^
9,202
7,497
3.706
3,172
21,181
8,789
Value.
ro7
97
20
94
34
145
53
241
269
IhS
7^7
24,962 851
6,796 2,090
, j 8,743
'm,302
, I 5,046
2,412
3,819
1.841
27.5S6
2,2:1
8,810
11.514
10,006
10.926
13,776
17,829
38, on
77,l«
54, 8»
44. 8U
77,42*
70,919
e2,ses
58,327
61,63
42,lfi
fi6,6(n
87, an
105.891
97.432
^98.efi6
*85,4»
74,800
t
|l21.6S
6S.20I
1118,241
218, «6
123.367
n.3K
12D.62I
; 127,7*7
7i,sra
' i3i.oe
I 148.231
130,581
1SS,389
157,131
2S9.50«
29i9»
214. M2
S2I.S69
a To June 30 only; since clafised with grains.
b Including emery rock yalued at $5,48S.
CANADIAN CORUNDUM.
The deposits of corundum in Canada are being very extensively
worked and there are now three companies in the field as producers of
this mineral: (1) The Canada Corundum Company, which is by far the
largest producer, and whose principal deposits are located near Craig-
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1009
mont, 8 miles from Combermere, Renfrew County. This companj^
has recently completed its new mill for crushing, cleaning, and sizing
the corundum, which has a capacity of about 5,000 tons of cleaned
corundum per year. (2) The Ontario Corundum Company, whose
mine is situated at New Carlo, Ontario, about 12 miles from Craig-
mont. This company formerly shipped its partly cleaned corundum
ore to Chester, Mass., but it has now erected a mill with a capacity of
about 4 tons of cleaned corundum per day. (3) The Corundum
Refiners (Limited), who own corundum deposits on Madawaska River,
near Palmer Rapids, Renfrew County, and on York River, in Dur-
gaman Township, near Bancroft, Hastings County, expect to put up
a large cleaning mill and to begin shipping corundum about Sep-
tember 1, 1904.
The price of the Canadian corundum varies from 6 to 7i cents per
pound delivered at the railroad. At the present time the value of the
production of the Canada Corundum Company is the largest of any
corundum or emery producer in America.
In 1903 the total value of the Canadian production of corundum was
187,600, which, as stated in the report of the geological survey of
Canada, is divided as follows; Corundum, grain, 849 short tons, valued
at $84,900; and corundum, cobbed, 270 short tons, valued at $2,700.
This latter quantity will contain probably 25 per cent of corundum,
or 67 tons, which, at an average value of $120 per ton, would make
the real total production of Canadian corundum equal to 916 short
tons, valued at $92,940. This is an increase of 111 short tons in quan-
tity and of $4,324 in value, as compared with the production of 805
tons, valued at $88,616, in 1902. One-half of this production is
shipped to the United States.
The increasing demand for the Canadian corundum is illustrated by
the following table, which gives the production for the years 1901 ,
1902, and 1903:
Production of Canadian corundum in 1901, 1902, and 1903,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
uoi
Short Urns.
484
806
916
147,740
1W2 . .
88,616
iste
92,940
With the increased facilities for handling and cleaning the corundum
ore there should be a much larger increase in the Canadian produc-
ticm in 1904.
M B 1903 64
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1010 MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
FEIiDSPAR.
Seveml years ago a deposit of mineral supposed to be corundum
was located on the north shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota, and a
company known as the Minnesota Abrasive Company was organized
to exploit and develop the property. Upon examination the mineral
proved to be a plagioclase feldspar mstead of corundum. Its value
as an abrasive is problematic on account of its low degree of hardness
and its fusibility. It could not be used in the manufacture of a vitri-
fied wheel. There are two companies, however, who are preparing
to mine this feldspar and prepare it for the market, the North Shore
Abrasive Company and the Minnesota Abrasive Company. For some
purposes this mineral may give good satisfaction as an abrasive, but
there will probably be a very limited demand for it
ABTIFICIAIi ABRA8IT1ES.
CARBORUNDUM.
An interesting paper has recently been published by Mr. F. A. J.
Fitzgerald, of Niagara Falls, N. Y.,^ on the ''Manufacture and Uses
of Carborundum," and that portion of the article relating to the
present method of manufacture is given as follows:
In the actual manufacture of carborundum the silica is supplied by means of a
very pure glass sand made from crushed quartz and containing about 99.5 per cent
silica. The carbon is supplied by coke, which is as pure as can be obtained. It has
just been shown that for every 10 pounds of carborundum produced 14 pounds of
carbon monoxide gas are set free, so that the mixture of sand and coke must be very
porous in order to permit the ready escape of the gas. This porosity is obtained by
putting a certain amount of sawdust in the mixture of sand and coke.
The various materials used in the manufacture of carborundum are received in
the mixing building. The sand is shipped in the ground form, so that it merely
has to be stored in the bins; but the coke has to be crushed and ground to powder
in a mill, whence it is taken by conveyors to its bin. The coke, sand, and sawdust
are then mixed in proper proportions and the mixture is stored in bins provided for
that purpose. From these bins the mixture can readily be drawn off and taken to
the furnace building. The latter contains three sets of furnaces, each set consisting
of five furnaces. These have the form of a box built of brick, the inside dimaisioDS
being approximately: Length, 16 feet; width, 7 feet; and depth, 6 feet.
The ends of the furnaces are permanent and carry the terminals, which consist of
large carbon rods and are so arranged that they may be connected to the cables
carrying the current. The side walls of the furnace are not permanent, but are
built up every time the furnace is loaded. In preparing a furnace for a run, the side
walls are first built up, and then the furnace is filled rather more than half full with
the mixture of sand, coke, and sawdust. The next stage, the most important in the
building of the furnace, is putting the core in place. The core is an electrical con-
ductor composed of carbon, which serves to connect the terminals of the furnace
electrically. After the core has been put in place more mixture is thrown into the
olron A^e, Oct 15, 1908.
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ABBA8IVE MATERIALS. 1011
furnatre and heaped up until the total height of the loaded furnace is about 10 feet.
Nothing now remains but to connect the furnace with the source of the current.
Next to the furnace building is the transformer room, where the current from the
power house comes in at 2,200 volts and is transformed to 150 volts. Beside e&ch
transformer is an induction regulator, which consists essentially of two coils which
can be moved relatively to one another; one of the coils is connected in series, the
other in parallel with the circuit going to the furnace room. By adjusting the rela-
tive positions of the coils of the regulator the voltage of the current going to the
famace room can be either raised or lowered uniformly, with a maximum of about
210 and a minimum of 80 volts. The reason for having this range of voltage is that
the resistance of the core, which is the part of the furnace that carries the current,
is at first high but diminishes when it becomes hot, and also for another reason which
we shall see when we come to consider the products of the furnace.
One furnace, such as has been described, requires 1,000 horsepower. After it has
been coLaected with the cables in the furnace room the current is thrown on in the
translonner room, and the voltage put up to the maximum. In a very short time
the furnace comes to load; that is to say, the resistance of the core drops until the
current reaches about 3,500 amperes, and the total watts amount to 746,000, or 1,000
horsepower. As the resistance continues to decrease the core takes a larger current,
and consequently the volts must be cut down so as to keep the power constant
Finally the resistance becomes nearly constant, when the amperes are about 7,500,
and hence the voltage is about 100. The total run lasts thirty-six hours.
About half an hour after the current is thrown on a light is applied to the side
walls of the furnace, and the carbon monoxide, which by this time is coming off
rapidly, ignites with a slight explosion. As the furnace becomes hotter the devel-
opment of carbon monoxide gas increases till the whole furnace is enveloped in blue
flames, presenting a very beautiful appearance.
One of these carborundum furnaces yields about 8,500 pounds of silicon carbide,
90 that from the equation already given it is easily calculated that about 6 tons of
carbon monoxide are generated during the run. At first sight it seems wasteful that
all this gas should escape and be burned at the walls of the furnace; but it probably
is of value in keeping the walls of the furnace hot and so diminishing the radiation
of heat from the inside of the furnace.
After thirty-six hours the current is cut off from the furnace and another one con-
nected. For each 1,000 horsepower used there are 5 furnaces, so that there are 15
himaoes in all for the 3,000 horsepower used by the Carborundum Company. Each
1,000 horsepower produces approximately 4,800 pounds of crystalline carborundum
per day, so that the present output amounts to about 7 tons a day. The company
are at present building a new furnace plant at Niagara Falls, and when this is fin-
ished the total power used will be 5,000 horsepower, which will give an output of
about 11.7 tons a day. In the new furnace room there will be a 2,000-horsepower
fomace, probably the laigeet electric furnace in the world.
Immediately after the current has been cut off from the furnace the taking down
of the side walls is begun, so as to cool the furnace as rapidly as possible. After
half the wall is taken down the unchanged mixture is raked off, and the outer crust
of partially converted material is removed. This crust which surrounds the carbo-
rundum crystals is known as ** white stuff,'' and is an intermediate stage in the for-
mation of carborundum. When the " white stuJK " has been removed the crystalline
carborundum is exposed and is taken from the furnace to the crushing room. When
the core is removed from the furnace it is found to be converted into graphite, and
this is the principal t^use of the great reiluction in the resistance of the furnace dur-
ing the run. •
After the carborundum is removed from the |umaoe it is taken to pan mills,
where it is crushed and is then placed in laige lead-lined tanks and digested with a
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1012 MINERAL BE80UBOE8.
hot and strong solution of sulphuric acid, after which it is thoroughly washed
with water, dried, and graded. In washing with water the fine powders are floated
off and suheequently collected in Settling tanks.
The equation representing the reaction thus described is as follows:
SiO, + 3C = CSi + 2CO
Sand Coke Carbo- Carbon
rundum monoxide
gas.
There are of course some impurities in the materials used, but they
are very nearly pure, as is indicated by the following typical analysis
of the carborundum made by the present method. For comparison
there is given the theoretical composition of carborundum.
Analygis of carborutidvm.
Constituent.
Silicon, Si
Carbon, C
Iron, Fe
Aluminum, Al
When carborundum was first manufactured it was put on the market
solely for abrasive purposes in the form of wheels and stones of vari-
ous shapes and sizes, or as paper and cloth and as grains, and while
the largest use of this material is still for such purposes, some is now
being used in the manufacture of steel and for refractory purposes.
Amorphous carborundum, under the trade name of carborundum fire sand, is
being widely used as a furnace lining in brass-melting fumaoee, both in the form of
brick and as mortar. Crystalline carborundum in the form of a fine powder is being
applied as a wash or a coating to the faces of fire-brick walls, being mixed witht
solution of silicate soda. Under the action of flames this coating forms a film
enamel which greatly increases its resistance power to heat.«
The Carborundum C!ompany are still the only manufacturers of
carborundum wheels and stones and are now making solid wheels 36
inches in diameter by 12 indies thick. They make a sectional wheel 12
' feet in diameter, used for grinding soapstone.
PRODUCTION.
The production of carborundum in 1903 amounted to 4,759,890
pounds, an increase of 1,018,390 pounds as compared with the pro-
duction of 3,741,500 pounds in 1902. This is the largest productioD
in any year since the beginning of the manufacture of this abrasive.
The increase in the demand for carborundum is well brought out in
the following table, which gives its production since 1892, when it was
a Letter Irom the Carborundum Company.
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AfifiAStVE MATERIALS.
1013
tirst put on the market. Its value now varies from 8 to 10 cents per
pound.
Pvoductum of carborundum, 189S-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
1892
Pounds,
1,000
15,200
52,200
226,000
1,207,800
1,256,400
1898
Pounds.
1,447,200
1,741,245
2,634,900
8,838,175
8,741,500
4,759,890
18S8
1899
1894
1900
1901
1895
1896
1902... . . . .
1897
1908
CRUSHED STEEL.
The use of particles of steel for abrasive purposes was first intro-
duced about fifty years ago in certain German industries, where the
steel used was l>roken pieces of old files. This same idea of utilizing
pieces of broken-up files was attempted later in this country by Mr.
C. M. Lindsey as a substitute for sand in cutting marble and other
stones. The results were not satisfactory, owing to the impossibility
of obtaining a uniform product. These experiments did, however,
result beneficially, as they proved the value of hardened pieces of
steel for abrasive purposes and led finally to the discovery of crushed
steel, which was patented by Mr. Lindsey.
Sand was formerly the principal material used for cutting stone,
but this was later partly superseded by a hardened steel known as
chilled iron globules or chilled shot. This material in many cases
gave much better satisfaction than sand, and although it was a much
more expensive raw material, it made a cheaper abrasive on account
of its greater cutting capacity. Owing, however, to its rounded
character, it did not give perfect satisfaction, and it has in turn been
superseded by diamond crushed steel, which has sharper and more
angular edges. Although the crushed steel is more expensive than
chilled shot, its superior abrasive efficiency makes it in many cases
the cheaper abrasive. The manufacturing of crushed steel has been
so perfected that an absolutely uniform material can be produced.
The method of manufacture and uses of crushed steel have recently
been described by Mr. M. M. Kann,*» secretary of the Pittsburg
Crushed Steel Company (Limited.)
In manufacturing these crushed steel abrasives the best material to
use is high-grade crucible steel. This is heated to a temperature of
about 2,500^ F. (nearly a white heat) and then quenched in a bath of
cold water. This gives the steel a granular structure. These frag-
ments of steel are then reduced to particles, varying in size from fine
a Proc. Am. A«!o. Ady. Sci., -Pittsburg meeting, July, 1908.
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10l4 MIKEBAL BESOtJBCES.
powder to one-six tb of an inch in diameter, by means of powerful ham*
mers or crushing machines* The crushed product is then classified into
sizes varying from No. 6 to No. 200 mesh. The sizes from 6 to 60 are
then tempered by being placed in a cylinder or pan and heated to a tem-
perature of about 450° F., when they change in appearance to a straw
color. They are then cooled by subjecting them to blasts of cold air.
This material is known as diamond crushed steel. The sizes from 60
to 200 are treated similarly, but are hardened still more. These latter
sizes are known as diamond steel emery.
USES.
The uses of the different kinds of crushed steel have greatly increased
since their first introduction to the market. They are now used in
sawing, rubbing, and polishing marble, onyx, granite, and other ston^,
in grinding lenses, in beveling glass, in grinding brick, and in grind-
ing valves. They are also used by lithographers and plate-glass manu-
facturers.
The chief use, however, of crushed steel is still the stone trade. The
sizes of crushed steel used depend on the character of the stone to be
cut, rubbed, or polished. In cutting a coarse brown sandstone, like the
noted Connecticut stone, the largest sizes of crushed steel, 10 to 16,
are used. For a stone of finer texture, like the Indiana limestone,
sizes 30 to 36 are used, and for stones like marble and onyx the still
finer sizes, 46 to 50, are used.
In rubbing down granite the size of crushed steel to use will depend
upon the condition of the surface of the stone as it comes from the
cutter, whether it comes from the pointing tool, from the ax, or
from the 4, 6, or 8 hammer. The finer the surface left by the stone-
cutter, the smaller the sizes of crushed steel that should be used. In
rubbing stone, beveling glass, and grinding brick revolving iron
wheels are used, which vary in size according to the work to be done.
For rubbing stone, wheels 12 to 13 feet in diameter are used; for
grinding brick, wheels 6 to 7 feet in diameter are used, and for bevel-
ing glass, wheels 30 inches in diameter are used. The crushed steel
is used over and over again, being re-fed automatically to the table.
In lens grinding steel emery in sizes varying from 70 to 90 is used
for roughing in and No. 170 for fining down. In the lithographic
trade steel emery in sizes 150, 160, and 170 is used.
Another use of crushed steel is in core drilling. Where it has been
used for this purpose it has given good results. Mr. Kann mentions
two cores that have been cut by drills using crushed steel. One was
a 65-foot core, H inches in diameter, taken from the Lake Superior
sandstone. The steel used was No. 14. The other core was 130 feet
long and 6 inches in diameter, and was taken from the Cleveland
sandstone.
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AfiSAdlVB KAfEfilAlS.
1015
Crushed steel oxidizes quite readily, but this can be prevented by
adding a small quantity of quicklime to the grains of steel; this has
been done to advantage in the marble-cutting establishments.
During the last eight months an automatic feeding machine has
been devised, which has led to a much greater use of crushed steel
among the glass bevelers.
No satisfactory method has thus far been devised for making wheels
out of crushed steel. If this could be accomplished it would undoubt-
edly increase the use of this abrasive.
PRODUCTION.
In 1903 the production of crushed steel amounted to 756,000 pounds,
which is the greatest production of any year since this abrasive was
put on the market. The average value per pound was 7 cents. The
prices of the different grades of crushed steel vary from 5i to 10 cents
per pound.
The following table shows the quantity of crushed steel produced
each year since 1898:
Production of crushed steel in the United States, 1898-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Year. | Quantity.
1888
Pownds.
660,000
675,000
700,000
1901
Pounds.
690,000
1899
1902
736,000
190O
1908
765,000
ARTIFICIAL CORUNDUM.
The manufacture of artificial corundum from bauxite was carried on
by the Norton Emery Wheel C!ompany at its plant at Niagara Falls
much more extensively in 1903 than in 1902, and its production as an
abrasive material is now assured. It makes a clean, fast-cutting
abrasive, and is now put on the market in the form of wheels and
stones by the Norton Emery Wheel Company. None of the grain has
as yet been put on the market.
ADAMITE.
This artificial abrasive is at the present time manufactured in Ger-
many, the raw material being shipped to this country, where it is
crushed and graded by the Adamite Abrasive Company. The quan-
tity of this abrasive that is used is not large.
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BORAX.
By Charles G. Yale.
INTRODUCTION.
The borax fields of the United States are mainly located in the desert
regions of southeastern California, in western Nevada, and in Oregon.
Almost the entire production comes, however, from California. The
Nevada fields are in reality in the northern extension of the California
deposits, the drainage of the " Great Basin" being toward its greatest
depression in the south, known as Death Valley. It is apparent that
California contains in her desert "dry lake" region the main source
of supply of borax in the United States.
Borax ores, commonly called borate of lime, are found in the follow-
ing known places: At Chetco, Curry County, Oreg., as borate of lime
and known as priceite. This deposit is not being operated at present
and is controlled by the Borax Consolidated (Limited). The ore is con-
sidered very rich in boric acid contents, but it is found in pockets only,
embedded in a serpentine foimation, which makes the mining very
costly. Furthermore, being over 100 miles from railroad transporta-
tion facilities, the hauling is very expensive. Although the deposit
lies at the foot of the mountains which overlook the Pacific Ocean,
there is no harbor near by at which vessels may dock, and the ocean
at this point is, as a rule, quite rough. The property has been closed
down for several years, as the company owning it has other deposits
more advantageous to operate.
A borate of soda is foimd in Harney County, Oreg., about 130 miles
north of Winnemucca, Nev., to which place the small product is
shipped by mule teams. The Rose Valley Borax Company owns the
best portion of the marsh lands where the deposits are found. The
mines are temporarily idle and no product was obtained in 1903.
The various marshes throughout western Nevada and southeastern
California are not being operated to any extent, as the price of borax
as now sold will not permit the profitable operation of most of them.
1017
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1018 MlNEftAL bESOttBCM.
The mines of California now being worked are referred to more fully
hereafter. .
The first borax produced in the United States was in 1864 at Bonuc
Lake on the margin of Clear Lake, Lake County, CaL, where 12
short tons were manufactured by the evaporation of the waters of the
lake. The price obtained at that time was 39 cents per pound, or
$780 per ton. Before this production, however, Dr. John A. Veatch
had discovered borax (in 1856) at the Tuscan Springs in Tehama
County, and also at. the mouth of Pitt River, Shasta County, Cal. In
that same year he discovered the existence of borax at Borax Lake,
where the first production was subsequentl}'^ made. In 1860 the same
gentleman found traces of borax at Mono Lake, Mono County. In
1863 J. W. Searles discovered borax in Searles Lake, in San Bernar-
dino County, near the Inyo County line. From 1864 to 1868 the
entire product of the United States came from the waters of Borax
Lake, Lake County. An artesian well finally diluted the waters bo
that the work became unprofitable. In 1872 a small quantity came
from lake Hachinhama, on the opposite side of Clear Lake. The next
step in the progress of the industry was the working of the saline
crusts on the so-called Dry Lakes or Borax Marshes of the Mohave
Desert in 1873. San Bernardino and Inyo counties each began to have
an output about that time. About 1887 operations were suspended in
most of the marsh beds, and not long after work was begun on the
colemanite or borate of lime bed in San Bernardino County, from
which source most of the borax of the United States has since been
derived. The saline deposits of California have been very fully
described by Mr. Gilbert E. Bailey, of the California State Mining
Bureau, and more briefly by Mr. M. R. Campbell, of the United
States Geological Survey."
PRODUCTION.
The colemanite deposits of San Bernardino County, Cal., continue
to form the main source of supply of borax of the United States,
though to a small extent there is a production from the mar^h
deposits of California, Nevada, and Oregon. The returns give an
aggregate production of crude borax amounting to 34,4:30 short tons
valued at $6^1,400. The production in 1902 was 17,404 short tons of
refined borax, valued at $2,447,614, of which 862 short tons, valued
at $150,000, were stated to be boric acid, and 2,600 short tons of crude
borax, valued at $91,000— a total of 20,004 short tons, valued at
$2,638,614.
a Bailey, G. £., the aaline depofdts of California; Bull. California State Mining Burean Na 24, VKL
Campbell, M. R., reconnaissance of the borax deposits of Death Valley and Mohaye Doert; Boll
L . h. Geol. Survey No. 200, 1902.
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BOBAX. 1019
The figures representing the output of 1903 are all based on the
quantity of crude ores shipped to the various refineries. Some of the
companies shipped to refineries high-grade concentrates, thus making
their values seem high as compared with those of other companies. By
far the largest proportion of the output was valued at the mines at
only $15 per ton; but the concentrates run much higher.
In the chapter on this subject in the report for 1902, the aggregate
production was rated cliiefly on the basis of the refined material which
amounted to 17,404 short tons, valued at $2,447,614. This accounts
for the apparent discrepancy shown in the figures of the three preced-
ing years, in which the tonnage was greater, but the valuation less
than half that of 1902. Had the valuation been taken in 1903 on
the refined instead of the crude product, the figures would have been
$2,735,000 instead of $061,400, as an increase of aUbut 20 per cent in
consumption is acknowledged by manufacturers.
On consultation, however, with the representatives of the principal
producers, it was considered best to give tonnage and valuation for
1903 on the basis of the crude instead of the refined output, since the
crude is produced in California and the refined is largely made in
other States, and is in reality a manufactured article and not strictly a
mining product. It takes from 2 to 4 tons of crude borax to make 1
ton of pure anhydrous boracic acid, depending on percentage of the
ores handled. When the crude borax is taken to the refinery, soda is
added, largely increasing the weight, and when to the cosit of the soda
are added the costs of labor, freight, management, etc., a crude mining
product worth at the mines from $15 to $40 a ton becomes a manu-
factured product worth on the market from $120 to $140 a ton. When
mined and shipped none of the mineral is pure borax, and about six-
sevenths of the total is only 25 per cent ore, the other seventh being
more or less concentrated, but not refined. The miners themselves
agree that in calculating the quantity and value of the production
for statistical purposes the crude material only should be considered.
For these reasons the writer has given the value of the crude produc-
tion in 1903 as $661,400, while, were the refined material given its
value, the figures would have been approximately $2,735,000. The
costs of refining vary with the process, just as costs of mining vary
with character of the deposits and with distance of haulage to railroad
stations, plus the consequent freight expenses. Hence in the follow-
ing table the tonnage for 1903 is that of the crude material and the
value is the "spot" value at the mines, though this shows an apparent
but not a real falling off in aggregate value from the previous year.
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1020
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The statistics of production of borax in California from 1864 to
1908, inclusive, are jjfiven in the following table: *
Produciion of borate in Cidifoniiti, 1804-190S.
Year.
1864.
18ti5.
1867.
1869..
1870..
1871..
18?2..
1878..
1874..
1875..
1876. .
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
1883..
Qiiantlty.
Short tons.
12
126
201
220
32
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
140
615
915
1,168
1,437
993
373
363
732
900
Value.
89,478 [{ 18»4.
94,099 I 1885.
132,538 t 1886.
156,137 I 1887.
Year.
22,384
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
89.600
265,440
259,427
289,080
312,537
193,705
66,257
65,443
149,245
189, 750
201,300
265,600
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891-
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1899
1900 1
1901 1
1902
1903
Quantity.
Value.
SttortUms,
1,019
$196,705
942
155.430
1,285
17S,4<5
1,015
116,725
1,405
196,636
965
146,473
3,201
480. U2
4,267
640,000
5,525
838,787
3,955
595,292
5,770
807,807
5.959
595.900
6,754
675,400
8,000
1,080,000
8.300
1,158,000
20,357
l.lS9,n3
25.837
1,013.251
23,231
1.012,118
"20,004
2,838,614
fr34,430
661,100
a Refined product, Including 2,600 short tons of crude, valued at 191,000.
b Crude product
IMPORTS.
The following table gives the imports of borax and lK)rates into the
United States from 1867 to 1903, inclusive:
Imports of borax and borates into the United States, 1867-190S.
Year.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878. ,
1879.
Borax.
Quantity.
Value.
Pound».
49,652
86,601 1
79,183
10,127
89,695
12,799
97,078
14,611
131,927
20,706
35,542
6,288
9,284
2,162
3,860
1,253
5,163
1,224
3,145
691
3,500
676
8,492
614
8,472
490
16,278
2,011
Borates, calcium,
and sodium (crude
and refined so- 1
dium borate). ,
Boric acid.
Quantity. . Value. ' Quantity. ' Value.
Pounds.
5,672
22,293
54,822
2,616
5
22,500
NU.
Nil.
588
Nil.
55
286
Nil.
22,122
I
f7U
2,985
8,011
322
1
8,000
Nil.
Nil.
78
Nil.
12
61
NU.
742
Pound*.
770,756
243,998
998,033
1,166,145
1,204,049
1,103.974
1,222,006
233.965
41,742
137,518
107,468
22,838
S06,4ti2
243,723
873,396
22,84»
109.974
173, W
185,477
191.535
256, 1»
58.752
6,»
15,771
11,20
6S1
21,W
18. a
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BOBAX.
1021
Imparts of horajc and borates into the United States, 1867-190S — Ck)ntiniied.
Year.
Borax.
Borates, calcium,
and sodium (crude
and refined so-
dium borate).
Boric acid.
Quantity.
Pounds.
4,136
10,664
5,611
7,332
240
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. | Value.
1881
$866
3,062
1,359
1,691
41
Pounds.
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
142
Nil.
NU.
Nil.
Nil.
$34
Nil.
1
4
88
Nil.
800
17,681
6
13,659
11,427
105,604
1W,951
79,268
92,108
2,979
Pounds.
187,058
586,335
4,384,432
44,512
48,517
430,655
376, 184
$15,771
1882
• 71,848
1SS3
580,171
1S84
4,494
1885
4,035
1886
4
26,238
1887
83
455
Nil.
29,608
414, 151
40
543,967
441,066
4.2^4.261
19.885
1888
487,777 26,394
1889
676,736 86,814
1890
867,802 48,967
1891
666,765 41,019
1882
701.625 89,418
1898
11,230
1.812
1,327
225
771,775 40,568
im
298,990 ' 19.282
1896
612,730 26,429
925,158
655,769
42,056
1M6
11,376 1 796 4.307.100
21,899
1897
19,087 1 1-128
5, -204, 612
4,285,856
42,165
58,294
103,700
186.807
1898
10,232
51,221
962
itsso
582.002
20,560
1900
273,706 9.937
4,306 473.261
17,486
1001
M5,045
684,5.37
20,643
20.795
9.411
12,002
13,280
725,005
822,907
693,619
26,629
1902
30,439
1903
68,978 5.727 i 146.6.=>4
28,011
AVORJ^D'S PRODUCTION.
The following table gives the production of borax and boron com-
pounds in the principal countries of the world from 1896 to 1902,
inclusive*
Tfie ivorld's production of bor(UeSy efo., 1896- J 90S. a
[Metric tons.]
United I
Year.
Peru.
Calcium
borate, b
Turkey.
Pander-
mite.feo
1,179
12,626
11,850
11,876
7,178
e*)
7,638
e*)
7,080
CO
4,156
C)
C)
(.9)
a From official reports of the respective countries except the United States.
*nxportP.
^Fiscal years.
''Total exports 1887-1901 amounted to 43,851 tons, valued at £789.818.
''Statistics not yet available.
/In addition. 376 tons refined borax and 238 tons refined boric acid, all from 12 mines in Province
of Pt-*,
^ Annual output intimated at about 9,000 metric tons.
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1022 MINEBAL BESOX7B0ES.
REVIEW OF THE BORAX INDUSTRY I>URIXG 1903.
CALIFORNIA.
From this State comes practically all the borax and boric add pro-
duced in the United States. The deposits are situated in the following
localities:
VerUura County. — ^The Frazier Mountain deposit in Ventura County
is about 70 miles west of Bakersfield, Kern County, and is owned by
the Frazier Borate Mining Company, controlled by the Stauffer
Chemical Company, of San Francisox). The crude ore is shipped by
traction en^ne from the mine to the railroad and thence by rail to
San Francisco, where it is refined into borax and boric acid. The
ore is considered very high in boric acid contents, running, it is said,
from 36 to 46 per cent boric acid. The Columbus Borax Company
also owns a deposit near GriflSn, Ventura County, which is being
developed, but did not reach a productive stage until the summer of
1904.
San Bernardino County. — At and near Daggett, San Bernardino
County, deposits are owned by the Borax Consolidated (Limited), the
Western Mineral Company, the American Borax Company, the
Columbus Borax Company, and the American Board of Promoters
Boracic Acid Company.
The Borax Consolidated (Limited) (the old Pacific Coast Borax Com-
pany) owns and operates what is called the Calico deposit, which is
situated about 11 miles from Daggett in a northeasterly direction.
This deposit is not found in what one would call well-defined ledges,
but only in pockets which may develop into very large deposits. The
mining has not been carried on to any considerable depth — not more
than 600 to 600 feet. The mining is very irregular, the larger bodies
of ore often being found by accident. Several times the nroperty has
been reported by the miners as worked out, but almot : every time
larger bodies of ore than the previous one& have been found. The
mine as a producer has been a wonder, considering that the ore was
never found in defined beds. The ore found is a borate mineral called
colemanite after Mr. William T. Coleman, the pioneer borax producer
on the Pacific slope. The ore varies in percentage of boric acid con-
tained, but is seldom shipped unless it averages 36 per cent or more.
Any lower grade is put through the roaster at Marion, where the
concentrating plant is situated. The ore not shipped is taken to this
plant and there put through a Holthoff-Wethey furnace, built by the
AUis-Chalmers Company.
The Western Mineral Company operates a small boric-acid plant
about 6 miles directly north of Daggett, and the mine is about 1}
miles from the works in an easterly direction. ,The ore obtained is a
borate of lime. The mine has been closed for the last year, but will
be operated again next season.
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BOBAX. 1023
The American Borax Company operates a boric-acid plant in the
town of Daggett. The mine, 7 miles northwesterly, is connected with
the works by a railroad, and the ore is hauled to the works for treat-
ment. The ore is a borate of lime varying in boric-acid contents -from
7 per cent to 30 per cent, and is treated by a special process patented
by Mr. Henry Blumenberg, jr., and described elsewhere in this chap-
ter. The liquors are run out into solar vats and allowed to evaporate.
The material is shipped to the Brighton Chemical Company, New
Brighton, Pa., and is there converted into borax and refined boric acid.
This company is controlled by Messrs. E. L. Dawes, W. A. Myler,
and Henry Blumenberg, jr. The Brighton Chemical Company is
controlled by the same parties. The results of the work of this com-
pany have encouraged others owning low-grade properties in that sec-
tion, and doubtless other properties will be developed. The deposit
is considered almost inexhaustible, and it is understood that the com-
pany has ore in sight and blocked out to last for twenty years' work
at the present rate of production.
The Colimibus Borax Company owns a mine about 6 miles south of
Daggett, on which it has developed some good ore averaging 16 per
cent, but lately the company has done nothing on it except develop-
ment work.
The American Board of Promoters Boracic Acid Company has
developed a large deposit about 9 miles northeasterly of Daggett,
where the ore is a borate of lime. It has six patented claims, with
ore bodies containing from 10 to 12 per cent boric acid. A plant is
to be erected in the summer of 1904. The name of this company is to
be changed to the Palm Borate Company.
The principal source of borax in this Calico and Daggett region of
San Bernardino County has thus far been a vein-like deposit of calcium
borate of the variety known as colemanite. The chief bed or vein in
this deposit is found from 5 to 8 miles east of the old silver mining
town of Calico.
In/yo County. — There are large deposits in Death Valley, Inyo
County, about 140 miles north of Daggett, controlled largely by the
Borax Consolidated (Limited), on which very little work has been
done, with one exception. The deposit in Ash Meadows, known as
the Leila See mine, has been developed as a precautionary measure in
case the mines at Daggett should fail. The mine is 110 miles north
of Manvel, on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. A
wagon road has been completed from Ash Meadows to Manvel, with
a grade said to be not over 5 per cent in any place, over which ore is
to be hauled by traction engine.
Near Big Pine, in Inyo County, is situated the property of the
Western Borax Company, of which Lillienthal & Co., of San Fran-
cisco, are agents. This company is now producing borax from mai'sh
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1024 MINERAL R£80nRC£8.
dirt or mud containing from 8 to 10 per cent of borax, which is dis-
solved and then crystallized out.
There are small deposits and prospects of borax all along the Mohave
Deser-t and adjoining the Death Valley country; but as long as the
price of borax is as low as at present, with the chances of it falling
still lower, very little inducement is held out either to the prospector
or the investor, and they must confine themselves to the richer deposits
or to such deposits as are near to railroad transportation facilities.
The cost of production in this country depends almost solely on the
labor, which is often very unsatisfactory, experience proving this
item to amount to about 60 per cent of the total cost Another draw-
back to the borax industry is the unceilainty as to the duty, as, with
labor forming 60 per cent of the total cost, no one can produce borax
in this country with labor at $3 per day and compete with foreign
countries where the cost of labor is so much less. Furthermore, the
transportation charges are such that, if the duty be in any way tam-
pered with, the mines in the distant desert regions of C-alifomia can
not expect to ship their product 3,000 miles to an eastern seaport over
several railroads and compete successfully with a product which is
shipped by sea.
The refiners of borax in the United States are: Borax Consolidate
(Limited), Bayonne, N. J.; Pfizer & Co., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Brighton
Chemical Company, New Brighton, Pa.; Thos. Thirkelson & Co.,
Chicago, 111. ; Stauffer Chemical Company, San Francisco, Cal.
The refining of borax is held more or less as a trade secret. The
materials mainly used in the diJBferent refineries are borate ores, boric
acid, or crude borax, which are mixed with soda ash and sodium bicar-
bonate in various proportions and boiled and allowed to crystallize.
As already stated, it has been considered proper to give the figures
of production in terms of the crude material for the sake of uniformity.
The cost of crude varies very materially with the different producers,
owing to local conditions, longer or shorter hauls to railroad, etc.
While some producers may deliver their crude to the i*ailroad at a
profitable valuation of, say, $15 per ton, the value at that point to
others is as high as $40 per ton. Some of it is also semi-refined or con-
centrated before shipment up to even higher values, being subsequently
fully refined at points distant from those of production. Some pro-
ducers bring their product up to a higher percentage than others before
shipping. Some high-class crude ore is shipped directly to the refin-
eries and some is a roasted or semi-refined product.
For description of the various localities in the different counties of
California where borate minerals have been found, the reader is referred
to the bulletin by Mr. G. E. Bailey on the saline deposits pf Califor-
nia, already cited on a preceding page.
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BORAX. 1025
USES OF BOBAX.
The following are some of the more common uses of borax: When
melted at a high temperature, it has the property of dissolving metal-
lic oxides and of forming transparent colored glasses. By this means
the various metallic oxides may be distinguished in the flame of the
blowpipe in laboratory work. The property of dissolving metallic
oxides makes it useful in soldering and brazing metals, as it renders
the surfaces to be joined clean, so that the solder runs and fills the
joint between them. In welding metals it is used as a flux. In assay-
ing gold and silver ores borax is used in the crucibles or scorifiers to
dissolve and remove base metals from the metallic lead button holding
the gold and silver of the samples tested. It is used also as a flux in
melting gold, silver, and other metals. Of late years it has been
extensively used in the manufacture of porcelain-coated ironware known
as granite ware. The manufacturers of granite ware and of enameled
bath tubs are extensive consumers of borax. It is very largely used
in the manufacture of pottery and earthenware as a glaze. It is a con-
stituent of the strass or paste used in the manufacture of glasses and
enamels, and is the basis of artificial gems. It is largely used in making
the hard, tough grades of glass, and the vitrifiable pigments for stained
glass and for encaustic tiles.
On account of its cleansing qualities, borax is extensively used in the
household in the form of borax soaps. When powdered, its detersive
qualities make it useful in the home and in the laundries for washing
textile fabrics. In solution it is used for cleansing the hair, and it
forms part also of numerous cosmetics. Cotton goods saturated with
a solution of borate of ammonia and then dried are rendered to a certain
extent noninflammable. It is utilized as a mordant in calico printing
and dyeing, and as a substitute for soap in dissolving gum out of silk.
Guignet green, a beautiful pigment used in calico printing, is a borate of
chromium. A varnish made of one part borax with five parts shellac
is used in stiffening felt hats. With casein, borax forms a substance
which is used as a substitute for gum arabic.
A solution of borax in water may be mixed with linseed oil and used
for cheap printing. Painters also use a solution of borax as a solvent
for shellac. Borate of manganese has been utilized as a drier for
paints, oils, and varnishes. Borax is extensively used in tanning
where wools and furs are treated, as it cleanses, softens, and prevents
the hair from falling out. In the household, it is utilized to drive
certain insects away, its presence being specially obnoxious to cock-
roaches and ants. Borax is very extensively used in preserving foods,
more particularly canned beef, etc.
In medicine, according to the United States dispensatory, bomx is a
mild refrigerant and diuretic. A solution is used as a mild antiseptic.
u B 1903 66
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1026 MINEBAL BE8OUB0E8.
The list of medical preparations into which boric acid and borates enter
and form a part is a long one. In chemistry and metallurgy the
borates are used in very many ways. With the gradual cheapening of
the product in recent years many new uses for it have been found.
TECHNOIX>GY.
In handling colemanite in the Calico district, San Bernardino County,
Cal., the ores that are not shipped are taken by the Pacilic Coast
Borax Company (Borax Consolidated, Limited) to their concentrating
plant at Marion, about 6 miles from their mine, and are then put
through the HolthoJ9F-Wethey furnace. The ore is simply heated, or
mildly roasted, and the borate mineral falls to a powder, the silica, lirae
carbonate, and other gangue matter being scraped away. The pow-
der or flour is allowed to cool and is then sacked, like the crude ore,
and shipped to Bayonne, N. J., to be boiled with sodium carbonate to
form borax. It takes from 2 to 4 tons of low-grade ore to make a ton
of roasted ore which assays 45 per cent, or more, of boric acid. The
pandermite, which is associated with the colemanite in small layers,
is generally lost if put through this roasting furnace, as it will not
fall to powder like the colemanite, and it either goes out with the
gangue matter or melts into a greenish glass, provided there is enough
fluxing matter present.
At Bayonne the machinery is driven by sets of independent motors.
The crude colemanite reaches these works in sacks, as shipped from
California. It is first coarse crushed on the ground floor of the works,
and is then conveyed to a GriflBn mill, which reduces it to the fineness
of flour. It is then carried by a screw conveyor to the foot of an ele-
vator which raises it to the first floor where it is dropped into a 100-
ton tank; a proper quantity of sodium carbonate is added, and the
whole is boiled with water. After boiling, the solution is drawn into
settling tanks on the second floor, and the clear solution is run back
to crystallizing vats on the first floor. The sediment is raised by cen-
trifugal vats on the first floor into a filter press of 50 pounds per
square inch; the pulp receives finally, however, double that pressure.
The liquor drawn from the press flows back to the settling tank, and
the refuse cakes are rejected.
The crystallizing vats are of sheet iron, 20 feet long by 6 feet wide
and 6 feet 6 inches deep. Two-inch iron pipes are laid across the tops
of the vats, from which wires 5 feet long and 0.25 inch in diameter
hang into the vats. As the solution cools the borax crystallizes upon
the wires and on the sides and bottoms of the vats. After the crys-
tallization, the mother liquor is pumped out and used again as a
solvent, and the borax crystals are removed. The crystallized borax
is raised to crushing rolls and screens on the fourth floor and there
sorted into three sizes, viz; (1) Refined crystals, (2) refined screenings,
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
BOBAX. 1027
(3) granulated borax. The granulated borax is first dried by hot air
in an inclined rotary cylinder, and then pulverized in a cyclone pulver-
izer; then it is caught in dust chambers; and finally it is barreled for
the market.
It is found that the borax crystals that form on the wires in the vat
are pure, but that those on the sides and on the bottom of the tank have
to be redissolved and refined in order to obtain a product of sufficient
purity to meet the requirements of the trade.
The '*muds" were formerly boiled with sulphuric acid in huge tanks,
the calcium borate during the process being decomposed and the boric
acid set free in solution, and the lime being converted into insoluble
calcium sulphate. The solution was then drawn off and evaporated,
and the crystallized boric acid obtained.
The American Borax Company, at Daggett, has improved upon this
process by installing sixteen 20,000-gallon digesters, in which the crude
muds are subjected to the action of sulphurous acid by the air method
instead of the steam method. This is practically leaching the ore
instead of boiling it, boric acid of a high grade being secured at a
small expense. By this method muds carrying but a small percent-
age of borates are profitabl}'^ treated. The liquors are also run out
into solar vats and allowed to evaporate. The plant of this com-
pany has 7 or 8 acres of evaporating vats. The material is shipped
to the Brighton Chemical Company, New Brighton, Pa., and is there
converted into borax and refined boric acid by being treated with soda
and then recrystallized as a finished product, which has never run
under 99.5 per cent of purity since that plant has been operated.
Before being shipped to New Brighton the material is ground and
treated by the process referred to, which is one patented by Mr. Henry
Blumenberg, jr., managing director of the company. The main fea-
ture is the mechanical sulphur burner, intended to convert the sulphur
into sulphur dioxide, with a minimum amount of sublimation resulting
therefrom. There is a horizontal cylindrical chamber provided with
end holes for cleaning and with an axial intake opening at one end
with an outlet opening at the other end, through which the sulphurous
acid is taken for the particular industrial use desired. Along the top
of the cylinder is disposed an air-supply pipe connected with a pipe
leading to an air compressor. The air-supply pipe is provided with a
series of vertical depending branch pipes which pass down through
packing boxes in the cylinder and discharge near the bottom. The
cylinder is lined with fire brick and has a safety valve and an air gage.
The sulphur is introduced into the cylinder through a door, so arranged
as to be operated and closed very quickly. This sulphur burner thus
has a burner chamber having a main air-supply pipe under pressure,
and a discharge opening, with a second independent air-supply pipe
under pressure disposed outside the chamber and having branch pipes
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1028 MINERAL RE80UKCES.
projecting therein, means being provided, as stated, for supplying air
under pressure to both supply pipes. The sulphur dioxide produced
by this burner may be used for reducing ores, or in any other place
where burning sulphur is desii-ed.
The Western Mineral Company works borate of lime, which varies
in boric acid contents from 6 per cent to 15 per cent. It is hauled
down from the mine to the works and then treated with sulphuric
acid, which liberates the lime from the boric acid. The pulp is then
washed, and the wash liquors are run out into a system of solar vats
where the intense heat of the desert regions dries away the water; the
boric acid is then scraped up and sacked. The heat in these vats often
runs up to 140^ in the sun.
Other processes for the manufacture of boric acid from Colemanite
were described in the report on the production of borax in 1902.*
These include the chlorine, or Moore process, the hydrochloric-acid
process, the sulphuric-acid process, the ammonia or Bigott process.
To these are now to be added the new sulphur dioxide compressed-air
method used by the American Borax Company at Daggett, herein
described.
Acknowledgments for assistance are due, among others, to Messrs.
Henry Blumenberg, jr. , of Daggett, and G. E. Bailey, of San Francisco.
a The production of borax in 1902: Extract from Mineral Beeoaroes U. S. for 1902, U. S. GeoL Surrey
1903, pp. 11-14.
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FLUORSPAR AND CRYOLITE.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
FliirORSPAR.
PRODUCTION.
The production of fluorspar in 1903 was confined to the same dis-
tricts and localities in Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arizona,
whence the production of 1902 was obtained. There was a consider-
able falling off in the quantity of fluorspar produced in 1903 as com-
pared with that of 1902, due partly to the depression in the iron and
steel industries, and also to the stocks of fluorspar on hand that were
left over from the previous year. The total production of fluorspar in
1903 was 42,623 short tons, valued at $213,617, a decrease of 5,495
tons in quantity and of $58,215 in value, as compared with the pro-
duction of 48,018 short tons, valued at $271,832, in 1902.
Of the 1903 production, 30,338 tons, valued at $129,971, were sold in
the form of lump fluorspar, as compared with 43,310 tons, valued at
$224,832, in 1902, a decrease of 12,972 tons in quantity and of $94,861
in value; 5,235 tons of ground fluorspar, valued at $52,346, were sold
in 1903, an increase of 527 tons in quantity and of $5,346 in value, as
compared with 4,708 tons, valued at $47,000, sold in 1903; the remain-
ing 6,950 tons, valued at $31,300, of the 1903 production of fluorspar
were prepared for market, but not sold, being still held by the pro-
ducers. This would make the total amount of lump fluorspar produced
m 1903 equal to 37,288 tons, valued at $161,271. The average price
per ton received for the lump fluorspar was $4.28 per ton, which is 91
cents less than the average price of $5.19 per ton received for the
lump fluorspar in 1902. This prevailing low price will account to
some extent for the quantity of fluorspar still held by the producers.
The highest price received for the lump fluorspar was $11.50 per ton,
which was for the Arizona production; the lowest price recorded was
$3 per ton, which was received for a portion of both the Kentucky and
the Illinois products. The two extremes in price in 1902 for lump
fluorspar were $11.50 and $2.85 per ton. The lump fluorspar that is
imported into the United States affects the market to some extent,
especially when there is any decrease in the demand for this mineral.
1029
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1030
MIKEBAL BBBOUBOBS.
The average price per ton received for ground fluorspar was $9.99,
an increase of 1 cent per ton as compared with the average price of
$9.98 per ton received in 1902.
The number of producei-s of fluorspar in 1903 was 12 as compared
with 18 who reported a production in 1902. These were divided as
follows: One in Arizona, 4 in Illinois, 6 in Kentucky, and 1 in Tenn^-
see. There were 4 producers in Kentucky, 1 in Arizona, and 1 in
Illinois who reported a production in 1902, but did not report any
production in 1903. Kentucky was again the State to have the largest
output, which was 27,499 tons of lump fluorspar, valued at $120,600,
. and 3,336 tons of ground fluorspar, valued at $33,360, a total produc-
tion of 30,835 tons, valued at $163,960. This is an increase of 1,8^^
tons in quantity and of $10,660 in value as compared with the pro-
duction of 29,030 tons, valued at $143,410, in 1902. This increase in
value is due to the production of ground fluorspar. There was a large
falling off in the production of Illinois, and also in Arizona and Ten-
nessee the production was much less than in 1902. In the following
table are given the quantity and value of the fluorspar produced in the
United States in 1902 and 1903, by States:
Production of fluorspar in the United States in 190^ and 1908^ by States.
State.
Ariaona and Tenneaeee
Kentucky
nilnoia
Total
1902.
Quantity. Value.
ShortUms.
fi28
29,030
18,360
48,018
10,872
143,410
121,S82
2n,814
1903.
Quantity. Value.
£0korf ton«.
275
90.835
11,413
92,087
15S,900
57,630
42,523 ' 213,617
As appears from this table the production of Kentucky in 1902 was
nearly twice as much as that of all other States, and in 1903 it was
nearly three times as much. Besides the 12 producers of fluorspar
mentioned above, there were 4 companies in Kentucky and 1 in Illinois
which were developing fluorspar properties in 1903, and expect to be
producers of this mineral in 1904.
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FLUOBSPAB AND OBYOLIl'E.
1031
The annual production of fluorspar in the United States since 1882
is given in the following table:
Production of fluorspar in the (Jnited States, 1882-1903^ inclusive.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1882
Short tons.
4,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
6,000
9,500
8,250
10,044
12,260
020,000
20,000
20,000
22,500
22,000
20,000
80,000
45,885
55,328
78,380
89,000
1898
Short tons.
12,400
7,500
4,000
6,500
5,062
7,675
15,900
18,450
19,586
48,018
42,528
084,000
47,600
24,000
52,000
87,159
63,060
96,660
94,500
113,808
271,882
218,617
1883.
1894
1884.
1896
1886
1896
1886
1897
1887
1898
vm
18e9
1889
1900
1800
1901
1801
1902
1892
1908
As is shown by this table, the production of 1903, although 5,495
tons less than that of 1902, is more than twice that of 1900 or .1901
and nearly three times that of 1899. This illustrates the decided
advance that is being made in the use of this mineral, especially for
metallurgical purposes.
IMPORTS.
As there are no separate statements regarding the amount of fluor-
spar , in the records of the Bureau of Statistics, it can not be stated
how much of this mineral is imported and enters into competition with
the doniestic product. During the last year its competition has been
felt to some considerable extent, and as far as can be judged the
importation was greater in 1903 than in 1902.
There is a certain amount of calcium fluoride produced as a by-
product in the reduction of the mineral cryolite which is imported
from Greenland, and its importation determines the quantity of this
artificial fluoride that is made. It usually amounts to from 3,000 to
4,000 tons per year, and is used as a flux in open-hearth furnaces,
giving the same results as the natural fluoride, which occurs as the
mineral fluorspar or fluorite.
CRYOIilTB.
PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS.
There was no production of this mineral in the United States dur-
ing 1903, and, although it had been found sparingly at a number of
localities, none of these have shown any indication of containing the
mineral in commercial quantity. All of the cryolite used in this
country is imported from Greenland, where the production is con-
trolled by the Danish Government, which also limits the exportation.
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1082
lONBBAL BE80CJB0E8.
The principal use of the cryolite imported into the United States is
in the manufacture of aluminum and sodium salts, and it is in this
process that the calcium fluoride is obtained as a by-product.
In the table below is given the quantity and value of cryolite
imported into the United States since 1871:
Imports of cryolite^ 1871-190S.
Year ending-
Amount.
Value.
Year ending —
Amount.
1
i Value.
June 80—
1871
LongUmt.
•71,068
76,196
84.226
28,118
70,472
108,680
126,692,
106,884 1
66,042
91,866
108,529
61,689
97,400
106,029
110,760
110.162 1
December 81—
1887
1888
LomgUmB.
10.328
7.888
8,608
7,129
8.298
7,241
9.574
10,684
9.425
3,009
10 115
6.201
6,879
5,437
6,888
6,188
7,708
1138,068
1872
96^830
1878
1889
m^i»
1874#
1800
96^406
1876
1891
76,350
1876
1892
96, 9S
1877
1893
126>6BB
1878
1894
142, 4»4
1879
1896
12^368
1880
1896
40^066
1881 ' -
1897
13M14
18«2
8,768
6.608
7,390
8,276
8.280
1898
8S,fi01
1888
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
78,076
1884
72.763
December 81—
1885
70,886
86.CiO
1886
1€B;879
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GYPSUM AND GYPSUM PRODUCTS.^
PRODUCTION BY CIiA88E8 OF PRODUCT.
The productioii of gypsum is reported as crude gypsum, land
plaster, plaster of Paris, and wall plaster, which represent the condi-
tions in which gypsum first reaches the market. The quantity and
value of each of these classes and the totals for lOOS are set forth in
the following table. For the sake of comparison the production for
1902 is also given. The total production is estimated as crude, while
the total value is that of the product in its different forms as it first
reaches the market.
Production of gypmm in United States, 1903.
Gnwle.
Grade
Land plaster . . .
Plaster of Paris.
Wall plaster....
Quantity.
Short toM.
73,912
74,601
264,196
478,847
Total (estimated as crude) 1,041,704
Value.
$87,608
154.945
1,078,287
2,472.103
3,792,943
Averaflfo
price per
ton.
$1.19
2.08
4.06
5.17
Prodwiimi of gypsam in United States, 190S.
Grade.
Quantity. Value.
Short tons.
Crude 81,465
Land plaster 00,791
Plaster of Paris 188,702
Wall plaster 360,685
Total (estimated a-s crude) 816,478
$93,914
106,237
562,928
1,326,262
2.089,341
Average
price per
ton.
$1.15
1.75
2.98
3.78
During recent years there has been a considerable advance in the
industry, which has resulted mainly from the increased use of gypsum
wall plasters in modern buildings. The table of production shows
th^t the amount of gypsum manufactured into plaster of Paris and
wall plaster in 1903 was much greater than in 1902. Much of the
gjpsum sold as plaster of Paris is subsequently manufactured into wall
aForadiseucsion of the gypsum deposits of the United States, their geologiciil occurrence and
economic development, readers are referred to Bulletin No. 223 of the United StatcH Geological
Survey ^'Gjrpsum deposits in the United States," by George I. Adams. It may be had upon applica-
tion to the DireHor.
The statistical work in this report has been carried on by MisR E. L. D. Patterson, of the United
States Geological Survey.
lUoo
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1034
MINEKAL KE8OUR0E8.
plaster by local firms, who add retarder and sand and fiber in such pro-
portions as prepare it for immediate use with the addition of water.
A considerable amount (about 3,000 tons annuall}') is utilized in bed-
ding plate glass during the process of grinding and polishing. The
production of land plaster is confined to certain of the Eastern States,
where it is used as a fertilizer, and to a few localities in the West,
where it is employed in neutralizing ''black alkali." The gypsum
which is sold crude is in large part ground locally and utilized as land
plaster. Some of it enters as a small percentage into the composition
of certain Portland cements.
The following table has been compiled to show the progress of the
gypsum industry during the last fourteen years. The annual produc-
tion and value of the three varieties of gypsum — crude, ground, and
calcined — are given, together with the value per ton of each. It
appears from the following and the preceding tables that the produc-
tion of plaster of Paris in 1903 was 26*1,196 short tons, as again^
188,702 short tons in 1902, and that the production of wall plaster was
478,347 short tons, as against 350,685 tons in 1902 — a combined pro-
duction in 1903 of 742,543 short tons, as compared with a combined
production of 539,387 tons in 1902 and of 399,686 tons in 1901. The
proportion of crude gypsum calcined to the total crude production
rose from 80 per cent in 1901 to about 83 per cent in 1902 and to about
86 per cent in 1903, but the total calcined production in 1903 was more
than the total crude production of 1901 by about 108,000 tons. The
increase in value per ton of the calcined gypsum from $3.31 in 1901
to $4.77 in 1903 is also to be noted. The value assigned to calcined
plaster is for the quantity produced after calcination, and not for the
crude gypsum used:
Production of gypmm in the United States, 1890-190S, classified as to variety.
Year.
Total
quantity
pro-
duced.
1X90.
1891
1892,
1893,
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
SJiort tons.
182,995
208,126
256,259
253,615
239,312
265,503
224,254
288,982
291,638
486,235
594,462
633,791
816,478
1,041,704
Sold crude.
Quantity.
V'alue.
IShort tails.
18,742
S19, 148
18,574
28,690
58.080
80.797
42,808
71,860
84,702
56,149
26,624
37,837
17,302
19, m
23,164
27,020
5,758
7,200
58,352
66.762
35,479
44,127
68,669
71,773
81,455
93,914
78,912
87,608
Average
price per
ton.
$1.02
1.54
1.39
1.68
1.62
1.42
1.11
1.17
1.25
1.14
1.24
1.05
1.15
1.19
Ground into land platter.
Quantity. Value.
Short tons.
56. 5:^
51,700
47,668
50,406
41,996
85,079
27,354
31,562
40,929
50.033
45,682
59,058
60,791
74,601
Avenge
price per
ton.
$143,014
117,356
106,247
106,365
95.914
85,355
59,749
67.068
90,777
100,797
82,806
109.551
106,287
151,945
tl53
2.27
13
m
2.3S
2.0
2. IS
122
la
LSI
1.85
L75
2.0
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GYPSUM.
1035
Production of gypsum in the United States^ 1890-1903 y classified as to variety — Continued.
Calcined into wall plaster and planter of Paris.
Year.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1885.
1886.
\9sn.
1898.
1M99.
1900.
1901.
1902
1903.
Weight be-
fore cal-
cining.
♦Sfeorf ton*.
Calcined
plaster pro-
Sh(yrt tons.
107,728
79,257
137,852
110,006
150,611
106,141
160,399
122,937
162,614
127,158
203,800
150,801
179,598
137,506
234,256
180,935
244,951
190,088
377,860
286,227
513,801
396,284
506,064
399,686
674,232
539,387
893, 191
742, M3
Value.
9412,361
482.005
508,448
518,390
609,626
674,265
494,461
661,761
657,303
1,119,521
1.500,270
1,325,317
1,889,190
3,650,390
Average
price per
ton.
S5.20
4.38
4.79
4.22
4.79
4.47
3.60
3.66
3.46
3.91
8.79
8.31
3.50
4.77
Total
value.
9574,623
628,051
696,492
696,615
761,719
797,447
678,344
755,864
755,280
1,287,080
1,627,203
1,606,641
2,089,841
8,792,^3
PRODUCTION BY STATES.
At present the gypsuui industry is carried on commercially in 22
States and Territories, which, named in the order of their importance
as producers, are Michigan, New York, Iowa, Texas, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Virginia, California, South
Dakota, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, and New Mexico.
The other five States do not produce gypsum, but contain large
plants to which the raw material is shipped and converted into wall
plaster and plaster of Paris.
A deposit of gypsum has been observed near Lake Panasoffkee, in
Florida, occurring in a low-lying area of hummock land known as
Bear Island. In the southern and southwestern parts of this area the
gypsum is covered by only an inch or two of vegetal mold, and can
be dug up soft like clay, but it hardens on exposure to the air. Two
pits sunk through it have shown it to be from 6 to 7 feet in thickness.
The quality is practically uniform. The new developments are prin-
cipally in the West. The wide distribution of the deposits in that
section permits of the utilization of only those which are of high gi'ade
and are conveniently situated with respect to transportation facilities.
An attempt has been made to govern the industry in a large section of
the country by the organization of the United States Gypsum Com-
pany, which controls the greater portion of the deposits in Iowa, and
in part also those which have been developed in Kansas, Michigan,
New York, Oklahoma, and Ohio.
New York. — ^The gypsum deposits of New York extend in a narrow
belt through the west central part of the State. Those that are
worked vary from 4 to 10 feet in thickness in most of the quarries,
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1036 MIKERAL BE80UE0E8.
but at Fayetteville a 80-foot bed is exposed. These deposits are
developed at Oakfield, Wheatland, Muniford, Grarbutt, Victor, Port
Gibson, Alabama, Union Springs, Mareellus Falls, Fayetteville,
Manlius, Jamesville, Cottons, Cloekville, Perry ville, and Valley Mills.
Many of the deposits are too impure to be used in the fiher grades of
plaster of Paris, since they contain small amounts of earthy matter,
lime, and iron, and hence at a number of places the industry- is only
of local importance, the production being confined to land plaster.
Within the last few years, however, several large plants have com-
menced the manufacture of calcined plaster, the gypsum used for this
purpose being obtained largely from Genesee County.
Virghiia. — The gypsum-producing locality in Virginia is confined
to a small area in the southwestern part of the State, in the valley of
the North Fork of Holston River. The known deposits are all in a
narrow belt about 16 miles in length. The beds of gypsum average
30 feet in thickness at the localities where they ai*e worked. The
development of the industry in the State has been governed largely
by transportation facilities, the extensive deposit in the upper valley
of the Holston not having been exploited on account of the long
wagon haul necessary. The deposits at Plasterco and Salti'ille have
furnished the principal output. The Virginia gypsum, as shown by
several analyses, is of remarkable purity. The product is marketed
partly as land plaster and partly a^ wall plaster.
jOJiio, — The gypsum deposits of Ohio, which are of economic value,
consist principally of beds of rock gypsum, and their existence has
been known since the first settlements were made on the shores of
Sandusky Bay. Gypsum is also found in small pockets throughout
the northwestern part of the State. The deposits which are worked
vary in thickness from a few inches to 9 feet. The principal ledges are
of a grayish hue, due to carbonaceous matter, but the gypsum itself is
pure white. The industry has increased I'apidly in the last few years.
At the present time there are two calcining plants in operation, and a
number of companies are engaged in the manufacture of wall plaster.
The greater part of the product is used for wall plaster and in the man-
uf iicture of plate glass, and a smaller quantity in the making of crayons
and pottery molds, and as land plaster.
Michigan, — The deposits of economic importance in Michigan are
developed in two parts of the State — in the vicinity of Grand Bapids
and on the border of Lake Huron, near Alabaster, where the gypsum
can be seen extending out from the shore under the water. The gyp-
sum is of the massive rock variety, occurring in heavy ledges, and
is of a high degree of purity. The product is marketed principally
as calcined gypsum and wall plaster, and partly as land plaster.
Towa, — The gypsum deposits of Iowa, so far as known, are confined
to an area of 60 to 70 square miles in Webster County, near the center
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GYPSUM. 1037
of the State. These deposits consist of a single bed, practically hori-
zontal, and varying from 10 to 25 feet in thickness. The develop-
ment of this industry is limited to the region immediately about Fort
Dodge, where eight mills are at present in operation. The nature of
the gypsum and the coloring of the bands is such as to render it pecul-
iarly fit for hardening, so that it may be used in the imitation of
marble. Analyses show the upper layers to be remarkably pure.
The product is principally wall plaster and plaster of Paris, a rela-
tively small amount being sold as land plaster.
Kansas, — The gypsum beds of Kansas extend in an irregular belt
northeast and southwest across the State. This belt is naturally
divided into three districts which, from the important centers of man-
ufacture, may be called the Blue Rapids, the Gypsum City, and the
Medicine Lodge areas. A number of smaller areas have been devel-
oped between these points, connecting more or less closely the three
main divisions. The excellent transportation facilities make it a good
field for manufacture, but the largest area, near Medicine Lodge, is
not reached by any trunk-line railroad, which has hindered its devel-
opment. The deposits consist of extensive beds of rock gypsum, and
there are many deposits of secondary gypsum or gypsite. Some of
the rock is well suited for the manufacture of the finer grades of plas-
ter of Paris, while the gypsite is adapted for wall and cement plasters,
four of the nine Kansas mills now using it for that purpose.
Oklahoma, — ^The gypsum deposits of Oklahoma are estimated at 125
billion tons, and occur principally in the western half of the Terri-
tor}'. The industry has been comparatively little developed, due in
large part to the fact that the country is but newly settled and to the
consequent lack of railroad facilities. At the present time there are
but four mills in operation. The most easterly deposits, those in Kay
County, consist of gypsum dirt or gypsite. In the other districts
rock gypsum predominates, although there are numerous localities
where gypsite occurs in workable bodies. The product is chiefly
wall plaster.
Texas, — The largest gypsum deposit in Texas lies east of the Staked
Plains, extending northeast and southwest from the Red River to the
Colorado, and is from 20 to 50 miles wide. The beds vary in thick-
ness from that of a knife blade to 20 feet. In the eastern part of El
Paso County, to the east of Guadaloupe Mountains, is an area of
gypsum, which is conspicuously exposed along the course of Delaware
Creek. The section of these beds is from 300 to 500 feet in thickness,
and shows gypsum of all varieties and of varying degrees of purity.
At the present time the deposits are utilized only at Acme and Quanah,
on the northern border of the State. The product is marketed very
largely as wall plaster.
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1038 MINERAL BE80UBCES.
Montana, — Gypsum deposits are widely distributed throughout the
eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountain region of Montana, and van-
from a few inches to 6 feet and more in thickness. These deposits
have been exploited at two localities, one near the towns of Kibbey
and Armington, in Cascade County, and the other at Bridger, in Car-
bon County. The deposits are generally pure and free from foreign
material, and very commonly impregnate the waters of the streams
and springs, making them unfit for use. The product of the existing
plants is principally wall plaster.
South Dakota, —The gypsum-producing areas of South Dakota are
confined to the Black Hills uplift in the extreme western part of the
State. The thickness of the deposits varies greatly, 30 feet of pore
white gypsum occurring in some districts. The gypsum is a promi-
nent feature about Hot Springs, where the beds have a thickness
of 33 feet. Owing to remoteness from market, these deposits have
not been utilized to any great extent. Mills are in operation at Hot
Springs and Spearfish, the product being marketed chiefly as wall
plaster.
Wyoming, — The gypsum deposits in Wyoming of economic impor-
tance are wholly confined to the Red Beds. In all, there are about 1,500
miles of the gypsum-bearing formation exposed, and throughout this
great linear extent beds occur varying from 5 to 20 feet in thickness,
and beds 30 to 50 feet thick are not uncommon. It is of excellent
quality, and can be used in the manufacture of all the gypsum product^?.
Besides the rock gypsum there are secondary surfieial deposits of
impure gypsum, or gypsite. Development is being carried on at
Laramie, Red Buttes, and Sheridan, the product being principally
wall plaster.
Colorado. — ^The gypsum which is worked in Colorado consists of
massive beds which outcrop -at intervals along the eastern foothills of
the Rocky Mountains. There are also numerous other deposits which
have not been exploited. The deposits already developed reach a
thickness of 30 feet in places, and some of them are of very satisfac-
tory quality. Gypsum has been worked extensively near Loveland,
and during the last few years the industry has been confined largely to
this locality, and to Perry Park, Colorado City, and Canyon, the
product being principally calcined piaster.
New Mexico, — Gypsum is found so generally distributed in New
Mexico and occurs in such vast deposits and in such variety of forms
that the supply is practically inexhaustible. Until 1902 no attempt to
utilize it in a commercial way had proved successful, owing to excess-
ive freight rates and to the small market. The White Sands, in Otero
County, constitute one of the most remarkable accumulations of gyp-
sum known: it is a tract of dunes of nearly pure gypsum, covering
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GTP8UM. 1089
about 350 square miles. At present the only development is at Ancho,
in Lincoln County.
Arizona. — ^The known gypsum-producing localities of Arizona lie
principally in the southeastern quarter and to the northeast, in Navajo
County.* The thickness of the beds varies greatly. The mineral
occurs in all forms, from a compact granular structure to a fibrous
variety. Gypsum has been quarried for economic purposes in the
Santa Catalina region, and in the vicinity of Woodruff and Snowiiake,
in Navajo County.
Utah. — Large deposits of gypsum have been found in several parts
of Utah, and it is not improbable that others will be discovered in the
course of development. The most important known deposits occur in
the central and southeastern portions of the State. They are all of
the rock-gypsum type except the one in Millard County, which is of
the form of granular gypsum blown up from desiccated playas into
dunes. Enormous deposits have been reported from Iron County,
but at points so far distant from transportation lines as to render their
exploitation impracticable at the present time. The deposit at Nephi
is the only one in the State now developed to any extent.
Nevada. — Gypsum has been found at a number of places in Nevada,
but its distribution and extent can not be given, as a systematic explo-
ration of the State has not been made. The best known deposits are
in the northwestern quarter. They are of massive, compact, or gran-
ular rock-gypsum, almost pure, and make a fine grade of plaster.
Gypsum dirt is found lying on the surface of the beds or on the lower
hill slopes and depressions. The deposits have been developed com-
mercially at Lovelocks and Moundhouse.
Califomm. — ^The gypsum deposits of California, though widely dis-
tributed, are not generally of sufficient size and purity to make them
of great commercial value. Comparatively little gypsum is mined for
manufacture owing largel}' to cheap transportation from points outside
the State. The larger deposits are mostly of a character to be of
value as land fertilizer, and this industry bids fair to become of con-
siderable economic importance.
Oregon. — The only deposit of gypsum known to occur in Oregon is
on the eastern border of the State, on a ridge dividing Burnt and Snake
rivers. It consists of beds of rock-gypsum of good quality and well
adapted for economic purposes, but in part containing thin strata of
greenish chloritic mineral. These beds have been developed recently
at Lime, on Burnt River, from which point a winding road ascends a
ridge about 1,600 feet above the level of the river. The gypsum
occurs about 200 feet below the sununit of the ridge on the slope facing
Snake River.
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1040
MINERAL BESOUBCES.
In the following tables, which show the production of gvpeom, by
States, for 1902 and 1903, it has been necessary to combine the output
of certain States in which there are less than three producers, in order
to protect individual statistics:
Ptodudion of gypsum in the Ihiitfd Staie/f in 190Sy fry State*,
S«>ld crude.
State or Territory.
Total
quantity
I Ground inte
I land plaster.
Quan-
I tily.
I Value. ' ^^^' Value.
Sfiort
tniif.
California. Ohio,
and Virjriuiji ...
Colorado and Wyo-
ming .* . . . S3, M9
Iowa, Kansas, and
Texas 307,11W
Michigan ' 2»-.9,093
New York ' 137, SS:*,
Oklahoma 69,ir>.s
Other States 121.524
ton*.
Short
Urns.
103,392 1,337 S2.531 , 13,065 $34,760
Total 1. (Ml, 704
I
9,20S
11,861
.V2,.%5
51,900
9.3W
15.439
608
877
80J
2,000
73.912
87,608
Calcined Into wall plaster ■
and plaster of Pariji.
Before |
cal-
After
cal-
cining, cining.
Short
tons.
Short
ton».
74,15S
100
2,976 ,
18,409
37,850 '
i!
2,200 I
500 33,449 I 27,874
6,242
27,949
77.392
8,100
74,601 1154.9^5
-294,918
198, 119
90,732
68,459
244,072
165, 122
75,613
57,049
118,524 98,6&5
893,191 I 742, M3
Total
vahie.
^129. 822
»i«7,m
132, H47
133,347
1,065,942
1.<WT.045
621,063
700.912
369.552
462.383
233.742
234, en
697,422
7ij7.a22
3,5.'i0,390
3,792,W3
l*roduct'ion of gypmim in the United States in 1902 ^ by States.
suite or Territ«»ry.
Total
quan- I
lity. 1
Short
, tons.
('alifornia. Ohio, and I
Viruinia 101.515
("ol(»radoaiid Wyiuiiiii^'. 1»'»,(V>1
IoA\a, Kansa*'. MTi<lTexa> i".''!, 7i>y
Miehi-TMii J U», 227
New York \\{).:m\\
Oklahoma I :il.i:»«>
Other States I ]S,:i(H\
Total khi, I7H
Sold crude.
Ground into
land plaster.
Calcined Into wall pla-ster
and pla.Hterof i'aris.
Quan-
tity.
Short
tiHW.
9.">7
9. 15:?
ICO
81 , J5.1
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Short
t*mg.
16.790 I lH.:Vi7
1.180
15.181 '
93,911
4,XU
13,022
25, '.»8I
1,100
r.0. 791
Value.
?;5. 450
Before
cal- .
cining.
After
cal- I Value.
cining.
T(.tA]
vaiur.
6, 497
16,310
43,750
4,200
106.237
Short
ton*.
82,828
16,051
•290,481
158,320
75,230
34,156
17,166
674,232
Short
toil*.
66, AW
1-2,841
•2:«. 385
126,656
60.184
27,325
13,73:]
5;r». *t7
$248, i.v;
73.372
799,678
372. 821
200. X^
111, -215
83,715
1.889. l'.«l 2,
73.37J
H)7,SV»
459, r^i
111.:::''
88. 21 ''
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GYPSUM.
1041
Since the Eleventh Census the statistics of production are relatively
complete, and the total production and value of each State and of the
United States, from 1890 to 1901, inclusive, are^hown in the follow-
ing table:
Production and value of gypsum by StaUSy 1890-1901,
State.
OdUbmia.
Ocdomdo...
Iowa
IfJAhtg^n
New York
Ohk)
Sooth Dakota.
Texas
Utah
Vliginia
Wyomins
Total.
1890.
Qaantity. Value.
ShoriUma,
4,249
4,680
20,900
20,250
74,877
82,908
12,748
2,900
6,850
3,288
182,996
129,178
22,060
47,850
72,457
192,099
73,093
87,588
7,750
20,782
22,231
574,528
1891.
Quantity. Value,
Short Utm.
3,000
4,720
81,885
40,217
79,700
80,136
9,128
8,616
8,000
5,959
1,992
212,846
136,860
19,400
68,095
161,822
223,726
68,571
86,586
9,618
15,000
22,674
6,200
647,461
1892.
Quantity. Value.
Short tons.
1,500
12,000
46.016
189,567
82,394
18,275
1,926
2,600
6,991
266,260
11,500
28,600
196,197
806,527
61,100
49,621
8,640
16,800
28,207
696,492
State or Territory.
Quantity. Value.
1894.
Quantity. Value,
1896.
Quantity. Value.
Califomla
Coknado
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Michigan..
Montana ..
Hew Tork .
Ohk)
Sooth Dakota.
Texas
Utah
Vbginia
Wyoming
Total.
Short ton*.
Short tout.
6
896
180
4,800
21,447
48,681
124,590
166,638
181,599
803,921
86,126
11,646
66,892
89,884
6,150
4,011
12,650
13,872
7,014
.24,859
17,906
64,889
79,968
176
81,798
20,827
1,800
4,296
6,926
1,920
8,106
312
44,700
801,884
189,620
1,820
60,262
69,697
7,500
16,060
27,800
12,226
24,481
1,500
SJtort tons.
6,168
1,871
18,100
28,700
72,947
66,519
151,014
8,281
46,126
86,600
272,681
174,007
88,687
21,662
59,821
71,204
6,400
10,760
2,184
5,800
876
20,600
86,611
11,484
17,869
2,400
268,615
696,616
239,312
761,719
265,603
807,447
u B 1903 66
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1042 MINERAL BE8OUB0E8.
Production and value of gypsum by Slates, 1890-1901 — Continiied.
State or Territory.
1896.
Arizona
California
Colorado
Indian Territory-
Iowa
Kansas
Michigan
Montana
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota ...
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Wyoming
Total .
Quantity. Value.
Short tons.
1,452
1,600
8,000
18,681
49,435
67,634
385 I
23,325 I
22,634 I
ni,738
10,647
24,000
34,020
148,371
146,424
1,940
82,812
6,115
16,022
2,866
5,955
200
224,254
•20,000
48,070
18,600
17,264
975
573,844
1897.
1896.
Quantity. Value, i Quantity. Value.
Short Ion*.
80
351
1.575
10,734
29,490
54,358
94,874
425
83,440
18,502
9250
2,774
10,805
40,050
64,900
189,679
193,576
2,300
78,684
50,856
Short tons,
3,800
165
8,350
24,454
2,700
6,874
3,800
19,240
65,661
13,500
16,899
7,200
288,982 I 755.864
24,733
59,180
93,181
1,128
31,665
21,308
3,150
150
2,740
34,215
2,610
8,378
6,225
291,638
State or Territory.
1899.
Quantity.
Value.
1900.
1901.
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
Arizona
California
Colorado
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kansas
Michigan
Montana
New York
Nevada
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Wyoming
Other States
Total.
Short tons.
47
2,950
871
12,000
75,574
85,046
144,776
582
52,149
27,205
11,526
560
660
63,773
2,352
11,480
4,804
$1,200
14,960
3,904
26,00Q
296,220
247.690
288,587
3,698
106,538
486,285
73,620
36,600
1.896
4,000
125,iXX)
10,240
82.013
21,060
Short tons.
86
8,280
967
6,600
184,600
48,686
129,654
1,026
68,890
1,000
39,034
18,437
660
2,060
80,622
2,397
11,940
4,846
1,287,060
9900
10,068
5.800
15.000
661,688
150,257
285,119
7,9bO
160,688
4,805
119,946
60,880
1,710
13,800
192,418
4,984
18,111
24,229
Short tons. ,
I
8,650
13,291
Haw
W,772
63,653
69,390
185,150
160, 7»
213, 2S0
267,213
U9,565
241, fiO
15, 9»
66,881
!
80,376
255,288
694,462 1,627,203
15,286
4,1(6
63.517
633,791
1,506,641
IMPORTS,
The gypsum which is imported into the United States comes chiefly
from Nova Scotia and enters the ports of the New England and
northern Atlantic States. A considerable amount has been received
from Mexico in previous years and has entered at San Francisco, but
none was imported from there in 1902 and 1903.
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GYPSUM.
1043
The gypsum which is imported is nearly all calcined and converted
into wall plaster. A small amount of it is used as land plaster, and
some manfacturers of fertilizers mix it with their product. The fol-
lowing tables, reported by the Bureau of Statistics, show the imports
for the fiscal years given by countries and by customs districts in
which they were entered:
Imports of crudcj ground^ or calcined (dtUiable) gypmm, by countriesy in the fiscal years
ending June SO, 1900, 190 J, 190^, and 190S,
Country from which im-
1908.
1902.
1901.
1900.
ported.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
France
Long tons.
57
883
288,866
8895
6,422
819,497
LongUmB.
132
190
259,353
$1,902
1,854
276,877
LongtoM.
186
98
196,962
2,286
1
•1,811
987
216,686
9,700
86
LongtoM.
842
69
208,347
1,014
88
$2,897
836
United Kingdom
Nova Scotia and New
Branswick
234,663
4,500
602
Mexico
Other countries
22
371
20
28
Total
288,778
826,685
259,695
279,656
199,447
228,670
204,860
242 898
Imports of crude, ground, or calcined (dtUiahle) gypsum, by customs districts, in the fiscal
years ending June SO, 1900, 1901, 190e, and 190S,
Customs district into
which imported.
Quantity. Value.
1908.
Quantity. Value.
1902.
Q«antity. Value
1901.
Qiiantity., Value.
1900.
Aroostook, Me
Bangor. Me
Bath, Me
Psasamaqnoddy, Me
PorUand and Falmouth,
Me
Longtont.
128
$518
11,394
682
11.131
LongtoTu.
57
236
703
8,895
$148
141
429
7,628
Boston and Charlestown,
Mass
9,120
19,420
Gloucester, Mass
Fairfield, Conn
New Haven, Conn
New York, N.Y
Newark,N.J
Perth Amboy, N. J
Philadelphia, Pa
Delaware
Baltimore, Md
Norfolk and Portsmouth,
Va
Alexandria, Va
San Francisco, Cal
Other districts
810
4,806
169,282
83,845
4,910
42,849
3,490
184,935
38,869
3,7p6
52,^2
2,925 2,487
5,300
3,566 I
4,613
2,605
Total.
288,778
98
325,685
6,760
285
860
8,515
157,699
30,388
6,218
83,343
1,630
5,600
1,660
11,546
144
990
8,124
167,444
35,091
8,783
39,471
960
Long tons.
416
390
740
8,232
180
6,921
230
315
1,916
117,989
$796
234
446
7,942
185
11,118
141
866
1,325
138,565
19,700 21,751
2,780 1,661
23,900 25.283
1,387 816
8,987 3,040 * 5,635 8,381
4,815
7,480
2,236
1
4,488
Long tons.
290
153 I
9,700
72
$448
92
786 ( 966
9,503 10,530
6,460 I 11,925
284
8,942
121,728
21,491
4,230
21,216
2,326
3,822
5,715
2,000
1,014
82
2,818
150,074
22,857
2,538
25,828
1,401
2,834
3,746
1,320
4,500
259,695 279,656 ; 199,447 '228,670 204,850 242,898
II'!
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1044
MINEHAL RESOURCES.
Gt/ptnim imjtortfd and entered for cowfumpHon in the VnUed States^ ISS7-190S,
Ground or calcined.
Year ending—
Quandty.a Value.
Jane 30—
1867...
1868...
1869...
1870. . .
1871...
1872...
1873...
1874...
1875. . .
1876...
1877...
1878. . .
1879...
1880...
1881 .. .
1882...
1S83...
18S4...
1885...
18S6...
1887...
Dec. 81—
1888...
, Lang tons.
1890.,
1891.,
1892..
1893.
18M.
1895.
1896.
1897.,
1898.,
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
I
5,T37 I
4,291 '
4,996
6,418
5,911
4,814
8,840
5,466
7,668
9,560
6,882
8,368
2,027
3,295
8,292
2,664
2,973
8.265
8,109
3,106
3,6i7
8,526
S29.805
88,968
52,238
46,872
64,465
66,418
35.628
36,410
62,165
47,588
49,445
33,496
18.839
17,074
24,915
63,478
44,118
42,9(M
M,208
87,642
37,736
20,764
40,291
65.250
97,816
76,606
81,670
16,828
21,526
21,982
17,028
18,501
19,280
19,179
19,627
28,225
22,784
Unground.
Quantity. Value,
Long tons.
97,961
87, 6M
137,089
107,237
100,400
96,839
118,926
123,717
96,772
189,713
97,656
89,289
96,963
120,827
128,607
128,882
157.851
166,310
117,161
122,270
146.708
156,697
170,965
171,289
110,257
181, KM
164,800
162,600
192,549
180,269
163,201
166,066
196,579
209,881
235. 2(M
305,367
265,968
$96,886
80,892
133,430
100,416
88.266
99,902
122,495
130,172
115.664
127,084
105,629
100.102
99,027
120,642
128,107
127,067
152,962
168.000
119,544
115,696
162.164
170.023
179,849
174,609
129.003
232,408
180.254
179,237
215,706
198,644
178,686
181,864
220,603
229,878
288,440
284,942
301.379
Value of I
manufac- |
tured I
planter of
Paris.
Total
Talue.
$8*4
1,432
1,292
2,658
7,336
4,819
8,277
4,398
7,848
6,969
8,176
12,698
18,702
20,377
21,869
10,362
11.722
16,715 I
40,979 I
58,073
66,473
68,603
62,633
144,434
$125, 2K1
114, S50
186,512
148,730
154. OlS
168.871
166, 45»
170,901
171,096
179, 0»
162.917
140,587
126,512
150.409
171,754
200,922
218,909
210, 9M
173,782
153,338
199,890
190, 7S7
220,140
22»,8»
2aS,S19
808,011
2U,924
196,060
217,568
227,218
212.429
240,844
297. 92S
315,590
326,670
300,700
468,597
a Quantity not reported previous to 1882.
^Not specified from 1884 to 1894, inclufliT&
WORIiD'S PRODUCTION.
The United States is the second country in the world in the produc-
tion of gypsum, France being the first. Canada is third, Great Britain
fourth, and Germany fifth. In the following table the production of
the various countries since 1893 is set forth:
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GYP8tTM.
The worUTaprodfiction of gypmrn, 189S-190S.
1045
Year.
1803.
1S»4..
1895.
1896.
1897.
1806.
1900.
1001.
1902.
looe.
France.
Quantity. Value.
Short tons.
1,698,881
2,175,448
1.866,498
1,845,874
1,931,712
1,802,812
1,761,836
2,182,229
1,976,518
(«)
12,891,865
8,392,768
2,661,200
2,673,083
2,777,816
2,&11,Q2U
2,772,221
8,449,747
8,818,070
(«)
United States.
Quantity.
Short toM,
258,615
289,312
265,508
224,254
288,982
291,638
486,285
594,462
633,791
816,478
1,041,704
Value.
1696,615
761,719
797,447
578,344
765.864
755,280
1,287,080
1,627,208
1,506,611
2,089,841
8,792,943
Canada.
Quantity. Value.
Short Umt.
192,568
228,631
226,178
207,082
289,691
219,256
244,666
252,001
298,879
832,045
807,489
$196,150
202,031
202,608
178,061
244, 5:U
230,440
257,329
259,009
340,148
856,817
884,250
TeftT.
Great Britain.
Quantity. Value.
German Empire.
Algeria.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity. Value.
lan.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1807.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Short torn.
158,122
169,102
196,087
218,028
208,151
219,549
288,071
288,002
224,919
251,629
(«)
Short tons.
Short Umi.
1287,940
821,822
848,400
861,509
825,518
845,882
872,078
848,210
844,650
884,263
28,994
81,786
28,821
28,815
82,760
89,103
«»85,018
84,944
til, 040
14,596
18,228
18,166
19,660
17,199
<»28,139
12,782
86,855
60,127
41,860
40,510
41,156
44,087
41,446
88,956
0 6,889
(«)
$114,900
133.226
114,861
109,648
110,660
117,895
189,190
132,286
52.253
India.
Year.
Quantity. Value.
Cyprus.
Quantity. Value.
Short tons.
1888..
1891 .
1805..
1896..
1887..
1896.
1809.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
8,548
7,511
8.248
9,025
9,249
7,216
4,865
(«)
(«)
(«)
81,566
2,987
8,180
8,888
1,608
768
424
(«)
(«)
(«)
Shorttons,
2,857
8,104
2,098
1,050
4,167
4,279
4,402
16,625
9,006
6,252
2,690
8,162
7,551
8,866
7,784
7,874
(«)
17,041
17,443
o Not yet available.
if Includes Baden.
e Includes Tunis.
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PHOSPHATE ROCK.
By Edmund Otis Hovey.
PRODUCTION.
The consolidation of the various interests in control of phosphate
properties, which has been ffoing on for several years, continued dur-
ing 1903. But, in spite of this consolidation, although the average
price per ton of the rock at the mines was greater than in 1902, it
was less than during any one of the preceding three years.
The State of Florida continues to be the largest producer of phos-
phate rock, her output forming more than half the total production of
the country. A comparison of the production by varieties in that
State during 1903 and 1902 shows that there has been a decrease of
nearly 4 per cent in the output of hard rock, an increase of more than
11 per cent in that of land pebble, and that more than ten times as
much river pebble was mined last year as in the year before. The
increase in the production of river pebble is due to the fact that the
calcining plant of the sole operating company, which was destroyed in
Januarj', 1902, was in commission again. The comparative production
of the last two years in Florida may be summarized as follows:
Hard rock, 412,876 long tons, valued at $1,988,243 in 1903, as com-
pared with 429,384 long tons valued at $1,743,694 in 1902. The
average price obtained increased from $4.06 in 1902 to $4.81 in 1903,
free on board at the mines.
Land pebble, 390,882 long tons valued at $885,425 in 1903, as com-
pared with 350,991 long tons valued at $810,792 in 1902, a slight
decrease in average value.
River pebble, 56,578 long tons valued at $113,156 in 1903, as com-
pared with 6,055 long tons valued at $9,711 in 1902, a slight increase
in average value.
The total production was 860,386 long tons, valued at $2,986,824, in
1903, as compared with 785,430 long tons, valued at $2,564,197, in 1902,
which shows an average increase in value at the mines from $3.26 in
1902 to $3.47 in 1903. The reports show that during 1903, 29,242
long tons were mined but not marketed, and only the quantities
marketed are taken account of in this report.
In South Carolina the diminution in production which has been
shown by the reports for the last five years has continued, the falling
1047
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1048
BONERAL RESOUBOES.
off being particularly noticeable in the amount of river rock marketed.
The total production of South Carolina phosphate rock in 1903 was
268,540 long tons, valued at $783,803, as compared with 313,365 long
tons, valued at $919,725, in 1902, the quantities and values being dis-
tributed between the two varieties of rock mined as follows: Land
rock, 233,540 long tons, valued at $721,303, in 1903, as compared with
245,243 long tons, valued at $753,220, in 1902. River rock, 25,000 long
tons, valued at $62,500, in 1903, as compared with 68,122 long tons,
valued at $166,505, in 1902.
Tennessee showed in 1903 the largest marketed output since the
beginning of the industry, ten years ago. During 1903 a total of
460,530 long tons, valued at $1,543,567, was produced, as compared
with 390,799 long tons, valued at $1,206,647, during 1902.
North Carolina again appears in the table as a small producer, while
Pennsylvania and other States drop out, with the exception of Arkan-
sas, which produced 2,300 long tons, valued at $4,600, in 1903, as com-
pared with 550 long tons, valued at $1,650, in 1902.
The reports made to the United States Geological Survey show that
the total quantity of phosphate rock marketed during 1903 amounted
to 1,581,576 long tons, valued at $5,319,294, as compared with 1,490,314
long tons, valued at $4,693,444, in 1902, an increase in quantity of
91,262 long tons and in value of $625,850.
The total quantity of phosphate rock reported as having been mined
during 1903 was 1,618,799 long tons, as compared with 1,499,617 long
tons in 1902.
The following table gives the production of phosphate rock in the
United States from 1892 to 1903, inclusive, based on the marketed
product, classified by kinds or grades:
Production of phosphate rock in the United SUOeSf ISQS-ISOS, baaed on the quanUl^
marketed.
state.
1892.
1886.
1891
189&
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Florida:
Hard rock....
Soft rock
Longtoru.
al66,908
6,710
21,906
M02,820
9859,276
32,418
111,271
415,463
Longtotu.
215,685
18,676
86,624
122,820
$1,117,732
64,626
369,127
437,571
LongtoM.
826,461
1979,888
LongUmt.
807,068
6,916
181, OU
78,096
•1.8I«,«I
82,000
lAiid pebble.
Riyer pebble.
98,885
102,307
296,656
890,775
6S8,71<
185, 09D
Total
287,343
1,418,418
488,804
1,979,056
527,658
1,666,818
668,061
2.112.90!
South Carolina:
Land rock . . .
River rock...
248,663
160,675
1,236,447
641,262
808,435
194,129
1,408,785
748,229
807,806
142,808
1,262,768
492,806
270,660
161,415
888.787
512, MS
Total
8M,228
1,877,709
602,664
2,157,014
450,108
1,746,676
481,975
hm^m
Tennessee
19,188
67,168
88,615
82,160
Grand total
681,671
8,296,127
941,868
4,186,070
996.949
8,479,547
1,088,661
t,«l6.flM
a Includes 62,708 tons of hard rock carried over in stock from 1801.
Mndudes 12,120 tons of river pebble carried over in stock from 189L
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PHOSPHATE BOOK.
1049
Prodtietion of photphate rock in the United States, 189^-1903 ^ based on the quantity
marketed — Continued.
State.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Florida:
Hard rock....
Longtont,
296, 8U
400
97,966
100,062
tl, 067, 625
2,800
176,972
800,556
Long tons.
860,147
2,800
92,182
97,768
$1,068,718
4,600
180,794
244,406
Long tons.
866,810
81,896,108
Longtons.
460,297
$2,119,130
Land pebble .
River pebble.
165,084
79,000
298,688
158,000
177,170
88,953
726,420
515,458
160,473
Total
495,199
1,547,858
562,842
1,498,515
000,894
1,847,796
2,804,061
Sonth Carolina:
Land rock...
RiTerroek...
267,072
186,851
792, 4W
889,192
267,880
90,900
748,060
288,522
298,610
101,274
856,225
251,047
228,949
182,701
788,969
889,180
Total
402,423
1,181,649
858,280
986,572
899,884
1,107,272
856,650
1,078,099
Tennessee
IVorth Carolina . .
26,1OT
7,000
57,870
17,000
128,728
198.115
806,107
498,892
430,192
440
2,000
1,192,916
(«)
9,000
lpipnn«yl vania ....
Alatmma
ArkiuifiM
Other States
Qrand total
980,779
2,806,872
1,089,845
2,678,202
1,808,885
8,468,460
1,515,702
5,064,076
SUte.
1900. 1 1901.
1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value. .Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Florida:
Hard lock....
TAnd pebble .
River pebble.
Long tons.
424,977
221,408
69,868
92,229,878
612,706
141,286
Longtont.
457,568
241, iM
46,974
92,898,060
660,702
106,691
Long tons.
429,884
860,991
5,065
$1,748,694
810,792
9,711
Ijongtons.
412,876
890,882
56,578
$1,988,243
885,425
U8,156
Total
706,248
2,988,812
751,996
8,160,478
785,480
2,664,197
860,886
2,966,824
Sooth Carolina:
Land rock...
River rock...
266,186
62,987
877,406
164,565
225,189
95,992
716,101
245,789
245,248
68,122
758,220
166,605
288,540
26,000
721,308
62,600
TMal
829,178
1,041,970
821,181
961,840
818,865
919,726
258,540
788,808
Tennessee
KorthCUolina ..
454,491
1,828,707
409,658
1,192,090
890,799
1,206,647
460,580
46
1,543,567
500
Pennsylvania
900
884
76
4,500
584
225
896
8,000
100
400
Arkanmt .^ l
560
70
1,660
825
2,125
4,600
Other States
Qrand total
1,491,216
5,869,248
1,488,723
5,816,408
1,490,814
4,698,444
1,681,576
5,319,294
a Value included in South Carolina land rock.
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1050
MINERAL RESOURCES.
Since 1880 the quantity and the value of the phosphate rock pro-
duced (marketed) in the United States have been as follows:
Sale» of phosphate rock in the United States, 1880-1903.
Year.
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
Quantity.
Value.
Long tons.
211,377
$1,123,823
266,734
1,960,259
332,077
1,992,462 *
378,380
2,270,280
431,779
2,374,784
437,856
2,846,064
430,549
1,872,936
480,558
1,836,818
448,567
2,018,552
550,245
2,937,776
510,499
3,213,795
587,988
8,651,150
Year.
Quantity, i Value.
1892..
1898..
1894..
1895 .
189C..
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Long tons.
681.571
»41,368
996.949
1,088,561
980,779
1,089.345
1,308,885
1,515,702
1,491,216
1,483,723
1,490,314
1,581,576
93,296,227
4,196,070
3,4T9,&I7
3,605.0»4
i,803,S72
2,67S,20S
3,453.4fiQ
5,084.076
5,3S9,2«
5,316,418
4,693.444
5, 319.294
The quantity in 1903 is the largest ever reported, but the value was
exceeded in 1900.
PRODUCTION BY STATES.
FLORIDA.
During the year 1903 there were mined in Florida 889,578 long tons
of phosphate rock, while sales of but 860,336 long tons were reported,
leaving at the end of the year a stock on hand of 29,242 long tons.
All of the reported stock on hand was of the hard-rock variety. As
may be seen by the subjoined table, the quantities of the different
varieties marketed were as follows: Hard rock, 412,876 long tons;
land pebble, 390,882 long tons; river pebble, 56,578 long tons. The
relative proportions were, approximately, hard rock, 48.2 per cent;
land pebble, 45.4 per cent; river pebble, 6.6 per cent. The mining of
soft rock has not been reported since 1897, when 2,300 long tons were
sold.
The following table gives the quantity and value of each gi-ade or
variety of phosphate rock produced in Florida from 1897 to 1903,
inclusive, based upon the reports of marketed material:
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PHOSPHATE BOOK.
1051
Quantity and value of phosphate rock marketed in Floriddf 1897-190S, classified by grades.
Hard rock. I Soft rock.
Land pebble.
River
pebble.
Total.
Year.
Quan-
tity.
Value 1 Q"*°-
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Vulr.e.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
Long
tOM.
360,147
366,810
460,297
424,977
457,568
429,384
412,876
SI, 063, 713
1,396,108
2,119,130
2,229,373
2,393,080
1,743,694
1,968,243
Long
tons.
2,300 $^1,600
Nil. 1
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
Nil
Nil
!
Long
tons.
92,132
155,084
177,170
221,403
247,4rvl
350,991
390,882
$180,794
29:^,688
515.458
012.703
060,702
810, 792
885,425
Long
tons.
97,763
79,000
88,953
59,863
46,974
5,055
56,578
$244,408
158,000
109,473
141,236
ia5,691
9,711
113,166
Long
tons.
552,342
600,894
726,420
706,243
751,9%
785,480
860,336
$1,493,615
1,847,796
2,804,061
2,983,312
3,169,473
2,564,197
2,986,824
The total quantity and value of the phosphate rock produced (mar-
keted) in Florida since 1888, when the first was exploited, is shown
in the following table:
Output of phosphate rock in Floriday based on marketed product^ 1888-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
188ft
Long tons.
8,000
4,100
46,501
112,482
287,843
438,804
527,653
668,061
495,199
$21,000
28,000
338,190
703,018
1,418,418
1,979,056
1,666,813
2,112,902
1,647,353
1897
Long tons.
552,342
600,894
726,420
706,243
751,996
785,430
860,836
$1,493,515
1889
1898
1,847,796
2,804,061
1890
1899
1891
1900
2,983,312
1892
1901
3, 159, 478
1893
1902
2,564,197
1894
1903
2,986,824
1895
7,466,804
27,653,923
1896
Total
The record of the Florida hard-rock phosphate production prepared
by Messrs. Auchincloss Brothers shows that the total shipments of hard
rock during 1903, as reported to them, were 467,872 long tons, as
compared with 492,610 long tons during 1902, which is a decrease of
24,738 long tons, or 5 per cent. The condition of the hard-rock indus-
try is indicated by the following table, which gives the number of plants
in operation, idle, and in course of construction during the period
from 1896 to 1903, inclusive:
Number and condiiion of hard-rock plants in Florida^ 1896-1903,
Year.
In opera-
tion.
Idle.
Under
construc-
tion.
Total.
1896
38
38
43
58
51
40
50
48
49
S6
25
13
22
29
17
7
3
2
5
10
5
3
3
5
90
1897
76
1898
73
1899
81
1900.
78
1901
72
1902
70
1903
60
Digitized by V^OOQlC
1052
MINER A.L BESOITBOES.
The 60 plants which are here accounted for in 1903 are reported as
bein^ owned or operated by 20 companies or individuals. Thirty-
seven of the number, however, were owned or operated by 3 com-
panies, which indicates that the industry is tending toward consolidation
among a few corporations. In 1900, the plants were operated by 50
separate individuals or companies.
The following table of production, shipments, and stock on hand at
the beginning of the year, during the period from 1896 to 1903, inclu-
sive, has been prepared by Messrs. Auchincloss Brothers:
Stocks, shipments, and prodxution of hard rock in Florida, 1896-190S.
Year.
Pioducj-
tion.
Fff*1rCTffHti
Stock J«ii-
1896
Long ton*.
299,814
800,847
823,500
497.754
458,118
400,880
476,110
428,872
LongUnu.
822.871
860,277
360.505
444.675
848.556
424.180
O492.610
467.872
Longimu.
159, oa
1897
135, 4M
1898
86, ON
1899
49,059
1900
102,138
1901
211,700
1902
187,960
1903
171,450
1904
127.450
a To foreign ports, excepting 2,104 tons which were shipped to Honolulu.
Although the price of hard rock advanced materially in 1903, the
cost of operating the mines has increased to such an extent that the
profits of mining in 1903 were no greater than, if as great as, during
the preceding year. The stock on hand at the beginning of the. year
shows a steady decrease for the last three years.
The following tables of shipments of Florida phosphate rock since
1896, by months, countries, and years, have been taken from the same
report of Messrs. Auchincloss Brothers:
Total shipments of Florida hard-rock photphaie, by months, 189G-190S,
Month.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
190L
1902.
VUL
January —
February ..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October
November..
December..
Long Urns.
16,996
16,853
37,155
86,559
45,846
16,511
15,296
19,914
25,116
80,605
88,402
28,618
LongUmi.
12,924
20,668
87,243
82,606
46,715
82,837
22,689
19,292
69,966
27,664
20,184
18,587
LongUms,
11,682
26,850
84,049
22,274
31,992
31,918
58,114
27,409
46,961
21,476
30,596
22,156
Long Urns.
28,560
82,680
43,051
50,001
48,584
23,061
48,747
41,155
85,728
86,094
28,947
18,527
Longtont,
28,859
28,623
25,282
52,386
44,696
21,950
88,822
21,491
20,711
26,174
24,222
20,976
Longions.
17,673
32.412
44,751
85,945
88,849
28.039
28,791
67, «7
51,781
49.008
80,826
19.473
Longtont.
19.113
24.265
85.996
57,185
35,987
47,458
42,700
16,485
72,516
70,121
42.180
28.606
Loi»giom.
15, 2S
22,305
48, SSI
74.351
»,ao5
34. 4»
fi^64S
47,0tf
47,431
SI, 621
39,179
Total 822,871
350,277
360,505
444,675
348,556 ' 424,130
492,610 467.872
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
PHOSPHATE ROOK.
1053
The following in the record of shipments to each country for the
last eight years:
Shipments of Florida hardback phoaphatef by countries^ 1896- J 903.
1901.
(Country.
England
Scotland
Ireland
Oennany
Belgium
Holland^
Denmark
Norway and Sweden
France
Italy
Roasia
AoBtria
Spain
United States, West I
Indies, Aostralia, I
Japan, Hawaii,etc.
1896.
Long tons.
20,583
1,088
513
151,461
27,214
47,235
9,594
12,534
6,986
32,999
1,607
2,494
1897.
Long tons.
24,163
5,967
2,953
181,355
22,954
53,039
11,019
7,442
13,931
16,931
3,613
4,505
8,668
Total ; 322,871
2,416
360,277
1898.
Long tons.
23,849
6,000
3,420
186,731
88,903
64,309
8,287
9,378
11,040
4,946
3,642
1809.
Long tons.
81,789
9,545
243,887
37,103
87,167
5,475
11,988
3,166
4,546
1,700
1,505 444,675
1900.
Jjongtons.
20,542
1,790
5,852
208,422
81,639
54,349
2,930
8,000
umglons.
28,790
6,185
5,175
214,280
58,181
?2,158
12,814
2,702
5,922
2,600
8,906
348,566
6,498
5,842
1902.
8,114
2,600
8,493
Ixmgtons.
30,068
12,430
8,850
264,550
41,245
77,176
2,760
10,260
3,960
16,363
2,600
14,310
5,964
I 2,104
1903.
424,130 492,610
Long tons.
28,246
6,311
9,714
246,824
36,400
78,280
U,870
15,862
6,866
18,542
9,000
5,606
2,362
467,872
a A large proportion of the shipments to Rotterdam are forwarded to the interior of Germany.
Total Bkipments of Florida hard-rock phosphcUej 1891-1908,
Tear.
Quantity.
Year.
QuanUty.
Year.
Quantity.
1891
Long ions.
71,682
188,013
220,216
804,079
306,046
1896
Long tons.
822,871
850,277
860,605
444,675
848,666
1901
Long tons.
424,130
1892 ... .
1897
1898
1902
492,610
467,872
lags.
1908
ISiM
1899
1896
1900
Shipments of Florida land-pebble phosphate^ 1899-1903.
United Kingdom ports .
BalUc ports
Continental ports
Mediterranean ports . . .
Other foreign ports
Total foreign shipments . . .
Total domestic shipments .
Total tblpments
1899.
Long tons.
11,079
19,691
28,711
28,634
12,620
1900.
Long tons.
2,640
19,310
24,826
81,960
14,070
100,785 92,726
50,821 124,149
151,566
216,875
1901.
Long tons.
10,606
24,518
26,720
80,200
19,743
1902.
Long tons.
22,036
32,785
40,942
34,953
6,046
111,777 I
156,649 ■
268,426 I
135,761
198,800
1908.
Long tons.
29,226
40,560
41,665
84,630
5,700
151,761
157,015
834,661
808,776
Digitized by
Google
1054
MINERAL RESOURCES.
ShipmentJi of Florida river'pebble phospliale^ 1S99-190S.
1900.
1901.
United Kingdom porta .
Continental ports
Mediterranean ports . . .
Other foreign ports
L
Long tons.
35,600
2,600
2,007
4,971
Long tang. Long tans.
21,427 I 18.856
Total foreign shipments...
Total domestic shipments .
Total shipments
45,178
39,372
84,650
21,427
33,079 !
54,606 ■
18,855
31,828
60,683
Lemg tons, j Long tons.
4,000
4,000 [.
3,070 '
7,070 ,
66.655
66,655
SOUTH CAROLINA.
During the year 1903 South Carolina produced (marketed) of land
rock, 233,540 long tons, valued at $721,303, as compared with 245,243
long tons, valued at $753,220, in 1902, and of river rock 25/MXj long
tons, valued at $62,500, as compared with 68,122 long tons, valued at
$166,505, in 1902.
The total production (sales) of phosphate rock. in the State was
258,540 long tons, valued at $783,803, in 1903, as compared with
313,365 long tons, valued at $919,725, in 1902. The production of
phosphate rock in South Carolina has been falling off year by year
since 1893 (with the exception of 1898, when there was an increase
over the preceding year), until last year the output was but little more
than one-half what it was eleven years ago.
The following table shows the production of land and river phos-
phate rock in South Carolina since 1867, the figures being lyased on
sales for the respective years:
Marketed otUput of phosphate rock by the latid and river mining companies of S*)^Uh
Carolina, 1867-190S.
Year
ending —
May 31—
1867
186S
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
Land com- River com-
panies. I panies.
Long tons, i Long tons. I
6 I
12,262 .
31,958
63,252 I
66,633
36,258
33,426
51,624
64,821
50,566
36,431 1
112,622 I
100,779
125,601 '
142,193 I
191,305 :
219,202 ,
250,297 I
225,913 I
1,989
17,656
22,502
45,777
57,716
67,969
81,912
126,569
97,700
98,586
65, 162
124,541
140, 772
169, 178
181,482
169,490
Total. ,
Year
ending-
Long tons. \
Dec. 31— 1
6
1886a....
12,262
1886 *
31,958
1887
65,241 1
ias8
74, 188 1
1889
58,760 1
1890
79,203 '
1891
109,340
1892
122,790
1893
132,478 '
1894
163,000
1895
210,322
1896
199,365 1
1897
190,763
1898
266,734 \
1899
332,077
1900
378,380 i
1901
431,779
395,403 '
1902
1903
1
Total..
Land com-
panies.
Long tons.
149,400
253,484
261,658
290,689
329,643
353,757
344,978
243,652
308,435
307,306
270,660
267,072
267,880
298,610
223,949
266,186
225,189
245,243
233,540
River com-
panies.
6,935,679
Long tons.
128,389
177,065
218,900
157,878
212,102
110,241
130,538
160,575
194.129
142,803
161,415
135,361
90.900
101,274
132,701
62,987
95.992
68,122
26,000
TotaL
LfmgVm*.
277,789
4»,50
490,566
44S557
611.615
463,998
475,516
»4,227
502, r<4
450. W
aL975
402,425
35«.2«>
389,884
356^660
829.1^
S21.1S1
saass
258, 5«
3,955,862 ' 10,»1.0«1
fl Seven months. Digitized by VjOOQ IC:^
PHOSPHATE BOOK.
1055
The quantities and values of the different kinds of phosphate rock
produced and marketed in the State since 1897 are shown in the fol-
lowing table:
Quantity arid value of phosphate rock produced in South Carolina^ 18d7-190S, clasmfied by
grades.
Year.
Land rock.
Quantity. Value.
I Ijmgtons.
msn 267,880
1896 298,610
1899 223,949
1900 266,186
1901 225,189
1902 245,243
1903 233,640
9748,050
856,225
738,969
877,406
716,101
753,220
721.303
River rock
Quantity
Long tons.
90,900
101,274
132,701
62,987
95,992
68,122
25,000
Value.
9238,522
251,047
339,130
164,565
246,739
166.505
62,500
Total.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
368,280
399,884
356,650
329,173
821,181
313,365
258,640
9986,672
1,107,272
1,078,099
1,041,970
961,840
919,725
788,808
TENNESSEE.
The mining of phosphate rock has been carried on in Tennessee for
ten years. The output and value of the material at the mines are
shown in the following table:
Production of phosphate rock in Tennessee, 1894-1903.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
167,158
82.160
57,370
193,115
49H, 392
1,177,160
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1894
1896
1896
Long tons.
19,188
38,516
26,157
128,723
308.107
424.109
1900.
, 1901.
1902.
1903.
i
Total
Long tons.
454,491
409,653
390,799
460,530
$1,828,707
1,192,090
1,206,647
1897
1,543,667
1898
1«*99
2,660,272
7,346,866
As may be seen from the table, the marketed production of the
State for 1903 was 460,530 long tons valued at $1,543,567, as compared
with 390,799 long tons, valued at $1,206,647, in 1902. The increase in
average value at the mines was from $3.09 per long ton in 1902 to
•$3.35 per long ton in 1903. The past year seems to have been the
most prosperous year known in the history of phosphate rock mining
in Tennessee, since the output was the largest on record, and the
average price obtained for the rock was greater than ever before,
except during 1894, when the production was very small.
Phosphate rock in stock in the State at the end of 1903 amounted to
5,781 long tons.
The following statement of shipments of Tennessee phosphate rock
by water from Pensacola, Norfolk, and Newport News during the last
five years has been taken from the reports of Messrs. Auchincloss
Brothers. Most of the exports to United Kingdom ports have been to
Digitized by
Google
1056
lONEBAL BE80UBCB8.
Manchester. Of continental ports, Antwerp received nearly half of
the shipments, Dunkirk nearly one-quarter, and Havre nearly one-
eighth. Of the Mediterranean ports, those in Italy received nearly
five-sixths of all shipments, while Marseilles received about as mudi as
Havre.
Shipments of Tmne$8ee phosphate from PensacoUiy Norfolky and Newport News, 1S99-190S.
United Kingdom ports
Baltic ports
Continental ports
Mediterranean ports
Other foreign ports
Total foreign shipments. . .
Total domestic shipments .
Total shipments
1899.
1900.
1901,
1902.
19QB.
JymgUmt.
28,185
2,758
JymgUms.
8,080
10,217
LomgUmi,
11,701
10,J74
68,156
66,882
2,100
55,221
69,014
56.639
58,809
85.111
56,106
a,956
61,96
162,581
' 10,212
^ 127,815
125,165
10E2.918
109,28
2,6»
172.748
127.815
125,165
102.918
lll.fl5
OTHER STATES.
North Carolina and Arkansas are the only other States reporting
production of phosphate rock during 1903. The former reports but
45 long tons of high-grade rock, valued at $600. The latter reports a
marketed production of 2,125 long tons, valued at $4,600, as compared
with 550 long tons, valued at $1,650, in 1902. Furthermoi-e, 2,200 long
long tons of rock were in stock in Arkansas at the end of the year 1903.
PRICES.
During 1903 the average price of phosphate rock per long ton
obtained at the mines, based on the returns given in the preceding
tables, was: Florida, hard rock, $4.81 per long ton. In 1902 this
grade averaged $4.06, and it brought $5.23 in 1901, $5.25 in 1900,
$4.60 in 1899, and $3.81 in 1898. Land pebble averaged $2.27 per
long ton at the mines in 1903. This grade has continuously decreased
in average price for the last five years, the price obtained having been
$2.91 in 1899, $2.77 in 1900, $2.67 in 1901, and $2.32 in 1902, but the-
price has not yet declined to $1.89, which was received in 1898. Biver
pebble averaged $2 in 1903, whereas it averaged $1.92 per long ton
in 1902 and $2.25 in 1901.
In South Carolina the average price per long ton received for land
rock in 1903 was $3.09. In 1902 the average price was $3.07; in 1901,
$3.18; in 1900, $3.30; in 1899, $3.30; and in 1898, $2.87. River rock
shows a falling off in the average price obtained at the mines, only
$2.50 per long ton being realized in 1903, as compared with $2.44 in
1902, $2.56 in 1901, $2.61 in 1900, $2.56 in 1899, and $2.48 in 1898.
In Tennessee the average price realized at the mines for phosfrfiate
rock has increased steadily since 1897, with the exception of i^ slight
Digitized by ^OOQ K:^
PHOSPHATE BOOK.
1057
check in 1901. The average price per long ton in 1903 was $3.35, free
on board at the mines. The average prices obtained in recent previous
years havebeen: 1897,$1.50; 1898, $1.62; 1899,$2.77; 1900,$2.92; 1901,
$2.91; and 1902, $3.09.
IMPORTS.
The following table shows the imports of fertilizers of all kinds into
the United States from 1868 to 1903, inclusive:
FertUizers imparted and entered for consumption in the United States, 1868-1 90S.
TeftT ending—
Guano.
Quantity. Value.
Crude phosphates and
other substances used
for fertilizing pur-
poses.
Quantity. Value.
Total
value.
June 80—
1868..
1869..
1870..
1871..
1872..
1878..
1874.-
1876...
1876...
M77...
1878...
1879...
1880..
1881...
1882...
1888...
1884...
1885...
Bee. 81—
1886...
1887...
1888...
1889...
1800...
1801...
1802...
1896...
1894...
1896...
1806...
1807...
1806...
1809...
1900...
1901...
190S...
1908...
Longtoni,
99,668
18,480
47,747
94,844
16,279
6,766
10,767
23,926
19,884
26,680
28,122
17,704
8,619
28,462
46,999
26,187
28,090
20,984
18,620
10,196
7,881
16,991
4,642
11,987
8,078
6,866
6,767
4,270
6,682
4,980
4.482
2,700
6,161
7,820
8,898
21,986
LongtOM,
$1,886,761
217,004
1,414,872
8,813,914
428,822
167,711
261,066
689,808
710,186
873,460
849,607
634,646
108,788
899,662
854,468
' 637,080
588,083
898,089
806,684
262,266
126,112
818,966
69,680
199,044
46,014
• 97,889
106,991
61,642
79,816
66,716
60,788
27,006
88,184
89,202
164,788
262,182
138,956
96,586
86,119
40,068
82,608
58,100-
86,406
85,661
81,191
29,743
92,476
106,549
126,820
80.068
118,966
200,698
a 17, 966
17,880
21,268
24,489
67,568
141,060
888,864
61,629
90,817
105,703
88,842
218,110
243,467
212,118
164,849
195,876
285,069
228,283
817,068
918,885
1,487,442
796,116
406,283
611,284
1,179,724
644,801
829,018
403,205
252,787
214,671
666,061
718,871
904,247
460,879
689,868
970,886
98,610
128,679
181,462
140,940
888,479
788,192
11,426,625
278,588
1,605,680
3,419,617
606,664
385,821
604,562
751,926
874,984
1,009,884
1,184,696
857,829
425,801
1,818,887 .
2,291,905
1,836,196
994,266
1,004,828
1,486,806
896,666
454,125
717,161
812,867'^
413,715
712,075
816,760
1,010,238
602,021
719,673
1,026,651
149,393
155,586
219,646
280,142
. 558,262
985,824
•Until 1898 the crude potassium salts, kieserlte and kainite, were included under "Other sub-
sCancet used for fertilizing purposes," in addition to apatite and bone dust or bone ash. The Imports
of kleserite and kainite tince 1896. inclusive, are as follows: 1886. long tons, 121,606 (0621.443): 1899.
long tons. 188.472 ($777,602); 1900, long tons, 181,853 ($1.201J272)[ 1901, long tons, 240,987 ($1,860,619);
1902, long tons, 225,418 ($1,016,082) ; 19^ long tons, 166,818 ($772(758).
MB 1903— 67
Digitized by ^OOQlC
1058
MINERAL BESOUBGBS.
WORIiB'S PRODUCmOlS'.
In the following table will be found a statement of the world's pro-
duction of phosphate rock from 1896 to 1902, inclusive:
WorUTa production of phosphate rock, 1896-1902.
[Metric tons.]
Country.
1896.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity. Value.
1897.
Quantity. Value.
1896.
Quantity. Value.
1899.
Algeria 166,738
Belgium |a297,470
Canada 517
France ' 682,667
J^orway 1,106
Redonda (Br. West
Indies)
Russia
Spain
United Kingdom ..
United states
1600,906
587,820
8,420
8,802,027
17,280
8,776
770
8,048
11,066
8,060
26,260
946,982 2,808,872
228,141
0860,066
824
686,890
872
812
5,917
2,064
2,032
1,056,822
9012,564
486,762
8,984
2,882,887
12,960
5,625
22,182
16,672
17,500
2,678,202
260,500
al56,920
666
668,658
8,508
750
1,870
4,500
1,575
1,380,264
81,078,000
308,280
8,665
8,116,968
68,862
4,726
4,784
46.008
13,566
3,463,460
324,983
0190,090
2,722
645,868
1,500
1,507
16,863
8.510
1.469
1.540,506
91,299,9»
3£M80
18,000
3.834,145
22,140
9,S?0
68,649
35.100
12,66
5,064.0?S
Country.
1900.
Quantity. Value,
190L
Quantity. Value.
1902
Quantity. Vahie.
Algeria
Belgium
Canada
France
Norway
Redonda (Br. West Indies) ..
Russia
Spain
Tunis
United Kingdom
United States
319,422
a216,670
1,284
587,919
300
2,230
26,668
4,170
fl,277,'688
867,164
7,106
2,827,291
4.446
18,720
18,590
265,000
222,520
937
686,676
(^)
NU,
4,220
$1,060,000
861,896
6,280
2,614,643
16,880
630
1,515,179
5,425
5,359,248
71
1,507.548
680
5,816,408
306.174
136.860
776
648.900
Q>)
182
1.150
264,960
87
1.514. 254
$1.220,eBS
297,848
4.989
2,480,4M
4,601
1.0^611
4.603.444
a Cubic meters.
b Statistics not yet available.
c Value not reported.
Digitized by
Google
S^LT.
By Edmund Otis Hovey.
PRODtlCnON.
The reported production of salt in the United States during 1903
amounted to 18,968,089 barrels (of 280 pounds), valued at $5,286;988,
as compared with 23,849,231 barrels, valued at $5,668,636, in 1902.
The production is the least in quantity reported since 1898, but the
average price per barrel obtained is greater than it was in 1902,
though not so great as it was in 1901 and previous years. For con-
venience salt is classified in this table into "table," "common fine,"
"common coarse," "packers," "solar," "rock," "milling," and
"other grades." The last-named division embraces products not
properly included among the preceding, and it includes salt in the
form of brine, which is used in large quantities for the making of soda
ash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrate (caustic soda), and other
sodium salts.
The following table shows the distribution of the total salt produc-
tion of the United States by grades during the last eleven years.
From this table it will be seen that the falling off in 1903 from the
total of preceding years is due to the decrease of nearly 6,000,000
barrels in the reported production of salt referred to as "other
grades."
Production of taU, by grades, in the United States, 189S-190S.
Year.
18M,
UK.
urn.
1900.
1901.
1902.
190i.
Table and
dairy.
Common
fine.
Common
coarse.
Packers.
Solar.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
BarreU.
Barrets.
1.791,577
5,478,054
444,498
96,657
2,U0,287
2,839.140
6,281,754
438,074
106,041
587,805
2,173,123
6,099,480
280,284
118,801
088,870
2,280,409
6,698,733
800,365
168,065
2,531,086
2,656,278
6,868,796
616,143
609,878
8,614.491
2,198.339
8,588,128
873,671
879,635
8,077,024
1,866,166
6,883,862
4,562,217
182,930
8,483,858
2,312,130
6,773,217
1,921,321
145,305
1,086,916
2,177,447
7,169,968
1,680,560
84,686
1,200,141
2.027,796
6,692,687
1,571,137
466,967
1,172,484
2,441,906
6,851,855
1,829.460
270,170
1,743,101
1059
Digitized b^
.GooqL
1060
MIKEUAL RE80UB0E8.
Production ofdoUf by grades, in the United SUUeSy i^5-i^05— Continoed.
Year.
Rock.
MUling. Othergndes.
Total pro-
dacdon.
Total Taloe.
1896
1894
1896
1896.
1897
1898.
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Barreit,
1,884,145
2,266,606
2,089,763
1,788,886
1,649,459
2,183,801
2,544,086
2,974,038
3,237,938
2,889,836
8,176,521
BarrtU,
5,141
95,621
40,107
188,271
166,679
96,178
85,857
72,460
127,521
87,657
BamU.
6,418
1,366,876
1,884,221
109,941
159,665
160,457
89,878
5,671,063
6,006,626
8,900.881
3,118,417
BarrfU.
U, 816, 772
12,968,417
18,669,649
18,850.726
15,978,202
17,612,684
19,708.614
20.869,342
20,566,661
23,849,281
18,968,089
HIM. 168
4,719.285
4,4a.0W
4,0«,8»
4,920,09
6,2]2,SM
6,867,457
6,914,608
6,617,441
6,6G8,6K
5,sa6.)n
The total annual production of salt in the United States since 1880
is given in the subjoined table, which shows that in proportion to
production the value in some of the earlier years was greater than it
has been since 1892. This is due in part to the fact that the competi-
tion was not so strong during the first ten years of which records are
available and in part to the fact that the value of the product ab
reported by a great many of the manufacturers included the value of
the packages in which the salt was shipped. Since 1893 the value as
stated includes only the net value of the product, exclusive of any
boxes, bags, barrels, or other packages.
Producticn and value of salt in the United States^ 1330-1903.
Year.
Qnanrny.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1880
Barrds,
5,961,060
6,200,000
6,412,378
6,192,231
6,514,937
7,038.653
7,707,081
8,003,962
8,066,881
8,005,665
8,876,991
9,987,945
$4,828>566
4,200,000
4,820,140
4,251,042
4,197,734
4,825,345
4,825,845
4,093,846
4,374,203
4,196,412
4,762,286
4,716,121
1892
Barrels,
U, 698, 890
11,897,208
12,968.417
18,669,649
18,860,726
15,973,208
17,612,634
19,708,614
20,869,842
20,666,661
28,849,231
18,968,089
16,651,06
1881
1893
4,164,608
1882
1894
4,7»,aK
1883
1895
4,42S,(M
1884
1896
4,OI0.»
4.9».Q9
1885
1897
1886
1898
6,211664
1887
1899
6,867,467
1888
1900
6,944,601
1889
1901
6,617,441
1890
1902
5,668.«»
1891
1908
5,2«.ffB
The chief salt-producing States are New York and Michigan, and the
combined output from these two States in recent years has amounted
to from two-thirds to three-fourths of the total production of the
United States. As will be seen from the following table, tJie four
leading salt-producing States during 1903 were New York, 8,170,648
barrels (43.1 per cent); Michigan, 4,297,542 barrels (22.6 per cent);
Ohio, 2,798,899 barrels (14.7 per cent), and Kansas, 1,555,934 barrels
Digitized by V^OOQIQT
SALT.
1061
(8.2 per cent). These four States contributed 88.6 per cent of the
total quantity of salt produced in the country during the year. The
reported production of Michigan is 3,834,239 barrels less than in 1902,
many firms having closed their plants or gone out of the business
during 1903.
Production ofscUt, by States and TerritorieSf during 1900, 1901, 1902, and 190S.
state or Territory.
1900.
Qoantity. Value,
Quantity. Value.
1901.
Quantity. Value.
1902.
Quantity. Value.
1908.
New York.
Michigan.
Ohio
California
Texas ,
West Virginia.
Utah
Louisiana
Other States..
Total.
Barrde*
7,897,071
7,210,821
2,288,878
1,425,288
621,857
(«)
248,878
249,128
987,681
$2,171,418
2,063,731
1,076,945
696,826
216,^1
(«)
118,407
151T662
(«)
479,828
,286,82082,
BarreU.
7,
7,729,641
2,087,791
1,158,535
601,659
(«)
281,722
884,484
(«)
1,141,509
:, 089, 884
1,437,677
614,865
455,924
133,656
(«)
94,782
826,016
(«)
465,245
BarrfU.
8,523,889|fl,988,589
8,181,781
2,158,486
2,109,987
1,6
847,906
206,592
417,501
514,401
593,604
268,065
148,683
97,721
270,626
821,254
BarrdB,
8,170,
4,297,542
1,655,984
2,798,899
629,701
314,000
244,236
212,965
668,936
175,288
648S2»007,
,807
1,119,964
664,282
795,897
198,630
117,647
35,797
181,710
178,342
86,942
20,869,842
6,944,60320,566,661
6,617,44928,849,231
5,668,636
18,968,069
5,286,968
a Included in " Other States.'
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION,
The following table has been compiled to show the increase in the
proportion of salt produced in the United States which has entered
into domestic consumption. Of the total consumption of salt in
the United States the quantity of salt of domestic production used
increased from 63.5 per cent in 1880 to 94.1 per cent in 1903, while
the consumption of salt imported into the United States decreased
from 36.5 per cent of the total in 1880 to 5.9 per cent in 1903. The
actual consumption in 1903 was 20,062,587 barrels, or about 2.14
times that of 1880. In 1880 the production in the United States was
5^1,060 barrels and the imports 3,427,639 barrels. The correspond-
ing figures for 1903 show an increase to 18,968,089 barrels of domestic
salt produced, while the imports decreased to 1,185,578 barrels.
Supply ofsaU/or domestic consumption, 1880-1903^
[Barrels.]
Souioe.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1888.
Domestlo prodTK^tton
5,961,060
8,427,689
06,000,000
8,889,994
6,412,878
8,065,168
6,192,231
ImportB
3,099,698
TVrtal r ,
9,888,699
4,436
9,839,994
9,091
9,497,541
8,417
9,291,929
K«fM>Hj
1^ 10.829
DoniMTtifl oonioniDtion
9,384,268
9,830,906
446,640
89.1
9,489,124
^841, 779
82.6
9,281,100
^208, 024
Fnoentage of importi to total consumption. .
86.6
88.4
^Decrease.
Digitized by
Google
1062 MINERAL BE80UBCES.
Supply of mU for domestic comumpthn, 1880-190S — Continued.
Source.
Domestic production .
Imports
Total.
Exports ....
Domestic consumption
Increase over preceding year
Percentage of imports to total consumption.
1884.
6,514,987
8,246.349
9,761,286
14,003
9,747,283
466,183
83.3
1885.
7,038,653
3,227,380
1886.
10,2
14,649
10,251,884
504,101
31.5
7,707,061
2,818,623
10,525,704
17,246
10,508.458
257,074
26.8
1887.
K. 003,962
2,687,715
10,591.707
16.7:2
10,574,9';5
6b, 517
215
Source.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
Domestic production .
Imports
8,055,881
2,232,258
8,065,565
1,833,462
8,876,991
1,888,024
Total 10,288,184
Exports 19,140
9,889,017
• 19,209
10,715,015
17,697
Domestic consumption 10, 268, 991
Increase over preceding year a305,981
Percentage of imports to total consumption. . 21. 7
9,869,806
a 899, 186
18.5
lO; 697, 418
827,610
17.2
9.^.915
1,6»1,(M8
11, 681, «
15,889
ll,d6S.lM
14.5
Source.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
Domestic production
11,698,890
1,688,419
U, 897, 206
1,244,711
12,968,417
1,550,556
13.669.619
Imports
1,996,9^
Total
18,882,809
18,603
18,141,919
20,686
14.518,972
38,763
15.666,61$
Exports
36.855
Domestic consumption
13,313,706
1,647,602
12.3
13,121,233
a 192, 473
9.49
14,480,209
1,358,976
laTl
15,629.764
Increase over preceding year
1,1«,5»
Percentage of imports to total consiunption. .
1178
Source.
1896.
1897.
1888.
1899.
Domestic nroduction .
18,850,726
1,858,614
15,978,202
1,493.033
17,612,634
1,325,212
19,7I»,614
1,350,906
Imports . T ., - ^ -,,.,, . , , . . ^ , , . ^
Total
15,709,840
63,891
17,466,285
64,196
18,937,846
61,715
21,068, 9»
9Q.O0D
Exports
Domestic consumption
15,645,949
16,185
U.88
17,412,040
1,766,001
8.57
18,876,131
1.464,091
7.02
20.96^960
Increase over preceding year
2,092.819
&4
Peroentage of imports to total consumption..
aDecTease.
Digitized by
Google
SALT. 1063
Supply ofmUfor domentic corummpHonf 1880~190S — Continued.
Source.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Domestic production 20, 889, 842
Imports 1,427,921
20,666,661
1,440,960
28,849,281
1,819,744
18,968,069
1,186,678
Totia I 22,297,263
Exports 68,660
2,007,6U
67,876
25,168,976
86,886
20,168,667
91.070
Domestic consumptioii 22,248,618
Increase over preceding year I 1,274,683
Percentage of Imports lo total consumption . . I 6. 4
21,940,286
a808,878
6.6
26,182,689
8,192,864
6.8
20,062,687
06,070,002
6.9
o Decrease.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS,
The imports of salt into the United States from 1867 to 1881, as
reported by the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, show
an increase from 483,775,185 pounds in the former year to 1,075,198,397
pounds in 1881,* the largest quantity yet recorded. From 1881 the
imports decreased abnost as steadily until 1893, when 348,519,173
pounds were reported, the smallest yearly quantity recorded up to
that time since 1867. The decrease was largely in the imports of fine
salt, due to the domestic production of table, dairy, and other special
grades of salt equal, if not superior, in quality and price to the
imported article. The tariff act of 1894 placed salt upon the free list,
and importations increased to 434,155,708 pounds in 1894 and to nearly
660,000,000 pounds in 1895. In 1896 the imports of foreign salt
amounted to 520,411,822 pounds. The tariff act of 1897 returned salt
to the dutiable list. Salt in bags, barrels, or other packages is now
subjected to a duty of 12 cents per 100 pounds (33.6 cents per barrel),
and salt in bulk is taxed at the rate of 8 cents per 100 pounds, or 22.4
cents per barrel, llie duty on imported salt in bond used in curing
fish taken by vessels licensed to engage in the fisheries and in curing
fish on the navigable waters of the United States or on salt used in
curing meats for export may be remitted. The quantity of salt
imported in 1897 was nearly 20 per cent less than in 1896, the total
amounting to 418,049,214 pounds, and in 1898 the imports fell off to
371,059,452 pounds, with one exception the smallest amount reported
in thirty-two years. In 1899 the imports increased to 378,102,567
pounds, but the value showed a decline of about $9,000 from that of
1898. The unports increased to 899,817,824 pounds in 1900 and to
403,465,946 pounds in 1901, and decreased to 369,528,186 pounds in
Digitized by
Google
1064
mutebal besouboes.
1902 and to 831,961,807 pounds in 1908. Since 1867 the imports have
been as follows:
SaU imported and entered for consumpd&n in the DnUed 8UUe$^ IS67-190S.
Yectf ending—
In bags, barrels, and
other packages.
Quantity.
Valne.
In bulk.
Quantity. Value.
JuneSO—
1867...
1870.
1871.
1872.
1878.
1874.
1876.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1884...
1885...
Dec. 81—
1887.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Powadt.
264.470,862
806,446,060
297,382,750
288,479,187
288,998,799
258,282,807
239,494,117
358,376,496
818,673,091
881,266,140
859,005,742
352,109,963
375,286,472
400,970,631
412,442,291
829,969,300
312, 9U, 360
340,750,010
351,276,969
319,232,750
275,774,571
238,921,421
180,906,293
172,611,041
150,033,182
150,799,014
98,087,648
60,793,685
601,086
350,620
36,801.048
114,573,146
119.720,721
113,194,092
117,140,960
118.480,798
72.838,011
$606, &70
916,646
806,272
797,194
800,454
788,898
1,264,818
1,452,161
1,200,641
1,168,480
1,069,941
1,062,995
1,160,018
1,180.082
1,242,643
1,066,932
1,085,946
1,098,628
1,080,029
966,993
850,069
620,426
627,184
676.260
492,144
488,106
868,575
206,229
1,723
814
U4,072
861,866
372,921
368,802
413,896
422, 3(H
269,029
Pommdt.
229,804,823
219,975,096
256,765,240
849,776,438
274,730,678
257,687,280
388,012,132
427,294,209
401,270,816
879,478,218
444,044,870
414,813,516
484,700,132
449,743,872
629,861,041
899,100,228
412,988,686
441,618,617
412,822,841
866.621,228
843.216.831
272,650,231
234,499,636
243,766,044
220,809,985
201,866,103
146,946.390
101,525,281
1,874,644
1,627,030
50,775,106
178,458,117
168,268,237
198,697,810
171,067,229
151,169,862
161,636.246
866, 4&6
ei,ltt
507,874
»5,n8
812,569
626,565
619,838
649,111
462,108
582,831
483,909
632.706
648, 42B
658.068
474,200
451,001
433.827
371,000
828.201
246,022
219,232
262.848
224,569
196,371
63,404
86,718
1.874
1.610
46,412
165, TM
133.862
198,873
165, 803
13S,552
134,714
Digitized by VjOOQIC
SALT.
1065
Soli imported and entered /or consumption in the United StaieSj 1867-190S — Continued.
Tear ending-
June SO—
1867...
1868...
1870...
1871...
1872...
1873...
1874..,
1876...
1876...
isn...
1878...
1879...
1880...
1881...
1882...
1883...
1884...
1885...
Dee. 31-
1886...
1887...
1888...
1889...
1890...
1891...
1802...
For the porpose of
curing nah.
Quantity. Value.
Pounda.
1804.
1896.
1896.
1897..
1898.
1899..
1900.
1901..
1902.
1908..
68,697,023
64,671,139
57,830,929
86,756,628
105,613,913
110,294,440
118,760,638
132,433,972
100, 794, 6U
94,060,114
109,024,446
133,805,065
134,777,569
142,065,557
126,605,276
140,067,018
103,360,362
105,577,947
113,459,083
97,960,624
98,279,719
103,990,324
105,192,086
103,536,135
93,723,885
8,668,490
8,351.913
32,961,953
78,028,189
100,118,609
87,925,922
115,257,757
99,878,031
107,487,450
$87,048
66,008
60,165
86,193
126,896
119,607
126,276
140,787
96,898
95,841
119,067
144,347
147,058
154.671
122.463
121,429
94,721
107,089
111, 120
100,123
96,648
89,196
90,327
87,749
79,482
12, 195
11,814
33,962
61,503
72,899
71,632
96,625
86,698
102,205
Not elsewhere speci-
fled.
Quantity.
Pounds.
Value.
Total quan-
tity.
Total value.
178,112,857
548,007,449
510,082,269
297,511,108
S263.707
739, 122
687,890
370,592
Pounds.
483,775,185
628,421,176
654,147,990
706,852,643
623,395,511
573,700,966
714,262,877
891,283,618
830,237,846
829,504,996
935,484,084
867,718,090
904,106,718
959,738,849
1,075,198,397
863,847,097
867.915.608
908,977,803
903,666,328
$1,032,872
1,281,004
1,246,440
1,392,116
1,221,780
1,161,617
1,866,696
2,228,895
1,869,259
1,741,862
1,733,559
1,643,802
1,778,565
1,848,174
2,044,958
1,708,190
1,641,618
1,649,918
1,538,316
789,214,336
1,432,714
724,568,849
1,285,359
625,030,735
977,567
513,366,552
976,489
514,646,804
924,756
474, 333, 491
805,909
457,3.^7,203
774,806
348, 519, ira
609,728
434,155,708
636,136
559,151,669
754, 914
520,411,822
702, 158
418,019,214
565, oas
371.059,152
588,6.13
378, 102, 567
579, 682
399,817.824
634,307
40:i, la's. 946
676,3-J4
2m, 528. 186
G47.5,->1
331, 961,. HOT
49.5,94 s
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1066 MINERAL BE80URCEB.
SaU of doTnestic production fxportedfrom the United SUzte$t 179O-190S.
Year ending-
^Septao—
1790...
1791...
1830...
1831...
1882...
1888...
1884...
1886...
1886...
1887...
1888....
1889...
1840...
1841...
1842...
June 30—
1843a.
1844...
1846....
1846...
1847....
1848....
1849....
I860.-..
1851....
1852....
1868...
1864....
1865....
1856....
1857...
1868....
1869...
I860....
1861....
1862...
1863...
1864...
1866...,
Quantity. Value. I
BuiheU.
81,985
4,208
47.488
45.847
46,072
26,069
89.064
126.230
49,917
99,133
114,155
264,337
92.146
215,064
110.400
40,678
167,629
131,600
117,627
202,244
219.146
812.063
319,176
344,061
1,467.676
616,857
648,185
536,073
698,458
576,151
533,100
717,257
476,445
687,401
397,506
684,901
635,619
689,637
88,236
1.052
22,978
26,^8
27,914
18,211
54,007
46,483
31,943
68,472
67,707
64,272
42,246
62,765
39,064
10,262 'i
47,756
45,151
30,620
42,333
73,274
82,972
75,103
61,424
89,316
119,729
159,026
156,879 I
3U,495
190.699
162,650
212,710
129,717
144,046
228,109
277,838
296,088
868,109
Year ending-
June ao—
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872..
1873..
1874..
1876.
1876.
1877.
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
1888.
1884..
1886..
Dec. 81—
1886..
1887..
1888..
1889..
1890.
1891..
1892..
1893.
1894.
1896..
1896.
1897..
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901..
1902..
1908.
Quantity. Value.
BuOweU.
70,644
S30O.S88
605,825
904,090
624.970
289, W
442. M7
190,076
296,142
119,568
120.166
47,115
42.608
19,ra
73,323
e,777
81,657
15,TO
47, 0«
16,271
51,014
18,«8
65,771
2D. IS
72,427
24,968
43,710
13.612
22,179
6.613
45,455
14,752
42,065
18.265
64,147
17. jn
70,014
26,007
b4, 101. 587
a6,«
PomndM.
4,828,868
29. »
4,685.080
27,1-
6,350,237
32,986
5,878,450
atiK
4,927,022
80.0:9
4,448,846
21 7n
5,208,935
28.399
5,'792,207
35,375
10,853,750
46.780
7,203,024
30.«
10,711.814
43. ae
11,593,321
M,3»
17,280,198
63. ei
28,200.191
as, 466
15,021,851
65, 4»
18,865,247
86,414
10,188,771
S5,4S
25.499,680
96,5Jf
]
a Nine montbiH.
h Pounda from ISS.'i.
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SALT.
1067
In connection with the foregoing tables it is interesting to note the
sources from which the imported salt is obtained and the market sup-
plied by the exports of domestic salt. For this purpose the following
tables, showing the countries from which we import, the quantity
and value of the salt received from each, and also the quantity and
value of the salt exported, by countries, are given for the three fiscal
years ending June 30, 1901, 1902, and 1903. It will be observed that
Great Britain is the principal exporter of salt to the United States,
the quantity imported from the United Kingdom averaging somewhat
over 40 per cent of the total imports. Next in importance are the
West Indian islands (chiefly British), followed by Italy. The amount
received from all other countries is comparatively small.
The principal exports are through the port of San Francisco to
Japan, the Central American States, and Asiatic Russia, about 46.8
per cent of the exports having taken this route in 1903. During the
same period 47 per cent of the exports of salt was shipped to the
Dominion of Canada.
The imports and exports for the last three fiscal years, with the
countries from which imported and to which exported, are given in
the following tables:
Imports of salt during the fiscal years ending June SOy 1901^ 190IS, and 190S,
Ooontiy from which im-
ported.
I Year ending June 30,
1901,
Dutiable and free.
Quantity.
Pounds,
United Kingdom 165,6&9,476
Italy 86,870,630
Canada 6,866,3»5
Westlndics k... 135,477,860
Other ooontrieB 14,551,271
Total 407,924,682
Value.
$447,012
46,891
13,821
118, 118
11,425
636,767
Year ending June 30,
1902.
Dutiable and free.
Year ending June 80,
1908.
Dutiable.
Quantity.
Pounds.
151,316,042
90,826,aS8
8.721,684
119,448,756
11,561,475
Value. I Quantity.
881,874,845
9488,652
61,137
25,245
102,964
10,371
Pounds,
113,828,498
76,860,106
8.884,424
131,253,696
11,816,828
842,148,546
Value.
t849,609
53,011
26,607
118.578
22,171
5»,»a»
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1068
MIKEBAL BESOUBOES.
Exports of»dU during the fiscal years ending June SO, 1901 y 1902, and 190S.
Country to which exported.
Year ending Jane 80,
1901.
Quantity. Value.
United Kingdom
Bermuda
British Honduras
Dominion of Canada:
Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, etc
Quebec, Ontario, etc.
British Columbia
Newfoundland and Lab-
rador
Central American States:
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Salvador
Mexico
West Indies:
British
Danish
French
Haiti
Santo Domingo
Cuba
Colombia
Japan
China
Russia, Asiatic
French Oceania
British Australasia
Philippine Islands
British Africa
Other countries
Pounds.
11,960
155,825
10,260
31,115
2,418,857
2,609,484
104,011
141,188
871,634
165,406
882,063
1.177,080
188,841
1,800
11,618
4,807
88,226
857,095
173,875
1,485,480
40
3,585,800
158,075
450,916
8,785
886,899
Total.
14,183,167
«218
1,619
151
705
6,801
10,518
946
1,821
1,908
1,854
2,942
10,278
1,882
16
155
68
485
1,868
2.018
5,061
1
12,286
700
3,600
1,813
67,316
Tear ending June 80.
19^.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
22,000
196,368
13,891
74,680
5,073,350
2,267,235
CT,140
189,960
476,287
.60,215
846,918
1,728,916
158,875
2,000
14,102
8,848
24,902
62,965
189,786
454,665
5,608,750
75,848
215,600
400
48,468
17,821,168
1600
1,874
96
1,133
10.761
14.080
1,610
2,888
706
2,913
15,878
26
in
60
836
886
1,694
1,546
23,104
8U
949
8
485
83,249
Year
endiDg.
1908.
June 80,
Quantity. Valoe.
Poumda. .
95,500
161,248
16,606
63,650
5,966,665
1,601«030
49,500
142,661
78,628
99,682
411,767
75,568
1,297,004
82,199
1,660
16,887
a. 475
34,^8
39,609
207,810
6,413,425
1,810
182,210
118,800
2,860
060
10,600
80,906
$150
1,655
MS
18,179
8,i;o
476
m
8Z7
8,468
11,<C
25
216
462
Si:
2,210
15,126
i.m
a
u
€7
735
16.446,380 70,29$
WOBIiD'S PBODUCTIOl^.
With the exception of the production of the United States and
Canada, the latest statistics available for the countries contributing to
the world's supply of salt are for the calendar year 1902. The subse-
quent table accordingly brings the output for these countries down
to that year only. It shows that the United States, which since 1892
has held second place among the countries of the world, became the
leader in 1897, ranking Great Britain by about 6 per cent This
advantage was increased in 1898 by a gain in the production of the
United States and a decrease in the output of Great Britain, and was
further augmented in 1899 by an increase in production nearly ei^t
times as large aa that of Great Britain for that year. In 1901 the
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SALT. 1069
United States reported a decrease in production compared with 1900
amounting to 42,370 short tons, and the output of Great Britain was
87,243 short tons less than in 1900. The increase in the production
of salt in the United States during 1902 amounted to 461,959 short
tons, while the production of Great Britain decreased nearly 124,000
short tons. It is thus shown that the United States has not only main-
tained but has materially increased the lead over her principal rival in
recent years. The total output of salt in the United States during
1902 was 44 per cent greater than that of Great Britain for that year.
In 1899 the production of salt in Great* Britain increased over that
of the preceding year for the first time since 1894, though it fell oflf
again in 1900, whereas the production of salt in the United States has
increased annually from 1890 to 1900. The table further shows that
the United States produced in 1902 about 24 per cent of the reported
world's supply, and that Great Britain produced about 15 per cent.
The latest statistics available for Russia are for the calendar year 1901,
when the production was about 14 per cent of the total; Germany's
production in 1902 was 12 per cent of the total; France produced 7.1
per cent, India about 8.5 per cent, and Austria-Hungary about 4.2 per
cent. It is noticeable, however, that while the production of Austria-
Hungary was less than 5 per cent of the world's total output the value
of the product in that country was almost 40 per cent of the total value
of the world's production. This is due to the fact that the salt-pro-
ducing industry of Austria-Hungary is a Government monopoly and
one of its principal sources of revenue. The production of salt in
Austria-Hungary in 1902 was about one-fifth the production in the
United States, but the value of the salt product of the United States
was very little more than one-third of the value of the product of
Austria-Hungary. The first cost of salt to the consumer in the United
States is less that $2 per ton; in Austria-Hungary it is nearly $28 per
ton, and with such conditions the small production is readily accounted
for. The mere fact that salt is so cheaply produced in Great Britain
and in the United States has increased its consumption and has had no
little influence in the development of the packing industries, the manu-
facture of hydrochloric acid, chlorine, and sodium salts, and also in
the development of the chlorination process for the extraction of gold
from its ores and of the wet processes for the treatment of silver ores.
In the following table the statistics of salt production in the princi-
pal countries of the world are shown for each year from 1890 to 1902,
with the exception of Russia and Japan, where the latest statistics
available are for 1901. The production of salt in Turkey is not
included. The industry in that country, as in Austria-Hungary, is a
Government monopoly and no statistics of production are published.
For the sake of convenience the quantities are expressed in short tons.
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1070
MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
The tPorldLS salt production, 1890-190$.
Year.
United
Quantity.
States.
United Klngrdom.
Fiance.a
Oennan Empire.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1890
Short torn,
1,242,778
1,398,312
H 752, 286
4,040,839
ShoHUms.
2,403,462
2,288,800
2,191,307
2,154,912
2,504,221
2,4J4,043
2,265,040
2,181,912
2,103,718
2,144,680
2,084,709
1,997,666
2,121,126
$5,354,400
4,737,596
4,177,795
3,565,827
Short ioM.
956,434
932,292
1,100,898
1.24A .ViO
$3,458,174
2,868,945
Short ton*.
1,157.023
1.289.888
$3,939,877
1891
4,10O,S40
1892
1,637,845
5.654.915
3,318,366 1,286,675
3,291,422 1 1,339.311
2,762,216 1 1,381,211
2,421,378 1,332,557
2,492.402 1.436,648
2,236.755 ^ 1,440,358
4.168,915
1898
1,665,609 4,154,668
1,815,438 I 4,789,285
1,913,751 1 4,428,084
1,989,102 4.040.8S9
4,110,279
1,333,707
1894
3,703,601 ' 1.001.498
1896
3,442,292
8,233,078
8,017,6&4
3,016,011
3,134,873
988,273
1,178,038
1,070,290
4^386,161
1896
4.417,922
1897
2,286,248
4,920,020
3,838,436
1898
2,465,769
2,750,206
6,212,554
fi ftfi7.467
1,132,415
2.156.196 1.510.527
3,954,7^
1899
1 3S4 9fi2 9 4H4 ina ' 1 S7S fi93
3,978,750
1900
2,921,708 6,944,603
2,877,932 6.617.449
3,059,600 1,199,675 2,415,978 1,668,912
2,864,950 1 1.014.093 2.012.800 : 1.724.747
4,627,500
1901
5,064.500
1902
8,889,891
5,668,686
2,886,665
982,479
2,605,800
1,745,226
4,992,600
Year.
1890
1891.
1892
1898
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
Japan.
Quantity.
Short tons.
544,030
616,795
633,449
744,717
708,500
6n,446
586,323
691,947
712,878
640,559
726,545
761,575
Value.*
$3,862,930
4,808,185
4,459,245
Italy.
Quantity.
Short tons.
524,562
492,144
461,738
466,146
477,166
526,370
497,915
607,778
497,002
432,720
404,715
479,706
505,401
Value.
927,812
857,692
990,283
912,118
1,030,350
935,466
968,031
802,106
616,144
602,440
668,982
711,400
Austiia-Hongary.b
Quantity.
Value.
ShortloML
515,786
508.022
490,390
524,562
565,826
530,062
538,951
554,078
639.880
578.000
465,833
669,725
575,936
$17,863,887
17,436,393
16,069,962
16.475,059
17.256,516
17,075,67r»
15,497,?rJ3
15,725,515
19,535,222
18,112,471
15.415.773
15,556,431
16.071.990
Year.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Russia.
Quantity.
Short Urns.
1,531,736
1,489,008
1,608,505
1,489,687
1,493,572
1,705,896
1,484,782
1,682,387
1,642,980
1,852,861
2,169,832
1,913,696
Value.
I
$2,6B,611
4,978,589
. 4,627,700
4,281,970
3,317,160
3,887,090
4,917,250
4,357,253
4,255,318
2,767,168
(/)
(/)
(/)
Spain.
Quantity.
Short tons.
678,531
642,292
750,059
166,913
227,645
359,604
674,970
560,484
627,858
659,140
495,965
380,368
470,057
Value.
$1,750,444
1,687,300
2,505,855
82,076
85,786
918,775
1,113,494
1,118,720
989,704
1,052,968
834,535
599,934
707,424
India.
Quantity.
Short tons.
1.159,395
1,139,468
1,008,330
940,547
l,452,6.>i
1,282,522
1,131,472
1,033,601
1,104,513
1,031,149
1.125,611
1,284,839
1,165,291
Value.
$1,948,104
1.690. 294
1.750,ai7
1.516, 397
2,538,111
2,tt¥,«?i
i.ra.sn
l,.'ieil,41.S
1.902,377
1,6S7,89S
1,146.968
1,S21,7M
a Includes product of Algeria. b Government monpoly. <" Xo value obtainable.
d Production and value m 1901 used in making up the total for the world's production in 1902.
' Production in 1901 used in making up total for the world's production in 1902,
/Unit value taken the same as in 1899 in making up the total for the world's production f(X 1900.
1901, and 1902.
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
SALT.
1071
The world's nalt production^ 1890-190$ — Continued.
Year.
Canada.
Quantity. Value.
Other countries.
Quantity. Value.
Total.
Quantity.a Value.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1896.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1901
1902
Short tont.
48,754
45,021
46,486
62,324
57,199
52,876
48,960
51,348
67,126
67,096
62,066
60,439
68,066
Short tons.
9198,867
161,179
162,041
196,926
170,687
160,456
169,698
226,780
248,639
234,620
279,468
262,328
288,681
b2,772
o 169, 129
d 128, 960
d36,378
« 463, 707
123,179
81,717
/ 541, 613
(n26,467
•9,515
1,156,738
408,111
204,468
1,667,084
765,631
611,737
2,463,670
970,522
Short tons.
10,218,401
10,225,247
10,681,323
10,058,667
10,978,702
11,284,683
11,219,837
11,303,807
12,146,446
12,651,685
12,470,670
13,656,298
13,769,201
S42,879,673
42,629,286
43,298,648
88,724,117
39,828,712
40,809,676
38,879,494
38,172,900
44,689,906
41,641,861
42,456,693
46,631,732
43,684,936
a Not including production of Japan prior to 1899, for which no value is obtainable.
bCape Colony and Ceylon.
cCape Colony, Ceylon, Greece, Bosnia, and Herzegovina.
tfCape Colony, Greece, Bosnia, and Herz^ovina.
« In addition to this quantity Brazil produced 26,882; Peru, 19,836; Roumania, 119,103; Switzerland,
60,116; Turkey, 247,663. Total, 466,600 short tons, for which no value is given.
/In addition to this quanity Argentina produced 28,000 short tons; Chile (approzimatelyj, 11,000:
China (estimated), 250,000; Eg}'pt (estimated), 360,000; Roumania (approximately), 100,000, and
Switzerland, 66,766, an aggregate of 694,766 short tons, for which no value is given.
9 In addition there were produced probably 1,000,000 short tons in various countries for which no
definite statistics are availaole.
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SULPHUR AND PYRITE.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
INTBODXJCnON.
The most noticeable change in the sulphur and pyrite industries
during the last year is the increase in the consumption of pyrite and
the very large increase in the use of pyrite as a substitute for sulphur,
especially in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. The reasons for
these conditions will be found in the recent advance in prices of sul-
phur, brought about through the agreement made between the Anglo-
Sicilian Sulphur Company and the mines in Sicily, by which this
company controls at least 85 per cent of the total production of sul-
phur in Sicily. The natural result of such a control of the industry
has been an increase in the prices of sulphur, which has had a decided
influence in increasing the production and consumption of pyrite.
The greater portion of the world's supply of natural sulphur is
obtained from Sicily, and of this production the United States con-
sumes by far the larger amount. The chief uses of the sulphur
imported into the United States are for industrial purposes, as in the
manufacture of sulphuric acid and in the paper trade, while that used
in France and Italy is for agricultural purposes. The increase in the
price of Sicilian sulphur has both stimulated the manufacture of sul-
phuric acid from pyrite, thus greatly increasing the production of
this mineral, and it is also beginning to cause a substitution of pyrite
for the natural sulphur used in the manufacture of paper pulp. In a
few instances in this country sulphite-paper mills are obtaining their
sulphurous acid from smelter works that are conveniently located
near by, which are roasting pyritic ores. It will undoubtedly be
found economical in some cases to change the pulp-mill plants so that
they can bum pyrite instead of sulphur. This has already been done
by three of the largest pulp mills in Germany and Sweden.^
Up to the present time the largest increase in the production of
pyrite and its use in the place of sulphur has been in the manufacture
a Schnatterbeck, C. C, Eng. and Mln. Jour., Sept. 5, 1906. _
U BlWKJ 68
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1074 MINERAL RESOURCES.
of sulphuric acid for the fertilizer trade and for refining petroleum.
It has been estimated that the production of pyrite has increased 141
per cent and the imports 132 per cent since 1895, the 3'ear before the
Anglo-Sicilian Sulphur Company was organized and obtained control
of most of the Sicilian sulphur output. During this same time the
imports of natural sulphur have only increased 43.5 per cent; while
the production of natural sulphur in the United States has increased
363 per cent. These large increases in the domestic production of
pyrite and sulphur and the importation of pyrite are, of course, partly
due to the general increase in the demand for these minerals, but their
exceptionally large increase as compared with the imports of natural
sulphur is due, as stated above, to the general advance in the price of
Sicilian sulphur.
Another effect has been to stimulate prospecting for both sulphur
and pyrite deposits in the United States, which has resulted success-
fully in some cases. It has also encouraged the investment of Ameri-
can capital in prospecting and developing sulphur deposits in Mexico,
and the introduction of pyrite from British Columbia into the Ameri-
can market. With sulphur as contraband goods in time of war it is
essential that the United States should be able to obtain supplies of
this mineral at short notice and have a reserve supply within its own
boundaries, and this is another reason for the more thorough prospect-
ing for deposits of this mineral in the United States, Alaska, and
Mexico.
srriiPHUR.
PRODUCTION.
The production of sulphur and of pyrite for the manufacture of
sulphuric acid in the United States during 1903 was 233,127 long tons,
valued at $1,109,818, as compared with a production of 207,874 long
tons, valued at $947,089, in 1902, an increase of 25,253 long tons in
quantity and of $162,729 in value. The States producing the sulphur
were Louisiana, Nevada, and Utah, given in the order of the importance
of their production. The actual production of sulphur in 1903 was
a few tons less than in 1902, and is very small as compared with the
quantity imported.
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8ULPHTTR AND PYRITE.
1075
The following table shows the annual production of sulphur in the
United States from 1880 to 1903:
Sulphur production of the United States, 1880-190S.
Year.
1880.
1881.
1882-
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
Quantity.
Shorttons.
600
600
600
1,000
600
716
2,500
8,000
460
1,200
Value.
«21,
21,
21.
27,
12,
17,
76,
100,
000
000
000
000
000
875
000
000
7,860
Year.
Quantity.
J
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Value.
Shorttons.
2,688
S80,640
1.200
42,000
600
20,000
1,800
42,000
5,260
87,200
2,276
45,690
1,200
32,960
4,830
107,600
3,625
88,100
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
a See table of pyrite production on page 26.
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION.
In considering the consumption of sulphur in the United States it is
necessary to include the quantity of iron pyrite used in the manufac-
ture of sulphuric acid, a use which has shown a remarkable growth
during the last ten years. Accurate statistics in regard to the con-
suinption of iron pyrite prior to 1891 are not available, as the sta-
tistics of imports previous to that year did not segregate the pyrite
imported for this purpose. Prior to 1884 pyrite was included among
other sulphur ores in the statistics compiled by the Bureau of Statistics
of the Treasury Department. From 1884 to 1887 pyrite ores were
separately reported, but the small quantities reported indicate that a
considerable quantity was imported either under the former classifica-
tion of sulphur ore or as iron ore, under which it was classified from
1887 to 1891, unless it contained copper exceeding 3.5 per cent. Any
comprehensive review of the growth of the consumption of sulphur
and pyrite must therefore necessarilj^ begin with 1891, the year in
which the total quantity of sulphur used (imported and domestic) was
118,258 long tons. The sulphur content of the iron pyrite consumed
in 1891 was 93,233 long tons, a total of 211,491 long tons. In 1903 the
domestic production of sulphur and the sulphur content of the domestic
production of pyrite amounted to 108,967 long tons. In this same year
the sulphur content of the net imports of pyrite amounted to 189,184
long tons, and the natural sulphur imported was 191,033 long tons — a
total of 380,217 long tons of imported sulphur consumed in the United
States. The total domestic consumption of sulphur in 1903 was there-
fore 489,184 long tons, as compared with 469,361 tons in 1902, an
increase of 19,823 tons.
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1076
MINERAL BESOUB0B8.
The statistics for the years 1893 to 1903, inclusive, of the production
and importation of sulphur, and of the sulphur content of domestic
and imported py rite, which, taken together, constitute the total domestic
consumption, are presented in the following tables:
Edimated consumption of sulphur in the United States, 189S-1901,
Pouree.
Sulphur:
Domestlo
Importeda
Solphor content of pyriteb :
Domestic
Imported
1893.
LongUrM.
1,071
105,823
84,100
87,716
Total domestic consumption .
228,709
1894.
Long tons.
446
125,460
47,678
74,506
248,174
1895.
Longtons,
1,607
122,096
44,697
85,796
254,196
1896.
Long tana.
4,696
139.280
51,968
90,076
286,020
1897.
Lonfftem*.
2,061
141.905
64.44D
U6,79S
325,172
Source.
Sulphur:
Domestic
Importeda ,
Sulphur content of pyrite: «»
Domestic
Imported
Total domestic consumption.
1898.
Long tons.
1,071
164,604
87,014
113,748
866,887
1899.
Long tons.
4,300
141,633
78,630
121,441
346.904
1900.
Long tons.
8,147
167,696
92,077
145,118
406,038
1901.
Long torn.
6,866
175,210
105,^
181. 66B
I
469.415
a Includes crude sulphur, flowers of sulphur, refined sulphur, and sulphur lac.
6 Based on average sulphur content of ^ per cent.
Estimated consumption of sulphur in the United States in 190S and 190S,
Source.
Domratic sulphur and sulphur content of pyrite,
Imported sulphur
Sulphur content of Imported pyrite
Total domestic consumption
1902.
Long ton*.
97,636
174,939
196.786
19Qt.
Longioms.
108.967
191,033
189. U4
469,361
4»,1M
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SULPHUR AND PYBITE.
PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR IN ITALY.
1077
As most of the sulphur imported into the United States is obtained
from Italy, it will be of some interest to know the yearly production
of this mineral in that country. In the following table the statistics
of the quantity and value of the sulphur produced in Italy since 1860
(practically all of which is obtained from the island of Sicily) are
taken from the ofScial report Rivista del Servizio Minerario:
ProdtlcHon of sulphur in Holy in 1860-1 90£.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
18fl0
Long Urns.
156,067
168,217
162,825
179,687
177,707
168,829
196,019
196,873
198,097
197,498
200,597
196,618
236,328
209,794
247,221
204,066
271,606
266,141
800,238
370,268
858,883
867,168
83,698,036
3,865,950
3,872,376
4,273,992
4,134,870
3,756,507
4,679,647
4,641,046
4,822,168
5,071,716
4,702,716
4,869,616
6,746,261
6,666,060
6,818,676
6,662,676
6,872.385
6,184,813
6,896,665
7,040,165
7,087,869
8,088,287
1882
Lung tons.
488,761
439,332
404,431
418,706
868,827
336,716
99,002,010
1861
1883
8, ISl, 887
1M2
1884
7,048,751
1863
1886
6,748,077
6,896.720
1864
1886
1865
1887
4..'>72.979
1866
1888
370,486 4.827.612
1867
1889
865,624
863,306
389,171
411,828
410,968
399,260
864,807
419,601
488,676
494,278
654,638
636,522
672,106
666,372
4,758,006
1B68
1890
5,465,201
ises ^
1891
8,693,418
7,569.781
1870
1892
1871
1893
5,716,018
1872
1894
4,876,715
1873
1895
8,989,877
1874
1896
6,919,654
1876
1897
8,680.800
1876
1898
9,368.268
1877
1899
10,392,415
Ks78
1900
10,212,903
1879
1901
10,734,192
1880
1902
12,702,090
1881
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1078
MTNEBAL BESOUKCTES.
EXPORTS OF SULPHUR FROM SICILY.
It may be found of interest to consider in connection with the fore-
going stati^ics the following table, which gives the exports of sulphur
from Sicily for the years 1896 to 1903, inclusive. This table, as also
the four tables following, has been compiled from the annual state-
ment published by Mr. Alfred S. Malcomson, of New York.
Total exports of sulphur from Sicily, 1896-1903.
Country.
United States
France
Italy
United Kingdom . .
Greece and Turkey
Portugal
Russia
Qermany
Austria
Spain
Belgium
Holland
Sweden, Norway,
and Denmark
other countries —
Total
Long tons.
124,923
76,739
54,009
21,913
18,566
12,001
18,762
15.680
18,799
5,910
7,527
3,834
14,540
8,562
1897.
Long torn.
118,137
84,895
73,052
24,520
13,866
7,054
17,582
19,721
15,993
4,089
9,258
3,599
11,226
7,651
>,745 410,538 447,324
1898.
Long tons.
138,435
88,657
62,652
26,983
24,808
8,267
12,285
27,048
16,796
3.288
8,402
5,646
12,331
12,791
Long tons.
128,441
96,043
87,280
25,088
18,666
12,269
19,211
26,983
18,619
7.757
7,481
6,406
32,476
13.569
1900.
1901.
Long tons.
162,505
103.647
101,073
23,973
19,647
10,937
22,090
28,702
21,594
6,1S7
9,721
18,595
22,681
6,810
I,
479,081
658.162
Long tons.
144,817
74.894
74,616
22,464
21,702
11,885
15.110
28,448
18.»12
2,979
7.471
10,848
24,486
9,887
462,299
Langtang,
168. 820
67,«S4
45,601
25,476
20.499
12,SI2
17, 2M
25,908
19.085 '
19(0.
LimgUmt,
157, OSS
76,076
45, 576
19.209
22,166
18,321
15.068
S2.S69
17.925
12,822
8,648
24.918
18.171
467,317
14,310
5.1fiO
2S,S0
23,00
475,13
The table following gives the total quantity of sulphur exported
from Sicily since 1883:
Total exports of sulphur from Sicily, 188S-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Year.
Quantity.
Long ions.
344,763'
293,323
309,536
349,192 I
828,930
347,636 1
396,745
Ye*r.
Qnantity.
1883
LongUmB.
336,392
314,058
814,582
829,446
811,302
347,775
851,451
1890
1897
1898
LmgUmi.
410,518
1884
1891
447, »
1885
1892
1899
1900
1901
479, (Bl
1886
1893
556,162
1887
1894
462,99
1888
1895
1902
467, S17
1889
1896
1903
475,49
. m
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SULPHUR AND PYRITE.
1079
IMPORTS.
The sulphur imported into the United States is produced principally
in Sicily and Japan, with very small quantities in Mexico and Chile.
The following table shows the quantity and value of the sulphur
imported into the United States for each year since 1867:
Sulphur imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867-1 90S.
Crude.
Year ending—
Flowers of sul- i
! phur. I
Refined.
I Quan-
' tity.
June 30—
1867. . .
1870..
1871..
1872..
1873..
1874..
1875..
1876..
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
1883..
1884..
1885..
1887...
Dec. 31—
1888...
1891..
1892..
1808..
1894..
1895.
1896.
1897.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Long
tons.
24,544
18,151
23,590
27,380
36,131
25,380
45,533
40,990
39,683
46.435
42,963
48,102
70,370
87,837
106,097
97,504
94.540
106,112
%,839
117,538
96,882
98,252 I
135,933
162,674 I
116,971
100,938 I
105,539 I
125,241 I
121,286 j
138, 168 I
136,563 I
151,225 I
140,182
166,825
174, IM
174, 160
188.990
Value.
9620,373
446,547
678,642
819,408
1,212,448
764,798
1,301,000
1,260,491
1,259,472
1,475,250
1,242,888
1,179,769
1,575,633
2,024,121
2,713,485
2,627,402
2,288,946
2,242,697
1,941,943
2,237,989
1,688,360
1,581,583
2,068,208
2,762,953
2,676,192
2,189,481
1,903,198
1,703,265
1,M6,481
1,967,454
2,395,436
2.891,767
2,4^,801
2,917,172
8,261,397
3.256,990
8,649,756
Quan-
! tity.
Long
tans.
110
16
97
76
66
86
55
51
18
41
116
159
138
124
98
159
79
178
121
213
279
128
15
12
206
158
241
173
581
665
507
335
628
748
738
l,aM
Value. ^^^^- Value.
95,509
948
4,576
3,927
3,514
1,822
2,924
2,694
891
2, 114
6,873
7,628
6,509
5,516
4,226
6,926
3,262
7,869
5,351
8,739
4,202
1,954
1,718
6,782
5,439
5,746
4,145
12,888
13,266
14, M8
9,917
17,437
20,201
19,954
52,680
Long
tons.
251
65
645
157
92
57
86
57
910,915
2,721
27,149
6,528
4,328
2,492
1,497
2,403
44
1,171
150
69
158
71
69
115
126
114
116
84
27
10
103
10
26
48
,46
229
447
184
243
268
14
160
1,927
36,962
5,935
2,392
6,262
2,555
2,196
4,487
4,765
4,060
8,877
2,383
734
299
3,060
1,997
4,106
1,017
1,207
4,379
8,226
4,396
4,619
6,279
6,308
369
3,746
All other.a
Tv"- value.
Long
tons.
91,269
754
5,342
12,009
832
50,006
183,683
58,637
159,213
23,966
3,825
8,508
Total
value.
9636,797
450,216
710,367
831,132
1,221,044
769, 112
1,305,421
1,265,588
1,260,363
1,479,231
1,285,723
1,193,332
1,584,434
2,034,899
2,720,266
2,686,524
2, 2%, 696
2,265,331
1,961,354
2,260,606
1,700.723
1,586,519
2,070,461
2,767,731
2,683,971
2,199,026
1,909,961
1,708,617
1,613,754
2,172,629
2,464,073
8,069,924
2,523,208
2.940.888
8,287,906
8.283,309
3,709,690
o Includes sulphur lac and other grades not otherwise provided for, but not pyrlte.
In the next table are given the statistics of imports by countries
from which the sulphur was exported to the United States and by ports
at which it was received during the fiscal years 1900 to 1903, inclusive.
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1080
MiNfiBAL BJSSOUBOES.
Canada and England, given as exporting countries, did not produce any
sulphur, but were the countries from which it was exported to the
United States.
Statementj by countries and by customs districtSf showing the imports into the Untied States
of crude sulphur or brimstone each fiscal year, 1900-190S.
Countries whence exported and castoma districts
through which imported.
1900.
Quantity. Value,
1901.
Quantity. Valoe.
LongUms,
Canada
England ,
Italy
Japan
other countries.
7,425
188,011
0,068
6
$165,882
2,809,037
186,847
146
IxmgUnu.
933
7,484
139,492
U,796
4
«i4,957
156, 3»
2,474,681
219, MS
Total -
166.899
2,711.912
169,711 2.875,101
DnrTBiCT.
Baltimore, Md
Boston and Charlestown, Mass .
Champlain, N. Y
New Orleans, La
NewYork, N. Y
Philadelphia, Pa
Portland, Me
San Francisco, Cal
Savannah, Ga
Vermont, Vt
WUlamette, Oreg
All other
12,798
10,023
218,803
203,014
9,040
11,018
1,000
85,886
7,448
24,880
8,287
761
16,111
,467,947
120,284
486,692
162,835
13,675
1,630
2,747
88,134
64,827
2,213
89,756
U,100
20,039
9,359
1,000
439
2,067
8,630
Total.
165,899
2,711,912
159,711
153,664
217,274
64, «M
1,665,094
185,319
863,473
172.176
18.130
12.285
40.515
72,430
2,875.104
Countries whence exported and customs districts
through which imported.
1902.
Quantity. Value.
1903.
Quantity. Value,
Canada
England
Italy
Japan.:
other countries .
I/mgUmt,
716
7,681
168,671
16,448
4
Longtons.
$18,631
161,887
3,111,971
290,826
69
10»060
158,782
16,167
1.121
214.456
2.997.906
815. 8S3
21, m
Total.
187,480
8,582,884
181.130
3,5«.S7I»
DISTRICT.
Bal tlmore, M d
Boston and Charlestown, Mass .
Champlain, N. Y
New Orleans, La
NewYork, N.Y
Philadelphia, Pa
Portland, Me
San Francisco, Cal
Savannah, Ga
Vermont, Vt
Willamette, Oreg
Another
12,187
12,124
225,804
251,366
11,984
14,862
2S2.780
803,548
100,109
16,719
80,082
10,497
1,891,564
804,777
696,981
200,255
609
96,855
11,685
26,569
10,528
19.889
1,917.821
219.061
6S2,3»
206, 5»
8,475
2,387
63,696
48,501
4,151
2,452
7«,»3
Total.
187,480
8,582,884
181,180
3.549.S7D
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8ULPHUB AND PYBITE.
WORLD'S PRODUCTION.
World's production ofsidphurfor 1899, 1900, 1901, and 190£,
1081
Country.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
United States..
Metric
t<m$.
4,383
556
U,744
1,668
1,237
116
554.688
10,285
451
f 1,100
lb58,922
$107,500
1,626
28,884
86,000
22,266
3,600
10,892,416
211,736
9,412
81,850
102,150
Metric
tont.
8,199
862
11,551
1,445
891
123
544,119
14,435
1,687
760
(>64,364
70
$88,100
2,266
26,427
81,000
16,038
3,820
10,212,903
155,982
Metric
Um$.
6,976
4.911
7,000
963
8,212
137
563,096
16,678
610
649,856
NU.
$228,430
12,107
16,400
20,250
67,290
8,847
10,734,192
192,466
Metric
tone.
(«)
3,721
8,000
AuHtriaft
Fnokceb
Germany
$18,121
18,914
Greece
1,891
105
63,581,671
24, 162
2,947
8,181,782
Hungary
Italy
Buflria
18,000
6109,947
1,890
13,115
57,236
V^fn ,
616,442
74
Sweden
38,786
1,988
Total
645,044
10,946,888
648,896
10,666,818
658,839
11,840,882
8,610,404
8,236,505
a Included with pyrite.
6 Crude rock.
PYKITE.
e Statistics not yet reported.
SOURCES OF SUPPLY.
There are many localities throughout the United States where pyrite
occurs in quantity, hut owing to their distance from railroad or water
transportation facilities they are not of commercial importance at the
present time. Such deposits are known in Tennessee, North Carolina,
Georgia, New York, and in many of the Western States. The larger
quantity of the pyrite. produced in the United States is obtained from
Virginia, the mines being located in Louisa and Prince William coun-
ties. Massachusetts, Alabama, Ohio, and California are also producei-s
of pyrite in some considerable quantity. The pyrite that is produced
in Ohio and Indiana is obtained as a by-product in coal mining and is
known as "coal brasses."
The Wikel pyrite mine near Hot Springs, Ark., owned by Dr. J. B.
Gebhart, has recently been optioned to an Alabama company, which
is to develop the property tljoroughly. The vein has been traced for
a distance of 3,000 feet, and the vein of solid pyrite li inches wide at
the surface has increased to 15 inches at the depth of 20 feet, the pres-
ent depth of the shaft. This seam is a part of the main fissure that is
about 75 feet wide and is filled mostly with quartz and particles of
pyrite.
Another source of supply of sulphur for the manufacture of sul-
phuric acid that may become a commercial possibility when it is not
essential to have an absolutely pure sulphuric acid, is the utilization of
the by-product gases obtained in roasting and smelting sulphide ores.
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1082 MINEBAL BES0UBCE8.
Pyrrhotite ores, although containing considerable less sulphur than
pyrite, may becx>me a source of sulphur for the manufacture of sul-
phuric acid, if the sulphur in the ore can be so eflfectuall^' removed that
the residual oxides can be utilized in the manufacture of iron or steel.
The residue from the pyrite ores might be used for this same purpose
if the sulphur were driven oflF sufficiently, but usually there is a con-
siderable percentage of sulphur remaining in the residue after treat-
ment in the chemical works. In certain places in Spain, from which
the United States imports a large amount of pyrite, the residue from
the manufacture of sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of steel.
The domestic production of pyrite does not begin to equal the
demand, and the rest of the supply used in the United States is
imported, principally from Spain, with smaller quantities from British
Columbia, Canada, and Newfoundland.
The chief reason why so many extensive pyrite deposits are not pro-
ducers is the low price at whi(;h pyrite can be had on the market, due
to the importation of Spanish pyrite at a figure often less than the cost
of putting the American ore on board the cars at the shipping point
There is an increasing demand for pyrite and allied ores, and this
demand will be still further increased as the manufacturers of paper
stock by the sulphite process adopt pyrite as a base for their manufac-
ture of sulphurous acid instead of natural sulphur. Satisfactory
results can be obtained by digesting the wood pulp with sulphurous-
acid gas under pressure instead of with the acid sulphite of calcium and
magnesium; and as this gas can be made cheaply by roasting pyrite,
and as it is especially cheap when obtained as a by-product gas from
smelting works its use instead of sulphur should cheapen the process.
In a recent paper on acid making from pyrrhotite,** by Mr. Ernest
SjOstedt, of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, a description is givea
of the method used in roasting Sudbury pyrrhotite ores and of the
utilization of the sulphurous-acid gas given off. Pyrrhotite used had
the geneml formula Fe^S^, and contained 15 to 20 per cent sulphur,
1 to 3 per cent nickel, and 0.5 to 2 per cent copper, the remainder
being principally iron. By concentration a product was obtained con-
taining about 28 per cent sulphur, 3 per cent nickel, 0.5 per cent cop-
per, and 50 per cent iron. The roasting of this ore, which was in
powdered form, was accomplished in a modified Herreshoff furnace.
The modifications of this furnace consisted in:
(1) Minimizing the heat of radiation; (2) application to best advantage of the
roasting heat generated; (3) exclusion of all the extraneous air possible; (4) the
application of an auxiliary heat supply in case of need. These points were practiced
as follows: (1) The combination of four single furnaces in one battery, disposed
equidistant from a common center; (2) a minimum distance between the floor and
roof arch; (3) a round rabble arm, with a secure locking device to prevent inflow of
a Canadian MIn. Rev., April, 19M; Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc., July, 1904, p. 306.
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StJLPHUB AND PYBITE.
1083
air, the air for combustion being admitted through special pipes, provided with
valves; (4) separate muffle chambers for the auxiliary heat. Four batteries of kilns
have been built (16 units) with a total capacity of 40 tons of ore a day and a crush-
ing plant of one 24-inch by 15-inch jaw mill, and two 36-inch rolls to pulverize 80
tons of ore per shift of ten hours; also, two Dell wick-Fleischer No. 4 water-gas gen-
erators, each with a capacity of producing 20,000 cubic feet of water gas per hour;
also, three 95-hor8epower general electric motors for supplying the required power.
The ToaMing ^raa.-*- Water gas was at first used for auxiliary heating, but by care it
was found unnecessary, even when the sulphur fell to from 20 to 25 per cent, to give
gas of requisite strength in sulphur dioxide (6 to 10 per cent). During two weeks 210
tons of pyrrhotite, containing 111,112 pounds of sulphur, were treated, and 191,917
pounds of sulphur dioxide recovered, thus obtaining an efficiency of 86 per cent.
The average working cost, exclusive of heating and lighting, amounted to $1.86 per
ton of ore treated.
Labor $1.12
Power 24
Kepairs and sundries 50
1.86
Crushing $0.50
Roasting 75
Returned anc' sent 61
1.
Counting cost of ore, etc., the sulphur recovered cost $6 per ton of sulphur dioxide,
or $12 per net ton of sulphur. When the pyrrhotite ran poorly in composition, some
pyrite was used.
The conclusions reached by Mr. SjOstedt are that pyrrhotite can be
burned without special fuel, and that it can be made to yield a suflSciently
strong sulphur dioxide gas for the sulphite pulp industry, and also
for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
The demand for sulphuric acid in the manufacture of fertilizers
from phosphate rock is beginning to be largely supplied from pyrite,
as a chemically pure sulphuric acid is not required for the purpose.
PRODUCTION.
There was a considerable increase in the production of pyrite for
the manufacture of sulphuric acid in the United States during 1903,
but a slight decrease in the production of natural sulphur, the com-
bined production amounting to 233,127 long tons, valued at $1,109,818,
as compared with 207,874 long tons, valued at $947,089, the produc-
tion of 1902, an increase of 25,253 tons in quantity and of $162,729 in
value. Besides this production, there is considerable pyrite mined
for pyritic and allied smelting and for use as a flux, which would
increase the output by about 75,000 to 100,000 tons. The 1903 pro-
duction of pyrite was obtained from the following States, given in
the order of their respective output: Virginia, Massachusetts, Cali-
fornia, Georgia, Ohio, Alabama, Indiana, South Dakota, New Jersey.
Of the total production, over one-half was obtained from Virginia.
New York, which had a production in 1902, did not report any in
1903, the production being very small and being shipped principally
for experimental puiposes. Arkansas should become a producer of
some importance during the current year.
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1084
MIKEBAL HESOUBOES.
The largest consumers of sulphuric acid in the United States are
the Virginia-Carolina Chemical Company, the American Agricultural
Company, and the Standard Oil Company, and it has been estimated
that these three companies consume 90 per cent of the total output of
domestic sulphuric acid.
The purchase of all domestic and foreign pyrite and other ores used
in the United States for their sulphur content continues practically m
the hands of four trade combinations, and as the total purchases of the
ores amount annually to about 500,000 tons, stocks of foreign ores can
be accumulated at the seaboard and shipped inland in quantities to
secure lowest freight rates. These conditions favor the importation
of foreign ores and leave but little incentive to develop domestic
mines, and they prohibit the mining of pyrite from those deposits not
most favorably located for transportation facilities.
The average price received for the 1903 production was $3.62 j)er ton,
which is a decrease of 66 cents as compared with $4. 28, the average price
received for the 1902 production, and a decrease of 73 cents as
compared with $4.35, the average price received per ton for the 1901
production. The value of the imported pyrite increased from $3. 27 per
ton in 1900 to $3.51 in 1901, to $3.75 in 1902, and to $3.89 in 1903.
The following table gives the quantity and value of the pyrite mined
for its sulphur content in the United States since 1882:
Production ofpyrUe in the United SUUeSf 188S-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1882
Long tons.
12,000
25.000
85,000
49,000
55,000
52,000
54,831
93,705
99,854
106,586
109,788
«72,000
187,500
175,000
220,500
220,000
210,000
167,658
202,119
278,745
888,880
806,191
1888
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
Year.
1894..
1895..
1896..
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
jongtons.
75,777
$256,552
105, MO
963.134
99.549
32E.843
115,483
330,163
143.201
891,541
193,384
m,m
174.734
50,20
204,615
749,991
0 241,691
1,257,879
0207,874
947,089
0233,137
1,109,818
oincludes production of natural sulphur.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
The quantity and value of pyrite containing less than 3.5 per cent
of copper imported into the United States for each year since 1884 is
as follows:
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SULPHUR AND PYRITE. 1085
Imports ofpyriie containing not more than S,6 per cent of coppery 1884^190S,<^
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
18W
Long tons.
16,710
6,078
1,605
16,578
100,648
152,359
194,984
168,546
190,435
150,682
18,577
9,771
49,661
392,141
587,980
721,699
590,905
678,812
1896
Longtont.
200,168
259,516
262,778
269,868
822,484
403,706
440,863
420,410
9648,396
1886
1897
747,419
717,818
1886
1898
1887
1899
1,077,061
1,055,121
1891
1900
1892
1901
1,415,149
1898
1902
1,650,852
1894
1903
1,636,451
1896
a Previous to 1884 claned among sulphur ores; from 1887 to 1891 classed among other iron ores; since
1881 includes iron pyrite containing 25 per cent or more of sulphur.
This table, compared with the preceding one giving the domestic
production, shows that the imports are nearly double the domestic
production.
In 1902 there was a small quantity of pyrite exported, which
amounted to 3,060 long tons, valued at $19,860.
CONSUMPTION.
As the imports of iron pyrite for use in the manufacture of sul-
phuric acid were not stated separately by the Bureau of Statistics of
the Treasury Department prior to 1891, a comparison with preceding
years can not be made. The following table shows the quantity of
domestic pyrite mined and of foreign pyrite imported for the eleven
years from 1891 to 1901, inclusive, and as no exports are reported by
the Treasury Department these figures may be accepted as represent-
ing the domestic consumption. The table also shows the estimated
amount of sulphur displaced each year on a basis of 45 per cent of
sulphur content.
It will be observed that in the eleven years covered by the following
table the amount of sulphur displaced by the use of pyrite for acid
making has increased about 200 per cent. In 1891 the amount of sul-
phur displaced by the use of pyrite was 93,233 long tons; in 1901 the
amount of sulphur displaced was 287,339 long'tons, more than three
times that of 1891. This increased use of pyrite for acid making has
been due very largely to the development of the sulphite wood-pulp
industry for the manufacture of paper. Another important factor has
been the increased production of phosphate rock from Florida and
Tennessee and the domestic manufacture of superphosphates. For
these purposes a chemically pure acid is not essential, and that made
from pyrite serves the purpose equally as well as that made from
sulphur.
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1086
MIKEBAL BESOUBGES.
Quantiiy of pyrile consumed in the United States, and animated canounl of wiphw dit-
placed by it, 1891-190S.
Source.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895. 1 1896.
1897.
Domestic prodnct
Long
tOM.
106,636
100,648
Long
tons.
109,788
162,359
Lortg
tons.
75,777
194,934
Long
tons.
105.940
163,546
Long Long ' Long
tons. , tons. Urns.
99, 549 1 15. 4^ 143, 301
Imports
190,435 200,16>t 259.516
! ufLTt:
Domestic consumption
207,184 ! 262,147
1
98,283 1 117,966
270,711 2fi0 4»i
289,984 315,651
Sulphur displaced, estimated on basis
of 45 per cent content
121,820
121,269
130,498 142,043 181,2SS
Source.
1898.
1899. 1900.
1901.
1902. 19(B.
Domestic product
Long ton*.
198,364
252,773
LongtoM. Longtons.
174,734 204,615
269,868 822,484
Longtons.
241,691
403,706
Longtansi LongtoM.
207,874 t 233,127
Imports
446,383 420,410
17
Domestic consumption
446,11
444,602 527,099
1
645,397
654.237 fi^sn
Less exports
' 1
3,060 .
200,762
200,071 . 287.195
290.430
294,00
Sulphur displaced, estimated on basis
of 45 per cent content
651,177
298,081 t
CANADIAN PRODUCTION.
The production of pyrite in Canada in 1903 amounted to 33,530 short
tons, valued at $126,133, a decrease of 2,086 tons in quantity and of
$12,806 in value as compared with the production of 35,616 tons
valued at $138,939 in 1902.
In the following table is shown the quantity and value of pyrite
produced in Canada from 1886 to 1903, inclusive:
Annual production and value of pyrite in Canada, 18S6-1903.
Calendar year.
Quantity.
Value.
1 Calendar year.
Quantity.
Value.
1886
ShoHtons.
42.906
88,043
63,479
72,225
• 49,227
67,781
59,770
68,542
40,627
1
$193,077 ' 1895
171,194 1896
285,656 1897
.^^hortton*.
34.198
33,715
38,910
32,218
27,687
40.081
35.261
85,616
33.530
$102,594
1887
101.155
1888
U6,7»
1889
307,292
123,067
203,193
179,310
175,626
1898
128,875
1890
1899
110,748
1891
1900
155,161
1892
1 1901
130,544
1893
1902
138.^
1894
121,581 i 1903
126.133
WORLD'S PRODUCTION.
The following table has been compiled, chiefly from official sources,
to show the pyrite production in the principal producing countries
and to show to wlmt an extent pyrite has supplanted sulphur for acid
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SULPHUR AND PYRITE.
1087
making. In the case of Spain the exports are taken instead of the pro-
duction for such years as they are available. The published figures
of pyrite production in Spain show an output in each year averaging
from 20 to 25 per cent of the exports. As the export figures are
probably taken from the custom-house records they are considered
more reliable.
WorUT 8 producHon of iron pyrite and quantity ofsidphur displaced, 189fS-190S.
Country.
Spaina
France
Portugal
United States
Germany
Norway
Hungary
Italy
Canada
Kewfoundland . . .
Ruflria
United Kingdom .
Bosnia
Belgium
Sweden
Total
Sulphur displaced b .
Country.
Spaina
France
Portugal
Fni ted States
Germany
Norway
Hungary
Italy
Canada
Newfoundland
Ruftfda
United Kingdom
Bosnia and Herzegovina .
Belgium
Sweden
Total
Sulphur displaced <> .
1894.
109,788
113,891
67,629
27,575
27,225
53,872
13,893
18,967
2,529
1,229
1,082,808
487,263
Long tons.
398,453
227,288
2,046
75,777
119,379
52,890
67,093
28,987
52,270
37,889
20,958
15,837
Long tons.
511,769
278,452
105,940
182,621
69,720
75,635
22,274
86,185
40,770
19,187
15,523
6,200
472
3,001
645
1,100,539 1,311.722
495,242
590,275
1895.
Long tons.
480,255
248,934
192,174
99, M9
124,994
48,217
68,083
37,966
30,634
84,318
12,988
9,048
197
3,454
217
1896.
1897.
1,890,928
625,918
Long tons.
98,393
295,825
204,105
116,483
127,092
59,584
51,851
44,998
80.103
27,267
12,791
10,017
1,968
2,519
993
1,082.434
487,095
Long tons.
217,546
298.571
206,886
143,201
131,160
92,966
I 43,740
57,388
84,471
82,790
19,069
10,583
8.611
1,798
509
1,294,288
582,427
1898.
Long tons.
255,896
806,002
244,229
198,364
134,650
88,320
57, 146
66,120
28,766
82,835
24, 175
12,102
236
145
380
Long tons.
316,212
318,087
271,228
174, 734
142,299
94,099
78,241
75,308
24,721
26,154
22,877
12,280
423
278
148
1,443,866
649,789
l,fi
698.418
1900.
Long tons.
850,296
800,170
839,892
204,615
166,724
97,887
85.602
70.465
85,742
Nil.
22,789
12,279
1.678
394
176
1,688,204
759.692
1901.
Long tons.
893.897
802,606
831.641
234,825
164,964
100,288
92,428
87,969
81,483
7,682
10,241
4,498
NU.
1,651.573
743.208
1902.
Long tons.
142,708
313.204
407.178
207,874
162,618
104.806
91,704
81,800
26.000
9,168
5,068
1,502,887
676,277
a Exports, except In 1896.
^Pased on estimated 45 per cent of sulphur content.
o Statistics not yet available.
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BARYTES.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
INTRODUCTION.
The greatest use that is made of barytes is as a white pigmeot, and
whereas formerly this use of barytes was considered as an adulteration
of white lead it is now recognized that this mineral itself makes a
good pigment. Hence, at the present time, barytes is put on the
market as a pigment, and in competition with white lead and other
white pigments. It has a permanent pure white color, unaffected by
the weather or by gases which, in some cases, will blacken white lead.
The barytes can be used to advantage also in combination with either
white lead or zinc white. With any decided increase in the consump-
tion of light-colored paints there will be a corresponding marked
increase in the demand for barytes; and the very noticeable increase
in the production of barytes during the last few years is due partly to
that condition of the paint industry. As, however, barytes is more
and more replacing the other white pigments, there is a noticeable
increase in its production, due to this cause. Whatever causes may
affect the paint industry, as any great increase or decrease in the con-
struction of buildings, will bring about a corresponding change in the
production of barytes. Of the total production of this mineral, about
four-fifths are used in the manufacture of white pigment. The use
of barytes in the manufacture of other barium compounds is also
increasing.
SOURCES OP SUPPLY.
The chief source of supply of barytes is still the State of Missouri,
the deposits being located in Washington, Cole, Miller, and Crawford
counties, with by far the largest production from the first-named
county. There Were no new deposits opened in any of these counties
during 1903, the production all being obtained from the same mines
that furnished the supply in 1902. The Tennessee deposits, which are
in Bradley, Monroe, Loudon, Cocke, and Greene counties, were worked
much more extensively in 1903 than in the previous year. This
increase was due largely to the production of the mines of John T.
Williams & Sons; and in 1903 Tennessee was the second largest pro-
M B 1903 69 109»
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1090 MINEBAL RESOURCES.
ducer of barytes. North Carolina and Virginia have for sevei-al years
supplied nearly the same amount of barytes jyer year, which has been
obtained from old mines that have been worked for a number of years.
The North Carolina deposits are in Madison and Graston counties, with
the larger production from the former; and those of Virginia are in
Bedford, Pittsylvania, Campbell, and Tazewell counties.
In 1908 another State, Kentucky, was added to the producers
of barytes, thus opening another source of supply of this jnineral.
Sufficient work has not been done, however, to determine definitely
the quantity, and whether the mines will yield a constant supph' of the
mineral. The deposit is located about 2 miles from Fredonia, Caldwell
County, and 11 miles from Marion, Crittenden County. The prop-
erty is being developed by the Marion Zinc Company.
The Illinois deposits, near Cave in Rock, Hardin County, were fur-
ther developed in 1903 by the Cleveland and Illinois Mining Company,
but no production of the mineral was obtained.
A new deposit of barytes has recently been discovered near Bich-
ville, St. Lawrence County, N. Y., on the farm of Mrs. Albert Lee,
on Chaumont Bay. As stated by Mr. F. H. Corbin,*' of Dekalb Junc-
tion, N. Y., who made the discovery, the barytes vein has an average
width of about 2 feet and can be traced inland for about 2,500 feet
from the bay. It can also be traced out into the bay for about 240
feet. But little development work has been done on this vein beyond
proving its continuity for the distance given above.
The chief source of supply of imported barytes is Germany. Small
amounts of this mineral are produced in the Provinces of Nova Scotia
and Quebec, Canada, the Nova Scotia deposits being operated by Hen-
derson & Potts, of Halifax, and the Eastern Milling Company, of
Dartmouth, and those in Quebec Province being operated by the Can-
ada Paint Company, of Montreal. The total production of the Cana-
dian mines was 1,163 short tons, valued at $3,931.
Barytes is also being mined at Colliers Bay (Trinity Bay), New-
foundland, by the Colliers Bay Barite Company, and the production
is increasing. In 1903 it amounted to 4,300 short tons, valued at
$8,600. A portion of the product was exported to the United States,
PRODUCTION.
The production of crude barytes in the United States in 1903
amounted to 50,397 short tons in quantity, valued at $152,150 at the
mine. This is a decrease of 11,271 tons in quantity and of $51,004 in
value, as compared with the production of 1902, which was 61,668
short tons, valued at $203,154. The average value per ton of the 1903
production was $3.02, which is 27 cents less than the average value
a PeraoDAl letter.
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BARYTE8.
1091
per ton ($3.29) of the production of 1902. In 1901 the production of
barytes was 49,070 tons, valued at $157,844, which is an average price
of $3.22 per ton. Although the quantity of the production of 1903
was greater than that of 1901, the value was les6, the average price
per ton being 20 cents less.
The production of 1903 was obtained from Missouri, Tennessee,
North Carolina, Virginia, and Kentucky, which are given in the order
of their production, Missouri being the largest and Kentucky the
smallest producer.
In the following table are given the quantity and value of the pro-
duction of barytes in the United States in 1902 and 1903, by States:
Production of crude barytes in 190S and 190S, by States.
State.
Miffiouri
North Carolina .
Tennessee
Virginia
ToUl ,
1902.
Quantity.
Short tons.
31,884
14,679
8,256
12,400
Value.
1903.
Quantity. Value.
Short tons.
$104,677 23,178
44,130 6,835
14,647 a 14, 684
39,700 ! 5,700
61,668 203,154
I
50,397
•77,712
21,347
82,691
20,400
152, 150
a Includes the small production of Kentucky.
As is seen from this table, there was a very large increase in the
production of Tennessee in 1903 over 1902, somewhat more than four
times as much, while that of Missouri, North Carolina, and Virginia
was considerably less.
The annual production of crude barytes in the United States since
1882 is given in the following table:
Production of crude barytes^ JS81S-190S.
Year.
18S2.
1888.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
Quantity.
Short tons.
22,400
30,240
28,000
16,800
11,200
16,800
22,400
21,460
21,911
31,009
32.108
Value.
Average
price per
ton.
180,000
J3.57
106,000
3.67
100,000
8.57
76,000
4.46
50,000
4.46
110,000
a6.56
75,000
3.35
106,313
6 4.95
86,605
3.95
118,863
8.81
180.026
4.05
Average
price per
ton.
a Value at St. Louis, and includes some floated barytes.
fr Value includes floated barytes when sold first in that form.
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1092
MINERAL BESOUBCE9.
The year of greatest production was 1900, when it amounted to
67,680 tons, valued at $188,089, or an average price of $2.78 per ton;
but the year of greatest value was 1902, when the production of 61,668
tons was valued at $203,154, or an average value of $3.29 per ton.
The variation in the value of the production is due principally to the
greater or less quantity of No. 1 barytes that is mined.
After the crude barytes is cleaned and ground, its value is increa:>ed
from $2 to $4 per ton to $7 to $14 per ton, these latter figures repre-
senting the value of the manufactured barytes ready for use a^ a pig-
ment and for the manufacture of other barium compounds.
IMPORTS.
There is still considerable crude barytes imported into the United
States, principally from Germany, with a small amount from New-
foundland, which during the past few years has been steadily inci*eas-
ing. In 1903 the imports amounted to 5,716 short tons, valued at
$48,726, of manufactured barytes, an average value of $8.54 per ton,
and to 7,105 short tons of crude barytes, valued at $22,777, an average
value of $3.21 per ton.
There is given in the following table the quantity and value of the
manufactured and crude barytes imported into the United State*
since 1867:
Imports of ItaryteSy 1867-190S.
Manufactured.
Year ending —
Unmanu fa<'t uivfl.
Quantity. Value. | Quantity. ; VrIiht.
June 30— Potindt.
1SC7 14,968,181
18fiS 2,755,547
1.S4j9 1,117,335
1870 1.684,916
1871 1,385,004
1872 5,804,098
1 873 6, 939, 425
187 1 4, 788, 966
1875 2,117,854
187<. 2,655,349
1N77 2,388,373
isls I l,366,a57
187.) 453. 333
1880 1 4,924,423
1881 1 1,518,322
1 s-vj I 562, 300
ISKI ' 411, 666
IKKl I 3,884,516
18H^S ' 4,095,287
I)o(H-nib(T31— I
l^sr. I 3,476.691
1887 1 4,a')7,831
1888 3,821,842
Prjunds.
$141,273
26,739
8,565
12,917
9,769
43,521
53,759
42.235
17,995
25.325
19,273
10,340
3,496
37,374 j
11,471 I
3,856
2,489
24.671
20,606
' 18,338
19,769
17,185
5,800,816
7,841,715
6,588,872
10, 190, 848
6,504,975 i
P> iH4
li.567
<<,8e2
13/.^
9.037
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BARYTES.
Imports of barytes, i5ff7-i^^— Continued.
1093
Year ending—
Manufactured.
Unmanufactured.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Pounds.
18,571,206
a 4, 815
2,900
2,789
2.988
1,844
2,551
509
502
1,022
1.739
2,568
8,150
8,929
7,105
Value.
I>ecember 31— Continued.
1889
Pounds.
8,601,506
al,563
2,149
1,889
1,082*
836
1.629
2,467
1,800
687
2,111
2,4&l
2,4M
3,908
5,716
22,458
16,453
22,041
15,419
11,457
10,556
17,112
23,345
13,822
8,678
22,919
24,160
27,062
37.389
48,726
7.660
13,133
8.816
7,418
7,612
6,270
7,561
1,274
579
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1896
1806
1897
1898
2,678
5,488
8,801
12,880
1899
190O
1901
1902
14,822
1908 -.
22,777
a Short tons since 1890.
These figures Jo not represent all of the barium compounds imported
into the United States, for besides the above manufactared and
unmanufactured l)arvtes, there were imported in 1903 other barium
compounds to the value of $224,539. The table below gives the kind
and value of the imports of these various barium compounds in 1902
and 1903.
Valtie of the imports of other barium compounds in 1902 and 190S,
Barium compound.
Witherite. barium carbonate
Barium binozide
Barium chloride
Blanc fixe, or artificial barium sulphate,
Total
1902.
|12|777
66,746
46.905
25.933
152,361
190S.
$35,762
84,549
68.762
35,466
224.589
The value of these barium compounds is very much greater than
that of the natural barytes, this being especially true of the barium
binoxidc. The artificial sulphate is valued at $25.72 per ton, as com-
pared with $9 per ton for the natural barium sulphate or barytes.
All of these barium compounds, with the exception of the witherite
(the natural barium carbonate), could and should be manufactured in
this country from American barytes, and there should be a profitable
field for the manufacturing chemist in the production of these barium
compounds.
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1094 Mineral ftEsottncts.
STROHTIUIf.
There was no production of strontium minerals in the United States
during 1903, although celestite, the strontium sulphate, is known to
occur in some quantity at a number of localities, principally near
Put in Bay, on Strontian Island, Ottawa County, Ohio; near Burnet,
Burnet County, Tex.; at Drummond, Drummond Island, Chippewa
County, Mich.; at Cedar Cliff, Mineral County, W. Va.; and in the
vicinity of Schoharie, Schoharie County, N. Y. The deposit near
Put in Bay, Ohio, will probably be worked in 1904 by Mr. F. J.
Herbster, of that place, although the property is still in litigation.
There is little or no market at the present time for these minerals in
this country, and any production that would be obtained would be
exported. There is no large demand for these minerals on account of
their limited uses; and now barium hydroxide is taking the place of
strontium in one of its principal uses — that is, in refining beet sugar.
The other main use of the strontium minerals is in the preparation of
the carbonate and the oxalate of strontium, which are used in pyro-
technics for red fire. Very small quantities of iodide, bromide, and
lactate of strontium are used in medicine. Another use that has been
suggested for strontium, which, however, would require but a small
quantity, is in the pref^ration of the sulphide for use in the manufac-
ture of phosphorescent compounds, for luminous paints, etc."
Of the strontium salts used in the United States nearly all are
imported from Germany, and in 1903 the value of these imports was
$1,387.
a Journal of the Franklin Institute, April, 19Q2.
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MINERAL PAINTS.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
MINEItAXS U8ED A8 PIGMENTS.
There are a number of mineral substances that are mined and pre-
pared primarily for use as pigment. These are the iron ores, hematite
and limonite, which are ground and used in the manufacture of metal-
lic paint and which are not included under the production of iron ores;
ocher, clay, and other earths containing iron which are used for yellow
and brown pigments, such as ocher, umber, sienna, etc. ; bary tes (or
heavy spar) used for white pigment; slate or shale; and gmphite.
Other minerals that are directly used in the manufacture of paints are
asbestos and soapstone, which have been utilized principally in the
manufacture of fireproof paints and paste.
Besides these minerals that are used in the natural state there are a
number of other substances included under the head of mineral paints
that are manufactured products, such as the various lead pigments,
white lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral.
PRODUCTION.
The total production in 1903 of the natural mineral paints included
in this report, consisting of metallic paint (including mortar colors),
ocher, umber, sienna, Venetian red, zinc white, slate, graphite, and car-
bonaceous shales and schists, amounted to 126,649 short tons, valued
at $5,437,275. As compared with the production of 125,694 short
tons, valued at $4,960,831 in 1902, this is an increase of 955 short tons
in quantity and of $476,444 in value. This increase in value is due to
the increase in the production of the higher priced pigments.
1095
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1096
MINERAL BESOUBGES.
In the following table is given the production of ik^ various mineral
paints for the years 1896 to 1903, inclusive:
PtodwAion of mineral pairds, 1S96-190S.
Kind.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
Quantity.
Short tons.
14,074
165
395
14,805
9,660
4,138
20,000
Value.
QuanUty.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value
Ocher
$136,458
2,646
5,416.
180,134
89,600
93,866
1,400,000
ShoHtoM.
14,006
al,080
620
16,699
8,287
18.603
25,000
2
4.666
2,000
$162,764
11,710
10,610
187,694
76, 6»
294,744
1,760,000
20
46,681
6,000
Skorttotu.
11,963
M,177
689
20,972
7,107
10.271
88,000
100
4,571
2,000
$128,832
8,285
11,140
263,979
74,894
160,711
2,310,000
800
46,215
6,000
ShorttouM,
14,124
478
588
23,423
5,786
11,991
40,146
100
4,676
2,000
$140,166
Umber
4,151
Sienna
8,206
Metallic paint...
Mortar color
Venetian red ...
Zinc white
Soapstone
219,945
65,156
210,361
3,211,680
TOO
Slateo
4,795
44,885
43,70$
other colors
« am
Total
68,032
1,952,955
85,913
2,545,793
91,850
3,005,866
103,257 1 8,910,061
Kind.
1900.
1901.
1902. rf
1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
QuanUty.
Value,
Ocher
Short tons.
17,015
1,462
957
23,218
6,689
14,696
48,840
100
6,395
1,700
$186,707
26,927
14,771
261,831
79,911
236,574
3,667,210
700
53,942
20,000
Short ioM.
16,711
759
805
15,915
9,346
9,201
46,500
50
4,865
4,306
$177,779
11,826
9,304
204,937
112,943
153,467
3,720,000
350
41,211
78,625
ShoHtoru.
16,565
480
189
« 19,020
8,865
11,758
62,646
1,100
/4,071
$145,706
11,280
4,316
313,390
98,729
196,905
4,016,499
2,200
9Q 4m
Skortttrnt.
12,524
«11.63&
Umber
Sienna
6G6
25,108
10,863
7,425
62,962
13,3S7
Metallic paint...
Mortar color
Venetian red....
Zinc white
Soapstone
Slateo
213,109
101,7*2
134, «35
4,801,71S
7,1<W
59, OS
Other colors
a 11. 511 1 132,453
Total
121,062
4,548,673
107,960
4,509,962
125,694 1 4,960,831
126,649
5.4S7,27S
a Includes 600 tons of Spanish brown.
h Includes 640 tons of Spanish brown.
c Includes mineral black.
d In addition there were produced during 1902, 4,000 short tons of zinc-lead pigment, valued at
$225,000. and 4.733 short tons of sublimed lead, valued at $449,611.
e Includes 800 tons of unground material, valued at $800.
/Slate and shale ground for pigment. •
g Chiefly other iron oxide pigments.
As is seen from this table there was a decided decrease in the pro-
duction of ocher in 1903, which amounted to 4,041 short tons. There
was also a slight falling off in the production of sienna, but a small
increase in the production of umber.
This table shows also that there is a wide variation between the
production and the value per ton of the various mineral paints from
year to year. This is due to the comparatively wide range in the
quality of the materials that are mined during these years, and to the
fact that a larger production of a higher or lower priced article wiD
bring about a comparatively larger or smaller increase in the value, so
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MINERAL PAINT8. 1097
that the rise or fall shown in the average price may be apparent only.
Where, however, the quality of the pigment is practically uniform, as
in zinc white and Venetian red, this variation is not so noticeable.
When the average value per ton of all mineral pigments used is con-
sidered, it must be borne in mind that according to trade conditions
there may be a displacement in the market of some higher-priced paint
by a cheaper article; thus barytes, which is used as a white pigment,
is very much cheaper than zinc white or white lead, and is being used
largely in combination with one or both of these other white pigments.
OCHER, UMBER, ANJ> SIKNNA.
PRODUCTION.
During 1903 the production of ocher in the United States amounted
to 12,524 short tons, valued at $111,625. As compared with the pro-
duction in 1902 of 16,565 short tons, valued at $145,708, this is a
decrease of 4,041 short tons in quantity and of $34,083 in value. The
seven States contributing to this output of ocher, given in the order
of the importance of their production, were Georgia, Pennsylvania,
Arkansas, Iowa, California, Vermont, and Virginia. Missouri and
Illinois,* which were numbered among the producers of ocher in 1902,
reported no production during 1903. In Iowa, Arkansas, and Virginia
there was only one producer which reported any output. For this
reason it has been necessary to consolidate the production of these
States in order to preserve confidentially the information concerning
the output of the individual companies.
Of the 1903 production, Georgia produced 41.6 per cent of the total
output, while Pennsylvania, which had the largest output, 59 per cent,
in 1902, produced only 39 per cent of the 190§ output. The produc-
tion from Georgia amounted to 5,212 short tons, valued at $47,908, in
1903, as against 3,686 short tons, valued at $38,425, in 1902. The pro-
duction from Pennsylvania was 4,937 short tons, valued at $34,782, in
1903, as against 9,818 short tons, valued at $80,259, in 1902.
Pennsylvania was the only State reporting any production of umber
or sienna during 1903. The combined production of these two mineral
paints was 666 short tons, valued at $15,367, as compared with 669
short tons, valued at $15,546, in 1902, a decrease of 3 tons in quantity
and of $179 in value. In 1902 there were three other States, Illinois,
Georgia, and New York, which reported a production of these mineral
paints.
In the following tables are shown the production of ocher by States
for the last four years and the total production of ocher, umber,
and sienna since 1896. The variations in the value of these mineral
paints are due chiefly to the increase or decrease in the production
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1098
MINERAL RESOURCES.
of the diflferent grttdes of the materials rather than to fluctuations in
prices.
Production of ocher in 1899, 1900, 1901, 190B, and 190S, by States.
State.
GeoiKia
Pennsylvania
Vermont
California
1900.
1901. i 1902.
1908.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Qnantity.
Value,
Quantity.
Value.
Shorltons.
6,828
7,601
401
$73,172
81,661
8,856
Short tons,
7,632
870
$49,176
76.106
3,493
Shorttons.
8,688
9,818
441
580
2.038
16,565
$38,428
80,259
4,544
3,650
18,832
Shoriions.
5,212
4,937
(«)
(«)
62.875
$i7.«8
(»)
(a)
Other States
2,185
17,015
25,018
3,632
49,024
628,985
Total
186,707
16,711 177. 7M
145,708
12.624 111 «*i
a Included in Other States.
ft Including California, Iowa, Vermont, and Virginia.
Production of ocher, umber, and sienna, 1896-190S.
Year.
Quantity. Value.
189C
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
Ocher.
Quantity
Stu)rtton9.\
14,074 I
14,006 I
11,963
14,124
17,015
16,711 I
16,565 I
12,524 I
$136,458
162,764
123,832
140,168
186, 707
177,799
146,708
111,625
Umber.
Total.
Short tons.
166
al,080
61,177
473
1.452
759
480
C666
Value. Quantity
$2,646
11,710
8,285
4,151
26,927
11,326
11,230
1C,367
Shorttons.
895
688
957
805
189
Value. Quantity.; Value.
$5,416
10.610
11.140
8,206
14.771
9.304
4.316
Shorilofu.
14,6S4
15,70^
13,829
15, 186
19.424
17,775
17.234
13.190
$144,520
185, OM
ltt,257
152.5^4
228,405
1S8.429
161,254
126.9fl2
a Includes 600 tons Spanish brown from Maryland,
6 Includes 640 tons Spanish brown from Maryland.
^Includes the production of sienna.
The combined annual production of ocher, umber, and sienna for
the years 1884 to 1895, inclusive, is shown in the following table:
Production of ocher, umber, and sienna, 18&hl895.
Year.
1884
1885
1886
1887,
1888,
Quantity.
Value.
Shorltons.
7,000
$84,000
3,960
43,575
6,800
91,850
8,000
75,000
10,000
120,000
15,168
177.472
Year.
Quantity. Value.
I
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1896
Shorttons.
17,565
' $237,528
18.294
238.828
14,865
198.074
11.147
141. 82S
10,198
104.015
12,640
150.638
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MIKEBAL PAINT8.
1099
IMPORTS.
The following tables show the quantity and value of ochers of all
kinds imported into the United States from 1867 to 1903, inclusive:
Ocher, etc,, imported, 1867- 188S.
Finoil year
ending June
1867.
1808.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
18S1
1882
All ground in oil.
Quantity. Value
Pounds.
11,373
6,949
65,344
149,240
121,080
277,617
94,245
96,176 I
280,617 I
63,916 I
41,718 1
25,674 .
17,649
91,298 !
99,431 '
150,281
137,978
Indian red and Span- ] Mineral French and
Ish brown. Paris green.
Quantity. Value. Quantity, t Value.
Poundt.
883
2,496
6.042
4,465
9,225
8,850
4,628
12,852
3,365
2,269
1,591
1,141
4,233
4,676
7,915
6,143
2,582,335
3,377,944
2,286,930
2,810,282
135,860
263,889
646,009
2,524,989
2,179,681
2,314,028
2,873,650
8.655,920
3,201.880
3,789.586
1,549,968
PoumU.
$3.5, 374
11.166
1
31,624
8,369
41,607
9,618
40,663
88,488
38,763
41,422
2,506
84,882
8,772
102,876
9,714
64,910
19,555
21,222
24,218
27,687
23,677
67,665
26,929
17,598
32,726
16,154
80.195
76,466
34,136
18,293
13,788
6,972
12.083
500
2,496
8,444
11.038
10.841
8,078
18,153
18,506
6,386
6,724
14,876
8,114
8,269
14,648
2,821
886
Other, dry, not
otherwiise specified.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
1,430,118
3,670,093
6,879.478
8,986,978
2,800,148
5,646,843
3.940,785
3,212,988
3,282,415
3,962,646
3,427,208
3,910,947
3,792,850
4,602,646
8,414,704
5,530,204
7,022,615
19,923
82,102
89,646
82.698
24,767
56.680
61.318
85,366
87,929
47,406
82,924
83,260
42,668
62,120
46.069
68.106
90,508
Imports of ocher of aU kinds, 1884-1903,
Year endlng-
Jime80—
1884...
1885...
Dec. 81—
1886...
1887...
1888...
1889...
1890...
1881...
1892...
1803...
1894...
1885...
1886...
1887...
1806...
1889...
1900...
1901...
1902...
1901...
Dr>
Quantity.
Value.
Pounds.
0 6,164,869
163,973
4,983,701
51,499
4,969,183
68,593
6,957,200
68,162
6,674,606
64,128
5,640,267
62,602
6,246,890
68,040
8,044,836
97,946
6,225,789
56,074
4,987.788
46,276
7,107,987
56,020
8,964,26:c
68,196
^7, 720,075
59,272
5,896,725
46,571
9.766,616
72,825
8,449,252
57,842
8,646,691
88,196
9,967,516
107,285
9,888,999
99,269
Ground in oil,
Quantity.
Total.
Quantity. | Value.
I
Pounds. I
6,278,826 \ $68,680
5.068.867 , 55,115
I
5,061,967 60,167
6,011.8(M 65,499
6,617,760 78,818
5.501,880 61,574
6.471.868 71,958
6,299,096 68,312
8,094,560 108,066
6,278,257 68,428
4,960,125 47,876
7,149,140 68,269
8,981,275 69,757
7,740,198 60,272
5.980,185 48,117
9.780.487 78.581
8,468,419 68,861
8,563,429 84, lU
10,007,184 106.298
9.960,884 100,447
a Since 1888 cUnifled as '*dry " and "ground in oil."
6 Since 1896 claaBifled as "dry—crude and powdered, washed or polyerised."
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1100
lOKlIBAL BESOUBOES.
Imparts of umber, 1867 -IdOS,
Year endlngr-
JuneSO^
1867..
1868..
1869..
1870..
1871..
1872..
1873..
1874..
1875..
1876..
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
1883..
1884..
1885..
Quantity.
Value.
Pounds,
2,147,842
«5.946
845,178
2,760
570,771
6,159
708,825
6,318
470,392
7,064
1,409,822
18,203
845,601
8,414
729,864
6.200
613,811
6,606
681,199
7,627
1,101,422
10.218
1,088,880
8,802
986.106
6,959
1,877.645
17,271
1,475,885
11,126
1,923,648
20,494
785,794
8,419
2,946,675
20,654
1,198,000
8,504
Year ending-
Quantity.
Vahie.
1887..
1888..
1889..
1890..
1891..
1892.
1893..
1894..
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
1,262,930
•9,187
2,38^281
16,596
1,423,800
14,664
1,556,070
20.887
1,556,823
19,329
633,291
6,488
1,028,038
6.256
1,488,849
16,636
632,996
6,275
al, 560, 786
13.075
b689,075
8.88D
el, 447,889
14.479
dl, 123,079
9,061
el. 739, 036
13,331
/1, 703. 266
11,862
(Tl, 465, 431
12,510
»1,899,425
16.133
<2, 168, 570
18,172
a Includes 6.187 pounds '
Mncludes 6,292 pounds •
c Includes 14,471 pounds
d Includes 4,608 pounds *
or pulverized."
e Includes 4,849 pounds *
orpulverized."
/Includes 11,653 pounds
or pulverized."
a Includes 3,184 pounds "
or pulverized."
A Includes 11,999 pounds
or pulverized."
I Includes 9,656 pounds '
or pulverlxed."
'ground In oil" and 1.554,649 pounds "dry."
' ground in oil " and 683,783 pounds " dry."
•' ground in oil " and 1,433,418 pounds " dry— crude or powdered."
'ground in oil" and 1,118,471 pounds " dry— crude and powdered, washed
'ground in oil" and 1,784,187 pounds " dry— crude and powdered, watdifd
•' ground in oil" and 1,691,608 pounds '• dry— crude and powdered, washed
ground in oil " and 1,462,247 pounds *' dry— crude and powdered, washed
"ground in oil " and 1,887,426 pounds "dry— crude and powdered, wa&hed
' ground in oil " and 2,158,914 pounds " dry— crude and powdered, washed
Imports ofsMnna^ 189S-190S,
Yearend-
ingDec.
Dry.
Qround in oil.
Yearend-
IngDec.
Dry. 1 Gmnnd in on.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value. ^Quantity.' Value.
1898
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898
Pounds.
1,626,686
837,909
466,861
668.461
680.468
544,713
1138.889
9,424
11.021
10,857
12.840
11,451
Pounds.
6,857
18,877
6,676
10,848
7.058
4.008
•610
896
601
877
481
280
1899
19C0
1901
1902
1903
Pounds.
798,691
796,684
1,106,658
1,534,878
1,873,532
•14,470
14,912
18,294
27,299
28,447
Pwnds.
6,484
6,335
13,861
5,921
1,387
•4«
495
1,004
494
12S
PRODUCTION OF OCHER IN PRINCIPAL PRODUCING COUNTRIES.
In the following table the output of ocher in the principal producing
countries of the worid for the years 1893 to 1903, inclusive, is given
as far as the statistics are available. The United States ranks third in
the quantity of the production in 1902; France is first, and Great
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MINERAL PAINTS.
1101
Britain second. The French production has amounted each year to
more than the combined production of the United States and Great
Britain.
Production of ocher in principal producing countries, 189S-190S,
Year.
United States.
United Kingdom.
France.
German Empire.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
' Short tons.
1IJ93 ' 11,147
1141,828
1W,015
150,628
144,620
185,064
143,267
140,168
186,707
177,799
145,708
111,626
ShoH tons.
11,798
9,638
8,640
11,078
16,153
22,206
18,272
17,024
16,287
18,999
167,818
68,094
82,397
99,737
63,166
63,065
66,062
61,627
69,686
112,030
Short tons.
ShoH tons.
I89i ' lO.lflS
1895
1896
1897
12,640
14,684
16,706
86,466
80,804
35,594
87,286
86,090
86,454
39,367
38,326
$142,756
126,164
150,714
152,002
165,821
164,000
275,930
861,687
9,911
9,918
9,660
9,642
10,234
12,681
77.047
16,374
$26,297
26,227
26,242
1898
13,829
14,124
17,015
16, 7U
16,566
19 mA
81,787
1899
31,750
1900
25,078
1901
102,385
1902
1903
27,863
Year.
Canada.
Belgium.
Spain. 1 Cyprus.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value. Quantity.
Value.
1893
Short tons.
1,070
611
1,339
2,362
8,906
2,340
3,919
1,966
. 2,233
4,955
6,226
$17,710
8,690
14,600
16,046
23,560
18,631
19,900
15,398
16,736
80,495
82,440
ShoH tons.
1,408
400
800
1,120
660
820
330
330
2,315
220
$1,861
966
1,930
2,702
1,400
1,188
1,158
1,158
8,400
800
Shofttons.
1,135
132
224
2S4
220
220
110
64
181
$685
282
ShoH tons.
1894
1 714
$8,822
1895
760 1,500
820 3,240
772 ! 1.721
8,293
1896
6,955
i«r7
3,776
1898
800
400
8,206
1,098
4,666
1899
2,448
1900
232
628
1901
o2,643
a2,093
6,606
1902
4,840
1903
I
a Umber exports.
METAIililC PAINT.
The minerals that are used in the manufacture of metallic paint are
hematite and limonite, two of the iron ores. When limonite is used
it is nccessar>^ to roast the ores before grinding, in order to drive oflf
the water of crystallization in the mineral. This also changes the
color of the mineral from yellow to a deep red or a reddish brown.
It is also necessary in some cases to roast the hematite ores in order
to improve the color and durability. Although these two minerals
occur in a great many places in the United States, and in enormous
deposits, the quantity of these ores that are suitable for making a good
metallic paint is very small, and there are but few localities that can
furnish it. The principal localities which contain ores that will make
a good metallic paint are Oneida, Rensselaer, Cattaraugus, and Wash-
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1102
MINERAL BESOUBCES.
ington counties, N. Y.; Lehigh, Carbon, and Mercer counties, PSl;
Washington and James counties, Tenn., and Dodge County, Wis, It
nas also been produced in small quantities in Maryland, Arkansas,
California, Illinois, Iowa, Vermont, Missouri, Ohio, Vii-ginia, and
Wyoming. Some of the ore ground for paint is used as a coloring
material in mortar making. An attempt has been made to separate
that portion of metallic paint that has been used for mortar colors, but
it has been impossible to determine exactly just how much of these
paints was used for this purpose. The figures given in the table of
production are approximately correct.
PRODUCTION.
The production of metallic paints in 1903 was obtained from Penn-
sylvania, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Alabimia, Maryland,
New Jersey, and Virginia, named in the order of the importance of
their production. The output amounted to 35,966 short tons, valued
at $314,901; the production in 1902 was 27,375 short tons, valued at
$412,119. Of the production of 1903, 25,103 tons, valued at $213,109,
was of metallic paint exclusive of mortar colors, as compared with
19,020 short tons, valued at $313,390 in 1902, an increase of 6,083 tons
in quantity, but a decrease of $100,281 in value. The production of
mortar colors in 1903 was 10,863 short tons, valued at $101,792, as
compared with 8,355 short tons, valued at $98,729, in 1902, an increase
of 2,508 short tons in quantity and of $3,063 in value.
In the following table are given the statistics of production of metal-
lic paint and mortar colors during 1901, 1902, and 1903, by States:
Pfoduction of metallic paint and mortar colon in 1901, 1902, and 1903, by SUxtef.
state.
New York
PennBylyania .
Tennessee
Ohio
other States...
Tota^
1901.
Metallic
paint.
Quan-
tity.
Short
ton*.
2,
8,422
8,100
2,328
15,915
Value.
065i$25,150
120,296
27,350
204,787
Mortar
colore.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Short
tons.
8,800145,000
2,150 22,400
1,600 15,000 5,150
31,989 2,896 30,643
9,846112,943
1902.
I
19QS.
MetalUc
paint.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Short
tons.
1,400115,000
9,981238,882
a2,489 28,678
19,020818,390
Mortar
colore.
Quan-
tity.
Short
tons.
1,927
8,855
Value.
4,534949,400
925 10,600 11,120
40,880 969 12,990
25,789
Metallic
paint.
Quan-
tity.
ShoH
tons.
4,660i$42,
771
8,562
Value.
180
112,810
12,020
46,099
Mortar
colon.
tity. ^^^^
Short
tons.
962168,619
6,
1.80O
2,701
22,200
2^9n
98,729 25,108[218,109 10, 86^101, 792
aindudes 800 tons of oogiDUiid material, valued at 9800.
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MINERAL PAINTS.
1103
The annual production of metallic paint and mortar colors from 1889
to 1903, inclusive, has been as follows:
Production of metallic paint and mortar colors^ 1889-190S.
Year.
MetHllic painta
Mortar colore, j
Year.
MetaUio paint.a
Mortar
Quantity.
colors.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Value.
1889
Short tons.
21,026
24,177
25,142
25,711
19,960
15,226
17,315
14,806
9286,294
»0,369
334,455
362,966
297,289
189,922
212,761
180,184
Short toM.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
ShoHtoM.
16,699
20,972
23,423
28,218
15,916
18,220
26,108
9187,694
263,979
249,945
261,881
204,737
312,540
213,109
Short tons.
8,237
7,107
6,736
6,689
9,346
8,355
10,868
975,570
74,894
65 156
1890
1
1891
1892
79,911
112,948
98,729
101,792
1893
1894
1895
1896
10,150
11,544
9,660
994,961
106,381
89,600
a Includes mortar colors from 1889 to 1898, inclnslTe.
VENETIAN RED.
Venetian red is not a true mineral paint, inasmuch as it is made
from iron sulphate (commonly called '^'copperas" or ''green vitrioP'),
which is itself a manufactured product and not a natural mineral sub-
stance. The iron sulphate is subjected to a roasting process, during
which the sulphur is oxidized and driven oflf as sulphur dioxide. This
leaves the iron oxide as a very bright red substance, which has a more
brilliant color than the natural iron oxide pigment, which is included
under metallic paint.
PRODUCTION.
During 1903 the production of Venetian red was 7,426 short tons,
valued at $134,635, as compared with 11,758 short tons, valued at
$196,905, in 1902, a decrease of 4,333 tons in quantity and of $62,270
in value. The following table shows the annual production of Vene-
tian red since 1890:
Production of Venetian red, 1890-190S.
Year.
1890.
\m\.
1892.
1893.
U»4.
1895.
1896.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
4,000
984,100
4,191
90,000
4,900
106,800
8,214
64,400
2,988
73,300
4.596
102,900
4,188
98,866
Year.
Quantity.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900
1901.
1902.
1908
Short Um$.
13,603
10,271
11,991
14,696
9,201
11,766
7,426
Value.
1294,744
160, 7U
210,861
286,574
158,467
196,905
184,685
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1104
MINERAL RESOtTBCEd.
SLATE GROUND FOR PIGMENT.
PRODUCTION.
Mineral black is the name applied to the product of the dark colored
slates and shales that are ground for paint, and in 1903 the total quan-
tity of these materials that were used for this purpose amounted to
7,106 short tons, valued at $59,029, an increase of 3,035 tons in quan-
tity and of $19,628 in value as compared with the production of 4,071
short tons, valued at $39,401, in 1902.
The following table does not include the production of the graphitic
or carbonaceous shale or schist of Michigan, which is known as '' Baraga
graphite," nor the graphitic material obtained from Rhode Island.
Both are used to some extent in the manufacture of graphite paints,
as are also the purer forms of graphite from New York and Pennsyl-
vania, the statistics of the production and value of which are included
in those of graphite.
The annual production of pigments made from slate and shale since
1880 have been as follows:
QuaiitUy and value of slate and shale ground for pigment^ 1880-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1880
ShorttoM.
1,120
1,120
2,240
2,240
2,240
2,212
3,860
2,240
2,800
2,240
2,240
2,240
$10,000
10,000
24,000
24)000
20,000
24,687
30,000
20,000
25,100
20,000
20,000
20,000
1892
ShortUm*.
3,787
3,253
3,800
4. SSI
4,795
4,666
4,571
4,676
6,896
4,865
4,071
7,106
f23,fia3
1881
1893
25.567
1882
1894
35.870
1883
1895
45,681
1884
1896
44,835
^€81
1885
1897
1886
1898
46,21S
1887
1899
4S,7»
58,912
1888
1900«
1889
1901
41,2U
39,401
1890
1902
1891
1903
50,029
a Includes mineral and carbon black.
liEAD PAIISTTS.
WHITE LEAD, SUBLIMED LEAD, ZINC LEAD, RED LEAD, LITHARGE,
AND ORANGE MINERAL.
Although the lead pigments do not represent mineral paints in the
sense of those just described, they are included under this head as they
are the products of metallic lead, from which they are manufactured,
but their value is excluded from the tabulation in order to avoid dupli-
cation. The lead pigments included here are white lead^ sublimed
lead, zinc lead, red lead, litharge, i^pd orange mineraL
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MINEBAL PAINTS. 1105
PBODUOnON.
During 1903 the aggregate production of all lead pigments amounted
to 141,486 short tons, valued at $15,711,695, an increase of 18,095
short tons in quantity, and of $3,058,810 in value as compared with
the production of 123,391 short tons, valued at $12,652,785, in 1902.
The imports of these lead pigments in 1903 amounted to 1,203 short
tons, valued at $103,312, as against 1,334 short tons, valued at $114,-
671, in 1902. This makes the total amount of lead pigments consumed
in the United States in 1903 equal to 142,689 short tons, valued at
$15,814,907, as against 124,725 short tons, valued at $12,767,456,
in 1902.
WHITE LEAD.
PBODUCTnON.
The total production of white lead in 1903 amounted to 112,886 short
tons, valued at $12,837,647, a decrease of 772 short tons in quantity,
but an increase of $859,473 in value as compared with the production
of 114,658 short tons, valued at $11,978,174, in 1902. Of the 1903
production, the quantity of white lead in oil was 62,674 short tons,
valued at $7,482,487, and the quantity of dry white lead and white
oxide was 50,212 short tons, valued at $5,355,160.
The import of white lead during 1903 amounted to only 227 short
tons, valued at $24,495, which indicates the gradual displacing of the
imported pigments by those of domestic production.
There is a tendency to substitute zinc white and barj'^tes for white-
lead pigments on account of the poisonous effects on the employees of
the fumes given off in the manufacture of the white lead. A series of
experiments have recently been conducted by M. N. J. Breton,^ a
French scientist, as to the relative merits of different white paints, and
the results of his works are summed up as follows:
White lead resists the action of certain acids better than its substitutes, but on
the other hand it is quite inferior under the action of heat or sudden change of tem-
perature, also of hydrosulphurous emanations and of certain strong oxidizing agents,
such as hypochlorite of soda. Besides, the white-lead paints are much less adhesive
to the surfaces to which they are applied and have a marked tendency to blow up.
The addition of sulphate of barium to white lead, while diminishing its covering
power considerably, does not seem to render the paint any less resistant. The addi-
tion of a siccative to zinc oxide in the proportion needed to give these paints a dry-
ing quality equal to that of the white-lead paint does not diminish the resistance of
the paint, and often, on the contrary, at least in certain cases, increases its solidity.
The white lead forms a simple mixture with linseed oil and not a combination, and
the mixture is less homogeneous than that which is formed by oxide of zinc.
In experimenting as to the covering power of white lead and zinc
oxide M. Breton found that for equal weights the spreading capacity
of zinc oxide is nearly double that of white lead; for equal volumes
o Scientific American, Deo. 19, 190S.
M R 1903 70
Digitized by VjOOQIC
1106
MINERAL RESOURCES.
the covering power of zinc oxide is superior to that of white lead; but
as zinc oxide forms a more fluid mixture with the oil, it is necessary
in practice to make the zinc paint thicker in order to obtain the same
result as with the white lead.
The annual production of white lead since 1884 has been as follows:
Production of white lead in the United States, 1884^1908.
Year.
Quantity.
Value. Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1884 ."
Short Um».
66,000
60,000
96,500,000
ft. son. 000
1894
1895
ShoHtoM.
76,813
90,513
88.606
95.666
96,047
110,197
96,210
100,787
114.658
112.886
•5,623,071
8.723,632
1885
1886
60,000 , 7,200,000
70.000 1 7,560,000
84,000 10,080,000
80,000 1 9,600,000
77,686 \ 9,382,967
78,018 1 10,454,029
1896
8. 371, 58b
9,676.815
9,400,622
11,317,967
10,657,966
11,^2,668
ll,9f7M74
12.S37.6n
1887
, 1897
1888
1898
1889
1899
1890
1900
1891
1901
1892
74,486 8,733,620
72,172 7.695-130
1902
1893
1903
PRICES.
The following table shows the average yearly market prices of cor-
roding pig lead, the net price of white lead in oil (both at New York),
and the diflference between the two since 1874:
Average yearly net prices^ at New York, of pig lead and while lead in oil, 1874-1908,
[Per 100 pounds.]
Year.
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
Pig lead.
16.00
5.96
6.05
5.43
8.58
4.18
5.05
4.80
4.90
4.82
8.73
8.95
4.68
4.47
4.41
White
lead in
oil.
111.25
10.60
10.00
9.00
7.25
7.00
7.60
7.25
7.00
6.88
5.90
6.00
6.25
5.75
5.75
Diflpr-
1
ence.
1
$5.25
1889.
4.55
1890.
8.95
1891.
8.57
1892.
8.67
1893.
2.82
1894.
2.55
1895.
2.45
1896.
2.10
1897.
2.56
1898.
2.17
1899.
2.05
1900.
1.62
1901.
1.28
1902.
1.34
1908.
Year.
Pig lead.
White
lead in
oil.
Differ-
ence.
•3.80
$6.00
$2.20
4.83
6.25
1.92
4.83
6.S7
2.06
4.05
6.89
2. 84
8.78
6.03
2.30
8.28
5.26
1.98
8.28
5.05
1.77
8.03
4.90
L87
8.64
6.00
L86
8.79
5.06
1.29
4.68
6w85
.82
4.55
6.67
L<B
4.51
6.87
LS
4.211
6.62
L49*
4.23
6.8$
2.16
SUBLIMED LEAD.
Another lead pigment which is sometimes classed as a white lead is
known as sublimed lead and is obtained as a by-product in the oxidiz-
ing smelting of galena ores; it consists essentially of lead sulphates
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MINEBAL PAINTS.
1107
and lead oxide. The output of this pigment in 1903 produced by the
Picher Lead Company, of Joplin, Mo., amounted to 8,592,000 pounds,
valued at $386,640, as against 9,465,500 pounds, valued at $449,611,
in 1902.
ZINC LEAD.
There is manufactured at Canyon, Cal., by the United States Produc-
tion and Refining Company, a product known as zinc lead, which is a pig-
ment consisting of the mixture of an oxide compound of zinc and lead
obtained by an oxidizing, smelting treatment of lead in zinc ores in a
furnace of special design. The production of this pigment in 1903
amounted to 4,500 short tons, valued at $247,500, as against 4,000 short
tons, valued at $225,000, in 1902, and 2,500 short tons, valued at
$150,000, in 1901.
RED LEAD, LITHARGE, AND ORANGE MINERAL.
The production of red lead during 1903 shows a considerable decrease
from that of 1902, being 8,832 short tons, valued at $1,022,754, as com-
pared with 11,069 short tons, valued at $1,263,112, in 1902. This is a
decrease of 2,837 short tons in quantity and of $240,358 in value.
The combined production of litharge and orange mineral during 1908
was 10,972 short tons, valued at $1,217,054, as compared with 13,742
short tons, valued at $1,437,692, in 1902, a decrease of 2,770 tons in
quantity and of $220,638 in value.
There is still a considerable quantity of red lead and orange mineral
imported into the United States, and in 1903 this amounted to 1,152,715
pounds of red lead and 756,742 pounds of orange mineral. Of the
litharge 42,756 pounds were imported during 1903. In the following
table is given the production of white lead, sublimed lead, zinc lead,
red lead, litharge, and orange mineral for the years 1901, 1902, and
1903:
Production of whiU leady tMxmed leady zinc lead, red lead, litharge and orange mineral
during 1902, J90e, and 190S,
WUtelead:
InoU
Drya
BobUmedlead.
ZtDClMd
Red lead
Uthuge
1901.
QuaDtity.
Amndf.
154,606,070
46,966,945
Oimnffemiiienl.
5,000,000
26,206,096
18,919,006
2.174,727
Value.
SB, 978, 441
2,274,212
150,000
1,448,660
979,586
224,667
1902.
Quantity. ' Value.
Pound$.
179,478,588
49,841,821
9.465,500
8,000,000
28,888,252
25,510,690
1,978,621
•9,765,197
2,222,977
449,611
225,000
1,268,112
1,298,848
189,840
1906.
Quantity. Value.
Poundt,
125,848,000
102,424,000
8,502,000
9,000,000
17,664,000
20,642,000
1,802,000
•7,482.487
^855,160
886,640
247,600
1,022,754
1«U6,861
100,608
aincluding white oxide.
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1108
MINERAL BESOUBOES.
IMPORTS.
The quantity and value of the imports of white lead, red lead, lith-
arge, and orange mineral from 1867 to 1903, inclusive, are given in
the following table:
White leady red lead, litharge, and orange mineral imported, 1867-190S.
White lead.
Year ending—
JuneUO—
1867
Quantity. Value.
1869...
1870..
1871..
1872..
1878..
1874..
1876..
1876..
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
1888..
1884..
1885..
Dec. 31—
1886..
1887..
1888..
1890.
1891.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1900..
1901.
1902.
1903.
Pound$.
6,636,508
7,633,225
8,948,642
6,228,285
8,837,842
7,163,978
6,381,873
4,771,509
4,354,181
2,546,776
2,64i,184
1,759,608
1,274,196
1,906,931
1,068,030
1,161,889
1,044,478
902,281
705,635
$480,805
455,698
516,783
366,706
488,392
481,477
408,986
828,928
296,642
175,776
174,844
113,638
76,061
107,104
60,132
64,493
68,688
67,918
40,487
786,564
57,840
804,820
58,602
627,900
49,903
661,691
56,875
742, 196
57,669
718,228
40,773
744,838
40,032
686,490
34,145
796,480
40,939
1,897,892
79,887
1,183,538
62,409
1,101,829
48,988
506,739
24,334
583,409
80,212
456,872
28,366
884,673
21,226
506,423
25,320
463,284
24,595
Red lead.
Litharge.
Quantity. | Value. Quantity. Value.
Pounds.
926,843
1.201,144
1,042,813
1, 296, 616
1, MB, 794
1,688,089
756,644
1,048,713
749,918
387,260
170,608
148,287
217,038
212,423
288,946
249,145
266,693
216,449
697,247
871,299
529,665
522,026
450,402
651,677
812,703
8M,982
947,873
1,764,274
1,543,262
1,386,070
682,449
776,197
649,651
485,467
1,075,839
1,152,716
963,087
76,773
46,481
64,626
78,410
85,644
99,891
56,806
73,181
54,884
28,747
9,864
7,287
10,397
10.009
12,207
10,503
10,589
7,641
23,038
16,056
23,684
24,400
20,718
23,807
28,443
27,349
29,064
63,139
47,450
46,992
25,780
30,479
25,532
19,370
87,383
40,846
Pounds.
230,382
250,615
187,383
97,898
70,889
66,544
40,799
25,687
15,767
47,054
40,831
28,190
88,496
27,889
63.058
54,592
34,850
54,183
85,283
51.409
35,908
62,211
41,280
48,283
94,686
66,737
42,582
38,595
97,667
51,050
60,984
56,417
65,127
77,314
49,806
88,116
42,756
$8,941
12,225
7,767
4,442
3,870
8,396
2,379
1,450
950
2,562
2,347
1,499
1,667
1,222
2,568
2,191
1,312
1,797
1,091
1,831
1,802
2,248
1,412
2,146
3,106
1.811
1,310
1,0&4
2,812
1,615
1,931
2.021
3,614
2,882
1,878
2,906
1,464
Orange minersL
Quantity. Value.
Ponnds.
1,409,601
1,385,828
1,386,464
1,689,367
1,859,651
1,488,042
796,116
1,141,387
1,068,793
977,644
997, 4M
756,742
61.900
58.614
66,492
51,077
67, 5&
37,745
56,142
61,885
53,409
-0,060
S6,«yr
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MINERAL PAINTS.
1109
ZINC WHITE.
As was stated under the head of white lead, there has been consid-
erable work done in experimenting as to the actual value of zinc white
as a pignient in competition with white lead, and the experiments have
resulted in showing that zinc white can bo used satisfactorily in com-
petition with white lead. As has already been stated, zinc white has
also the advantage of the fact that in its manufacture the workmen are
not subject to any poisonous fumes as they are in the manufacture of
white lead. The production of zinc white has increased steadily for
the last ten years, and during 1903 it amounted to 62,962 short tons,
valued at $4,801,718, as compared with 52,730 short tons, valued at
$4,023,299, in 1902, an increase of 10,232 short tons in quantity and
of $778,419 in value.
The following table gives the production of zinc white (zinc oxide)
from 1880 to 1903, inclusive, and illustrates the continual growth in
the manufacture of this pigment:
Produdion of zinc whiUy 1880-1903,
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
$763,788
700,000
700,000
840,000
910,000
1,050,000
1.440,000
1,440,000
1,600,000
1,867,600
1,600,000
1,600,000
1 Y---
Quantity.
Value.
1880
Short tons.
10,107
10,000
10,000
12,000
18,000
15,000
18,000
18,000
20,000
16,970
1892
Short tons.
27,500
24,059
19,987
20,710
20,000
25,000
83,000
40,146
48,840
46,500
62,730
62,962
t2, 200, 000
1,804,420
18K1
1893
Igtf*
1894
1,899,090
1,449,700
1883
1895
188^1
' 18%
1,400,000
1885
1897
1,760,000
Ihjyj-
1898
2,810,000
1887
1S99
8,211,680
1888
1900
8,667,210
8,720,000
1889
1901
1890
1902
4,028,299
1891
28,700
•
19(W
4,801,718
IMPC
>RTS.
There continues to be a considerable import of zinc oxide into the
United States each year, but it represents but a small percentage of
the total quantity of this pigment consumed. During 1903 the imports
of zinc oxide were: Dry, 3,487,042 pounds; in oil, 166,034 pounds;
total, 3,653,076 pounds, as compared with dry, 3,271,385 pounds; in
oil, 163,081 pounds; total, 3,434,466 pounds in 1902, an increase for
1903 of 218,610 pounds, or about 6 per cent over the imports of 1902.
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1110
MINEBAL B'SSOUBOES.
The following table shows the quantity of zinc white, dry, and in
oil, imported into the United States- since 1885.
Imports of zinc oxide (dry and in oil), 1886-190S,
Year ending-
June 80, 1885,
Dec. 31-
1886
1887 ,
1888 ,
1889
1890 ,
1891
1892
Dry.
InoQ.
PowndB.
Pcunds.
2,288,128
96,566
8,586,289
79,788
4,961,080
128,216
1,401,842
51,985
► 2,686,861
66,240
2,681,458
102,298
2,839,351
128,140
2,442,014
111,190
3,900,749
254,807
Tear ending —
Dry.
Dec. 81— y'oundi,
1894 8.371,292
1895 j 4,546,049
1896 4,S72.781
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1908
In oil.
5.564,768
502,857
8,342,285
27,060
8,012,709
41.699
2,618,808
38,706
3,199,778
128,196
3.271,886
163,081
8,487,042
166,034
Total
Talae.
PtnauU. '
59,291 I
129,343
811,023
9122, on
153, Ml
161,l{s8
206,6%
130,039
172,359
142^395
166.908
167.084
188. «l
In addition to the imports given in the preceding table there were
imported during 1903, 1,129,805 pounds of white sulphide of zinc,
valued at $33,077. Zinc sulphide is known commercially as lithopone.
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ASBESTOS.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
INTRODUCTION.
In previous reports on the subject of asbestos detailed descriptions
have been given of the two minerals which form the sources of com-
mercial asbestos, the chrysotile and the amphibole varieties, and they
have been compared as to their relative market values and the demand
for them. The American localities for both these varieties of asbestos
have also been described somewhat at length. In the present report,
therefore, these points are only touched upon, while the uses of
asbestos and the origin of the chrysotile variety are taken up more
in detail.
The demand for the chrysotile asbestos is still increasing, while that
for the amphibole is only just holding its own. It is because of the
cheapness with which the amphibole asbestos can be mined and manu-
factured and because of the scarcity of the chrysotile variety that even
the small demand for the inferior amphibole asbestos is maintained.
OCCURRENCE AND IX)CAIiITIE8.
The amphibole asbestos, which is usually found in granitic or schis-
tose rocks, either in pockets or in well-defined veins, occurs in such
quantity and forms such a very high percentage of the rock mass that
is removed in mining or quarrying it, that its cost per ton for mining
is very low. On the other hand, the chrysotile variety, which is always
found in serpentine rocks, does not occur in any regular vein forma-
tion, but as seams of varying width which pinch out and widen, some-
times clustering together and again occurring sparingly, so that it is
necessary to mine from 30 to 90 tons of the rock to obtain one ton of
the asbestos. The heat-resisting properties of both of these varieties
of asbestos is approximately the same, so that when this characteristic
of the asbestos is the only quality desired the amphibole variety would
give as good satisfaction as the chrysotile, but whenever strength of
fiber as well as nonconductivity of heat is desired, the chrysotile variety
is the only one that can be used satisfactorily.
1111
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1112 MIKKBAL BK80UBCES.
The sources of supply of amphibole asbestos in the United States
are very numerous, and during the last two years a number of new
companies hav^ been organized and have begun operations for the
production of this variety of asbestos, but on account of the small
demand for it their production and sale must be limited.
The Connecticut Asbestos Mining Company, whose deposits of
amphibole asbestos are in the town of New Hartford, Conn., has
erected a complete plant for crushing and rolling the crude rock and
for separating the fiber. This company treated a small portion of its
production of 1903 and prepared it for market. At the Bedford
County, Va., deposits of the American Asbestos Company a 40-ton
plant for crushing and separating the asbestos is nearly completed
This company has mined a large quantity of crude rock and has it
stored ready for treatment when its mill shall be completed.
The Sail Mountain Asbestos Company, whose deposits are located
at Sail Mountain, White County, Ga., still continues to be the largest
producer of asbestos in the United States. There was no production
in 1903 from the other Georgia deposits of amphibole asbestos. This
is also true of the North Carolina deposits located in Polk, Mitchell,
and Wilkes counties, where this variety of asbestos is known to occur
in large quantity; and it is true also of the Wisconsin deposits located
near Stevens Point, Wood County, and of the Vermont deposits.
Notwithstanding its quantity* cheapness, and ease of production and
transportation, many of the largest manufacturers of asbestos prod-
ucts in the United States do not handle the amphibole variety.
There was a small production of the chrysotile asbestos in 1903 from
the Dalton locality, in Massachusetts. There are a number of locali-
ties from which specimens of chrysotile asbestos have been received
and examined, some of which were of very fine quality. There was
no production of any chrysotile asbestos during 1903 at the Vermont
localities in Orleans and Lamoille counties. The most promising
deposits in this section are those of the Vermont Asbestos Company
and the Tucker Asbestos Company. The former company's deposits
are located about 6 miles northeast of Belvidere Mountain and 2 miles
northeast from the village of Lowell. The Tucker Asbestos Com-
pany's property is on the eastern slopes of Belvidere Mountain, in
the southwestern part of Lowell Township, Orleans County, about 5
miles southwest of the village of Lowell. Development work was
carred on in 1903 on both these properties, and they oflfer perhaps
at the present time the most favorable opportunity in the Vermont
district for developing deposits of chrysotile asbestos.
There was no production in 1903 from the Wyoming, California,
North Carolina, and Michigan deposits, which were described in the
report for 1902.
The deposits of chrysotile asbestos in the Grand Canyon, Arizona,
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ASBESTOS. 1113
which are owned by the Hance Asbestos Company, were mined to a
small extent, but most of the work was along the line of development.
Hence the production of asbestos from this property in 1903 was
small. The quality of the asbestos is exceptionally good, and some of
the fibers are 3 inches in length. Although this property is in the
Grand Canyon of the Colorado and on the north side of the river,
about 3,600 to 4,000 feet below the rim, it is well worthy of thorough
investigation on account of the quantity and the quality of the asbestos
now exposed.
In 1903 a deposit of chrysotile asbestos was found in Arizona at the
bead of Pinto Creek, 23 miles west of Globe, Gila County. This
deposit has been located by Mr. M. L. Shackelford, of Prescott, Ariz.
The serpentine in which the asbestos occurs can be traced for over 3
miles, and the asbestos occurs near the contact of the serpentine with
the other country rock, and is found in small seams over a width of
from 5 to 40 feet. Samples of this asbestos have been examined and
were found to be of the finest quality, the fibers varying from a frac-
tion of an inch to 2 or 3 inches in length. The only work that has
been done on this deposit up to the present time is the one year's
assessment work, so that there is not very much known as yet regard-
ing the extent of the deposit or the percentage of asbestos that can be
obtained in mining.
In Yancey County, N. C, about 8 miles west of Spruce Pine, on the
road to Burnsville, near the junction of the North and the South Toe
rivers, chrysotile asbestos has been found in some quantity on a hill
which rises about 300 feet above the surrounding country. The fiber
is of good quality, and although but little work has been done on the
deposit, the serpentine has been proved to contain the asbestos for a
distance of 260 feet in length by 60 to 76 feet in width. A tunnel
running about 36 feet below the outcrop encountered the same chryso-
tile asbestos at that depth. The deposit is within 2 miles of the railroad
and is thus insured favorable transportation facilities. This property
is being developed by Mr. O. H. Blocker, of Old Fort, N. C.
Canada continues to be the chief source of supply of the chrysotile
asbestos, and a large proportion of its production is imported into the
United States. During 1903 several foreign localities for chrysotile
asbestos were reported, but thus far none of them have been devel-
oped to such an extent that their products are on the market in any
considerable amount. One deposit, which is being investigated by
Mr. H. G. Neelands, of Nelson, British Columbia, is located in the Ijar-*
deau Valley, in Saskatchewan, on that branch of the Canadian Pacific
which leads to Trout Lake.
An asbestos deposit in the province of Kuopio, Finland, about
halfway between Kuopio and Joensuu and close to the railroad, has
recently been located, and it is stated that large quantities of the
mineral have been exposed ready for quarrying.
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1114 MINERAL RESOURCES.
Another deposit of asbestos is reported to have been discovered in
the province of Irkutsk, in Siberia, about H miles from the Kitoi
River. This river affords ample water power and cheap transportation
to the railroad. There have been a number of companies organized
to develop these various deposits. According to the consular reports,
the fiber is of very good quality and equal to the Canadian.
Considering the value of chrysotile asbestos and the increasing
demand for it, which would beoome much greater if there was mudi
reduction in the price, it is only natural that any new deposit of this
mineral, irrespective of its location, should attract a great deal of
attention.
PRODUCTION.
During 1903 the production of asbestos in the United States was
principally from the Sail Mountain, White County, Gra., deposits,
with smaller quantities from near Dalton, Berkshire County, Mass.,
New Hartford, Conn., and Grand Canyon, Arizona. The total quan-
tity amounted to 887 short tons, valued at $16,760, with an average
value of about $19 per ton. This production is a decrease of 118 tons
in quantity and an increase of $660 in value as compared with that of
1902, which amounted to 1,005 tons, valued at $16,200. This rela-
tively large increase in value is due to the high price per ton received
for the product from the Grand Canyon in Arizona, which averaged
about $150 per ton. Besides the above production, there were reported
about 4,000 tons of crude asbestos rock obtained in development work,
which have not been treated in any way and are for the most part still
on the mine dumps. The production was all of the amphibole variety,
with the exception of the small amount of asbestos produced in Massa-
chusetts and in Arizona, which was of the chrysotile variety. The
decrease in the amount of asbestos produced in the Unit^ States is
due to the very small demand for the amphibole variety, notwith-
standing its very low cost as compared with the chrysotile variety. The
largest quantity of asbestos that has ever been produced in the United
States in a single year is 1,200 tons. This production was obtained in
1882 and was valued at $36,000, or $30 per ton. In the table that fol-
lows there is given the annual production of asbestos in the United
States and its value since 1880.
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ASBESTOS.
Anniial production of atbeslosy 1880-190S,
1115
Year.
1880.
1881.,
1882.
1883..
1884.
1885.
1886..
1887..
1888.
1889.
1890.
1801.
Quantity.
Value.
Short' tons.
150
K812
200
7,000
1,200
36,000
1,000
30,000
1,000
80,000
800
9,000
200
6,000
160
4,500
100
8,000
80
1,800
71
4,560
66
8,960
Year.
Quantity.
Short tons.
104
50
825
795
504
580
606
681
1,054
747
1,006
887
Value.
16,416
2,500
4,463
13,525
6,100
6,460
10,800
11,740
16,310
13,498
16,200
16,760
When the figures of this table are compared with those of the
following, which gives the value of the impoi*ts of asbestos into the
United States, it will be seen how very small is this home production
and how important it is to obtain in this country a supply of the
chrysotile asbestos.
IMPORTS.
Nearly all of the asbestos imported into the United States is obtained
from the Canadian deposits and is of the chrysotile variety. The
value of the asbestos imf)orted into the United States since 18()9 is
given in the table below:
Value of asbestos imported, 1869-190S.
Year ending—
Unmanu-
factured.
Manufac-
tured.
ToUl.
Year ending—
Unmanu-
factured.
Manufao-
"tured.
Total.
June 30—
1869
S810
12
9310
' Dec. 81-
1885
r73,026
134,193
140,264
168,584
254,239
252,557
853,689
262,433
175,602
240,029
226,147
229,084
263,640
287,686
803,119
331,796
667,087
729,421
667,269
$617
932
581
8,126
9,164
5,842
4,872
7,209
9,403
16,989
19,731
5,773
4,624
12,897
8,919
24,155
24,741
33,011
32,058
$73,643
136,126
1870
7
12
1886
1871 1
1887
140,845
1K72
! 1888
176, 710
1878
$18
152
4,706
5,486
1,671
3,536
8,204
9,736
27,717
15,285
24,869
48,766
18
152
5,783
5,881
3,221
1889
263,398
1874
1890
257,899
1875
1,077
396
1,650
872
4,624
1891
358,461
1870
1892
269,642
185,005
1877
1893
1878
3,906
1894
256,018
244,878
1879
7,828
9,786
27,786
15,789
24,612
49,940
1896
1880
1896
234,857
1881
69
504
243
1,186
1897
268,264
300,538
1882
1898
1883
1899
312,068
1884
1900
355,961
1901
691,828
1902
762,432
1908
689,827
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1116
MINERAL RESOUBCES.
As is seen from these two tables, the value of the asbestos imported
into the United States in 1903, as compared with the home production,
was as $689,327 is to $16,760, the value of the home production being
about 2.4 per cent of the imports. The demand for an asbestos fiber
of length sufficient for it to be used in spinning is really greater than
the supply, though the supply of the short fiber readily keeps up
with the demand.
PKODUCTION OF CANADIAN ASBESTOS.
As most of this importation of asbestos into the United States was
from Canada, there is given in the following table the production of
this mineral in that country:
Annual production of asbestos in Canada^ 1879-190S.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity. Value.
1879
Short Uynt.
300
380
640
810
966
1,141
2,440
3,468
4,619
4,404
6,113
9,860
9,279
919,600
24,700
86,100
62,660
68,750
76,079
142,441
206,251
226,976
256,007
426,664
1,260,240
999,978
1892
Short tont.
6,042
6,473
7,630
8.756
12,250
aS0,442
023,786
a25,536
a80,6«
038,079
fr40,416
042,328
SSS&,462
1880
1893
SIS, 806
420,825
S68,m
429,856
445,368
486,227
485,849
763,431
1.186.4«
1,148,319
904,852
1881
1894
1882
1895
1883
1896
1884
1897
1886
1898
1886 ,
1899
1887
1900..
1888
1901
1889
1902
1890
1908
1891
a Including asbestic. ^ Including 10,197 tons of asbestic. c Indudinir 10,648 tons of ad>esdc
This table shows a decrease in value of the production of 1903, as
compared with that of 1902, although the tonnage was greater. This
is due principally to the greater percentag-e of the second grade of
asbestos obtained and to the larger amount of asbestic.
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FLINT AND FELDSPAR.
By Heinrich Ries.
INTRODUCTION.
The figures of production show in some cases an increase, in others
a decrease as compared with those of last year. The States from
which the product was obtained were much the same as those in 1901,
although several that were active in 1902 reported no production in
1903, as is shown in detail below.
FlilNT.
PRODUCTION.
The production of flint or quartz in 1903 amounted to 40,046 short
tons of crude flint, valued at $38,736, and 16,187 short tons of ground
flint, valued at $118,211, a total of 55,233 short tons, valued at $156,947.
This was an increase in production of 18,868 short tons, and in value
of $12,738. The quarries of Wisconsin and Virginia were idle this
year, as were also several in other States. The production for 1902 is
given below, the value of the crude material being that given at the
mines, and of the refined that given at the mills. This is included
only in those cases where the firm mining the flint grinds its own
material.
Production of flint in the Untied Stales in 1908, by Stales.
State.
Connecticut ...
Maryland
NewYork
North Carolina.
Pemuylvanla..
Total
Crude.
Quantity. Value,
Short UmB.
(«)
4,889
(*)
86,157
11,000
27,786
•|
40,046 I 88.786
Refined.
Quantity. Value.
Short tons.
15.187
(0)
{<>)
15,187
118,211
C^)
118,211
a Included under New York.
i> Included under Pennsylvania.
e Included under Maryland.
1117
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1118
MINERAL BE8OUB0ES.
These figures do not represent the entire amount of flint consumed
annually in the United States, for much is imported from Europe in
the form of rolled flints.
The value of the flints and flint stone, unground, imported in 1903,
wa8 $101,103.
The piwiuction of flint from 1892 to 1903 was as follows:
Production
of flint in
the DniUd States, 1892-1908
Year
Crude.
Ground.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1892
ShoH tons.
022,400
0 33,281
042,560
013,747
012,458
o 13, 466
o 21, 425
029,852
18,611
180,000
63,792
819,200
21,038
24,226
26,227
42,670
180,345
84.553
ShoH tons.
Shortfons.
22.400
33.231
42.660
13.747
12.456
13.466
21.425
29.852
82.495
34,420
36,965
56,233
180,000
68,7k
319,200
Z1,0»
24,226
26.227
42.670
180, US
86.351
1898
1894
1805.
1896.
1897
1898
1899
1900
13,884
17,643
16,070
16,187
$51,798
118,605
109,163
118,211
1901
16,777 80,602
20,295 85,046
40,046 38,786
149,297
144.200
156,917
1902
a
Includes bol
FBI
PRO]
th crude a:
-.D8PA
DUCTIC
Dd ground.
R.
The production of feldspar in 1903 amounted to 13,432 short tons of
crude feldspar, valued at ^51,036, and 28,469 short tons of ground
feldspar, valued at $205,697, a total of 41,891 short tons, valued at
$256,733. This is a decrease from the total production of 1902 of
3,396 short tons, but an increase in value of $6,309. These figures do
not show the entire amount of spar consumed in this country annually,
for soilie is imported from Canada.
The production for 1903 is given below, the value of the crude
material being that given at the mines, and of the refined that given at
the mills when ground by the firm owning the mine.
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FLINT AND FELDSPAR.
1119
Production of feldspar in the United States in 190S, by States.
State.
erode.
Reflned.
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
Connecticut .
Maine
Maryland
New York....
Pennsylyania
Total...
Short tons.
(«)
(«)
3,643
5,304
4,485
(«)
$18,079
23,561
14,396
Short tons.
7,435
11.958
9,066
$55,628
71,660
78,509
13,432
61, C
28,469
205,697
a Included under New York.
i» Included under Pennsylvania.
The production of feldspar from 1892 to 1903 is as follows. The
figures since 1895 represent information collected directly by the
Geological Survey, and are more approximately correct than those for
preceding years:
Production of feldspar, 189^-1903.
Year.
Crude.
Quantity.
1»2.
1808.
1894,
1805.
1806
1807.
1806.
1800.
1000.
1901.
1902.
1900.
Short tons.
a 16. 800
0 20,578
a 19, 264
a8,523
a 10, 203
a 12, 516
a 13, 440
a 24, 202
1,787
9,960
21,870
13.432
Value.
$75,000
68,807
167,000
30,000
35,200
43,100
32,895
211,546
7,250
21,699
55,501
51,036
Ground.
Total.
Quantity. Value. Quantity.
Short tons.
23,084
24,781
23,417
28.469
8173,712
198,753
194,923
205,697
Short tons.
16.800
20,578
19,264
8.523
10,203
12,516
13.440
24,202
24,821
34,741
46.287
41,891
Value.
975.000
68,807
167,000
80,000
35,200
48,100
32,395
211.545
180.971
220,422
250,424
256,788
a Includes both crude and ground.
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GRAPHITE.
By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
INTRODUCTION.
There are three distinct varieties of graphite on the market — crys-
talline, amorphous, and artificial. These are used to some extent for
the same purpose, but there are some uses to which each is especially
applied. Of the two natural forms of graphite the crystalline is the
more valuable, and is usually a purer gi^ade of graphite, being worth
about $70 per ton, while the amorphous is only worth about $15 per
ton. The artificial graphite averages still higher in value, about $92
per ton, this being due to the particular form in which some of it is
produced.
Crystalline graphite. — This variety can be used for all purposes
for which graphite is required, but its chief uses are in the manu-
facture of refractory products, lubricants, electrotypes, and pencils,
for which it is especially adapted on account of its purity. It has
been estimated that of all the crystalline graphite consumed in the
country, 55 per cent was for crucibles, 15 per cent for stove polish,
10 per cent for foundry facings, 5 per cent for paint, and 15 per
cent for all other purposes, including pencils, powder glazing, electro-
typing, steam packing, and various other minor uses.** The coarser
and purer form of the crystalline graphite is used for the manufacture
of crucibles, pencils, lubricants, and electrotypes, and is known on the
market as lump graphite and chip graphite, the former being more
valuable. For the other purposes, as in the manufacture of stove
polish, foundry facings, paints, etc., those grades of crystalline graph-
ite known as dust and sweepings, are used, the dust having the higher
price.
The bulk of the world's supply of crystalline graphite is obtained
from the island of Ceylon. Masses of graphite have been found that
weighed several hundred pounds. In the United States crystalline
graphite is obtained principally from Essex and Washington counties,
N. Y., and from Chester County, Pa., with smaller amounts from
Coosa and Clay counties, Ala. In Colfax County, N. Mex., and
Albany County, Wyo., there are deposits of graphite varying from
a Mineral Resources U. 8. for 1902; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, p. 975.
M B 1903 71 1121
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1122 MINERAL RE80UBCE8.
semicrystalline to crystalline that are being developed and mined to
a limited extent.
The refining of crystalline graphite is accomplished with but little
difficulty, and the resultant product is usually very pure and free
from any injurious compound. In some instances masses of the crys-
talline graphite are obtained that need no refining, and are ready for
the crusher after simply being hand-cobbed.
Amarph/nis graphite. — ^The occurrences of amorphous graphite are
very much more abundant than those of the crystalline variety, but
on account of the difficulty experienced in refining the crude ore,
many of these deposits are not at the present time of commercial
value. There are still others that are so isolated from railroad trans-
portation facilities that it is impracticable to attempt to work them.
Schists are often impregnated with graphite to such an extent that
they become graphitic schists, and they have been observed extending
over a number of miles of territory. Usually these schists contain
also minute particles of quartz (silica), and although they may carry
a very high percentage of graphite, it is impossible in many cases to
obtain commercially a pure and marketable graphite. This is due
partly to the intricate manner in which the grains of quartz and
graphite are intermingled, which makes it almost impossible to sepa-
rate the quartz completely from the graphite, even by extremely fine
crushing. Then again graphite and mica are found lying in parallel
positions, so that it is almost impossible to separate the foliae of one
mineral from those of the other. In some instances the deposits of
graphite are worked on a limited scale, and the production is shipped
directly as mined for use for foundry facings and paints.
The greater part of the world's supply of amorphous graphite is
obtained from Austria- Hungary.
In the United States supplies of this variety of graphite are obtained
principally from Providence County, R. I., and Baraga County, Mich.,
with smaller amounts from Sonoma County, Cal. ; Barton County, Ga.;
Wake County, N. C; Lawrence and Pennington counties, S. Dak.:
Portage County, Wis., and Ormsby County, Nev. A new deposit of
gi*aphite has recently been reported 3 miles east of Bossburg, Wash.,
on Kelly Hill, in the Parnell group, but little work has been done as
yet to determine the extent of the deposit. There are large quanti-
ties of the amorphous graphite used in the manufacture of paints and
for foundry facings. Some is also used in the manufacture of cruci-
bles. The difficulty of purification of the amorphous graphite pre-
vents its use for the manufacture of lubricants, the better quality of
pencils, electrotypes, etc., except in a few instances, as in the case of
some of that obtained from Bavaria and Mexico, and from one or two
places in the United States.
Artificial graphite, — Methods for the production of artificial graph-
ite have been known for a great many years, but it is only within the
Digitized by^OOQlClT
GRAPHITE. 1123
la^t eight years that a method ha^ been devised for manufacturing it
commercially. The three principal methods by which artificial graph-
ite have been made are: (1) By heating amorphous carbon to a very
high temperature in the electric furnace. (2) By dissolving an excess
of carbon in a molten metal at a high temperature; on allowing the
metal to cool down the excess of carbon separates out as graphite.
(3) By the dissociation of certain 'carbon compounds by means of
metallic iron, or iron oxide, at high temperatures. The method now
employed in the manufacture of artificial graphite was discovered by
Mr. E. G. Acheson, who also discovered carborundum. Mr. Acheson
defines his method of manufacture as follows: ^
This method of manufacturmg graphite I would define as consisting in heating
carbon, in association with one or more oxides, to a temperature sufficiently high to
cause a chemical reaction between the constituents, and then continuing the heating
until the combined carbon separates in the free state. It is not, however, limited
to the use of oxides, as pure metals, their sulphides and other salts may be used,
but for various reasons the oxides are to be preferred.
This process was first patented in 1896, United States patent No.
568323, entitled ''Manufacture of Graphite," having been issued to
Mr. Acheson. This patent reads partly as follows:
I have also discovered that in order to produce pure graphite from carbonaceous
materials there is an indirect conversion, and that the act of the formation of the
graphite is more in the nature of an act of dissociation of the carbon from its combi-
nation with other materials than a conversion of the ordinary carbon into graphite,
and that, as a preliminary step, the carbon has to be combined chemically with
some other material. Thus, I have found that if the carbonaceous material or car-
bon used in the process contains a considerable proportion of mineral matter, or if it
is mixed with a certain proportion of oxide or oxides, such as silica, clay, alumina,
manganese, lime, or oxide of iron, and subjected to the treatment as hereinafter set
forth, the yield of graphite is enormously increased and the product is most satis-
tikctory.
As is seen from the preceding extract the preparation of the arti-
ficial graphite is not made directly from the carbonaceous material,
but by its conversion first into a carbide and its subsequent dissocia-
tion into graphite.
The first use made of the Acheson process was in the manufacture
of electrodes for use in electrolytic processes. Now, however, it is
manufactured on a large scale, and sold for many of the purposes
for which crystalline graphite is used.
EXAMINATION OF GRAPHTTB DEPOSITS.
On account of the constant increase in the demand for graphite, and
of the fact that there is from six to ten times as much graphite
imported into the United States as there is mined in this coun-
try, there is a great deal of interest aroused over the discovery
of any large deposit of this mineral, especially of the crystalline
a Jour. Frank. Iiut.« June, 1899.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
1124 MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
variety. Any deposit of this mineral witliin reasonable distance of
railroad transportation is worthy of investi^tion. There are, how-
ever, a number of points to be taken into consideration in estimating
the value of a graphite deposit, beside its location and cost of mining,
which are: (1) Its variety, crystalline or amorphous. (2) The per-
centage of graphite in the ore. (3) The impurities that contaminate
the ore, as mica, quartz, iron oxide, clay, etc. (4) Whether these im-
purities can be eliminated conmiercially. (5) The purpose for which
the cleaned graphite can be used. Although it is important to know
accurately the percentage of graphite that an ore carries, this is not
of the first importance. It is very essential to determine whether or
not the graphite ore can be so cleaned and refined as to produce a
marketable product, and this should be determined before any large
amount has been spent in the development of the deposit,
DETERMINATION OF GRAPHITE IN AN ORE.
In estimating the percentage of graphite in an ore, the customary
method is to burn off the particles of graphite from a given quantity
in a weighed crucible. This, however, is open to error unless allow-
ance is made for the moisture and organic matter that the sample may
contain. A method recently described by Mr. J. Dunraven Young** i»
as follows :
Mix one-half gram of high-grade graphite (or 1 gram low-grade graphite) with
1 gram of finely pulverized wood charcoal and transfer without loss to a weighed
platinum crucible and burn, occasionally stirring the contents of the crucible with a
platinum wire. The combustion will be completed in thirty to sixty minutes. The
crucible and contents, after being cooled, are weighed. This residue will consist of the
nonvolatile matter of the graphite, together with the ash of 1 gram of charcx«L
Next determine the ash in 1 gram of charcoal by the usual method of burning in
a platinum crucible. The weight of the ash of the charcoal is then deducted from
the above residue, the difference being the weight of the nonvolatile matter present
in the weight of graphite taken. If the weight of this residue, thus corrected, is
deducted from the weight of graphite taken, the difference, which is the loss on
ignition, will represent the weight of graphitic carbon, provided no volatile matter
is present. In general the results thus obtained will not be reliable unless the foUow-
ing correction is applied:
Into a weighed platinum crucible put 1 gram of the graphite, close the crudWe
very tightly with the cover and set the latter upright on a clay triangle. Next heat
the crucible for three to five minutes, giving it the highest temperature attainable
with a good Bunsen burner, and allowing the flame to pass around the crucible on
all sides. Then cool the crucible in the desiccator and weigh. The loss in weight
represents the volatile noncombustible matter in 1 gram of graphitic rock. This
**loM on ignition in closed crucible" must be added to the weight of the nonvolatile
residue or subtracted from the weight of the graphitic carbon as obtained abo\T.
The results so obtained are very accurate if the gangue matter consists only of quarU,
clay, silicates, carbonates, or volatile organic matter. The results are not reliable if
sulphurets are present. If such is the case it will be necessary to select one of the
other methods for estimating graphitic carbon.
aThe Mining World, July 18, 1908.
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GRAPHITE. 1125
PRODITCTIOK*
The value of the total production of graphite in the United States
during 1903 was $225,654, as compared with the total value of $182,108
in 1902. This is an increase of $43,-146 in value, which was due almost
entirely to the increase in the value of the production of the amorphous
graphite.
CrystalUjie graphite. — The production of crystalline graphite in the
United States during 1903 amounted to 4,538,155 pounds, valued at
$154,170, which is an increase of 601,331 pounds in quantity and of
$28,026 in value as compared with the production of 3,936,824 pounds,
valued at $126,144, in 1902. In 1903 there were about 1,000,000
pounds sold in the crude state, a considerably larger quantity than
was sold in the crude state in 1902. There would have been a still
larger increase in the 1903 production if the mill of the Federal
Graphite Company, in Chester County, Pa., had not been destroyed
by fire early in 1903. It has been rebuilt, but was not completed
until late in the fall. This caused a very decided decrease in the
Pennsylvania production.
The average price per pound received for the 1903 product was 3|
cents, which is one-fifth of a cent higher than the average price
received per pound in 1902.
The States from which this production of crystalline graphite was
made are given in the order of the value of their production, as fol-
lows: New York, Alabama, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, and Wyoming.
Ainorphonit graphite. — ^There was a very large increase in the pro-
duction of amorphous graphite in 1903. The production amounted to
16,591 short tons, valued at $71,384, or $4.30 per ton, an increase of
11,852 tons in quantity and of $15,420 in value as compared with the
production of 4,739 short tons, valued at $55,964, or $11.81 per ton,
in 1902. This very large increase is due to the development of the
Georgia deposits, whose product was put on the market in large
quantity, but at a very low price, which accounts for the great varia-
tion in the average price per ton received for the 1902 and the 1903
productions, a difference of $7.52 per ton. The Georgia product was
not used for any of the purposes for which graphite is ordinarily
mined.
The 1903 production of amorphous graphite was obtained from the
following States, given in the order of the value of their production:
Georgia, Wisconsin, Michigan, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Califor-
nia, Nevada, and North Carolina.
The price per ton received for the product in the various States
varied from $2 per ton for the Georgia graphite to $30 per ton for the
South Dakota graphite.
• The following table shows the annual production of graphite from
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1126
HINEBAL BESOUBOES.
1880 to 1903, inclusive, the refined crystalline product being given in
pounds and the araoi*phous in tons:
Production of natural graphite, 1880-190S,
Year.
Quantity.
1880 pounds..' 622,500
1881 do 400,000
1882 do.... 426,000
1883 do....* 675,000
1884 do.... 500,000
1886 do.... 827,883
1886 do.... 415,626
1887 do.... 416,000
1888 do....! 400,000
1889 '
1890 1
1891 pounds. .1 1,550,674
1892 do.... I 1,396,866
1893 do....| 843,103
1894 do.... 918,000
I pounds I 644, 700
jshorttons..! 2,793
Value.
149,800
80,000
34,000
46,000
85,000
26,231
33,242
34,000
33,000
72,662
77,600
110,000
87,902
63,232
64,010
52,582
Year.
Quantity. Valoe.
1896 fpounds 685,858
[shorttons..! 760
[pounds 1,961,706
[shoittons.. 1,070
1898 " fpounds 2,360,000
jshorttons..! 890
jg^ fpounds I 2,900,732
jshorttons..; 2,324
1900 Ipounds 1 5,507,856
jshorttons..! 611
j^j fpounds I 3,967.612
jshorttons.. 809
1502 ipounds I 3.938,824
jshorttons.. I 4,739
1908 fpounds , 4,638.155
jshorttons..! 16,591
$4S,4tt
65,710
78,200
167,106
1!I7,579
167.714
182,106
225,554
Artificial graphite. — There has been an almost constant increase in
the production of artificial graphite since its introduction on the market
in 1897. The quantity of this variety of graphite that was manufac-
tured in 1903 amounted to 2,620,000 pounds valued at $178,670, which
is the largest quantity produced in any year. This is an increase of
261,172 pounds in quantity and of $67,970 in value, as compared with
the 1902 production of 2,358,828 pounds valued at $110,700. The
average price per pound received for the 1903 product was 6.82 cents,
an increase of 2.13 cents over the price, 4.69 cents per pound, received
for the 1902 product.
When this value, $178,670, of the 1903 production of the artificial
graphite is compared with the value, $225,154, of the 1903 production
of natural graphite, which is only $46,484 greater, it is at once recog-
nized that artificial graphite has assumed a very important position in
the graphite industry. In the table following are given the quantity
and the value of the graphite manufactured for each year since 1897.
Production and value of artificial graphite, 1897-190S.
Year.
1897,
1898
1899.
1900
1901
1902
1903
Quantity.
Value,*
Pounds.
162,382
$10,149
186,647
11.603
406,870
32,476
860,750
68.860
2,500,000
119,000
2,858,828
110,700
2,620.000
178,670
Unit
Talotfp
&a»
6.20
SwOP
S.OD
4.75
4.4
6.S
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GfeAPHITE.
1127
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
The annual importation of graphite into the United States each year
far exceeds the domestic production, and in 1903 the value of the Imports
was $1,207,730, as compared with $1,168,554, the value of the graphite
imported in 1902. Since the statistics of the production of graphite in
the United States were first collected there has been no year in which the
value of the imports has not greatly exceeded the value of the domestic
production. For the last few years there has been a small amount of
graphite exported, which in 1903 was valued at $13,365, as compared
with 12 tons valued at $834 in 1902, and with 5 tons valued at $365 in 1901.
In the following table are given the quantity and the value of the
graphite imported into the United States from 1867 to 1903, inclusive:
Graphite imported xtUo the United StaleSj 1867-1903.
Year ending —
June 30—
1867
1868
1869
1870
18n
1872
1878 ,
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1888
1884
1S85
1886
1887 ,
December 31—
1888.
1890.
1801.
1892.
1893.
18M.
1895.
1896.
1887.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1908.
Unmanufactured.
Quantity. | Value.
Long tons.
1.856 I
3,481 I
8,742 '
4,040 '
2,581
4,819 I
7,877
5,600 I
2,329 !
2,530 I
3,768 I
3,012
3,283 i
5,495
7,546
7,521
7,745
7,204
5,523
4,168
8.442
•54,131
149,083
351,004
269,291
136,200
829,030
548,613
382,591
122,050
150,709
204,630
154,757
164,013
278,022
381,966
363,835
361,949
286.393
207,228
164,111
831,621
Manufac-
tured.
9,200
353,990
8,869
878,057
12,798
594,746
10, 118
555,080
11,677
667,775
14,437
865,879
5,814
225,720
8,814
260,090
15,230
437,159
8,533
270,952
13,482
743,820
20,793
1,990,649
14,417
1,390,141
14,325
895,010
18,201
1,168,5M
16,007
1,207,730
Value.
•3,754
17,605
18,091
16,909
24,637
22,941
31,674
25,536
21,721
1,863
Totel
value.
154,131
149,083
851,004
270, 124
139,954
829,080
548,613
382,591
122,060
168,814
222,721
171,666
188,650
800,968
413,640
889,371
883,670
288,256
207,228
164,111
358,990
878,057
594,746
555,080
667,775
865,379
225,720
260,090
487,169
270,952
743,820
1,990.649
1,390,141
895,010
1,168,554
1,207,730
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
1128 MINERAL BESOUROEd.
ANNUAIi CONSUMPTION OF GRAPHITE.
In order to show more clearly the actual quantity of graphite that is
consumed in the United States each year, there are given in the follow-
ing table the quantity and value of the production of the natural and
artificial graphites, and the imports:
Annual consumption of graphite in the United StcUeSj 1899-190S.
Year.
Natural graph-
ite.
Artificial graph-
Imports.
Exports.
Total, leffi ex-
ports.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
QoAn-
Uty.
Value,
1899.
Short
tons.
3,774
8,365
2,793
6,707
18,820
S167, 106
ShoH
torn.
$32,475
68,860
119,000
110,700
178,670
ShoH
tons.
23,288
16,147
16,044
20,385
17,628
$1,990,649
1,390,141
895.010
1,168,554
1,207,730
Short
Urns.
aort
tons.
27,266
t? 140 'an
1900
197,579 4StS
19,942 1 fiM .Vtt
1901
1902
1903
167,714
182,108
225,654
1,250
1,179
1,310
6
13
$365
834
13,365
20.061
28,256
37,768
1,181,359
1,460,528
1,598,569
The importance of the graphite industry in the United States is well
emphasized by this table, and also the benefit that would be derived
by this country if large deposits of commercial graphite could be
found. There is a general increase in the quantity of graphite con-
sumed, although there has been a very wide variation in the value of
the production each year.
CANADIAN PRODUCTION.
The production of graphite in Canada is obtained chiefly f i-om the
provinces of Quebec and Ontario, with smaller amounts from New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In 1903 the quantity of graphite pro-
duced was 738 short tons, valued at $23,745, as compared with a pro-
duction of 1,095 tons, valued at $28,300, in 1902. The following table
gives the quantity and value of the annual production of graphite in
Canada from 1886 to 1903, inclusive:
Annual production ofgraphiU in Canada, 1886-190S,
Calendar year.
Quantity.
Value.
Calendar year.
1
Quantity. \
Value.
1886
Short tons.
500
800
160
242
176
260
167
None.
691
$4,000
2,400
1,200
3,160
5,200
1,560
3,763
None.
223
1
I 1895
Short tons,
220\
139
436
(«)
1.310 1
1,922
2,210 1
1,095'
733,
$6,150
9,455
16,310
is,«as
24,179
1887
1888
1889
' 1896
1897
1898
1890
i 1899
1900
, 1901
, 1902
1903
1891
1892
S1.0«
38,780
1893
28.300
1894
23,745
a Quantity not reported.
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OBAPHITU.
1129
WORIiD'S PRODUCTION.
In the following table is shown the world's production of graphite,
by countries, from 1896 to 1902, inclusive:
WorUJT s production of graphite, 1896-190S,
[Quantity in metric tons.]
Country.
1896.
Quantity. Value.
1897.
Quantity. Value.
1898.
Quantity.
Value.
United States..
Austria
Ceylon
Qermany . . .
India
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Sweden
Total.
86,972
126
10,468
5,248
$48,460
410,081
9,455
414,405
72,108
8,148
215
620
14
10,198
6,925
6,287
491
1,589
88,604
396
19,275
8,861
61
5,650
204
907
99
165,730
439,610
16,240
1,159,885
66,126
816
11.300
16,075
8,668
8,240
1,878
33,062
78,509
4,598
22
6,435
346
1,«S7
50
175,200
421,068
18,698
9,248,268
97,916
110
17,428
10,265
18,237
1,620
56,739
977,405
70,546
1,787,185
126,752
9,898,790
1899.
Country.
' Quan-
I tity.
United States 3,774
Austria 81,819
Canada 1,188
Ceylon 29,087
Prance
Germany 5,196
India 1,648
Italy 9,990
Japan 53
Mexico 2,306
Sweden <»585
Total 85,445
Value.
$167,106
895,280
24.179
2,904,970
120,250
7,572
55,944
5,120
22,847
1,674
3,704,942
1900.
ilT V*^^"^-
3,064
83,668
1,744
19,168
9,248
1,858
9,720
94
2,561
84
81,194
$197,579
418,126
31,040
a 875, 190
186,600
9,104
56,720
12,216
26,660
3,186
1,764,310
1901.
<*?-■ Vlue.
2,533
29,992
2,005
22,707
4,435
2,580
10,313
88
1,473
56
76,226
$167,714
869,167
38,780
a 3, 208, 216
58,000
59,211
8,930
7,386
1,900
dS, 930, 369
1902.
Quan-
tity.
6,085
29,527
994
'A 593
150
5,023
4,648
9,210
(«►)
580
63
81,878
u These values were taken from the official year books of the United Kingdom.
fr Statistics not available.
« Includes crude.
<f Latest available flgrures used in making up total.
Value.
$182,108
868,186
28,300
8,606,455
1,140
41,756
35,934
3,176
1.900
4,167,964
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MAGNESITE.
By Charles G. Yale.
PRODUCTION.
The mineral magnesite is a native carbonate of magnesia, composed
of magnesia (MgO) 47.6 per cent, and carbon dioxide (COj) 52.4 per
cent. There is often combined with it a small quantity of magnesium
silicate and iron carbonate. The production in the United States con-
tinues to be entirely from California, and during 1903 the quantity
reported was 3,744 short tons crude, valued at $10,595, equivalent to
1,361 tons calcined, worth $20,515. The production of California in
1902 was, according to revised and corrected figures, 2,830 tons crude,
valued at $8,490, and in 1901 the revised figures show 3,500 tons crude,
valued at $10,500.
The following table gives the quantity and value of crude mag-
nesite produced in the United States from 1891 to 1903, inclusive:
Quantity and value of crude magnesUe produced in tlie Unitetl States^ 1891-190S.
Year.
1891.
1892.
1803.
18M..
1896.
1806.
1807.
Quantity.
Value.
Short toM.
439
$4,390
1,004
10,040
704
7,040
1,440
10,240
2,220
17,000
1,500
11,000
1.143
13,671
Year.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
I 1908.
Quantity.
Value.
ShoHtons.
1,263
$19,075
1.280
18,480
2,262
19.333
3,500
10,500
2,830
8,490
8,744
10,595
These prices are for the crude or raw material on board the cars at
the mines, freight not included. The value of the calcined is, of
course, greater.
The production of crude magnesite is practically in the hands of one
firm at present. The crude is sent to the manufacturers of carbonic-
acid gas by calcination, and the calcined product is used by the paper
mills. The demand for both crude and calcined is limited on the
Pacific coast, and, owing to a freight rate of $13 to $15 per ton on
shipments to eastern points, it is not shipped out of California except
to the paper mills in Oregon. The production of California could be
quadrupled, if the demands of consumption warranted the increase.
1131
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lld^ MINERAL BESO0BCK8.
Tlie imports of magnesite into the United States in 1903 were as
follows:
Imports of magnegUe into the Untied States in 1903.
Quantity.
Value.
Magneda: Pomnd9.
Calcined, medicinal M.6W H*12
Carbonate of, medicinal 10,509 7B
Sulphate of, or Epsom salts 2,392,831 \ 11,831
Magnesite:
Calcined, not purified 73,5^,690 - «1,»
Crude 36,017,637 150,0)8
In addition, magnesium, not made up into articles, was imported to
the value of $7,294. Most of the imports came from Greece, though
some came from Austria. From these figures it will be seen that
the United States furnishes a very small part of the total quantity
consumed in this country. Most of the Grecian magnesite comes from
the island of Euboea, and is of fine quality. In the crude state it
sometimes analyzes 2^ high as 98 per cent magnesium carbonate, but
more often averages between 94 and 96 per cent magnesium carbonate,
0.08 per cent ferric oxide, 0.52 per cent silica, and 0.54 per cent water.
Calcined at dead heat for refractory purposes, the mineral analyzes
from 82.46 to 96.25 per cent magnesia; 0.85 to 10.92 per cent lime;
0.56 to 3.54 per cent ferric oxide and alumina; and 0.73 to 7.98 per
cent silica. Variations are due to the quality of the crude product
burned.
USES.
In the crude state magnesite is used for the manufacture of carbon-
dioxide gas; calcined it is used in the manufacture of paper from wood
pulp; and as a refractory material in brick or concrete form for Im-
ing furnaces, covering steam pipes, as artificial lumber, as composite
stone for lithographing, etc. The magnesia chloride is an excellent
bleaching agent.
The calcined magnesite, generally in the form of brick, is now
universally recognized as the best material for lining basic open-
hearth furnaces, cement kilns, etc. It may be employed to advantage
wherever high temperatures and chemical reactions are usually det-
rimental to dolomite, chromite, and silica brick. The distinctive
characteristics of a magnesite lining are durability, freedom from
moisture and silicic acid, and resistance to corrosion when exposed to
the action of basic slags and metallic oxides. These qualities make the
lining cheaper than most others in the long run. The Mountain Cop-
per Company of Keswick, Cal., pays as high as |220 per thousand for
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MAGNESITE. 1133
the German magnesite brick for furnace lining, free on board at New
York. At that point the calcined sells at $20 per ton, and the very
best, imported in steel cylinders, is as high as $100 per ton. The crude
Grecian magnesite brings about $5.50 per ton on the wharf at New
York. Thus far no magnesite bricks have been made in California,
though a factory for the purpose is shortly to begin operations at
Oakland. The bricks made in this country come from the Fayette
Manufacturing Company of Lay ton, Pa., and the Harbison- Walker
Refractories Company, Pittsburg.
In the manufacture of carbonic-acid gas, the gas is extracted from
the magnesite by calcining and the remaining calcined material is sold
to the manufacturers of wood-pulp paper. The best English coke is
used for calcining the magnesite. From one short ton of magnesite,
after removing the gas, they obtain about 1,200 pounds of residue,
which is partly calcined magnesite still carrying some 20 per cent of
gas. In the process about 500 pounds of gas is obtained, when finally
compressed into liquid form. For every ton of magnesite about 500
pounds of coke is burned, and this, containing about 97 per cent of
carbon, also furnishes considerable gas. The steel cylinders for hold-
ing the liquid gas are three-sixteenths inch thick and 5 by 49 inches
long, and hold about 25 pounds. The pressure on the cylinder at 60^ F.
is about 850 pounds, a three-stage compressor being used. In shipping
the liquid gas through the central valleys and to Arizona the heat in
the cars sometimes runs as high as 145^, the pressure being increased
thereby. The cylinders containing the liquefied gas are shipped to
soda-water manufacturers, ice factories, refrigerating plants, brew-
eries, bar rooms, etc. The cylinders with the liquid gas are shipped
all over the Pacific coast from San Francisco, even the British war
vessels stationed at British Columbia Using the gas for their refriger-
ating plants. The San Francisco carbonic acid gas makers use about
1,000 tons of crude magnesite annually.
As stated, the wood pulp paper mills of California and Oregon use
the calcined magnesite. They transform it into a sulphite of magnesia
and use it as a digester for the wood pulp. To make this sulphite
they put the material into a tank and pass sulphurous fmnes through
it. After being used as a digester they add a little lime and make the
"pearl hardening" of commerce as a '' filler" for the paper.
OCCURRENCE.
Aside from Greece and Austria, magnesite is found in Silesia, Ger-
many; Minsau, Hungary; in Swedish Lapland; the Ural Mountains
in Russia; in Quebec, Canada; and in India. Magnesite occurs in the
United States in Massachusetts, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Califor-
nia, but only in the latter State have the deposits been commercially
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1134 MIKEBAL BB8OUB0E8.
utilized. The principal producing point in California is in the vicinity
of Porte i-ville, Tulare County, though a small quantity still comes
from Chiles Valley and Pope Valley, Napa County. At Porterville
there are several deposits. The main deposit at the opening carries a
small vein, but at the end of the 240-foot tunnel the deposit is 40 feet
wide, and there are said to be several million tons now in sight. At
this place calcining furnaces have been erected and are in operation.
The minei'al crops out boldl}" in distinct veins, having a general strike
northeast and southwest, and there are spurs running in several
instances at nearly right angles with the primary veins. On the sur-
face the veins are from 2 inches to 10 feet wide. They cover an area
of over 500 acres. In Pope and Chiles valleys, Napa County, there
are somewhat extensive deposits, which were formerly worked; but
hauling by team to railroad made them more expensive to operate
than the mines at Porterville. In Placer County there is a more exten-
sive deposit than elsewhere in California, but it is in an almost inacces-
sible moimtain region where a very costly road would be necessary to
get the product out, and the deposit has therefore not been utilized.
Near Sanger, Fresno County, 7 miles from Centerville, is another
deposit now being opened. A deposit has been discovered also near
Walkers Pass, Kern County, but it has never been opened. There are
also unutilized deposits near Morgan Hill, Santa Clara County.
The extensive deposits of magnesite on Red Mountain, at a point
where Stanislaus, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties join, are now
being opened by the American Magnesite Company, of Chicago,
which has obtained control of the numerous claims heretofore owned
by individuals. None of them have been at all thoroughly prospected
as yet, though there are numerous bowlders or large croppings, some
from 30 to 150 feet wide, supposed to cover extensive beds beneath.
The parent company is the American Magnesite Company, organized
under the laws of the State of Maine, with Mr. G. Watson French of
Chicago, as president, and Mr. H. C. Stillwell, of Fruitvale, Alameda
County, Cal., as vice-president and Pacific coast agent; Mr. Charles
H. Spinks, of Berkeley, Cal., is to manage the mines. One of the
subsidiary companies is the Rose Brick Company, which is to manu-
facture magnesite brick, at Oakland, Cal.; the American Carbonic
Acid Gas Company is another, of which Mr. John Deere is president
and Mr. George A. Wayman manager. The third corporation is the
Plastic Construction Company, of which Mr. Edwin D. Weary, of
Chicago, is president. This company controls the American rights for
making a fireproof construction material as well as a patent brick.
This factory will also be in Oakland.
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MAGNESITE. 1135
The mines of this company are nearly all in Santa Clam County,
with a few in Stanislaus, near the Alameda County line. The Ala-
meda County supervisors are building a wagon road from the mines to
Liivermore, where the railroad is met. There are twenty-seven mining
claims in the group, and several are at present being opened. Only
a few carloads for sample purposes have been shipped since the com-
pletion of the new organization, but it is expected that the properties
will shortly be opened on an extensive scale.
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MINERAL WATERS.
PRODUCTION.
So far 2LSi shown by the reports received for the year 1903, there is
a decided loss in the number of gallons of water sold, with a slight
increase in the value of the product. This loss is shown in all sec-
tions of the country but two. It is due mainly to the fact that many
important springs failed to report for the year 1903, although they
sent in returns for the previous year. Many springs, principally
used as sources of table waters, however, have been abandoned com-
mercially during the past year, the waters being no longer put upon
the market owing to improvement in the sources of public water
supplies. The list for 1903 is slightly increased over that of 1902,
including now 725 springs instead of 721 as in 1902, a gain of 4,
There have been added to the list 42 springs, and 38 have been dropped
from it, mainly because they have been commercially abandoned, with
little prospect of being utilized in the future.
The springs actually reporting sales for 1903 number 660, which is
89 less than the number reporting in 1902. The springs not heard
from number 129, and these with few exceptions reported sales in 1902.
Estimates based on previous reports have been included for these
springs. To these must be added 36 springs which report that no
sales were nutde in 1903, making a total of 165 for the delinquent list.
The average price per gallon is about 17 cents for 1903, as compared
with 18.7 cents for 1902.
The total production for 1903, including the figures estimated for the
delinquent springs, is 61,242,757 gallons, at a valuation of $9,041,078,
a loss in quantity of 13,616,694 gallons, and a gain in value of product
of $247,317, as compared with 1902. When the 560 springs actually
reporting are alone considered, the figures are 40,107,147 gallons, as
compared with 63,174,552 gallons in 1902, a loss of 23,067,405 gal-
lons; and the valuation for 1903 becomes $6,788,426, compared with
$8,634,179 in 1902, a loss o! $1,845,753. It is probable that a loss in
product would be shown even had all the springs now delinquent sent
in returns.
With reference first to the North Atlantic States, the reports show
a loss of 8 springs, the total for 1903 being 249 instead of 257 as in
1902; for although 9 springs were added, 17 were dropped from the
list. Reports of sales were received from only 202 springs, the delin-
quent list numbering 47. The number of gallons sold in 1903 is
reported as 11,198,660 a loss of 10,848,713 gallons as compared with
M B 1903 72 ii^^ ,
Digitized by VjOOQIC
1138 MINEBAL RESOURCES.
1902; and the value of this product was $2,552,626, a loss of $987,807.
The 9 springs new to the list are the following:
Conm^icut.—Pequabuck Mountain Spring.
Maine, — Indian Hermit Spring, Puritan Spring, Wawa lithia Spring.
Netp York. — Washington Lithia Spring, of Ballston Spa.
Pennsylvania. — Bedford White Sulphur Spring, Granny Goon Spring, Minneqaa
Springs.
Vermont. — Alburg Chalybeate Lithia and Sulphur Springs.
For the South Atlantic States the list gains 2 springs, the total for
1903 being 118, as 6 springs were added to it and 4 were dropped.
Sales for 1903 were reported by 77 springs. The number of gallons
sold is 4,524,517, which is a gain of 484,315 gallons over 1902, and the
$771,373, a gain of $101,019. The 6 springs not on the list of 1902 are
the following:
South Carolina, — Cherokee Springs.
Virginia, — Alleghany Springs, Bedford Alum Spring, Wyrick's Lithia Spring.
West Ftr^nia— Borland Mineral Well, Greenbrier (Barger's) Springs.
The North Central States show a net gain of 6 springs, 15 having
been added and 9 dropped from the list. Of the total of 180 credited
to the section, 144 report sales for 1903. The production of 1903
is 17,143,946 gallons, valued at $2,208,212, a decrease from 1903 of
8,114,272 gallons and of $630,286. The springs new to the list, 15 in
number, are the following:
Indiana. — Blue Cast Magnetic Spring, Goats's Spring, Hunter Mineral Spring, Lily
White Sulphur Springs, Paoli Lithia Spring, La Salle Springs, Winamac Arteeian
Well.
Kansas, — Arrington Mineral Springs.
Michigan. — Sanitas Spring.
Missouri. — Crystal Lithium Spring, Cusenburg Springs, Ionian Lithium Spring,
Kalikat Bitter Water Spring, Montesano Springs.
Wisconsin. — New Saratoga Spring.
In the South Central States there is a net gain of 4 springs, 6 hay-
ing been added to the list of 1902 and 2 dropped from it. Of the 77
springs credited to the section, 63 report sales for 1903. The num-
ber of gallons reported sold is 2,929,009, which is 5,261,816 less than
the production of 1902. The value of the product of 1903 is $276,468,
or $349,024 less than that of the previous year. The 6 springs new to
the list are the following:
Arkansas, — Mountain Valley Springs.
Kentucky. — Ham by Salts Iron and Lithia WelL
Mississippi, — Tallaha Springs.
Tennessee. — Tillman Spring.
Texas,'-Uar\m Hot Well, Specific Well of Mineral Wells.
The Western States and Territories show no change in the number
of springs credited to the section, as 6 springs were added to the list
and 6 dropped from it, the total therefore remaining at 95, and yet
this is one of the two sections that shows an increase in production and
value. Sales are reported from 74 springs, the figures being 4,311,125
gallons, valued at $979,747, an increase of 673,081 gallons in quantity
Digitized by ^OOQ K:^
MTNEBAL WATERS.
1139
and of $20,846 in value over 1902. The 6 springs new to the list are
the following:
Arizona. — ^Aqoa Caliente, Arizona Medical Spring, Castle Creek Hot Springs.
Colorado. — Rlue Ribbon Springs.
Oregon.— JAke View Hot Spring.
Wyoming. — Rawlins Sulphur Springs.
Production of mineral waters in 1903, by States and Territories.
State or Territory.
Springs
report-
ing.
Quantity.
Value.
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
District of Columbia.,
Florida ,
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland ,
Massachusetts ,
Michigan
Minnesota
Miflsifisippi
Missouri
Montana
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
W'isconsin
Other Statesa
Total
Estimated production of springs not reporting sales .
Grand total
OaUons.
68,784
1,650
444,100
1,862,855
817,300
175,900
258,000
10,460
879,617
1.118,240
892,682
2,654,961
295,000
488,616
612,881
611,940
5,981,262
6,919,107
2,228,000
848,119
907,660
1,242,660
579,000
827,000
79.000
1,827,406
83,100
1,389,969
87,370
1.622,860
166,739
127,768
289,470
889,100
939,390
67.000
2,661,502
66,000
502,240
1,293,777
226,800
660
165
726
40,107,147
11,135,610
51,242,767
a The States in which only one spring each has made a report are included here,
are Idaho, Iowa, Indian Territory, Utah, and Wyoming.
127,660
240
68,476
706,872
127,078
19,302
18,060
6.072
66,262
149,978
808,618
274,906
29.630
46,187
92,714
46,918
248,671
200,668
46,470
28,966
63,190
87,425
194,700
84,610
22,360
1,482,801
180,066
91,107
6,861
857,679
6,899
6,100
29,287
84,647
53,618
19,860
477,410
10,660
29,486
1,058,954
72,201
6,788,428
2,252,652
9,041,078
These States
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
1140
MINEBAL KESOUBOES.
Production of natural mineral waterSy 1SSS-190S,
Oeogiaphic division.
Springs
Quantity
sold.
Value
1888.
North AtlanUc
88
27
87
21
6
OdlUmt.
2,470,670
812,090
1,485,809
1,441,012
169.812
1282,270
64.973
82J,aJ0
189 97S
Sooth Atlantic
North Central
South Central
Western
62,787
EftlmAtpd
129
60
5,829,423
1,700,000
668, 60S
256, (DO
Total
189
7,629,423
1,119.601
1884.
NorthAtlantlc
88
27
87
21
6
8,846,760
464,718
2,070,583
1,526.817
807.500
828^12
103,191
South Atlantic
North Central
420,515
South Central
147,112
Western
^200
Estimated
129
60
7,716,828
2,500,000
1,084.148
875,000
Total
189
10,215.828
1,459, IIS
1885.
NorthAtlantlc
61
82
46
81
10
2,627,810
906,692
2,925,288
540,486
609.675
192,606
South Atlantic
237,158
North Central
446,211
South Central
74,100
Western
86,7««
Estimated
169
65
7,411,401
1,737,000
1,096,846
276,000
Total
224
9,148,401
1,812.845
1886.
NorthAtlantlc
49
88
40
81
14
2,715,060
720,897
2,048,914
822.016
781,540
177,969
South Atlantic
12S,5n
North Central
401. %i
South Central
68,222
Western . .
137.796
Kfltlmftt4¥i
172
53
7,087,917
1,862,400
899,365
884,705
Total
225
8,950,817
1,284,070
1887.
NorthAtlantlc
40
84
88
29
12
2,671.004
614,041
1,480,820
741,060
1,236,824
213,210
South AtlanUc
147,141
North Central
aOS.217
South Central
87,916
Western
288.737
Estimated
153
62
6,648.269
1,616,840
945.250
316,204
Total
215
8,259,609
1.261,463
1888.
North Atlantic
42
82
38
2,856,799
1.689.387
2,002,873
217,108
South Atlantic
493,489
North Central
8».8»
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
MlNEBAti WAITERS.
1141
Production of natural mineral waters, 1883-190S — Continued.
Geographic diyirion.
Springs
report-
ing.
Quantity
sold.
Value.
1888-Contiiiued.
Soath Central
19
15
GaOoTU.
426,410
1,858,679
171,215
Western
421,661
RfftlTnatfMl
146
52
8,828,648
760,000
1,569,802
120,000
Total
198
9,578,648
1,679,802
1889.
North A tUritlc
60
47
86
83
32
4,106,464
646,289
6,187,776
600,000
1,889,992
471, 576
Sonth Atlantic
198,062
North Central
604,238
South Central
43,866
Western
481,257
Total
268
12,780,471
1,748,468
1800.
North Atlantic
55
89
71
30
25
5,048,074
647,626
5,060,418
604,571
869,604
1,176,612
Soath Atlantic
245,760
North Central
787,672
South Central
81,426
Western
253,578
KfftifnAt^
220
58
12,216,187
1,692,281
2,498,948
106,802
Total
273
18,907,418
2,600,750
1891.
North Atlantic
62
41
68
29
27
5,724,762
796,489
8,010,556
629,015
1,123,610
1,691,746
Bonth AtliiT^tl^^
818,443
North Central
482,082
South Central
106,022
414,664
Western
RfftimatfMl
227
61
16,284,402
2,108,830
2,907,867
88,402
Total
288
18,892,782
2,996,260
1892.
North Atlantic
65
47
74
82
24
6,868,722
1.062,945
11,666.440
698,544
1,261,468
1,968,416
South Atlantic
353,193
North Central
1,834,732
South Central
109,384
Western
594,469
Brtimated
242
41
21,438,104
488,600
4,825,144
80,826
Total :
283
21.876,604
8,851,192
1,092,829
8,883,n2
1,139,959
676,041
4,906,970
1898.
North Atlantic
79
49
78
85
29
1,844,845
South Atlantic
804,786
North Central
1,073,427
South Central
122,331
Western
807,623
RntlDiatiMi
270
60
20,092,733
3,451,762
3,652,962
593,772
Total
830
23,544,495
4,246,734
Digitized by ^OOQ K:^
1142 MINERAL BE80UBCE8.
Production of natural mineral waters, 188S-190S — Continued.
Geographic division.
Springs
report-
ing.
Quantity
sold.
Value.
1894.
North Atlantic
83
55
82
87
29
OnUont.
8,217,528
660,120
6.914,900
2.319,813
860,905
$1,^X1
South Atlantic
129,143
North Central
1,115,322
South Central
273,891
Western
274,235
Estimated
286
71
18.972,266
2.597.312
8,280,8*7
460,911
Total
357
21,569,608
3,741. 8tf
1895.
North Atlantic
88
8.668.907
1.572,881
South Atlantic
51 963,718
92 6,428,682
*■> ' 2,346,806
31 , 886,186
287,flS
North Central
1,577,118
South Central
161.073
Western
292,882
Estimated
297
73
19,284.198
2,179,350
3,891,aS7
362,710
Total
370
21.463,543
4,25I.2S7
1896.
North Atlantic
90
60
97
34
31
9,234,890
1,306.088
8,123.080
4,364,967
1,577.185
2,0e9,3»
South Atlantic
400, W
North Central
806,907
South Central
.256.90
Western
400,996
312
65
24.606,200
1,189.112
8,9M.992
201,200
Total
377
25,796,312
4,136,192
1897.
North Atlantic
126
68
104
36
48
9,708,266
1,244,563
6,281,931
2,432,M7
2,694,875
2,607,^
South Atlantic
847,717
North Central
718,182
South Central
129,185
Western
70S,179
Estimated
381
60
4U
22,362,282
893,629
4,505,630
gs,4S6
Total
23,255,911
4,599,106
1898.
North Atlantic
131 11,161,800
71 5,073,941
107 7.499.563
3,288,915
Sou th Atlan tic
3,165.171
North Central
896.151
South Central
35
62
1,258,617
2,693,318
95, 4j:
Western
482,817
406
78
27,681,639
l,m,825
7,926,498
125, Stt
Total
484
28,853.464
8,051,833
. •
Digitized by
Google
MIKEBAL WATEBS.
Production of natural mineral waters j 1888-1903 — Continued.
1143
Geographio division.
Springs
report-
ing.
Quantity
sold.
Valoe.
^ 1899.
North Atlantic
171
79
124
41
Gallons.
13,674,764
1,826,643
13,496,723
6,699,152
2,424,857
$2,008,388
Sonth Atlantic
469,679
North Central
1,734,727
Sooth Central
311,388
Western
965,612
ERtimated . . * . .
479
62
37,021,539
2,540,597
5,484,694
1,463.836
***
Total
641
39,562,136
6,948,030
1900.
North Atlantic
173
76
137
41
66
13,344,708
2,373,607
19,679,499
6,648,662
3,330,619
2,001,606
South Atlantic
489,905
2,239,261
North Central
South Central :
889,618
Western
721,620
l&rtlTPftt^
491
70
45,276,^96
2,281,789
6,791,805
463,367
Total
661
47,658,784
6,246,172
1901.
North Atlantic
216
88
147
60
80
17,576,969
3,172,709
22,849,998
7.789,809
3,844,176
2,613,085
Sonth Atlantic
647,487
3,193,365
North Central
South Central
414,723
Weatem
776,244
Kfrtlmated
681
78
64,733,661
1,037,627
7,443.904
143,058
Total
669
65,771,188
7,686,962
1902.
North Atlantic
230
104
166
66
83
22,047,263
4, (MO, 202
25,258,218
8.190,825
3,638,044
3,640,433
Sooth Atlantic
670,354
North Central
2,838,498
Sooth Central
625,492
Western
959,402
Estimated
649
72
63,174,552
1,684,899
8,634,179
169,582
Total
721
64,859,451
8, 793, 761
1903.
North Atlantic
202
77
144
63
74
11,198,550
4,624,517
17,143,946
2.929,009
4,311,126
2.662,626
771,378
Sooth Atlantic
North Central
2,208,212
Sooth Central
274,668
Wertem
979,747
fEfitimate<1 t , -
660
165
725
40,107,147 ,
ll,ia5,610
51,242,757
6,788,420
2,262,652
Total
9,041,078
Digitized by
Google
1144
MINEBAL RESOURCES.
Summary of reports of mineral springs for 190S.
state or Territory.
Springs
re-
porting.
Springs
not re-
porting.
Total
med
cr>1DIne^
I ciatlj.
NORTH ATLANTIC STATES.
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
80DTH ATLANTIC STATES.
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
SOUTH CENTBAL STATES.
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Indian Territory
NORTH CENTRAL STATES.
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois..
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Wyoming
Montana
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Idaho
Oregon
Washington
California
Total
660
4
1
2
11
1
8
14
8
9
0
1
17
5
8
7
5
8
1
1
2
2
0
7
0
1
0
4
3
2
10
U
1
5
4
0
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
165
Digitized by V^OOQIC:!
MINERAL WATERS. 1145
IjIST of COMMERCIAt. SPRINGS.
The list following contains the names of those springs only that are
represented in the figures given in the table of production; that is,
only those reporting sales for the year 1903:
ALABAMA.
The list for Alabama for 1903 remains the same as for 1902. Of
the 8 springs credited to the State the following 6 Beport sales:
Healing Springs, HeaUng Springs, Washington Count
Ingram Lithia Springs, Calhoun County.
MacGregor Springs, Spring Hill, Mobile County.
Talladega Springs, Talladega County.
Wilkinson's Matchless Mineral Wells, Greenville, Butler County.
York Aperient Springs, York, Sumter County.
ARIZONA.
Arizona's list gains 3 springs, which make the total 4. Of these, 3
report for 1903. They are:
Aqua Caliente, Maricopa County.
Arizona Medical Springs, Yavapai County.
Castle Creek Hot Springs, Yavapai County.
ARKANSAS.
To the list for Arkansas 1 spring is added, making a total of 8 for
1903. Of these, all report sales as follows:
Allen's Alterative Magnesia Spring, Hot Springs, Garland County.
Arkansas Lithia Springs, near Hope, Hempsteatl County.
Arsenic Spring, Hot Springs, Garland County.
Blanco Springs, near Hot Springs, Garland County.
Eureka Springs, Eureka Springs, Carroll County.
Mountain Valley Springs, near Hot Springs, Garland County.
Potash Sulphur Spring, near Hot Springs, Garland County.
Bavenden Springs, Ravenden Springs, Randolph County.
CALIFORNIA.
California loses 4 springs from the list, which leaves the total at 42.
Of these, 34 report as follows:
Adams Springs, Lake County.
.£tna Springs, Pope Valley, Lidell, Napa County.
Alhambra Mineral Spring, Martinez, Contra Costa County.
Allen Springs, Allen Springs, Lake County.
Astoiig Springs, Lake County.
Bartlett Springs, Bartlett Springs, Lake County.
Blairs Mineral Spring, near Mono Lake, Mono County.
Bradley Spring, near Ramono, San Diego County.
Digitized by
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1146 MINERAL BESOUBCTRS.
Buckman Springs, near Descanso, San Diego County.
Bythnia Springs, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County.
California Geysers, The Geysers, Sonoma County.
Castalian Springs, Sierra Nevada Mountains, Inyo County.
Castle Rock Natural Mineral Spring, Castella, Shasta County.
Cook Spring, near Williams, Colusa County.
Duncan Springs, Hopland, Mendocino County.
Eden Hot Springs, near San Jacinto, Riverside County.
Fonts Springs, Snow Mountain, Colusa County,
Highland Seltzer Spring, Highland Springs, Lake County.
Humboldt Artesiai^, Springs, Eureka, Humboldt County.
Isham Springs, near San Diego, San Diego County.
Lytton Soda, Seltzer, and Carlsbad Springs, Lytton, Sonoma County.
Mercey Hot Mineral Spring, Little Panoche, Fresno County.
Mount Ida Mineral Spring, Oroville, Butte County.
Mount Shasta Springs, Shasta Springs, Siskiyou County.
Napa Soda Springs, Napa Soda Springs, Napa County.
Napa Vichy Springs, near Napa City, Napa County.
Pacific Congress Springs, Saratoga, Santa Clara County.
Paraiso Hot Springs, near Jamesburg, Monterey County.
Ramona Natural Mineral Spring, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County.
Tassajara Hot Springs, Monterey County.
Tolenas Springs, near Suisun, Solano County.
Tuscan Springs, Tuscan, Tehama County.
Veronica Springs, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County.
Witter Medical Spring, Witter, Lake County.
COLORADO.
Colorado loses 2 springs and gains 1, the total becoming 19 for 1903.
Of these 16 report sales, as follows:
Blue Ribbon Spring, Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County.
Boulder Springs, Boulder Canyon, Boulder County.
Canyon City Vichy Springs, Canyon City, Fremont County.
Clark Magnetic Mineral Springs, near Pueblo, Pueblo County.
Colorado Carlsbad Springs, Barr, Arapahoe County.
Colorado Lithia Springs, Pueblo, Pueblo County.
Columbia Mineral Spring, Denver.
Glaze's Spring, near Olney, Otero County,
Golden Lithia Spring, Golden, Jefferson County.
Hot Soda Spring, Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County.
Navajo, Manitou, Cheyenne, and Shoshone Springs, Manitou, El Paso County.
The Dr. Horn Mineral Springs, Colorado Springs, El Paso County.
TJte Chief Mineral Spring, Manitou, El Paso County.
Ute Iron Springs, Manitou, El Paso County.
Yampah Spring, Glenwood Springs, Grarfield County.
CONNECTICUT.
Connecticut gains 1 spring, which makes the total 15 for 1903. Of
these 12 report sales in 1903. They are the following:
Arethusa Spring, Seymour, New Haven County.
Aspinock Mineral Springs, Putnam Heights, Windham County.
Cherry Hill Spring, Hamden, New Haven County.
Granite Rock Spring, Higganum, Middlesex County.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
MINEBAL WATERS. 1147
Highland Rock Spring, Highland Park, Hartford County.
Highland Tonica Springs, Highland Park, Hartford County.
Live Oak Spring, Meriden, New Haven County.
Oxford Mineral Spring, Oxford, New Haven County.
Park Spring, Willimantic, Windham County.
Pequabuck Mountain Spring, Bristol, Hartford County.
Puritan Spring, Norwich, New London County.
Stafford Mineral Spring, Stafford Springs, Tolland County.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The District of Columbia loses 1 spring, which leaves the total at 3.
Of these 2 report sales, as follows:
Crystal Spring, Washington.
Gitchie Crystal Spring, Bennmg.
FLORIDA.
Only 2 of the 5 springs credited to Florida report the sales of 1903.
They are the following:
Magnolia Springs, Magnolia Springs, Clay County.
Orange City Mineral Spring, Orange City, Volusia County.
GEORGIA.
Although 10 springs are credited to Georgia only half of them
report the sales of 1903. The 5 that send reports are the following:
Artesian Litbia Well, Austell, Cobb County.
Bowden Lithia Springs, Lithia Springs, Douglas County.
Hughes Mineral Springs, near Borne, Floyd County.
Ponce de Leon Spring, near Atlanta, Fulton County.
Ldth-Aris Spring, formerly Sulpho-Magnesia Lithia Spring, near Austell, Cobb
County.
IDAHO.
There is no change in the list for Idaho. The 1 spring credited to
the State reports sales in 1903. It is the following:
Idanha Natural lithia Spring, Soda Springs, Bannock County.
ILLINOIS.
There is a loss of 2 springs for Illinois, the total being 21, and of
these 19 report sales for 1903, as follows:
Abana Spring, Libertyville, Lake County.
Aqua Vitfie Mineral Springs, near Maquon, Knox County.
Aurora Lithia Spring, Montgomery, Kane County.
Black Hawk Springs, Rock Island, Rock Island County.
Blue Grass Springs, Montgomery, Kane County.
Cumberland Mineral Spring, near (rreenup, Cumberland County.
Deer Lick Mineral Springs, Deerfield, Lake County.
Digitized by
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1148 MIKERAL BESOtTBCES.
Diamond Mineral Spring, Grantfork, Madison County.
Elmhurst Mammoth Spring, Elmhurst, Dupage C5ounty.
(Hen Flora Mineral Springs, Waukegan, Lake County.
(iravel Springs, near Jacksonville, Morgan County.
Macinac Mineral Spring, near Carlock, Woodford County.
Magnesia Spring, Montgomery, Kane County.
Min-ni-Ni yan Spring, Bristol, Kendall County.
Mokena Mineral Spring, Mokena, Will County.
Original Springs, Okawville, Washington County.
Red Avon Mineral Spring, Avon, Fulton County.
Sanicula Springs, Ottawa, Lasalle County.
White Diamond, formerly Spouting Mineral Spring, South Elgin, Kane County.
INDIANA.
To the 1902 list for Indiana 7 springs have been added and 1 has
been dropped. The total is 23 for 1903, of which the following 20
report sales:
Blue Cast Magnetic Springs, Woodbum, Allen County.
Cartersburg Magnetic Spring, Cartersburg, Hendricks County.
Coats Springs, Logan, Pike Coimty.
Elliott Springs, Willow Valley, Martin County.
Emerald Spring, Mudlavia, Warren County.
French Lick Springs, French Lick, Orange County.
Greenwood Mineral Well, Greenwood, Johnson County.
Hunter Mineral Spring, Kramer, Warren County.
King*s Mineral Spring, Muddyfork, near Dallas, Clark County.
Lasalle Springs, Martin County.
Laxine Spring, formerly McCarty's Spring, Mount Moriah, Brown County.
Lily White Sulphur Spring, Sulphur, Crawford County.
Lodi Artesian AVell, Silverwood, Fountain County.
Mudlavia, formerly Indiana Mineral Springs, Mudlavia, Warren County.
Mudlavia Artesian Sulphur Spring, Mudlavia, Warren County.
Paoli Lithia Spring, Paoli, Orange County.
Indiana Carlsbad (formerly Porter) Mineral Springs, near Porter's Depot, Portef
County.
Shelbyville Lithia Spring, Shelbyville, Shelby County.
Winamac Artesian Well, Winamac, Pulaski County.
Winona Grotto Lithia Spring, AVinona Lake, Kosciusko County.
INDIAN TERRITORY.
The 1 spring credited to Indian Territory reports sales for 1903.
It is:
Beach Spring, Sulphur, Chickasaw Nation.
IOWA.
Of the 6 springs credited to the list for Iowa, only 1 report sales for
1903. It is the following:
Ottumwa Mineral Springs, East Ottumwa, Wapello County,
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MINERAL WATERS. 1149
KANSAS..
The Kansas list gains 1 spring, which makes a total of 17. Of these,
16 report sales for 1903, as follows:
Arrington Mineral Springs, Arrington, Atchison County.
Abilene Mineral Wells, Willowdale Township, Dickinson County.
Boon Mineral Spring, Topeka, Shawnee County.
California Spring, near Ottawa, Franklin County.
Geuda Mineral Springs, Geuda Springs, Cowley County.
Greyser Mineral Spring, Rosedale, Wyandotte County.
Hoover's Mineral Spring, Onaga, Pottawatomie County.
Jewell County Lithium Spring, Montrose, Jewell County.
Merrill Mineral Spring, Carbondale, Osage County.
Phillips's Mineral Spring, Topeka, Shawnee County.
Sand Springs, Abilene, Dickinson County.
Sulpho-Saline Spring, Fort Scott, Bourbon County.
Sun Springs, near Merrill, Brown County.
Sycamore Mineral Springs, Springs, Brown County.
Waconda Spring, near Cawker City, Mitchell County,
lola Mineral Well, Ida, Allen County.
KENTUCKY.
The number of springs credited to Kentucky remains the same for
1903 as for 1902, 1 spring having been dropped and 1 added. The
total is 6, and of these 5 report sales for 1903 as follows:
Anita Spring, Lagrange, Oldham County.
Bedford Springs, Bedford, Trimble County.
Bluelick Springs, Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Comity.
Crab Orchard Springs, Crab Orchard, Lincoln County.
Hamby Salts, Iron and Lithia Well, Dawson Springs, Hopkins County.
LOUISIANA.
There is no change in the list for Louisiana; reports have been re-
ceived from the 3 springs credited to the State. They are as follows:
Abita Springs, Abita Springs, St. Tammany Parish.
Mandeville Springs, St. Tammany Parish.
Ozone Spring, Pearl River, St Tammany Parish.
MAINE.
There is a net gain of 2 springs for Maine, 3 having been added to
the list of 1902 and 1 dropped from it. Of the total of 28 for 1903,
the following 24 report sales:
Blaehill Mineral and Dirigo Springs, Bluehill, Hancock County.
Carrabflsset Spring, Jerusalem Township, Franklin County.
Cold Bowling Spring, Steep Falls, Limington, York County.
Crystal Mineral Springs, Auburn, Androscoggin County.
Forest Springs, Litchfield, Kennebec County.
Glenwood Mineral Spring, St, Albans, Somerset County.
Highland Spring, Lewiston, Androscogjrin County.
Indian Hermit Spring, Wells Beach, York County.
Digitized by
Google
1150 MINERAL RESOUBCE8.
Ishka Springs, Hancock, Hancock County.
Keystone Mineral Spring, East Poftmd, Androscoggin County.
Mount Hartford Cold Spring, Hartford, Oxford County.
Mount Zircon Spring, Rumford, Oxford County.
Oak Grove Spring, Brewer, Penobscot County.
Oxford Spring, Oxford, Oxford County.
Paradise Spring, Brunswick, Cumberland County.
Pine Spring, Topsham, Sagadahoc County.
Pownal Spring, West Pownal, Cumberland County.
Puritan Spring, Pine Point, York County.
Rocky Hill Spring, Fairfield, Somerset County.
Seal Rock Springs, Saco, York County.
Underwood Spring, Falmouth Foreside, Cumberland County.
Utona Spring, Eastport, Washington County.
Wawa Lithia Spring, Ogunquit, Wells, York County.
Wilson Springy North Raymond, Cumberland County.
MARYLAND.
Maryland loses 2 springs from the list of 1902, which leaves a total
of 9 for 1903. Of these all report sales. They are the following:
Blackiston Island Diuretic Mineral Spring, Blackiston Island, St Mary County.
Bladensburg Spa, Bladensburg, Prince George County.
Carroll Springs, Forest Glen, Montgomery County.
Chattolanee Springs, Chattolanee, Baltimore County.
Elim or Willmead Spring, Oxon Hill, Prince George County.
Mardela Mineral Spring, Mardela, Wicomico County.
Rock Hill Indian Spring, RockviUe, Montgomery County.
Roland Park Artesian Well, Roland Park, Baltimore County.
Takoma Spring, Takoma, Montgomery County.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Massachusetts loses 6 springs from the list of 1902. The total is 75
for 1903, of which 64 report sales as follows:
Abbotts Spring, Methune, Essex County.
Arctic Polar Spring, Spencer, Worcester County.
Ballardvale Lithia Spring, Andover, Essex County.
Beach Hill Spring, Stoneham, Middlesex County.
Beaver Dam Spring, Scituate, Plymouth County.
Belmont Crystal Spring, Beln\ont, Middlesex County.
Belmont Hill Spring, Everett, Middlesex County.
Belmont Natural Spring, Belmont, Middlesex County.
Berkshire Crystal Spring, Sheffield, Berkshire County.
Berkshire Sodium Spring, Sheffield, Berkshire Comity.
Bodwell Spring, Lawrence, Essex County.
Bumham Spring, Methuen, Essex County.
Calumet Spring, Sutton, Worcester County.
Chapman's Crystal Mineral Spring, Stoneham, Middlesex County.
Crj'stal Mineral Spring, Methuen, Essex County.
Crystal Spring, Brockton, Plymouth County.
D€«p Rock Spring, Lynnfield Center, Suffolk County.
Diamond Spring, Lawrence, Essex County.
El-azhar (formerly Sheep Rock) Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County.
Digitized by
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MINERAL WATERS. 1151
Everett Crystal Spring, Everett, Middlesex County.
Farrington's Silver Spring, Milton, Norfolk County.
Garfield Spring, Weymouth, Norfolk County.
Greddes Mineral Spring, Marlboro, Middlesex County.
Groolding Spring, Whitman, Plymouth County.
Highland Spring, North Ahington, Plymouth County.
Howe Spring, Millbury, Worcester County.
Howland Spring, Dartmouth, Bristol County.
Hygeia Artesian Well, Springfield, Hampden County.
Katahdin Spring, Lexington, Middlesex County.
King Philip Crystal Spring, Mattapoisett, Plymouth County.
Lakoo Crystal Indian Spring, Lawrence, Essex County.
Leland Spring, Natick, Middlesex County.
Lovers* Leap Springs, Lynn, Essex County.
Magnolia Spring, Gloucester, Essex County.
Massasoit Spring, West Springfield, Hampden County.
Milton Spring, Milton, Norfolk County.
Monatiquot Spring, South Braintree, Norfolk County.
Mooee Hill Spring, Swampscott, Essex County.
Mount Blue Spring, Hingham Center, Plymouth County.
Mount Holyoke Lithia Spring, South Hadley, Hampshire County.
Mount Washington Cold Spring, Chelsea, Suffolk County.
Myles Standish Spring, South Duxbury, Plymouth County.
Nashoba Mineral Spring, Westford, Middlesex County.
Netnashet Springs, Middleboro, Plymouth County.
Nobscot Mountain Spring, Framingham, Middlesex County.
Norwood Spring, Norwood, Norfolk County.
Pearl Hill Mineral Spring, Fitchburg, Worcester County.
Pepperell Mineral Spring, Pepperell, Middlesex County.
Pequot Spring, North Natick, Middlesex County.
Purity Spring, Spencer, Worcester County.
Ravenwood Spring, Gloucester, Essex County.
Robbin's Spring, Arlington Heights, Middlesex County.
Sager Spring, iWvers, Essex County.
Sand Spring, Williamstown, Berkshire County.
Shawmut Spring, West Quincy, Norfolk County.
Silver Seal Spring, Wobum, Middlesex County.
Simpson Spring, South Easton, Bristol County.
Smiley Spring, Haverhill, Essex County.
Sunnyside Spring, Franklin, Norfolk Coimty.
Swampscott Spring, Swampscott, Essex County.
Trapelo Spring, Belmont, Middlesex County.
Undine Crystal Spring, Brighton, Suffolk County.
Valpey Spring, Woodland, Lawrence, Essex County.
Whitman Spring, Whitman, Plymouth County.
MICHIGAN.
There is a net loss of 1 spring for Michigan, 2 springs having been
dropped from the list of 1902 and 1 added to it. This leaves the total
for 1903 at 29, and of these 19 report sales as follows:
Alma-Bromo Spring, Alma, Gratiot County.
Andrews Magnetic Mineral Springs, St. I^uis, (Jratiot County.
Bromo-Hygeia Mineral Well, Cold water, Branch County.
Digitized by
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1152 MINEBAL BESOUBGES.
Clementine Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb County.
Cooper Farm Spring, Birmingham, Oakland County.
Eafltman Mineral Springs, Benton Harbor, Berrien County.
Magnetic Mineral Spring, Spring Lake, Ottawa County.
Midland Mineral Springs, Midland City, Midland County.
Mount Clemens Sprudel Water, Mount Clemens, Macomb County.
Original Mount Clemens Mineral Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb Coontv.
Pagoda Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb County.
Pljrmouth Bock Well, Plymouth, Wayne County.
Ponce de Leon Springs, Paris Township, Kent County.
Prosit Flowing Well, Oak Grove, Flint, Grenesee County.
Boyal Oak Mineral Springs, Boyal Oak, Oakland County.
Salutaris Spring, St Clair Springs, St. Clair County.
Senator, formerly Americanus Well, Lansing, Ingham County.
Sanitas Spring, Topinabee, Cheboygan County.
Zauber Wasser Springs, Hudson, Lenawee County.
MINNESOTA.
The list for Minnesota for 1903 includes 5 springs, which is 1 less
than for 1902, as 1 spring has been dropped. The total for 1903 i;? 5,
and of these the following 4 report sales:
Indian Medical Spring, Elk River, Sherburne County.
Inglewood and Glenwood Springs, Minneapolis, Hennepin County.
Mankato Mineral Springs, near Mankato, Blue Earth County.
Trio Siloam Springs, Austin, Mower County.
MISSISSIPPI.
Mississippi gains 1 spring and the total for 1903 is 8. Of these the
following 6 report sales:
Arundel Lithia Springs, near Meridian, Lauderdale County.
Browns Wells, Browns Wells, Copiah Coimty.
Castalian Springs, near Durant, Holmes County.
Godbold Mineral Well, near Summit, Pike County.
Stafford Mineral Springs, near V^osburg, Jasper County.
Tallaha Springs, near Charleston, Tallahatchie County.
MISSOURI.
Missouri makes a net gain of 4 springs, 1 spring being dropped, and
the total becoming 23 for 1903. Of these the following 19 report
sales:
Akesion or Healing Spring, Sweet Springs, Saline Comity.
American Mineral Springs, St. Louis County.
Aqua Vitse Gusher Spring, Canton, Lewis County.
B. B. Mineral Springs, Bowling Green, Pike County.
Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick, Saline County.
Crystal Lithium Spring, Excelsior Springs, Clay County.
Cusenbury Spring, near Kansas City, Jackson County.
Eldorado Springs, Eldorado Springs, Cedar County.
Haymakers Lineville Springs, Mercer County, near Lineville, Iowa.
Digitized by
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MINBBAL WATEB8. 1153
Ionian lithia Spring, near Bowling Green, Pike County.
Jackson Lithia Springs, Jackson County.
Kalekat Bitter Spring, near Bowling Green, Pike County.
Ldneville Mineral Springs, Mercer County, near Lineville, Iowa.
Ldvertone Spring, near Bowling Green, Pike County.
McAllister Springs, McAllister, Saline County.
» Monegaw Springs, Monegaw Springs, St Clair County.
Monteeano Springs, Jefferson County.
Sweet Springs, Sweet Springs, Saline County.
Windsor Spring, Windsor, St Louis County.
MONTANA.
Of the 3 springs credited to Montana the 2 following report sales
for 1903:
lissner's Mineral Springs, Helena, Lewis and Clarke County.
White Sulphur Springs, White Sulphur Springs, Meagher County:
NEBRASKA.
No report of sales for 1903 has been received from the 1 spring
credited to Nebraska.
NEVADA.
No report of sales for 1903 has been received from the 1 spring
on the list for Nevada.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
New Hampshire loses 3 springs from the list of 1902. The total is
6 for 1903; of these the following 5 report sales:
Amherst Mineral Spring, Amherst, Hillsboro County.
Granite State Spring, Plaistow, Rockingham County.
Lafayette Spring, West Derry, Rockingham County.
Londonderry Lithia Spring, Londonderry, Rockingham County.
Pack Monadnock Lithia Spring, Temple, Hillsboro County.
NEW JERSEY.
New Jersey loses 2 springs from the list of 1902. The total is 14
for 1903, and sales are reported by 12, as follows:
Alpha Spring, Springfield, Union County.
BeBiCon Mountain Spring, Denville, Morris County.
Beech Springs, near Woodbury, Gloucester County.
Fowler's Deep Rock Artesian Well, AUwood, Passaic County.
Hatawanna Spring, Buddlake, Morris County.
Indian Kalium Spring, Gloucester, Camden County.
Indian Spring, near Rockaway, Morris County.
Kalium Springs, Collingswood, Camden County.
M B 1903 ^73
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1154 MINERAL BES0UB0E8.
Oakland Vernam Spring, near Oakland, Bergen County.
Turtle Hill Spring, Passaic, Passaic County.
Washington Rock Spring, Warren ville, Somerset County.
Watchung Spring, Plainfield, Union County.
NEW MEXICO.
There is no change in the list for New Mexico. Of the 7 springs
credited to the State 6 report, as follows:
Artesian Coyote Mineral Spring, Coyote Canyon, Bernalillo County.
Coyote Canyon Spring, Coyote Canyon, Bernalillo County.
Fay wood (formerly Hudson) Hot Springs, Fay wood. Grant County.
Harsch Iron Spring, Coyote Canyon, Bernalillo County.
Macbeth Springs, near East Las Vegas, San Miguel County.
Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, Taos County.
NEW YORK.
For the State of New York 1 spring is added to the list of 1902 and
3 taken from it. The total for 1903 is 62. Of these 48 report, as
follows:
Ayers Amherst Mineral Springs, near Williamsville, Erie County.
Baldwin Cayuga Mineral Spring, Cayuga, Cayuga County.
Big Indian Spring, Ellen ville, Ulster County.
Ciiemung Spring, Chemung, Chemung County.
Clyde Mineral Spring, Clyde, Wayne County.
Deep Rock Spring, Osw^o, Oswego County.
Dryden Springs, Dryden, Tompkins County.
Elixir Spring, CUntondale, Ulster County.
Fitzsimmons Spring, Port Jervis, Orange County.
Franklin Lithia Springs, Franklin Springs, Oneida County.
Geneva Lithia Mineral Water Spring, Geneva, Ontario County.
Glacier Spring, Franklin Springs, Oneida County.
Great Bear Spring, near Fulton, Oswego County.
Hide Franklin Spring, Ballston Spa, Saratoga County.
Kirkland Mineral Spring, Franklin Iron Works, Oneida County.
Lithia Polaris Spring, near Boonville, Oneida County.
Mountain Mist Spring, West Hills, Suffolk County.
Mount View Spring, near Poughkeepeie, Dutchess County.
Red Jacket Mineral Spring, Seneca Falls, Seneca County.
Saratoga County Artesian Lithia Spring, Ballston Spa, Saratoga County.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County:
Champion Spring.
Chief (formerly Re-me-ho) Spring.
Congress Spring.
Empire Spring.
Eureka White Sulphur and Mineral Spring.
Excelsior Spring.
Geyser Spring.
Hathom Spring.
High Rock Spring.
Lincoln Spring.
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MINERAL WATEB8. 1155
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County — ContinuecL
Old Putnam Mineral Spring.
Patterson Mineral Spring.
Peerless Spring.
Quevic Spring.
Saratoga Arondack (formerly Eissingen) Spring.
Saratoga Carlsbad Spring.
Saratoga Seltzer Spring.
Saratoga Star Spring.
Saratoga Vichy Spring.
Saratoga Victoria Spring.
Union Spring.
Split Rock Spring, Franklin Springs, Oneida County.
The Vita Spring, Fort Edward, Washington County.
Verona Mineral Springs, Verona, Oneida County.
Warner's Natural Mineral Spring, Franklin Springs, Oneida County.
Washington Lithia Spring, Ballston Spa, Saratoga County.
White Sulphur Springs, Richfield Springs, Otsego County.
White Sulphur Spring, Sharon Springs, Schoharie County.
NORTH CAROLINA.
There is no change m the list for North Carolina, the total for 1903
remaining at 12. Of these 9 report sales, as follows:
Alkalithia Spring, Alkalithia Springs, Alexander County.
Ashley Bromine and Arsenic Springs, Ashe County.
Barium Rock Spring, Barium Springs, Iredell County.
Jackson Springs, Jackson Springs, Moore County.
Lemon Springs, Lemon Springs Station, Moore County.
Mida Spring, near Charlotte, Mecklenburg County.
Panacea Springs, near Littleton, Warren County.
Thompson Bromine Arsenic Springs, Crumpler, Ashe County.
Vade Mecum Spring, Vade Mecum, Stokes County.
OHIO.
Ohio's list for 1903 shows no change from 1902, the total remaining
at 22. Of these 18 report sales. They are the following:
Adevene Spring, Delaware, Delaware County.
Alba Spring, Rockfort, Cuyahoga County.
Arcadian Springs, Mineral Springs, Adams County.
Buckeye Lithia Spring, near Martins Ferry, Belmont County.
Crum Mineral Spring, Austintown, Mahoning County.
Crystal Rock Spring, near Sandusky, Erie County.
Deerfield Mineral Springs, Deerfield, Portage County.
Fargo Mineral Springs, Ashtabula, Ashtabula County.
Green Spring Artesian Mineral Well, Greep Springs, Sandusky County.
Knisely Mineral Springs, Bucjrrus, Crawford County.
Bfagnetic Magnesia Well, Canton, Stark County.
Oakridge Spring, Greensprings, Sandusky County.
Painesville Mineral Spring, Painesville, Lake County.
Rex Ferro-Lithia Springs, New Richmond, Clermont County.
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1156 MINEBAL BESOUBCES.
Ripley Brom-Iithia Springs, Bipley, Brown County.
Talewanda Mineral Springs, near College Comer, Preble Coonty.
Wheeler Mineral Springs, Yoongstown, Mahoning Coonty.
Solphnr Lick Spring, Chillicothe, Boss Coonty.
OKLAHOMA.
No report has been received from the 1 sprmg credited to Oklahoma.
OREGON.
Oregon gains 1 spring, which makes the total 9. Of these the fol-
lowing 8 report sales for 1903:
Boswell Springs, Boswell, Dooglas Coonty.
Colestin Spring, Colestin, Jackson Coonty.
Kingsbory Spring, near Ashland, Jackson Coonty.
Lehman Spring, Bloe Moontains, Umatilla Coonty.
Sodaville Mineral Springs, Sodaville, Linn Coonty.
Wilhoit Springs, Wilhoit, Clackamas Coonty.
Wolfer's Mineral Spring, Hobbard, Marion Coonty.
Lake View Hot Springs, near Lake View, Lake Coonty.
PENNSYLVANIA.
There is a net gain of 1 in the list for Pennsylvania, the total being
38. Of these 29 report sales for 1903. They are the following:
Bedford Chalybeate Spring, Bedford, Bedford Coonty.
Bedford Mineral Springs, near Bedford, Bedford Coonty.
Black Barren Mineral Spring, Pleasant Grove, Lancaster Coonty.
Charmian Mineral Spring, Channian, Franklin Coonty.
Corry Artesian Mineral Spring, Corry, Erie Coonty.
Cressbn Springs, Cresson, Cambria Coonty.
De Vita Mineral Springs, Cambridge Springs, Crawford Coonty.
East Moontain Lithia Well, near Factory ville, Wyoming Coonty.
Ephrata Moontain Crystal Spring, near Ephrata, Lancaster Coonty.
Glen Sommit Spring, Glen Sommit, Lozeme Coonty.
Granny Coon Spring, North Point, Indiana Coonty.
Gray Mineral Spring, Cambridge Springs, Crawford Coonty.
Imperial Spring, Angelica, Berks Coonty.
Korrylotz Well, Corry, Erie Coonty.
Magnesia Spring, Cambridge Springs, Crawford Coonty.
Mineqoa Spring, Minneqoa, Bradford Coonty.
Pavilion Spring, Sooth Moontain, WemersvUle, Berks Coonty.
Petticord Mineral Spring, Cambridge Springs, Crawford Coonty.
Ponce de Leon Spring, Meadville, Crawford Coonty.
Polaski Natoral Mineral Spring, Polaski, Lawrence Coonty.
Bennyson Tredyffrin Spring, Bennyson, Chester Coonty.
Ross-common Springs, Windgap, Monroe Coonty.
Saegertown Mineral Spring, Saegertown, Crawford Coonty.
Sizer Mineral Spring, Sizerville, Cameron Coonty.
Sproce Hollow Mineral Spring, near Northomberland, Northomberland Coonty.
The J. W. Lang Mineral Well, Venango, Crawford Coonty.
Tockahoe Mineral Springs, Northomberland, Northomberland Coonty.
Whann Alkaline Lithia Mineral Springs, near Franklin, Venango Coonty.
White Solphor Spring, Bedford Springs, Bedford Coonty.
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MINERAL WATEBS. 1157
RHODE ISLAND.
The list for Rhode Island remains the same as for 1902, the total
being 4. Of these 3 report sales. They a»e as follows:
GladBtone Spring, Narraganaett Pier, Washington County.
Holly Mineral Spring, Woonsocket, Providence County.
Ochee Mineral and Medicinal Springs, Johnston, Providence County.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
South Carolina gains 1 spring, but of the 10 springs now credited
to the State, only 3 report sales for 1903. They are the following:
Cherokee Springs, near Spartanburg, Spartanburg County.
Glowing Spring, near Calhoun Falls, Abbeville County.
Harris Lithia Spring, Harris Springs, Laurens County.
SOUTH DAKOTA.
The two localities credited to South Dakota report for 1903. They are :
Hot Springs of South Dakota, Hot Springs, Fall River County:
Catholicon Spring.
Hygeia Spring.
Kidney Spring.
Lakotah Spring.
Minnekahta Spring.
Minnehaha Springs, Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.
TENNESSEE.
Tennessee gains 1 spring, which brings the total up to 14. Of
these, 13 report sales for 1903. They are the following:
Eastbrook Springs, Eastbrook, Franklin County.
Hinson Springs, Hmson Springs, Henderson County.
Horn Mineral Springs, Horn Springs, Wilson County.
Idaho Springs, near Clarksville, Montgomery County.
Lockeland Spring, East Nashville, Davidson County.
Montvale Spring, Montvale, Blount County.
Red Boiling Springs, Red Boiling Springs, Maoon County.
Rhea Springs, Rhea Springs, Rhea County.
Tate Epsom Spring, Tate Spring, Grainger County.
Tillman Spring, near Nashville, Davidson County.
Whittle Springs, Whittle Springs, near Knoxville, Knox County.
Willow Brook Spring, Craggie Hope, Cheatham County.
Wright* 8 Epeom Lithia Well, Mooresburg, Hawkins County.
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1158 MINERAL BE8OUB0E8.
TEXAS.
The 1902 list for Texas has 2 springs added to it and 1 dropped from
it, the total being 28 for 1903. Of these, 21 report sales, as follows:
Oapp's Wells, Longview, Gregg County.
China Spring Well, China Springs, McLennan County. |
Dalby Spring, Dalby Springs, Bowie County.
Dullnig Mineral Wells, near San Antonio, Bexar County.
Elkhart Mineral Wells, Elkhart, Anderson County.
Farrier Springs, Dalby Springs, Bowie County.
Georgetown Mineral Well, Georgetown, Williamson County.
Marlin Hot Well, Marlin, Falls County.
Millord Mmeral Well, Milford, Ellis County.
Mineral Wells, P&lo Pinto County:
Cicero Smith Well. I
Crazy WelL I
George P. Barber Wells.
Gibson Well. |
Hawthorne Well.
LithU WeU.
Sangcura Wells. v
Specific Wells.
Star Well.
Overall Mineral Wells, Franklin, Robertson County.
Peterman Mineral Spring, Mount Pleasant, Titus County.
Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson County. I
UTAH.
Of the 3 springs credited to Utah only 1 reports for 1903. It is the
foUovdng:
Deseret Lithia Well, Deseret, Millard County.
VERMONT.
Vermont gains 1 spring, the total being 7. Of these 5 report sales
for 1903. They are the following:
Alburg Chalybeate, Lithia, and Sulphur Springs, Albuig Spring, Grand Isle
County.
Clarendon Springs, Clarendon Springs, Rutland County.
Equinox Spring, Manchester, Bennington County.
Missisquoi Mineral Springs, Sheldon, Franklin County.
Newfane or Vermont Mineral Spring, Putney, Windham County.
VIRGINIA.
Virginia gains 2 springs, 3 having been added to the list and 1 dropped
from it. Of the 68 springs credited to the State, 41 report sales for
1903. They are the following:
Alleghany Springs, Montgomery County.
Basic Lithia Spring, Basic City, Augusta County.
Bear Lithia Springs, near Elkton, Rockingham County.
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MINERAL WATERS. 1159
Bedford Alam Spring, Bedford Springs, Campbell County.
Beaufont Lithia Spring, Beaufont, Chesterfield County.
Benfont Spring, near Manchester, Chesterfield County.
Berry Hill Mineral Spring, near Elkwood, Culpeper County.
Blue Ridge Springs, Botetourt County.
Buffalo Lithia Springs, Buffalo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County.
Chase City Mineral Springs, Chase City, Mecklenburg County.
Cove Lithia Spring, WytheviDe, Wythe County.
Crockett Arsenic Lithia Spring, Shawsville, Montgomery County.
Diamond Spring, Norfolk County.
Erup Mineral Spring, near Glen Carlyn, Alexandria County.
Farmville Lithia Springs, Cumberland County, near Farmville, Prince Edward
County.
Fonticello Lithia Spring, Chesterfield County, near Richmond.
Golindo Lithia Springs, Weyers Cave, Augusta County.
Harris Anti-Dyspeptic and Tonic Spring; Burkeville, Nottoway County.
Healing Springs, Healing Springs, Bath County.
Hume Springs, St Elmo, Alexandria County.
Hunter's Pulaski Alum Springs, Walkers Creek, Pulaski County.
Jeffress Lithia Silica Springs, Jeffress, Mecklenburg County.
Lone Jack Spring, Candless Mountain, Campbell County.
Magee's Chlorinated Lithia Springs, Clarksville, Mecklenburg County.
Massanetta Springs, Harrisonburg, Rockingham County. ^
Montvale Hygeia Spring, Montvale, Bedford County.
Nye Lithia Springs, Wytheville, Wythe County.
O'Connell Lithia Spring, near Stribling Springs, Augusta County. ^
Osceola Spring, Pleasant Valley, Rockingham County.
Otterbum Lithia and Magnesia Springs, Amelia, Amelia County.
Pontiac (formerly Powhatan) Spring, near Falls Churchy Alexandria County. "J
Roanoke Red Sulphur Springs, Catawba, Roanoke County.
Seawright Magnesian Lithia Spring, near Staunton, Augusta County.
Seven Springs, near Glade Spring, Washington County.
Shenandoah Alum Springs, near North Mountain, Shenandoah County.
Stribling Springs, near Staunton, Augusta County.
Virginia Magnesian Alkaline Springs, near Staunton, Augusta County.
Virginia Waukesha Lithia Springs, Staunton, Augusta County.
WaHawhatoola Alum Springs, near Millboro Spring, Bath County.
Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, Wolf Trap Depot, Halifax County.
Wyrick's Lithia Spring, near Crockett, Wythe County.
WASHINGTON.
The 1908 Ibt for Washington remains the same as in 1902, the total
being 4, of which 3 report sales as follows:
Cascade Springs, near Cascades, Skamania County.
Medical I^ke, Medical Lake, Spokane County.
Olympia Hygeian Spring, Tumwater, Thurston County.
WEST VIRGINIA.
To the 1903 list for West Virginia, 2 Springs are added. The total
is 11 for 1903. Of these the following 6 report sales:
Borland Mineral Well, Wood County, near Salama.
Greenbrier (formerly Barger's) Springs, near Talcott> Summers County.
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1160 IQNEBAL BB8OUB0I».
Maf^nesia Spring, No. 2, near Wheeling, Ohio County.
Manacea Irondale Spring, near Independence, Preston Ooonty.
Pence Spring, Pence Springs, Smnmere County.
Webster Springs, Webster Springs, Webster County.
WISCONSIN.
To the 1902 list for Wisconsin 1 spring is added and 2 are taken from
it. Of the 37 springs credited to the State 26 report sales for 1903.
They are the following:
Allouez Magnesia Springs, Green Bay, Brown County.
Bay City Spring, Ashland, Ashland County.
Chippewa Spring, Chippewa Falls, Chippewa County.
Darlington Mineral Spring, Darlington, Lafayette County.
Fort Crawford Springe, Prairie du Chien, Crawford County.
Lebens Wasser Mineral Spring, Green Bay, Brown County.
Nee-Ska-Ra Mineral Spring, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County.
New Saratoga Spring, Star Prairie, St Croix County.
Rainbow Mineral Spring, Wautoma, Waushara County.
Salvator Mineral Spring, Green Bay, Brown County.
Sanitas Fountain, Oshkosh, Winnebago County.
Sheboygan Mineral Spring, Sheboygan, Sheboygan County.
Silver Sand Spring, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County.
Solon Springs, Upper St Croix Lake, Douglas County.
Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County:
Acme Spring.
Almanaris Springs.
Anderson's Waukesha Spring.
Arcadian Spring.
Glen Rock Spring.
Hygeia Spring No. 2.
Minniska Mineral Spring.
SUoam Mineral Spring.
Silurian Mineral Spring.
Sotarian Spring.
Waukesha Imperial Spring.
White Rock Mineral Spring.
WYOMING.
Wyoming gains 1 spring, and of the 2 credited to the State only 1
reports sales for 1903. It is the following:
Rawlins Sulphur Springs, near Rawlins, Carbon County.
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MINEBAL WATEItS.
1161
IMPORTS.
The following tables show the imports of mineral waters from 1867
to 1901, inclusive:
Mineral wcUers imported and entered for oonmmpiion in the United StateSf 1867-190S.
Fiscal year end-
ing Jane 80—
Quantity. Value.
18«7.
1808.
1809.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1876.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1^9.
1880.
1881.
1882
1883.
In bottles of 1
quart or le^s.
BotOet.
370,610
241,702
344,601
483,212
470,947
892,913
85,608
7,238
4,174
25,758
12,965
8,229
28,440
207,554
150,826
152,277
88,497
Quantity. Value.
124,913
18,438
25,635
80,680
84,604
67,961
2.826
691
471
1,899
1,828
815
2,362
19,781
11,860
17,010
7,064
In bottles in ex-
cess of 1 quart.
Quartt.
8,792
22,819
9,789
18,026
2,820
Quantity. Value. I Quantity. Value.
1360
2,052
802
1,743
174
Not in bottles. < All not artificial.
I
OaOona.
554
1,042
2,063
1,836
639
855
96
5
$137
104
245
508
141
116
75
16
2
GaUons.
Total
value.
894,428
998,151
199,035
79,789
395,956
101.640
447,646
134,889
520,751
167.458
883,674
350,912
798,107
282,153
927,759
285,798
1.225,462
883,616
1,542,905
410,105
1,714,085
441,439
$25,410
20.594
26,682
32,981
34,919
68,067
100,552
80,496
102, 113
186.788
168,808
351,727
284,509
805,529
895,492
427,115
448,493
Year ending-
Artificial mineral
waters.
I Quantity. Value.
Natural mineral
waters.
Quantity.
Value.
June 30—
1884...
1885...
Dec. 81—
1886...
1887...
1888...
1889...
1800...
1801...
1892...
1898...
1894...
1895...
1896...
1897...
1806...
1899...
1900...
1901...
1902...
1908...
29,866
7,972
62,464
18,886
12,762
36,494
22,828
26,700
16,062
6,066
7,758
101,115
51,108
94,591
2,157
16,815
4,851
4,411
8,771
7,133
8,700
9,089
2,992
8,047
19,151
11,739
I
OalUyM,
1,505,298
1,660,072
1,618,960
1,915,511
1,716,461
1.558,968
2,822,008
2,019,833
2,266,123
2,821,081
1,891,964
2,104,811
2,273,893
a2, 942, 200
al, 955, 723
a 2, 882. 410
a 2, 485, 042
a2, 567,823
0 2,460.119
0 2,861,970
9862,651
397,875
364,242
385,906
341,695
868,661
433,281
892,804
497,660
606,866
417,500
506,384
551,097
0 501,684
0526,071
0 663,803
o 687. 874
0 744,392
0 712,714
0 846,294
o Including artificial.
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1162
MINEBAL RfSOUACES.
Prior to the year 1873, as the foregoing tables show, the records of
the United States Treasury Department did not distinguish natural
and artiticial mineral waters. From 1873 to 1883, inclusive, the dis-
tinction was made, and artificial mineral waters were classified accord-
ing to the receptacles in which they were imported. For the period
including the years 1884 to 1896 this classification seems to have been
dropped, but the artificial waters were still kept separate from the
natural waters. Since 1896, however, they have not been differenti-
ated. The number of gallons imported has not varied greatly in the
last six years, although each year the imports have increased slightly
both in quantity and in value.
EXPORTS.
No record of the exports of domestic natural mineral waters seems
to have been kept by the Treasury Department since 1883, and, as
shown by the table below, the exports from 1876 to 1883 were oom-
pai*atively insignificant.
Exports of natural mineral ^oaiers of domestic production from the United State*.
Fiscal year ending June 80—
Value.
Fiscal year ending June SO—
Vtlne.
1876
1162
80
1.529
1,486
1881
|l.Ct9
1876
1882
m
1879
1888
am
1880
a None reported since 1888.
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MONAZITE AISTD ZIRCON.
By Joseph Htde Pratt.
ENTBOBUCnON.
Monazite and zircon are mined for similar purposes — ^that is, for
the rare earth oxides which they contain. The oxides obtained from
these minerals are used in the manufacture of mantles for various
incandescent lamps and of the glowers of electric lamps. The produc-
tion of zircon is very small, and represents but a small percentage of
the total production of these two minerals. The demand for monazite
is increasing, although there is not a very large increase in the yearly
production. Formerly all of this mineral produced was consumed in
this country; now a considerable portion of that mined is exported.
Of the zircon mined, however, all is used in the United States.
MONAZITE.
Monazite, which is essentially an anhydrous phosphate of the rare
earth metals, cerium, lanthanum, and didymium, usually contains a
small but varying percentage of thoria. It is the presence of this
latter oxide that gives the monazite its commercial value. There is a
very wide variation in the percentage of thoria found in monazite, but
the commercial monazite that is put on the market contains from 3
to 9 per cent of this oxide. The thoria, together with very small
amounts of lanthanum and didymium oxides, is used in the manu-
facture of the cylindrical hood or mantle of the Welsbach and other
incandescent gas lights. The cerium oxalate, obtained in the separa-
tion of the oeria from the other oxides, is used to a limited extent in
pharmacy.
Monazite varies considerably in color, being light yellow to honey
yellow, reddish, brownish, and yellowish green, and having resinous
to vitreous luster. It is brittle, breaking with a conchoidal to uneven
fracture; and is from 5 to 5.5 in hardness. The mineral is heavy,
having a specific gravity of 4.64 to 5.3. By means of its color and
specific gravity it can usually be readily identified.
1163
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1164 MINEBAL BESOUBOES.
LOCALITIES.a
The commercial deposits of monazite are not found in the origind
rocks, but in the gravel deposits of the present and former streao^
which have resulted from the disintegration and erosion of the crys-
talline ropks that contained the monazite. These rocks have been
altered and decomposed to a considerable depth, so that at the present
time they are in a state of constant erosion; and their mineral con-
stituents, monazite, zircon, magnetite, etc. , are being deposited in the
soils and gravels. This is going on to such an extent that even after
the soils and gravels have been once worked for monazite they may
be re washed at the end of a year and may prove to be profitable source^
of monazite.
NORTH CABOLINA.
The supply of monazite is obtained from Cherokee and Spartan-
burg counties, S. C, and from Rutherford, McDowell, Burke, Cleve-
land, and Lincoln counties, N. C. There are in most of these counties
a large niunber of small miners who produce from a few p>ounds to a
ton of monazite per year. Many of them do not concentrate their
product except as it is effected by the sluice boxes, and they sell their
material to one of the four companies that ai*e buying monazite either
for their own use or for exportation. These concentrates vary con-
siderably in color, according to the locality from which they have
been obtained, and there are consequently monazite concentrates red,
red-brown, brown, yellowish brown, yellowish green, and yellow in
color.
ButherfordComUy, — One of the centers of the monazite mining
industry in North Carolina is EUenboro, Rutherford County. Near
this place is located the property of the German Monazite C>>mpaDy,
which employs 26 or more men who wash out about 1\ tons of cleaned
sand each week. Their workable gravel is from 20 to 100 yards wide
and extends for half a mile up and down the creek. The overburden,
which has to be removed, is from 1 to 5 feet in depth, and some of it
carries a small amount of monazite.
Three miles from EUenboro at the Louisa Smart mine, three dif-
ferent colored monazite sands are found which are not more than 100
yards apart, one being of a greenish color, the second brownish red,
and the third yellowish. The first is found along the small branch
just above the drying plant, and the second is found higher up on the
hillside about 60 feet from the stream. These two gravels are at present
sluiced on but a small scale. They pan well, ai-e quite free from
garnet, and contain but little black sand. They are 3 feet thick, and
are covered by from 2 to 3 feet of an overburden of red clay. The
third or yellowish monazite sands are now being washed, but they
a The writer was assisted in the field work by Mr. D. B. Bteirett, of Yale Univenlty.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
MONAZITB AND ZIRCON. 1165
contain some garnet and iron. The brownish sand readily concen-
trates to a product containing 80 per cent monazite. This property
would be more extensively worked but for the lack of a sufficient
water supply. Near these gravel deposits there is a pegmatitic dike,
4 feet in width, which cuts the hornblende gneiss. This dike con-
tains a great many garnets up to the size of a walnut and also mona-
zite, as was proved by panning the crushed rock.
There are several other places near Ellenboro where monazite is
mined. One is on the property of Mr. E. A. Martin, where a good
percentage of monazite is obtained in panning the stream gravel and
also the gravel for some distance under the banks, but the total area of
the pay gravel is not large. Another is on the west fork of Sandy Run
Creek on the land of Mr. J. C. Glover, where there is a considerable
quantity of gravel, but it did not show a very large percentage of
monazite on panning. The gravels are from 2 to 8 feet in thickness
under an overburden of from 1 to 2 feet. There is, however, a good
water supply, which is favorable for working the gravels in quantity.
Only two sluice boxes were in operation during the past year on this
property. Again, on a small tributary of Sandy Run Creek, on the
land of Mr. J. D. Bridges, the stream gravel and the gravel and soil
on the banks are exceedingly rich in monazite, but the area of the
gravels is not very extensive. Three miles southeast of Ellenbom,
also, on a small branch running through the plantation of Mr. D. B.
Far rill, there are gi-avels which have been pretty well worked out
once and are now being worked over the second time, yielding fairly
good results. Only one sluice box, however, was in operation during
1903, although there was a sufficient water supply for others.
Rutherfordton is another center of monazite mining, and on the
land of Mr. A. D. K. Wallace, 2 miles from Rutherfordton, consider-
able work has been carried on. The gravels in the bottom land are
often 100 feet across and from 1 to 3 feet thick. The overburden,
which is not very heavy, contains some monazite and is washed as
well as the gravels. There are two small streams on this property,
upon which workable gravel deposits, varying from 50 to 150 feet in
width, extend for about a quarter of a mile. The water supply is
good. About half a mile west of the Wallace deposits, on the land of
Mr. H. Harris, there are also gravels that have already been washed
and that extend up and down stream for a distance of nearly a mile.
At Peppertown Creek, in the same neighborhood, where some mining
has been done, the concentrates are low in monazite, being made up
largely of black magnetic sand.
At Duncan, 17 miles from Ellenboro, on the land controlled by Mr.
Henry Gettys, there are 30 acres of bottom land along about a mile of
the stream which contain considerable monazite* The stream gravels
are to be washed first, and then the bottom land. Six or eight troughs
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1166 umrsRAL besouboes.
will probably be used. In the same vicinity, on the land of Mr. S. A.
Mode, the stream gravels and the bottom-land gravels contain consid-
erable monazite.
Cleveland Cotmtt/. — On the land of Mr. A. M. Hunt, 6 miles from
Casar, Cleveland County, there were two sluice boxes in operation in
1903, although the gravel deposits would warrant more and although
there was an abundant water supply with which to develop thenL
The gravels panned very well, showing a good percentage of monazite.
They vary in thickness from 2 to 3 feet, and there is a good width of
bottom land that has been only partially worked out Near the upper
end of this land the stream gravels are profitable for working over a
number of times, as there has been no work done on the adjoining
property and the rains are constantly bringing down new sources of
supply of monazite.
In the vicinity of Carpenters Knob there are some very promising
monazite gravel deposits, a number of which are now worked by the
Incandescent Light and Chemical Company of New York. On the
land of Mr. J. C. Crow, the bottom-land gravels are from 30 to 75 yards
wide and average about 2 feet in thickness. During 1903 there were
two sluice boxes at work on these gravels and two on the land of
Mrs. Eliza Spakes farther up the stream. These lands are on the
headwaters of Little Knob Creek. Farther down the creek, on the
McSneed property, the monazite gravel was observed in one place to
be 7 feet thick. Two sluice boxes were in operation on this property,
but there is a sufficient supply of water for a larger number, which
would be warranted by the quantity of gravel. Little Knob Creek
has been worked, more or less, from near its source to its mouth; but
in many places the gravels have received new supplies of monazite, so
that it will pay to wash them again. On the property owned by the
Incandescent Light and Chemical Company, five sluice boxes were in
operation in 1903, and the stream gravel wiU be worked for about a
mile. In a number of instances bottom gravels that had formerly been
washed are now being washed again and at a profit. The gravel in
some pla(5es is 6 feet in thickness. This company also owns and is
working monazite gravels on Camp Creek in Burke County, and the
Lattimore mine near Shelby, Cleveland County. They expect to
erect a concentrating or cleaning mill near Carpenters Knob. Another
good deposit of stream gravel and bottom-land gravel is on the land
of Mr. W. E. Ledford, also near Carpenters Knob. These graveb
pan very well, and there is a good water supply.
On Knob Creek there are very extensive stream gravels and con-
siderable bottom-land gravels, which, although they do not contain a
very large percentage of monazite, are extensive in area and have a
good water supply, so that they could be worked on a large scale, and
therefore could be mined profitably.
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MONAZITE AND ZIBOON. 1167
JNear Mooresboro there are a number of small producers of mona-
zite. The most work is done on the land of Mr. H. C. Burrus, who
operated three sluice boxes or troughs in 1903. There is a consider-
able area of bottom lands, but only small portions of them are at
present washed for monazite. The branch flowing through this
property has been worked for a distance of about a mile, and has upon
it workable deposits of 100 yards in width. The concentrates, how-
ever, contain a i-ather large percentage of the black sand.
Burke Cov/rUy, — In Burke County, on Brindletown Creek and its
tributaries, there are many properties containing good deposits of
monazite gravels, such as those of Messrs. J. E. Mills, John Kirksey,
and Moore Epley.
McDowdl County. — In McDowell County there are numerous good
deposits on the waters of Muddy Creek, but an act of the legislature
prohibits the use of these streams for sluicing purposes, and thus
prevents the mining of monazite on the adjacent properties.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
In South Carolina the principal localities where monazite mining is
carried on are in the vicinity of Cowpens, Spartanburg County, and
near Gaffney, Cherokee County.
There is a tendency among a large number of the farmers who own
lands containing monazite gravels to work only the stream gravels,
and this they do two or three times a year, leaving the bottom land
untouched except for farming. The heavy rains wash into the streams
the sands from the hillsides, from under the banks, and from the
streams above, thus renewing the monazite in the stream gravel. The
surface soil down to from 6 to 8 inches of its depth seems to contain
a considerable per cent of monazite which has come from the decom-
position and disintegration of the adjacent rocks.
The monazite-bearing sand obtained from the sluice boxes is some-
times rewashed by the miners; but usually it is sold directly to some
one of the companies owning the concentrating plants. The weighed
concentrates are dried in two different ways. One way consists in
spreading the sand over an oiled or rubber cloth in the sunshine, where
it dries very quickly, partly because of the heat absorbed by the dark
iron sand. The other method of drying is by heating over a crude
furnace. A small ditch from 4 to 8 feet long, 1 to li feet wide, and
about 1 foot deep is dug. Over this a sheet-iron cover is placed, and a
small chinmey is built at one end. On this sheet-iron drying plate,
under which there is a hot fire, the monazite is spread.
The concentrating mills now in operation in the monazite district
are those of the Carolina Monazite Company, at Shelby, Cleveland
County, N. C, and at Gaffney, Cherokee County, S. C; that of the
German Monazite Company, at Oakspring, Rutherford County, N. C;
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1168 MINEBAL BE80UBCE8.
and that of the Incandescent Light and Chemical Company, near Car-
penters Knob, Cleveland County, N. C.
Further cleaning of the concentrates from the sluice boxes of the
miners has been pei*f ected to such an extent that now a cleaned mona-
zite sand can be obtained that is from 95 to 99 per cent monazite.
This has been effected by means of the Wetherill electro-magnetic
separator. The dried concentrates are placed in a hopper and from
there fed to a classifier. The finer material, which contains the mona-
zite, is allowed to pour over a revolving drum, and is thus scattered
evenly over an 18-inch belt. This passes along under four powerful
electro-magnets, which have small belts to carry the material attracted
by the magnets out of the magnetic field. As soon as this point is
reached the belts drop the sand, which passes through a chute to the
proper receptacle placed to receive it. The first magnet removes all
the magnetic iron, the larger pieces of garnet, and generally all of
the titanic iron or ilmenite. If any of the latter passes this belt, it is
removed, with all of the finer garnet sand, by the second magnet
The third magnet is so adjusted as to remove only the coarse monazite,
and the fourth removes all of the finer pieces of monazite. The
remaining sand — quartz, zircon, rutile, etc. — is dropped oflf the end of
the large belt and is run into the waste pile.
The garnet, which is of very good quality, having a hardness of 7.5,
will, if it is obtained in some quantity, be of value for abrasive pur-
poses. There is some gold contained in these tailings, but no attempt
is made to save it.
In washing some of the monazite gravels the gold which they con-
tain is saved, and in many instances it has amounted to $1 or more
per sluice box per day.
ZIRCON.
The mineral zircon is a silicate of zirconimn (ZrSiOJ, and is com-
monly found in square tetragonal prisms terminated by the pyramid.
It is usually of a grayish, light brown to reddish-brown color; occa-
sionally it is found colorless to red and perfectly transparent, when it
becomes of value as gem material. In hardness it is 7.5, and it has a
specific gravity of 4.65. Besides the use that is made of the transpar-
ent varieties of this mineral for gems, there is a certain amount that
is mined for its zirconia content. This oxide is used together with
yttria in the manufacture of the glower for the Nernst electric lamp.
OCCURRENCE AND LOCALITIES.
Zircon is commonly found sparingly in the crystalline rocks, espe-
cially gneisses, syenites, and granites, in granular limestone, and in
chloritic and other schists. Occasionally it is found associated with
some of the iron ores. Occurrences of this mineral in quantity are not
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MOKAZITE AND ZIBOOW. 1169
common, and there is but one locality in the United States where it
has thus far been found in commercial quantity, and that is in the
vicinity of Zirconia, Henderson County, N. C. The zircons occur in
a pegmatitic dike, which is about 100 feet wide and has a strike of
N. 60^ E. It cuts up through the old Archean gneisses, and can be
traced for a distance of about one and one-half miles. The upper
portions of the pegmatitic dike are badly decomposed and kaolinized to
a depth of 40 feet or more. The zircons occurring in this decomposed
dike are well crystallized, and are usually prismatic crystals, grayish
in color, and terminated by the unit pyramid. They occur for the
most part in the feldspar, and where this is kaolinized it permits of
an easy separation of the zircon crystals by hydraulic processes. As the
feldspar becomes more solid and unaltered, the separation of the zircon
is more difficult When the feldspar is crushed, however, the zircons
readily free themselves from the gangue. There are two deposits of
these zircon crystals that have been worked — one near the southwest-
em end of the dike, known as the Freeman mine, and the other near
the northeast end, known as the Jones mine. Owing to the slight
demand for this mineral, there is no systematic mining carried on.
Men and children are paid a certain price per pound for the zircon
crystals, some of which they wash out of the soil, others out of the
kaolinized gangue, and still others they break out by hand from the
harder feldspar. The resulting product contains practically 100 per
cent of zircon.
Near New Sterling, Iredell County, N. C, a great many brownish,
pyramidal crystals of zircon have been found in the soil, some of
which were from 1 to 3 inches in diameter. One crystal weighed
about 6 ounces. The exact occurrence of these crystals has not as yet
been definitely determined, but thus far there has been observed no
indication of them in commercial quantity.
Small quantities of zircon are found in all the raonazite sands and
could probably be saved as a by-product. These crystals are very*
minute and a**e transparent.
PRODUCJTION.
The total production of monazite in 1903 was 862,000 pounds, valued
at $64,630, which is an increase of 60,000 pounds in quantity and of
$470 in value, as compared with the production of 802,000 pounds,
valued at $64,160, in 1902. This quantity represents the purified sand,
containing from 85 to 99 per cent monazite. This was obtained from
about 1,900,000 pounds of crude sand as taken from the sluice boxes,
which is the material that goes through the magnetic separators. The
price received for this crude sand by the individual miner varied from
2i to 6 cents per pound, according to the percentage of thoria that it
contained. By far the larger amount of this production of monazite
M R 1903 74 T
Digitized by V^OOQlC
1170
lONEBAL BESOnBG£S.
was from North Carolina, Cleveland County leading in the quantity
and value of its production.
The quantity of zircon obtained in 1903 was 3,000 pounds, valued at
$570. This makes the total production of these minerals mined for
use in the manufacture of various lamps amount to 865,000 pounds in
quantity, valued at $65,200. In the following table there is given the
production and value of monazite mined in the United States from
1893 to 1903:
Production of monazite in the United States, 189S-190S,
Year.
QDantity. Valne.
1888
1894
1886
1806
1897
1896
1889
1900
1901
1902
1908
Povmd*.
130,000
546,865
1,578,000
80,000
44,000
280,776
850,000
906,000
748,736
802,000
862,000
97,600
S6.19S
U7,U0
1,5(»
1.960
13,512
ao,(!QO
48,806
59,262
64,160
61,680
IMPORTS AKI> EXPORTS.
There are small amounts of monazite sand imported into the United
States from year to year, but they are of no importance in comparison
with the home production. In 1903 there were no imports of monajdte
sand and thorite; in 1902 the imports amounted 190 pounds, valued
at $12.
The imports of nitrate of thorium in 1903 amounted to 64,520
pounds, valued at $232,155, as compared with 42,815 pounds, valued
at $131,350, imported in 1902.
No exports of monazite sand are reported for the year 1903.
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GLASS 8AKD.
By A. T. Coons.
PRODUCTION.
In collecting the statistics of the glass sand produced in the United
States it has been impossible to avoid the collection of statistics of the
sand produced for other purposes than for the manufacture of glass,
and the following table shows the quantity and value of all the sand
reported as produced in those States where sand is f oimd in sufficient
purity to be used in the manufacture of glass.
As the report for 1902 contained a full description of glass sand,
no attempt is made in this report to give anything but the statistics
of production for 1903.
The following tables show the quantity and the value of glass sand
and other sand produced in the United States in 1902 and 1903.
From the table for 1903 it will be seen that California and Georgia
have been added to the list of glass-sand producing States. The quan-
tity and value of glass sand mined in 1908 was 823,044 short tons,
valued at $855,828, as compared with 943,135 short tons, valued at
$807,797, in 1902, a decrease in quantity mined of 120,091 tons and an
increase in value of $48,031.
Pennsylvania had the largest output — 301,625 short tons, valued at
$415,714, as compared with 356,209 tons, valued at $348,327, in 1902,
a decrease in quantity of 54,584 tons and an increase in value of
$67,387.
Illinois and Missouri followed in rank of output with an increase of
production for Illinois and a decrease for Missouri.
1171
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1172
MINERAL RESOUBOES.
Production of glass sand and of other sand in the United States in 190f and 1903^ b^ SUita.
1906.
Stete.
California
Geor;^
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
MaasachusetU
Miaaouri
New Jersey . . ,
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania ,
West Virgrinia
Total...
Glass sand.
Quantity. Valae.
ShoHtons.
6,075
4,600
265,440
12,013
20,900
8,912
82,232
19,720
6,600
89,608
801,625
65,524
823,044
•6,226
4,060
153,717
8,998
18,690
17,842
46,914
14,606
5,275
57,401
415,714
107,601
855,828
Engine nnd.
Fnrnoce sand.
Quantity. Valoe. Quantity. , V&loe.
Short toM.
16.680
Shorttoiu.
•3,709 '
61,365
•56, -«
8,500
1,000
7,837
72,440
8,881
114,288
2,660
1,700
10,663
66,481
7,125
92,118
57,840'
56.440 I
2,600
130,229
41,662
31,92D
41.089
3,125
131.131
40,034
350,086 I 305,9»«
State.
Building sand.
Other
uses.
Tola
Quantity.
.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Short tant.
Value
Value.
Califomirt
ShoHtoM.
Shorttons,
6,075 ,
4,900
552,498 1
120,013 1
23,700 I
14,483 ;
228,683 1
138,843
87,600
275.574
627, 151
81,145 1
I5,2i5
Georg'ia '
4,410
Illinois
Indiana
57,245
•27,837
162,818
108,000
1,000
5,571
58.111
34,688
19,800
94,866
128,862
1,911
•94,833
88,200
760
14,578
33,062
22,156
10,606
96, 7M
118,518
1,883
315, SK
92. m
Marjiaiid
1,800
1,472
30,812
MassachiL*!etts
:h,4-30
Missouri
22,000
28,000
7,800
3,539
83,062
4,879
11,600
8,250
5,660
1,906
61, 149
4.269
133.036
New Jersey
New York
85,9f»l
36,30
( )lii()
299. 74S
I'ennsvlvuiiiu
W1.W6
West Virginia
120. 37«
ToUl
'J08, 625
122,413
614,717
474,930
2,I10,(i60 j
1,831.210
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GLASS SAND.
1173
Production of glass sand and of other sand in the United States in 190^ and 1903, i
States — Continued.
1902.
state.
Glass sand.
Engine
sand.
Furnace sand.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity,
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Illinois
ShoH tons.
215,012
21,416
12,888
8,923
134,687
M,469
12,600
42,311
356,209
74,720
$115,023
25,056
10,875
17, M6
82,552
45,078
13,275
. 60,426
348,327
99,340
Short ton».
Short tons.
54,324
•27,994
Indiana
Marvland
2,000
1,200
Massachusetts
Missouri
20,175
116,951
2,000
85,871
22,470
9,538
55,078
2,400
88,318
25,476
New Jersey
New York
1,500
12,625
W,457
4,500
$2,626
15,130
68,387
3,390
Ohio
Pennsylvania
West Virginia
Total
943, ia5
807,797
103,082
89,532
803.791
210,003
State.
Building fand.
Other
uses.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Short tons.
9,290
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Illinoi.s
Short tons.
$5,300
Short tons.
278,626
21,416
• 19,088
62,473
170,312
203,519
58,800
IHO, 982
745, 165
107,620
$148,317
25,055
14,826
69,021
100,866
118,379
51,675
183,204
590. 733
121,540
Indiana -
Maryland
2,500
2.5,000
9,600
$1,875
16.390
5, .SCO
1,700
28.550
5,950
22,099
1,200
38,300
108,742
2,100
875
34,785
2,975
18.223
2,250
27,000
91,010
1,360
Massachusetts
Missouri
New Jersey
New York
41,500
1.875
173.287
26,200
31, 125
2,330
57,534
17,450
Ohio
Pennsylvania
West Virginia.
Total
279. %2
132,501
217,931
183,778
1,817,901
1,423,614
There was a large increase in the value of sand reported for "other
uses.'' This sand was used for glass cutting, core sand, molding sand,
sand for filtration, sand for sawing stone, fire sand, etc.
The following table of anal3\ses was published in 190:^, but is now
republished with numerous additions:
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1174
MINERAL BESOUBCEB.
Analyses of glass sands
Operator.
MUUngton White Sand Co .
Ottawa Silica Co
U.S. Silica Co...
lllinoia Sand Co .
Location of mine or quarry.
Constitneat.
SUica Maffnena I
(SiO,). (HgO). I
Millington, Randall County. 111.
Ottawa, Laadle County, 111
PtT cent,
i 99.42
*l
Wedron White Sand Co do
American Window Glaas Co Wolcott, White County, Ind . .
Attica, Fountain County, Ind
Weetem Silica Co
Hooflier Glaas Sand CO.0.
Berkshire Glass Sand Co
Do
Do
Missouri Silica Co
PaciHc Glass Sand Co
Tavern Rock Sand Co
Downer Silica Mining Co
Do
Diamond Rock Sand Co
AUmanSandCo.:
N0.I
N0.2
N0.3
Sonnbalter Sand and Stone Co .
Layland Stone and Sand Co
National Sand Co
P. Arnold
American Window Glara Co.:d
No.l
No,2
N0.8
N0.4
Pittaburg Plate Glass Co.:**
No.l
N0.2
N0.8
N0.4
Detweiler Sand Co
Do.
Coxville, Parke County, Ind
Cheshire, Berkshire County, Mass . .
do
.do.
Pacific, St Louis County, Mo
....do
Klondike, St. Charles County, Mo. . . ,
Downer, Gloucester County, N. J . . . ,
....do
Hanover, Burlington County, N. J...
Massillon, Tuscarawas County, Ohio .
....do
....do
....do
Layland, Coshocton County, Ohio....
Chalfants, Perry County, Ohio
Strasburg, Tuscarawas County, Ohio .
Derry, Westmoreland County, Pa
do
....do
do
Pittsburg, Pa
....do
do
do
Columbia, Lancaster County, Pa.
.do.
American Window Glass Co
Pitzpatrick Glass Manufacturing Co ..
a FeiOt. b PeO.
Derry, Westmoreland Counry, Pa
Falls Creelc, Jefferson County, Pa
o Analysis before
99.45
South Ottawa, Lasalle County, HI ... . 99. 89
Wedron, Laaalle County, 111 { 95.06
' 99.89
FtretJtL
96.67
98.84
98.61
99.78
99.46
99.81
99.97
99.20
99.97
98.824
97.706
97.62
98.12
97.80
96.54
99.60
98.78
Trace.
0.01
.18
.01
Traee.
.08
Trace,
I
.015
.442
.04
98.506
.014
98.80
Tiare.
99.990
'.002
99.714
«.O90
99.659
c.oao
99.679
«.060
99.21
Trace.
98.90
.ao
98.96
.10
98.94
Trace.
99.5044
96.45
.06
96.760
.071
99.410
Trace,
cleaned.
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GLASS SAND.
1175
mined in iht United States,
Constituent.
Oxide of
iron
(FejO,).
Alumina
(AlsOs).
Per cent.
0.02
Percent.
Lime
(CaO).
Other.
Per cent. I Per cent.
I K,0
0.56
O.SO
Trace.
a. 02
k.29
.10
.22
0.051
.051
.74
.18
.00
.58
.00
.13
0.22
Titanium (TiO,)
trace; loes, 0. 32.
Law 0.82 ,
.48
.58
0.56
.165
.150
.08
.935
.766
2.40
.30
.88
.43
.02
Trace.
.084
Trace.
.006
.011
.021
.002
.0024
.0036
.2998
.05
.054
.029
09
1.58
.84
3.08
.73
1.17
.006
.280
.310
.850
.30
.20
.50
.80
.1887
1.35
.982
.551
.06
.11
.03
Trace,
.066
.955
.23
.12
Trace.
.20
.54
.30
.40
.10
.183
.101
Loss 0.08.
Chlorine, 0.0054.
Clay, 0.15
Organic, 0.83 . .
Moisture, 0.60. .
Volatile, 0.21
Volatile, 0.25
VoUtile,0.24
Volatile, 0.28
Moisture and lose,
0.0620.
Total.
Percent.
100.00
90.951
99.65
99.951
100.00
99.67
100.01
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.04
100.00
100.0004
100.007
100.02
100.00
99.02
100.00
100.00
100.00
99.210
100.004
100.00
100.020
100.000
100.000
99.923
100.092
100.0924
99.8786
OQ QQOO
VVtWVv
100.000
100.000
100.091
Authority.
Prof. A. W. Smith, Case School Applied
Science, Cleveland, Ohio.
Prof. R. E. Lyons, Indiana University,
Bloomington, Ind.
R. W. Hunt & Co., Chicago, 111.
Do.
Cary A Moore, Chicago, 111.
Dr. Otto Wuth, PItUburg, Pa.
W. S. Blatchley, State geologist of Indi-
ana.
Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre
Haute, Ind.
S. Dana Hayes, State aasayer, Boston,
d Sand used by the company.
Prof. Leonard P. Kinnlcutt, Worcester
PolytechnlcInstitute.Worcester.Mass.
Do.
Laboratory St. Louis Plate Glass Co.
Regis Chauvenet & Bro., St Louis, Mo.
New Jersey State Geologist Cook.
Whitney Glass Works, Glassboro, N. J.
Booth,Garrett& Blair,Phlladelphia, Pa.
F. A. Emmerton, Cleveland, Ohio.
Do.
Do.
Jno. McNamee, Anderson, Ind.
F. Schwab, chemist; J. B. Clow & Son,
Chicago, 111.
Professor Horton, Columbus, Ohio.
Dr. Otto Wuth, Pittsburg, Pa.
Laboratory American Window Glass Co.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Laboratory Pittsburg Plate Glass Co.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Henry C. Demlng, Harrisburg, Pa.
Pennsylvania Steel Co.,Steelton, Pa.
Dr. Otto Wuth, Pittsburg, Pa.
Do.
« Includes CaO.
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Google
1176
MINERAL BBSOlTBOEd.
Analyies of glcm wndi mMi
Location of mine or quarry.
Conititaent
Operator.
Silica XanuBb
(SiO,). (ikO).
Breakneck Sand and Stone Co.:
No. 1
Connellflville, Fayette County, Pa. . . .
do
Percefd.
99.17
99.83
PercnL
No. 2
No. 8
do
99.23
99.19
No. 4
do
No. 6 1 do.
No. 6 ' do.
I
No. 7 do.
Berkeley Sand Co Berkeley Springs, Morgan County, •
i W.Va.
Potomac White Sand Co , Greenspring, Hampehire County, |
Mountain State Silica Sand Co ' MeCaulleyStation.Randolph County,
j W.Va. I
Decker Creek Stone and Sand Co t Stuigiason, Monongalia County, |
W.Va.
R. B. Reid:
White sample a . . .
Reddish sample a .
Randall, Monongalia County,
W.Va.
....do
99.09
99.12
98.77
99.87
99.19
98.60
99.55
99.04
98.40
.21
o Dried at 110° C.
Digitized by
Google
0LAS8 SANO.
1177
in the United States — Continued.
Constituent.
^fron""^ Alumina
iVr cent. Per eait.
0.18 0.44
Lime
(CaO).
Other.
Per cent.
.11
. '25
.28
.24
.24
.22
.01
.3;i
.38
.14
.22
Per cent.
Loss on ignition, |
0.15.
Loss on if^nition, t
0.11.
Loss on ignition,
0.22.
Losw on ignition, I
0.18.
I^os.s on ignition, I
.12 ! Loss on ignition,
0.31. I
.60 I I»s8 on ignition, '
I
0.31.
Moisture, 0.17; oo- ,
bait, none. '
Total.
Per cent.
99.94
99.93
99.97
99.79
99.79
99.79
99.90
99.91
Authority.
Pitteburg Testing Laboratory, Pitts-
burg, Ph.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Moisture, 0.11 ..
I
' I ; I
.12 . »jO I Trace. Water and organ- I
' j ' ic, 0.20.
.41 .hi 0.04 Water and organ
ie, 0.40.
99. 75 F. T. Ashman & Co. , Pitt^sburg, Pa.
9H. t\0 Wheeling Chemical Laboratory, Wheel-
ing, W. Va,
99.99 B. H. Hite, chemist, West Virginia Ex-
I pi'riment Station.
100.00 I C. S. Howanl, I'niversity of West Vir-
ginia.
100.00
Do.
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1178
MINERAL RESOtJRCES.
Analyses of European glass sands.
France.
England. Germany.
Constituent.
Fontaine-
bleau. (")
Fontaine-
bleau. (ft)
Leighton
Buz-
Eard. (a)
1
Alum ' Herzogeo-
Bay. (6) rath. (<■)
Hohen-
bocka.\rf)
Silica
Percent.
99.00
.50
Percent.
98.80
Percent.
99.00
.30
Percent
97.00
Percent
99.240
.200
.063
.083
P^ ccbL
99.760
Alumina
.040
Lime
.011
Magnesia
1
.012
Manganese
.015
Sesquioxide of iron
Trace.
.50
.60
.20
.005
.(^
Carbonate of lime
Magnesia and sesquioxide of
iron
.70
.50
1
Water
1.00 I .4fi8
Alumina, magnesia, and sesqui-
oxide of iron
2.00
Phosphorus
.039
Loss
I
.240
1
Total
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00 « 100.00
100 172
n Authority: H. Chance,
b Authority: Spon.
o Authority: Julius FahdL
d Authority: Biacbof.
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INDEX.
PB«e.
Abrasiye materials, by Joseph Hyde
Pratt 9»-1016
artificial 1010
D^Achiardi, O., qaoted on precious stones
ofElba 960
Acid steel, production by States IQB
Adamite 1015
Africa, copper SM
diamond 911
African coal 889,911
Agate and chalcedony , Philippine Islands. 971
Texas 948
moss 948
Wyoming 948
Agatized wood, Arizona 948
Egypt 949
Agricnltnral implements 80
Alabama, ammonia 889
bauxite, prodncton 275-877
brlckandtile 796,809
cement, Portland 884-886
sUg 806
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
coal.. 851,854,961.369,875,877,885,488,484^438
coal tar 6934
coke 544,658,666-668
ferromanganese 96
gas 611-419
gas coke 0&3
gold 157,169,161
graphite 1121,1126
iron ores 42^,66.67,68
limestone 758,786
manganese ores 129-180
marble 768.780
metallicpaint HOB
mineral waters 1189
naturalgas 740
phosphate rock 1049
pig iron 796
pottery 824
poBZUolana, or slag cement 897-898
pyrite 1061,1088
sandstone 758.770
rilyer 168,160,161
splegeleisen 96
steel 108-106
Alaska, coal 865,861,389,875,484,488-489
copper 204,219
gold 167,169,161,166-168
lead 848
Page.
Alaska, marble 781
petroleum 680
silyer 158,160,161,166-168
sulphur 1074
tin 887
Alexandrine, Ceylon 972
Algeria, antimony 823
coal 126
copper 224
gypsum 1045
iron ores 68-69,126
phosphate rock 1068
salt 1070
Alizarine and colors or dyes 684
Allegheny Mountain, Pennsylvania, coke
district 688
Aluminum and bauxite, by Joseph Stru-
thers 266-279
Imports 270-271
industry in United States in 1908 . . . 268-269
in foreign countries 271-272
patents and litigations 266-267
prices 269-270
production 265
salts, producers 278-279
production and imports 279
summary • 18
technology 272-275
alloys 278
ammonal 278
electrical conductors 278
electroplating 274
thermit 274
uses 272
works in America and Europe 266
world's production 276
Amber, East Prussia 965
SantoDomingo 964
Amblygonite 818
Ambroid 962
America, stocks of tin 848
Amethyst, BoUvia 966
New Jersey 947
North Carolina 948
Ammonal 278
Ammonia, production
by States
value
Analyses, ambligonite 818
carborundum 1012
cement rook 906
chromiteorea 28IMM)
1179
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1180
INDEX.
AnalyseB, ferrochromium alloys 290-801
ferrotangsten 805
glasssand U74-U78
iron ores, Lake Superior 46^
knnzite 948
lepidoUte 818
nickel ore 298
slag 298
petroleum 688
sand-lime brick 871
spodnmene 818
tinores 848
titanic ore 310
tungsten ore -• 804
tungsten steel 806
AniUnesalts 634
Anthracite coal, colliery consumption . 800-862
Colorado 854
exports SSr-W)
imports 887-888
New Mexico 854
Pennsylvania 854-855,
867.862,875,376,432,508-510
prices 867
production 868
annual 864
shipments 76
Anthracite coal strike 851,857,860,375,501
Antimony, by Joseph Stmthers 317-826
alloys 818
conditions 817
consumption
freight rates on
imix>rts
patents
prices
production 818-820
salts 818
sources of supply 818
nummary ^ 14
treatment of ores in Japan 8S5
uses 818
world^s production 828
Argentina, copper 224,225-226
salt 1071
Arizona, agatized wood 848
arsenic 880
asbestos 111:^-1118,1114
brick and tile 796,809
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
copper 201,202-204,212-815
fluorspar 1029
gold 167,169,161,168-171
granite 768,766-768
gypsum 1089,1040
lead 843
limestone 758,786
marble 758,780
mineral waters 1189
molybdenum 806
sandstone 768,770
sQver 168,160,161,168-171
tungsten 304,807
Arkansas, asphaltum 747
bauxite 275-277
brick and tile 796,809
Arkansas, cement 884,881
day products 7W
coal 866, 861, 869, 375, 885, 434, 439-442
coaltar 684
gas 611-ei9
gas coke OB
granite 758,767-768
limestone *38,TB6
manganese ares 130,1M-I85
marble TBI
metallic paint llflB
mineral waters 1139
naturalgas 781-785,738
ocher 1097
<dl8tone8 (novaculite) 998
phosphate rock 10I9
pottery 796,881
pyrite.. 1081,1088
•> sandstone 756,770
slate 736,777
whetstones 908
Arsenic, by Joseph Struthers ^ 887-394
imports 88B
industry in foreign countries 832
occurrence , 8S7
prices Si
production 388-81)
uses 387
world's production SO
Arsenious acid, manufactured 88S
Arsenious oxide 888,883
summary ... 18
AflboBtos, by Joseph Hyde Pratt Ull-1116
Canadian production UM
imports 1118
occurrence and localities 1111-1114
production 1114-1115
summary 80
Asphaltum and bituminous rock, by Ed-
mund Otis Hovey 745-754
classification 745
exports _ . .. 748
from Trinidad TiO
imports 748
production 746-7tf
in other countries 758-7S4
summary 81
Auohincloss Brothers quoted on Florida
phoqphate 1061
Australasia, coal 186
copper 284,887
Australia, coal 3S7
manganeseores US
tin 845-916
Austria, coi>per 281
exports to 229
graphite 11:22,1129
magnesite 1133
manganeseores 151,156
quicksilver 284
sulphur 1061
tin ^ 315
Bine 86O;a0
exportsto 8H)
Austria-Hungary, antimony .388
asphaltum 751
coal 186,3B9,Sn
Digitized by
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INDEX.
1181
Page.
Austria-Hungary, copper 2S4
iron ores ^ 128
manganeee ores 151-152
importsfrom a. 139
petroleum 088
pigiron 127
Bait 1070
steel 127
B.
Ball clay, production by States 860,864
Baltimore, Md., coal trade 409^10
Bandolier, O. F., on precious stones of
Peru and Bolivia 966
Banka and Billiton, tin production 845, 848
Baraboo iron range 66-68
Barbados, asphaltum 749,752
Barytes, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1069-1096
barium compounds 1098
imports 1092
introduction 1089
manufactured 1092
prices 1092
production by States 1091
sources of supply 1089
summary 20
Basic pig iron, production by States 96, 99
Basic steel, production by States 108
Baskeryllle and Eunz, effect of X-rays on
kunzite 945
Batesville district, Arkansas, manganese
• ores 184
Bauxite 276-278
(See aUo Aluminum and bauxite.)
consumption 277-278
exports jL 278
imports 278
production by States 275-277
summary 21
world's production 278
Bavaria, grindstones, imports from 997
graphite 1122
Beams and channels, Rteel, prices 91
Belgium, asphaltum 7^
cement 900
coal 126,889,891
copper, exports to 229
iron ores 08-09,126
manganiferous iron ores 189
ocher 1101
oilstones and whetstones, imports
from 996
phosphate rock 1068
pigiron 127
pyrite 1087
steel 127
zinc, exports to 200-201
production 268
Bermuda, salt, exports to 1068
Beryl, Brazil 924
Ceylon 971
Elba 969
Bessemer pig iron, production by States. 98-
95,98-99
8incel887 96
steel, foreign countries 127
Page.
Bessemer steel ingots and steel rails 76
production 100-102
by States 101-108
rails, production and prices 76,86-OT
Birkinbine, John, paper on iron ores 41-78
paper on manganeee ores 129-150
Bishop, Heber R., collection of Jade and
hard-stone objects 982
Bismuth, summary 14
Bituminous coal. (See Coal.)
Bituminous rock. (See Asphaltum and
bitmninous rock. )
Bluestone, production 770
Bolivia, amethyst 966
borax 1081
cojiper 224,226
lyreoious stones of 966
tin 845
Bone china, delft, and belleek ware,
product 824,880
Borax, by Charles G. Yale 1017-1028
foreign countries 1021
imi>ort8 1020
localities 1017
prices 1019
production 1018-1020
review of Industry 1022
summary 19
technology 1026
uses 1025
world^s production 1021
Borneo, coal 889
petroleum 707
Bosnia, manganese ores 151-152,166
pyrite 1067
salt 1071
Boston, Mass., coal trade 899-408
Brazil, beryl and euclase 924
manganese ores 180,145,156
exports 146
importsfrom 130
salt 1071
Brick, common, Hudson River district . . 818
quantity and value 809
enameled, value 810
fancy or ornamental, value 810
Are, value 810
front, quantity and value 809
hollow building block 811
prices, by States and kinds 820
sand-lime 880-«82
vitrified paving, quantity and value . 810
Brick and tile, exports 889
imiwrts 888
products, by States 809
rank of producing States 816
British Africa, salt, exports to 1068
British Australasia, salt, exports to 1068
British Columbiagkraenic 388
asbestos 1113
coal, imports from 887
iron ores 08-60
pyrite 1082
quicksilver 283
salt 1068
zinc 267
Digitized by
Google
1182
INDEX.
Page.
British East Indies, nuuiganese ores, im-
portsfrom 189
British Honduras, salt, exports to 1068
British North America, cement 900
copper, exports to 2S9
imports from 286-287
lead, imports from 840
British West Indies, aaphaltum 740
copper, imiMrts from 887
phosphate rook 1058
salt, exports to 1088
Broad Top, Pennsylvania, coke district. . 684
Bromine, summary 19
Brooks, A. H., gold and silver in Alaska. 106-168
Buffalo, N. T., receipts of Lake Superior
ironores 64
Bnhrstones and millstones, imports 1000
production 990,900
summary 18
value 999
Building block, hollow 811
Building operations, by cities 796
Building sand 1178
C.
California, amblygonit? 813-314
antimony 817
asbestos 1118
asphaltum 746-747
borax 1017-1080
brickandtile 796,809
cement, Portland 884,886
chromite 898,808
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
coal 855,881,869,875,434,448-444
coal tar 684
copper 808-804,817
essonite 925
gas 611,619
gascoke 642
glass sand '. 1178
gold 167,159,161,172-176
granite 758,766-768
graphite 1182,1126
gypsum 1099,1040
infusorial earth 1008
lead 248
lepidoUte 813-814
limestone 758,786
magnesite 1181
manganese ores 180,186
marble 758,780
metallic paint 1108
mineral waters 1189
moonstone 960
natural gas 721-786,740
ocher 1097
petroleum 686,639,681-689
platinum •. 811
pottery 796,809
pyrite 1081,1088
quartz, crystalline 1004
quicksttver 281-«88
salt 1061
sandstone 768,770
California, silver 156,160,161,178-176
slate 758,776
spodumene (kunzite; 996
steej lflB-106
talc 968,964
trap rock 769
tripoli 1000
sine lead IVti
Canada, arsenic 320,33t33g
arsenious acid 3B9
asbestos 1116
asphaltum 749
barytes 1080
cement 909
chromite 296,808
coal 156,387-389.394
oobalt-nickel ores 291
copper 280-221.284
importsfrom 225
corundum 1008
exports to United States KDI
feldspar 1118
graphite 1128,1129
grindstones 999
gypsum 1045
importsfrom IOCS
iron and steel works 125-126
ironores 44,68-71,85,126
magnesite 1131
manganese ores 143-144,156
exports 144
importsfrom 139
natural gas 742-743
nickel 291
production 294,297
ocher 1101
petroleum 66S
phosphate rock 1068
pigiron 122-123,127
pyrite 1062,1087
salt ion
exports to lOffi
importsfrom 1067
statistics of iron trade 122-126
steel 123-125,127
sulphur low
talc 967
zinc, exports to 861
Cape Colony, coal 380,988
copper 881
salt 1071
Carborundum 991,1010
production 1012
summary -.-.... 17
CaVs-eye, Ceylon 952
Cement, introduction 888
hydraulic, total production 898
imports, by countries 900
production in Canada 900
natural-rock, production, by States. 892-88B
industry, by States 894
Portland, development of indus-
try 883-888
inGtormany 901
industry, by States..'. 886
production, by States 881
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
1183
PagCL
Cement, Portland, relation of domestic
production and consump-
tion to imports 891-808
pozzuolana, or slag 897
industry, by States 898
production, by States 897
shiiiping, methods of 908
summary 17
Oement, Portland, in Michigan, in 190B,
by L.L.Kimball 908-910
Central America, coal, exports to 887
quicksilver, exports to 283
salt, exports to 1088
Ceylon, graphite 1121,1129
precious stones 971
salt 1071
Chalcedony, agate and, Texas 948
Charcoal pig iron 96
Chester mineralogical collection 978
Chicago, lU., coal trade 417
wire nails, ayerage monthly prices. . . 88
Chile, borax 1021
coal 889
copper 224,225
manganese ores 189,156
exports 146
importsfrom 138-189
salt 1071
sulphur 1079
China and porcelain, exports 889
imports 888
product, value 824,880
China, antimony 322
coal 380,892
petroleum , 715
quicksilver, exports to 288
salt 1071
exportsto 1068
tin 345-847
Chromic iron ore, summary 21
Chromium 298,304
(iSee al*o Steel-hardening metals.)
Cincinnati, Ohio, coal trade 424
Clay 10,880
imports 865
mined, by States and varieties 860, 864
products 10,796
value 796
exports 839
in various States 840
rank of States in production 805
invalue 807
value, by kinds 796,800
by States 796
by varieties 808
summary 17
value .. 860,864
Clay -working industries, by Jeiferson
Middleton 791-882
Clearfield Center, Pa., coke district 585
Cleveland, Ohio, coal trade 416
Coal, by Edward W.Parker 851-638
African 389,911
anthracite 854-855,357,364-365,875,376
average tonnage per man 876-379
Colorado 854-855
Page.
Coal, anthracite, comparative decline in
production 501
exports :
imports
New Mexico 864-856
Pennsylvania production... 432,608-510
classification of, by States 309-873, 37B
conditions 351
consumption 869
colliery 380,882
in manufacture of coke 360, 861, 366
exports 359,386-889
fields, divisions 353-«i6
imports 359,386-888
in foreign countries 12^389-895
labor statistics, by States 884-386
average day*s work 352,875
troubles 884,386
machine-mined 850,380
by States 881-884
machines, number and kinds 850,
381-882.884
made into coke 861-862
number of days active 852, 362, 866, 875
of employees 360,362,866,375
prices 367,382,387,379-«80
production 357-367
average annual, per man 376-379
by fields 354-866
by States 361,382,432-434
compared with population 358
distribution 366
increase and decrease in 1903 — 357-858
per man, compared with produc-
tion by machines, six prin-
cipalfields 878
rank among coal-producing coun-
tries 858
of producing States 867-860
relative importance of various
fields 353-354
percentage of total production . . . 356
shipments 861,866
sold to local trade 361,386
statistics of labor 874-979
men employed 875-876
mining machines 850
strikes 851,386
by States 385,601
summary 15
tariflfs 886
trade review 895--431
transportation facilities 851
unit of measurement 352
used at mines 361,386
value 357,382,366
working time 352,359
world's production 128,38»-895
United States, percentage of 890
Coal tar, production 622-624
products, imports 683
rank of States 624
Cobalt, summary 20
{See (Uao Steel-hardening metals.)
Coke, by Edward W. Parker 539-608
by districts. West Virginia 601-607
Digitized by
Google
J
1184
INDEX.
Pace.
Ck>ke, by-product, manofactare 588«564
oyeii8, Newton-Chambere 544
Otto-Hotfman 644,e06
Schniewind 544,(nB
Semet-Solvay &44,608
ooal, used in making 646,566-657
condition of coal charged into oyeuB. 580^508
condition of industry 590-540
CJonnellsville, Pa., district 686-690
prices 541,651,6»
shipments 76,588
exports 666
imports 666
number of establishmontssince 1850. 646-647
ovens built and building. ... 642, 646, 648^649
production 10,540-546
by districts in Pennsylvania. . . . 681-596
by States 606-006
in gas works 6S90-622
in previous years 648-660
quantity and value of coal used 657-668
rank of States in production 654-666
statistics of manufucture 546-646
summary 16
unit of measurement 540
value at ovens 541,561-654
yield of coal in coke 660,600
Ck)lombia, asphaltum 748-740
coal 880
iron ores 69
manganese ores 139
quicksilver £83
salt, exports to 1068
Ck)lorado, ammonia 620
asphaltum 747
brick and tile 796,809
cement, Portland 884,886
clay products - 796
clay, raw 860
coal.. 351,865,901,360,375,377,385,434,444-447
anthracito 854
coal tar 624
coke 544,668,668-669
copper 206-204
corundum 1007
ferromanganeee 96
gas 611-619
gasooke 622
gold 167,159,161,176-177
granite 758,766-768
gypsum 1088,1040
iron ores 43,69,67
lead 248,244^246
limestone 758,786
manganiferous ores 181-182,136
mineral waters 1139
molybdenum 808
natural gas 721-726,742
petroleum 639
pigiron 9^-96
pottery 796,809
sandstone 758,770
sUver 182,158,160,161
slate 777
spiegeleisen 96
steel 108-106
Page.
Colorado, tungsten 304,307
uranium 300
vanadium 301
zinc 264
Gonneaut, Ohio, Lake Superior iron ores,
receipts 64
Ck>nnecticat, ammonia OBI
asbestos 1112,1U4
brick and tile 796,800
clay products 996
day, raw 860
coal tar 6B4
feldspar 1119
flint UlT
garnet, abrasive 1006
gas 6U-S19
gas coke OS
granite 758,71B6-7«B
iron ores 43,60,67.66
limestone 756,786
marble _ 766,781
mineral waters 1130
pigiron 93-96
pottery 796,809
quartz, crystalline 1004
sandstone , 758,770
spodumene 313
stwel 108,104-106
tourmaline 926
traprock 769
tungsten 397
ConneUsville, Pa., coke 686
average prices 580
shipments 76,568
Coomaraswamy, A. E.,quoted on precious
stones of Ceylon 911
Coons, A. T., credit for paper on stone. 755-780
paper on glass sand 1171-1178
Copper, by Charles Eirchhoff 201-230
Austria-Hungary 224
Canada 220
conditions 201
consumption 2B8
Cuba 222
English trade
exports
bycountries 2S0
by ports 290
Gierman trade
Qermany
imports
bycountries
Lake Superior district, production by
mines 204-211
market 234-2B6
mines and operations 204-2U
prices 232-284
in England 2M
production 2Q1-2M
by States and districts.. 2G»-204, 204-200
BuBsia 291
Spain and Portugal S3
stocks 281-282
summary 18
supply 231
world^s productloii
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
1185
Pasre.
Coral, fossil, Philippine Islands 970
Cornwall iron ore, production 83
Cornwall, tin 346
Corundum, artificial 1016
gems 984
North Carolina 984
Corundum and emery 990,1006
Canada 1006
condition of industry 1006
imports 1007
production 1007
summary 17
value 1007
Cream white (C. C.) ware, product .... 834,830
Crimoramine, manganese 137
Cripple Creek district, Colorado, gold .... 168,
176-177
Crushed steel, production 991,1013
summary 17
uses 1014
Cryolite 1091
imports 1088
occurrence 1031
uses 1082
Crystalline quartz, production 1004
summary 18
value 1006
Cuba, asphaltum 748-749,758
copper, imports fronir 227
iron ores 68-73,126
imports from 68-69
shipments from 78
manganese ores 144,166
exports 145
ii^portsfrom 189
salt, exports to 1068
Cummings^ Uriah, quoted on production
ofcement 880
Cut nails, prices 86-87,88
production, by States 76,111
Cyprus, gypsum 1045
ocher 1101
D.
Delaware, ammonia 629
briokandtile 796,809
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
ooaltar 684
gas 611-619
gascoke iSSSL
granite 758,766-768
steel 106
Diamond, electric pectdiarities of 983
India 920
New South T^lee 988
notes on 988
South Africa 911
used in wire drawing 983
District of Columbia, ammonia 689
brick and tile 796,809
clay products 796
ooalUr 624
gas 6U-619
M R 1908 75
Page.
District of Columbia, gas coke 622
mineral waters 1 139
pottery 824
steel 106-106
Draintile, value 810
Dutch East Indies, pretroleum 707
tin 345-348
Dutch West Indies, asphaltum 749
E.
Earthenware and stoneware, exports 839
imports 838
red , production 824
East Indies, tin 346-347
East Livenxwl, Ohio, pottery prtjduc-
tion 836
Egrypt, agatized wood 949
salt 1071
Elba, precious stones of 989
Electric peculiarities of diamond 923
Electrical supplies, porcelain KfO
Emery, imports 1007
(See also Corundum and emery.)
Engine sand, production. 1172
England, arsenic 329.331.334
copper trade 236-238
grindstones, imports from 997
Oxford, fuchsite. 950
sulphur 1080
tin 345^7
imports from 346-347
stocks 348
Erie, Fa., receipts of Lake Sui)erior iron
ores 64
Essonite, California 985
Ceylon 9)1
Euclase, Beryland. Brazil 984
European glass sands, analyses 1178
Exports, agricultural implements 80
asphaltum 748
bauxite 278
cement 898
clay products 830
coal 350,38ft-389
coke 565
copi)er 229
from foreign countries 237
earthem and stone ware 839
graphite 1127
iron and steel 76 , 79-80
iron ores 71-78,76,79
lead 848
manganese ores, from foreign coun-
tries 144
mineral waters 1168
nickel 897
oilstones and scythestones 994
petroleum 668
pottery 839
pyrite 1086
quicksilver 283
salt 1063
slate 778
sulphur, from Sicily 1078
Digitized by
Google
1186
INDEX.
Page.
Exports, tin 344
zinc «»-a61
F.
Feldspar 1010,1118
Canada 1118
Bilnnesota 1010
production 1118-1119
byStates 1119
smnmary 21
Ferro-alloys 286
prices 288
Ferromanganese, imports 78
production 76,96,99,143,2861386
Ferrophosphorous 96,99
Ferrosilicon, imxmrts 78
production 99,285
Ferrotitaninm - 310
Fertilizers of all kinds, imported 1057
Fibrous talc, summary 21
Finland, asbestos 1118
coke 126
iron and steel 127
iron ore 126
Fire clay, production, by States 860, 864
Fireprooflng, value 811
Fitzgerald, Ff A. J., quoted on carborun-
dum 1010
Flat top, W. Va., coke district 602
Flint and feldspar, by Heinrich Rlee. 1117 1119
production, by States 1117
summary 21
Florida, brick and tile 796,809
cement 894
clay products 796
clay,raw 860
gypsum 1085
infusorial earth 1008
limestone 758,786
mineral waters 1189
phosphate rook 1049,1050
pottery 796,824
stone 758
Fluorspar, Illinois 965
Fluorspar and cryolite, by Joseph Hyde
Pratt 1029-1032
imjwrts 1031
prices 1080
production 1029
summary 19
France, aluminum 275
antimony 323
asphaltum 748-749,753
bauxite 278
cement 900
coal 126,889,391
copper, exports to 229
importsfrom 227
graphite 1129
gypsum 1043,1045
iron ores 60,126
lignite 126
manganese ores 147,156
importsfrom 189
nickel 297
ocher 1101
France, oilstonee, imports from 08
phosphate rock Hfi^
pig iron 12*
pyrito lOR
salt 1070
steel 127
sulphur lOKl
zinc 283
French Africa, copper 434
iron ore _ 66-09
French Oceania, salt, exports to 10»
"French West Indies, iron ores 6B
manganese ores, imports from 13)
Fuchsite, Oxford 9G0
Fuller's earth, summary 21
Furnaces building 119
capacity 119
completed 98
fuels used in 99
idle 98
in blast 96
number 118
puddling 119
Furnace flux IflO
Furnace sand, production 1172
G.
Galicia, petroleum^ production and con-
sumption 686
Garnet (abrasiye) , production 980. 1005
summary 18
value 1005
Gktmet (gem), Ceylon 971
Easonite, California 985
Peru and Bolivia *... 986
Gas, production by States 613-614
rank of States 619
Ghas, coke, tar, and ammonia, by E. W.
Parker 609-634
conditiohs 609
imports of coal-tar products
production of, ammonia 610, 6
coal tar 610,6
coke GO
gas 6KW19
production and value, aggregate, by
States _ 6a0-6S
summary U
Georgia, ammonia €9
asbetos 1112,1114
bauxite, production £45-277
brickandtile 796.809
t cement, natural rock 88B^i>M
Portland 8H4-j»S
1 clay products T96
1 clay,raw 8BD
coal 354,361, 389,375,433,448-4«
' ooaltar 684
I coke 544,558,570^n
, gas 6U-09
gas coke 622
I glasssand 1172
I gold 157,150.161
granite 758,7B6-TW
I graphite I1»,11S
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
1187
Page.
G-eoreria, infusorial earth 1003
ironoi-es 43,58,67,68
limestone 758,786
manganese ores l.SO,i;*-137
marble 758,781
mineral waters 1139
ocher - KW
pig iron - ^
pottery 796,824
pyrite 1081,1(»83
sandstone. 758,770
silver .-— - 160,161
slate - 758,776
talc !>79, 982,984
tripoll - Vm
umber 1097
Cierman New (Tuiuea, jade ( n<'phrite ) . . . 928
Germany, amber, hi.story of industry
in... 957
antimony - 323
arsenic 329, 331
asphaltum 748-749, 753
barj-tes 1090
borax 1021
cement 900,901
c^al - - 126.;i->8,389-;»l
copi>er 222,224,238-239
consumption of 238
by manufacturers" reciuire-
ments... 239
exports to 229
imports from 225-227
production 224
graphite 1125
gypsum - 1(>45
iron and steel 1 27
iron ores 41,r>H-C9,12«
lead, imports from 249
magnesite 113^i
manganese ores . - 147-148,156
imports from i:^
nickel - 297
ocher llOl
oilstones and wht«tstoM«'s. iinjiorts
from _ W3
l)etrolcum 703
piiriron 127
pumice, artificial. liml
pyrite - ---. 1<«.^7
salt... 1070
steel .- - 127
sulphur losl
tin . 315
zinc, exiH>rts to 2«M^2<n
Glu-s-H s?itk1, by A. T. Onms 1171-117S
arialyses 1174-1178
production, by StHt«'M .. . 1171-1172
.summary 21
value 1172
Gold -. - i:.9
('olorad«». ("ripi)lc ('r«-«'k (lisiri<'t u;2
pro(lu<t ion by States l.V,»
summary 1.'{
Gold and silv.T . ..157 \W
di.stribution, by States, an<l sources of
production lc.l-i«;;.'
Page.
Gold and silver in 1908, by individual
States le^lW
Alaska 166
Arizona 168
California 172
Colorado 176
Idaho in
Montana 180
Nevada 181
Oregon 184
South Dakota 186
Utah 192
Washington 194
Wyoming 196
production 157-165
since 1792 15.^159
Granite, production and value 763-769
Graphite, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1121-1129
Canadian production 1128
consumption 1128
determination of graphite in ore 1 124
examination of deposits 1 123
exports 1127
imports 1127
introduction 1121
cryi^talline graphite.. 1121
amorphous 1122
artificial 1122
occurrence.. 1121-1122
prices 1125
production 1125
summai*y 21
world's pr'>ductir)n 1129
Great Britain, aluminum 272
arsenic 331
asphaltum 74H-749
bauxite 278
coal 12ti,:i5S.a^7,:W»-39l
copper, exports. 238
imports 2:«-237
production 224
gypsum - - - 1045
iron and steel output 127
iron ores, imjKjrts from 69
production 41,128
manganiferous iron oi-es 14(i
IX'trohnim 705
pig iron 127
salt - lo«57,1070
steel 127
tin - :«5
zinc 2Hl . 2iwJ
GrtH^'^e. coal •^•)
ir< in ores 69
ma^rnesite. 1132
man ^fanese ores. h>i. l.Vi
imports from
s;ilt
sulphur
tTr«'eiilHn<l, cryolite . .
Green--})ur^. Pa., cok«'
(IriTUlsToTies. imjVjTts
pro«lur-tioii
Caiiudiun
ilistri.-t
summary .
value
i:ft»
1071
1081
urn
Is
Digitized by
Google
1188
INDEX.
Paget
Guano 1067
aypsom 108^-1046
imports, by conntxieB 1048
by customs districts 1043
production, by Idnds 1063-1066
byBtates 1085-1042
summary 19
world's production 1044
H.
Hawaiian Islands, i)etroleum, exports to. 600
pumice 1001
stone 757
Heikes, V. C. , gold and silver in Arizona . 168-171
Idaho 177-180
Utah 192-lW
Herzegovina, manganese ores 158, 156
pyrite 1087
salt 1071
Hiddenlte, North CaroUna 936
Hill, B., credit for preparation of tables
In reports on coke 540
gas, coke, tar, and ammonia 609
natural gas 719
petroleum 685
Holland, coal 380,392
tin. stocks 348
zinc 368
Hollow building tile " 811
Honduras, quicksilver, exports to 283
Hovey, Edmund Otis, imper onasphaltum
and bituminous rock . . . 745-754
paper on phosphate rock 1047-1068
salt 105»-1071
Huelva, manganese ore.-*, exi)orts 150
Hudson River district, common brick 818
HunKarj', antimony ^23
copper 224
masrne.site.- 11.33
manganese ores 151,156
pyrite 1087
sulphur 1081
I.
Idubo. brick and tilt^ 796,809
clay i»ro<lu<-ts 796
coal . :tM. :«;!.:{(?.«, :J75. 4.34, 449-455
cobjilt on' 25
i-oppvr 2««a)4,21»
^'old i:.7. ir/.», im. 177-180
trraiiitc 7.V, 7156-768
lca<l . ... 24^i244-246
Inii.-ston.' 75.^,786
miii.-rul wat.rs 1139
opal SH9
^iTi«l>.toii»v ... 7.>s.770
silver. i:..^, ir^ I. UU. 177-180
l!]iii(>i>>. aiiminiiia , . 029
l.aryti>s ](r.M)
l.ri.-k ami tih- .. 75«6.Mm
cciinMit, Purtlmnl .sS4,hS<>
r<Mk . hm.MH
sla^' ..^ si»7.S<.»S
«-lay proflu.t^ 7'.»<!
clay, raw ^ }<rtO
<M»ai :;vj. ;t>s, ;{»;],:{«•,!•, ;{:.■), .%s'>.4;{2
nUnois, ooal tar m
ooke 544,5W,«n7
ferromanganeae 9B
fluorspar «6,ltt»
gas 611-619
gas ooke 68
glass sand 1178
lead 243
limestone 758, 7W
metallic paint lUfi
mineral waters 113B
natnraljgas m-7W,740
ocher IQPT
open-hearth steel 10*
petroleum 63B
pigiron 8B
pottery 796.824
pozzuolana, or slag cement 897-Hfl6
sandstone 75**. 770
sienna ItlT
spiegeleisen 96
steel 101-105
umber KfiT
zinc 253-2M
Imports, aluminum 2n»
antimony asCMCl
arsenic 39t
asbestos 1115
asphaltum TV*
barytes VVS
bauxite 2>
borax nei
brickandtile f<*
buhrstones and millstones l<Hi
cement 9fi>
china and porcelain K>
chromite 30B
clay !«
clay products f«>
coal 3B9.386-W
coal-tar products 6:i3-««
cobaltoxide 36
coke 5ff»
copper 2K>^
by countries £S>2?:
into Great Britain 236 iT
corundum HIT
cryolite HW.
earthen and stone ware s*
emery MC
f erromanganese 7?^. 14?
ferrosilicon 7»»
fertilizers 1'6T
flint i:i*
graphite ll^T
grindstones ^
gypsum VHi
infusorial earth- \'*H
iron and steel Tf^ TT
iron ores 6^ 71. 7n si
from Culja fi'-^
by customs districts 7<>-71.>4 <>
kaolin or china clay ^^j
lead - :r4:
litharge 1 1' ^'
lithium salts -^y
magnesite lltt
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
1189
Page.
Imports, manganese ores 86
by countries 138-139
by customs districts 140
mineral waters 1161
monazite 1170
nickel 285-296
ocher 1099
orange mineral 1108
phosphate rock 1057
platinum 812
pre<*i()U3 stones 977
pumice lOffcJ
pyrite-. 1084
quicksilver 383
red lead 1108
salt 106!:}
sienna 1100
spiegeleisen 78, 142
strontium salts KJiH
sulphur 1079
by countries and by customs dis-
tricts 1080
talc , 986
tin dm-mi
tin plate 78
tungsten 307
umljer IKK)
uranium and vanadium salts 309
whetstones and oilstones 993
white lead 11(J8
zinc - 269 |
oxide 110t>
India, borax 1021
<-oal ]:.'•). ;iH9,:W4
diamond 920
graphite 1129
gypsum.. ims
iron oro 124)
magnesito IKCi ;
mangant-s*» ores IM, l.'tiJ |
exiKjrts f rom 154 |
petroknim 714 j
precious stinu's 920
SJilt 1070 I
tin - 347
Indiana, amnioniii 02\i
brick und lile 796.8(RI ,
cement, natui-al rtwk H'.tH-K94
Portland 8.^. .'^7
clay prmlucts 75*6
clay, niw >«J0
c(jti\ liM, :{i)i.:^ii'.». :{;.'•, x;, :K'). i:t.'.4r)(v-4r)9
coaltar 624 ^
coke - r)U,.T>s,(i(>7 [
gus - 611 niS)
gasrokt* Hti
glass sjind 1 1 72
lim«stoiic - .7.Vs,:.s(;
miiuTJil waters ... Ii;i<.)
niitnrul gas ... 721 72«'). 7:.".'
op»'u-heartli ste»4 castiiipr-^ ^ lie* 1(»4
petrul<'iim «Ulil.i;;n».(Vii) (V;:i
p«>ttfry ?.Mi..s:{t
l)>Ti t^* If Kl
sandstone 7.>. 7T0 |
steel Ui:3,l(i4 |
Page.
Indiana, whetstones 992
zinc ! 254
Indian Territory, asphaltum 747
brick and tile 796,809
clay products. 796
coal 355, 381 , 369, :rr5, 377, :JS5, 4:34, 460-461
coke 544,558,571-^73
granite 766
mineral waters 1139
naturalgas 721-736,738
petroleum 636,639,669
Infusorial earth and tripoli 990, 1002
imports 1004
production 990,1002
summary 18
value 1008
Iowa, ammonia 629
brickand tile 796,809
clay products 796
coal 355, :i61 , 369, 375, 377, 385, 434, 461-465
coaltar 624
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
gyi>Hum 1036,1040
lead 243
limestone 758,786
metallic paint 1102
mineral waters 1139
ocher 1097
pottery 796,834
sandstone "^,770
Iridosmium 311
Iron, average monthly prices 86-^7
blooms and billets 115
prices 86-«7
rails 108
Iron and steel, conditions 75
exports 79
agri<'ultnral implements 79-80
foreign countries 127
imports 76,77,80
plates and sheets 76
prices, average monthly 86-87
yearly 87
rails 76,108
rolled, production by States 76, 114
since 1HS7 115
in Canada 124
shipbuilding 117
statistics 76,116
structural shapes 76, lOH-109
summary 12,76,116
works in the United St!it4's . 11H-I2:i
in Canada 125-136
world's ])r(Kluetiou 127
Iron ores, by John Birkinbine 41-73
Cuba 72,84
shipments from , 7:*.K4
exports 71-72
by eustoms districts, 72
f(jrei^n countries 126
(Tt'i'iminy, ])ro<luetion 41
impoi'ts lis "l.s.")
by countries .. «i9
by customs districts ';i»TI.s4k'»
largest conti'ibutors »kS-»;9
Digitized by
Google
1190
nrDEX,
Page.
Iron ores, indtuitry by States 56-68
Lake Saperior region 44-45
analyses 46-64
prices a6-«7,92
prodaction by ranges 44-45
shipments 62,76,82
shipments by ports 63,82
byranges 82
Luxemburg, prodaction 41
production 41,81
by States 43,56^,67,81
by varieties 42-44
since 1870 81
prominent producers 58-62
receipts at Lake Erie ports 64
shipments from Ck>mwall mines 83
leading iron-ore districts 83
New Jersey mines 83
stocks at lower lake ports 66-66
by States 68
summary 13
value by States 66-67
world's production 128
Irwin, Pa., coke district 501
Italy, antimony 328
arsenic 831
asphaMum 74a-749,758
borax 1021
coal 126,389,896
cooper 224
exjiortsto 229
graphite 1129
iron ores 126
manganese ores 148-149,156
oilstones, imports from 998
petroleum 706
pig iron 127
pyrite 1087
quicksilver 284
salt 1070
imports from 1067
steel 127
sulphur 1080,1081
zinc, production of 268
J.
Jade, (German, New Guinea and Silesia. . 928
Heber R. Bishop collection 9B2
, New Zealand 982
Japan, antimony 323,326
arsenic 331
coal 126,389,392
* copper 224,227
imports from : 227
graphite 1129
iron ore 126
manganese ores 154,156
exi>ortsfrom 164
importsfrom 189
petroleum 710
quicksilver, exports to 288
salt 1070
exports to 1068
sulphur 1080,1081
tin 345
Jasper, Philix>pine Islands 970
PW.
Java, manganese ores 155,136
petroleum TW
Jewelry, prehistoric, in Turkestan. 9«3
Johnson, D. W., quoted on turquoise in
New Mexico 99
Joplin-Galena district, lead dtf
zinc 255
JordansmlUil, nephrite 9Sg
Kanawha, W. Va., coke district 604
Kansas, brick and tile 796,809
cement, natural rock 893-894
Portland 884,887
clay products 796
coal S55,d61,989,375,?r7,3^, 434,465-468
ooaltar 04
coke &44,558,573
emery 1007
gas 6U-6U
gas coke 622
gold 15;7,ia9
gypsum i 10B7,lQiO
lead 813.215
limestone 7^786
mineral waters 1139
naturalgas 721-796,736
petroleum 636,639,063-669
pottery 796,824
salt 1061
sandstone 75^770
silver 158,160
zinc 253-254
Kaolin, or china clay, imports 885
production, by States 860,864
Kentucky, ammonia 689
asphaltum 746-747
barytes — 1080,1081
brick and tile 796,809
cement rock 868-894
clay products 796
clay,raw 880
coal 354,361,309,375,377,385, 438,468-^
coal tar 661
coke 544,558,579^4
fluorspar 109
gas 611-619
gas coke 6Se
iron ores 43,67
lead 243
limestone 758,786
mineral waters 1139
naturalgas 721-7!26,73i
petroleum 63^639
pig iron 93-94
pottery 796,894
pyrope 9S&
sandstone 758,770
steel 166
whetstones 982
Kimball, L. L., credit for paper on
cement 883
Portland cement in Michigan in
1903 906-910
Kimberley mines, mechanical equipment
of 919
Digitized by
Google
INDEX,
1191
• Page.
Kircbhoff, Charles, paper on copper. . . a)l-839
paper on lead 241-252
zinc 25a-264
Klebfi, R., on amber industry in Ger-
many 855
Korea, quicksilver exports to 283
Knnz, George F., paper on protious
stones 911-^77
Kunzite, California 936
use in jewelry 946
L.
Labrador, iron ores 69
Labuan,coal 389
Lake Erie ports, iron ores 64-66
LakeSuperior, copper, production. 201,202-204
by mines 204-211
prices 232-233
iron ores 44-45
analyses 46-54
Baraboo range 56-58,82
prices 66-67,92
production by ranges 44-45
shipments 62-63,82
manganiferous ores 131-132
Lapland, magnesite ' 1133
Lazulite, Peru and Bolivia 966
Lead, by Charles Kirchhoflf 241-252
conditions 241
consumption 250-251
content of ores, by States 242-243
desilverized 243-244
domestic producers 244-246
exports 248
from foreign ores 243-244
hard 244,319
imports 247,260
by countries 24^-249
warehouse transactions 249-250
Joplin-Galena district, prices 257
paints 10,1104-1108
production 1105
prices 251-252
production 241-243
of refined 244
smelting and refining in bond 246
soft 244
sublimed 1106-1107
summary 13
warehouse transactions 592
zinc lead 1107
Lebanon Valley, Pa., coke district 592
Lepidolite, occurrence 318-314
Lignite, in foreign countries 126
Limestone, for iron flux 100,789
production, by States 758,786
summary 22
value of product 788
Lipari, pumice, imports from 1001
Litharge, imports 1108
production 10,1107
Lithium, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 313-316
amblygonite 313
analyses 813-314
imports 815
iepidoUte 813-314
Lithium, production 814
salts, imiwrts of 315
sources of 313,314
spodumene 814
summary 22
Louisiana, bnck and tile 796-809
clay products 796
coal tar 624
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
mineral waters 1189
petroleum 636,689,672
pottery 796,824
salt 1061
sulphur 1074
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, amber . . 955
exhibits of precious stones 91 1
Lower Connellsville, Pa., coke district. . . 591
Luxemburg, coal and lignite 126
iron ores, production 41,126
pig iron 127
steel 127
M.
Magnesite, by Charles G. Yale 1181-1185
imports 1182
occurrence 1133
production 1181
summary 22
uses 1132
Maine, ammonia 629
brick and tile 796-«)9
clay products 796
coaltar 624
copper J 203-204
feldspar 1119
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
granite 758,766-768
limestone 758,786
mineral waters 1139
molybdenum 808
pottery 796,824
slate 758,776
spodumene 936
tourmaline 927
Malay States, tin, production 345-847
Malcomson, A. S., quoted on exports of
sulphur from Sicily 1078
Manganese ores, by John BIrkinbine .. 129-156
consumption 141
domestic and imported 141
exports, from Brazil 145
Canada 144
Chile 146
Cuba 146
India 154
Japan 154
Spain 150
Turkey 166
imports 85,188-141
l)y countries 189
by customs districts 140
production 129-131,134
by foreign countries 142
by States 12^-180
Digitized by
Google
1192
INDEX.
Page.
Manganeee ores, summary 13
value 12»-181
world's production 155-156
Manganese steel 287
Manganif erous ores, iron 131-134
Belfirium 146-147
Great Britain 146
Italy 148-149
Lake Superior region 131-132
production, by States 131-182
silver 13»-184
zinc 138-134
Marble, production and value 758, 781
Marl, summary 19
Maryland, ammonia 629
brickandtile 796.809
cement, natural rock 898-®4
slag 897-898
clay products 796
clay, raw 880
coal 354,358,361,389,875,385,432,474-477
coal tar 624
coke .544,558,607
feldspar 1119
flint 1117
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
glass sand 1172
gold 157,159,161
granite 768,766-768
infusorial earth 1008
iron ores 42-43,59,67,68
limestone 758,786
magnesite life '
marble ,.... 758,781 *
metallic paint '! 1102
mineral waters 1139 1
pigiron 93,95
pottery , 796,884
pozzuolana, or slag cement 897-898
quartz, smoky 947
sandstone 758,770
slate 777,778
steel 105
talc 981,964
tripoli 1008
Massat^husetts, ammonia 629
asbestos 1112,1114
brickandtile 796,809
cement 887
clay products 796
coaltar 624
coke 544,558,607
emery 1007
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
glass sand 1172
granite 758,766-768
infusorial earth 1003
iron ores 43,59,67,68
limestone 758,786
magnesite 1 133
marble 758,781
mineral waters 1139
1)1^ iron 93
pottery 796,884
Massachusetts, pyrito 1O6K10B3
sandstone _ 138,770
spodumene 313
steel 108-106
talc 961,984
trap rock 709
Metallic paint, occurrence 1101
production by States 1102
Mexico, asphaltum 748-749
coal 380,992
copper 221-222.224
exports to 29
imports from 225-227
graphite 11»
firypeum 1042
iron ores 69
lead, imports from 20
quicksilver, exports to 283
salt, exports to 1088
sulphur 1074
tin 345-346
turquoise 955-
Mica, summary 22
Michigan, ammonia 689
asbestos 1112
brick and tile 796,809
cement, Portland 884,888
in 1908 90B
clay products 798
ooal 854,
3S1, 309, 375,377, 385, 432, 477^480
coaltar <B1
coke 544,558,007
gas 611-<19
gas coke : 622
graphite 1122,1125
grindstones 994
gypsum 1086,1010
iron ores 42-43,65,67,68
limestone '. 75B,7S6
manganese ores 129
mineral waters 1139
petroleum 639
pigiron 98-94
pottery 796,821
salt 1061
sandstone 758,779
silver 158,160,161
steel 105-106
whetstones 90S
Michipicoten iron range, Canada 44
Middleton, Jefferson, paper on clay -work-
ing industries 791-882
Millstones and buhrstones, summary IS
{See also Buhrstones.)
Milwaukee, Wis., coal trade 421
Mineral paints, by Joseph Hyde Pratt . 10B5-11 10
production 1085
summary 20
Mineral products of United States, tables. 24-39
Mineral waters, exports 1162
imports 1161
production by States 1137-1139
geographic divisions . . 1140
summary 22
value 1139
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
1193
Page.
Minnesota, ammonia 629
brickandtile 796,809
cement, natural rock 893,895
clay products 796
coal tar 624
coke 544
feldspar 1010
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
granite 758,766-768
iron ores 42-43,55,67.68
limestone 758,786
mineral waters 1139
pig iron 93-94
pottery 796,824
sandstone 758,770
slate 778
steel 106-106
Mississippi, brick and tile 809
clay products 796,805
coal tar 624
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
mineral waters 1139
pottery 824
Miasouri, ammonia 629
barytes 1089,1091
brick and tile 796,809
cement 884,888
clay pro<lucts 796
clay, raw 880
coal . . a^5, 359, m\ , 369, :^5, 377. :i85, 4m, 480-484
coal tar 624
cobalt :?.»3-2iH
coke 544,558.574
gas 011-619
gas coke 022
glass sand 1172
graniti' 758. 770-76^
grindstones 994
infusorial earth um
iron ores 43. 59. 07. 08
lead 243.244,245
limentono 7.5t<, 7^5
manj^anese ores 130
marble 758, 781
metallic iwiiiit IKtej
mineral Wfttoi*s 113i»
natural fe'as 721 72»>. 7:iM
ni<!kel -Mi 294
ocher Hj«.)7
petroU'um ♦,:«)
piK iron \r.iJ.n
pottery 7'.«;. 824
sandstone 7.")S. 770
steel 1(« 10,}
sublimed lead - l\m
trijKili 1(K£}
zinr 25:{ 254
MolyMenum, snmumry :>*
(.SV«' 'ilsa Stet'l-hiirdenln^' nu-tals. )
Monazito and zircon, by Jom-jiIi Hydo
Pi-att IUkJ 117(1
exports n7(>
imports J170
localities lir.l
Page.
Monazite and zircon, North Carolina .... 1164
production 1169
South Carolina 1167
summary 22
uses 1163
Montana, arsenic 330
brick and tile 796,809
clay products 796
clay,raw 880
coal 355,
358,361,309,375,377,4,34,484-487
coal tar 624
coke 544,558,575
copper 208-204,212
corundum 1007
gas 611-«19
gas coke 622
gold 157,159,162,180-181
granite 758,766-768
grindstones 994
gypsum 1038,1040
iron ores 41
lead 243
limestone 758,786
manganese ores 130
marble 758,781
minei*al waters 1139
molybdenum 308
pottery 796,824
.sand.stone 758,770
silver 158,160,162,180-181
Moonstone, California 950
Ceylon 971
North Carolina 95
West Australia ftiO
Mortar colors 1U)2
Moss agate, Wyoming 948
N.
Natal, coal 120,389,392
Natural gas, by F. H. Oliphant 719-743
Canada 742-743
combined value of gas and petroleum,
by States 722
conditions 719
production 721
industry in indi vidual States 727-742
summary 16
uses 725
value 719-721
by States 721
consumed, by States 725
of coal and wood di^^iilaced 724
well record.s, by Stat«'s 726
Natui"al-r<jck cement. ( See Cement, i
Nebraska, brick and title 790. 8« I9
cement, natural ro<-k K'.Ki
clay products 7!Hi
coal 355,4:14
coal tar ri2t
^'as oil cm
pas coke o.*:*
lim<*st<»ne 7.X, 7n;
molyhdenuin . . :flis
])iimic«' loo]
.sandstone 75.^.770
Digitized by
Google
1194
INDEX.
Neilson, WiUlam O., qaoted on produc-
tion of bauxite 277
Nephrite. (See also Jade. )
Netherlands, agphaltum 74»
copper, exports to 229
ironoree 69
manganese ores, imports from 138
tin 348
zinc, exports to 280-261
Nevada, borax 1017
brick and tUe 796,800
clay products 796
coal tar 624
copper 208-204
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
gold 167,160,162,181-184
granite 758,766-768
graphite 1122,1125
gypenm 1039,1040
ironoree 41,43,58,67,68
lead 243
limestone 758,786
quicksilver 281
sandstone 768,770
silver 157,100,162,181-184
sulphur 1074
New Brunswick, grypsum 1043
manganese ores, exports 139
New Caledonia, chromite 298,308
nickel ,. 291,297
New England, ironand steel 102
Newfoundland, barytes 1090
copper 224
iron ores 68-69,86
petroleum 698
pyrite 1082,1087
New Quiuea, German, jade (nephrite) .. 928
New Hampshire, ammonia 629
brickandtile 796,809
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
coal tar 624
copper 208,204
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
granite 758,766-768
infusorial earth 1003
mineral waters 1139
pottery 796,824
spodumene 936
talc 964
tripoli 1008
whetstones 992
New Jersey, amethyst 947
ammonia 629
brickandtile 796,809
cement, Portland 884,888
slag 897-608
clay products 796
clay,raw 860
coal tar 624
coke 644,558,607
ferromanganese 96
gas 611,619
gas coke 622
Pige
New Jersey, glass sand 1172
granite 756,7B6-;«
iron ores 43.58,67,*
limestone 758, TH6
metalUcpamt IICB
mineral waters 1139
open-hearth steel V&
pigiron W
pottery - 796,884
pozzuolana, or slag coment 897-81^
pyrite 1083
sandstone 756,770
slate 736,776
spiegeleisen 96
steel 102-105
talc 981,984
traprock TBI
New Mexico, brick and tile 796,809
cement 896
clay products 796
coal 355,361,3e9,375,385,434,487-ffl0
anthracite 354
coal tar 604
coke 544,568,576
copper 208-201
gas 611-619
gas coke 6S8
gold 157,160,1|;
graphite 1121,1125
gypsum 1036,1040
iron ores 43,58,67
lead 26
limestone 758,78S
marble 78!
mineral waters 1139
sandstone 758,770
silver 158.160.162
turquoise 961
New River, W. Va. , coke district 603
New South Wales, coal 128,389,393
copper 234
diamond 923
ironoree 126
manganese ores 155
New York, ammonia 69
barytes 1090
bluestone 776
brickandtile 796,a»
cement, natural rock 866
Portland ;. 884,889
clay products 796
clay,raw 8Q0
coaltar GM
coke 544.568,007
emery lOW
feldspar 1119
flint 1117
garnet, abrasive 1O06
gas 611-619
gas coke 6S
glass sand 1178
granite -756,766-768
graphite U21,1125
gypsum 1005,1010
infusorial earth 1006
iron ores 43,58,67,0
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
1195
Page.
New York, limeetone 758,786
marble 768,781
metallic paint 1102
millatones 900
mineral waters 1139
natnralgas 721-7S»,735
open-hearth steel lOJ^-lO*
I)etroIeum 686,639
pig iron 98-96
pottery 796,824
pyrite 1081,1088
salt 1061
sandstone 768,770
sienna 1097
slate 758,776
steel 102-106
talc, fibrous 979,981,985
trap rock 769
New York City, coal trade 396-399
tin plates, prices 90
New Zealand, coal 126,889,898
jade (nephrite) 932
manganese ores 155
Nickel, summary 14
tee also Steel-hardening metals.
Norfolk, Va., coal trade 410
North Carolina, amethyst 948
asbestos 1112-1113
barytes .-. 1090-1091
bauxite 275
brick and tile 798,809
chromite 298
clay products 796
raw 880
coal 354,358,969,37r>,433,49(M91
coal tar 624
corundum 1007
flint 1117
garnet, abrasive 1006
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
gold 157.160,162
granite 768,766-768
graphite 1122,1125
hiddenite 986
iron ores 43,59,67,68
limestone 758,786
manganese ores 130
marble 768,781
millstones 990
«nineral waters 1189
monazite 1164
moonstone 960
phosphate rock 1049
pig iron 94
pottery 796,824
pyrite 1081
sandstone 768, HO
sUver 158,160,162
slate 777
talc 980,984
tin 337
titanium ore 310
zircon 1188
North Dakota, brick and tile 796,809
cement, natural rock 893,896
Page.
North Dakota, clay products 796
clay, raw 880
coal 856,861,369,375,385,434,491-498
coal tar 624
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
Norway, copper 234
iron ore 69
nickel 297
phosphate rock 1068
pyrite 1087
Noteson diamond 928
Novaculite, Arkansas 992
Nova Scotia, arsenic 333
coal 887
gsrpsum .' 1048
iron ore 78
manganese ores, exports 130
Ocher, imports 1099
production, by States 1006, 1097-1098
by countries 1101
Ohio, ammonia 629
brickand tile 796,809
cement, naturalrock 898,896
Portland 884,889
slag 897,898
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
coal 854,382,869,375,377,885, 483, 498-499
coal tar 624
coke 544,568,577-578
gas". 611,619
gas coke 622
glass sand 1172
grindstones 994
gypsum Iu36,1040
iron ores 43,50,67,68
limestone 768,786
metallicpalnt 1102
mineral waters 1189
natural gas 721-726,782
open-hearth steel 102
I)etroleum 639,660
pig iron 98-95
pottery 796,824
poi^uolana, or slag cement 897
pyrite 1081,1083
salt 1061
sandstone 758,770
steel 101-106
whetstones 992
Oilstones and scythestones, ex ports 994
value 990,996
{See aUo Whetstones.)
Oilstones and whetstones, summary 18
Oklahoma, brick and tile 796,809
clay products 796
granite 768,766
gypsum 1087,1040
limestone ^.... 758,786
natnralgas 721-736,788
petroleum 689,669
sandstone 768,770
Digitized by
Google
1196
INDEX.
Page.
OUphant, F. H., papeor on nstaral ga^. . 719-748
paper on petroleonl 685-718
Ontario, arsenic 338
cobalt-nickel ore 208
ironoree 88,71
manganese ores 180
petrolemn 682
Opal, Idaho W»
WeetAufltralla 948
wood, Philippine Islands 970
Open-hearth steel castings, production . . 76
Open-hearth steel, production 108-106
by States 108-106
ingots and castings lOft-104
Orange mineral, imports 1106
production 10,1107
Oregon, ammonia 689
borax 1017
brick and tUe 798,809
clay products 7W
clay, raw 880
coal 865,382,889,376,484,499-500
coal tar 684
gas 611-619
gas coke 628
gold 157,160,168,184-186
granite 758,766-768
gypsum .,. 1000,1040
lead .'. 248
limestone 768,786
marble 781
mineral waters 1189
platinum 811
pottery 796,884
quicksilver '.. 281
sandstone 768,770
silver 158,160,162,184-186
steel 106
Orpiment 887,832
Oxford, England, fuchsite 960
P.
Panama, manganese ores 145
Parker, Edward W., paper on coal — 351-588
paper on coke 539-606
gas, coke, tar, and ammonia 600-684
Patents, aluminum 866-867
antimony 325-326
graphite 1188
Patterson, E. L. D., credit for paper on
gypsum 1083
Pennsylvania, ammonia 629
bluestone 776
brlckandtile 796,809
cement, natural rock 883,896
Portland 884,886
slag 897-898
clay products 796
clRy,raw 860
coal.. 854, 357-358, 350, 369, 377, 385, 432, 500-515
anthracite, by W. W. Ruley 508
bituminous 362,375,432,510^15
coal tar 824
coke 644.568.579-505
feldspar 1U9
ferromanganese 96
flint 1117
Paca
Pennsylvania, garnet, abrasive 1605
gas 61l-«l«
gascoke 822
^ glass sand 1172
granite 758,766-768
graphite 1121,1125
ironoree 43-43,58,67,68
limestone i58,T»
magnesite 1133
manganese ores 13D
marble 738,781
metalUcpaint UQ2
millstones »9
mineral waters 1189
naturalgas 721-736,727
ocher 1097
oi)en-hearth steel 102
petroleum 689
pigiron 98-96
phosphate rock 1049
pottery 796,884
quartz, crystalline 1104
sandstone 758,770
sienna 1007
slate 758,776
spi^eleisen 96
steel lOl.lOe-108
talc 981,964
traprock ?»
umber 1007
Peppel, 8. v., paper on sand-lime brick. 8S6-»^
Peru, borax lOSl
coal 880
copper 224
I)etroleum 695
precious stones 966
salt 1071
Petrified wood, Philippine Islands 970
Petroleum, by P. H. Oliphant 635-718
Alaska 690
Appalachian field, decrease 646,666
California 681-689
analyses 68S-689
Canada 688
exports 668-657
decrease in 638-658
GaUcia 698
Hawaiian Islands 689
important features of the year 635
incrreased production 636
Indian and Oklahoma Territories 689
Kansas 668
Lima-Indiana field, increase 647
new pools 639
Ohio, i>etroleum-producing rocks ^80
percentage of production, by fields . . 636
Peru 686
I)etroleum-bearing formations in Ap-
palachian and Lima-Indi-
anafields 660
prices... 659
increase in 687
Ijroduction by States and fields 689,642
from 1850 to 1908 613
in countries of the Eastern Conti-
nent 696
increase in United States 638
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
1197
!*age
Petroleum, rank of prodncingr States 641
Boamania 700
RnaBia 896
SakhaUn 716
shale oil, Scotch 706
stunxnary 16
▼alne - 637,689
combined, of petroleum and nata-
ralgas 648
wells completed, increase in ., 688
wells and stocks in Appalachian and
Lima-Indiana fields 648
* world's production 716
Philadelphia, Pa., coal trade 408-409
Philippine Islands, petroleum 710
precious stones 970
salt, exports to '. 1088
Phosphate rock, by Edmund Otis
Hovey 1047-1058
imports 1067
marketed 1048
mined 1048
prices 1066
production, by States and kinds 1047-
1049,1060-1066
shipments of Florida phosphate, by
countries 1058
summary 19
world's production 1068
Pig iron, consumption 100
exports 79-«)
imports 77
in foreign countries 127
prices '. 86-87
production 10,76,98-98,95,98-99
according to fuels used 98
bygradee 96
byhalfyears 98
by States 93-96
in Canada 128-128
in first half of 1904 98-99
btocks, unsold 97,99
world's production 127
Pig lead, prices 1106
Pittsburg, Pa., coal trade 412
coke district....^ *. 698
steel bars, average monthly prices. . . 88
Platinum 811-812
imports 812
price 812
production 811
summary 14
Pocahontas, W. Va., coke 602
Flat Top district 602
shipments 76
Poland, zinc production 288
Porcelain electrical supplies, product . 824,880
Porcelain ware, product 830
Porter, E. P., gold and silver in South
Dakota 186-192
Wyoming 196-199
Portland cement, production, by States. 884
(See aim Oement.)
Portugal, arsenic 881
coal 889.892
copper - 283,224
Page.
Portugal, manganese ores 151,166
pyrite 1087
Potassium salts 1067
Pottery, decorated and plain, product, by
States 824,828,880
consumption 839
establishments, idle and operating. . . 836
exi>orts 839
imports 838
products 796,824
by kinds and States 796,824,888,830
Bast Liverpool, Ohio 838
rank of producing States 838
Trenton,N. J 836
value 796,824
byStates 884,828
varieties 824,828
Pozzuolana, or slag cement. (See Ce-
ment.)
Pratt, Joseph Hyde, paper on abrasive
materials 969-1015.
paper on asbestos 1111-1116
barytes 1089-1098
fiuorspar and cryolite 1029-1088
graphite 1121-1129
lithium 818-ai5
mineral paints 1096-1110
monazite and zircon 1163-1170
steel-hardening metalB 285-310
strontium, note on 1094
sulphur and pyrite 1078-1087
talc and soapstooe 979-967
tin 835-^9
Precious stones, by Oeorge F. Kunz 911-977
Precious stones, Ceylon 971
Elba 069
imports 977
Peru and Bolivia 966
Philippine Islands 970
production, by varieties 976
summary 28
Premier diamond mine 917
Prices, aluminum 269-270
antimony '. 888-824
arsenic 832
barytes 1088
beams and channels 91
borax 1019
brick 820
coal 867,388
coke 541,551,589
Connellsville, Pa., coke 541,551
copper ..^ 232-234
cut nails 86-87
ferroalloys 286
fibroustalc 985
garnet - 1005
graphite 1125
iron and steel, average 86-87
iron ores. Lake Superior 66,98
lead 261-262
magneelte 1181
mineral waters 1137
nickelsteel 290
petroleum 687
crude, Appalachian field 650
Digitized by
Google
1198
INDEX.
Page.
Pricee, phosphate rock 1066
pig lead 1106
platinum 812
pyrite lOM
qoicksilver 282
ship plates 91
slate 778
steel 86-87
talc 984
tin 849
tin plates at mills 89-90
New York 90
white lead 1106
wire nails 87
zinc - 261-282
Pmssia, East, amber 956
manganese ores U7
Pumice, artificial 1001
imports lOOB
locaUties 1001
production 900,1002
summary 28
Pyrite 1881
Canadian production 1086
consumption lOKl
exports - 1085
imports 1084
production 1088
sources of supply 1081
summary 20
world's production, by countries 1086
(See also Sulphur and Pyrite.)
Pyrope, Kentucky 925
Q.
Quartz, blue Wyoming 947
crystalline 990,1004
Elba 969
noncrystalline 948
smoky, Maryland 947
Quebec, iron prefs 69
manganese ores, imports from 180
Queensland, coal 889,898
copper 224
manganese ores 156,166
QuicksUver 281-284
exports 288-284
imports 283
prices 282
production 281-282
summary 14
world's production 284
R.
Rails, iron and steel 76,106-108
weight 108
Realgar 827,832
Red earthenware, production 824, 830
Red lead, imports 1108
production 10,1107
Redonda, phosphate rock 1058
ReynoldsviUe- Walston, Pa. , coke district. 598
Rhine district, zinc production 283
Rhode Island, ammonia 629
brickandtUe 796,8(«
PageL
Rhode Island, clay products 798
coal tar 684
gas 611-619
coke 62
granite 758, 7Q6-7B
graphite 1122,1125
limestone 758,786
mineral waters 1138
steel 105
Ries, Hei|irich, paper on flint and feld-
spar 1117-1119
Rockingham ware, product 824,830
Roentgen rays, effect of, on kunzite *M5
Roman decoratiTe stone, fuchsite 960
Roumania, petroleum 700
salt 1071
Ruby, Ceylon. 972
Rudra, Sarrat C, quoted on precioos
stones of India 920
Ruley, W. W., paper on Pennsylvania
anthracite 852,506
Russia, asphaltum 754
coal 126,389.396
copper 294
exports to 29
iron ores 128
magnesite J 1133
manganese ores 152-153,156
importsfrom 139
petroleum, condition of industry 68S
production 697
phosphate rock 1058
pig iron...- 127
pyrite '. 1087
quicksilver 284
salt lOJO
exiK)rtsto 1088
steel 127
sulphur 1081
Russian Turkestan, jewelry W3
Rutile, ferrotitanium 310
summary " 23
S.
St. Louis, Mo., coal trade 427
World's Pair, pwcious^ stones, exhib-
itsof *. 9U,970.9n
Sakhalin, petroleum 715
Salicylic acid , 634
Salt, by Edmund Otis Ho vey 1069-lOfn
domestic consumption 1061
exports 1063,1006
by countries 1068
imports 1063,1065
by countries 1067
production, by grades 10S9
production, by States 1061
summary 20
tariffs on 106S
world's production 1068-1071
San Francisco, Cal., coal trade 428
Sand-lime brick industry, by S. V. Pep-
pel ^... 866-^82
history of industry 886
introduction 866
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INDEX.
1199
, Page.
Sand -lime brick industry, sand -lime
brick, definition 868
composition 871
properties 868
conditions for successful manufac-
ture 871
cost of plant and of production "881
companies and plants 882
Sandstone 756-768
production and value, by States 758,
770-776
Sanitary ware, product, value 8i!4,890
Santiago district, Cuba, manganese ores,
exports from 146
Santo Domingo, amber Wi
salt, exportsto 1068
Schaller, W. T., quoted on kunzite spo-
dumene 988
Scotland, grindstones, imports from 997
Scytheetones. (See Oilstones.)
Seattle, Wash., coal trade 480
Servia, antimony 888
coal 880,898
Sewer pipe, value 810
ShaleoU, Scotch 706
Ship plates, prices 91
Shipbuilding, iron and steel 117-118
Siberia, asbestos 1114
Sicily, sulphur 1077
exports 1078
Sienna, imports 1100
production 1096,1097
Silesia, jade (nephrite) 988
magnesite 1138
sdnc 863-864
Silver, manganiferous ores 138
production, by States 160
(See also Qold and silver.)
summary 18
Slate, exports 778
by ports and customs districts ... 7T9
ground for pigment, production 1104
production and value, by States . . . 758,777
Soapstone, summary 88
(See cUso Talc and soapstone.)
South Africa, coal 136,389,895
South America, ooal exports to 887
South Australia, copper 284
bauxite 876
manganeseore 156,156
South Carolina.
bHck and tile 796,809
clay products 796
clay,raw 860
coal tar 684
gas 611-619
gascoke 688
gold 157,160,168
granite 758,766-768
limestone 758,786
manganese ores 130
mineral waters 1139
monazite 1167
phosphate rock 1049,1064
pottery 796,809
silver 160,168
Page.
South Carolina, tin 844-546
South Dakota, brick and tUe 796,809
cement, Portland 884,890
clay products 796
copper 80a-304
gold 157,160,161,186-198
granite 758,765-768
graphite 1188,1126
gypsum 1098,1040
lead 848
limestone 768,786
mineral waters 1139
natural gas 721-736,740
pyrite 1088
sandstone 768,770
sUver 158,160,168
spodumene 818-814
tin 886
Spain, arsenic 889,881,888
asphaltum 758
coal 128,889,894
copper 883,284
iron ores 68-69,126
manganese ores 149,166
exports of 150
importsfrom 139
ocher 1101
phosphate rock 1068
pig iron 127
pyrite 1088,1087
quicksilver 884
salt 1070
steel 127
sulphur 1081
Einc 288
Spiegeleisen, imports 76,142
production 76,96,99,142,886
Spodumene, Calif omia 986
Connecticut 986
Maine 988
Massachusetts 986
New Hampshire 986
North Carolina 986
South Dakota 966
Statistics of the American iron trade for
1908, by James M. Swank. 75-127
Steel, average monthly prices 86-87
average yearly prices 87
(See (Uao Iron and steel.)
bars, average monthly prices at Pitts-
burg, Pa 88-88
beams and channels 91
castings, production 76
imports 77,80
in foreign countries 127
prtoes 86,87
production 76,100-106
by States and kinds 101-106
in Canada 128-126
rails, production 76,106-108
shipbuilding 117-118
structural shapes 76,10^-109
summary 1 12
world's production 127
Steel-hardening metals, by Joseph Hyde
Pratt 28&-810
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1200
INDEX.
Page.
Steel-liardening metals, chromium. 285,208-»)4
analysesofchromite ores, etc... 299-800
ferrochromium 286,209-301
chromiumsteel 296-302
imports 308
production 308
Camtdian 3(H
summary 21
uses of cliromite 302
introduction 285-287
manganese steel 287
molybdenum 286,288,307-308
locaUties 307-908
production 308
summary 22
nickel and cobalt 285,286,287-297
analyses of nickel ores 292
cobalt steel 291
exports . 297
imports 295-298
nickel steel 287-291
nickel-steel rails 288
production 293-294
Canadian 294-296.297
foreign 297
nickel-cobalt oxide 294
sources of supply 291-298
summary 14
prices of ferro alloys 286
titanium 286,809-810
anal3rBee of ores 810
ferrotitanium 310
rutile 310
summary 28
tungsten 285,304-907
analyses of ores 904
ferrotungsten 286,305
imports 807
production 307
summary 23
steel 305-906
uranium and vanadium 285, 286, 908-800
imports 309
production 809
summary 28
uranium 809
vanadium steel 308
Stone 755-780
classlflcation 756
condition of industry 755
exports 778
production 755
by States 758
summary 16
value 755-758
Stoneware clay, production, by States. 880,864
Stoneware, product 824,830
Stove lining. (See Fire brick.)
Strikes in coal mines 361,384-986
Strontium ores, note on, by Joseph Hyde
Pratt 1094
Struthers, Joseph, paper on aluminum
and bauxite 285-279
paper on antimony 317-826
arsenic 827-884
tin 335-849
Paj?e.
Sublimed lead, production Iltl6-1]07
Sulphur and pyrite, by Joeeph Hyde
Pratt lOTS-MWr
Sulphur, domestic consumption KKS
exports from Sicily 1078
foreign localitirs l(r:3rlSf*i
'imports 105V
bycountries 1080
by customs districts lOPO
Italy 1077
production 1(K5
summary 20
world's production, by countries 1061
Sumatra, petroleum TOT
Summary of mineral production 11-99
Swank, James M., paper on Statistics of
the American iron ^"ade
for 1908 75-127
Sweden, coal 126,380,395
copper — 224
graphite 1129
ironoves _ 69.126
manganese ores 152.156
pig iron If7
pyrite 1087
steel 127
sulphur low
Switzerland, aluminum 213
asphaltum 748-7W
salt ion
T.
Talc and soapstone, by Joeeph Hyde
Pratt 97»-967
Talc, Canadian production 9P7
fibrous, production W5
import tax 939
imports 986
marketable condition 983
occurrences and localities 980
production, by States 982, 984, 966. 9W
summary 29
Tariffs, coal 3«
. Tasmania, coal 389.392
! copper 2M
I tin • m
I Tennessee, ammonia 689
barytes 1089,1093
brick and tile 796,809
clay products 796
clay, raw 8fl0
coal 354,381,389,375,386,439,515^19
coal tar 684
I coke 544,568,596-596
j copper 203-204,217-219
fluorspar 1029
I gas 611-619
' gascoke 6B
I gold 157,160,162
iron ores 4»-48,56.67,»
limestone 758.786
manganese ores 13Q
marble 758.781
metallic paint IIOS
mineral waters 1199
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INDEX.
1201
Page.
TenDessee, natural gas 740
petrolenm 639
phosphate rock 1049,1066
pig Iron 93-96
pottery 796,824
pyrite 1081
sandstone 758,770
sUver 158,160,188
slate 777
steel lOft-106
Temeplatee, production 118
Terra cotta, ornamental, valne 811
Texas, agate 948
asphaltnm 746-747
brick and tUe 796,809
cement, natural rock 893,896
Portland 884,890
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
coal 355,862,369,376,885,434,519-521
coal tar 624
gas 611-«19
gas coke 622
granite 758,766-768
gypsum 1087,1040
iron ores 43.59,67,68
lead 243
Umestone 758,786
mineral waters 1139
natural gas- 721-728,741
petroleum 640,678
Batson Prairie district 678
Corsicana district 679
Saratoga district 678
Sour Lake district 676
Southeastern Texas 674
Spindle Top pool 675
production 680
pigiron 93
pottery 796,809
quicksilver 281
salt 1061
sandstone 758,770
silver 158,160,168
Thermit 274
Tile (not drain), value 811
Tin, by Joseph Struthers and Joseph
Hyde Pratt 836-349
Alaska 337
CaroUna tin belt 887-344
geographical location 837
North Carolina 337
South Carolina 837
Virginia 337
geology 836-341
mineralogical character of ore . 841-344
analyses 348
];>roduction 844
consumption 846
imports 346-347
introduction 835
prices 849
sources of supply 347
South Dakota 336
stocks 848-349
Page.
Tin,summary 15
world's production, by countries 344
Wyoming 335
Tin plates, imports 78
prices 89-90
production 113
Titanium 309
iSee dUo Steel- hardening metals.)
Tourmaline, Connecticut 926
Elba 969
Maine 927
Peru 966
Turquoise, Mexico 855
New Mexico 851
Transvaal, diamonds 917
Trap rock, production, by States 769
Trenton, N. J., pottery products 836
Trinidad, asphaltum 749,750-751
exi)ort8 750
Tripoli. {See Infusorial earth.)
Tungsten, summary 23
{See also Steel-hardening metals.)
Tunis, phosphate rock 1(168
Turkestan, Russian, prehistoric jewelry. 973
Turkey, arsenic 3:U
borax 1021
copper 224
manganese ores 139,153,lo6
salt 1071
Turkey in Asia, asphaltum 748-749
chromite 2fts,303
coal 389,35^2
Turkey in Europe, manganese ores, im-
portsfrom ll{9
Turquoise, Mexico O.'w
New Mexico 961
U.
Umber, imports :... 1100
production 10P6.1097
United Kingdom, aluminum 275
arsenic 3:n
bauxite 278
cement 900
copper, exports to 229
imports from 225-227
gypsum 1043
ironore 41,68-69,126
iron and steel 128-127
lead, imports from 249
manganese ores, imports from 1 39
ocher llOl
petroleum • 705
phosphate rock 1058
pyrite 1087
salt 1070
exports to 1068
importsfrom 1067
tin, imports from 346
production 345
zinc, exportsto 261
Upper Connellsville, Pa. , coke district 594
Upper Monongahela, West Virginia, coke
district 605
M R 1903-
-76
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1202
INDEX.
Pa«re.
Upper Potomac, West Virginia, coke dis-
trict...... ...... 006
Uranium, Bummary 88
(See dUo Steel-liardening metals.)
Utah, asphaltom 747
brick and tile 7»,80»
cement, Portland 884,890
clay products T96
clay, raw 880
coal 356,888,369,876,885,434,688-624
coal tar 884
coke 644, 568, 568-669, 6»r
copper 801,208-804.815-817
gas 611-619
gascoke 688
gold 157,160,162,198-194
granite 758,766-768
gypsom 1089,1040
iron ores 43,58,67,68
lead 843,844-846
limestone 758,786
manganese ores 130
marble 758,781
mineral waters 1139
natural gas 781-726,748
pottery 796,884
salt 1061
sandstone 758,770
silver 158, 160, 168, lfl2-l»4
sUte 758,778
sulphur 1074
uranium 309
vanadium 309
zinc 257
V.
Vaal district, diamond mining 918
Vanadium, summary 88
(See also Steel-hardening metals.)
Venetian red, production 1108
Venezuela, asphaltum 748-749, 758, 754
iron ores 69
Vermont, asbestos 1118
brick and tile 796,809
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
coal tar 684
copper 208-804
gas 611-619
gascoke 688
granite 768,766-768
iron ores 41
limestone 758,786
marble 758,781
metallic paint 1108
millstones 999
mineral waters 1139
ocher 1097
pottery 796,824
slate 758,776
talc 979,981.984
whetstones 992
Victoria, coal 389,894
Virginia, ammonia 629
arsenic 829
asbestos 1118
Virginia, barytes 1090,1001
brick and tile 796,809
cement, natural rock 898,88ff
Portland 884,860
day products 796
clay, raw 880
coal 854,868,309,875,433,684-387
coal tar 684
coke 544,568,567-586
copper 8QB-804
flfait 1117
gas. 011-619
gascoke 628
gold 157,100,168
granite 758,706-718
gypsum 1088,1040
infusorial earth lOQB
ironores 48-l3,S0,67,e
lead 80
limestone 758,786
manganeeeores 1301,188,137
metallic paint IIOB
millstones 989
mineral waters 1139
ocher 1097
pig iron 98-96
lottery 796,884
pyrite 1081,1063
rutile saO
sandstone ^ 756,770
silver 168.100,162
date 758,776
steel 106-101
talc 961,984
tin 837
tripoU 1003
W.
Washington, ammonia 689
arsenic 328-30
brick and tile 796,809
cement 891
day products 791
coal 965,
368, 360, 870. 385, 434, S27-90
coal tar 684
coke 544,556,589
copper 808-804
gas 011-619
gascoke 08
gold 157,100,108,194-196
grranite 758,706-766
lead 248
limestone 756,7B6
marble 756,781
mineral waters 1139
molybdenum 808
pig iron 86
lottery 796,624
sandstone 758,770
silver 158,100,108,194-196
talc 888
Watch Jewels 974
West Australia, opal 9M
moonstone 86B
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INDEX.
1208
Page.
West Indies, asphaltmn 748-749
coal, exports to 387
copper, ezix>rtB to 229
imports from 227
salt, exports to 1068
importsfrom 1067
West Virginia, ammonia 629
brick and tile 796,809
cement, natnral rock 898,897
Portland 884,891
day products 798
day, raw 860
coal.. 854,368,862,869,875,877,385, 433,580-^85
coal tar 624
coke 544,558,800-607
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
glass sand 1172
grindstones 997
iron ores 4^-43,56,67,68
limestone 768,786
manganese ores 130
mineral waters 1139
natnralgas 721-726,730
petroleum 640
pig iron 98-86
pottery 796,824
salt 1061
sandstone 768,770
slate 777
steel 106-106
sine 255
Whetstones, imports 998
production 990,996
summary 18
White granite and semiporcelain ware,
product '. 824,830
White lead, imiMrts 1108
prices 1106
production 10,1106-1107
Winchell, A. N., gold and silver in Mon-
tana 180-181
Wire drawing, diamond used in 923
Wire nails, average monthly prices at
Chicago, 111 86-«7
production 76,110
rods, production 76,109
Wisconsin, ammonia 629
asbestos 1112
brickandtile 796,809
cement, natural rock 893,897
clay products 796
clay, raw 860
coal tar 624
coke 644,568,607
flint 1117
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
granite 758,76^-768
graphite 1122,1125
iron ores 43,66,67,68,82
lead 243
limestone 768,786
metallic paint 1102
mineral waters 1189
Page.
Wisconsin, pig iron 98-96
pottery * 796,824
sandstone 758,770
steel 103,104-106
zinc 257
World's production, aluminum 275
antimony 823
arsenic 381
bauxite 278
borax 1021
coal 126,889-395
copper 223-224
graphite 1129
gypsum 1044
iron ores 126
manganese ores 155-156
petroleum 716
phosphate rock 1068
pig iron 127
pyrite 1086
quicksilver 284
salt 1068
steel 127
sulphur 1081
tin 344-846
zinc 263
Wyoming, asbestos 1112
brickandtile 796,809
clay products 796
coal 365,362,369,87^,885,434,538-588
coal tar 624
coke 544,568,607
copper 204,219
gas 611-619
gas coke 622
gold 157,100,162,196-199
granite 758,766-768
graphite 1121,1126
grindstones 997
gypsum 1088,1040
iron ores 48,58,67
limestone 758,786
marble 758,781
metallic paint 1102
mineral water 1188
moss agate 948
natnralgas 742
petroleum 640
platinum 811
in Rambler mine 14,24
quartz, blue 947
sandstone 758.770
sUver 168,160,162,196-199
tin 886
X-ray, effect of , on kunzite 946
Y.
Tale, Charles O., paper on borax 1017-1028
paper on magnesite 1181-1186
gold and silver in California.... 17»-176
Nevada 181-184
Oregon 18*-186
Washington 194-196
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i204
INDEX.
Page.
Yellow or Bockingham ware, product,
value 824.880
Z.
Zinc, by Charles Kirchhoflf 253-3M
condition of industry 2&4-255
consumption 281
exports 258-261
by countries and customs dis-
tricts 280-261
imports 268
Joplin galena district 265-267
prices 257
largest producers 263-264
Fife.
Zinc, numganiferous ores 183-134
oxide, imports 291
production SB
prices 261-263
production 23
by States Sa«4
summary 13
world's production, by countries 281
Zinc lead, production IIW
Zinc white, imports HOB
production 10,1100
summary 20
Zircon, occurrence and localitiee 1M8
production UW
summary .............................. S
o
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PUBLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
[Mineral Resources, 1903.]
The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual
Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (6) Mineral
Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of the
United States— folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Greologic Atlas of the United
States — folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publica-
tion; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had
on application. The list of reports on mineral resources follows:
MIKEBAL RBBOURCES.
Mineral Resources Of the United States, 1882, Albert Willlamsjr., Chief of division. 1888. 89. xvli.
818 pp. Price, 60 cents. Out of stock.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883 and 1884, Albert WiUlams, jr., chief of division. 1885.
8°. xlv, 1016 pp. Price, 60 cents. Out of stock.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885. Division of Mining Statistics and Technology. 1886.
SP. vil, 576 pp. Price, 40 cents.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1886, David T. Day, chief of division. 1887. 8°. viil, 818 pp.
Price, 50 cents.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1887, David T. Day, chief of division. 1888. 9P. vU, 832 pp.
Price, 60 cents. Out of stock.
MlneralResource8oftheUnltedStates,18&8,DavidT.Day. chief of division. 1890. SP. vil, 652 pp.
Price, 50 cents.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1889 and 1890, David T. Day, chief of division. 1892. 8°.
vlll, 671 pp. Price, 50 cents.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1881, David T. Day, chief of division. 1893. 8P. vil, 680 pp.
Price, 50 cents.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892, David T.Day, chief of division. 1898. 8P. vil, 860 pp.
Price, 60 cents.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1808, David T. Day, chief of division. 1894. 8°. viil, 810 pp.
Price, 60 cents. Out of stock.
On March 2, 1895, the following provision was included in an act of Congress:
" Provided, That hereafter the report of the mineral resources of the United States shall be Issued
as a part of the report of the Director of the Geological Survey."
In compliance with this legislation the following reports were published:
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1894, David T. Day, chief of division. 1895. 89. xv, 646
pp., 28 pis.; xix, 785 pp., 6 pis. Being Parts III and IV of the Sixteenth Annual Report. Out of stock,
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1895, David T. Day, chief of division. 1896. 8°. xxiil,
542 pp., 8 pls.and maps; 111,548-1058 pp., 9-13 pis. Being Part III (in 2 vols.) of the Seventeenth
Annual Report. Out of stock.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1896. David T. Day, chief of division. 1897. 89. xil, 642
pp., 1 pi.; 643-1400 pp. Being Part V (in 2 vols.) of the Eighteenth Annual Report. Out of stock.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1897, David T. Day, chief of division. 1898. 89. viil, 651
pp., 11 pis.; viil, 706 pp. Being Part VI (in 2 vols.) of the Nineteenth Annual Report. Out of stock.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1898, David T. Day, chief of division. 1899. 89. vlU, 616
pp.; Ix, 804 pp., 1 pi. Being Part VI (in 2 vols.) of the Twentieth Annual Report Out of stock.
Mineral Resources of -the United States, 1899, David T. Day, chief of division. 1901. 89. viil, 656
pp.; viil, 634 pp. Being Part VI (In 2 vols.) of the Twenty-first Annual Report.
By act of Ck>ngress approved March 3, 1901, the report on mineral resources was again made a dis-
tinct publication. In compliance vrlth this legislation the follovrlng reports have been published:
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1900, David T. Day, chief of division. 1901. 89. 927 pp.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1901, David T. Day, chief of division. 1902. 89. 996 pp.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1902, David T. Day, chief of division. 1904. 89. 1088 pp.
Mineral Resources of the United States. 1906, David T. Day, chief of division. 1904. 8^. 1204 pp.
All remittances must be by money order, made payable to the Director of the
United States Qeological Survey, or in currency — the exact amount Checks, drafts,
and postage stamps can not be accepted. Oorrespondenoe should be addressed to —
Thb Dibbctgb,
Unttid Statu Qbologioal Subtit,
Washinoton, D. C.
I
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LIBBAB.Y CATALOOTJE SUPS.
[Mount each slip upon a separate card, placing the subject at the tx)p of the
second slip. The name of the series should not be repeated on the series
card, but the additional numbers should be added, as received, to the first
entry.]
U. S. Geological survey.
. . . Mineral resources of the United States, calendar
year, 1903. David T. Day, chief of Division of mining
and mineral resources. Washington, Gov't print, off.,
1904.
1204, iii p. 23i"».
U. S. Geological survey.
. . . Mineral resources of the United States, calendar
J year, 1903. David T. Day, chief of Division of mining
? and mineral resources. Washington, Gov't print, off.,
1904.
1204, iu p. 23J"».
Day, David Talbot.
^ see, as chief of Division of mining and mineral
2 resources, 1886-
* U. S. Geological survey.
U. S. Dept. of the Interior,
see also
U. S. Geological survey.
I seealso
s
m
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