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CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Bb
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM, No. 8
THE
CONIFERS AND TAXADS_
OF JAPAN
BY
ERNEST HENRY WILSON
ISSUED DECEMBER 30, 1916
CAMBRIDGE
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1916
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‘ INTRODUCTION
4 hpes Conifers and Taxads of Japan are of especial interest to us as many of
them are of ornamental value in Western gardens. All that are known are now
in cultivation in this country and nearly all of them are also in Europe. Many
of these plants are perfectly hardy in the northern United States and in Europe,
and one or two promise to be of economic value as forest trees in Great Britain
and other countries. The importance and value of these trees warrant the publi-
cation of all available information concerning them. Much has been written
about them since the appearance of Siebold & Zuccarini’s Flora Japonica, new
species have been discovered and much has been added to our knowledge of these
plants. Some problems, however, have remained unsolved in regard to the hab-
itat, the range of distribution and the validity of certain species and varieties.
To investigate these problems, to collect specimens and take photographs of the
trees was one of the principal objects of the Arnold Arboretum Expedition to Japan
in 1914. From Professor Sargent I received very definite instructions and these
I did my best to fulfill. In these days, thanks to a good railway service it is possi-
ble to travel quickly and with ease through the whole length of Japan, otherwise
it would have been impossible to cover the ground I did in one year. On the
island of Yaku-shima, the most southern point of Japan proper, the work began
in wonderful and impressive forests in which the Cryptomeria is the dominant
tree. From there I travelled northward through Kyushu, Shikoku, Hondo and
Hokkaido to Japanese Saghalien. I saw growing, with the exception of Juniperus
communis L. and its var. montana Ait., every conifer and taxad known from
Japan and with the exception of these Junipers and of Juniperus procumbens Sieb.,
J. chinensis L., Pinus Armandi Franch. and Podocarpus nagi Zoll. & Moritz., I
saw them all, growing wild. There is no record of anyone — foreigner or native —
having previously enjoyed such opportunity to study these plants. I owe much
to the aid and advice of Dr. H. Shirasawa and Dr. K. Miyabe through whose
efforts the Government Forestry Officers everywhere gave me great assistance.
It is with pleasure that I recall the meetings and talks with these gentlemen and I
acknowledge with sincerest thanks their-invaluable services to the Arnold Arbore-
tum Expedition to Japan. Since my return, and under the direction of Professor
Sargent, I have elaborated my field notes, and these with a full synonymy of the
different species and varieties and references to the principal literature appear in
the following pages.
Japan is singularly rich in coniferous trees and they range from the extreme
south to the northern limit of the empire and from sea-level to the summits of
the highest mountains. They are more numerous than other trees and impart
much character to the scenery. Indeed, in Japan one is never out of sight of coni-
fers. In Pinaceae with 12 genera Japan compares favorably with North America
where 13 genera occur, but naturally in the larger territory of North America more
species are found. In Japan three genera are endemic and of the 32 species and
8 varieties of Pinaceae only 12 species and 2 varieties are known to grow spon-
taneously outside of that country. Neither of the two Hard Pines reaches the
mainland, but of the four Soft Pines the Korean Pinus koraiensis S. & Z. is really
vi INTRODUCTION
a continental species which just reaches Japan and this is true of the Chinese
White Pine (P. Armandi Franch.) now known to grow spontaneously on the
southern islands of Tanega-shima and Yaku-shima. This species also grows in
Formosa. The dwarf P. pumila Regel has a wide range of distribution in north-
eastern Asia as well as on the mountains of Japan from central Hondo north-
ward. Of the Spruces only Picea jezoénsis Carr. is actually known to grow on the
mainland of eastern Asia, although it is probable that the species growing in
Korea and now referred to P. Schrenkiana Fisch. & Mey. is not that species
but is the same as the newly discovered P. Koyamai Shiras. Larix dahurica,
var. japonica Maxim. apparently reaches the continent and it is doubtful if this
is really different from the type species. The other Japanese members of the sub-
family Abieteae are endemic.
The subfamily Taxodieae is represented by the endemic Sciadopitys verticillata
S. & Z. and by Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. The latter tree was discovered
on the Chusan Islands in China by James Cunningham in 1701, but it is doubt-
ful if it is really indigenous anywhere outside of Japan. Of the subfamily
Cupresseae, Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z. also grows in Formosa and Thuja Stan-
dishii Carr. in Korea. Except Juniperus conferta Parl. and the little known J.
procumbens Sieb. no species of Juniper is peculiar to Japan, although the var. nip-
ponica of J. communis L. and var. Sargentii of J. chinensis L. must be so considered
in the present state of our knowledge of these plants. Of the Japanese Taxaceae
none isendemic. Torreya nucifera S. & Z. grows on the island of Quelpaert off the
coast of southern Korea but is otherwise confined to Japan. Tarus cuspidata
S. & Z. grows in Korea and in eastern Siberia and is represented in China and
Formosa by the var. chinensis Rehd. & Wils. Cephalotarus drupacea S. & Z. reaches
central China but is more generally represented there by the var. sinensis Rehd.
& Wils. The two species of Podocarpus also grow in the Liukiu Islands and in
Formosa. The Ginkgo is planted in Japan as in China and is probably unknown
in the wild state. Three Chinese trees (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook., Cupressus
funebris Endl. and Thuja orientalis L.) are sparingly planted in temple grounds
and gardens in Japan but are uncommon and since they are not indigenous all
further reference to them in these pages will be omitted.
In Japan the distribution of many conifers is clearly defined and often limited.
Of the Abieteae only Picea jezoénsis Carr., Pinus parviflora S. & Z. and Pinus
pumila Regel are common to Hondo and Hokkaido though it is possible that
Pinus densiflora S. & Z. may grow on these two islands. Of the other Pinaceae
which grow in Hondo only Juniperus conferta Parl. and J. chinensis, var. Sar-
gentii Henry grow also in Hokkaido. The two species of Podocarpus are con-
fined to the warm parts of Shikoku and Kyushu in the south; the Torreya is only -
questionably wild north of latitude 36°, but the Cephalotaxus is common as far
north as central Hokkaido and Taxus cuspidata S. & Z. is also found in the Kuriles
and in Saghalien. The circumpolar Juniperus communis L. just reaches northern
Hokkaido and is found also in the Kuriles and in Saghalien; the var. montana
Ait. is found in Saghalien. These two Junipers are the only American and Euro-
pean conifers found within the limits of the Japanese Empire.
In the case of many species it is clearly demonstrated that climate is the all-
important factor in limiting the distribution of conifers in Japan, yet it cannot
be claimed that this has anything to do with the absence of such hardy trees as
Picea jezoénsis Carr. and Larix Kaempferi Sarg. from Hondo north of the Nikko
region. Again, it is curious that no Larch is indigenous in Hokkaido, yet Larix
INTRODUCTION vii
dahurica, var. japonica Maxim. reaches Shikotan in the southern Kuriles only a
few miles from northeast Hokkaido and is abundant in Saghalien where grow in
great plenty Abies sachalinensis Mast. and Picea jezoénsis Carr. which are the
dominant @onifers of the Hokkaido forests.
It has been stated and the statement is rather widely accepted that the Tsugaru
Straits which separate northern Hondo and Hokkaido form a well-marked phytogeo-
graphical and zodgeographical boundary — the so-called Blakiston line — but so
far as plants are concerned this has no foundation in fact. The warm current
which flows up the east coast of Japan and is deflected out to sea about the lati-
tude of Tokyo exercises a strong influence over the climate and consequently also
over the flora. South of Tokyo broad-leaved evergreens are a feature of the vege-
tation and north of that latitude they rapidly disappear and the general appearance
of the forests is markedly different. No hard and fast phytogeographical bound-
ary exists, but such as it is it is found about latitude 36°.
The whole flora of Japan is largely endemic but is an integral part of the
great flora which includes that of southern Korea, has its headquarters in China
and extends westward to the border of the Thibetan highlands and along the
Himalayas to eastern Nepal. In northern Hondo and in Hokkaido are many
elements of the flora of continental northeast Asia which extends eastward from
the region of Lake Baikal. And in the same region of Japan grow a number of
cireumpolar plants, especially members of the Ericaceae. There is some affinity
between the flora of Japan and that of eastern North America, but it is much less
strong than between the floras of the latter region and of central China. As far as
the conifers and taxads of Japan are concerned the affinity is certainly more with
western North America than with the region east of the Mississippi River. In-
deed, only the Hemlocks, the two Hard Pines and Picea Glehnii Mast. can be said
to be more nearly related to species of eastern North America than to those of
the Pacific slope.
Japan is composed fundamentally of Archean rocks much overlaid with vol-
canic ejectamenta during different geological epochs. It is very mountainous and
is mainly made up of a backbone of volcanic ranges, of which many peaks are still
active, and narrow flanks of sedimentary rocks. In western Shinano and Hida
provinces in central Hondo there are granite mountains and the southern island
of Yaku-shima is a gigantic upthrust of the same igneous rock. There is extremely
little limestone in Japan and this may have much to do with its richness in conif-
erous trees. The rainfall varies according to latitude from about twenty-six inches
to one hundred and nineteen inches in a year and the number of rainy days aver-
ages about one hundred and fifty. The annual average amount of moisture in the
air is given as 80 percent. The high humidity and abundant precipitation are very
favorable to the growth of coniferous plants. The climate of the greater part of
Japan is mild and equable; in the extreme south it is warm-temperate and in the
extreme north the summers are short and hot and the winters long and almost arctic
in severity. But in the north snow lies deep and undisturbed upon the ground from
December to the approach of spring in April and is an effectual protection to the
numerous low-growing, broad-leaved Bamboos (Sasa spp.) and such evergreen
shrubs as Skimmia japonica Thunb., Daphniphyllum humile Maxim., Ilex rugosa
Schmidt and others which form the characteristic undergrowth in the forests.
The formation of the islands, with their high central ranges and short precipi-
tous swift-flowing rivers, make floods particularly prevalent and dangerous, and
the necessity of preserving the forest-covering of the upper mountain-slopes pro-
viii INTRODUCTION
portionately great and it is mainly these slopes that are clothed with conifers.
In few other countries are the forests of such supreme importance to the pros-
perity of the nation and no other people are such consumers of forest products as
the Japanese, as nearly all their buildings and most of their articles of domestic use
are entirely made of wood. The coniferous trees are the principal source of the
timber supply and the government forests now controlled by a good and increas-
ingly efficient forestry service are a source of very considerable revenue. As timber
trees the most valuable conifers are Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z., C. pisifera
S. & Z., Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Tsuga Sieboldii Carr., Thujopsis dolabrata,
var. Hondai Mak., Sciadopitys verticillata S. & Z., Larix Kaempferi Sarg., Pinus
densiflora S. & Z., P. parviflora S. & Z., Picea jezoénsis Carr. and Abies sachalinen-
sis Mast.
Tree planting has been practised in Japan from time immemorial and planted
avenues and groves of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don and Pinus Thunbergii Parl.
are to-day common and impressive features of many popular and sacred places
in the land. In reafforestation the conifers which are now planted in quantity in
Japan are Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z. and Larix
Kaempferi Sarg. In northern Hondo Thujopsis dolabrata, var. Hondai Mak. is
planted rather freely. For covering bare hills Pinus densiflora 8. & Z. and by the
sea P. Thunbergii Parl. are extensively grown. On the Nemuro peninsula in
Hokkaido Larix dahurica, var. japonica Maxim. has been experimentally planted,
and in many parts of Hokkaido similar plantings of Norway Spruce (Picea Abies
Karst.) have been made. Near Aomori, in extreme northern Hondo, the Austrian
Pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) is being experimented with, but in its place the forestry
officials might well try P. resinosa Ait., the Red Pine of northeastern North
America.
In North America experiments with Japanese conifers in forest planting have
scarcely commenced, but in parts of Europe they have been in progress for a num-
ber of years. In Great Britain the Japanese Larch (Larix Kaempferi Sarg.) is
by some planters regarded as a promising tree and with others Picea jezoénsis
Carr. is in favor. I think that Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z. is worthy of exten-
sive trial in the wetter parts of Great Britain.
In this country the conifers and taxads of Japan are valued for their orna-
mental qualities and no other country has contributed so many exotic plants of
this class to the gardens of eastern North America. In the Hunnewell Pinetum at
Wellesley, Massachusetts, founded in 1853 by Horatio Hollis Hunnewell, and on
the estate of the late Dr. George R. Hall at Bristol Neck, near Warren, Rhode
Island, there are growing some of the oldest and finest Japanese conifers in the
Eastern States. In the former are particularly good specimens of Torreya nuci-
fera S. & Z., Picea bicolor Mayr, Abies homolepis S. & Z., A. Veitchii Lindl., Thuja
Standishit Carr., Chamaecyparis pisifera, var. plumosa Beisan. and C. pisifera, var.
squarrosa Beissn. On the Hall estate there is a very large bush of Taxus cuspidata
S. & Z., and tall, handsome trees of Pinus koraiensis 8. & Z., P. densiflora S. & Z.,
Picea polita Carr., P. jezoénsis Carr., Abies firma S. & Z. and Chamaecyparis obtusa
S. & Z. Dr. Halt planted these trees about 1870, and most if not all of them had
been brought from Japan by him to the nursery of Samuel Parsons at Flushing,
Long Island, in March 1862.
s ILLUSTRATIONS
PiatE
I. Popocarpus nact Zouu. & Morirz.
Tree 21 m. tall, trunk 2 m. in girth. Nara Park, Nara, Yamato province, Hondo.
II. Popocarrus naat Zouu. & Moritz.
Trunk 2 m. in girth. Nara Park, Nara, Yamato province, Hondo.
Ill. Torreya nucirera S. & Z,
j Tree 15 m. tall, trunk 2 m. in girth. Imperial Botanic Garden, Tokyo, Hondo.
IV. Torreya nucirera S. & Z.
Trunk 6 m. in girth. Hachiman Shrine, Kamo, Satsuma province, Kyushu.
V. Taxus cuspipata S. & Z.
= ss m. tall, trunk 2 m. in girth. Yatsuga-dake, alt. 1800 m., Shinano province,
‘ondo.
VI. Prous xorarensis S. & Z.
Tree 21 m. tall, trunk 1.8 m. in girth. Imperial Botanic Garden, Tokyo, Hondo.
VII. Pinus Korarensis S. & Z.
Trunk 1.5 m. in girth. Mt. Ontake, alt. 2100 m., Shinano province, Hondo.
VIII. Pinus pumira Recent
Shrub 1 m. high, Abies Mariesii Mast. in the rear. Mt. Ontake, alt. 2800 m., Shinano
province, Hondo.
IX. Pinus parvirtora §, & Z.
a ae m. tall, trunk 1.3-1.6 m. in girth. Adzuma-san, alt. 1200 m., Uzen province,
condo.
X. Pryus parvirtora S$. & Z.
Trunk 3.75 m. in girth. Shiraga-yama, alt. 1600 m., Tosa province, Shikoku.
XI. Pinus pensirtora S. & Z.
~ ete m. tall, trunk 2.6-3.3 m. in girth. Fuji-san, alt. 750 m., Suruga province,
ondo.
XII. Pinus DENSIFLORA, VAR. UMBRACULIFERA Mayr
Tree 3 m. tall. Imperial Botanic Garden, Tokyo, Hondo.
XI. Pryus Tuunseren Par.
Tree 20-25 m. tall, trunk 2-2.3 m. in girth. Mt. Kirishima, Osumi province, Kyushu.
XIV. Pinus Tounserci Part.
Yaku-shima, alt. 150 m., Osumi province, Kyushu.
XV. Larrx Karmprenri Sara.
Tree 20-25 m. tall, trunk 1.6-2.3 m. in girth. Senjo-ga-hara, Nikko region, Shimotsuke
province, Hondo.
XVI. Larrx Karempreri Sara.
Trunk 3.75 m. in girth. Yumoto, Nikko region, Shimotsuke province, Hondo.
XVII. Larix DAnURICA, VAR. JAPONICA Maxim.
Tree 25 m. tall, trunk 2-2.6 m. in girth. Konuma, near Toyohara, Saghalien.
XVIII. Larrx pAnurica, VAR. JAPONICA Maxim.
Trunk 2.6 m. in girth. Konuma, near Toyohara, Saghalien.
XIX. Picea pouita Carr.
Tree 20-25 m. tall, trunk 2-3.3 m. in girth. Lake Yamanaka, base of Fuji-san, Suruga
province, Hondo.
XXYV.
EEVE
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXYV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVITI.
XXXIX.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Picea PouiTa Carr.
Trunk 2.6 m. in girth. Lake Yamanaka, base of Fuji-san, Suruga province, Hondo.
Picea Maximowiczm Reeeu
ae bn tall, trunk 0.75 m. in girth. Yatsuga-dake, alt. 1600 m., Shinano province.
ondo.
Picea Maximowiczi ReGen
Trunk 2 m. in girth. Tsushima Temple, Yatsuga-dake, Shinano province, Hondo.
Picea Koyama SHIRAS.
Tree 18 m. tall, trunk 1 m. in girth. Yatsuga-dake, alt. 1750 m., Shinano province, Hondo.
Picea Koyamat SHIRAS.
~ cigs m. tall, with Lariz Kaempferi Sarg. Yatsuga-dake, 1750 m., Shinano province,
onao.
Pickra GuenHnu Mast.
Tree 26 m. tall, trunk 2.8 m. in girth. Rubeshibe, Kitami province, Hokkaido.
Picka Guennit Mast.
Trunk 3.8 m. in girth, with Abies sachalinensis Mast. in the rear. Oketo, Kitami
province, Hokkaido.
PIcEA JEZOENSIS CARR.
Tree 33 m. tall, trunk 3.75 m. in girth, with Betula Mazimowicziana Regel. Noboribetsu,
Iburi province, Hokkaido.
PIcEA JEZOENSIS CARR.
Trunk 3.75 m. in girth. Noboribetsu, Iburi province, Hokkaido.
Tsuca SrepoLpi Carr.
Tree 25 m. tall, trunk 6 m. in girth, Abies firma S. & Z. in the rear. Yaku-shima, alt.
780 m., Osumi province, Kyushu.
TsuGa SresoLtprm Carr.
To the left Cryptomeria japonica D. Don.
Kyushu.
Yaku-shima, alt. 700 m., Osumi province,
TSUGA DIVERSIFOLIA Mast.
Tree 26 m. tall, trunk 2.75 m. in girth, to the left Abies Veitchii Lindl. Yumoto, Nikko
region, Shimotsuke province, Hondo.
TsuGA DIVERSIFOLIA Mast.
Trunk 3.75 m. in girth. Nakabusa-onsen, alt. 1800 m., Shinano province, Hondo.
-PsrupotsuGa JAPONICA BEIssN.
Tree 20 m. tall, trunk 2.6 m. in girth. Nishinogawa, Tosa province, Shikoku.
PsEUDOTSUGA JAPONICA, BEISSN.
Trunk 2.25 m. in girth. Nishinogawa, Tosa province, Shikoku.
Apiges Firma S. & Z.
Tree 20-23 m. tall, trunk 2.6-3.3 m. in girth, to the left a Cryptomeria tree 27 m. tall.
Yaku-shima, alt. 780 m., Osumi province, Kyushu.
Asis FIRMA S. & Z,.
Trunk 6 m. in girth. Mt. Kirishima, Osumi province, Kyushu.
ABIES HOMOLEPIS S. & Z.
Tree 20 m. tall, trunk 2 m. in girth, Larix Kaempferi Sarg. in the rear. Fuji-san, 1500 m.,
*. Suruga province, Hondo.
Axsigs HOMOLEPIS S. & Z.
Trunk 5.5 m. in girth. Lake Chuzenji, Nikko region, Shimotsuke province, Hondo.
ABIES HOMOLEPIS, VAR. UMBELLATA WILS.
sa a m. tall, trunk 2 m. in girth. Lake Chuzenji, Nikko region, Shimotsuke province,
ondo.
Piate
LI.
ILLUSTRATIONS xi
Apres Marrestr Masr.
Tree 5-8 m. tall, Rhododendron brachycarpum G. Don in foreground. Adzuma-san, alt.
2000 m., Uzen province, Hondo.
Apres Marresi Mast.
Tree 13-16 m. tall, trunk 1-2 m. in girth. Onsenga-dake, Nikko region, Shimotsuke
province, Hondo.
Asies Veritcat LInbt.
Tree 25 m. tall, trunk 2 m. in girth, Picea jezoénsis Carr. in rear with an undergrowth of
Sasa nipponica Mak. & Shibata. Mt. Ontake, alt. 2000 m., Shinano province, Hondo.
Apies Verrcui Lindt.
Trunk 2.25 m. in girth. Yumoto, Nikko region, Shimotsuke province, Hondo.
ABIES SACHALINENSIS Mast.
Tree 23-25 m. tall, trunk 1-1.6 m. in girth, with Hydrangea petiolaris S. & Z. clothing
trunks. Nopporo, Ishikari province, Hokkaido.
ABIES SACHALINENSIS Mast.
Trunk 2.25 m. in girth. Konuma, near Toyohara, Saghalien.
ScIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA 8. & Z.
Tree 18-25 m. tall, trunk 1-2 m. in girth. Koya-san, alt. 1300 m., Kii province, Hondo.
ScIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA S. & Z.
Trunk 4 m. in girth. Koya-san, Kii province, Hondo.
CrRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA D. Don
Tree 37 m. tall, trunk 3.3 m. in girth. Jimba, Ugo province, Hondo.
CrYPTOMERIA JAPONICA D. Don
Trunk 11 m. in girth. Kasuga-yama, Nara, Yamato province, Hondo.
THUJOPSIS DOLABRATA, VAR. Honpar Max.
Tree 21 m. tall, trunk 2.25 m. in girth. Aomori, Mutsu province, Hondo.
THUJOPSIS DOLABRATA, VAR. Honpat Mak.
Trunk 2.5 m. in girth. Aomori, Mutsu province, Hondo.
LIT. Tavsa Sranpisam Carr.
LI.
LVII.
LVIiI.
LIX.
ae e m. tall, trunk 3.6 m. in girth. Yumoto, Nikko region, Shimotsuke province,
ondo.
Tuusa STANDISHII CARR.
Trunk 3.6 m. in girth, Sasa paniculata Mak. & Shibata as an undergrowth. Yumoto,
Nikko region, Shimotsuke province, Hondo.
CHAMAECYPARIS oBTUSA S. & Z.
Tree 25-30 m. tall, trunk 2.5-3.3 m. in girth. Koya-san, Kii province, Hondo.
CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA S. & Z.
Trunk 4.75 m. in girth. Koya-san, Kii province, Hondo.
CHAMAECYPARIS PISIFERA 8. & Z.
= cachag m. tall, trunk 3.3-5 m. in girth. Mt. Ontake, alt. 1600 m., Shinano province,
ondo.
CHAMAECYPARIS PISIFERA 8. & Z.
Trunk 4.75 m. in girth. Kurosawa, Mt. Ontake, Shinano province, Hondo.
JUNIPERUS RIGIDA S. & Z.
Tree 5 m. tall, with scrub growth of Pinus densiflora S. & Z. Yatsuga-dake, Shinano
province, Hondo.
JUNIPERUS CONFERTA PARt.
Covering sand dunes on shores of Okhotsk Sea, Sakaihama, Saghalien.
z
CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
GINKGOACEAE
GINKGO L.
Grinxeo BILoBA Linnaeus, Mant. Alt. 313 (1771).— Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 358
(1784). — Miquel in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 73, t. 136 (1870. — Fran-
chet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 474 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc.
XVIII. 500 (1881); XXVI. 546 (1902). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 75 (1894). —
Fujii in Tokyo Bot. Mag. IX. 444, t. 8 (1895).—Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For.
Jap. I. 10, t. 8, fig. 1-14 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 3 (1905). —
Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. I. 56, t. 21-23 (1906). — Silva Tarouca,
Uns. Freiland- Nadelh. 79, fig. 73 (1913). — Rehder & Wilson in Sargent, Pl.
Wilson. Il. 1 (1914).
Salisburia adiantifolia Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. III. 330 (1797).
Pterophyllus Salisburiensis Nelson, Pinac. 163 (1866).
Ginkgo macrophylla Jackson in Index Kew. I. 1028 (as a synonym) (1898).
The Ginkgo which is the only representative of its family is a commonly
planted tree, especially in the grounds of Buddhist temples, but is nowhere
spontaneous in Japan and, indeed, has not yet been discovered in a wild state
in any country.! Here and there in Japan are magnificent specimens of this in-
teresting tree from 26 to 30 m. tall and from 5 to 8 metres in girth of trunk
with broad wide-spreading crowns. In the city of Tokyo there are many fine
Ginkgo trees; and one of the largest grows in the courtyard of Koyenji Temple
and measures fully 26 m. tall with a trunk 8.5 m. in girth at 1.5 m. from the
ground. In front of the Bodoiin Temple at Nara there is growing a Ginkgo
tree and within it a large Keaki tree (Zelkova serrata Makino). The trunk of the
Ginkgo encloses the Keaki on three sides and the whole measures nearly 5 m.
in girth. Presumably a bird or the wind deposited a seed of the Keaki in a crack
or hollow in the Ginkgo, where it germinated and has grown into a large tree.
On many old Ginkgo trees “ chi-chi,” or nipples, are freely developed. These
stout aérial root-like protuberances are often from 1.5 to 2 m. long. When they
reach the ground they develop roots from the apex and leafy branches above.
This phenomenon is common in Japan.
The Ginkgo is too well known to need description. It is a survival of prehis-
toric forests and one of the handsomest of all trees. In the autumn the leaves
change to clear yellow and the tree becomes as conspicuous as it is beautiful. The
yellow plum-like fruit has a very rancid smell, but the nut-like kernel when roasted
is eaten; it is, however, much less esteemed in Japan than in China. The wood
is light yellow in color, soft and brittle and has no economic value.
1 According to Frank N. Meyer, botanical explorer for the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
“the Ginkgo grows spontaneously in rich valleys over some ten square miles near Changhua Hsien,
about 70 miles west of Hangchou in the Chekiang province, China.” There “the trees are so common
that they are cut for firewood.” It is, however, by no means certain that this is the original home
of the Ginkgo as these trees may all have descended from a planted tree. Meyer’s discovery, how-
ever, is interesting, for there is no other evidence of the Ginkgo growing spontaneously or that it is
cut for any purpose.
2 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Japanese names for this tree are Ichd or Icho-no-ki and Ginnan-no-ki. The
name Ginkgo is Kaempfer’s (Amoen. fasc. V, 811, t. [1712]) rendering of the Chinese
character for Yin-kuo, i. e. Silver-nut. It was found by Kaempfer in Japan and
was introduced into cultivation in Europe at the Botanic Garden at Utrecht about
1730. It was introduced into this country in 1784 by William Hamilton, who
planted it in his garden at Woodlawn, near Philadelphia. It grows well and is per-
fectly hardy in New England. In Washington it is used as a street tree.
TAXACEAE
KEY TO THE JAPANESE GENERA
Subfam. PODOCARPEAE
Leaves strap-shaped, linear, or lance-shaped to ovate; male aments cylindrical, in threes;
fruit peduncled, drupaceous; seed inverted ........... Popocarpus.
Subfam. TAXEAE
Leaves linear; male aments globose; seed erect.
Fruit drupe-like, maturing in two seasons.
Leaves not pungent, midrib prominent on upper side; fruit long-peduncled.
CEPHALOTAXUS.
Leaves pungent, midrib not showing on upper side; fruit sessile or subsessile.
TORREYA.
Fruit nut-like, maturing in one season, seated within a fleshy, scarlet aril . . Taxus.
Subfam. PODOCARPEAE Reichb.
PODOCARPUS L’Herit.
A genus of about 60 species confined mainly to the Southern Hemisphere and
especially to Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand. Some 13 species are found
in South America and the West Indies; eight are known from Africa and two from
India. In Japan two species are indigenous and are also found in the Liukiu
Islands and in Formosa.
KEY TO THE JAPANESE SPECIES
Leaves alternate or subopposite, strap-shaped or linear, with a prominent midrib; fruit
seated on a fleshy purple-colored receptacle. ....... P. MACROPHYLLUS.
Leaves opposite or subopposite, lanceolate to ovate, without a midrib; fruit globose,
subtended by a few scaly bracteoles:. ...........2..242-. P. NaGt.
PODOCARPUS MACROPHYLLUS D. Don
PopocaRPus MACROPHYLLUS D. Don in Lambert, Descr. Pinus, II. 22 (1824); ed.
minor, II. 143 (1832).— Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Miinch. IV. pt. 3, 232
(Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. 108) (1846). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 216 (1847). — Miquel
in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 168 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 332 (1867); in Siebold &
Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. Il. 70, t. 183 (1870). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap.
I. 475 (1875).— Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 501 (1881). — Sargent,
Forest Fl. Jap. 77 (1894).—Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 31, t. 18, fig. 18-25
(1900). — Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif.ed. 2, 150 (1900). — Matsumura in Tokyo Bot.
Mag. XV. 139 (1901); Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 15 (1905). — Pilger in Engler, Pflan-
zenr. IV.—5, 79 (Taxaceae) (1903). — Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 260,
fig. 271 (1913).
Taxus macrophylla Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 276 (1784). — Banks, Icon. Kaempfer, t. 24
(1791).
+ CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
I saw this tree growing wild in the forests at the base of the active volcano
Higashi-Kirishima, near the hamlet of Arasho in Osumi province, Kyushu. These
forests are evergreen and composed largely of Oaks such as Quercus gilva BI.,
Q. glauca Thunb., Q. acuta Thunb., Q. myrsinaefolia Bl., and various members of
Lauraceae, among which Machilus Thunbergii S. & Z. is dominant; Distylium race-
mosum 8. & Z. and such conifers and taxads as Abies firma S. & Z., Pinus densiflora
S. & Z., P. Thunbergii Parl., Tsuga Sieboldit Carr., Cephalotarus drupacea S. & Z. and
Torreya nucifera S. & Z. are alsocommon. The undergrowth is chiefly Aucuba japo-
nica Thunb. and Skimmia japonica Thunb. The Podocarpus trees are not large,
being from 16 to 20 m. tall and in girth of trunk from 1 to 1.5m. The trunk is
straight and is clothed with gray, shallowly fissured, shreddy bark. The branches
are short, thin, very numerous and spreading, and the aspect of the tree is decidedly
sombre. The leaves are narrow-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, very dark green, and
occasionally somewhat glaucous beneath. The fruit is about the size of a garden
pea, greenish and pruinose or sometimes purplish and is seated upon a fleshy pur-
ple-colored receptacle. The wood is yellowish brown and very durable in water,
but the tree is so rare that the wood has no recognized market value.
Japanese names for this Podocarpus are Kusa-maki, Inu-maki, Hon-maki or
simply Maki. It is a great favorite in gardens, cemeteries and temple grounds
everywhere in the warmer parts of Japan, and is in general use as a hedge plant
and in topiary work. The leaves vary in size and are sometimes variegated, and
in cultivation several varieties are recognized. A form with large leaves is f. grandi-
folius Pilger (in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.—5, 80 [Tazxaceae] [1903]) and another with
narrow leaves is f. angustifolius Pilger (I. c.).
I have seen specimens of this tree from the Liukiu Islands and from Formosa,
but I do not know if they were from wild or cultivated trees. The species is very
closely related to the Indian P. neriifolius D. Don and it is doubtful if the two are
really distinct. Like a number of other Japanese plants, P. macrophyllus was first
made known in the West by Kaempfer under its vernacular name of Maki (Amoen.
fase. V. 78 [1712]), and his specimen is figured by Banks under Thunberg’s name
of Taxus macrophylla. According to Aiton (Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V. 416 [1813]) it
was introduced from China, by William Kerr, to Kew in 1804. It was taken to
Java by the Dutch probably from Japan at an early date and Siebold says it was
introduced into Holland in 1830. On subsequent dates it has been sent or brought
to Europe and it is one of the many plants which Dr. George R. Hall brought from
Japan to this country in March, 1862. The Maki is too tender for cultivation in
the Northern States, but it thrives in California and in the Southern States. In
Great Britain and in Europe generally it can only be grown in the open ground in
the mildest regions. A variety of this species is
PoDOCARPUS MACROPHYLLUS, var. MAKI Siebold in Jaarb. Nederl. Maatsch. ~
Aanmoed. Tuinb. 1844, 35 (Naaml.).— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 216 (1847). —
Miquel in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 71, t. 134 (1870). — Maximowicz in
Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 3, XV. 380 (1871); in Mél. Biol. VII. 562
(1871).
Taxus chinensis Roxburgh, Hort. Bengal. 73 (1814).
Podocarpus chinensis Sweet, Hort. Brit. 371 (1827). — Tanaka, Useful Pl. Jap. 66,
fig. 578 (1891).
Juniperus chinensis Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 2, III. 840 (not Linnaeus) (1832).
Taxus Makoya Forbes, Pinet. Woburn. 218 (1839).
TAXACEAE.— PODOCARPUS NAGI 5
vic enabars japonica Siebold in Jaarb. Nederl. Maatsch. Aanmoed. Tuinb. 1844, 35
aaml.).
Podocarpus Makoyi Blume, Rumph. III. 215 (1847).
Podocatgus Vrieseana Hort. ex Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI. pt. 2, 516
(as a synonym) (1868).
Podocarpus Miquelia Hort. ex Parlatore 1. c. (as a synonym) (1868).
Podocarpus macrophyllus, subsp. maki Pilger in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.-5, 80 (Taxa-
ceae) (1903). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 16 (1905).
This variety is distinguished by its small, densely crowded, linear-lanceolate
leaves and by its erect or ascending-spreading branches. As usually seen in gardens
and temple grounds in Japan it is a low bush, but when allowed to grow freely it
forms a small bushy tree and in appearance is not so distinct from the type species.
This Maki is known only as a cultivated plant, but as such is plentiful in the
warmer parts of Japan and in China. According to Siebold it was brought to Europe
in 1800, and as we know from Forbes, it was introduced about 1830 into the
Woburn Pinetum. According to Roxburgh it was sent from China by William
Kerr to Calcutta in 1812. Roxburgh cites Lo-hon-tsong as the Chinese name for
this plant. In central and western China this name (Lo-han-sung, i. e. Lo-han’s
Pine) is applied to Cephalotarus Fortunei Hook. The variety maki is no more
hardy than the type and its real origin is unknown. The Japanese cultivate
variegated forms of this variety. Another variety of this species (var. appressus
Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 16 [1905]), known as the Sekkwa-maki, is also
cultivated inJapan. This plant has even smaller leaves than has the var. maki, and
the branches spread horizontally and are often subpendulous. It is a low shrub and
was first described by Maximowicz as a species under the name of P. appressa
(in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 3, XV. 379 [1871]; in Mél. Biol. VII. 561
[1871]).
PODOCARPUS NAGI Zoll. & Moritz.
Puiates I anp II
Popocarpus Naat Zollinger & Moritzi apud Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Arch. II.
82 (as a synonym) (1854). — Makino in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XVII. 113 (1903). —
Pilger in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.—5, 60, t. 9, fig. c-e (Taxaceae) (1903).
Myrica nagi Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 76 (1784).
Nageia japonica Gaértner, Fruct. I. 191, t. 39, fig. 8 (1788).
Podocarpus Nageia R. Brown apud Mirbel in Mém. Mus. Paris, XIII. 75 (1825). —
Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. M'nch. IV. pt. 3, 233 (Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat.
109) (1846). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 207 (1847). — Zollinger, Syst. Vera. Ind.
Arch. I. 82 (1854). — Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 168 (1867); Prol. Fl.
Jap. 332 (1867); in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 71, t. 185 (1870). — Franchet
& Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 474 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII.
501 (1881). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 77 (1894). — Henry in Trans. Asiat. Soc.
Jap. XXIV. suppl. 91 (List Pl. Formos.) (1896). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For.
Jap. I. 30, t. 18, fig. 1-12 (1900). — Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 151 (1900). —
Matsumura in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XV. 139 (1901); Ind. Pl. Jap. IL. pt. 1, 16 (1905).
Dammara Veitchii Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 216 (1865).
Podocarpus Japonica Nelson, Pinac. 155 (not Siebold) (1866).
Agathis Dammara Engler in Bot. Jahrb. VI. 49 (not Richard) (1885).
Nageia Nagi Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. II. 798 (1891).
6 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
I did not see wild trees of this species in my travels in Japan, but Shirasawa
and Matsumura both state that it is indigenous in Shikoku and in Kyushu. The
first tree I saw was at Kagoshima, where it grows in the famous garden of Prince
Shimazu and is about 16 m. tall, with a trunk 1.3 m. in girth. The tree is rather
crowded and the branches somewhat sparse. At Nara, the old eighth-century
capital, there are several groves and many scattered trees in the park and in the
woods about Kasuga-yama. In all probability these or their parents were planted
in early times, but from the many seedling and young trees it is evident that they
have long perpetuated themselves. As seen at Nara the Nagi, as the Japanese
call it, is one of the most strikingly beautiful of all evergreen trees. It is of medium
size, growing from -16 to 23 m. tall and from 1.3 to 2.5 m. in girth of trunk, which
is straight, and if tapped with the knuckle sounds hollow. The bark is nearly
smooth, brownish purple and on old trees scales off in thin gray flakes. The
branches are numerous, ascending-spreading and spreading, moderately long and
not very thick and the crown is more or less oval. The leaves are lance- or elliptic-
lance-shaped, lustrous dark green and are often slightly glaucous, more especially
on the under side. The fruit is globose and plum-like, from 1.3 to 1.6 cm. wide,
bluish black and pruinose and the foot-stalk is not thickened. The wood is pale
yellowish brown, soft and compact, with a wavy grain.
Matsumura reports this tree from the Liukiu Islands and Henry says that in
Formosa it is known as the Sha-shan or Shan-sha, and that it is a valuable timber
tree. Probably it is indigenous there. In gardens in the warmer parts of Japan
the Nagi is cultivated and varieties with narrow, broad, and variegated leaves are
recognized.
Like P. macrophyllus D. Don, this species was first made known to us by
Kaempfer (Amoen. fase. V. 773, 874 [1712]), who describes it as Laurus Julifera,
folio specioso enervi and gives an excellent figure of it under its vernacular name
of Nagi. According to Siebold (Jaarb. Nederl. Maatsch. Aanmoed. Tuinb. 1844,
35 [Naaml.]) it was introduced ‘by him to Ghent in 1830. It is less hardy than
P. macrophyllus D. Don, but grows very well in California.
Subfam. TAXEAE Reichb.
CEPHALOTAXUS S. & Z.
A small genus of low trees or shrubs consisting of seven species all indigenous
in the Orient; two grow on the Khasia and Mishmi Hills in northern Assam,
one in Formosa and four with two varieties are found in China. One of these
species is also indigenous in Japan.
CEPHALOTAXUS DRUPACEA S&S. & Z.
CEPHALOTAXUS DRUPACEA Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Miinch. IV. pt. 3,
232 (Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. Il. 108) (1846). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 239 (1847). —
Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 169 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 333 (1867); in Sie-
bold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 66, t. 130, 131 (1870). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum.
Pl. Jap. I. 473 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 499 (1881); in Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, XX XIII. 228, fig. 94 (1903). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 75 (1894). —
Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 81, t. 14 (1900). — Kent in Veitch, Man. Conzf.
TAXACEAE. — CEPHALOTAXUS DRUPACEA 7
ed. 2, 112 (1900). — Palibin in Act. Hort. Petrop. XTX. 136 (Consp. Fl. Kor.)
(1901). — Pilger in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.—5, 100, fig. 19, 20 (Taxraceae) (1903). —
Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 6 (1905). — Hemsley in Bot. Mag. CXXXV.
t. 8285 (1909). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 46 (1911). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr.
Brit. & Irel. VI. 1469 (1912). — Rehder & Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. II. 3
(1914). — Bean, Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isl. I. 330, fig. (1914).
Taxus coriacea Hort. ex Knight & Perry, Syn. Conif. 51 (as a synonym) (1850?).
Cephalotaxus coriacea Hort. ex Knight & Perry I. c. (as a synonym) (1850?).
Podocarpus drupacea Hort. ex Knight & Perry 1. c. (as a synonym) (1850?).
Podocarpus coriacea Hort. ex Knight & Perry I. c. (as a synonym) (1850?).
Cephalotaxus Fortunei foemina Hort. apud Carriére, Traité Conif. 509 (1855).
Taxus Japonica Hooker ex Gordon, Pinet. suppl. 21 (as a synonym) (1862).
Cephalotarus foemina Hort. ex Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 720 (as a synonym)
(1867).
This is the only species of Cephalotaxus indigenous in Japan, where as a bush
or low bushy tree it is more or less common in woods and thickets from Satsuma
province northward through Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hondo to Hokkaido, where it is
a common undergrowth in forests of Abies sachalinensis Mast. at Nopporo in Ishi-
kari province beyond Sapporo. It has also been reported from the mainland
of Korea and from Hupeh province in central China. In the forests at Nopporo
and elsewhere in the colder parts of Japan it is a shrub from 1 to 2.5 m. tall and of
no particular shape, but in the milder regions it is usually a small tree. At Gotemba,
in Suruga province, on the lower slopes of Fuji-san between 600 and 800 m. in open
moorland, it is common as a bushy tree from 5 to 8 m. tall with a trunk from 0.75
to 1 m. in girth. The largest trees I saw grow in the rich forests at the foot of
Higashi-Kirishima, near Araso in Usumi province, Kyushu, where Podocarpus
macrophyllus D. Don also grows wild. In these forests I saw many trees from 8 to
10 m. tall with trunks from 1 to 1.3 m. in girth and wide-spreading branches form-
ing broad rounded crowns.' Such trees, with their dark-green leaves pale or
glaucescent on the under side, are very beautiful. The bark is gray and fissured
into narrow strips which are easily detached. The leaves are from 2 to 4.5 cm. long,
straight or slightly curved, abruptly contracted to a mucronate apex and _pecti-
nately arranged; on flat lateral branches they are strictly in one plane or slightly
irregular, on ascending branches the arrangement is more or less irregular and they
are ascending-spreading. The fruit is obovoid to ellipsoid, from 1.6 to 2.5 cm. long,
purplish in color, and ripens the second year. It is rich in oil, which is or was
formerly expressed and used as an illuminant. The wood is whitish brown, firm
and straight-grained and is employed for making small household utensils. This
Cephalotaxus has several Japanese names, but in Hondo and southward it is usu-
ally called the Inu-gaya or Abura-gaya and in Hokkaido by the Ainu name of
Anatni.
Cephalotaxus drupacea was introduced into cultivation in the Botanic Garden at
Ghent, by von Siebold in 1830. It is scarcely hardy in this country as far north
as Boston, Massachusetts, although in this Arboretum it is growing well in a
moist shady place. At Wodenethe in Beacon on the Hudson River, New York,
there are fine plants of this Cephalotaxus. In Japan I secured seeds from its
1 Mayr (Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 269 [1906]) says that in the warmer parts of Japan it grows
20 m. tall. I neither saw nor heard of such large trees and suspect that he confused it with Torreya
nucifera S. & Z.
8 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
northern limits at Nopporo and also from Hayachine-san in northern Hondo, and
it will be interesting to see if these produce a hardier race than that in general
cultivation. A variety of this species is
CEPHALOTAXUS DRUPACEA, var. PEDUNCULATA Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
III. 169 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 333 (1867).
Taxus Harringtonia Knight apud Forbes, Pinet. Woburn. 217, t. 66 (1839).
Taxus Inukaja Knight apud Loudon, Encyel. Trees, 943 (1842). — Knight & Perry,
Syn. Conif. 51 (as a synonym) (1850?).
Cephalotarus pedunculata Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Miinch. IV. pt. 3, 232
(Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. II. 108) (1846). —Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 238 (1847). —
Miquel in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. Il. 67, t. 182 (1870). — Franchet &
Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 473 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII.
499 (1881); in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XXI. 118 (1884). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr.
Brit. & Irel. VI. 1471 (1912).
Taxus Sinensis Knight ex Gordon, Pinet. suppl. 21 (as a synonym) (1862).
Cephalotarus drupacea, var. 8 Miquel in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. Il. 68 (as a
synonym) (1870). ;
Cephalotarus Harringtonia K. Koch, Dendr. II. pt. 2, 102 (1873). — Silva Tarouca,
Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 160, fig. 159 (1918).
Cephalotarus drupacea, var. Harringtonia Pilger in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.-5, 102
(Taxaceae) (1903). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 7 (1905).
In the woods and thickets of Japan I searched diligently for a specimen of this
curious plant, but failed to discover one. Male specimens collected on Shiraga-
yama in Tosa province, Shikoku, approach it closely in length of peduncle;
they have acuminate bracts, but the flower clusters are simple as in the type. In
Siebold & Zuccarini, Flora Japonica, it is stated that C. pedunculata and C. dru-
pacea grow in the same regions and are both wild and cultivated. Apart from
material cultivated in Europe I have seen one specimen only and that from a
garden in Tokyo which represents the true C. pedunculata S. & Z. The male
plant only is known and I can see no reason for regarding it other than an abnormal
variant of the common wild C. drupacea S. & Z., and this is the view taken by
Japanese botanists and horticulturists. This variety was introduced by von
Siebold into the Botanic Gardens at Leyden in 1829. Another variety of this
species is .
CEPHALOTAXUS DRUPACEA, f. FAsTIGIATA Pilger in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.—5,
103 (Taxaceae) (1903). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. Il. pt. 1, 7 (1905).
Podocarpus coraianus Siebold in Jaarb. Nederl. Maatsch. Aanmoed. Tuinb. 1844,
85 (name only) (Naami.).
Podocarpus koraiana Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 217 (1847). — Carriére in Rev. Hort. .
1863, 349, fig. 36.
Cephalotaxus koraiana Hort. ex Gordon, Pinet. 275 (as a synonym) (1858).
Taxus Japonica Loddiges ex Gordon 1. c. (as a synonym, not Hooker) (1858).
Cephalotaxus pedunculata fastigiata Carriére, Prod. Fix. Vars. 44, fig. 1 (1865);
Traité Conif. ed. 2, '717 (1867).
Cephalotarus ? Buergeri Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 169 (1867); Prol. Fl.
Jap. 333 (1867).
se ta Sciadopitys Hort. ex Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 181 (as a synonym)
1891).
This fastigiate form is common in Japanese gardens and is known as the Chosen-
maki (i.e. Korean Podocarpus). It was introduced into the Botanic Garden at
TAXACEAE. —TORREYA NUCIFERA nee
Ghent by von Siebold in 1830. As a wild plant it is unknown and appears to be a
seminal variant analogous to the Irish Yew (Taxus baccata, f. fastigiata Loud.).
It is commonly cultivated in the warmer parts of this country, but is not hardy
in eastern Massachusetts.
TORREYA Arn.
A genus of Yew-like trees of which four species are known, two in North America
and two in eastern Asia. Of the American species one (7'. taxifolia Arn.) grows
in western Florida, the other (T. californica Torr.) in California. One of the
Asiatic species (7. grandis Fort.) is widely distributed and endemic in China
and the other is common in Japan, but does not reach the mainland.
TORREYA NUCIFERA S&S. & Z.
Puares III anp IV
Torreya Nucirera Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Minch. IV. pt. 3, 232 (FI.
Jap. Fam. Nat. 108) (1846). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 240 (1847). — Miquel in
Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. Ill. 169 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 333 (1867); in Siebold & Zuc-
carini, Fl. Jap. Il. 64, t. 129 (1870). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I.
473 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 500 (1881). — Shirasawa, Icon.
Ess. For. Jap. I. 32, t. 15, fig. 19-34 (1900).— Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 119
(1900). — F. W. Oliver in Ann. Bot. XVII. 468 (1903). — Pilger in Engler, Pflan-
zenr. 1V.—5, 105, fig. 21 (Taxaceae) (1903). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. Il. pt. 1,
19 (1905). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 46 (1911). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit.
& Irel. VI. 1463 (1912).—Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 132, fig. 130 (1913).
— Bean, Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isl. II. 558 (1914).
Taxus nucifera Linnaeus, Spec. 1040 (1753).— Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (1784). —
Gaertner, Fruct. II. 66, t. 91 (1791). — Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. 21, t. 2 (1826).
Podocarpus nucifera Persoon apud Loudon, Arb. Brit. IV. 2100 (1838).
Caryotaxus nucifera Zuccarini ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 241 (as a synonym) (1847).
Fetatarus nucifera Nelson, Pinac. 168 (1866).
Tumion nuciferum Greene in Pittonia, II. 194 (1891).—Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 76
(1894); Silva N. Am. X. 56 (1896).
I met with this Torreya, or Kaya as the Japanese call it, as a scattered tree
growing among broad-leaved and coniferous trees in nearly every wood and forest
visited from Yaku-shima, in the extreme south of Kyushu, to the latitude of Tokyo,
in central Hondo. But in one place only is it common, and that is on Takao-san,
a hill some 500 m. high, about 27 miles southwest of Tokyo and in Musashi province.
Here it is remarkably plentiful and is associated with Abies firma S. & Z., on steep
slopes composed of shale rocks. I have a specimen collected at Sendai, in Rikuzen
province, and Matsumura records it from Hirosaki, in Mutsu, the most northern
province of Hondo, but I did not see it wild north of Musashi province, not even
in the Nikko region, and strongly suspect that the trees in northern Hondo are
cultivated and not wild. Outside of Japan it is known with certainty to be wild
only on Quelpaert Island, where it has been collected by Taquet. On the main-
land of Korea, Nakai thinks that it is cultivated and escaped.
On Yaku-shima I measured a tree 16 m. tall with a trunk 2.3 m. in girth; on
Takao-san the trees average from 16 to 20 m. tall and from 1.3 to 2 m. in girth.
10 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Of wild trees these are the largest I saw, but Sargent records some on the banks
of the Kiso-gawa, near Agematsu, 26 m. tall with trunks from 4 to 5 m. in girth.
At Hachiman Shrine, Kamo, in Satsuma province, Kyushu, there are several
magnificent planted trees of Torreya. Of these the finest is 28 m. in height and
has a slightly buttressed trunk which measures 5.5 m. in girth at 1.6 m. from the
ground. This is the largest tree of Torreya nucifera I saw in Japan, but here and
there in temple grounds were others nearly as large. The bark is nearly smooth,
pale gray to grayish brown and on old trees shallowly fissured into narrow strips
which flake off. The branches are numerous, stout, horizontally wide-spread-
ing and form a more or less oval crown; the branchlets are green and change
to red-brown or reddish purple the second and third seasons. This change of
color in the shoot is constant and by this character alone this Torreya may be at
once distinguished from the Chinese 7. grandis Fort., in which the shoots do
not change color, but remain yellowish green until they finally become gray. The
leaves of T. nucifera are lustrous, blackish green and very pungent. The flowers
are axillary: the male on the shoot of the previous year, the female on that of the
current season and near the base. The male and female flowers open simultane-
ously. After fertilization the ovule grows only slightly during that season. The
fruit is sessile, ripens the second season and is obovoid to ellipsoid, from 2 to
2.5 cm. long; when ripe it is green, faintly tinged and striped with purple more
especially on the apex, splitting and exposing the seed rich in an oil which is
extracted for culinary purposes. The kernels are a favorite article of food. The
wood is yellowish to pale brown, firm and lustrous and durable in water. It is used
for making water-pails and for cabinet-work and for the pieces used in the Japa-
nese game of chess. Old trees of the Kaya sometimes have few branches and are
ragged in appearance, but usually the trees are clad with branches to near the
ground and are strikingly ornamental. In the gardens of western lands this tree
is not so well known as its distinctive beauty warrants. In those of eastern North
America it is rare. It is quite hardy and ripens fruit in this Arboretum where
it starts to grow very late, although its rate of growth is as rapid as is that of any
other hardy taxad. In the Hunnewell Pinetum there is a specimen 6 m. tall.
The Japanese Torreya was first described and figured by Kaempfer (Amoen.
fasc. V. 814, fig. [1712]) under the name of Taxus nucifera, the name which was
later adopted by Linnaeus. Kaempfer’s description and figures are excellent and
one of the figures shows the splitting of the fruit. According to Aiton (Hort.
Kew. V. 416 [1813]) it was in cultivation in England with Captain Thomas Corn-
ie : 1764. In 1830 it was introduced to the Botanic Gardens at Ghent by von
iebold.
TAXUS L.
In his monograph Pilger considers all the Yews subspecies, varieties and forms
of the European 7’. baccata L., but types which occupy well-defined geographical
areas behave quite differently in cultivation and have characters by which they
can be distinguished in herbaria and in the field are best considered distinct spe-
cies. From this point of view seven species of Taxus are recognized. Four are found
in North America, two in eastern Asia and one (7'. baccata L.) in Europe and Asia
Minor to northern Persia and Afghanistan. Of the four American species 7. cana-
densis Marsh. is monoecious and is distributed from Newfoundland to the northern
shores of Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg and southward to New Jersey and
Minnesota; 7’. floridana Chapm. is confined to a limited area in western Florida;
TAXACEAE.—TAXUS CUSPIDATA 11
T. brevifolia Nutt. is found from Queen Charlotte Islands in western North America
southward through the coast ranges to the Bay of Monterey in California and west
to the slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Montana; the fourth species, 7’. globosa
Schlechtend, grows in southern Mexico. In southeastern Asia 7. Wallichiana
Zuce. is distributed from Nepal and Sikkim eastward along the Himalayas to the
Khasia Hills and through Upper Burmah and Malaya to Sumatra and the Philip-
pine Islands. In China T. cuspidata, var. chinensis Rehd. & Wils. is widely spread
and grows also in Formosa. In northeastern Asia 7’. cuspidataS. & Z. has a wide
range of distribution and is the only Yew found in Japan.
TAXUS CUSPIDATA S. & Z.
PLate V
Taxus cuspmpata Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Miinch. IV. pt. 3, 232
(Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. II. 108 (1846). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 243 (1847). — Miquel
in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 169 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 333 (1867); in Siebold &
Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 61, t. 128 (1870). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap.
I. 472 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 499 (1881). — Miyabe in Mem.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IV. 261 (Fl. Kurile Isl.) (1890). — Sargent, Forest. Fl. Jap.
76 (1894). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. i. 33, t. 15, fig. 1-18 (1900). — Kent
in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 143 (1900). — Komarov in Act. Hort. Petrop. XX. 210
(Fl. Mandsh. I.) (1901). — Rehder & Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. II. 8 (1914). —
Bean, Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isl. II. 582 (1914). — Takeda in Jour. Linn. Soc. XLII.
486 (1914). — Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. Saghal. 590 (1915).
Taxus baccata Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus, according to Siebold & Zuc-
carini) (1784).— Ruprecht & Maximowicz in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersbourg, XV. 142 (not Linnaeus) (1857).— Ruprecht & Maack in Bull.
Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XV. 383 (1857).
Cephalotarus umbraculifera Siebold apud Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 239 (1847). —
Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 473 (1875).
Taxus baccata, var. microcarpa Trautvetter in Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Péters-
bourg, TX. 259 (Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur.) (1859). — Fr. Schmidt in Mém.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, XII. no. 2, 175 (Reis. Amur. Sachal.) (1868).
Taxus baccata cuspidata Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 733 (1867). — Elwes & Henry,
Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. I. 100, t. 31 (1906). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 51
(1909). ‘
Taxus baccata, subsp. 2. cuspidata Pilger in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.—5, 112 (Taxaceae)
(1903). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 17 (1905). — Hayata, Veget. Mt.
Fuji, 46 (1911).
Taxus baccata, subsp. 2. cuspidata, var. a. latifolia Pilger 1. c. (1903) — Matsumura
1. c. 18 (1905).
The Japanese Yew is widely distributed in Japan from about latitude 34°
northward through Hondo and Hokkaido to the Kurile Islands and Japanese
Saghalien. On the mainland it grows in the Amur region and southward through
Korea to Quelpaert in the Korean Archipelago. It has not been reported from
Mandshuria, and in China proper and in Formosa it is represented by the variety
chinensis Rehd. & Wils. Asa wild tree T. cuspidata cannot be said to be com-
mon anywhere in Japan that I visited except, perhaps, in Kitami province, Hok-
kaido. On the lower slopes of Fuji-san in Suruga province, Hondo, and more
12 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
especially round the villages of Gotemba and Yamanaka, there are many fine trees
of this Yew, but it is impossible to decide whether they are wild or planted. The
most southern place in Japan that I have seen wild specimens from is Mt. Daisen
in Hoki province, Hondo, which is about 2000 m. high and is the loftiest moun-
tain on the west coast. The Rev. Arthur Stanford of the American Board Mission
gave me the material and told me that the plant forms a dense scrub from 1 to
2 m. high covering large areas on the wind-swept middle and upper slopes. I have
seen material from Takayama in Hida province, but whether wild or cultivated I
do not know. On the lower middle slopes of Yatsuga-dake on the borders of Shinano
and Kai provinces I saw this Yew wild in moist woods, and in the village of Naka-
shinden it is the common hedge plant. It grows on Nantai-san in the Nikko
region, but is rare, although in the temple grounds and gardens in this region it is
a very common shrub or tree. On the wind-swept upper slopes of Hakkoda-yama
in Mutsu province, between 1600 and 2000 m. high this Yew grows sparingly
as a low, broad shrub from 1 to 1.5 m. tall. I met with it occasionally elsewhere
in Hondo within the limits here sketched, but except in and near villages where it
is questionably wild this tree is rare on the main island of Japan. In the moist
forests of northern Hokkaido, especially in those of Kitami province round Rube-
shibe and Oketo, it is fairly common, growing mixed with Picea jezoénsis Carr.,
P. Glehnii Mast., Abies sachalinensis Mast., Populus Maximowiczit Henry, Acan-
thopanax ricinifolius Seem., Ulmus japonica Sarg. and Acer pictum Thunb. On
the slopes of Shiribeshi-san in Shiribeshi province I found it growing between
1300 and 2000 m. altitude either prostrate on the ground or as a broad shrub from
1 to 2m. high. I did not meet with it in Saghalien nor in Shikoku, but Shirasawa
reports it from the latter island.
The largest trees I saw were from 15 to 16 m. tall and about 2 m. in girth of
trunk. The branches are usually very numerous, horizontally spreading or
ascending-spreading and form a flattened round and broad crown; occasionally the
branches are comparatively sparse and relatively short and the crown narrow and
irregular in outline. The bark is red-brown, sometimes grayish brown, and shal-
lowly fissured. When this Yew fruits it appears to bear very large crops and
many trees which I saw presented a wonderful sight with their wealth of scarlet
fruits. The wood is red or reddish brown, very hard, tough and durable. It is
very lasting in wet soil and on this account is valued for piles in the foundations
of houses and buildings generally. It is also highly esteemed for cabinet-work,
for carving and for indoor-decorations of better-class houses. Formerly the Japa-
nese used it for making bows, as do the Ainu people to the present day. In Hondo
the common name for this tree is Ichii and in Hokkaido it is Onko; less frequently
the Japanese term it Araragi and Siio-no-ki.
The Ichii is very generally cultivated in Japan as a hedge plant, for topiary
work, as a tree or shrub or as a closely cut low bush. For the gardens of
eastern Massachusetts it is the most valuable evergreen that eastern Asia has
supplied. It is perfectly hardy and in full exposure to the sun its leaves retain
their dark-green color throughout the year, while those of most of the forms of
the European Yew under the same conditions brown very badly.
The Japanese Yew was discovered by Thunberg; it was introduced into Eng-
land by Robert Fortune between 1854 and 1856,-and sent by him to Mr. R. Glen-
dinning of Chiswick Nursery, Turnham Green. In his own words (in Gard. Chron.
1860, 170) Fortune says of its introduction: “This species was brought from Japan
to Shanghai and presented to me by the late Mr. Beale. I believe it is distinct
TAXACEAE.— TAXUS CUSPIDATA 13
from anything formerly introduced.” In Great Britain this Yew never appears to
have attracted much attention, probably because 7’. baccata L. and its forms are
so common, quite hardy and thrive so well. It was introduced into America by
Dr. George R. Hall in 1862, who gave it to Parsons & Co., Nurserymen, Flush-
ing, Long Island, New York. It appears to have made slow headway for many
years in gardens here, but it is now becoming well known and its merits as the
hardiest of all the Yews properly appreciated. On the estate of the late Dr. Hall
there is growing a specimen which is 7 m. high and 40 m. round. It was planted
about 1870 and is probably one that he brought from Japan.
In cultivation here are two forms besides the type: one, a low wide-spreading
shrub with short leaves, is f. nana Rehder (in Bailey, Cycl. Am. Hort. IV. 1773
[1902]) and the other, a low compact shrub, is f. densa Rehder (in Bailey, Stand.
Cycl. Hort. V1. 3316 [1916]) (syn. J’. baccata, subsp. globosa, f. tardiva Matsumura,
Ind. Pl. Jap. I. pt. 1, 18 [1905], not 7. baccata, f. tardiva Pilger).
1 These are the only Yews known from Japan, but in books reference is frequently made to an-
eRe erroneously supposed to be of Japanese origin and known variously as Tazrus brevifolia Hort.,
‘ephalotaxus tardiva Siebold apud Endlicher, Tarus tardiva Hort., T. adpressa Hort. Endlicher
an Conif. 239 [1847]) apparently started the story that it came from Japan. Pilger names it T.
baccata, f. tardiva (in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.—5, 114 [Tazxaceae] [1903]), following the much copied error
that Knight had named it T. sinensis tardiva. Knight’s name (Syn. Conif. 52 [1850?]) is T. ?tardiva.
The proper name for this plant is 7. baccata, var. adpressa Carriére (in Jacques & Herincq, Man. Pi.
IV. 380 [1857]). This plant originated as a chance seedling from T. baccata L. in the nurseries of
Messrs. Dickson at Chester, England, about 1826. Its history is given in The Garden, XXIX. 149,
221, 268 (1886) under the names of 7’. adpressa Hort. and T. brevifolia Hort.
PINACEAE
KEY TO THE JAPANESE GENERA
Subfam. ABIETEAE
Fruit maturing in two seasons; leaves fascicled, needle-shaped, enclosed at the base in
amembranoussheath ... = ¢ .. {eS une 2 fob AN Re eee Pinus.
Fruit maturing in one season.
Leaves scattered on leading shoots and in rosettes on short spur-like branchlets, de-
Gidnous = 3 7Si. 8 eee wee BROS Rep tee eo ea ies eee Larix.
Leaves scattered, linear, persistent.
Cones pendulous, the scales persistent on the axis. P
Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf-bases; leaves falling off in drying;
bracts shorter than the cone-scales.
Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above ... . Picma.
Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below. ........ TsuGa.
Branchlets not roughened by leaf-bases; leaves stalked, flattened, not falling off
in drying; bracts longer than the cone-scales ...... . PsEUDOTSUGA.
Cones erect, their scales deciduous from the axis, longer or shorter than the bracts.
Leaves sessile.(flat:.., 8° bo. a et ee ast SO a ee ABIEs.
Subfam. TAXODIEAE
Fruit maturing in two seasons; leaves crowded, scale-like, with long, narrow, strap-
shaped cladodes arising from their axils and arranged in whorls of from 20 to 30 like
the'ribs of:an‘umbrella. =. -.559) 80. Fe, A eee Scraporirys.
Fruit maturing in one season; leaves spirally arranged in 5 rows, short, linear-subulate,
irregularly 4-sided, falcately incurved, rarely straight and spreading, keeled on the
lower ‘side, S@8eHG! 2. 5. dnc. Gv es eH as Shae Re es oe CRYPTOMERIA.
Subfam. CUPRESSEAE
Fruit a cone, maturing in one season; leaves usually scale-like, often dimorphic.
Cones broadly ovoid or globose, the scales rhomboidal, imbricated; seeds five at the
base'of eachiscale .. 25. st hs SU ee eee eee ea THUJOPSIS.
Cones oblong, the scales oblong, in four decussate pairs, the middle ones only fertile;
seeds two'at the base’of each scale. 3.5 pos pene ee ete So THUSA.:
Cones globose or nearly so, the scales peltate, from 8 to 12; seeds from 2 to 6 on
each seal: 550 4 se So eee eee CHAMAECYPARIS.
Fruit a berry, maturing in two or three seasons; flowers dioecious; leaves decussate or
in threes, subulate or scale-like, often oftwoforms ......... JUNIPERUS.
Subfam. ABIETEAE Spach
PINUS L.
The genus Pinus is widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere from
the Arctic Circle southward to the Bahamas, the West Indies and the mountains
of Central America in the New World; to the Canary Islands, northern Africa,
Sumatra and to the Philippine Islands in the Old World. The genus has its greatest
development in western North America, where 28 species are found. The latest
monographer, Shaw (Genus Pinus, 24 [1914]), recognizes 66 species, of which 43
PINACEAE.— PINUS KORAIENSIS 15
belong to the New and 23 to the Old World. Sargent (Silva N. Am. XI. 2 [1897])
gives the total number of species as about 70; Elwes & Henry (Trees Gr. Brit.
& Irel. V. 1003 [1910]) estimate the number at 80. In Japan six species are in-
digenous, ofwhich three also grow on the mainland of eastern Asia.
KEY TO THE JAPANESE SPECIES
Wood soft, close-grained; bark thin, smooth, as a rule scaly on the trunks of old trees;
leaves normally five in each fascicle with one fibro-vascular bundle, sheaths
CUETO tere eer er Mla Uae ME HI ty Sort Pings.
Seeds wingless.
Cone indehiscent, subsessile, deciduous; shoots densely hairy.
Leaves serrate; resin-ducts medial, confined to the angles; cone from 7 to 15 cm.
ii Sey RUN file She tee arene bk i We ee A eS P. KORAIENSIS.
Leaves remotely serrulate; resin-ducts usually external; cone from 3 to 5 cm.
LSA: dee eer ny 0 Se Oe eo ee ee ar P. PuMILA.
Cone dehiscent, long-peduncled; shoots glabrous; leaves serrulate; resin-ducts exter-
nal, external and medial, or medial; cone from 4.5 to 20 cm. long.
P. ARMANDI.
Seeds winged.
Cone dehiscent, persistent, subsessile; shoots pubescent or glabrous; leaves with
resin-ducts external and dorsal ........2.2.2.2.2.2. P. PARVIFLORA.
Wood heavy, coarse-grained; bark thin and scaly on upper parts, deeply furrowed on the
trunk; leaves normally two in each fascicle, with two fibro-vascular bundles, sheaths
ee LE Gaede Be) Bs Py i he ie Pe oe a Harp Pines.
Bark on upper parts of the trunk reddish, terminal buds reddish; shoots more or less
pruinose; leaves slender, gray-green; resin-ducts external .. P. DENSIFLORA.
Bark blackish gray; terminal buds long, very white; shoot yellow-brown; leaves stout,
dark green; resin-ducts medial .. ........2.... P. THUNBERGII.
PINUS KORAIENSIS S. & Z.
Puates VI anv VII
Pinus KoRAIEnsIs Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. IT. 28, t. 116 exclude fig. 1-4
(1844). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 172 (1847).— Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1861,
1114. — J. G. Veitch in Gard. Chron. 1862, 309. — Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond.
II. 266, fig. 1-12 (1862); Pines & Firs Jap. 5, fig. 1-12 (1863). — Miquel in Ann.
Mus. Lugd.-Bat. Til. 166 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 330 (1867). — Franchet & Sava-
tier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 465 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 504
(1881). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 178, fig. 40 (1881).— Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap.
73, t. 5-6, fig. 18 (1890); Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 386 (1906). — Shirasawa, Icon.
Ess. For. Jap. I. 12, t. 2, fig. 17-32 (1900). — Palibin in Act. Hort. Petrop. XIX.
135 (Consp. Fl. Kor.) (1901).— Komaroy in Act. Hort. Petrop. XX. 183 (Fl.
Mandsh. 1.) (1901). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 14 (1905). — Clinton-
Baker, Ill. Conif. I. 28, t. (1909). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. V.
1041 (1909). — Nakai inJowr. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XX XI. 379 (Fl. Kor. pt.2) (1911).—
Shaw, Gen. Pinus, 26, t. 8, fig. 85, 86 (1914).
?Pinus Strobus Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus) (1784).
Pinus Cembra, 8 excelsa Maximowicz in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St. Péters-
bourg, XV. 141 (1857).
Pinus mandshurica Ruprecht in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XV.
16 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
382 (1857); in Mél. Biol. II. 567 (1857). — Maximowicz in Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad.
Sci. St. Pétersbourg, TX. 263 (Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859); in Bull. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersbourg, sér. 8, XX VII. 559 (1881); in Mél. Biol. XI. 349 (1881).
Pinus cembra, var. Manchurica Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. V1. 271 (1896). —
Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 18 (1905).
In Japan the Korean Nut Pine is native on several mountains in central Hondo,
but is very local. Mayr, who first discovered this Pine wild in Japan, found it
on the mountains of Kozuke province. I met with it in a wild state on the slopes
of Mt. Ontake in Shinano province between 2000 and 2500 m. altitude, scattered
in forests mainly composed of Picea jezoénsis Carr., Abies Veitchii Lindl., Tsuga
diversifolia Mast. and occasional Birches. The undergrowth is almost impenetra-
ble and consists of dwarf Bamboos (Sasa spp.). Further to the northwest in the
same province I found it to be fairly common on Tsubakura-dake between 2150
and 2600 m. altitude, growing with Pinus parviflora S. & Z. and the other conifers
named above. These are the only places where I saw spontaneous trees. Mr. M.
Koyama told me that he had collected it on the west slopes of Fuji-san in Kai
province and on Yatsuga-dake on the borders of Kai and Shinano provinces. Very
probably it grows on other mountains in these parts of Hondo, but elsewhere in
Japan it is known only as a planted tree. On the mainland this Pine is distributed
from the Amur region southward into Korea and westward into Mandshuria,
but its exact geographical range and its abundance north and west are not properly
known. Dr. Nakai informed me that in Korea this tree is found where granitic
and Archean schistose rocks occur. It is abundant in north-central Korea and is
said to be especially so in the adjoining region in Mandshuria and to the north-
ward. In the extreme northeast of Korea it is rare, but in the contiguous region
in Mandshuria, and particularly in the valley of the Konchung River, it is plenti-
ful. In western Korea, where formerly it was common, it has nearly all been
felled. In east-central Korea, along the main mountain chain from Kumgan-san
down to Sho-Paik-san, this Pine is seldom found wild below 600 m. altitude and
its higher limit is about 1200 m. altitude. The southernmost range of the species
is the Chiri-san chain, which runs east and west, and there it grows between 1100
and 1500 m. above the sea.
The largest spontaneous trees I saw were from 26 to 30 m. tall and in girth of
trunk from 3 to 3.5 m., but these were exceptional, and the average was from 20
to 25 m. by 2 to 2.5 m. in height and girth respectively. The branches are rather
short and slender, spread horizontally and form a narrow more or less pyramidal
crown. The branches are not dense and light shows clearly through the crown;
generally the trunk divides in its upper part into two or three ascending stems.
The shoots are stout and densely clothed with rufous-brown tomentum. The
winter-buds are reddish brown, cylindric-ovoid, acuminate and slightly resinous.
The bark is thin and scaly, gray-brown to gray and easily peels off in irregularly
shaped flakes and shows red-brown beneath. The leaves are usually in fives, but
often only in fours or even in threes in each fascicle, stout, triquetrous and sharply
serrulate, from 6 to 10 cm. long, with stomata on the ventral side only and with
medial resin-ducts confined to the angles. The cone is normally subterminal, erect
and peduncled, solitary or in clusters round the leading shoot. When ripe they
are pale nut-brown, from 9 to 14 cm. long, ovoid-cylindrical in shape, resinous and
indehiscent, and fall to the ground with the peduncle attached. Squirrels and a
bird, a species of Nutcracker, attack the cones as they ripen and devour the seeds.
The cone is heavy and the cone-scales as they dry shrink and expose the wing-
PINACEAE.— PINUS PUMILA 17
less seeds, which are released only by the disintegration of the fallen cone. The
wood is very resinous and is the most valuable produced by any species of Pine
of eastern Asia, although in Japan it is too rare to have any value as a timber-
tree. %
In Shinano province this Pine is known as the Oba-goy6-matsu (Large Five-
leaved Pine), but everywhere in the gardens of Japan it is called the Chosen-
matsu (i. e. Korean Pine). This latter name doubtless denotes the early place of
origin of these cultivated trees, for it is only quite recently that it has been dis-
covered wild in Japan, and there only in remote places difficult of access and very
sparsely peopled. The Chosen-matsu, though a favorite tree, is not common in
Japanese gardens. At Nikko I saw only young trees and overlooked the fine
specimens Mayr tells of. In the Imperial Botanic Garden, Tokyo, there is a good
specimen some 21 m. tall, with a trunk 1.75 m. in girth, which was planted before
the Meiji era. But the finest specimens and the greatest number of these planted
trees I saw grow in the park at Morioka in Rikuchu province, northern Hondo,
which was formerly the seat of the Daimyo of Nambu. In Japanese gardens I
saw occasional plants of the var. variegata Mayr, which has yellowish white
splashes and stripes down the leaves. It is propagated by grafting on P. Thun-
bergit Parl.
Pinus koraiensis was first discovered wild in the Amur region by C. Maximo-
wicz in June 1855, and by R. Maack in July of the same year. In Japan it was
known as a planted tree only until about 1889, when H. Mayr discovered it growing
wild on the mountains of the Kozuke province. It was introduced from Japan in
1861 by John Gould Veitch into England, and from there it was later sent to this
country. It is perfectly hardy in eastern North America at least as far north as
Boston, Massachusetts, where there are trees from 12 to 13 m. tall which bear
cones annually. In this Arboretum it grows faster and is a more satisfactory tree
than P. cembra L.
It is generally believed that Thunberg’s P. Strobus is the same as P. koraiensis
S. & Z., and his brief description fits it very well. But the Korean Pine does not
grow wild on the Hakone Mountains, as Thunberg says of his Pine. He may
have seen a planted tree of P. koraiensis, but in his Flora Japonica Thunberg is
very careful to distinguish between wild and cultivated plants. No specimen of
Thunberg’s exists to-day, so the point cannot be definitely settled, but I believe
that P. Strobus Thunb. is really P. parviflora S. & Z.
PINUS PUMILA Regel
Puate VIII
Pinus pumita Regel in Cat. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23 (1858); in Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. XXXII. pt. 1, 211 (1859). — Fr. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersbourg,
sér. 7, XII. no. 2, 178 (Reis. Amur. Sachal.) (1868). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap.
80, t. 6, fig. 21 (1890). — Miyabe in Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IV. 261 (Fl. Kurtle
Isl.) (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 80 (1894).— Komarov in Act. Hort.
Petrop. XX. 189 (Fl. Mandsh. I.) (1901). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 14
(1905). — Miyoshi, Atlas Jap. Veget. pt. VII. 4, t. 50 (1907); pt. TX. 3, t. 63 (1908) ;
pt. XIV. 5, t. 99 (1909). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. Il. t. 1, fig. 17-31
(1908). — Clinton-Baker, Jil. Conif. I. 46, t. (1909). — Jackson in Gard. Chron.
ser. 3, XLVI. 93, fig. 41 (1909). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. V. 1045
18 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
(1909). — Nakai in Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XXXI. 379 (Fl. Kor. pt. 2) (1911). —
Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 57, fig. 50 (1918). — Miyabe & Miyake, FI.
Saghal. 595 (1915).
Pinus Cembra, B pumila Pallas, Fl. Ross. I. 5, t. 2, fig. fh (1784). — Chamisso in
Linnaea, VI. 584 (1831). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 142 (1847). — Ledebour, Fl.
Ross. III. pt. 2, 674 (1851). — Trautvetter & Meyer in Middendorff, Reis. Siber.
I. pt. 2, Bot. abt. 2, 88 (FI. Ochot.) (1856). — Maximowicz in Bull. Phys.-Math.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XV. 142 (1857); in Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Péters-
bourg, IX. 262 (Prim. Fl. Amur.) (1859). — Regel & Tiling, Fl. Ajan. 120 (1858).
Pinus Cembra, var. pygmaea Loudon, Arb. Brit. IV. 2276 (1838).
Pinus pygmaea Fischer ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 142 (as a synonym) (1847).
Pinus mandshurica Murray in Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 61 (not Ruprecht) (1866).
Pinus parviflora Miyabe in Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. TV. 261 (Fl. Kurile Isl.)
(not Siebold & Zuccarini) (1890).
Pinus cembra Shaw, Gen. Pinus, 27 t. 8, fig. 89 (as to the synonyms P. pumila and
P. mandschurica, not Linnaeus) (1914).
This dwarf Pine is abundant on the summits and upper slopes of most of the
high mountains of Japan from the alps of Shinano province northward through
Hondo and Hokkaido and descends to sea-level in Japanese Saghalien, at the
shores of the Okhotsk Sea. It is said to be absent from Shikotan, but is common
on most of the Kurile Islands. Masters’ statement that it occurs in Arctic
America has not been confirmed and is probably erroneous. In continental north-
eastern Asia it is widely distributed from Kamtchatka eastward to Yakutsk and
southward through the Amur region to Mandshuria and northern Korea, where its
southern limit is at about 1600 m. altitude on Kumgan-san (Diamond Mountain).
In Japan Pinus pumila grows on granite, and on old volcanic mountains and is
absent from Fuji-san, Nantai-san and others of comparatively recent activity.
I met with it first on Mt. Ontake in Shinano province, where between 2800 and
3250 m. it covers thousands of acres. At its lowest level on Mt. Ontake it grows
with scrubby bushes of Abies Mariesii Mast., Tsuga diversifolia Mast., Betula
Ermantvi Cham., Prunus nipponica Mats. and with Juniperus communis, var.
nipponica Wils., various Willows, Vacciniums and other alpine plants, but in
its upper range it forms almost pure and impenetrable thickets from 0.3 to 2 m.
high. On the summit and topmost slopes of Hakkoda-yama in Mutsu province
this dwarf Pine covers great areas with Pieris nana Mak., Vaccinium Vitis-idaea
L., Phyllodoce aleutica Mak., and other alpine plants. Between these two points
in Hondo I met with it on most of the high mountains which I climbed and in all
it must cover many hundreds of square miles. In Hokkaido I collected this Pine
on Shiribeshi-san, where it covers most of the mountain top and upper slopes and
is associated with Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall., Phyllodoce caerulea Mak.,
Willows and alpine plants; also on Teine-yama near Sapporo, where it grows with
dwarf Bamboos (Sasa spp.) at 1100-1200 m. altitude. At Sakhaiyama in Sagha-
lien I collected it at sea-level growing on sand dunes and in meadows with Juniperus
conferta Parl., Rosa rugosa Thunb., Empetrum nigrum L., Cornus suecica L., Lon-
icera Chamissoi Bunge and scrubby growths of Abies sachalinensis Mast. and
Larix dahurica, var. japonica Maxim. In habit this Pine is best described as
creeping, for the main branch or branches are flat on the ground and emit roots
freely throughout their entire length; the lateral branches are ascending, ascending-
spreading or spreading and form a dense tangled mass from 0.3 to 2.5 m. high.
There is no trunk and the prostrate main branches may be from 10 to 15 m. or
PINACEAE.— PINUS PUMILA 19
more long and from 0.3 to 0.45 m. in girth. The living plants make such a dense
thicket that it is nearly impossible to ascertain their manner of growth, but the sum-
mit of Shiribeshi-san was burnt over a few years ago and at the time of my visit
the stark déad growth of this Pine could be easily examined. Where this Pine
grows scattered with dwarf Bamboo or other aggressive shrubs the prostrate
branches are either very short or turn upward and the lateral branches are all
ascending and the result is a dense more or less pyramidal or oval bush from 2 to
3 m. tall. Such bushes may be seen on Teine-yama near Sapporo. A small speci-
men brought from this mountain by Dr. K. Miyabe and planted in the Botanic
Garden at Sapporo has grown into a shapely small tree about 2.5 m. tall with a
distinct leading shoot, but branched from the base; all the branches are ascend-
ing-spreading and the leaves are from 6 to 10 cm. long. The shoot of Pinus
pumila is stout and is clothed with short, dense gray-brown or fulvous tomentum;
the winter-bud is reddish, cylindric-conic, acute and resinous, with the tips of the
bud-scales free. The leaves are in fascicles of five, crowded and point forward,
from 4 to 7 cm. (occasionally up to 10 em.) long, slightly curved, triquetrous, with
stomata on the ventral surface only and external resin-ducts. On all my speci-
mens, whether from Saghalien, Hokkaido or Hondo, the leaves are nearly
all obscurely and remotely serrulate, and on some two or three year old seed-
lings collected on Hakkoda-yama the leaves are sharply serrulate. The cones
are subterminal, clustered, short-peduncled and spreading, violet-purple when
young, changing the second season to green with purple about the umbos and
when ripe to dull reddish or yellowish brown. In shape the cone is ovoid, from 3 to
4.5 cm. long, and when ripe falls to the ground, carrying its short peduncle with
it. The cones ripen early in September and on falling to the ground are quickly
carried off by squirrels and other rodents and hidden away, and so rapidly do they
disappear that it is a difficult matter to find a ripe cone. The cone is not properly
dehiscent, neither can it be called indehiscent, for after falling the cone-scales
shrink and open sufficiently to shed the seeds. The cone itself disintegrates
rapidly and is even more fragile than that of P. cembra L., of which many botanists
have considered it to be merely a variety. It is certainly closely related to that
species, but it occupies a distinct geographical area, is totally different in habit, and
from what I saw of it wild it appears to me to be fully entitled to specific rank.
Certainly it could never be mistaken for any other species of Pinus. It is in culti-
vation in this Arboretum from seeds I secured in Japan, but it is too early to tell
anything of their behavior. In Japan this dwarf Pine is generally known as the
Hai-matsu.
This dwarf Pine is first mentioned from Kamtchatka by Abbé Chappe d’Au-
teroche in his Voyage en Sibérie, I. 360 (1768), and later by Pallas. It was early
introduced to Petrograd from eastern Siberia and Loudon mentions a plant in the
gardens at Dropmore, England, which was planted in 1817 and “was not more
than 6 inches high.” From Japan, according to Jackson, two living plants were
sent (in 1909?) to the garden of H. Clinton-Baker, at Bayfordbury, England,
from Nyoho-san in the Nikko region by his brother, Captain L. Clinton-Baker, R.N.
It was received at this Arboretum in November, 1903, from Messrs. Regel &
Kesselring of Petrograd, but the plants afterwards died.
20 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
PINUS ARMANDI Franch.
Pinus ArMANDI Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 2, VII. 95, t. 12 (Pl.
David. I. 285) (1884); in Jour. de Bot. XIII. 254 (1899). — Beissner in Nuov.
Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. IV. 184 (1897). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XXVI. 549
(1902); XX XVII. 415 (1906). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif.I. 6, t. (1909). — Elwes
& Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. V. 1048 (1909). — Stapf in Bot. Mag. CXXXVI.
t. 8347 (1910). — Mottet in Rev. Hort. 1910, 423, fig. 177-188. — Shaw in Sar-
gent, Pl. Wilson. I. 1 (1911); II. 12 (1914); Gen. Pinus, 30, t. 9, fig. 96-99 (1914).
Pinus quinquefolia David, Voyage de Chin. I. 192 (name only) (1875).
Pinus koraiensis Beissner in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. IV. 184 (not Siebold &
Zuccarini) (1897). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XXVI. 550 (1902); XXXVII.
415 (1906); in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, XX XIII. 34, fig. 18, 19 (1903).
Pinus scipioniformis Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. VI. 270 (1898).
Pinus mandshurica Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XXVI. 551 (not Ruprecht nor
Murray) (1906).
Pinus Mastersiana Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, XLIII. 194 (1908).
Pinus Armandi, var. Mastersiana Hayata in Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XXV. art. 19,
215, fig. 8 (Fl. Mont. Formos.) (1908).
Pinus levis Lemée & Leveillé in Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. VIII. 60 (1910).
Pinus excelsa, var. chinensis Patschke in Bot. Jahrb. XLVIII. 657 (1912).
The specimens I have from wild trees of this interesting addition to the flora
of Japan I owe to the kind services of Mr. T. Miyoshi and to the courtesy of his
chief, Dr. Naito, head of the Government Forestry Bureau at Kagoshima, to
whom Dr. H. Shirasawa wrote on my behalf. When at Yaku-shima the forestry
officers told me that the Goyo-matsu (P. parviflora S. & Z.) grew there in limited
numbers and also on the neighboring island of Tanega-shima. That this species
should grow on the lofty, rocky Yaku-shima seemed to me quite natural, but that
it also grew wild on the low narrow ridge which forms the backbone of Tanega-
shima was quite another matter. I became rather sceptical as to the identity of
this Pine and urged the officers to procure material for me, since I had not the
time to visit the places myself. On my return to Kagoshima I saw growing in a
garden a White Pine which looked to me like P. Armandi. It bore no cones, but
I dried a vegetative shoot. Later, in Tokyo, Mr. T. Makino gave me cones and a
branch, which he had collected in the garden of Prince Shimazu at Kagoshima.
These most certainly belonged to P. Armandi and settled the question of this
species being grown in gardens at Kagoshima. ‘This suggested the idea that the —
Goyo-matsu of Tanega-shima and Yaku-shima might belong here, and on talking
over the matter with Dr. Shirasawa he concurred in the probability.
In the autumn of 1914 I received from Mr. T. Miyoshi the promised specimens
from the two southern islands. The material bore immature cones, of small size
and superficially like those of P. parviflora S. & Z., and I was uncertain as to what
species they belonged. On my return home I handed the specimens over to Mr.
G. R. Shaw, the authority on the genus Pinus, and after a careful examination he
pronounced them to be of P. Armandi. To satisfy myself I have now critically ex-
amined this Japanese material and find that the shoot, leaves, position of resin-
ducts, the wingless seeds, with the spermoderm forming a narrow border and a
rudimentary prolongation at the summit, agree exactly with the Chinese material,
PINACEAE.— PINUS ARMANDI 21
but the cones themselves appear different. The cones from Japan are from 4.5
to 11 em. long and have a rounded apophysis with the umbo undeveloped and
with the outer edge of the cone-scale recurved. Except for a slight inferiority in
size the largest agree exactly with Hayata’s excellent figure of his P. Armandi,
var. Mastersiana. This herbarium is rich in Chinese material of P. Armandi
and a careful examination shows that these cones are from 4.5 to 20 cm. long and
that in many the outer edge of the cone-scale is recurved; in a number I find the de-
velopment of the umbo arrested and in several the apophysis is broad and rounded.
I have not found in any of the variants perfect seeds, and on re-examining the
Japanese material I find the seeds empty. To make certain that the arrested de-
velopment of the umbo and apophysis was correlated with infertile seeds I ex-
amined cones from the Arboretum living plants of P. Armandt, and found some
indistinguishable from those from Japan in size and other characters mentioned
and others approximately so, but none absolutely identical with perfect cones
from China. In the perfect cone with fertile seeds the apophysis with fully de-
veloped umbo is obtuse and triangular in shape and the outer edge of the cone-
scale is sometimes slightly reflexed. Between this and cones with infertile seeds,
arrested umbo and short rounded apophysis as figured by Hayata I find every
possible gradation. This variation in size and shape of the apophysis and in degree
of development of the umbo in P. Armandi is interesting and probably occurs in
many species of Soft Pines, but it is by no means so marked as in the cones of the
Rocky Mountain P. flexilis James, its most closely related species.
As I did not see P. Armandi wild in Japan I can give no account of the
trees, though they are evidently rare. Mr. Miyoshi, in his letter accompanying
the specimens, says those from Yaku-shima “were collected from a wild tree in
Hirase Government forest, Kamiyaka-mura, on October 19, 1914.’ Those from
Tanega-shima “from a wild tree about 700 years old, 90 ft. tall, 20 ft. in perim-
eter of trunk, growing in Yakugawa Government forest, Kitatane-mura, at
about 600 ft. above sea-level.” The material was sent to me in a box made of
the wood of this species. This wood is heavy, close-grained and darker brown
than I remember seeing it in China, but this is a matter of no moment, for it is
well known that soil, situation and climate strongly influence the character and
quality of timber.
The discovery of this Pine wild in southern Japan adds remarkably to its dis-
tribution. It is indigenous on the mountains of Formosa and on those of the
Chinese provinces of Kweichou, Hupeh, Shensi, Kansu, Szech’uan and Yunnan
to the extreme western limits of China proper. Very probably it will yet be found
on the higher mountains in the more eastern provinces of the Flowery Kingdom.
Plants of P. Armandi received from Monsieur Maurice L. de Vilmorin in 1902
and others raised from seeds sent from China on several occasions by myself are
growing in this Arboretum. They are perfectly hardy, grow rapidly and are very
ornamental; they produce cones at an early age, but unfortunately they suffer
from attacks of boring insects and do not now promise to develop into good trees
in this part of eastern North America.
Pinus Armandi was discovered in January 1873 on the Tsinling Mountains
in Shensi province, China, by Pére A. David and was introduced to the arboretum
of Monsieur M. L. de Vilmorin at Les Barres, France, by Pére P. Farges, who sent
seeds from northeastern Szech’uan in 1895. Seeds of this Pine were sent to Kew
by Augustine Henry in 1897, who collected them “‘ten miles north of Mengtsze,”
in Yunnan province. A portion of these seeds were received here in June 1897,
22 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
PINUS PARVIFLORA S&S. & Z.
Puates IX anp X
PINUS PARVIFLORA Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. IL. 27, t. 115 (1842). — End-
licher, Syn. Conif. 188 (1847).— Carriére, Traité Conif. 292 (1855). — Lindley in
Gard. Chron. 1861, 265. — J. G. Veitch in Gard. Chron. 1862, 309. — Murray in Proc.
Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 272, fig. 13-27 (1862); Pines & Firs Jap. 11, fig. 13-29
(1863). — Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 166 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 330
(1867). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 465 (1875). — Syme in Gard.
Chron. n. ser. X. 624, fig. 103 (1878). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 504
(1881); XXXV. 578 (1904). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 76, t. 5, fig. 19 (1890);
Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 386 (1906).— Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 80 (1894). —
Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 353 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II.
pt. 1, 14 (1905). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. II. t. 2, fig. 30-42 (1908). —
Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. I. 40, t. (1909).—Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 357
(1909).—Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Trel. V. 1033, t. 274 (1909). — Hayata,
Veget. Mt. Fuji, 93 (1911).— Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 218, fig. 229
(1913). — Shaw, Gen. Pinus, 32, t. 11, fig. 114-116 (exclude the synonyms P. morri-
sonicola and P. formosana) (1914).
Pinus Cembra Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linnaeus) (1784).
Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. t. 116 as to fig. 1-4 (1844).
Pinus Cembra, var. Japonica Nelson, Pinac. 107 (1866).
Pinus pentaphylla Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 78, t. 6, fig. 20 (1890); Fremdl. Wald- u.
Parkb. 8377 (1906). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 80 (1894). — Kent in Veitch, Man.
Conif. ed. 2, 356 (1900). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XXXV. 577 (1904). —
Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 14 (1905). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2,
356 (1909).
Pinus parviflora, var. pentaphylla Henry in Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel.
V. 1033 (1909).
This is the Strobus Pine of Japan and the only species of the group known from
that country. It is widely distributed from the mountains of Shikoku northward
through Hondo to Hidaka province in southeastern Hokkaido, but Siebold’s state-
ment that it grows in the Kurile Islands, which has been so widely copied, is erro-
neous. According to information from Dr. Nakai this Pine grows on the island
of Ooryéng off the east coast of Korea, and Matsumura reports it from the
island of Tsushima, but it is apparently unknown in Kyushu. It delights in
steep, rocky country and the only place I saw it really abundant was on Shiraga-
yama in Tosa province, Shikoku. There it grows between 1300 and 1800 m. on ©
schistose rocks with Tsuga Sieboldit Carr., Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z., Abies
jirma S. & Z., and such broad-leaved trees as Stewartia monadelpha S. & Z. and
Magnolia obovata Thunb.; the undergrowth is of Rhododendron Metternichii S. & Z.,
Skimmia japonica Thunb., Pieris japonica D. Don, Osmanthus Aquifolium 8. & Z.,
Ilex rugosa Schmidt and Cephalotarus drupacea S. & Z. The Japanese White
Pine is wild in Iga province, Hondo, and on most of the high mountains of cen-
tral Japan, more especially on those of Shinano province, where on Tsubakura-
dake it is fairly plentiful on granite ridges between 1300 and 2600 m. altitude,
growing with T'suga diversifolia Mast., Picea jezoénsis S. & Z., Abies Veitchii
Lindl., Pinus koraiensis S. & Z., Birches and several broad-leaved trees. In the
PINACEAE.— PINUS PARVIFLORA 23
Nikko region it is rather rare, though on cliffs beyond Yumoto village there are
quite a number of trees growing with Tsuga diversifolia Mast. On Adzuma-
san, on the borders of Iwashiro and Uzen province, in the ascent from the hot
springs beyend Toge, this Pine formerly was plentiful, but has been extensively
felled, although on the wind-swept upper slopes it forms scrub with Abies
Mariesii Mast. and Juniperus communis, var. nipponica Wils. It is more or less
common also in woods near Kadoma at the base of Hayachine-san in Rikuchu
province; round Lake Towada, in Mutsu province, it grows at water-level (alt.
about 500 m.) with Pinus densiflora S. & Z.; on Hakkoda-yama this Pine occurs
sparingly on cliffs. In Hokkaido P. parviflora grows in one or two localities in
Oshima province, on the island of Okushiri in Shiribeshi province and in the
southeast corner of Hidaka province. This is its most northern limit known,
and there it grows in mixed forests with Abies sachalinensis Mast., Picea Glehnii
Mast., Cercidiphyllum japonicum S. & Z., Ulmus japonica Sarg., Betula Ermanii
Cham. and Quercus mongolica, var. grosseserrata Rehd. & Wils.
The Japanese White Pine is a tree averaging from 16 to 20 m. in height and in
girth of trunk from 1.5 to 2.56 m. The largest tree I saw was in Shikoku; it
measured 30 m. by 3.75 m. in girth. The bark on young trees is gray and
smooth and resin pustules are prominent; with age it becomes fissured into thin
scales of irregular shape. On trees growing in exposed places this scaly bark is
fairly persistent, but on old trees, and especially on those growing in moist
woods, it becomes loose and brittle, peels off in flakes and exposes a red-
brown under surface. The branches are relatively few and short, horizontally
spreading, often slightly upturned at the ends and form a narrow scrawny crown;
the trunk is bare of branches from one-third to two-thirds the height of the
tree. The*shoots are more or less densely covered with a short pubescence
or are quite glabrous, or the stout shoots are glabrous and the weaker ones pubes-
cent. The winter-buds are short, ovoid, pale brown, and scarcely if at all resinous,
with scales free at the tips. The leaves are slender and curved, serrulate, from 3
to 8 (usually from 4 to 6) em. long, with stomata on the ventral surface only; the
resin-ducts are external and dorsal. The cones are subterminal, short-peduncled
or subsessile, in clusters of from three to several, when ripe yellow-brown, some-
what lustrous, ovoid to nearly cylindrical, from 4 to 10 (usually from 6 to 8) cm.
long. They shed their seeds, turn nearly black and remain on the trees for years.
The seed is relatively large and the prominent wing varies in size according to
the shape and size of the cone. The wood is pale, brownish, resinous, close and
straight grained, of good quality and makes durable boards and planks for general
construction purposes. Since the tree is scarce it does not figure among the
valuable timber-trees of Japan except in the island of Shikoku.
Since Mayr founded his P. pentaphylla there has been discussion whether it
was really distinct from P. parviflora, and in order to try and settle this point I
devoted much attention to this tree in Japan. I collected wild material in nine-
teen different localities from Shikoku to Mutsu province, north Hondo, and had
material collected for me, through the kind help of Dr. K. Miyabe, in five locali-
ties in Hokkaido. In addition I have before me material from two other places
in Hokkaido and from seven others in Hondo, including some collected by Mayr
and by him named P. pentaphylla. The largest cones I have are from the Nikko
region, but others from Shikoku and Hokkaido are scarcely smaller, and a great
variation may occur in the size of the cones on the same tree. Mayr states that
north of latitude 38° the wild Pine referred to P. parviflora is his P. pentaphylla,
24 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
but specimens before me from Shikoku and from Hidaka province in Hokkaido
are absolutely identical in every respect. They exhibit the same variation in size
and shape of cone, size and shape of seed-wing, length of leaves and in the degree
of pubescence on the shoots. After careful study in the field and a critical ex-
amination of much material I cannot discover any character by which two Japanese
Strobus Pines, or a species with a variety or a form, can be distinguished. The
slight differences in the bark mentioned by Mayr are due to age and the position
in which the trees have grown. Everywhere in J japan this White Pine is common
in gardens as a dwarfed tree in pots, or planted in the open ground. Usually it is
kept clipped and is trained into various shapes. In the garden of the Kinkakuji
Temple at Kydto one of these Pines is fashioned to represent a native boat with all
sails set. A picture of the curious specimen is given on page 384 of Veitch’s Man-
ual of Coniferae (ed. 2), but the author is wrong in considering it to be either P.
Thunbergii Parl. or P. densiflora S. & Z. These stunted White Pines with short
leaves and branches look very different from the free-growing trees and it is easy
to imagine them belonging to a distinct species. The Japanese graft this Pine
and others on P. Thunbergti Parl., and this fact, which does not appear to have
been understood before, accounts lor the difference in its appearance and rate of
growth. It is well known that White Pines do not thrive when grafted on Hard
Pines; in fact many propagators claim that such grafting cannot be done. In
Japan I saw the whole process and made specimens of grafted P. parviflora which
show clearly growths from the stock with the white winter-bud characteristic of
P. Thunbergii Parl. In Europe and North America there are in cultivation both
grafted and seedling plants of P. parviflora, and these are easily distinguished by
their appearance. If the base of a plant with short needles and branches be ex-
amined the point of union of scion and stock can usually be seen, for the stock
grows much more rapidly than the scion. On cultivated and grafted plants of the
Japanese White Pine the cones vary much in size, and on Adzuma-san I found as
much variation in the size of cones on the scrub growth as on tall trees.
Siebold & Zuccarini founded their P. parviflora on specimens from cultivated
and probably grafted trees, and the cone in their plate is small but not abnor-
mally so, and the one figured as the cone of P. koraiensis, which is that of P.
parviflora, is typical. Mayr founded his P. pentaphylla on wild or seedling trees’
and apparently selected for his type those with the largest cones he could find.
My investigations and collections show conclusively that only one species of the
Strobus group of Pinus grows wild in Japan. Shaw refers the Formosan P. mor-
risonicola Hayata (in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, XLITI. 194 [1908]) to P. parviflora, but
this is an error. I have seen the type of Hayata’s plant and it is certainly a dis-
tinct species. ;
The native names of P. parviflora are Goyd-matsu and Hime-komatsu and
Japanese gardeners distinguish a number of forms, including one (f. variegata Mayr)
with variegated leaves. In eastern North America this Pine is very satisfactory
and is perfectly hardy. Trees raised from seeds grow freely, are densely branched
and the branches are very long and straight. The appearance of these trees is
very different from old wild trees in the forests of Japan, with their narrow, scraggy
crowns. As it grows in this Arboretum the Japanese White Pine is an ornamental
and valuable tree.
‘ Dr. Shirasawa told me that from conversation with Dr. Mayr he was of the opinion that the
trees by the bronze tori in front of the Chuzenji Temple are those on which Mayr based his species.
These are planted seedling trees and have large cones.
PINACEAE.— PINUS DENSIFLORA 25
Pinus parvifolia was first noticed by Thunberg, who saw it near Tokyo. It
was introduced into Great Britain in 1861 by John Gould Veitch, and the older
plants in this country came from Veitch’s stock.
PINUS DENSIFLORA &. & Z.
Puate XI
Pinus pEnsrFtora Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 22, t. 112 (1842). — End-
licher, Syn. Conif. 172 (1847).— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 286, fig.
41-51 (1862); Pines & Firs Jap. 32, fig. 55-68 (1863). — Miquel in Ann. Mus.
Lugd.-Bat. T1l. 165 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 329 (1867).— Franchet & Savatier,
Enum. Pl. Jap. 1. 464 (1875).— Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 503 (1881).—
Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 72, t. 5, fig. 17 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 79
(1894). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 10, t. 1, fig. 1-14 (1900). — Kent in
Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 326, fig. 92 (1900).— Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II.
pt. 1, 13 (1905). — Miyoshi, Atlas Jap. Veget. pt. VII. 2, t. 47 (1907). — Beissner,
Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 437 (1909). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. I. 18, t. (1909). —
Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. V. 1125 (1909). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji,
46 (1911). — Shaw, Gen. Pinus, 52, t. 20, fig. 179-181 (1914).
Pinus sylvestris Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (in part, not Linnaeus) (1784).
Pinus sylvestris, b. rubra? Siebold in Verh. Batav. Genoot. XII. pt. 1, 12 (Syn. or
Oecon. Jap.) (name only) (1830).
Pinus scopifera Miquel in Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Arch. II. 82 (1854).
Pinus Pinea Gordon, Pinet. 179 (as to the synonym P. densiflora, not Linnaeus)
(1858).
Pinus Massoniana Hort. ex Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 503 (as a synonym,
not Lambert) (1881).
The Japanese Red Pine, or Aka-matsu, is very widely distributed in Kyushu,
Shikoku and through Hondo to the northern province of Mutsu and has an alti-
tudinal range from sea-level to 1600 m. It will grow on the poorest of soils and has
been much planted in many parts of Japan. I was told by Japanese that this
Pine was not indigenous in Hokkaido, but between Oshamambe and Mena on the
main line from Hakodate to Otaru I saw from the railway-carriage window occa-
sional trees which looked to me spontaneous. This species is not known to grow
wild on the mainland of northeastern Asia, though there is a possibility that it
occurs in Korea.
I first met with this Pine as a wild tree in the forests at the base of Higashi-
Kirishima in Osumi province, Kyushu, growing with Abies firma S. & Z., evergreen
Oaks, various Lauraceae and other broad-leaved trees. On the same mountain
round Miya it forms woods either pure or mixed with P. Thunbergit Parl. On the
slopes of Koya-san in Hondo, on the borders of Yamato and Kii provinces the
Red Pine is abundant in pure stands or mixed with T'suga Sieboldii Carr. and
Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z. It also grows in the valley of the Kisogawa, in
the Nikko region and elsewhere in central Hondo; round Lake Towada in Mutsu
province it occurs at the water’s edge with Pinus parviflora S. & Z. But the finest
woods of this Pine I saw are at Yoshida on the northern slopes of Fuji-san in
Suruga province. These woods are pure and though not extensive are probably
the remains of great forests which once covered what is now wild moorland. As
26 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
seen at Yoshida the Red Pine is strikingly picturesque, with its tall reddish trunk
and thin mop-like crown. It grows from 30 to 35 m. tall and in girth of trunk
from 3 to4m. The trunk is usually straight, sometimes somewhat leaning, and
is bare of branches for one-half to three-fourths the height of the tree. The
bark is orange-red, thin and scaly, but on old trees near the base of the trunk it
is firmer, grayish and fissured in oblong and rectangular plates. The branches
are rather short and horizontally disposed; sometimes they are slightly ascending,
sometimes rather recurved and form a more or less. flattened oval crown. The
young shoots are more or less pruinose and the terminal buds are reddish brown,
cylindrical, acute, and slightly resinous, with the scales free at the tips. The
leaves are in pairs, dull, grayish green, slender, from 8 to 12 cm. long, twisted,
finely serrulate, with stomata on both surfaces and marginal resin-ducts. The
cone is subterminal, subsessile and spreading, symmetrical, ovoid-conic, from 3 to
5 cm. long, and dull pale tawny yellow in color, with a weak hold on the branch,
though it often persists for two or three years. The wood is resinous, coarse-
grained, but strong, and is used in quantity, since it is cheap, in all sorts of general
construction work and for fuel. Though abundantly planted on barren soils for
reafforestation from time immemorial the Red Pine is not much planted in the
parks, temple grounds and gardens of Japan, where the favorite is P. Thunbergii
Parl. There are, however, several dwarf, variegated and otherwise abnormal forms
of P. densiflora which are great favorites with the Japanese and are perpetuated
by grafting on P. Thunbergii Parl. The best of these is Tanyosho (P. densiflora,
var. umbraculifera Mayr (Plate XII), which has a dense, rounded, umbrella-
like crown and grows from 2 to 4 m. tall. This is one of the most useful and ornamen-
tal of low-growing Pines. Another dwarf form is that called Bandaisho (f. globosa
Mayr). In all Mayr enumerates some 22 forms of the Japanese Red Pine, but
the only others that need be mentioned here are the weeping form (f. pendula Mayr)
and the golden form (f. aurea Mayr), often met with in gardens in this country
and in Europe under the erroneous name of Pinus Massoniana aurea. This form
is well distinguished by itsname. It was introduced to this country by Dr. George
R. Hall in 1862. In the garden of Mr. C. H. Tenney at Methuen, Massachusetts,
there is growing a fine specimen of this curious Pine which is 5 m. tall and 2.3 m.
through the crown.
Pinus densiflora was discovered by Thunberg and introduced in 1854 by von
Siebold into the Botanic Garden at Leyden; John Gould Veitch sent seeds of it
to England in 1861. It was brought to this country by Dr. George R. Hall in
1862, who gave seeds to Parsons & Co., Flushing, Long Island. In gardens,
both in this country and in Europe, it has been very generally known under the
erroneous name of P. Massoniana.
The Japanese Red Pine is perfectly hardy in eastern North America as far
north at least as Boston. It grows rapidly and on the Hall estate there are
handsome trees from 16 to 19 m. tall and from 1.5 to 2 m. in girth of trunk. As
a tree for parks and gardens here it promises to be valuable and ornamental.
Another name for this tree in Japan is Me-matsu (Female Pine).
PINACEAE.— PINUS THUNBERGII 27
PINUS THUNBERGII Parl.
-
r Puates XIII ann XIV
Pinus Tuunseren Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI. pt. 2, 388 (not
Lambert!) (1868).— Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 464 (1875).—
Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 504 (1881); in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XIX.
825, fig. 1389 (1883); XXV. 344, fig. 63 (1885). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 69,
t. 5, fig. 16, t. 7, fig. 1 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. '79 (1894). — Shirasawa,
Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 11, t. 1, fig. 15-29 (1900). — Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif.
ed. 2, 383 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 15 (1905). — Miyoshi,
Atlas Jap. Veget. pt. IV. 5, t. 29, 30 (1906); pt. XIII. 6, t. 91 (1909). — Beissner,
Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 414 (1909). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. I. 55, t. (1909). —
Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. V. 1143 (1909). — Shaw, Gen. Pinus, 56,
t. 22, fig. 196, 197 (1914).
Pinus sylvestris Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (in part, not Linnaeus) (1784). — Siebold in
Verh. Batav. Genoot. XII. pt. 1, 12 (Syn. Pl. Oecon. Jap.) (1830).
Pinus Massoniana Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 24, t. 118, 114 (not Lambert)
(1844). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 174 (1847). — J. G. Veitch in Gard. Chron. 1862,
309. — Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 278, fig. 28-40 (1862); Pines &
Firs Jap. 28, fig. 39-54 (1863). — Gordon, Pinet. new ed. 241 (exclude synonyms
P. Cavendishiana and P. tabulaeformis) (1880). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 148 (1881).
Pinus rubra Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. IL. 25 (as a synonym, not Miller) (1844).
This Black Pine, or Kuro-matsu, is found in Japan from southernmost Kyushu
to the northern limits of Hondo, but it has been so much planted from the earliest
days of Japanese history that it is impossible to-day to determine its original geo-
graphical range. It grows wild on the islands of Tanega-shima and Yaku-shima;
on the first it forms very extensive forests and on the latter it occurs scattered
through the coastal savannah and also in pure stands of small size. Around the
base of Higashi-Kirishima in Osumi province, Kyushu, it is wild and forms pure
woods or is mixed with P. densiflora S. & Z.; more rarely it grows in the forests of
mixed trees. At Matsushima in Rikuzen province, northern Hondo, this Pine grows
alone or with occasional trees of P. densiflora S. & Z. on the hundreds of sand-
stone islets for which that place is named. This is the most northern place I saw
it wild; indeed these places, with the island of Miyajima in the Inland Sea, are the
only ones where I saw this Black Pine truly indigenous. It is a maritime species
and very probably at one time was widely distributed along the coastal regions of
Japan. Outside of that country it is known to be indigenous only on the islands
of Quelpaert and Ooryéng, two interesting outposts of the Japanese flora off the
coast of Korea.
As usually seen this Black Pine is a most picturesque tree with a crooked
trunk, ponderous, sprawling branches, dark green leaves, and a blackish-looking
crown of no particular shape. Its odd habit, umbrageous withal, is probably
what has so endeared it to the Japanese, by whom it has been more widely planted
than any other tree except the Cryptomeria. It is certain that this Pine has in-
1 Pinus Thunbergii Lambert (Pinus, ed. 2, preface, vi [1828]. — Abies Thunbergii Lindley in
Penny Cycl. I. 34 [1833]), is based on Pinus Abies Thunberg (Fl. Jap. 275 [not Linnaeus] [1784]), an
obscure plant of which no specimen exists. Some authors have referred it to Picea polita Carr., but
with equal propriety it might be referred to Abies firma 8. & Z.
28 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
fluenced Japanese art more than any other tree as it is a familiar subject on their
paintings, wood-carvings and embroideries. The great highways of Old Japan,
like the Tokaido, which stretched from Kyoto to Tokyo, and the Oshii-kaido,
from Tokyo to Aomori, were lined with rows of this Pine, the remains of
which may be seen to-day. In the grounds of the Daimyos’ palaces this tree was
much planted and in those of Nagoya castle some fine trees are still growing. In
Tokyo there is a picturesque group of this Pine outside the temples in Shiba Park,
and in the grounds and on the inner wall of the moat which bounds the Emperor’s
palace there are many fine specimens. In many places in Japan are famous trees of
this Pine which the people make long pilgrimages to see, one might say to worship.
Such, for example, are the extraordinary tree at Karasaki on the shore of Lake
Biwa, a description and picture of which appeared in the Gardeners’ Chronicle,
ser. 3, XV. 366, fig. 44 (1894), and the Ship Pine in front of the Kofukuji Temple at
Nara. This latter is about 28 m. tall, 6 m. in girth of trunk and the lower branches,
which form the prow and deck of the boat, are 50 m. long. The largest trees I
saw were planted on the coast between Kochi and Aki in Tosa province, Shikoku,
and are growing in sea-sand and gravel, and at flood tides and when high seas pre-
vail the boles are washed by the waves. These trees are fully 30 m. tall, from 6
to 7 m. in girth of trunk and the blackish gray bark is fissured into thick oblong
and rhomboidal plates.
When growing thickly together in forests, as on Tanega-shima, and protected
from the wind this Black Pine can behave like an ordinary Pine tree and form a
nearly straight trunk, spreading branches and a more or less oval or flattened
crown. On Tanega-shima these trees are from 20 to 30 m. tall and in girth of trunk
from 2 to4m. On the islets at Matsushima it grows from 3 to 20 m. tall and from
1 to 3 m. in girth of trunk. The blackish gray bark is fissured into elongated
plates of irregular size and shape. The branches are variable in size, length and
disposition and the shoot is yellowish brown. The terminal buds are characteristic
and readily distinguish the species, being white or grayish white, ovoid to ovoid-
cylindrical and pointed, with fimbriate scales matted together, with their
subulate ends free. The leaves are dark green, in pairs, stout, twisted, densely
crowded on the branches and spreading, from 6 to 18 cm. long, finely serrulate
and pungent, with stomata on both surfaces and medial resin-ducts. The cones
are subterminal, clustered and spreading on short stalks, and are firmly attached to
the branches, symmetrical ovoid to ovoid-conic in shape, from 4 to 6 cm. long
and nut-brown in color; the apophysis is flat or convex with a transverse ridge
and the umbo is usually armed with a minute prickle. The wood is similar in
appearance to that of P. densiflora S. & Z., but is coarser grained, more brittle,
more resinous and of considerably less value for all purposes except as fuel.
Under long cultivation in Japanese gardens several distinct forms have de-
veloped, some dwarf, some pendulous in habit, others with variegated or other-
wise abnormal foliage. Another name for this Pine in Japan is O-Matsu (Male
Pine).
Mayr speaks of hybrids between P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora S. & Z. and
I inquired about them in Japan, but all I could learn was that in nurseries of
seedlings, raised from one or other of these Pines, plants intermediate in appear-
ance were occasionally found. I saw none, however. In Japan P. Thunbergii is
used as the stock in grafting all the other native Pines and their varieties. Mayr
mentions ten different forms of P. Thunbergii as cultivated in Japan; of these the
f. pendula Mayr, which makes an ugly tree, f. variegata Mayr and f. monophylla
PINACEAE. — LARIX 29
Mayr are the most distinct. The last two were discovered by Siebold and by
Siebold & Zuccarini were referred to their P. Massoniana as varieties.
Like the Red Pine (P. densiflora S. & Z.) the Black Pine was discovered by
Thunberg 4nd introduced into Holland by von Siebold in 1855 and into England
by John Gould Veitch in 1861. The largest plants growing in this Arboretum
are from seeds received from the Agricultural College, Sapporo, Hokkaido, in
June 1880; there are other good specimens raised from seeds collected in Japan in
1892 by Professor Sargent. In eastern North America this species is hardy and
grows rapidly as far north at least as Boston, Massachusetts. It would appear
to be of value for planting on the seashore and on sand dunes and in such ex-
posed situations deserves a thorough trial.
LARIX Mill.
Ten species of this genus, with possibly two well-marked geographical varie-
ties, are now recognized and two Larches of hybrid origin are also in cultivation.
All the species are confined to the Northern Hemisphere, where they are widely
distributed from the Arctic Circle southward and reach their southern limits on
the mountains of Yunnan province, China, and on the Himalayas. Three species
are North American and of these L. laricina K. Koch is dispersed over an immense
region from Newfoundland and Labrador westward to the valley of the Mackenzie
River and beyond to the Yukon, Alaska.1_ The other two species (L. Lyallii Parl.
and L. occidentalis Nutt.) are confined to western North America and have a rather
restricted geographical range. The European Larch (L. decidua Mill.) is wild on
the Alps from Dauphiné to the Tyrol, on the Carpathians and on the mountains
of Bohemia and Moravia. In some places. it forms extensive and pure forests.
Its Siberian relative (L. sibirica Ledeb.) covers large areas in northern Russia
as far north as latitude 67° and spreads eastward through Siberia to the Yenesei
River and possibly beyond; from the Altai Mountains to Lake Baikal it finds the
southern limits of its range.
On the Himalayas there is one species (L. Griffithti Hook. f. & Thoms.) and
this is distributed eastward from eastern Nepal to the mountains bordering
Yunnan in southwestern China. In China two species (L. Potaninti Batal. and L.
Mastersiana Rehd. & Wils.) are endemic and grow on the mountains from Shensi
province westward to those of the Chino-Thibetan borderland. Larix Mastersiana,
however, may prove when better known only a condition of L. Potaninii with ab-
normal bracts. In northeast Asia from near Lake Baikal east and north grows L.
dahurica Turez., but the geographical limits and range of variation of this species
are not yet properly known. In Saghalien, Kamtchatka and the Kuriles, and possi-
bly also in the coastal region of the Amur province, it is represented by the variety
japonica Maxim.; in parts of Korea, Mandshuria and in extreme northeastern
China it is represented by the large-coned variety Principis Rupprechtii Rehd. &
Wils. From Olga Bay, northeast of Vladivostock, Henry has recently (in Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, LVII. 109, fig. 31, 32 [1915]) described a new species (L. olgensis),
but it is doubtful if this is anything more than a state of the variety japonica, itself
very questionably distinct from typical L. dahurica. In Japan one species is
endemic in the central parts of the main island of Hondo.
1 From Alaska a new species (L. alaskensis Wight in Smithsonian Misc. Coll. L. 174, t. 17 [1908])
has recently been described and Henry (in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, LVIII. 178 [1915]) states that it may be
L. dahurica Turez. I have seen the type specimen of this supposed new species and can find no
character by which it can be distinguished from typical L. laricina K. Koch.
30 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
KEY TO THE JAPANESE SPECIES
Cone-scales reflexed at the apex, numerous, with lepidote glands on the back; leaves on
short shoots gray-green, markedly stomatiferous on both surfaces. L. KAEMPFERI.
Cone-scales not reflexed at the apex, few in number, glabrous or glandularly puberulous;
leaves on short shoots grass-green, with or without obscure and broken stomatiferous
lines on the upper surface... ......2... L. DAHURICA, Var. JAPONICA.
LARIX KAEMPFERI Sarg.
Pirates XV anp XVI
Larrx Karmpreri Sargent, Siloa N. Am. XII. 2, note 2 (not Carriére *)
(1898). — Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 60, fig. 53 (1913).
Pinus Larix Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus) (1784).
Pinus Kaempferi Lambert, Pinus, ed. 2, preface, vi (1828).
Abies Kaempferi Lindley in Penny Cycl. I. 34 (1838).
Abies leptolepis Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 12, t. 105 (1849).
Pinus leptolepis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 130 (1847).
Larix japonica Hort. ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 130 (as a synonym) (1847). — Car-
riére, Traité Conif. 272 (1855). — Murray, Pines & Firs Jap. 94, fig. 178-188
(1863). — Regel in Gartenfl. XX. 104, t. 685, fig. 7 (1871).
Larix leptolepis Gordon, Pinet. 128 (1858). — Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. TI.
633, fig. 154, 156-171 (1862); Pines & Firs Jap. 89, fig. 172-177 (1863). —
Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. IIL. 166 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 330 (1867). —
Regel in Gartenfl. XX. 102, t. 685, fig. 5 (1871). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl.
Jap. I. 466 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 523 (1881). — Mayr,
Monog. Abiet. Jap. 63, t. 5, fig. 14 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 83 (1894). —
Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 13, t. 2, 1-16 (1900). — Kent in Veitch, Man.
Conif. ed. 2, 397, fig. 102 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 11 (1905). —
Miyoshi, Atlas Jap. Veget. pt. II. 6, t. 12 (1905); pt. V. 5, t. 38 (1906). — Elwes &
Henry, 7'rees Gr. Brit. & Irel. IL. 384, t. 108 (1907). — Clinton-Baker, Jil. Conif.
IL. 58, t. (1909). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 93, fig. 5, 16, $1 (1911).
Lariz leptolepis, var. minor Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. I. 687, fig. 155 (1862).
Larix leptolepis, 8 Murrayana Maximowicz in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1866, 3. —
Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 366 (1875). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh.
ed. 2, 309, fig. 73 (1909).
Larix Japonica macrocarpa Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 354 (1867).
Lariz orientalis Jackson in Ind. Kew. II. 31 (as a synonym) (1895).
Larix Kaempferi, var. minor Sargent, Silua N. Am. XII. 2, in a note (1898).
As a wild tree this Larch, the Kara-matsu, is confined to volcanic soils of recent
formation in central Hondo from Hak-san, in Kaga province in the south and west
through Shinano province to that of Shimotsuke, where it reaches its northern
limit in the Nikko region. Within these limits it is common on nearly every moun-
tain, but especially on Yatsuga-dake and on Fuji-san. Its altitudinal range is from
500 to 2300 m., but on the south side of Fuji-san above this altitude it forms scrub
up to 2900 m. On Fuji-san Pinus pumila Regel does not grow and its place is in
a measure taken by scrub Larch. That this low scrubby growth is the direct re-
sult of local ecological conditions and not of fixed character is proved by plants
1 Larix Kaempferi Carriére is Pseudolarix Kaempferi Gordon (Pinet. 292 [1858]), the Chinese
Golden Larch, a tree unknown in Japan and to Kaempfer.
PINACEAE.— LARIX DAHURICA $1
growing in this Arboretum. Seeds were collected by Philip Codman in 1892 at
the upper limit of this scrubby Larch, and the trees raised from them are now
12 m. tall and have grown just as rapidly as trees raised from seeds collected
from the oftliinary tree form.
This Japanese Larch is inclined to form pure stands and these are often of very
considerable extent, but it grows also in mixed woods with Pinus densiflora S. & Z.,
Picea jezoénsis Carr., Tsuga diversifolia Mast. and such broad-leaved trees as Oak,
Birch, Hornbeam and Beech, and with Abies homolepis S. & Z. at its lowest and A.
Vettchii Lindl. at its upper altitudinal limit. The maximum size of Larix Kaemp-
feri is about 33 m. by 4 m., but such trees are rare and the average size is from 25
to 26 m. tall and from 2 to 3 m. in girth of trunk. The bark is gray and scales off
in narrow strips, leaving behind red scars; on old trees near the base of the trunk
the bark is deeply furrowed into more or less oblong plates. The branches are
numerous, slender and short, horizontally spreading, sometimes slightly ascending,
sometimes slightly decurved, and form a narrow, somewhat pyramidal crown. The
shoot is glabrous or pubescent, yellowish to reddish brown and often more or less
pruinose. The leaves are glaucous green, strongly keeled on the lower side and
stomatiferous on both surfaces. The cone is broadly ovoid, from 1.6 to 3 cm.
long, and the upper margin of the lepidote cone-scale is reflexed. The wood is
very durable in and near the ground and on this account is valued for mine-props,
railway-ties, telegraph-poles and the like; it is also used in ship-building. In
Japan this tree is esteemed as the source of very useful timber and on this account
it has been extensively planted in many parts of Hondo, and in Hokkaido as far
north as Sapporo, where it thrives. In eastern North America Larix Kaempferi
is perfectly hardy as far north as Boston, and in this Arboretum its rate of growth
is more rapid than that of the European Larch (L. decidua Mill.). The common
Japanese name for this Larch is Kara-matsu, and it is also known as Fuji-matsu
and Rakuyosho.
This Larch was first mentioned by Kaempfer (Amoen. fase. V. 883 [1712])
under its vernacular name of Kara-maatz and as Larix conifera, nuclets pyramida-
tis, foliis deciduis. 'Thunberg took it to be the same as the European species and
cites Linnaeus’ description, but Lambert, suspecting the Japanese species was dis-
tinct, named it for Kaempfer. It was first introduced into Europe by John Gould
Veitch, who sent seeds to England in 1861, and one of the trees raised from these
seeds was planted in the Hunnewell Pinetum.
LARIX DAHURICA Turcz.
Larrx paHurIcA Turczaninow apud Trautvetter, Imag. Pl. Fl. Russ. 48, t. 32
(1844). — Carriére, Traité Conif. 271 (1855). — Trautvetter & Meyer in Midden-
dorff, Reis. Sibir. I. pt. 2, Bot. abt. 2, 88 (FI. Ochot.) (1856). — Ruprecht & Maxi-
mowicz in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XV. 140 (1857). — Ruprecht
& Maack in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XV. 382 (1857). — Regel
& Tiling, Fl. Ajan. 119 (1858).— Maximowicz in Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersbourg, TX. 262 (Prim. Fl. Amur.) (1859). — Fr. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Set.
St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, XII. no. 2, 177 (Reis. Amur. Sachal.) (1868).— Glehn in
Act. Hort. Petrop. TV. 86 (1874). — Herder in Act. Hort. Petrop. XII. 98 (1892). —
Korshinsky in Act. Hort. Petrop. XII. 424 (1892). — Komarov in Act. Hort. Petrop.
XX. 190 (Fl. Mandsh. I.) (1901). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 319, fig. 77
32 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
(1909). — Nakai in Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XX XI. 382 (Fl. Kor. pt. 2) (1911). —
Henry in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, LVIII. 178, fig. 58, 59 (1), 60 (8) (1915).
Larix dahurica Lawson, Agric. Man. 389 (name only) (1836).
Pinus dahurica Fischer apud Turczaninow in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XI. 101 (name
only) (Cat. Pl. Baical.) (1838).
Larix europaea, var. dahurica Loudon, Arb. Brit. TV. 2352 (1838).
Abies Gmelinii Ruprecht in Beitr. Pflanz. Russ. Reich. II. 56 (1845).
Larix dahurica, a typica Regel in Gartenfl. XX. 105, t. 684, fig. 9, 10 (1871); in Act.
Hort. Petrop. I. 160 (Revis. Spec. Crataeg. Dracaen. Laric. 59) (1871-72).
Larix Cajanderi Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 297, fig. 88 (1906).
This Larch is distributed over an immense tract of country from near the
eastern shores of Lake Baikal northward and eastward; in the south it extends
into Mandshuria and Korea, where, however, as well as in extreme northeast
China, it is chiefly represented by its large-coned variety Principis Rupprechtw
Rehd. & Wils. Although many references to L. dahurica can be cited and Law-
son states that it was introduced into England in 1827, very little has been re-
corded concerning the habit and general appearance of this Larch.’ It is doubtful
if there are any good specimens of this tree in cultivation in Europe,’ except per-
haps in Russia, and there are certainly none in this country. In this Arboretum
we have small plants growing under this name and received from various sources.
Some of these are L. sibirica Ledeb., some L. pendula Salisb., others L. dahurica,
var. japonica Maxim. and one plant only is referable to typical L. dahurica. In
the Botanic Gardens at Petrograd* and Moscow I have seen trees labelled L.
dahurica, but unfortunately I made no notes on the habit and appearance of these
trees. I have a poor photograph of the trees in the Botanic Gardens, Moscow,
but these are crowded together, have crooked trunks and have evidently suffered
from the influence of strong winds and nothing of value is shown by it. One
of these trees has flat, stiff, wide-spreading horizontal branches. I have before
me specimens collected near Khabarovsk and others near Sryetinsk by Professor
Sargent in August 1902 and by him named L. dahurica. They have the typical
small cone as figured by Trautvetter, and most of the shoots are pale-colored and
glabrous or nearly so, but some shoots are densely clothed with a short, crisped,
red-brown pubescence and are reddish in appearance, as in typical L. dahurica,
var. japonica Maxim. In this herbarium there are a number of specimens of L. dahu-
rica collected in various parts of continental northeastern Asia, and in these the
cones, cone-scales and bracts vary in size and shape and in some the cone-
scales are glandularly puberulous on the dorsal surface; the leaves on the short
shoots vary in size and may be without stomata on the upper side or these
may be present in broken and obscure lines; the shoots are glabrous or nearly
1 A note on this subject to Mr. W. J. Bean, Assistant Curator, Royal Gardens, Kew, elicited the
following reply. “I am afraid I cannot help you about L. dahurica and L. sibirica. They both
do so very badly here and have no cones, so that one has no basis to go on. I must say, however, that
there seems to be nothing to distinguish them as they grow here. Larix kurilensis, as we grow it, is
absolutely distinct in every way — most of all by its very pubescent shoots.”
2 The L. dahurica of Elwes & Henry (Trees Gr. Brit. &-Irel. IL. 379 [1907]) is mainly L. pendula
Salisb., a hybrid between L. decidua Mill. and L. laricina K. Koch (see Henry in Gard. Chron. ser. 3,
LVIII. 178, fig. 58 a, b, fig. 59, 2 (1915). ‘
3 Specimens with cones in this herbarium received from the Botanic Garden, Petrograd, as L.
dahurica do not belong to that species, but to L. pendula Salisb. From cultivated trees of the true
L. dahurica I have seen no cone-bearing material.
PINACEAE. —LARIX DAHURICA 33
so and pallid, or more or less densely clothed with a reddish pubescence. These
variations are present on one and the same branch. A similar range of variation
occurs on material which I gathered in Japanese Saghalien in August 1914, and
also on thes,numerous specimens in this herbarium that came from the Kurile
Islands or from plants raised from seeds collected on these islands. Whether
these Larches are absolutely identical or not can well be left to the future to de-
cide, and in order not to complicate the question I retain for the insular Larch,
characterized in its typical form by its reddish shoots, the varietal name of
LARIX DAHURICA, var. JAPONICA Maximowicz apud Regel in Gartenfl. XX. 105,
t. 685, fig. 6 (not L. japonica Carriére) (1871). — Regel in Act. Hort. Petrop. I.
160 (Revis. Spec. Crataeg. Dracaen. Laric. 59) (1871-72); in Belge Hort. XXII. 105,
t. 10, fig. 1 (1872). — Miyabe in Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IV. 261 (Fl. Kurile
Isl.) (1890). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 329, fig. 91 (1891). — Sargent, Forest Fl.
Jap. 84, t. 26 (1894). — Patschke in Bot. Jahrb. XLVIII. 651 (1913).
Abies kamtschatica Ruprecht in Beitr. Pflanz. Russ. Reich. Il. 57 (1845).
Pinus kamtschatika Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 135 (1847).
Larix Kamtschatica Carriére, Traité Conif. 279 (1855).
Larix Kurilensis Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 66, t. 5, fig. 15 (1890). — Elwes & Henry,
Trees Gr. Brit. & Trel. II. 383, t. 107 (1907). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I.
t. 1, fig. 1-16 (1908). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 321, fig. 78 (1909). —
Clinton-Baker, Jl. Conif. II. 57, t. (1909). — Takeda in Jour. Linn. Soc. XLII.
486 (1914).
Larix Dahurica, var. Kurilensis Sargent, Silua N. Am. XII. 4, in a note (1898).
Lariz sibirica Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. V1. 272 (not Ledebour) (1898). — Matsu-
mura, Ind. Pl. Jap. I. pt. 1, 12 (1905).
Larix dahurica Miyoshi, Atlas Jap. Veget. pt. TX, 4, t. 67 (possibly of Turezaninow)
(1908). — Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. Saghal. 620, t. 11, fig. 4-8 (1915).
Larix dahurica, var. pubescens Patschke in Bot. Jahrb. XLVIII. 651 (1913).
This tree (Plates XVII and XVIII) is abundant in swampy places throughout
Japanese Saghalien, where it forms immense pure forests or is mixed with Abies
sachalinensis Mast., Picea jezoénsis Carr., Alnus hirsuta Turcz., Betula japonica Sieb.,
B. Ermanii Cham. and various species of Willow. It growsalsoon the Kurile Islands,
where its southern limit is on the island of Shikotan, but it is not known in a wild
state in Hokkaido or in any other part of Japan proper. As I saw it in Saghalien
it is a somewhat sparsely branched tree growing from 20 to 30 m. tall, with a trunk
from 2 to 3 m. in girth; the bark is dark gray, scaly on young trees, but becom-
ing fissured into shallow plates and finally on old trees very deeply furrowed.
The branches are rather long, slender, and straight, and spread horizontally, but
are usually somewhat upturned at the ends and give the tree a characteristic ap-
pearance. The shoots are usually densely or sparsely clothed with crisped brown-
ish pubescence, but occasionally this is wanting. In color the young shoot
varies from pale to reddish and it often is slightly covered with a pale bloom; the
second year shoot is red or yellowish brown and sometimes gray. The leaves on
the shoots are curved, pointed, about 2.5 to 3 cm. long, and have the stomatic
lines prominent on both surfaces, and in consequence the color is rather glaucous
green. On the spurs the leaves are grass-green, from 1 to 2.8 cm. long, broadest
at the apex, which is blunt, and the stomatic lines are absent or nearly so from the
upper side, which is perfectly flat. The cone is cylindric-ovoid, from 1.5 to 2.5 em.
high and composed usually of from 20 to 25 scales, but the number varies from 18
to 30. In the typical form the cone is reddish brown, but from small trees growing
34 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
near Toyohara I gathered on August 5, 1916, specimens (No. 7333), in which the
cone-scales were green in the centre, red-brown round the margins and perfectly
intermediate between the type and its green-coned form (f. ochrocarpa Wils.).
The scales of the ripe cone are ascending-spreading, either perfectly smooth or
glandularly puberulous on the outside, with the margin thin, often slightly crenulate,
truncate and normally emarginate at the summit. The wood is of about the same
value as that of the Japanese Larch (L. Kaempferi Sarg.) and is used in Saghalien
for telegraph-poles, railway-ties and for planking and posts in general building
work.
Some years ago Maximowicz informed Dr. K. Miyabe that the tree from
which came the specimens on which he based his L. dahurica, var. japonica grew
in the town of Hakodate in Hokkaido. Acting on this information I succeeded in
locating in Hakodate the only large tree of this Larch known to grow there and in
all probability Maximowicz’s type. Through the courtesy of the military authori-
ties I was able to photograph this interesting tree, which is about 15 m. tall, with a
trunk 2 m. in girth and a flat, wide-spreading crown some 13 m. through. It grows in
what is now a private garden at 101, Yachigashira. On comparing specimens from
this tree with a cotype from Dr. Mayr of his L. kurilensis I can detect no difference
except that the shoots on the Hakodate specimens are rather more pubescent and
redder brown. They agree exactly with Mayr’s figure. No one has really questioned
the identity of Maximowicz’s variety and Mayr’s species, but admitting this it
remains exceedingly doubtful if the variety is distinct from typical L. dahurica
Turcz. In a letter recently received Professor A. Henry points out certain differ-
ences which he has detected and which he considers distinguish the Kuriles Larch
from that of Saghalien and of the mainland. I have carefully examined the
many specimens in this herbarium and find the characters pointed out by Henry
to be extremely variable and common to material from the Kuriles, from Sagha-
lien and from continental eastern Asia. At my request my several colleagues’ have
kindly undertaken an independent examination of the material and their con-
clusions are identical with my own. From my study of cultivated trees of the
Kuriles Larch in Hokkaido and in this Arboretum, of the forests of Larch in Sag-
halien and of the mass of dried material in this herbarium I am strongly of the
opinion that Messrs. Miyabe and Miyake are correct in reducing Maximowicz’s
variety (the L. kurilensis Mayr) to typical L. dahurica Turcz. Nevertheless, in
the present imperfect state of our knowledge and in order to avoid any possible
confusion it is best to keep them separate.
Larix dahurica, var. japonica is a very hardy tree, but it is not probable that it
will have value for forestry purposes in lands where the Japanese Larch (L. Kaemp-
fert Sarg.) can be grown. The forestry officers at Kushiro informed me that an
experimental planting had been recently made on part of the Nemuro peninsula in
northeastern Hokkaido, but it was too early to form any opinion of its value.
In the Botanic Garden at Sapporo this Larch grows well, but is not the equal in this
respect of L. Kaempferi Sarg. In this Arboretum trees raised from seeds received
in February 1894 are now only 6 m. tall, with trunks 0.4 m. in girth, and their
clear grass-green leaves and characteristic habit make them very distinct. It was
introduced into Europe by Dr. Mayr in 1888. A form of this Larch is
LARIX DAHURICA, var. JAPONICA, f. ocHROCARPA Wilson n. forma.
Larix dahurica, forma chlorocarpa Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. Saghal. 621 (possibly of
Schréder) (1915).
PINACEAE. — PICEA 35
This tree is abundant in swamps in Saghalien, where it grows with the typical
var. japonica and from which it does not differ except in the color of the cone,
which is pale yellowish green. This form is based on my No. 7331, collected on
August 4, 4914, at Konuma near Toyohara. It is possible that Messrs. Miyabe
and Miyake are correct in referring this form to Schréder’s chlorocarpa, which is
founded on a tree cultivated at Moscow. Its origin is not stated, but it is much
more probable that it came from Dahuria than from Saghalien. To avoid any
possibility of confusion it appears best to keep the Saghalien tree separate under a
distinct name.
PICEA A. Dietr.!
The genus Picea is widely distributed in the colder and temperate regions of
the Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle southward, reaching the Tropic
of Cancer on the mountains of Formosa in the Old World. Thirty-eight species
are now recognized and of these no fewer than 18 are endemic in central and west-
ern China. One other species is recorded from Formosa, but this is probably iden-
tical with the Chinese P. Watsoniana Mast. The central Asian P. Schrenkiana
Fisch. & Mey. also grows in the province of Kansu, so that more than half the
known species are Chinese. It is of course probable that when better known the
Chinese species may be somewhat reduced in number. Nearly all of them are now
in cultivation and it must be admitted that even in a juvenile condition they are
mostly dissimilar. A majority of them promise to thrive in this Arboretum
and in a few years it will be possible to judge their value and distinctness.
In North America seven species are found, ranging from the Arctic Circle to the
slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains and to the mountains of northern
New Mexico and Arizona. In Europe three species are indigenous, one of which
(P. obovata Ledeb.) extends far into Siberia. In the Taurus and the Caucasus is found
P. orientalis Carr. and two species are indigenous on the Himalayas. The central
Asian and southern Siberian P. Schrenkiana Fisch. & Mey. has been mentioned
as growing in northwest China, but the eastern limit of the range of this species is
not properly known. Six species occur in Japan and of these four (possibly five)
are endemic; the other is widely spread in Korea, Mandshuria and the Amur
region of northeastern Asia.
KEY TO THE JAPANESE SPECIES
Leaves quadrangular in section.
Branchlets quite glabrous.
Shoots shining yellow-brown; winter-buds ovoid, acute or obtuse, chestnut-brown,
very slightly or not at all resinous; cone ovoid-cylindrical, from 8 to 10 cm.
RR Sere et Me sia te a Eee ea Pes M Ea ols, es ec. by ap hbo ks P. POoLiTa.
Shoots rusty to yellowish brown; winter-buds conical, acute, reddish brown and
resinous; cone cylindrical, from 2.5 to 6.5 cm. long . . . . P. Maxmowiczit.
Branchlets glandular-pubescent; reddish brown, slightly pruinose; winter-buds conical,
swollen at the base, shining brown and resinous; cone cylindrical, from 4 to 10 cm.
Pe oe hy a isk aU eRe tae 0) P. Koyamal.
Leaves slightly compressed, rhombic in section.
Branchlets with dense rust-red pubescence; winter-buds conical to ovoid, swollen at
the base, shining chestnut-brown and resinous; cone cylindrical, from 5 to 8 em.
MOD at pee ae a We sR ped (Sev aT. ea 2 Se aera P. Guennn.
1 Link (in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1827, 179) is usually cited as the author of the genus Picea, but it was
founded by A. Dietrich (FI. Berl., I. abh. 2, '794 [1824]).
36 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Branchlets glabrous or with more or less gray pubescence; winter-buds not swollen at
the base, dull- to chestnut-brown; cone ovoid-cylindrical, from 6 to 12 em. long.
P. BICOLOR.
Leaves flattened, narrowly elliptic in section, with white lines on one surface; branchlets
glabrous and shining; winter-buds swollen at the base, broad-conical, resinous and
SENG SSS, geek is ao ie eal ee, Peck aoe P. spzoinsis.
PICEA POLITA Carr.
Puiates XIX anp XX
Picea pouita Carriére, T'raité Conif. 256 (1855). — Masters in Gard. Chron. n.
ser. XIII. 233, fig. 44 (1880); in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 507, t. 19 (1881). —
Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 46, t. 3, fig. 7.—Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 80 (1894). —
Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 446, fig. 110 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap.
II. pt. 1, 13 (1905). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. II. t. 2, fig. 18-29 (1908). —
Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 250, fig. 51, 52 (1909). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conzf.
II. 45, t. (1909). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 93, fig. 12, 28 (1911). — Elwes & Henry,
Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI. 1870 (1912).
Abies torano Siebold in Verh. Batav. Genoot. XII. pt. 1, 12 (Syn. Pl. Oecon. Jap.)
(name only) (1830). — K. Koch. Dendr. II. pt. 2, 233 (1873).
Abies polita Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 20, t. 3 (1842). — Lindley & Gordon in
Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. V. 212 (1850). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I.
466 (1875).
Pinus polita Antoine, Conif. 95, t. 36, fig. 1 (1846). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 121
(1847).
Abies Smithiana Gordon, Pinet. 12 (as to the Japanese plant, not Loudon) (1858);
Pinet. suppl. 12 (as to the synonym Abies Thunbergit) (1862).
Abies Khutrow Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 199 (as to the Japanese plant,
not Loudon) (1865).
Picea Khutrow Willkomm, Forstl. Fl. 95 (as to the Japanese plant, not Carriére)
(1887).
Picea Torano Koehne, Deutsch. Dendr. 22 (1893). — Sargent, Silua N. Am. XII.
21 (1898).
Pinus torano Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 93 (1907).
Around the northerly end of Lake Yamanaka, situated at the base of the north-
ern slope of Fuji-san, there is a pure forest of this Spruce. This most interesting
forest is growing on an old lava flow. The lava is broken into a maze of irregular,
rugged blocks and is very porous in structure and water is present below. Not far
away on the slope above Kagozaka pass there is a park-like area with many trees
of this Spruce growing in cinders and ashes and among coarse grasses and shrubs. —
At Subashiri on the eastern slope of Fuji-san there are a few trees of P. polita
growing isolated, or in company with Abies homolepis S. & Z., Larix Kaempfert
Sarg., Pinus densiflora S. & Z. and broad-leaved trees such as Zelkova serrata
Mak., Quercus mongolica, var. grosserrata Rehd. & Wils., and Prunus M. aximowicztt
Rupr. Higher up on the slopes of Fuji-san this Spruce grows in mixed forests in the
same zone as P. bicolor Mayr, but is not very common. In the ascent from Nikko to
Lake Chuzenji I saw a few young trees growing among Beech, Oak, Maple, and
Birch, and Sargent collected cones in the same locality and noted that the trees
were small and decrepit in appearance. I have seen material collected by Mayr on
Shirane-san in Kai province and it has been reported from Tosa province in Shikoku.
PINACEAE.— PICEA POLITA 37
Forestry officials inform me that it grows on the island of Kyushu, in three localities
in Higo province, and on Nishi-Kirishima on the borders of Osumi and Satsuma
provinces, but I did not see it when collecting on this mountain. Thespecies is there-
fore distributed from the Nikko region southward and grows apparently always on
volcanic soils of recent formation, but it is nowhere plentiful except at Lake Yama-
naka. In Tokyo and other places in central Hondo it is occasionally met with in
gardens, parks and temple grounds, and the tallest tree I saw was in the grounds of
the Suwa Temple at Kamisuwa in Shinano province and about 40 m. tall.
The pure forest of P. polita on the flat shores of Lake Yamanaka is unique and the
most interesting thing of its kind that I saw in Japan, where I did not meet with any
other species of Spruce in pure stands of any extent (see Plate XIX). The forest is
dense and from the near distance has a very black appearance. The trees are uniform
in size, being from 20 to 26 m. tall and from 2.3 to 3 m. in girth of trunk; they grow
thickly together and are pyramidal in outline, although the topsof many are flattened.
The bark is pale gray, rough, but not very thick and is shallowly fissured and broken
into small thin flakes of irregular shape, which exfoliate and leave behind pale brown
sears. The branches are numerous, slender, of moderate length, spread horizontally
and are often slightly ascending or sometimes somewhat decurved. The shoots
are stout, shining yellow-brown, quite glabrous and change to pale gray in the second
or third year. The winter-buds are ovoid, acute or obtuse, chestnut-brown, only
slightly or not at all resinous and are composed of closely imbricated scales. The
leaves are pungent and spread outward on all sides of the shoot and on lateral
branchlets the leaf tips curve upwards; they are stout, dark green, curved, slightly
compressed, but 4-angled in section, from 1.5 to 2 cm. long, oblique at the.
apex, which terminates in a sharp point, and furnished with several lines of stomata
on each of the four surfaces. The cone is ovoid-cylindrical to ovoid, from 8 to 10
em. long, yellowish green when growing, yellow-brown to cinnamon when ripe and
with age becomes somewhat shining brown. The cone-scales are broad, rounded
and have a few irregular denticulations. The wood is white, resinous, fairly close-
grained and of ordinary quality, but the tree is not sufficiently common to be of
much economic importance. The logs are cut into boards and planking and are used
for general construction purposes and also for making cheap furniture. Immedi-
ately below the bark the resin is most abundant.
In Japan this tree is known as the Bara-momi, Hari-momi and Toranoo-momi,
the first name in each instance having reference to the sharp, stout leaves. It is one
of the most distinct of all the species of Picea and at its best is a strikingly handsome
tree. In eastern North America it is quite hardy as far north as Boston, and on the
Hall estate there is a specimen 19 m. tall with a trunk 1.5 m. in girth.
Picea polita appears to have been first discovered by von Siebold! and was intro-
duced into England by John Gould Veitch in 1861. It was introduced into this
country by Dr. George R. Hall in 1862.
1 Siebold & Zuccarini cite Pinus Abies Thunberg (Fl. Jap. 275, not Linnaeus [1784]; syn. Pinus
Thunbergii Lambert, Deser. Pinus, II. preface, vi [1828]; Abies Thunbergii Lindley in Penny Cyel. I.
$4 [1833]) as a synonym of their Picea polita and this has been copied by many authors. Since this,
if correct, would make Lambert’s specific name the oldest, we wrote to Professor O. Juel and he
kindly informs us “that in Thunberg’s herbarium there is no specimen from Japan of Pinus Abies.
Thunberg in his Flora Japonica only repeated the diagnosis given by Linnaeus in Species plantarum,
but made a slight alteration: instead of ‘foliis . . . bifariam versis’ he wrote ‘foliis . . . bifariis.’
This most certainly is of no significance.” What plant Thunberg intended to describe must for-
ever remain uncertain; in and around Tokyo he must have seen Abies firma S. & Z. and Tsuga
Sieboldii Carr., whereas it is very doubtful if he saw Picea polita. His “foliis . . . bifariis” would
fit either this Abies or Tsuga, but certainly not P. polita.
38 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
PICEA MAXIMOWICZII Regel
Piates XXI anp XXII
Picea Maxrmowticzit Regel in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1865, 33 (name only). —
Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 347 (1867). — Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XIII. 363,
fig. (1880); in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 507, fig. 6 (1881).— Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap.
98 (1890). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI. 1374 (1912). — Shirasawa
& Koyama in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XXVII. 130, t. 11, fig. 18-27 (1913). — Clinton-
Baker, Ill. Conif. III. 68, t. (1913).— Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh.
215, t. 225 (1913). — Shirasawa in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XXIII. 255, fig. 18-27
(1914); in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, LVIII. 99, t. 36, fig. 18-27 (1915).
Abies obovata, var. japonica Maximowicz in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1866, 1, 3. —
Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 466 (1875).
Abies Maximowiczii Neumann, Cat. 1865 ex Carriére, Traité Conif. 347 (as a synonym)
(1867). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 80 (1881).
Picea obovata japonica Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 370 (1891).
Picea Tschonoskii Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 339 (1906).
Picea excelsa, var. obovata japonica Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 220 (1909).
This little-known Spruce is usually a tree from 10 to 25 m. tall, with a trunk
from 1 to 2.5 m. in girth, but exceptionally fine specimens from 40 to 50 m. tall and
from 4 to 5 m. in girth of trunk are known in temple grounds. The bark is grayish
brown to light gray, thick, fissured and rough, but firmly coherent. The branches
are very numerous, slender, moderately long, on young trees ascending-spreading,
but on larger trees horizontally disposed and upturned at the ends. The shoots
are glabrous, rusty to yellowish brown, becoming pale whitish gray in the second
and third years. The winter-buds are conical, pointed, reddish brown and resin-
ous. The leaves spread on all sides of the shoot and point slightly forward; they
are deep green, 4-angled in section, short and stout, with a blunt tip, but on
young trees and on the inner branches of adult trees the leaves are longer and
more slender and are very pungent. The cone is cylindrical or nearly so, varies in
length from 2.5 to 6.5 em., is pale green in color and when ripe rather shining
brown; the cone-scales are rounded, entire and slightly oblique at the apex. The
wood is white and of the average value of Spruce timber.
Until its rediscovery in October 1911 by Mr. Mitsua Koyama, this Spruce
had not been met with growing wild since Tschonoski discovered it and sent
seeds and herbarium material to Maximowicz in 1865. Indeed there has been
much speculation as to its origin and Mayr and others have doubted if it was a
Japanese species. This can be explained by the fact that it is not met with in Jap-
anese gardens and temple grounds in the parts of Japan readily accessible to trav-
ellers. It is in fact a very rare and local tree and grows only in remote mountainous
parts of central Hondo, where the population is very sparse and access exceedingly
difficult. Dr. H. Shirasawa told me of the discovery of this tree on the Yatsuga-
dake, a high mountain on the borders of Kai and Shinano provinces, and acting
on this information I visited the place in company with Mr. Koyama. The
mountain or mountain ridge has three peaks, the highest being about 3000 m.
above sea-level, and is probably the richest mountain for conifers in the empire.
The lower slopes, doubtless once well forested, are now moor-like and covered with
PINACEAE.— PICEA KOYAMATI 39
coarse grasses and shrubs, with small scattered woods of mixed trees. Above 1600
m. the moorland gives place to forest, mainly coniferous. On the open, wind-swept
moorland, between 1200 and 1600 m. altitude and growing with low bushes of Junip-
erus rigida S. & Z., and a scrubby growth of Pinus densiflora S. & Z. I found Picea
Mazximowiczii to be fairly common as a low bushy tree, pyramidal in outline and
very densely branched. It also grows scattered through mixed woods, where trees
20 m. tall are met with. However, the only really large trees known are in temple
grounds. One tree at Nakashinden I measured was 25 m. tall with a trunk 2 m. in
girth. This was the largest specimen I saw, but I was told of trees 40 m. tall with
trunks 4 m. in girth, and Shirasawa writes of a specimen in the grounds of the village -
temple at Kawakami which is 50 m. tall and has a trunk 5 m. in girth. From what
I saw and gathered in conversation this Spruce is on the verge of extinction
and the large trees that are known are but few in number. Tschonoski’s original
discovery was made on Fuji-san, but the species has not since been met with on that
mountain.
Adult trees strikingly resemble those of Picea polita Carr., although less mas-
sive in appearance and there is no doubt that these species are closely related.
This affinity is well expressed by the vernacular name for P. Maximowiczti, which
is Hime-bara-momi, i. e. Daughter, or small Bara-momi, which is the vernacular
name for P. polita.
Picea Mazximowiczii was discovered by Maximowicz’s Japanese collector
Tschonoski, who sent seeds to Petrograd in 1865, and these were distributed by
Regel to various botanic gardens in Europe. It is quite hardy in this Arboretum, but
grows slowly. A specimen in the Hunnewell Pinetum is 5 m. tall.
PICEA KOYAMAT Shiras.
Piates XXIII anp XXIV
Picea Koyamat Shirasawa in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XXVII. 127, t. 11, fig. 28-
35 (1913); in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XXIII. 254, fig. 28-35 (1914); in Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, LVIIL. 98, t. 36, fig. 28-35 (1915).
This recent and most interesting addition to the Japanese flora is known to grow
only on the slopes of Yatsuga-dake, on the borders of Kai and Shinano provinces.
On my visit to this mountain I was fortunate to have as a companion Mr. Mitsua
Koyama, who discovered this new Spruce in October 1911. The mountain, though
not very far from Kaminosuwa on the Kofu-Shiojiri Junction railway, is rather diffi-
cult of access as it is situated in the very heart of central Hondo. Only one small
grove, which I estimated contained not more than 100 trees, is known of this Spruce.
It is growing on a rather steep, rocky slope, facing nearly north between 1700 and
1800 m. altitude. The trees are small and the largest I measured was 20 m. tall
with a trunk 1.5 m. in girth. Dead stumps of larger trees occur, but apparently it
is never a tree of large size. It grows mixed with Larix Kaempferi Sarg. and an
undergrowth of miscellaneous broad-leaved shrubs. The bark is gray-brown,
scaly, shallowly fissured, and easily peels off in thin, small, papery, more or less
oblong flakes, which leave behind brown scars. The branches are dense, horizontally
spreading, upturned at the ends, rather slender, only moderately long and form a
narrow pyramidal crown. The shoots are of medium stoutness, reddish brown and
slightly pruinose, becoming paler and more shining with age and finally pale gray;
the main shoots are glabrous or have a few scattered glandular hairs, but the
40 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
weaker shoots are very distinctly glandular-pubescent, more especially so between
the pulvini. The winter-buds are conical, shining brown, resinous, and swollen at
the base, which appears as if imbedded in the apex of the shoot. The leaves are
crowded on the shoots and point upward and forward; they are dark green or
often somewhat glaucous, stout, slightly curved or straight, 0.7 to 1.3 em. long, ob-
lique and acute or obtuse at the apex, 4-angled in section, with lines of stomata on
all four faces. The cone is cylindrical, from 4 to 10 em. long and averages much
longer than stated (3 to 6 cm.) by Shirasawa; when growing it is pale green and
changes to shining pale brown when ripe; the cone-scales are very firm, broad,
rounded and finely denticulate. The wood is white, slightly resinous and of the
ordinary quality of that of other Spruces. The tree is too rare to be of eco-
nomic value and, indeed, it would be vandalism to cut it down for any purpose.
It is to be hoped that the Government Forestry service will have the grove set
aside as a preserve and cut a wide fire barrier round it. At present it is in
danger of extermination. The Japanese name for this Spruce is Yatsuga-dake-
tohi. It is a shapely and a decidedly ornamental tree, and with its dense branching
habit and dark green leaves it presents a black appearance from the near distance.
I secured seeds in 1914, and a nice stock of young seedlings is growing in this Arbo-
* retum, but it is too early to say anything about their hardiness. Whether P. Koya-
mat is confined to Japan or grows also on the mainland cannot yet be decided. Mate-
rial collected by W. Purdom in the Weichang, and near Jehol in southwestern
Mandshuria, which Rehder & Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. II. 29 [1914]) re-
fer to P. Schrenkiana Fisch. & Mey., is very similar in every way to P. Koya-
mai collected by me. The specific and geographic limits of P. Schrenkiana and
P. obovata Ledeb. require fuller investigation in the field. It is by no means certain
that the trees growing in extreme eastern continental Asia, Korea and Mand-
shuria, and referred by different authors to one or other of the above species really
belong to either, but until more is known about the conifers of Korea it is idle to
speculate on this subject. From other Japanese species P. Koyama is abundantly
distinct and in all probability the name will stand even if it is found to grow on the
mainland and to have been confused with other species.
PICEA GLEHNII Mast.
Piates XXV anp XXVI
Picea Guennu Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XIII. 300, fig. 54 (1880); in Jour.
Tinn. Soc. XVIII. 512, fig. 13 (1881). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 56, t. 4, fig. 11
(1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 80 (1894); Silva N. Am. XII. 21 (1898). —
Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 487 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. Il. pt.
1, 12 (1905). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. II. t. 3, fig. 19-42 (1908). — Elwes
& Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI. 1869 (1912). — Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. Saghal.
597 (1915).
Abies Glehni Fr. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. '7, XII. no. 2, 176,
t. 4, fig. 8-12 (Reis. Amur. Sachal.) (1868).
Pinus glehnii Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 93 (1907).
Near Rubeshibe in Kitami province, Hokkaido, I saw a few trees of this Spruce
and in forests about 10 miles from Oketo in the same province I found it to be fairly
common. The forestry officers told me that in more remote parts of Kitami and
PINACEAE.— PICEA GLEHNII 41
of northern Kushiro there exist pure forests of this Spruce. I have specimens col-
lected for me in the extreme southeast corner of Hidaka province and have seen
others from Iburi and Tokachi provinces. It has not yet been reported from south-
western Hokkxido and is rare around Sapporo, according to Miyabe, and appears to
be so everywhere except in the more remote parts of northeastern Hokkaido. I
did not meet with this species in Japanese Saghalien and the forestry officers there
informed me that it is very uncommon. Masters has identified as belonging to this
species a specimen collected along the Ussuri River in Amurland by R. Maack, but
this determination is very doubtfully correct and there is no other evidence to show
that Glehn’s Spruce grows on the mainland. It is not known to grow on the Kurile
Islands and from the evidence available appears to be confined to southern Sagha-
lien and to northern and eastern Hokkaido.
The trees I saw were all growing on moist rocky slopes and appeared to favor
northerly and westerly exposures and were easily recognized by the characteristic
bark. The species grows with Picea jezoénsis Carr., Abies sachalinensis Mast. and
occasional trees of Ulmus japonica Sarg., Tilia Maximowicziana Shiras., Acer pic-
tum Thunb., Acanthopanaz ricinifolius Seem. and Taxus cuspidata S. & Z. In the
rich forests of Kitami it is a lofty tree from 26 to 40 m. tall, with a trunk from 8 to 5
m. in girth and clean of branches for fully half its height. The bark is red-brown or
chocolate-brown and is fissured into thin, loose flakes of irregular size and shape
which become gray as they exfoliate. The branches are slender, relatively short,
horizontally spreading and usually slightly upturned at the ends and form a nar-
rowly oblong crown. The shoots are yellow-brown to rust-red; they change to
gray in the second to fourth years and have a persistent, short, rust-red pubes-’
cence on both the pulvini and the furrows between them. The winter-buds are
conical to ovoid, resinous, shining chestnut-brown, swollen at the base and com-
posed of few closely imbricated scales; on terminal buds the basal scales end in
_ long subulate points as in the winter-buds of P. mariana B. P.S. The leaves are
crowded and on erect shoots are more or less appressed on all sides of the shoot and
point forward, but on the lateral branchlets on the lower side they are twisted
into two ranks exposing the twig, and most of them are directed upward and
forward. On very young trees the leaves are slender, straight and pungent, but
normally they are stout, straight or curved, from 0.6 to 1.2 cm. long, oblique at
the apex, which is acute or obtuse, deep green, and rhombic in section, with lines
of stomata on all four faces. The cone is cylindrical, from 5 to 8 em. long, violet
when growing, with reddish scale-margins: becoming brown and somewhat shining
when ripe and finally gray-brown. The scales of ripe cones spread from the axis
at right angles; they are rather thin, rounded or with the central part more or less
prolonged, and entire or more usually finely denticulate. The wood is white, has a
satiny lustre and is considered to be superior in quality to that of P. jezoénsis Carr.
In Hokkaido P. Glehnii is generally known as the Aka-yezo-matsu, i. e. “Red-
Yezo-Pine,” a name doubtless suggested by the reddish color of its bark, shoots
and cones in contrast with those of P. jezoénsis, the true Yezo-matsu. Picea
Glehnii was introduced to this Arboretum by seeds received from the Government
Forestry School, Tokyo, in 1894 and the species is well established here. The best
plants are 6 m. tall, spire-like in outline, and are growing here more satisfactorily
than any other species of Japanese Spruce. It is easily recognized by its habit and
more especially by its pubescent shoots, which in autumn and winter are decidedly
redder than those of any other species. Of the Japanese Spruces it is most closely
related to P. bicolor Mayr.
42 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Picea Glehnii was discovered in Saghalien in August 1861 by P. von Glehn, the
comrade of Fr. Schmidt on the expedition sent out by the Russian Geographical
Society to eastern Asia. It was subsequently found in Hokkaido by Charles
Maries in 1877. According to Beissner (Handb. Nadelh. 377 [1891]) young seed-
ling plants were growing in Germany in 1891.
PICEA BICOLOR Mayr
Picea Bicotor Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 49, t. 3, fig. 8 (1890). — Sargent,
Forest Fl. Jap. 80 (1894); Silva N. Am. XII. 21 (1898). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess.
For. Jap. I. 19, t. 4, fig. 1-14 (1900). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI.
1372 (1912). — Diimmer in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. XXXIX. 88 (1913). — Silva
Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 22, fig. 12 (1913).
Abies Alcoquiana J. G. Veitch apud Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1861, 23 (in part); 1862,
808. — Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. Il. 426, fig. 106-110 (in part) (1862);
Pines & Firs Jap. 66, fig. 116, 125-128 (1863). — Gordon, Pinet. suppl. 8 (A. Al-
coqueana sic, in part). — K. Koch, Dendr. II. pt. 2, 245 (in part) (1878).
Picea japonica Regel in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1865, 33 (name only); 1866, 3 (as a
synonym).
Abies bicolor Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 3, X. 488 (1866);
in Mél. Biol. VI. 24 (1866). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 467 (1875).
Picea Alcockiana Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 343 (1867). — Masters in Gard.
Chron. n. ser. XIII. 212, fig. 41, 43 (1880); in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 508, fig. 7-9
(1881). — Hennings in Gartenfl. XX XVIII. 216, t.40, fig. 1, b-f (1889). — Kent in
Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 429 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 12
(1905). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. II. 35, t. (1909). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji,
93 (1911).
Pinus Alcoquiana Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI. pt. 2, 417 (1868).
Abies acicularis Maximowicz in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 74 (name only) (1868).
Abies excelsa, var. acicularis Hort. ex Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XIII. 212 (as a
synonym) (1880).
Picea acicularis Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 380 (1891).
Picea bicolor, var. refleca Shirasawa & Koyama in Tokyo Bot. Mag. X XVII. 129,
t. 11, fig. 9-17 (1913).—Shirasawa in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XXIII. 255, fig.
9-17 (1914); in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, LVIII. 99, t. 36, fig. 9-17 (1915).
Picea bicolor, var. acicularis Shirasawa & Koyama in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XXVII. 129,
t. 11, fig. 1-8 (1913). — Shirasawa in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XXIII, 254, fig.
1-8 (1914); in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, LVIII. 98, t. 36, fig. 1-8 (1915).
I met with this Spruce only on the slopes of Fuji-san where I saw but few trees
and none more than 26 m. tall and 3 m. in girth of trunk, the majority of them
being much weather worn. In the ascent from Subashiri on the east side and in that
from Yoshida on the north, between 900 and 1600 m., there are scattered trees and
here and there small groups of this Spruce, but it is far from common. It grows in
the zone represented by the upper limits of Abies homolepis S. & Z. and the lower
limits of Abies Veitchii Lindl. and in company with the much more common Picea
jezoénsis Carr., Larix Kaempferi Sarg., Tsuga diversifolia Mast. and such broad-
leaved trees as Quercus mongolica, var. grosseserrata Rehd. and Wils., Betula grossa
S. & Z., B. Ermanii Cham., Alnus hirsuta, var. sibirica Schneid., Sorbus commixta
Hedl. and Prunus M axvimowiexit Rupr. I had specimens collected for me on
Yatsuga-dake on the borders of Kai and Shinano provinces, where it is said to grow
PINACEAE. — PICEA BICOLOR 43
with Larix Kaempferi Sarg., Pinus koraiensis S. & Z. and P. parviflora S. & Z., al-
though I did not see it on this mountain. It grows on Shirane-san in Kai province
and Sargent collected it on the Wada-toge in Shinano province. I have also a
specimen ce@llected for me on Sangai-san near Ena-san in Mino province, and Mayr
collected it on the Chichibu Mountains in Musashi province. From this evidence
it is clear that this Spruce grows on many of the high mountains in central
Hondo, but apparently it is nowhere common. In a list of the conifers which
grow on the southern island of Kyushu, compiled for me from the forestry records
by Mr. T. Miyoshi of the Government Forestry service and stationed at Kago-
shima, P. bicolor is reported from four localities in Bungo province, from two in
Higo province and from one in Osumi province. I have seen, however, no speci-
mens from any of these localities and suspect that in some cases at least the Spruce
reported is P. jezoénsis Carr. From Nantai-san in the Nikko region Shirasawa
reports P. bicolor, but I did not see it on that mountain nor in that region.
As I saw it growing on the volcanic soil and wind-swept slopes of Fuji-san, P.
bicolor was not a handsome or attractive tree, but in sheltered woods I met with
a few young trees of good appearance. The bark is gray, usually pale gray, but
sometimes gray-brown, fissured and broken into small, thin, scale-like flakes of
irregular size, which on old trees are more or less firmly coherent. The branches are
rather slender, spread horizontally, are often slightly ascending and form a rather
broad pyramidal crown; the shoots vary in color from shining yellowish brown to
reddish brown and change to gray the second, third or fourth year. On young
trees the shoots may all be quite glabrous, but on adult trees usually the principal
shoots are pubescent and the weak lateral shoots glabrous, but often on fruiting
branches all the shoots are more or less hairy. The pubescence is short and gray,
and is confined to the furrows between the pulvini or clothes the whole shoot
and even occurs on the margin of the basal part of the leaf itself. The winter-buds
are dull-brown to chestnut-brown, ovoid to conical, obtuse or somewhat acute and
usually slightly resinous; the scales are firmly appressed and often slightly sca-
rious on the margin. The leaves are more or less bluish green, sometimes glaucous,
from 1 to 2 cm. long, mostly curved, rhombic in section, with lines of stomata on
all four surfaces; on erect and main shoots they are appressed to the twig on all
sides and point forward, but on the lateral shoots the arrangement is more or less
pectinate and the under side of the twig is exposed. Onyoung trees the leaves are
pungent and on fruiting branches and adult trees they are oblique at the apex
which ends in a short cartilaginous point. The cone is ovoid-cylindrical to cylin-
drical, from 6 to 12 cm. (usually from 7 to 10 cm.) long, pale reddish purple when
growing, changing to cinnamon-brown when ripe and becoming shining or dull
mud-brown when old. The cone-scales vary from obovate to rhombic and are ap-
pressed or more or less reflexed at the apex, which is broad and rounded or
narrowed, denticulate, often finely so, and occasionally erose. The wood is white,
somewhat lustrous and of the same quality as that of P. jezoénsis Carr., but the
tree is too scarce to be of economic importance.
Shirasawa and Koyama have described two varieties of the Spruce based
largely upon the character of the cone-scales. The differences are very slight and
have been observed on cultivated trees in this country and in Europe, but I do
not think they have taxonomic value. The cone-scales of P. Abies Karst. are
notoriously variable in shape; other species, too, exhibit similar variation, and
it would appear that a tendency toward rhombic cone-scales is inherent in most
species of Picea.
44 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
In Japan P. bicolor is known as Iramomi. It is seldom cultivated in Japanese
gardens and is very rare! in the gardens of Europe and North America. In eastern
North America the few examples known are thriving better than those of any other
Japanese Spruce. In the Hunnewell Pinetum there are growing several fine speci-
mens of P. bicolor, the largest of which is 13 m. tall, with a trunk 1 m. in girth and
a 12m. spread of branches. Another is 11 m. tall, with a trunk 1.4 m. in girth and
has a 13 m. spread of branches.
In regard to the name of this Spruce there has never been any doubt that
Veitch, when he discovered it in 1860, intended to name a new Spruce for Sir
Rutherford Alcock, but unfortunately the material he sent home came from
trees belonging to-two distinct species and the description of Abies Alcoquiana
drawn from it by Lindley covers both. Murray’s figures show that the leaves are
those of Picea jezoénsis and the cone that of a quite different species, and of this
species Maximowicz in 1866 gives a good description under the name of A. bicolor.
Carriére’s description of his P. Alcockiana in 1867 is correct, but Maximowicz’s
specific name is a year older and has priority. Masters in 1880 clearly separated
the two species confused by Veitch and Lindley; more recently Henry and
Diimmer have both examined the type specimen of A. Alcoquiana Veitch apud
Lindley and state that it consists of “leaves of P. hondoénsis and the cones? of
P. bicolor.”
Picea bicolor was not only first discovered by John Gould Veitch, but was also
first introduced into Europe by him in 1861, but unfortunately the seeds were mixed
with those of P. jezoénsis Carr. In 1865 Tschonoski, Maximowicz’s Japanese
collector, sent seeds to Petrograd, and these were distributed by Regel under the
name of P. japonica. In 1868 Tschonoski sent more seeds to Petrograd, and these
were distributed as Abies acicularis Maxim.
PICEA JEZOENSIS Carr.
Puates XXVII anp XXVIII
Picea sezoENsIs Carriére, Traité Conif. 255 (1855). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh
389 (1891). — Sargent, Silua N. Am. XII. 21 (1898). — Rehder in Bailey, Stand
Cycl. Hort. V. 2620 (1916).
Abies jezoénsis Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 19, t. 110 (1842). — Murray in
Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 496, fig. 119-126, 128 (1862); Pines & Firs Jap. 72, fig.
137-144, 146 (1863). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 72 (1881).
Pinus jezoénsis Antoine, Conif. 97, t. $7, fig. 1 (1847). ;
Abies ajanensis Knight & Perry, Syn. Conif. (Errata, name only) (1850?).— Ru-
precht & Maximowicz in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XV. 140
(1857). — Ruprecht & Maack in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, XV.
382 (1857). — F. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, XII. no. 2,
177 (Reis. Amur. Sachal.) (1868).
Abies ajonéensis Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. V. 212 (name only) (1850).
Picea Ajanensis Fischer apud Carriére, Traité Conif. 259 (1855). — Trautvetter &
Meyer in Middendorff, Reis. Sibir. I. pt. 2, Bot. abt. 2, 87 (Fl. Ochot.) (1856). —
Regel & Tiling, Fl. Ajan. 119 (1858). — Maximowicz in Mém. Sav. Ktr. Acad. Sci.
1 The Spruce cultivated in most gardens in Great Britain as P. Alcockiana is P. jezoénsis Carr.
. ? Diimmer says “cone-scales.”
PINACEAE.— PICEA JEZOENSIS 45
St. Pétersbourg, TX. 261 (Prim. Fl. Amur.) (1859).— Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser.
XIII. 1135, fig. 22 (1880); XIV. 427, fig. 80-84 (1880); in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII.
508, fig. 10-12 (1881). — Hooker f. in Bot. Mag. CX. t. 6743 (1884). — Mayr,
. Abiet. Jap. 58, t. 4, fig. 10 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 81 (1894). —
Kent in Veitch, ed. 2, Man. Conif. 425, t. (1900). — Komarov in Act. Hort. Petrop.
XX. 197 (Fl. Mandsh. I.) (1901). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. Il. pt. 1, 12
(1905). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. I. 85 (1907). — Shirasawa, Icon.
Ess. For. Jap. I. t. 3, fig. 1-18 (1908). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 289, fig. 64
(1909).—Clinton-Baker, Jil. Conif. II. 33, t. (1909). —Nakai in Jour. Coll. Sci.
Tokyo, XXXI. 381 (Fl. Kor. pt. 2 (1911). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 93 (1911). —
Takeda in Jour. Linn. Soc. XLII. 486 (1914). — Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. Saghal.
596 (1915).
Picea ajanensis, 8 subintegerrima Trautvetter & Meyer in Middendorff, Reis.
Sibir. I. pt. 2, Bot. abt. 2, 87 (Fl. Ochot.) (1856).
Abies microsperma Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1861, 22. — J. G. Veitch in Gard. Chron.
1862, 308. — Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 429, fig. 111-118 (1862); Pines &
Firs Jap. 69, fig. 129-136 (1863).
Abies Alcoquiana J. G. Veitch apud Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1861, 23 (in part); 1862,
308. — Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 426, fig. 98-105 (in part) (1862); Pines
& Firs Jap. 66, fig. 117-124 (1863). — Gordon, Pinet. suppl. 8 (A. Alcoqueana sic,
in part) (1862).
Veitchia japonica Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1861, 265.
Picea microsperma Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 339 (1867).
Abies microcarpa Miquel, Prol. Fl. Jap. 389 (Conspec. Fl. Jap.) (1867).
Pinus Menziesii Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI. pt. 2, 418 (in so much as
relates to the Asiatic plant, not D. Don) (1868).
Abies Sitchensis K. Koch, Dendr. II. 247 Cia so much as relates to the Asiatic plant,
not Lindley & Gordon) (1873).
Abies Menziesii Franchet & Savatier, can. Pl. Jap. I. 467 (not Lindley) (1875).
Abies Schrenkiana Gordon, Pinet. n. ed. 18 (as to synonyms Picea Ajanensis and
Abies Ajanensis, not Lindley & Gordon) (1880).
Picea ajanensis, var. microsperma Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XIII. 115 (1880);
in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 509 (1881). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2,291 (1909).
Picea ajanensis, var. japonica Maximowicz ex Masters |. c. (as a synonym) (1880).
Abies ajanensis microsperma Veitch, Man. Conif. 66 (1881).
Tsuga Ajanensis Regel, Russ. Dendr. ed. 2, pt. 1, 39 (1883).
Picea Hondoénsis Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 51, t. 4, fig. 9 (1890). — Shirasawa,
Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 20, t. 5, fig. 1-22 (1900). — Miyoshi, Atlas Jap. V eget. pt. II. 7,
t. 14 (1905); pt. VIII. 5, t. 58 (1907). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. I.
89 (1907). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 93, fig.7 (1911). — Diimmer in Jour. Hort.
Soc. Lond. XXXIX. 88 (1913). — Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 221, 225,
fig. 232, 236 (1913). — Bean, Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isl. I. 158 (1914).
Picea obovata Miyabe in Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IV. 261 (Fl. Kurile Isl.) (ex-
clude synonyms, not Ledebour) (1890).
Pinus hondoénsis Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 93 (1907).
Pinus jezoensis, {. microsperma Voss in Putlitz & Meyer, Landlexikon, IV. 772 (1913).
Picea jezoensis, var. hondoensis Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XXIV. (1915);
in Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. V. 2620 (1916).
This is the flat-leaved Spruce of northeastern Asia and of Japan and is the
only species of the section Omorica so far known from those regions. Its geograph-
ical range is very great, greater in fact than that of any other species of eastern
Asia, for it is found spread over 30 degrees of longitude and 22 degrees of latitude.
On the mainland it extends from near Port Aian (Ayan) about latitude 56° 30’,
46 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
where the Stanovoi Mountains approach the Sea of Okhotsk, southward through
the coast and Amur provinces to Korea and westward through Mandshuria,
where it reaches its southern limits of distribution in the Weichang, near Jehol,
in about longitude 117° E. and latitude 42°. Over the greater part of this area
it is from all accounts a common tree. In Saghalien and Hokkaido it is abundant,
and it also grows on the most southern of the Kurile Islands. In Hondo it, like
all other Spruces, has a somewhat restricted distribution, but even here its range
possibly exceeds that of the other species. On this island the Yezo Spruce is known
to me personally from the mountains of the Nikko region southward to the moun-
tains of the Shinano province, and I also have material collected for me near Kan-
abu village in the Nara prefecture, Yamato province, latitude about 34°. Very
probably it grows on the high mountains of Shikoku, although I did not meet
with it there, and possibly also in a few localities on the high mountains of Kyushu,
since the Japanese foresters report P. bicolor Mayr from this island, but these men
do not all clearly distinguish between the two species. Shirasawa, in his Icono-
graphie des Essences Forestiéres du Japon, text, p. 20, states that the flat-leaved
Spruce grows on Chokai-san in Ugo province, but this is an error, as subsequent
investigations by Shirasawa and other forestry officials and by myself have proved.
Neither this nor any other Spruce is known in Hondo north of latitude 37° 30’,
and the mountains of the Nikko region represent very exactly the northern
limits of its range in Hondo.
The finest trees of Picea jezoénsis I saw were in Hokkaido, especially in the
moist rich forests round Rubeshibe and Oketo in Kitami province, where speci-
mens 50 m. tall, with trunks 6 m. in girth, are not rare, although the average is about
30 to 35 m. by 3 to 4m. It is associated with broad-leaved deciduous trees such
as Ulmus japonica Sarg., Acer pictum Thunb., Fraxrinus mandshurica Rupr.,
Acanthopanaz ricinifolius Seem., Populus Maximowiczii Henry, Cercidiphyllum ja-
ponicum S. & Z. and Betula Ermanii Cham.; and with Abies sachalinensis Mast.
and Picea Glehnit Mast. At its best in these rich moist forests the Yezo Spruce
is a truly magnificent tree, spire-like in habit, often glaucous in appearance, with
rather long and slender branches, which sweep downwards and outwards in a
graceful manner and are often slightly upturned at the ends.
In Saghalien it grows with Abies sachalinensis Mast. and Larix dahurica, var.
japonica Maxim., but is less fond of the swamps than the Larch and is more
common with the Fir on the lower slopes of the mountains. The largest trees I
saw measured 26 m. in height and were 3 m. in girth of trunk, but in this more
northern land it is never so fine as in Hokkaido.
In the Nikko region this Spruce is rare, though there is considerable of it near
Lake Yumoto, growing in company with Larix Kaempferi Sarg., Abies homolepis
S. & Z., Abies Veitchii Lindl. and Tsuga diversifolia Mast. On the middle slopes of |
Fuji-san it is common and grows among the same kind of trees as at Nikko. On
Mt. Ontake and the neighboring mountains in the Shinano province it is plentiful
between 1600 and 2800 m. above the sea, growing with Tsuga diverstifolia Mast.,
Abies Veitchii Lindl., Pinus parviflora S. & Z. and Pinus koraiensis 8. & Z. On
the Tsubakura-dake, one of the granite peaks of the high mountains in Shinano
province, at about 2000 m. altitude, I saw many fine specimens of the Yezo Spruce,
but I did not see anywhere on the volcanic soils in Hondo trees comparable with
those met with in central and northern Hokkaido. In the Hondo forests the tree
averages from 25 to 30 m. in height and from 2 to 3 m. in girth of trunk. It is
usually much less spire-like in outline and generally very ragged in appearance.
PINACEAE.— PICEA JEZOENSIS 47
In the early summer the yellow male catkins and bright crimson young cones,
borne in remarkable profusion, make the tree very conspicuous, but in Hondo
generally it cannot be called a handsome Spruce. It is essentially a northern tree
which delights in a moist cold climate and a soil rich in humus.
The bark is gray and broken into circular scales about 5 or 6 cm. broad, which
are gradually exfoliated and leave behind gray patches; on old trees the bark is
3 to 4 em. thick, deeply longitudinally fissured and cracked in irregular narrowly
oblong plates. The shoots are quite glabrous and shining, pale orange-yellow to
yellowish brown and occasionally a little pinkish the first year, becoming slightly
darker until they change to pale gray, which on vigorous and healthy branches
takes place in the third, fourth or fifth year. Weak shoots and those much exposed
to wind may be yellowish the first year and pale gray in the second. The winter-
buds are large, swollen at the base, broadly conical, resinous and shining. The
leaves are thin, flattened, dark green on the ventral surface and silvery white on
the dorsal surface, from 0.8 to 3 em. (usually 1.2 to 1.8 em.) long, straight or
curved, sharp-pointed on young trees and on adults oblique at the apex which
ends in a short acute or blunt point. The very young cones are crimson and change
as they develop to green tinged with pale brown, and when ripe they are leather-
brown and slightly shining; they vary in length from 3 to 7.5 em. and are cylindri-
cal in shape. The cone-scales are rhombic, erose and denticulate. The wood is
white, fine-grained, light and of good quality, and since the tree is plentiful this
species as a source of timber is by far the most valuable of all the Japanese Spruces.
The wood is used for a variety of purposes, such as boat-masts, planking, for mak-
ing matchboxes, luncheon-boxes so common in Japan, and chip-braid. Japanese
foresters in Hokkaido told me that it was difficult to reafforest with this Spruce,
and in consequence in its stead they were experimenting with the Norway Spruce
(Picea Abies Karst.).
In the study of Japanese conifers this flat-leaved Spruce has furnished one
of the principal problems, and in consequence I devoted much attention to it.
The synonymy is involved and Mayr is emphatic in his statement that the
Hondo and Hokkaido trees belong to two distinct species. In the field, after a
detailed and critical study, I failed to detect any real or essential difference, and
this view is confirmed by a study of a mass of herbarium material collected at
many points over the entire range of its distribution. On specimens from the
mainland, from Saghalien, Hokkaido and Hondo I find the leaves straight or
curved, oblique and obtuse or acute at the apex. Whether the peg-like part of the
pulvinus points forward or is recurved, whether it is straight or twisted depends
upon the position of the shoot. This peg-like part of the pulvinus may be smooth
or swollen and grooved on the same branchlet, and these conditions are present on
nearly every specimen before me. The color of the shoot is the most pronounced
character put forward by Mayr, but this again I find inconstant, and specimens
from Saghalien and from Hondo have shoots indistinguishable in color. Such
pale gray shoots as were figured by Mayr under P. ajanensis can be found on trees
in Hondo or Saghalien or on the mainland, but they are the exception and not the
rule and are usually those of weak lateral branches or of unhealthy trees. The
relative size of the cones as figured by Mayr cannot be considered of specific im-
portance, and of the material gathered by myself cones from trees growing on Mt.
Ontake in Hondo exceed in size those collected in Saghalien. The largest cone I
have seen measures nearly 8 cm. in length and is from a tree cultivated on the
estate of the late Dr. George R. Hall; this tree is about 22 m. tall with a trunk
48 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
1.25 m. in girth with the lower branches resting on the ground; probably this is
the finest specimen of this species in the United States.
Mayr says that the young leaves of his P. hondoénsis are tinged with red on
the upper side when they issue from the bud, and Henry transposing the statement
applies it to those of P. ajanensis. I did not notice this phenomenon, which
is indicated in Siebold & Zuccarini’s plate.
In this Arboretum there is growing a very poor tree of P. jezoénsis, received
under this name from Veitch in 1889, and this differs from other plants of the
species growing here in starting into growth a week or ten days earlier. In all
probability the plant was raised from seeds collected in Hokkaido by Maries and
in beginning to grow early it behaves like many other northern trees. In
eastern North America the Yezo Spruce rarely thrives and it is seldom seen in
gardens. In Great Britain it is usually known as P. Alcockiana. In Hokkaido
this tree is known as the Yezo-matsu and in Hondo as the Tohi.
Picea jezoénsis was first recognized from a plant cultivated in Tokyo by von
Siebold and was discovered growing wild by Dr. A. Th. von Middendorff on the
Stanovoi Mountains during his journey in northern and eastern Siberia in 1843-44.
In 1860 John Gould Veitch discovered it on Fuji-san and sent seeds to England in
1861 mixed with those of P. bicolor Mayr. In 1860 Veitch visited Hakodate
and sent to England seeds of the Flat-leaved Spruce, and this Hokkaido plant re-
ceived the name of Abies microsperma from Lindley. In 1879 Charles Maries
sent to Messrs. Veitch seeds from Hokkaido of P. jezoénsis.
TSUGA Carr.
This genus is confined to the temperate regions of North America, Japan,
Formosa, central and western China and the Himalayas as far west as northeast-
ern Kumaon. Nine species are now known. Of these two are indigenous in eastern
North America and two in western North America. One of the latter species
(T. Mertensiana Sarg.) differs markedly in its leaves and cones from other
species of Tsuga and by some is placed in another genus (Hesperopeuce). Of the
Asiatic species 7’. chinensis Pritz. is common on the mountains from western
Hupeh to the Chino-Thibetan borderland and also grows on the mountains of
Formosa. The second Chinese species, 7. yunnanensis Mast., is distributed on
the mountains of western Szech’uan and western Yunnan and is possibly not
specifically distinct from 7. Brunoniana Eichl. which grows on the Himalayas.
Two species are found in Japan, one being endemic and the other reaching the
Korean island of Ooryéng.
KEY TO THE JAPANESE SPECIES
Shoots glabrous; winter-buds ovoid, slightly acute at the apex; leaves not crowded,
lustrous; cone-scales glabrous and ciliate ............ T. Sresoipu.
Shoots pubescent; winter-buds pyriform to subglobose, obtuse at the apex; leaves
crowded, not lustrous; cone-scales puberulous. ........ T. DIVERSIFOLIA.
TSUGA SIEBOLDII Carr.
Puates XXIX AnD XXX
Tsuaa Sresotpi Carriére, Traité Conif. 186 (1855).—Masters in Jour. Linn.
Soc. XVIII. 512 (1881). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 59, t. 4, fig. 12 (1890). —
PINACEAE.— TSUGA SIEBOLDII 49
Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 472, fig. 118 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl.
Jap. II. pt. 1, 20 (1905).—Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. I. 246 (1907). —
Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. t. 4, fig. 16-31 (1908). — Beissner, Handb.
Nadelh. ed, 2, 80, fig. 11 (1909). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. I. 68, t. (1909). —
Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 93, fig. 16, 2 (1911). — Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-
Nadelh. 107, 288, fig. 104, 302 (1913).
Abies araragi Siebold in Verh. Batav. Genoot. XII. pt. 1, 12 (Syn. Pl. Oecon. Jap.)
(name only) (1830).
Abies Tsuga Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. I. 14, t. 106 (1842). — Lindley in Gard.
Chron. 1861, 23. — Murray, Pines & Firs Jap. 84, fig. 159-171 (1863). — Maxi-
mowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 3, XII. 230 (1868); in Mél. Biol.
VI. 374 (1868). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 468 (1875).
Pinus Tsuga Antoine, Conif. 83, t. 32, fig. 2 (1846). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 83
(1847).
Micropeuce Sieboldti Spach apud Gordon, Pinet. suppl. 13 (as a synonym) (1862).
Tsuga Tsuja Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 508, fig. 141-153 (1862). — Sar-
gent, Forest Fl. Jap. 81 (1894).
Picea (Tsuga) Sieboldii, Bertrand in Ann. Sct. Nat. sér. 5, XX. 89 (1874).
Pinus Sieboldii McNab in Proc. R. Irish Acad. ser. 2, II. 213, t. 23, fig. 6 (1875).
Tsuga Araragi Koehne, Deutsch. Dendr. 10 (1893). — Sargent in Garden & Forest,
X. 491, fig. 62 (1897); Silva N. Am. XII. 60 (1898).
This is the southern Hemlock of Japan and it has much the same distribution
as Abies firma S. & Z. and Thea Sasanqua Nois., with which it is very generally
found growing. It is particularly prominent in the moist rich forests on the steep
mountains of Shikoku, southern Hondo and Kyushu, where it reaches its maximum
size. Dr. Nakai informed me that it grows on the island of Ooryéng, off the
east coast of Korea, in company with Pinus Thunbergii Parl. and P. parviflora
8. & Z., but it does not reach the mainland. In the gardens and parks in and
around Tokyo, Siebold’s Tsuga is frequently planted, but good specimens are
rare. The latitude of Tokyo corresponds very closely with the northern limits of
the range of the species. I did not meet with it as a wild tree north of Mitsumine-
san in Musashi province, where it is local. It occurs here and there on the lower
slopes of Fuji-san and also in Shinano province up to 800 m. altitude in small,
scattered groves. On Koya-san in Kii province it is plentiful up to 1000 m.
altitude and grows with Pinus densiflora S. & Z., Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z.
and Sciadopitys verticillata S. & Z. On the mountains in Tosa province, Shikoku,
this Tsuga grows in abundance, with Pinus parviflora S. & Z., Abies firma S. & Z.,
Pseudotsuga japonica Beissn. and the conifers mentioned as growing on Koya-san.
On various mountains in Kyushu I saw Tsuga Sieboldii and on the island of Yaku-
shima it is very plentiful between 600 and 1500 m. altitude, in company with
Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Abies firma S. & Z. and such broad-leaved trees as
Stewartia monadelpha §. & Z., Distylium racemosum S. & Z., Trochodendron aralioides
S. & Z., Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq., Thea japonica Nois., T. Sasanqua Nois.
and Clethra barbinarvis S. & Z.
Yaku-shima, the southern limit of its range, is a gigantic upthrust of granite,
but most of the mountains on which I saw this tree growing were of recent volcanic
origin and the nature of the soil apparently has little influence on its growth or,
indeed, on that of the closely related 7’. diversifolia Mast. Steep mountain slopes
where a mild climate and an abundant rainfall prevail are the natural conditions
under which the tree grows. On Yaku-shima, where the finest development of
50 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Tsuga Sieboldii is found, the trees rarely exceed 26 m. in height, but many are
fully 6 m. in girth of trunk, and are picturesque in appearance. The forests on
this island are dense and the Hemlock trees are clean of branches for two-thirds
of their height and have flat-topped crowns composed of short, stout branches.
Usually the trunk is somewhat inclined, occasionally conspicuously so, and the
contrast between the Tsuga and the Cryptomeria, with its towering, mast-like
trunk, is very striking. On the mountains of Shikoku and of Hondo the
trunks of this Hemlock are upright or nearly so, and more clothed with branches
which are rather thin, spread horizontally and form a more or less oval crown.
The bark is gray, firm, fissured and shows red beneath. It is used for tanning
fish nets. The shoot is shining, yellowish brown and always perfectly glabrous,
and this is the best character by which to distinguish this species from 7’. diversifolia
Mast. The winter-buds are ovoid to subglobose, reddish and glabrous, and the
scales are ciliate. The leaves are entire, of uniform width and relatively broad,
from 0.6 to 2 cm. long, emarginate, not crowded, and are shining dark green
above, with a green midrib and two broad white stomatic lines on the under side.
The ripe cone is narrowly ovoid, from 1.6 to 3 m. long, shining pale brown and is
composed of rather broad scales which are truncated or rounded and slightly
oblique on the margin. The wood is pale yellowish brown, with a wavy figure
and is of good quality; it is valued for building purposes and for shingles.
Native names for this tree are Tsuga and Toga-matsu.
Tsuga Sieboldii was discovered by von Siebold and introduced by him into
Europe in 1850. In this Arboretum it has not proved very hardy, but in the
Hunnewell Pinetum there is a rather poor specimen 6 m. tall.
TSUGA DIVERSIFOLIA Mast.
Puates XXXI anp XXXII
TSUGA DIVERSIFOLIA Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 514 (1881); in Jour.
Hort. Soc. Lond. XIV. 255 (1892). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 61, t. 4, fig. 13
(1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 81, t. 25 (1894); in Garden & Forest, X. 491, fig.
63 (1897); Silva N. Am. XII. 60 (1898). — Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 467
(1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 20 (1905).— Miyoshi, Atlas Jap.
Veget. pt. V. 3, t. 34, 35 (1906). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. Il. 249
(1907). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. Il. t. 4, fig. 1-15 (1908). — Clinton-
Baker, Ill. Conif. I. 66, t. (1909). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 93 (1911).—
Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 289, t. 303 (1913).
Abies diversifolia Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér.3, XII. 229 (1868) ;
in Mél. Biol. VI. 373 (1868). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 468 (1875).
Pinus Tsuga, 8 nana Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 83 (1847).
Tsuga Sieboldii, 8 nana Carriére, Traité Conif. 186 (1855).
Abies Tsuga nana Siebold apud Gordon Pinet. suppl. 13 (1862).
Tsuga Araragi, var. nana Sargent, Silva N. Am. XII. 60, in a note (1898).
Pinus araragi, var. diversifolia Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 98 (1907).
Pinus araragi, var. nana Voss in Putlitz & Meyer, Landlexikon, IV. 773 (1918).
On the mountains of the Nikko region and northward this is the only repre-
sentative of the genus and it is common in the forests on nearly all the high
mountains of central and northern Hondo. Its most northerly habitat is Hakkoda-
PINACEAE.— TSUGA DIVERSIFOLIA 51
yama, near Aomori, where it is fairly common as a small tree at altitudes between
700 and 1000 m. above the sea. On the upper wind-swept slopes of Hayachine-
san in Rikuchu province it is reduced to scrub and with Abies Mariesii Mast.
covers a great area between 1600 and 2000 m. altitude. On the same mountain,
but near its base, this Tsuga is a common tree in the forests with Abies Mariesii
Mast., Pinus parviflora S. & Z. and Thujopsis dolabrata, var. Hondai Mak. In the
Nikko region and on the northern slopes of Fuji-san, between 1500 and 2000 m. alti-
tude, this northern Tsuga reaches its maximum development and forms nearly pure
forests. At its lowest level on the mountains of these regions it is associated with
Abies homolepis S. & Z., and at its upper limits with Abies Veitchit Lindl., and
growing with it throughout its altitudinal range are such conifers as Larix Kaempferi
Sarg., Thujopsis dolabrata 8. & Z., Thuja Standishii Carr., Picea jezoénsis Carr.,
Pinus parviflora 8. & Z. and broad-leaved trees like Betula Ermaniit Cham., B.
corylifolia Regel, B. Maximowicziana Regel, Sorbus japonica Hedl., S. commizxta
Hedl., Alnus hirsuta, var. sibirica Schneid., Prunus ssiori Schmidt and Quercus
mongolica, var. grosseserrata Rehd. & Wils. On the upper middle slopes of the
voleanic Mt. Ontake Tsuga diversifolia forms with Abies Veitchit Lindl., Picea
jezoénsis Carr. and with occasional trees of Pinus koraiensis S. & Z. extensive
forests. It forms forests also on the granite Tsubakura-dake in the same province
of Shinano. I did not meet with this Tsuga south of these alps of Shinano, but
I have before me a specimen collected on Sobo-san in Bungo province, Kyushu.
In this connection it is interesting to recall that the species was founded by Maxi-
mowicz on material collected in an alpine region of this southern island. Very
probably this tree occurs on many of the high mountains in Kyushu, Shikoku
and southern Hondo, but it is plentiful | on the Shinano mountains and
northward.
Like T. Sieboldit Carr. this Hemlock leet steep, rocky slopes and is seen at its
best in rich moist forests. When the forests are mixed there is usually a dense
undergrowth composed of dwarf Bamboo, Rhododendron Metternichii S. & Z.,
R. brachycarpum G. Don, Enkianthus campanulatus Nichols., Viburnum furcatum
BL., V. urceolatum 8. & Z. and Menziesia pentandra Maxim., but where the Tsuga
forms pure or nearly pure forests, as on Tsubakura-dake in Shinano, the upper
middle slopes of Nantai-san and elsewhere in the Nikko region there is no under-
growth whatever and the large roots of the Hemlock trees are exposed.
At its best, as seen in the Nikko region, on Fuji-san and in the Shinano province,
Tsuga diversifolia is as large and as handsome as its southern relative T. Sieboldit
Carr., but generally it is a smaller tree. The largest I saw measured 26 m. tall
and had a trunk 4 m. in girth, but the average is from 16 to 22 m. tall and from 2
to 2.5 m. in girth of trunk, and on wind-swept slopes in northern Hondo it
becomes reduced to scrub from 1.5 to 2 m. high. The branches are slender, hori-
zontally spreading, very numerous and are retained low down on the trunk, and
the outline of the crown is more or less pyramidal. Although abundantly distinct,
in general appearance this species closely resembles 7. Sieboldit Carr., the bark is
similar, the branching, more especially in young trees, is more dense and intricate,
the leaves are shorter, crowded on the twigs and less lustrous, the cone is smaller
and its peduncle is less apparent and the wood is perhaps denser; but all these
characters are relative and old trees of these two species are sometimes difficult to
distinguish. The winter-buds of 7’. diversifolia are pyriform to subglobose, flattened
at the apex and often puberulous; the shoots are pubescent and these characters,
particularly the latter, best distinguish the species. The short, gray pubescence
52 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
may occur over the whole of the shoot or it may be confined to the furrows between
the pulvini, but it is always present.
As may be expected from its habitat, T. diversifolia is much the hardier of the
two Japanese species and in this Arboretum withstands uninjured the severest
winters. In Japan it is known as Kome-tsuga or Kuro-tsuga.
Although first distinguished as a distinct species by Maximowicz, this Hemlock
was known to Siebold, who regarded it as a dwarf form of the species which now
bears his name. It was introduced into England by John Gould Veitch in 1861,
and the plants were afterward distributed under the name of Abies Tsuga, var.
nana.
PSEUDOTSUGA Carr.
A genus confined to western North America, Japan, Formosa and south-
western China, of which five species are now recognized. The two western
North America species are the only ones properly known. One of these, P. taxi-
folia Britt., the Douglas Fir or Oregon Pine, is one of the most famous and use-
ful of all conifers, and is one of the commonest and most widely distributed from
latitude 55° southward to northern Mexico. The second species, P. macro-
carpa Mayr, has a restricted range in southern California from the Santa Inez
Mountains in Santa Barbara County to the Cuyamaca Mountains. Very little is
known concerning the Formosan P. Wilsoniana Hayata and the species from Yun-
nan, southwestern China. The latter is presumably the P. sinensis Dode (in Bull.
Soc. Dendr. France, 1912, 59, fig.) which was founded on fragmentary material. It
is probable, however, that the Formosan and Chinese species are identical. The
Japanese species is endemic.
PSEUDOTSUGA JAPONICA Beissn.
Puates XXXIII anp XXXIV
PSEUDOTSUGA JAPONICA Beissner in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. V. 62 (1896); XI.
53 (1902); XV. 84, 144 (1906); Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 111 (1909). — Sargent, Silva N.
Am. XII. 84, note 2 (1898).—Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 21, t. 7 (1900). —
Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 406 (1906). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel.
IV. 812 (1909). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. I. 59, t. (1909). — Jackson in Gard.
Chron. ser. 3, XLV. 307, fig. 132 (1909). — Bean, Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isl. IL. 260
(1914).
Tsuga (Pseudo-tsuga) japonica Shirasawa in Tokyo Bot. Mag. IX. 86, t. 3 (1895). —
Garden & Forest, VIIL. 129 (1895). — Gard. Chron. ser. 3, XVII. 462 (1895).
Tsuga japonica Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 20 (1905).
To see this conifer I made a special journey in Tosa province, Shikoku, to
Nishinokawa, some 40 miles north from the town of Kochi. There, at about 1000
m. altitude in government forests, is set aside a preserve of about 16 acres, where
this rare and local tree forms fully 10 per cent of the forests in which Tsuga Sie-
boldit Carr. is the dominant tree. Other associate trees are Abies firma 8S. & Z.,
Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z. and Torreya nucifera S. & Z., which is here very rare
indeed. The sparse undergrowth is of such evergreens as Thea japonica Nois.,
Pieris japonica D. Don, Skimmia japonica Thunb., Eurya japonica Thunb. and
Osmanthus Aquifolium 8. & Z. The forest is dense and has been known to the Jap-
anese for over 200 years, but only quite recently has the preserve been made. It
PINACEAE.— PSEUDOTSUGA JAPONICA 53
is on a very steep slope facing east, but sheltered by a parallel spur. The rocks
are of old volcanic origin and are overlaid with humus. As seen in this forest the
Japanese Pseudotsuga is a tree from 23 to 30 m. tall, with a trunk from 2 to 5 m. in
girth. The Branches are comparatively few and near the top of the tree, and are
wide-spreading, not very thick, horizontally disposed and form a loose, broad, flat-
tened crown. Shirasawa describes the habit as conical, but I saw no trees that
could be so described. However, in mixed forests where Shirasawa discovered
this tree its habit may be different. The trunk is straight and clean of branches
for two-thirds the height of the tree. The bark is dull reddish brown, becoming
grayish brown on very old trees and on exposed trunks and is fissured into thin
narrow plates in which long corky lenticels are prominent; the plates split trans-
versely and flake off from below upward. On very old trees and near the base of
the trunk the plates may be half an inch thick. The shoot is perfectly glabrous and
pale yellowish gray, becoming whitish gray the second season. The winter-buds
are elongated and acute, as in other species of the genus; they are without resin and
are composed of shining chestnut-brown chaffy scales. The leaves are pale green
above, white beneath, straight or slightly curved, pectinately arranged and point for-
ward; they are from 1.5 to 2.5 em. long, soft to the touch and on fruiting branches
at least of almost equal width throughout and rounded and always notched at
the apex. On seedlings and very young plants the leaves are acute. The cones
are ovoid to cylindrical-ovoid and vary in length from 4 to 6 cm.; they are
chocolate-brown, somewhat resinous and more or less pruinose when ripe, be-
coming nearly black with age. The cone-scales are broad, rounded and oblique
on the margin; the bract is strongly recurved in its exserted part, is easily
broken and the central awn-like Jobe is much narrower and longer than the
lateral lobes, which are erose or laciniate. The wood is pale brown (dun color),
easily worked, of good quality and withstands damp very well. It is used for
making coffins, boards for ceilings and other interior work, but the tree is too rare
to be of commercial importance. It is evidently of slow growth, for on a piece 5.5
cm. in diameter I have counted with the aid of a lens over 50 annual rings and a
strip of board 6.3 cm. wide shows 30 such rings. As I saw this tree in the forest it
had nothing of special ornamental character to recommend it. Seedlings of this
Pseudotsuga were raised in this Arboretum in the spring of 1899, but the plants
did not prove hardy. The Arboretum is experimenting again with seeds I secured
from Nishinokawa in 1914. According to Beissner (in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges.
XI. 53 [1902]) young plants were in cultivation in Ansorge’s nursery, at Klein-
Flottbeck in Holstein, and in the Botanic Garden at Hamburg in 1902.
This Pseudotsuga, Japanese names for which are Toga-suwara and Goy6-toga,
grows in small numbers in other parts of Tosa province, round Tanabe and be-
tween Owashii and Yoshino on the Kishu peninsula, Hondo, and in Kyushu, where
it is very rare indeed. It has not been reported! from anywhere else and is appar-
ently limited to a few localities in southeastern Japan and as far as is known is
everywhere a rare tree. This tree was discovered in July 1893 by Dr. Homi
Shirasawa.
1 In the herbarium of the Imperial Botanic Garden, Tokyo, Dr. Hayata showed me material of
the Formosan plant which he had referred (in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XIX. 45 [1905]) to Pseudotsuga
japonica, and it certainly belongs to another species. Among other differences the Formosan plant
has orange-brown puberulous shoots, smaller bracts and a larger, differently shaped wing to the seeds.
It has been named P. Wilsoniana Hayata (Icon. Pl. Formos. V. 204, t. 15 [1915]).
54 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
ABIES Juss.
Abies is widely distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hem-
isphere, especially at high altitudes. In North America Fir trees are found from
Labrador and the valley of the Athabasca River to the mountains of North Carolina
in the eastern part of the continent, and in the west from Alaska through the
Pacific and Rocky Mountain regions to the highlands of Guatemala. In the Old
World they range from Siberia, Saghalien and the mountains of central Europe to
Formosa, southwestern China, the Himalayas and the highlands of northern Africa.
Some 35 species-are now recognized, 10 in North America and 25 in the Old
World. Five species are native of Japan; one of these is common to Hokkaido,
Saghalien and the Kurile Islands, the other four are found only in Hondo and
the southern islands.
KEY TO THE JAPANESE SPECIES
Bark on adult trees rough and dark gray; winter-buds large.
Shoots pubescent on young trees, glabrous or nearly so on adults, shallowly furrowed;
winter-buds ovoid or conical, acute, shining gray-brown with little or no resin;
leaves bifid and pungent on young trees, lower sterile branches and adventi-
tious shoots, with two resin-ducts; on fertile and adult branches obtuse, often
emarginate, with four resin-ducts; cone green, bracts exserted . . . A. FIRMA.
Shoots glabrous, deeply furrowed and wrinkled; winter-buds conical, obtuse and resi-
nous; leaves rounded and emarginate, those at the ends of shoots often acutish;
resin-ducts 2, median, in young plants and adventitious shoots marginal; cone often
umbilicate, violet-purple (green in var. umbellata), bracts included . A. HOMOLEPIS.
Bark on adult trees smooth, grayish white; winter-buds small.
Shoots clothed with rufous-brown pubescence, terete; winter-buds brownish purple,
globose; leaves rounded and emarginate; resin-ducts 2, lateral; cone ovoid or
somewhat barrel-shaped, violet-purple, bracts included . . . . . A. Marries.
Shoots more or less clothed with gray or occasionally brownish gray pubescence;
winter-buds reddish brown, subglobose to ovoid; leaves truncate and emargi-
nate; resin-ducts 2, lateral; cone slender, cylindrical, violet-purple (green in var.
olivacea), bracts as long as the cone-scale or slightly longer and reflexed.
A. VeEIrcuit.
Shoots more or less clothed with short rufous-gray or gray pubescence; winter-buds
bluish, subglobose; leaves rounded and emarginate at the apex; resin-ducts 2,
median; cone cylindrical, slightly tapering, greenish purple, bracts longer than
the cone-scales (shorter in var. nemorensis), recurved . . . . A. SACHALINENSIS.
ABIES FIRMA S&S. & Z.
Pirates XXXV anp XXXVI
Apres FirMA Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 15, t. 107 (1842). — Murray,
Pines & Firs Jap. 53, fig. 96-108, 110-112, 115 (1863).— Miquel in Ann. Mus.
Lugd.-Bat. III. 166 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 330 (1867).—Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat.
sér. 5, XX. 93 (1874). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 467 (1875). —
Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XII. 198 (1879); in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 514 (ex-
clude synonyms Abies holophylla and Pinus holophylla) (1881). — Mayr, Monog.
Abiet. Jap. 81, t. 1, fig. 1 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 82 (1894). — Kent in
Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 506, fig. 180-132 (1900). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For.
PINACEAE.— ABIES FIRMA 55
Jap. I. 17, t. 6, fig. 1-21 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 5 (1905). —
Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. IV. 762, t. 216 (1909). — Clinton-Baker,
Ill. Conif. TI. 12, t. (1909). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 46, 89 (1911). — Silva
Tarouca, Und. Freiland-Nadelh. 147, t. 146 (1913).— Pardé, Icon. Conif. t. 26
(1914).
2? Pinus Abies Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus) (1784).
? Pinus Thunbergit Lambert, Descr. Pinus, II. preface, vi (1828).
Abies momi Siebold in Verh. Batav. Genoot. XII. pt. 1, 12 (Syn. Pl. Ocecon. Sop:
(name only) (1830).
? Abies Thunbergit Lindley in Penny Cycl. I. 34 (1833).
Abies bifida Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 18, t. 109 (1842). — Bertrand in Ann.
Sci. Nat. sér. 5, XX. 93 (1874).
Pinus firma Antoine, Conif. '70, t. 27 (1846).
Pinus bifida Antoine, 1. c. 79, t. 31, fig. 2 (1846). — McNab in Proe. Roy. Irish Acad.
ser. 2, II. 688, t. 47, fig. 15 (1877).
Picea firma Gordon, Pinet. 147 (1858). — Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 351,
fig. 63-75, 77-79 (1862).
Picea firma, var. B Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 409 (1862).
Picea firma, var. bifida Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XII. 199 (1879).
Abies firma, var. bifida Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 514 (1881).
Pinus momi Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 94 (1907).
This is the Momi of the Japanese and the only Fir known from southern
Japan. It is the common low-level species of central Japan from Nagoya north-
ward to Mito and is abundant throughout Kyushu, Shikoku and southern Hondo
including the Kishu peninsula, where its altitudinal limit is from 1300 to 1600 m.
On the slopes of Fuji-san it ascends to about 1000 m. altitude. On the Chichibu
Mountains to the west-northwest of Tokyo it also reaches 1000 m. altitude.
Mayr gives latitude 40° as the northern limit of this species, but I saw no wild
trees north of latitude 37°. It is also commonly planted in temple grounds and
parks throughout the region where it grows naturally. In and around Tokyo and
at Nikko it is common as a planted tree and good specimens are plentiful.
On the island of Yaku-shima off the extreme south of Japan and 90 miles south
of the city of Kagoshima this Fir is common in the forest mixed with Cryptomeria
japonica D. Don, Tsuga Sieboldii Carr. and various dicotyledonous trees, and I saw
there individuals more than 30 m. tall, with trunks 6 m. in girth. Around the base
of Mt. Kirishima in southern Kyushu in mixed forest it is common, and there too
I saw many magnificent specimens. In Shikoku I again met with it in mixed forest
with Pinus parviflora S.&Z.and Pseudotsuga japonica Beissn. On Koya-san it grows
with Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z., Sciadopitys verticillata S. & Z. and various de-
ciduous leaved trees. On the slopes of Takao-san, a low mountain about 24 miles
west and slightly south of Tokyo, this Fir grows with Torreya nucifera 8. & Z. I
did not see it forming pure forest, but always associated with other coniferous
and dicotyledonous trees. It attains its maximum size in the moist warm valleys
of southern Japan. The trees I saw on Yaku-shima impressed me most. On the
steep slopes of this island Abies firma is first seen at about 500 m. altitude and
ascends nearly to the peak (alt. 1928 m.). None of the trees here exceed 40 m. in
height, but the average girth of the trunks is from 5 to 6m. In Tosa province,
Shikoku, I saw trees perhaps taller, but the average girth of trunk was rather less.
As it grows in southern Japan A. firma is a noble tree with massive branches
spreading horizontally and forming an oval or flattened and rounded crown. The
56 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
bark is dark gray, rough and scaly and in the forests the trunk is clean of branches
for from 10 to 18 m. from the ground. On young trees the shoots are clothed with a
short, erect, dark gray pubescence or this pubescence is confined to the shallow fur-
rows between the pulvini; the short shoots and the fruiting branchlets are glabrous or
nearly so. The winter-buds are large, ovoid to conical, shining gray-brown, with little
orno resin. The leaves are dark shining green, and on young trees and adventitious
branches are spreading, bifid and pungent, and on older branches rounded and emar-
ginate. On the fruiting branches the leaves are upturned, short, obtuse and often
quite entire. With the difference in age of the branchlets and character of the leaf
there are correlated differences in the position and number of the resin-ducts. In
its juvenile condition with bifid leaves the resin-ducts are two in number, sub-
epidermal and lateral; in its adolescent stage, where the leaves are merely spread-
ing and emarginate, the resin-ducts are two in number and are median; on adult,
fruiting branches the leaves have each four resin-ducts, two larger median and two
smaller sub-epidermal and lateral. In all the stages stereom tissue is present scat-
tered through the mesophyll and its presence distinguishes A. firma from all the
other Japanese Firs. In its adolescent stage the position of the resin-ducts is
the same as in A. homolepis S. & Z., but this species is without stereom tissue
scattered through the mesophyll. The variations in the character of the leaf in
young and old trees caused Siebold & Zuccarini to distinguish their A. firma and
A. bifida, and the differences in the position of the resin-ducts led to the misunder-
standing of A. firma by Bertrand and by McNab and to their confusing it in part
with the totally distinct A. homolepis S. & Z. Masters was the first to doubt that
the position of resin-ducts was an all-important taxonomic character in the genus
Abies. The conclusions I have reached have been verified from material taken from
a living tree growing in this Arboretum, supplemented by similar microscopic sec-
tions made from material of all ages collected in Japan by myself and others. The
cone is green and cylindrical, changes to gray or grayish brown when ripe and is
from 12 to 15 em. long; the apical part of the bract is lance-shaped and is always
exserted, erect and pungent. The wood is white, coarse-grained, soft and of little
value except for pulp and for making packing cases. Most of the boxes in which
Japanese Lily bulbs are packed for export are made of this wood.
As stated under Pinus Thunbergit Parl. and under Picea polita Carr., this Fir is
probably the tree seen by Thunberg near Tokyo and by him referred to Linnaeus’
Pinus Abies, but as no specimens of Thunberg’s plant exist this must ever remain
a matter of doubt. It must have been common in Tokyo gardens and temple
grounds in Thunberg’s time as it is now, and it is a reasonable assumption that he
saw it even if he did not recognize its botanical character. Von Siebold was the first
to make us properly acquainted with this Fir; it was introduced into England in.
1861 by John Gould Veitch, and into America by Dr. George R. Hall in 1862. On
the Hall estate there is a fine specimen about 26 m. tall with a trunk 2.25 m. in
girth, but in eastern Massachusetts the climate is too severe, and though it just
manages to exist and to cone annually in this Arboretum, the species is not really
hardy and has no ornamental value here.
PINACEAE, — ABIES HOMOLEPIS 57
ABIES HOMOLEPIS S. & Z.
_ Prates XXXVII ann XXXVIII
ABIES HOMOLEPIS Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 17, t. 108 (1842). — Miquel
in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 166 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 331 (1867). — Bertrand in
Ann. Sct. Nat. sér. 5, XX. 93 (1874). Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XII. 828, fig.
136 (1879); in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 518 (1881).— Mayr. Monog. Abiet. Jap.
35, t. 2, fig. 3 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 82 (1894). — Shirasawa, Icon.
Ess. For. Jap. I. 14, t. 3 (1900). — Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 513, fig.
(1900). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Ivrel. IV. 764 (1909). — Hayata,
Veget. Mt. Fuji, 92 (1911). — Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 86, fig. 81
(1913).
Pinus homolepis Antoine, Conif. '78, t. 31, fig. 1 (1846).
Picea firma, var. A. Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 409, fig. '76, 80-81 (1862).
Abies firma Murray, Pines & Firs Jap. 53 (in part, not Siebold & Zuccarini), fig. 109,
113, 114 (1863).
Abies Tschonoskiana Regel in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 32 (name only) (1865).
Abies brachyphylla Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér.3, X. 488 (1866) ;
in Mél. Biol. VI. 23 (1866).— Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XII. 556, fig. 91, 92
(1879); in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 515, fig. 14 (1881). — Hooker f. in Bot. Mag.
CXVI. t. 7114 (1890). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 4 (1905). — Elwes
& Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. TV. 765 (1909). — Clinton-Baker, Jil. Conif. II.
8, t. (1909). — Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 85, fig. 80 (1913).
Pinus brachyphylla Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI. pt. 2, 428 (1868).
Abies Finhonnoskiana Neumann, Cat. 1865 ex Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI.
pt. 2, 431 (1868).
Pinus Finhonnoskiana Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI. pt. 2, 431 (1868).
Picea brachyphylla Gordon, Pinet. ed. 2, 201 (1875).
Pinus (Abies) firma McNab in Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. ser. 2, II. 686, t. 47, fig. 14 (not
P. firma Antoine) (1877).
Pinus (Abies) Harryana McNab in Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. ser. 2, II. 689, t. 47,
fig. 16 (1877).
Abies Veitchit Hort. ex McNab I. c. (as a synonym, not Lindley) (1877).
This is the common Fir of the mountains of central Japan at altitudes between
800 and 2000 m. above the sea, from the alps in Shinano and Hida provinces to
the mountains around Nikko. It always grows associated with Larch and broad-
leaved deciduous trees. At its lowest altitudinal limit it is associated with A. firma
S. & Z. and at its highest with A. Veitchii Lindl. It is common on Mt. Ontake, on
Tsubakura-dake in Shinano province, and on the Yatsuga-dake on the borders of
Shinano and Kai provinces. On the lower middle slopes of Fuji-san and on the
Chichibu Mountains west-northwest of Tokyo it is fairly plentiful. Around Nikko
it is abundant and here grow the finest trees of this Fir I saw in Japan. At
Chuzenji on the shores of the lake are trees from 30 to 35 m. tall and from 5 to 6 m.
in girth of trunk, with thick horizontally spreading branches and often round-topped
heads. The bark is gray and rough and the shoots are stout, glabrous, pale-colored,
deeply fissured, with prominent pulvini. The winter-buds are conical, obtuse
and resinous. The leaves are variable in length, rounded and emarginate at the
apex and often acutish at the ends of the shoots; the upper side is shining green,
the lower normally very white. There is no stereom tissue scattered through the
58 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
mesophyll and the resin-ducts are normally median, but on young trees and
adventitious shoots they are marginal. The cone is resinous, violet-purple,
cylindrical, from 7.5 to 9 cm. long and from 2.5 to 3.75 cm. wide, occasionally
umbilicate, and changes to brownish purple when ripe.
The figure of Siebold & Zuccarini is poor, but it does show, though somewhat
diagrammatically, the characteristically deeply grooved shoot which distinguishes
this species from other Japanese Firs. Differences that have been pointed out be-
tween supposed plants of Abies homolepis and A. brachyphylla Maxim. are merely
variations, dependent on the different ages of the specimens compared.
The name Dake-momi, very generally applied to this tree by the Japanese,
signifies Mountain Fir. The wood is used for the same purposes as that of A.
firma S, & Z. and is of equal value.
Abies homolepis was discovered by von Siebold, who saw it cultivated in gardens
in Osaka and Nagasaki and who states on the authority of Keiske Ito and other
Japanese that it grows wild in the provinces of Owari and Shinano. We know to-:
day that this is perfectly true. Apparently it was first introduced to Europe by
John Gould Veitch, who sent seeds from Japan in 1861, under the impression that
they were those of A. Veztchii Lindl., and under this name the plants were distrib-
uted until the error was discovered in 1880 through the introduction of Lindley’s
species by Maries in 1879. Seeds were sent to Petrograd by Maximowicz’s collec-
tor, Tschonoski in 1865 and distributed by Regel under the name of A. Tscho-
noskiana; the same collector again sent seeds in 1866 and this was distributed as A.
brachyphylla Maxim. In eastern North America this Fir is a very satisfactory tree,
grows freely and is extremely ornamental. In this Arboretum it is perfectly hardy
and for landscape purposes is the best of the Japanese species and one of the most
valuable of all exotic Firs. Our largest tree was received from Messrs. Veitch in
1882 and is now about 12 m. tall and well furnished with wide-spreading branches
from the ground up. In the Hunnewell Pinetum there is an older and finer speci-
men 17 m. tall. A variety of this species is
ABIES HOMOLEPIS, var. UMBELLATA Wils. n. var.
Abies umbellata Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 34, t. 1, fig. 2 (1890). — Shirasawa, Icon-
Ess. For. Jap. Il. t. 2, fig. 1-17 (1908). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel-
IV. 768 (1909). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 5 (1905). — Hayata, Veget.
Mt. Fuji, 92 (1911).
Abies umbilicata Mayr in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. TIT. 31 (1894).
Pinus umbilicata Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 94 (1907).
Except in the color of the cones I can find no difference whatever between this
Fir (Plate XX XTX) and the typical A. homolepis S. & Z. The habit of the tree, the:
bark, the shoot, the winter-buds, the leaves, the character of their mesophyll and
the position of the resin-ducts are the same. In both the cone is occasionally um-
bilicate, but this is the exception rather than the rule. All the specimens of Mayr’s
Fir so far recorded have been found growing mixed with typical A. homolepis. On
Mitsumine-san,-where Mayr discovered it, there are growing in the temple grounds
two trees of this variety wmbellata and the priests declare they are the only ones
on the mountain. ‘To these trees the name Urajiro-momi has been applied and
they are well known to Japanese botanists. Unfortunately no young cones could
be found and I had to be contented with male flowers. Both Abies homolepis and
A. firma S. & Z. grow in the same temple grounds and are wild on the mountain.
~ On the shores of Lake Chuzenji, on June 3, I discovered a tree of the variety
PINACEAE.— ABIES MARIESITI 59
umbellata growing with the type and laden with flowers. The young cone is green
and retains this color until it is ripe, when it changes to pale gray-brown.
If Mayr’s figures of his A. umbellata and of A. homolepis be compared, it will
appear that the bracts are of different shape and the cone-scale and seed are smaller
in A. homolepis. These differences, however, are not constant, as a careful com-
parison between actual cones of the variety and type proves.
That individual trees of a species of Abies, which normally has purple or violet-
colored cones, produce green-colored cones is known in A. concolor Lindl. & Gord.,
A. Vettchui Lindl. and other species. This phenomenon of viridescence is analo-
gous to albinism in ordinary flowering plants.
This Fir was discovered by Dr. H. Mayr presumably in 1889, and this Arbore-
tum received seeds from him on June 11, 1891. Trees raised from these seeds have
grown more rapidly than those of any other Fir and our largest are about 11 m.
tall. They produced cones in 1914 and a tree of the same origin has also borne
cones in the Hunnewell Pinetum. As they grow in this Arboretum the trees of
var. umbellata are somewhat less densely branched, the branches are slightly
ascending and the leaves a more yellowish green than those of the type species.
In 1892, in Yokohama, Professor Sargent purchased some seeds under the name
of Abies firma. Many trees raised from these seeds are growing in this Arboretum
and in habit and appearance are identical with those of the variety umbellata,
raised from Mayr’s seeds. In this connection it may be of interest to record that in
Japan I showed cones of variety wmbellata to a man who lives on the lower slopes
of the Yatsuga-dake and who makes a business of collecting seeds of Larix Kaemp-
fert Sarg. and of other conifers. He at once declared them to be the cones of the
Momi (A. firma S. & Z.) and added that a few trees grew near his home. Ques-
tioned as to his reason for considering them to have come from the Momi, he
pointed to the color of the cones.
ABIES MARIESITI Mast.
Puates XL anp XLI
Axstes Marries Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XII. 788, fig. 129 (1879); in
Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 519, fig. 17, 18 (1881). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 40, t. 2,
fig. 5 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 82 (1894). —Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For.
Jap. II. t. 4, fig. 15-28 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 5 (1905). —
Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. IV. 771 (1909). — Clinton-Baker, Il.
Conif. II. 18, t. (1909).
Pinus mariesii Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 94 (1907).
This is the alpine Fir of central Japan and the only species known in a wild state
in Hondo north of the Nikko region. The most southern station where I saw this
Fir was on Mt. Ontake, in Shinano province, where above 2600 m. it is common as
a small tree or bush and grows with Tsuga diversifolia Mast., Pinus pumila
Regel and Juniperus communis, var. nipponica Wils. From here northward it
probably occurs on all the high mountains. It is common on and near the summit
of Yatsuga-dake on the borders of Kai and Shinano provinces. On Nantai-san
in the Nikko region, in the form of small trees or scrub, it covers large areas above
2400 m., and on the Onsenga-dake beyond Yumoto it forms with Abies Vettchii
Lindl. pure woods, the trees being from 16 to 20 m. tall. Immediately over the
60 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Konseitége Pass, travelling from Yumoto village, there is a fine forest of this and
Veitch’s Fir and the trees are from 20 to 25 m. tall and have trunks from 1.5 to
2.3 m. in girth. On a spur of Adzuma-san which I ascended from Toge on the
borders of Iwashiro and Uzen provinces there is a pure forest of Abies Mariesii in
which the lumbermen were unfortunately very busy. Here I saw in quantity the
finest trees of this Fir I met with. Specimens from 25 to 30 m. tall and from 2 to
$ m. in girth of trunk were common. On the crest of this spur this Fir is reduced
to a small tree or bush.
On the northern slopes of Hayachine-san in Rikuchu province Maries’
Fir is abundant. On the upper slopes it forms, with Tsuga diversifolia Mast.,
Pinus pumila Regel and broad-leaved deciduous trees, a dense scrub. Lower
down on the mountain it forms woods. On Hakkoda-yama in Mutsu province,
where Maries first discovered it, most of the trees have been cut down or have
been destroyed by fire, but a number still grow there and the trees, though
less tall, equal in girth of trunk any I saw elsewhere. It does not grow in Hokkaido;
neither has it been reported from Hondo south of the central provinces. The
specimens from Formosa and from China which have been referred to this species
are now known to belong to other species.
As it grows in the forests of Japan this is a more handsome Fir than A. Veitchii
Lindl., with stouter, more wide-spreading branches forming normally an oval or
even flattened round crown. The bark is very pale gray (almost white) as in
Veitch’s Fir, but on old trees it becomes somewhat rough near the base of the trunk
— a condition I never observed in A. Veitchit Lindl. The shoots are clothed with a
rufous-brown pubescence, and the winter-buds are brownish purple, globose and
resinous. The leaves are unequal in length and on fruiting branches more or less
appressed. The cone is violet-purple, from 4 to 9 em. long and from 3 to 4.5 em.
wide, and ovoid or somewhat barrel-shaped. The wood is white, becoming very
pale brown on exposure, and is of good quality for that of a Fir.
In Japan this tree is known as the Aomori-todomatsu in northern Hondo,
and around Nikko as the Oh-shirabiso. It was discovered on Hakkoda-yama
by Charles Maries in 1878 and by him introduced into the nurseries of Messrs.
Veitch in 1879. In eastern North America Maries’ Fir does not thrive and in this
Arboretum can be kept alive only in a sheltered place. The fact that it is an alpine
species is probably the reason why it does so badly here at sea-level. In the
Hunnewell Pinetum there is a healthy plant about 4 m. tall, and this has produced
cones.
A. VEITCHII Lindl.
Puates XLII anp XLIII
Antes Vertcut Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1861, 23.—Murray, Pines & Firs Jap.
39, fig. 69-79 (1863). — Miquel, Prol. Fl. Jap. 389 (1867). — Bertrand in Ann. Sci.
Nat. sér. 5, XX. 93 (1874). — Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XIII. 275, fig. 50, 51
(1880). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 107, fig. 11, 27, 28 (1881).— Mayr, Monog. Abiet.
Jap. 38, t. 2, fig. 4 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 83 (1894). — Shirasawa,
Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 16, t. 5, fig. 23-42 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap.
II. pt. 1, 6 (1905). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 190, fig. 42 (1909). — Elwes
& Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. IV. 768 (1909).— Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. II.
28, t. (1909).— Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 48, 92, fig. 16 (1) (1911). — Silva
Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 102, fig. 99 (1913).
PINACEAE. — A. VEITCHII 61
Picea Veitchii Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. Il. 347, fig. 52-62 (1862).
Abies spec. nova (Pichtae aff.) No. 9668 Regel in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1865, 32.
Pinus selenolepis Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI. pt. 2, 427 (1868).
Pinus Abies) Veitchit McNab in Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. ser. 2, II. 686, t. 47, fig. 13
(1877).
Abies Eichleri Lauche in Gartenzeit. I. 63, t. (1882).— Hennings in Gartenfl.
XXXIX. 377, fig. 66 (1890).
Abies Veitchit, var. Nikkoénsis Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 39, 86 (1890).
Abies japonica Hort. ex Sargent in Garden & Forest, V1. 525 (as a synonym) (1893).
Pinus nephrolepis, var. veitchit Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 94 (1907).
Abies Veitchit, var. refleca Koidzumi in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XXX. 327 (1916).
I met with this Fir only on the high mountains of central Japan from those
of Shinano and Hida provinces in the south to those round Nikko in the north.
According to Mayr it occurs very sparingly on the summit of Ishitzuchi-yama
in Shikoku, but I have seen no specimens from that island. In central Japan
its altitudinal range is usually from 1300 to 2300 m., but on the slopes of
Fuji-san on the Gotemba side it descends to 1050 m. At its lower altitude it is
associated with Abies homolepis S. & Z. and at its highest with A. Mariesi: Mast.
On Mt. Ontake in Shinano province it forms extensive forests mixed with Picea
jezoénsis Carr., Tsuga diversifolia Mast., Birch and a few other broad-leaved
deciduous trees. On Tsubakura-dake, a granite peak in the same province,
this Fir is exceedingly rare and I saw only a few small trees. On the Yatsuga-
dake, on the borders of Kai and Shinano provinces, I saw, at about 2300 m. altitude,
almost pure forests of this Fir. Above Yumoto in the Nikko region it is abundant
in woods of Birch, Maple and other broad-leaved deciduous trees. On the Onsenga-
dake and over the Konseitoge Pass, both near Yumoto, it forms with Abies Mariesit
Lindl. nearly pure forests. North of the Nikko mountains I did not meet with A.
Veitchit.
Veitch’s Fir is the smallest of the Japanese Abies. The largest tree I saw was
24 m. tall and had a girth of 2.3 m. In the forests it is a narrow, tapering, pyram-
idal tree with very numerous short, slender branches. In more open country,
as on the slopes of Fuji-san, it is not so tall and the branches are longer. The
shoot is slender, more or less clothed with short, erect gray or occasionally
reddish gray pubescence and the winter-buds are reddish brown, small, sub-
globose to ovoid and resinous. The bark is perfectly smooth and very pale gray
(almost white) and resin-pustules are prominent. The leaves are soft to the touch,
shining dark green above, white beneath and truncate and emarginate at the apex.
The violet-purple cone is slender, cylindrical, from 4.5 to 6.5 cm. long and from
2 to 2.5 em. broad. The bracts are very slightly or are distinctly exserted and
reflexed. The wood is white and of no particular value. Mayr has separated a
variety (nikkoénsis), but the characters on which he relies are trivial and, more-
over, inconstant and I do not consider that it can be kept distinct from the
type.
Abies Veitchii was discovered on Fuji-san in 1860 by John Gould Veitch, for
whom it is named. Veitch failed to obtain seeds, but in 1865 Maximowicz’s Jap-
anese collector, Tschonoski, sent seeds to Petrograd, and these were distributed by
Regel under the name of Abies spec. nova (Pichtae aff.). Whether any plants are
in cultivation from this seed I do not know. In 1876 it was sent from Japan to
the Parsons nurseries at Flushing, New York, by Thomas Hogg, and for many
years was known in American gardens as Abies japonica Hort. In 1879 Maries
62 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
sent seeds in quantity to Messrs. Veitch and the plants raised from them have
been widely distributed. This Fir grows satisfactorily in this country. It is per-
fectly hardy in this Arboretum and as an ornamental tree ranks among the Asiatic
species next to A. homolepis S. & Z. In the Hunnewell Pinetum there is a very fine
specimen 16 m. tall. Japanese names for this Fir are Shirabiso, Shirabe-momi and
Shira-tsuga. A variety of this species is
Apres Verrcui, var. oLIvACEA Shirasawa in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XXVII. 1382
(1913); in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XXIII. 256 (1914); in Gard. Chron. ser. 3,
LVIII. 99 (1915).
This variety is distinguished from the type by the color of the cones, which
are green and change to gray-brown when ripe. On all the specimens I collected
the pubescence on the shoot is ferruginous. I met with this variety first on the
Onsenga-dake beyond Yumoto in the Nikko region and afterwards collected ripe
seeds and cones at 2000 m. altitude on the Yatsuga-dake, on the borders of Shinano
and Kai provinces. In both places it was growing mixed with the typical species.
Apparently Maries was the first to discover this variety, as Masters in the Gar-
deners’ Chronicle, n. ser. XIII. 275 (1880), says Maries speaks of a “‘green-coned
variety.” Many young plants are now growing in this Arboretum from seeds I
‘collected in Japan in 1914.
ABIES SACHALINENSIS Mast.
Pirates XLIV anp XLV
ABIES SACHALINENSIS Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XII. 588, fig. 97 (1879);
in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 517, fig. 16 (1881). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 106, fig. 26
(1881). — Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 42, t. 3, fig. 6 (1890). — Sargent, Forest Fl.
Jap. 83 (1894). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 18, t. 6, fig. 22-43 (1900). —
Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 5 (1905). — Miyoshi, Atlas Jap. Veget. pt. TX.
5, t. 68 (1908); pt. X. 1, t. 69, 70 (1908). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. &
Trel. IV. 760 (1909). — Clinton-Baker, Jil. Conif. IT. 26, t. (1909). — Takeda in
Jour. Linn. Soc. XLII. 486 (1914). — Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. Saghal. 598 (1915).
Abies homolepis, var. 8 Toknaiae Carriére, Traité Conif. 216 (1855).
Abies Veitchii, var. sachalinensis Fr. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér.
7, XII. no. 2, 175, t. 4, fig. 13-17 (Reis. Amur. Sachal.) (1868).
Pinus sachalinensis Voss in Putlitz & Meyer, Landlexikon, IV. 777 (1913).
This Fir is abundant in Hokkaido and is the only species known from that island.
Occasionally it forms pure forests, but usually it is associated with Picea jezoénsis .
Carr. and broad-leaved deciduous trees and in the more northern part of the island
with Picea Glehnit Mast. At Nopporo, a few miles from Sapporo, there is a gov-
ernment forest reservation where this tree is abundant, forming extensive and
pure stands; it also occurs there mixed with broad-leaved deciduous trees, but is
the dominant tree. In Kitami province in the north it is abundant and forms ex-
tensive forests mixed with Picea jezoénsis Carr. and P. Glehnii Mast. In Japanese
Saghalien I saw it in great abundance and with Picea jezoénsis Carr. and Larix
dahurica, var. japonica Maxim. it covers enormous areas. It is more partial to
the low mountain slopes than to the swamps, where the Larch is most at home.
On the slopes of Shiribeshi-san near the town of Kutchan up to 1000 m. altitude
there are trees of this Fir from 25 to 30 m. tall and from 2 to 2.5 m. in girth, and
PINACEAE. — ABIES SACHALINENSIS 63
these are the largest I saw. In Saghalien the maximum size is from 16 to 25 m. by
about 1.6 m. in girth of trunk. In habit and general appearance this Fir strongly
resembles A. Veitchii Lindl. The bark is perfectly smooth, almost white and full
of resin-pustules. The branches are short and slender and the leaves are rather
long, soft to the touch, rounded and emarginate. The shoots are more or less densely
clothed with short, gray or rufous-gray pubescence; the winter-buds are small,
bluish, subglobose and are covered with resin. The cone is greenish purple with
exserted pale green recurved bracts which when dry are pale and shining brownish
gray; it is cylindrical, tapering at the summit, from 5 to 7.5 cm. long and from 2.5
to 3.em. wide. Colloquially known as Todo-matsu, this Fir is the only species appre-
ciated by the Japanese for the value of its wood, which is white and is extensively
used in house and ship building, and in making furniture and paper. For these
purposes it is used locally and is exported from Hokkaido in ce to other
parts of Japan.
This species does not occur on the main island (Hondo) of Janen and is, as
far as our present knowledge goes, confined to Hokkaido, the Kurile Islands and
to Saghalien. It has not been reported from continental eastern Asia. In the
forest it reproduces itself readily from self-sown seeds, but the forestry officials
informed me that their efforts at reafforesting with this Fir had not been success-
ful. Abies sachalinensis was discovered in 1866 by Fr. Schmidt on the island of
Saghalien; in July 1878 seeds were received in this Arboretum from W. A. Clark
of the Agricultural College, Sapporo, and plants of this origin were growing here
until quite recently. In 1879 Maries sent seeds from Hokkaido to Messrs. Veitch
and in 1892 Professor Sargent secured seeds, and many plants from this source
are now growing here, the largest being about 6 m. tall. It is perfectly hardy in
this Arboretum and it grows fairly well, but with its short sparse branches and
spire-like habit it cannot be called ornamental. One or two of our plants, how-
ever, are bushy and have fairly long branches. The small bluish winter-buds
are very characteristic and in winter afford a ready means for identifying this
species.
Of the form with red bark, dark red wood and red cone-bracts discovered by
Dr. K. Miyabe (Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 83 [1894]) I saw nothing. Plants of this
form raised from seed received from Miyabe in December 1892 are growing in
this Arboretum, but are indistinguishable from those of the type. A variety of
this species is
ABIES SACHALINENSIS, var. NEMORENSIS Mayr, Monog. Abiet. Jap. 43, 86, t. 3,
fig. 6 (1890).
Pinus sachalinensis, £. nemorensis Voss in Putlitz & Meyer, Landlexikon, IV. 777
(1913).
Abies nemorensis Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. Saghal. 598 (1915).
I saw this variety in Saghalien only, growing in the forests at Konuma, a few
miles from Toyohara, mixed with the type. In my specimens the bracts are quite
included and this and their more violet hue give the cone an entirely different
aspect. There are no apparent differences in the habit and general appearance of
this variety and I do not think it is entitled to higher rank. The cone of Abies
Veitchii Lindl., which is somewhat like that of this variety, may be distinguished
by its much smaller cone-scales. The shape of the cones is also rather different.
Mayr gives northeastern Hokkaido and the Kurile Islands as the region of
distribution of this variety. Japanese forestry officers informed me that their
64 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
efforts to find this variety in northeastern Hokkaido had failed. I secured seeds
in 1914 through the forestry officials at Toyohara and many young plants are now
growing in this Arboretum.
Subfam. TAXODIEAE Parl.
SCIADOPITYS S. & Z.
Puates XLVI ann XLVII
ScraADOPITYS VERTICILLATA Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. I1.3, t. 101, 102 (1842).—
Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1861, 22, 360, fig. — Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. I.
719, fig. 184-196 (1862); Pines & Firs Jap. 109, fig. 202-213, 215 (1863). —Car-
riére in Rev. Hort. 1868, 150, fig. 16.—Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 1. 468
(1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 502 (1881); XX VII. 276, 320, fig.
26, 27 (1890); XXX. 21 (1893); in Jour. Bot. XXII. 97, fig. 1, 4 (1884).—Sar-
gent, Forest Fl. Jap. 77 (1894). —Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 22, t. 8, fig.
15-35 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. I. pt. 1, 17 (1905). — Thiselton-Dyer
in Bot. Mag. CXXXI. t. 8050 (1905). — Mayr, Fremdl. Wald-u. Parkb. 407, fig.
136-138 (1906). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. ITI. 568, t. 159 (1908). —
Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 448, fig. 106-108 (1909).— Silva Tarouca, Uns.
Freiland-Nadelh. 267, fig. 279 (1913). — Bean, Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isl. II. 506,
fig. (1914).
Taxus verticillata Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 276 (1784).
Pinus verticillata Siebold in Verh. Batav. Genoot. XII. pt. 1, 12 (Syn. Pl. Oecon. Jap.)
(1830).
In a wild state this interesting tree is confined principally to the valley of the
Kiso-gawa in central, and to Koya-san and its immediate neighborhood in east-
central, Hondo. It has also been reported from one or two mountains in Shikoku,
but is very rare there and I did not meet with it. Through the Kiso-gawa Valley
in the provinces of Mino and Shinano, between 600 and 1000 m., the Sciadopitys is
common. Occasionally it forms pure stands of some size, but usually it occurs in
small groves and as solitary trees scattered through dense mixed forests of Chamae-
cyparis pisifera S. & Z., C. obtusa S. & Z., Pinus parviflora S. & Z., Abies firma
S. & Z., Tsuga Sieboldii Carr. and such broad-leaved trees as Aesculus turbinata B1.,
Magnolia obovata Thunb., Acanthopanaz innovans Fr. & Sav., A. sciadophylloides
Fr. & Sav., Cercidiphyllum japonicum S. & Z. and Acer rufinerve S. & Z. In these
forests the Sciadopitys is easily recognized from a distance by its narrow plume-
like crown, which towers well above those of its neighbors. On Koya-san, situated »
on the borders of Kii and Yamato provinces and famed for its monasteries, the Um-
brella Pine is common and it is from this mountain that the tree gets its Japanese
name Koya-maki (the Podocarpus of Mt. Koya). There, between 800 and 1000 m.
altitude, it forms pure stands of considerable size, but more usually it is scattered
in small groves or as individual trees among Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z., Tsuga
Sieboldii Carr., Pinus densiflora S. & Z. and Torreya nucifera S. & Z., the Chamae-
cyparis being the dominant tree. Usually the slopes where the Sciadopitys grows
are so densely wooded that there is no undergrowth except Ferns, Mosses and Liver-
worts, although sometimes Skimmia japonica Thunb., Ilex Sugeroki Maxim. and
other shade-loving shrubs occur. Seedlings of the Umbrella Pine abound in the forest
floor, and it is by this means that the stands and groves of this tree are perpetuated.
PINACEAE. — SCIADOPITYS 65
The Sciadopitys delights in steep, rocky situations, sheltered from strong winds
and where it is cool and moist. On Koya-san the trees average from 20 to 30 m.
in height and from 1.6 to 2.6 m. in girth of trunk, and the largest I saw was about
35 m. tall art 4 m. in girth of trunk. In Shinano I saw trees from 40 to 45 m.
tall, but none more than 3.5 m. in girth and the majority much less. The branches
are short and slender and in the forest shade spread horizontally and are slightly
upturned toward the end, but in the open and on the upper part of the tree the
branches are ascending-spreading and even quite ascending. New leaders are
readily formed and trees with three or four are common. Those familiar with this
conifer only as a lawn tree, where it forms usually a dense pyramid branched from
the ground, would be surprised at its appearance in the forest, where it is gaunt and
thin, so that, standing close to its bole and looking upward, the sky is clearly visible
through the narrow crown. The bark is thin and nearly smooth, gray to gray-
brown without and red-brown within, and splits into long thin sheets which easily
strip off. This bark is made into a rough tow and is employed in calking boats, in
packing the joints of steampipes, etc. The wood is soft, white, fragrant and with-
stands water and damp well. It is used for making small boats, bathtubs, etc.
The wood of the trees on Koya-san is said to be superior to that of the trees which
grow in the valley of the Kiso-gawa.
The cones mature the second season and are produced in great numbers, and as
mentioned before seedlings from self-sown seeds abound on the forest floor. Pro-
liferous cones are not uncommon and as mementoes of their visit are much sought
after by the pilgrims who annually journey to Koya-san in great crowds. In old
gardens, parks and temple grounds in Nara, Kyoto, Kobe, Nagoya, Yokohama,
Tokyo and other wealthy cities small plants of the Umbrella Pine are occasionally
met with, but it does not appear to be one of the popular trees in Japan. The only
large planted tree I saw is the one growing in the courtyard of one of the temples
in Shiba Park, Tokyo, which is mentioned by Sargent and shown in a figure on
p- 102 of A Traveller’s Notes by James H. Veitch. This specimen is about 26 m.
tall with a trunk 3 m. in girth and the habit is remarkable. It has the short
slender branches of the species, but they are decurved and their terminal branch-
lets are all upturned and ascending and the outline of the tree is therefore nar-
rowly columnar. Bean (Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isl. I. 507 [1914]) gives the name
of var. pendula to this tree and says that one of similar habit is growing in the
garden of Mr. L. Rothschild at Gunnesbury Park, near London.
In cultivation the Sciadopitys is one of the most distinct and one of the hand-
somest of all conifers and is deservedly a favorite in many lands. In eastern
North America it is perfectly hardy as far north as Boston but grows very slowly.
Sciadopitys verticillata was discovered by Thunberg in 1775~—76 and was early
introduced by the Dutch to Java. From Buitenzorg a plant was sent to England by
Thomas Lobb when collecting for Messrs. Veitch; it arrived in 1853, but died
soon afterward. In 1861 John Gould Veitch sent seeds to England and from these
many plants were raised. About the same time Robert Fortune also sent seeds
home. To this country it was introduced by Dr. George R. Hall, who gave a quan-
tity of seeds to the Parsons Nursery, Flushing, New York, in 1862.
66 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
CRYPTOMERIA D. Don
Puates XLVIII ann XLIX
CryPpToMERIA JAPONICA D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 167, t. 18, fig. 1
(1841). — Hooker, Icon. VII. t. 668 (1844). — Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad.
Miinch. IV. pt. 3, 234 (Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. II. 110) (1846). — Miquel in Ann.
Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 168 (1867); in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 43, t. 124,
124 b (1870).—Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 469 (1875). — Masters in
Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 497 (1881); XX VI. 544 (1902); XX XVII. 413 (1906). —
Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 74, t. 24 (1894). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 24,
t. 9, fig. 25-42 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 9 (1905). — J. H.
Veitch, A Traveller's Notes, 133, t. 9 (1906).—Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 278
(1906).—Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Trel. I. 128, t. 38-41 (1906). — Beissner,
Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 475, fig. 115-117 (1909).— Pardé, Icon. Conif. t. 114 (1912).—
Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 67, 134, fig. 60, 183 (1913). —Rehder &
Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. II. 52 (1914).
Cupressus japonica Linnaeus f., Suppl. 421 (1781). — Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 265 (1784).
Taxodium japonicum Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. I. XXX. 183 (exclude var.
heterophylla) (1833).
Cryptomeria japonica, var. Lobbii Carriére, Traité Conif. 154 (1855).
Cryptomeria japonica, var. japonica Henry in Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel.
I. 129 (1906).
My first journey after my arrival in Japan in early February 1914 was to the
forests on the island of Yaku-shima, situated some 90 miles south of Kagoshima in
Kyushu. In books Yaku-shima is usually mentioned as belonging to the Liukiu
group, but this statement is not correct. It is only a small island, yet it is of peculiar
interest since it is not only the extreme southern limit of the Japanese archipelago
proper, but also marks the southern limit of the Japanese flora. My trip was
made easy through the kindness of Dr. H. Shirasawa, who wrote on my behalf to
Dr. Naito, head of the Kagoshima forestry bureau, within whose jurisdiction
Yaku-shima lies. Dr. Naito, in the most obliging manner, detailed his assistant, Mr.
Miyoshi, to accompany me anywhere I wished to go in his district. Mr. Miyoshi,
who had recently graduated from the Tokyo School of Forestry under Professor
Honda, proved a most charming and enthusiastic travelling companion. At
Yaku-shima the local forestry officials did everything they could. But for this
assistance it would have been impossible to have made any study of these forests, -
for there are no roads, only trails laid on logs for the use of the forest guards, and
no accommodation other than rough huts for the occasional use of these men.
Yaku-shima is really a mountain of granite blocks upthrust from the bed of the
ocean, with numerous spurs, and culminating in a peak, called Miyanoura, 1928 m.
above sea-level... From sea-level to about 100 m. altitude is coastal savannah
with scattered hamlets, patches of cultivation, isolated trees, chiefly Pinus Thun-
bergii Parl., and along the watercourses shrubs,. Bananas, Tree Ferns and miscella-
neous trees. Above this, up to about 250 m. altitude, is a narrow belt of mixed and
chiefly evergreen forest in which Castanopsis cuspidata Schottk. is a prominent
tree and Cryptomeria is planted. This belt belongs to the villagers and above it
the whole island is a government forest reserve. The summit of Miyanoura is said
PINACEAE. — CRYPTOMERIA 67
to be covered with dwarf Bamboo, Rhododendron Metternichii S. & Z., Juniper and
miscellaneous scrub, but at the time of my visit everything was hidden in snow.
Fully 99 per cent. of this forest preserve is of evergreen trees, of which 60 per cent.
are conifers. * Cryptomeria forms fully 50 per cent. of the entire forest. Of other
conifers Tsuga Sieboldii Carr., Abies firma S. & Z. and scattered trees of Chamaecy-
paris obtusa S. & Z. and Torreya nucifera S. & Z. make the other 10 percent. Of
broad-leaved evergreen trees Trochodendron aralioides 8. & Z., Distylium racemosum
S. & Z., Thea japonica Nois. and T. Sasanqua Nois. represent 30 per cent., while
Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq., D. glaucescens Bl., Michelia compressa Maxim.,
' Myrica rubra S. & Z., various Oaks, Hollies and Lauraceae form the other 9 per
cent. Stewartia monadelpha S. & Z. forms half of the 1 per cent. of the deciduous
trees and the remainder is made up of Acanthopanax ricinifolius Seem., Evodia
glauca Miq., Aleurites cordata R. Br., Clethra barbinervis 8. & Z., Maples and trees
which I did not recognize. The principal undershrubs are Skimmia japonica
Thunb., Eurya japonica Thunb., Damnacanthus indicus Gaertn., Pieris japonica
D. Don, Rhododendron Tashiroi Maxim., R. indicum Sweet (sides of torrents),
Chloranthus brachystachys Bl., Ardisia crispa D.C., A. Sieboldii Miq., Illicium
anisatum L., Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. and Gilibertia trifida Mak. The last
three are plentiful as shrubs, but they also grow into small trees. Climbing plants
are comparatively few, but Hydrangea petiolaris S. & Z. is plentiful and climbs to
the tops of the tallest trees. Schizophragma hydrangeoides 8. & Z. is common on
old stumps and trunks of low trees, Stauntonia hexaphylla Decaisn. is rare and Rhus
orientalis Schneid., with thick rope-like stems, is fairly common. Ivy (Hedera
japonica Tobl.) I did not see in the forest depths, but it was frequent on the
ascent soon after leaving the savannah. The forest floor and tree trunks support
an extraordinary rich Cryptogamic flora; nowhere else, not even on famed Mt.
Omei, in western China, have I seen such a wealth of this vegetation. Ferns, espe-
cially of the genus Hymenophyllum, in wonderful variety grow on the granite
rocks, tree-trunks, dead stumps, and rotting logs and with them Mosses, Liver-
worts, Lichens and Fungi in endless form and shape. Phanerogamic herbs are
scarce, but on boulders in and along the sides of torrents Astilbe japonica Miq.
abounds. The mountain slopes are very steep and the granite blocks are heaped
one upon another in vast confusion. Here and there a yellow, greasy clay is in
evidence, but the soil of the forest floor is mainly composed of rotting vegetation.
There are no open spaces, but everywhere dense primeval forest. The flora is a
wonderful Cryptogamic kingdom with a few low shrubs under a vast evergreen
canopy. To me the most interesting and remarkable forest in all Japan is this on
Yaku-shima, where the Cryptomeria has its southern home.
In that part of the forest I visited no felling is being done now, and until some
special arrangements are made it is next to impossible to get the lumber down to
the coast. The wood of fallen trees is made into shingles and carried out on men’s
backs, but that is all that is being done at present. In old times these forests were
known and logs for the pillars and columns of temples were exported to Korea,
China and other eastern countries. The Yaku-sugi, as this Cryptomeria is called,
is famed throughout Japan and its wood commands a much higher price in the
market than that of the same tree from anywhere else in the empire.
From the foregoing description of these forests it will be seen that the Crypto-
meria enjoys a rich soil, good drainage and an abundant rainfall. On Yaku-shima
it is most abundant on the west and north slopes, where its maximum height is
about 40 m. and the average trees are from 30 to 35 m. tall. Most of the oldest trees
68 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
have the tops broken off and I noticed that occasionally a new leader was formed.
The height of the trees, though comparatively low, is remarkably even, and I con-
clude that strong winds account for it. The average girth of trunk of living trees
in these forests is from 6 to 8 m.; the largest I measured were 10 m. in girth. Of
dead and rotting stumps I measured several from 16 to 18 m. in girth. The trunk
is perfectly straight, buttressed at the base and clean of branches for at least half
the height of the tree. The bark is reddish brown, becoming gray where fully ex-
posed, never more than 2.5 em. thick and seldom as much, shallowly fissured and
firm, but eventually peeling in thin narrow flakes. The branches are relatively thin,
spread horizontally, seldom exceed 6 m. in length and form a more or less dense, oval
crown. The weak, inner branchlets are shed in the same manner as are those of
Sequoia gigantea Decaisn. Indeed these two trees in appearance and general char-
acteristics strongly resemble one another. The wood of the Cryptomeria on Yaku-
shima is fragrant, pale brown, becoming darker and even reddish in the centre of
the tree. Often it is beautifully spotted and figured and such wood is especially
prized for house decoration and furniture making. That the wood is durable in
wet climates is proved by the condition of fallen trees which strew the forest floor.
On such trees, which the foresters said had been felled 80 years before, the wood
was still perfectly sound a couple of inches below the moss-clad exterior. On
fallen stems and decaying butts a younger generation of Cryptomeria is growing
from small seedlings to trees 26 m. tall and 6 m. in girth of trunk. The Cryptomeria
does not sucker nor sprout from stools, but perpetuates itself only by seeds. In
the soil of the forest floor the seedling Cryptomeria does not appear able to survive
the struggle with its vigorous competitors, and I saw only on fallen trees and
old stumps the Cryptomeria successfully renewing itself unaided by man. On
every fallen log and tree stump seedlings of Trochodendron aralioides 8. & Z. may
be seen associated with those of Cryptomeria. The two trees in these forests,
it would seem, have a curious predilection for one another. They grow upon the
same old dead stump or trunk in close embrace to ripe old age with the Crypto-
meria towering above its neighbor and shielding it from wind and storm.
On Yaku-shima the Cryptomeria does not form pure forests, being always found
growing with other coniferous and dicotyledonous trees, but it is the dominant tree
in the forest. Its altitudinal range is from 150 to 1900 m. and it seems to be at its
best between 600 and 1200 m.
The Cryptomeria is the most generally useful and popular tree in Japan and
has been planted there from time immemorial. Apart from the forests on Yaku-
shima, where the evidence is indisputable, it is difficult to say where it is growing
in an unquestionably wild state. The Japanese themselves consider it indigenous
on certain mountains in Tosa province, Shikoku, and in the northeast corner of
Ugo province in extreme northern Hondo, and there is no real reason for questioning
this opinion. When in Tosa I did not have time to visit the Cryptomeria forests,
but I did visit those in Ugo, and as far as I could judge they are spontaneous. Mr.
Elwes, who visited these forests in 1904 and has published an account of them, is
also of this opinion. These Ugo forests are situated some 1500 miles north of those
on Yaku-shima and about 900 miles north of those in Tosa, so the distribution of the
wild forests of this tree is very remarkable. The Ugo forests have been known for
over 300 years and formerly were much more extensive than at the present time.
In their southern and middle parts they are of pure Cryptomeria, but at the north
this tree is mixed with Thujopsis dolabrata, var. Hondai Mak., and finally it gives
way to pure forests of the latter. The total area covered with Cryptomeria is said
PINACEAE. — CRYPTOMERIA 69
to be about 25 square miles. In Odate district alone there are some 15,000 acres,
and I was told in 1914 that during the past eight years these had yielded lumber to
the value of.a million dollars annually. The mountain slopes are steep and about
300 m. high aftd the soil is volcanic ash, grit, pumice, ete. The trees densely crowd
the slopes and valleys, average from 30 to 40 m. in height and in girth of trunk from
2 to 3.5 m.; the largest are said to be 60 m. tall and from 5 to 6 m. in girth. The
heart-wood is very red and the timber is of exceptionally good quality. At Nagaki-
sawa a portion of this forest occupying a valley is preserved by the government as
a national monument. A point worthy of note is that the Cryptomeria trees in.
this northern forest grow taller, but are less in girth than those on Yaku-shima.
The Cryptomeria, or Sugi as it as called in Japan, is the noblest of the Japanese
conifers and many famous places in Japan owe much of their charm to stately
avenuesand groves of this impressivetree. There is a solemnity and a dignity about
it, with its perfectly straight trunk towering heavenward and topped with a conical
dark green crown, as befits a tree used for enshrouding temples, shrines and sacred
places generally. The famous and well-known avenues at Nikko, said to be the
humble gift of a Daimyo poor in worldly goods, is the most magnificent of all the
monuments raised to the memory of the first Shogun. Although much less well
known, there are in different parts of Japan many avenues and groves of Cryptome-
ria with larger trees than those at Nikko. At the shrines of Ise there are said to be
some wonderful old trees, but I did not visit this famous place. The finest tree I saw,
and probably the largest in all Japan, is in the grounds of a temple at Sugi, a village
in Tosa province, Shikoku, which measures 50 m. in height and 25 m.in girth. It
is in perfect health, though the top has been broken off by storms and formerly its’
height was fully 15 m. more thanitisnow. At the shrine of Jimmu-Tenno, the first
Emperor, at Sano in Osumi province, Kyushu, there isa fine avenue of Cryptomeria
planted some 500 years ago, the trees being from 50 to 60 m. tall and from 8 to 6 m.
in girth. On the Kasuga-yama at Nara there are trees from 40 to 50 m. tall and
from 10 to 12 m. in girth of trunk. In the park and temple grounds, too, at Nara
are many magnificent old Cryptomerias. The most impressive avenue I saw is
that on Koya-san on the borders of Yamato and Kii provinces, which I was told
was planted by one Ogo Shonin, a priest, about 650 years ago. This avenue is
more than a mile long and the trees range from 40 to 60 m. in height and from 4
to 8 m. in girth of trunk, and I believe with Elwes that they “surpass in grandeur
any other trees planted by man in the world.” I have mentioned the curious asso-
ciation of Trochodendron and Cryptomeria, and in these avenues and groves it
is a not uncommon thing to see other conifers or even broad-leaved trees growing
on living and apparently perfectly sound trees of Cryptomeria. At the entrance
to the Futaara Temple at Nikko a tree of Quercus glandulifera Bl. a metre in
girth may be seen growing from the side of a perfectly healthy Cryptomeria, at
about 4 m. from the ground, as if it were a natural branch of the tree. What-
ever cavity there was when the acorn was deposited is entirely filled, and above
and below the Oak nothing, not even a swelling, is visible. The heart of these trees
is often decayed, and I suppose the roots of the Oak have found their way there
and then to the ground. That the Cryptomeria can play the part of guest as well
as that of host is exemplified at Nara, where at Kasuga shrine a tree of Crypto-
meria 25 m. tall and more than 1 m. in girth is growing from the side of a
Juniperus chinensis L., which is 18 m. tall and 5 m. in girth. In the groves and
avenues the Cryptomeria trees were planted very close together, with the result
that in time at their base numerous trunks have become fused into one butt of
70 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
irregular shape, giving the impression of numerous trunks rising from a common
stool. The impression is entirely false as the Cryptomeria does not sucker nor
stool, nor are adventitious growths developed by it. The Nikko avenue shows
this phenomenon remarkably well. Another point of interest is that the planted
trees of the Sugi exceed in average height the wild trees in the forests.
The wood of the Sugi, though less valuable than that of the Hinoki (Chamaecy-
paris obtusa S. & Z.), is more generally used, being more plentiful and in conse-
quence cheaper. It is used in house-building generally and-is especially valued for
making sake-tubs. Wood with particularly fine grain or any odd and curious
marking or color is valued for making ceilings, screens, doors and ornamental house-
fittings. Buried logs of this tree are found in many provinces of Japan, especially
Ise, Suruga, Sagami and Rikuzen, and in these the wood is a beautiful dark color
and is prized for making valuable furniture and ornaments.
The Cryptomeria is very amenable to cultivation over the greater part of Japan,
where it is the most widely planted of all trees for reafforestation. In the govern-
ment, imperial and private forest-lands it is, and has been from earliest times,
planted -by the million everywhere from southern Kyushu to the most northern
parts of Hondo. Even in Hokkaido attempts to grow this tree have been made in
and about Hakodate, but the climate there is evidently too severe. The Sugi
takes root readily from cuttings and formerly this mode of propagation was
generally employed in forestry work. Branches as thick as the third finger
and from 0.3 to 0.5 m. long were put in the ground fairly close together in valley
and on hillside during late autumn, winter and early spring, according to climate,
and in time these grew and formed new forests. In the government forests to-day
this method has been abandoned in favor of seeds, which produce better and more
quick-growing trees, but the initial cost is greater than by using cuttings. Apart
from its value as a timber-tree or as a tree for avenues and groves, the Cryptomeria
is planted in Japanese gardens, where several curious forms have originated. It is
very commonly used with great success in making dense thick hedges.
In a general way it may be said that the Cryptomeria does not flourish in
Western lands, where few really fine specimens are known, although it was intro-
duced into England in 1842. In eastern North America it is even less happy and is
not really hardy as far north as Boston, though it is possible to keep it alive in
sheltered spots in this Arboretum. I secured seeds of the Sugi from the Ugo forests
and it will be interesting to see if they produce a stock hardier than the trees we
now try to cultivate. In the parts of China with which I am familiar the Crypto-
meria occurs as an occasional tree planted near temples and over shrines, but
neither Henry nor I ever saw it spontaneous in China. Fortune (Residence among
the Chinese, 189, 277 [1857]) states that it grows wild on the mountains southwest.
of Ningpo, and Franchet (in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 2, VII. 101 [Pl. David.
I. 291] [1884]) quotes David to the effect that this tree is wild, but is becoming very
rare on the mountains of the Fokien province. Nevertheless, further evidence is
desirable before it is accepted as an unquestionable fact that Cryptomeria japonica
is indigenous in China or anywhere outside of Japan.
The Cryptomeria was first discovered in Japan between 1690 and 1692 by
Kaempfer, and in his Amoenitates Exoticae (fasc. V. 883 [1712]) he gives a short
description of it under its native name of Sugi. In 1701 James Cunningham found
it growing on the Chusan Islands, near Shanghai, China, and one of his speci-
mens is figured by Plukenet (Opera, IV. t. 386, fig. 3 (Amalt. 69) [1705]) under
the name of Cupressus cheusanensis, juniperinus arcuatis foliis, ete. It was in-
ee
PINACEAE. — THUJOPSIS 71
troduced by the Dutch into Java early in the nineteenth century and is said to
have been first introduced into Europe by the overland route through Siberia to
Petrograd. In 1842 seeds were sent from the Chusan Islands to Kew by Sir
Everard Home and plants were raised from them. In 1844 Robert Fortune in-
troduced the tree in quantity to England through seeds sent from Shanghai to the
Royal Horticultural Society. This form from China is known in gardens as var.
Fortunei Hort. (syn. C. Fortunet Hooibrenk in Wien. Jour. Pflanzenk. 1853, 22)
or var. sinensis Sieb. (apud Miquel in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 52 [1870])
and is less satisfactory in cultivation than the Japanese type. The latter, com-
monly known in gardens as var. Lobbii Carr., was sent to the Buitenzorg Botanic
Garden, Java, by von Siebold during his residence in Japan and from Buitenzorg
Thomas Lobb sent it to Messrs. Veitch about 1845-46, and the finest Cryptomeria
trees in cultivation are of this form.
As already mentioned a number of varieties and forms of Cryptomeria have
originated in Japan; the most distinct of these is the var. elegans Mast. (in Jour.
Linn. Soc. XVIII. 497 [1881]), which was introduced into England by John Gould
Veitch in 1861 and into this country by Dr. George R. Hall in 1862. This vari-
ety has linear, acuminate, spreading or falcately curved leaves and short, thin
horizontal branches and branchlets decurved at the tip. When young the foliage
is bright green, but in the autumn and winter it changes to bronzy red and the
trees are then singularly handsome. I saw many of these plants in Japan and in
parts of Kyushu it is used as a hedge plant, but I could learn nothing of its origin.
Siebold says it came from China, but this I consider very doubtful. It was sent
from Japan to Buitenzorg by von Siebold sometime between 1826 and 1830.
There is in cultivation a dwarf form known as elegans nana Hort. There are also
in gardens dwarf, pendulous, white and yellow variegated and otherwise abnormal
forms of the typical C. japonica, including one (var. araucarioides Hort. apud
Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 193 [1867]) with long, pendulous, very remote branch-
lets and deflexed branches.
Subfam. CUPRESSEAE Lindl.
THUJOPSIS S. & Z.
THUJOPSIS DOLABRATA Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. IT. 34, t. 119, 120 (1842). —
Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1855, 241, fig. — J. G. Veitch in Gard. Chron. 1862, 309. —
Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 469 (1875). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 265,
t. (1881). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. '72 (1894). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap.
I. 27, t. 11, fig. 1-17 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 2, 19 (1905). —
Miyoshi, Atlas Jap. Veget. pt. V. 4, t. 37 (1906). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit.
& Irel. 1. 202 (1907). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 486, fig. 119, 120 (1909).
Thuja dolabrata Linnaeus f., Suppl. 420 (1781). — Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 266 (1784). —
D. Don in Lambert, Deser. Pinus, Il. append. 2, t. 1 (1824). — Masters in Jour.
Linn. Soc. XVIII. 486 (1881); in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XVIII. 556, fig. 95 (1882). —
Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 236, t. (1900).
Dolophyllum sp. Salisbury in Jour. Sci. & Arts, II. 313 (1817).
Platycladus dolabrata, Spach, Hist. Vég. XI. 337 (1842).
Libocedrus Dolobrata Nelson, Pinac. 65 (1866).
Thujopsis dolabrata, var. australis Henry in Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel.
II. 202 (1907).
72 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
I saw this tree growing wild near Toge station at about 800 m. altitude on the
borders of Uzen and Iwashiro provinces, around Yumoto in the Nikko region and
in the valley of the Kiso-gawa. Near Toge there were only a few scrubby trees and
this appears to be the northern limit of its range. Around Lake Yumoto, between
1600 and 1800 m. altitude, it grows in dense forests of Tsuga diversifolia Mast.,
Abies homolepis S. & Z. and Thuja Standishii Carr., among and on humus-clad
boulders and on the edges of Sphagnum swamps. In the region drained by the
Kiso-gawa it grows on Ena-san and other mountains in Mino province and also on
those in southern Shinano, between 1100 and 1800 m. altitude, in dense forests
mixed with Sciadopitys verticillata S. & Z., Thuja Standishii Carr., Pinus parviflora
S. & Z. and the two species of Chamaecyparis; occasionally it forms pure stands.
In Kyushu it is reported by forestry officials from one isolated locality on the moun-
tains south from Oita in Bungo province. It is much grown in parks and gardens
in the milder parts of Japan, and round Gotemba and elsewhere on the lower slopes
of Fuji-san it is a common hedge plant.
I saw no trees of the typical species comparable in size and beauty with those of
its northern variety Hondai Mak. Of the type the trees were all small, averaging
from 10 to 16 m. in height and from 1 to 1.5 m. in girth of trunk, which is usu-
ally curved at the base. In habit, in general appearance and in the character of
the wood the type is similar to its variety, but the cones are broadly ovoid, from
1.2 to 1.5 em. long, and the cone-scales have a prominent, triangular umbo which
is pointed and often hooked.
Thujopsis dolabrata is a favorite plant in gardens in Japan, where several
dwarf, variegated and otherwise abnormal forms have originated. In eastern
North America it has not proved very successful in cultivation and in the neigh-
borhood of Boston it is not hardy, but on the estate of William Minot at Matta-
poiset, Cape Cod, there are fine specimens 8 m. tall. Those who wish to cultivate
this conifer should bear in mind that it is an inhabitant of moist, dense forests,
where even as an adult tree it is shaded by its more lofty neighbors, Hemlock or
Fir. In Japan this Thujopsis is generally called Hiba, but it is also known as
Asunaro, and in Kiso, where it is counted among the five famous trees, it is called
Asuhi.
This tree was first made known to us by Kaemper, who mentions it as “a kind
of Finoki” in his Amoenitates Exoticae (fasc. V. 884 [1712]), and his specimen
was figured by Lambert. Like the Sciadopitys it was introduced by the Dutch
to Java at an early date, and was sent to the Botanic Garden, Leyden, in 1853.
From Buitenzorg Thomas Lobb sent a plant to Messrs. Veitch in 1853. This plant
died soon after its arrival, but in 1859 Captain Fortescue, R.N., successfully in-
troduced a plant from Japan, and descendants of this plant are said to be still
growing at Castlehill, Devonshire. It was introduced into this country in 1861 by
Dr. George R. Hall, who sent plants by Mr. F. Gordon Dexter to Francis Parkman,
the historian, who lived at Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. In the same year John
Gould Veitch and Robert Fortune sent seeds from Japan to England, and from
these many plants were raised and distributed.
Of the garden forms the var. nana Carriére (Traité Conif. 111 [1855], syn.
T’. laetevirens Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1862, 428) is perhaps the most useful. It
was introduced into England by John Gould Veitch in 1861. A variety of 7.
dolabrata is
THUJOPSIS DOLABRATA, var. Honpat Makino in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XV. 104
(1901). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. II. 202 (1907).
PINACEAE. — THUJOPSIS 73
Thujopsis dolabrata Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. I. t. 60 (not Siebold &
Zuccarini) (1906).
Thujopsis Hondai Henry in Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. II. 202 (1907).
This variety (Plates L and LI), which is well distinguished by its larger and
globose cones, is the northern form of the species. I met with it first in the ascent of
Adzuma-san, on the borders of Iwashiro and Uzen provinces, between 1100 and
1600 m. altitude. In the same neighborhood, at 800 m. altitude and near Toge
station, I collected the type. This region would appear to be the dividing line, for
north of it I saw the variety only and south of it only the typical species. On Ad-
zuma the var. Hondai grows on steep, rocky slopes mixed with Thuja Standishir
Carr., Tsuga diversifolia Mast., Pinus parviflora S. & Z. and such broad-leaved
trees as Fagus Sieboldii Endl., Betula Ermanii Cham.., B. corylifolia Regel and Quer-
cus mongolica, var. grosseserrata Rehd. & Wils., but none of the Thujopsis trees here
are large. On Chokai-san, in Ugo province, this tree does not appear to be very com-
mon, but on the lower, sheltered northern and northwesterly slopes of Hayachine-
san, in Rikuchu province, it is plentiful: Here in rich moist forests at 800 to
1000 m. altitude I saw trees 33 m. tall with trunks 4 m. in girth, growing with
Tsuga diversifolia Mast., Abies Mariesti Mast., Pinus parviflora S. & Z., Aesculus
turbinata Bl., Pterocarya rhotfolia S. & Z., Cercidiphyllum japonicum S. & Z. and
Betula Ermanii Cham. In Mutsu, the most northern province of Hondo, this Thu-
jopsis is common in several districts from sea-level to 600 m. altitude and forms a
magnificent and almost pure forest. This like that of Akita belongs to the state and
with the crown forest of Kiso constitutes the three famous forests of Japan. I
paid a visit to Yake-yama (Fire Mountain), a series of sandstone ridges not more’
than 500 m. above sea-level and some nine miles north from Aomori. Here the
forest, which is pure Thujopsis, is very extensive and has been known for more than
two hundred years. The trees grow thickly together and from the near distance
singularly resemble those of moderately young Cryptomeria, although the crown
’ is more oval and less tapering. The trees average from 18 to 23 m. in height and
in girth of trunk from 1.3 m. to 2.5 m. None I saw in this forest exceeded these
dimensions, but a forestry officer informed me that the maximum height was about
30 m. and 4.5 m. in girth of trunk. The trunk is often slightly recumbent at the
base and occasionally forked quite low down. The bark is thin, reddish brown
becoming pale gray when old and on exposed trees; it splits transversely and
flakes upward into long, thin, narrow strips. The branches are very numerous and
crowded, rather short and slender, and spread horizontally or they may be curved
downward. The crown is oval and the branches extend well down the trunk; the
inner, weak branchlets are shed in the same manner as those of Cryptomeria.
The cone is globose, from 1.5 to 1.8 em. high, and the umbo is reduced to a thin
narrow ridge, or to a short mucro. The wood is soft, fragrant, not resinous,
yellowish in color and the heart is frequently decayed; it is easily worked and
very durable, and is valued for railway-ties, in bridge and conduit building and
for such purposes it lasts from 12 to 15 years. It is useless for boards and thin
planks as it very readily cracks.
The young trees when growing freely resemble those of Chamaecyparis obtusa
S. & Z., of the same age, but more usually the young Thujopsis plants have no
particular shape but sprawl over the forest floor and form a dense undergrowth
about 1 m. high. With them on Yake-yama as undergrowth Ilex rugosa Schmidt,
Daphniphyllum humile Maxim. and Aucuba japonica Thunb. are also found in
some quantity. At Shimokita, some 35 miles north of Aomori, there is said to be
74 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
an area of some 25,000 acres where this Thujopsis grows mixed with Fagus Sieboldii
Endl. and Quercus mongolica, var. grosseserrata Rehd. & Wils. On the borders of
southern Mutsu and northeast Ugo provinces this Thujopsis grows with Cryptomeria
japonica D. Don.
The forestry officials at Aomori told me that this Thujopsis grows best from
cuttings, not from seeds. Shoots taken from free-growing trees and about as thick
as the little finger if inserted in soil in May will form roots in a month and are
ready for planting in permanent positions on the mountain-sides at the end of a
year. The trees grow slowly and the growth is often strongly excentric. On a
piece of this wood 15 ecm. across I counted 103 annual rings. It is worthy of
mention that many trees have a nearly smooth red-brown bark which makes the
trunk look distinct. The forestry officers at Aomori are doubtful if there are not
two forms of the var. Hondai. Both grow together; the cones are identical, and I
could discover no difference between them except in the appearance of the bark.
I collected seeds of the var. Hondai and young plants raised from them are
growing freely in this Arboretum. It is too early as yet to form any opinion, but
I am hopeful that this northern variety will prove hardy here. The Japanese
name for this tree is Hinoki-asunaro.
THUJA L.
Five species of this genus are known, two in North America and three in east-
ern Asia. Of the American species 7. occidentalis L. is widely distributed from
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick northwestward to the mouth of the Saskatchewan
River and southward over a large area to southern Virginia and northeastern
Tennessee. The other (7. plicata D. Don) is found from Yas Bay in Alaska
southward along the coast ranges to Mendocino County, California, and eastward
to the western slopes of the mountains of Idaho and of northern Montana. Of
the Asiatic species 7’. orientalis L., which differs markedly in its wingless seed, is
much planted in China generally and its range as a wild plant is not properly under-
stood. It is known to be indigenous in Korea, Mandshuria and northeastern China
and may have a wider range in that country. The second Chinese species, 7. sutchu-
enensis Franch, is very imperfectly known and only from northeastern Szech’uan.
The Japanese species also grows in Korea.
THUJA STANDISHII Carr.
Puates LIT anv LIII
Tuusa Stanpisum Carriére, Traité Conif. ed. 2, 108 (1867). — Gordon, Pinet.
ed. 2, 408 (1875). — Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. X. 397 (1878); XIII. 589,
fig. 102 (1880). — Veitch, Man. Conif. 263 (1881). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. X.
124 in a note (1896). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 515 (1909). — Nakai in
Jour. Coll. Sct. Tokyo, XXXI. 382 (Fl. Kor. pt. 2) (1911).
Thuiopsis ? Standishi Gordon, Pinet. suppl. 100 (1862). — Bailly in Rev. Hort.
1896, 160, t.
Thuja japonica Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 3, X. 490 (1866);
in Mél. Biol. VI. 26 (1866). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 486 (1881); in
Gard. Chron. ser.3, XXI. 258, fig. 87 (1897). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 72 (1894).—
PINACEAE.—THUJA STANDISHII 75
Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 244 (1900). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap.
I. 28, t. 11, fig. 18-34 (1900). — Komarov in Act. Hort. Petrop. XX. 206 (Fl.
Mandsh. 1.) (1901). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 18 (1905). — Elwes
& Heary, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. I. 195 (1906).
Thuya gigantea Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. XVI. pt. 2, 457 (as to the Japanese
plant, not Nuttall) (1868).
Thuya gigantea, var. Japonica Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 469 (1875).
The only place where I saw this tree wild in quantity was in the ascent of
Adzuma-san from Toge on the borders of Uzen and Iwashiro provinces. There.
on steep slopes beyond the hot springs between 1000 and 1300 m. altitude it is
common growing with Thujopsis dolabrata, var. Hondai Mak., Tsuga diversifolia
Mast., Pinus parviflora S. & Z. and such broad-leaved trees as Betula Ermanii
Cham., B. corylifolia Regel, Fagus Sieboldii Endl. and Quercus mongolica, var.
grosseserrata Rehd. & Wils., but all the Thuja trees are small. Around Yumoto,
in the Nikko region, between 1800 and 2300 m. altitude it grows scattered through
mixed forests with T'suga diversifolia Mast:, Abies homolepis S. & Z., Larix Kaemp-
feri Sarg., Picea jezoénsis Carr., Thujopsis dolabrata S. & Z. and various broad-
leaved trees principally Birches. I saw it wild nowhere else, but it is known
from the slopes of the high mountains in Kaga, Hida and Shinano provinces in
central Hondo. Komarov and Nakai say that it is wild in northern Korea. In
the valley of the Kiso-gawa it is called the Nezu and in former days, when all the
forests of Kiso were owned by the Daimyo of Owari, stringent forestry laws were
enforced; and although ordinary trees might be cut by any one the Nezu, Hinoki
(Chamaecyparis obtusa 8. & Z.), Sawara (C. pisifera S. & Z.), Asuhi (Thujopsis
dolabrata S. & Z.) and the Keaki (Zelkova serrata Mak.) might not have so much
as a twig broken off, armed foresters being placed to shoot all wood-poachers.
Any peasant found in possession of a utensil made of one of these five forbidden
kinds of wood was arrested. This paternal despotism had at least the effect
of producing splendid forests. Immense havoc was done during the turmoil
which ushered in the new régime and only since about 1890 has serious attention
again been turned to forest preservation.
The largest tree of the Japanese Thuja I saw was in the forests beyond Yumoto
village and was about 15 m. tall with a short trunk 3.5 m. in girth. The average
trees are from 12 to 16 m. tall and from 1.5 to 2.6 m. in girth of trunk. The trunk
is short and buttressed and usually divides a few feet from the ground into two
or several thick stems. The lateral branches are slender and very numerous, spread
horizontally and are upturned at the ends and form a dense, pyramidal crown.
The bark is thin, smooth and papery, reddish brown with scattered pale gray
blotches of irregular size. The foliage is pale green and the tree is attractive and
ornamental. The fruit is narrow-ovoid, 1 cm. long and ascending. The wood is
pale brown, light and of good quality and is cut into thin boards and used for
ceilings and other interior work; it also makes durable shingles. The tree, how-
ever, is now too rare to be of any great economic value.
Like the Chamaecyparis and Thujopsis the Japanese Thuja delights in moist
rocky slopes and a northerly exposure. It is rare in cultivation in eastern North
America, where it is quite hardy as far north at least as Boston. Other Japanese
names for this tree are Kurobi, Nezuko and Gord-hiba.
Thuja Standishii was discovered in 1860 in the gardens of Tokyo by Robert
Fortune, who sent seeds to the nursery of Mr. Standish at Ascot, England. A
year or so later it was found in the same gardens by C. Maximowicz. In the Hunne-
76 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
well Pinetum there is a handsome specimen of this Thuja planted in 1874 and now
13 m. tall.
CHAMAECYPARIS Spach
This genus is confined to the Atlantic and Pacific coast regions of North America
and to Formosa and Japan. Six species are now recognized; one (C. thyoides Britt.)
is confined to eastern North America and two (C. nootkatensis Lamb. and C. Law-
soniana A. Murr.) to western North America. In Formosa one species (C. for-
mosensis Matsum.) is endemic and a form of the Japanese C. obtusa S. & Z. also
grows wild there. The two Japanese species have in Japan given rise to many
abnormal forms and these are now familiar garden plants. These forms, many of
them dwarfs, are apt to give a wrong impression of the size to which the parent
trees and other species of this genus grow; it is well to remember that C. Law-
soniana A. Murr. exceeds 60 m. in height, that the two Japanese species are often
over 50 m. high and that C. formosensis Matsum. grows 65 m. tall with a trunk
20 m. in girth and exceeds in size all other conifers indigenous in the Old World
north of the Equator, its only rival being Cryptomeria japonica D. Don.
KEY TO THE JAPANESE SPECIES
Leaves obtuse, not glandular; cone about 1 cm. in diameter; seeds from 1 to 5 on
CAC BEAL) a. sin e245 b.sitiasris! teirgateh co) oo Sabena ee ee eae C. oOBTUSA.
Leaves acuminate, obscurely glandular; cone about 0.7 cm. in diameter; seeds from
1 toon each scale 0.65 oot e. e ceee e Gee Seen en otter ae C. PISIFERA.
CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA S&S. & Z.
Puates LIV ann LV
CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA Siebold & Zuccarini apud Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 63
(1847). — Carriére, Traité Conif. 186 (1855). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl.
Jap. I. 471 (1875). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 73 (1894). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess.
For. Jap. I. 25, t. 10, fig. 17-32 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 7
(1905). — Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 277, t. 5, fig. 4 (1906). — Beissner, Handb.
Nadelh. ed. 2, 554, fig. 141 (1909). — Pardé, Ill. Conif. t. 134, fig. 1 a-15 (1913).
Retinispora obtusa Siebold & Zuccarini Fl. Jap. IL. 38, t. 121 (1844). — Lindley in
Gard. Chron. 1861, 265.
Chamaepeuce obtusa Zuccarini ex Gordon, Pinet. suppl. 93 (as a synonym) (1862).
Retinispora Fusinoki Zuccarini ex Gordon, Pinet. suppl. 93 (as a synonym) (1862).
Cupressus obtusa K. Koch, Dendr. II. pt. 2, 168 (1873). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. X.
98 in a note (1896). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XX XI. 355 (1896). — Kent in
Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 220, fig. 64 (1900). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit.
& Trel. V. 1185, t. 303, 304 (1910). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. ITI. 52, fig. (1918).
Retinospora obtusa Gordon, Pinet. ed. 2, 367 (1875). — Masters in Gard. Chron. n.
ser. V. 235, fig. 41 (1876). — Veitch. Man. Conif. 245, fig. 56 (1881).
Thuya obtusa Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 491, fig. 4 (1881).
I did not see this tree in a wild state north of the Kiso-gawa in Mino and Shinano
provinces, where it grows in mixed forests between 600 and 1300 m. above the sea
with Pinus densiflora S. & Z., P. parviflora S. & Z., Tsuga Sieboldii Carr., Sciadopitys
verticillata S. & Z., Abies firma S. & Z., Chamaecyparis pisifera S. & Z. and such
PINACEAE. — CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA 77
broad-leaved trees as Aesculus turbinata Bl., Acanthopanazx sciadophylloides Fr. &
Sav., Acer rufinerve S. & Z., Magnolia obovata Thunb. and occasional trees of Quercus
mongolica, var. grosse-serrata Rehd. & Wils. On the upper slopes of Koya-san it is
the dominantstree in the forests. In Tosa province, Shikoku, I met with it at
Nishinokawa in mixed forests with Pseudotsuga japonica Beissn., where T'suga
Sieboldii Carr. is the principal tree; also on Shiraga-yama between 1000 and 1500 m.
altitude with Tsuga Sieboldii Carr., Pinus parviflora S. & Z., Abies firma S. & Z.
and broad-leaved trees such as Stewartia monadelpha S. & Z., Magnolia obovata
Thunb. and Acer palmatum Thunb. Talso collected it on Yaku-shima in the Cryp-.
tomeria forests at about 1300 m. altitude, where, however, it is rare. Very prob-
ably it is more or less common on the slopes of all the older mountains from the
region of the Kiso-gawa in central Hondo southward, but I never met with it on
those of active, quiescent or recently extinct voleanoes. It would appear also to
grow in Formosa. Dr. Hayata showed me copious material from that island and I
could detect no real difference between it and specimens collected in Japan.
Nevertheless, until more is known concerning the Formosan tree it is best to con-
sider it distinct as Hayata has done.!
As I saw it in Japan Chamaecyparis obtusa delights in cool rocky slopes and
prefers a northerly aspect and at its best grows 50 m. tall with a trunk from 5 to
6 m. in girth. But the average size of the tree in the forests is from 27 to 35 m. in
height, and from 2.5 to 4 m. in girth of trunk. The trunk is straight, more or less
buttressed at the base, and clean of branches for from a third to a half of the height
of the tree. The branches are slender, horizontally and rather widely spreading,
and form a more or less oval crown which is rounded at the summit; the branch- ©
lets are more or less pendulous. The bark is smooth, red-brown (grayish when
much exposed) and peels off in long thin sheets. This bark is highly valued for
roofing purposes, since it withstands the extremes of heat and damp and is very
durable. In the old days the palaces of the Emperor and of many feudal princes
‘and the Shinto temples were mainly built of the wood of this tree and always
roofed with its bark. The wood is white to straw-color and often slightly pinkish,
and when green has a strong rancid smell which persists for a long time; it is
straight-grained, light, strong and tough, remarkably free from knots and resin
and has a lustrous surface which takes lacquer remarkably well. It is used for the
frames of temples, for panels, ceilings and interior finishing of the best houses
and for many other purposes. The Japanese consider this wood superior to that
of any other of their conifers. On this account the tree is being much used in
Japan in reafforestation work and for this purpose it is raised from seeds. Being
more exacting in the matter of soil and situation than the only slightly less
valuable Cryptomeria, this Chamaecyparis is given the best sites and is planted in
annually increasing numbers in all favorable places from southern Kyushu and
Shikoku to northern Hondo, where I saw it thriving near Aomori.
The Hinoki, as this tree is called in Japan, is sacred among the disciples of the
Shinto faith, and it is planted in the courtyards and in the neighborhood of Shinto
and Buddhist temples, where often, as at Mitsumine in Musashi province, fine
specimens may be seen. The tree has long been a great favorite in Japanese gar-
dens where dwarf, yellow-leaved variegated and other abnormal forms have origi-
nated. In eastern North America it is hardy as far north as Halifax in Nova
Scotia. On the estate of the late Dr. George R. Hall, there are trees from 16 to 18 m.
tall, with trunks a metre in girth. Unless planted close together the tendency is for
1 (C. obtusa, £. formosana Hayata in Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XXV. 208 (1908).
78 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
the lower branches to become stout and wide-spreading and to retard the tree’s
growth in height. It is a very ornamental tree, but grows rather slowly and re-
sents the summer droughts of New England.
Chamaecyparis obtusa was introduced into England by John Gould Veitch in
1861, and into this country by Dr. George R. Hall in 1862. Of the garden forms
the var. nana Carriére (Traité Conif. ed. 2, 131 [1867]) is perhaps the best and
one of the handsomest of all dwarf conifers. There is also a yellow-leaved form
known as nana aurea Hort. Of the tall-growing yellow-leaved forms one of the
best is known in gardens as gracilis aurea Hort.
CHAMAECYPARIS PISIFERA S. & Z.
Piates LVI anp LVII
CHAMAECYPARIS PISIFERA Siebold & Zuccarini apud Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 64
(1847). — Carriére, Traité Conif. 188 (1855). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl.
Jap. I. 470 (1875). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 73 (1894). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess.
For. Jap. I. 26, t. 10, fig. 1-16 (1900). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 8
(1905). — Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- u. Parkb. 276, t. 6, fig. 1 (1906). — Beissner, Handb.
Nadelh. ed. 2, 564, fig. 143 (1909). — Pardé, Ill. Conif. t. 134, fig. 16-25 (1913).
Retinispora pisifera Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 39, t. 122 (1844). — Lindley in
Gard. Chron. 1865, 265.
Cupressus pisifera K. Koch, Dendr. II. pt. 2, 170 (1873). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. 99
in a note (1896). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 355 (1896). — Kent in
Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 224, fig. 67 (1900). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. &
Trel. V. 1190, t. 305 (1910). — Clinton-Baker, Jil. Conif. III. 51, fig. (1918).
Retinospora pisifera Gordon, Pinet. ed. 2, 369 (1875). — Masters in Gard. Chron.
n. ser. V. 235, fig. 44 (1876).
Thuya pisifera Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 489, fig. 1 (1881).
In the temple grounds of Japan this species is as much and as widely planted
as its relative C. obtusa S. & Z., but as a wild tree its distribution appears to be more
limited. I met with it only in the valley of the Kiso-gawa in Mino and Shinano
provinces, and around the hot springs at the foot of the ascent of Tsubakura-dake
in the more northern part of Shinano. It is very common on the moist, rocky
slopes of the low mountains which surround Mt. Ontake on the Otake-Kurasawa
side and it was here that I saw the finest specimens of this tree. In these regions it
is much more plentiful than C. obtusa S. & Z. with which it grows. The finest trees
I saw of C. pisifera were nearly 50 m. tall with trunks 5 m. in girth and strongly
buttressed at the base. . The trunk is mast-like and free of branches for from a
third to a half the height of the tree. The branches are shorter than those of C. obtusa
S. & Z., spread horizontally, are somewhat inclined upward near their extremities
and form a narrow pyramidal or spire-like crown. The bark is indistinguishable
from that of.C. obtusa and the wood has the same peculiar rancid smell, but it is
brownish in color and though of good quality and employed for the same purposes
is considered inferior to that of C. obtusa S. & Z.
In Japan C. pisifera is known as the Sawara and has long been cultivated in
gardens and it isa common tree in temple grounds, but I did not see it anywhere in
Japan used in reafforestation work. In eastern North America this Chamae-
' eyparis is as hardy as C. obtusa S. & Z., but, although it grows more rapidly than the
PINACEAE. — JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS 79
latter, it is decidedly less ornamental and is inclined to become scrawny at an early
age. It was introduced into England in 1861 by John Gould Veitch and into this
country by Dr. George R. Hall, in 1862. Of the numerous varieties and forms
of garden origi var. plumosa Beissner (Handb. Nadelh. 87 (1891), which is a small
tree, conical in outline, with plumose branchlets, is very distinct. In the Hunnewell
Pinetum there are specimens of this variety 13 m. tall. Another well-marked
form is var. sqguarrosa Beissner and Hochstetter (in Gartenfl. XXIX. 364 (1880).
This forms a large bush or bushy tree of irregular outline with very numerous
spreading branchlets and bluish white acicular leaves in opposite pairs. In the.
Hunnewell Pinetum there is a good specimen of this plant fully 13 m. tall. A third
form widely known in gardens is var. filifera Hort. (apud Beissner, Handb. Nadelh.
90, fig. 23, 24 [1891]), which forms a large bush and has long, slender, pendent
whiplike branches and branchlets. There are also yellow-leaved and variegated
forms of these varieties and many other more or less abnormal forms in cultivation;
indeed, C. pisifera has been exceptionally prolific in varieties, and numerous forms
of this species are grown in many gardens. Some of these are seminal and others
vegetative sports and they are perpetuated by cuttings and by grafting. Into
Europe the earliest known kinds were introduced in 1861 by John Gould Veitch
and into this country in 1862 by Dr. George R. Hall.
JUNIPERUS L.
This genus is widely scattered over the Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic —
Circle to the highlands of Mexico, Lower California and the West Indies in the
New World, and to the Azores and Canary Islands, northern Africa, Abyssinia,
the mountains of tropical East Africa, the Himalayas, China and Formosa in the
Old World. Some 45 species and several well-marked geographical varieties are
recognized. One species (J. communis L.) is cireumpolar. Seventeen species are
indigenous in North America and five species in Japan, of which two are probably
endemic.
KEY TO THE JAPANESE SPECIES
Leaves always acicular, spreading in whorls of threes, jointed at the base; fruit smooth or
nearly so, marked at the apex by three radiating lines or furrows.
Leaves with one white stomatic band above.
Leaves concave above; branches ascending, ascending-spreading or prostrate.
J. COMMUNIS.
Leaves sulcate above.
Branches ascending or ascending-spreading; fruit from 6 to 8 mm. in diameter.
J. RIGIDA.
Branches prostrate; fruit from 7 to 12 mm.indiameter .... . J. CONFERTA.
Leaves with two stomatic bands above, lower surface bluish, spotted with white;
branchlets glaucous-white on the edges of the pulvini. . . . . J. PROCUMBENS.
Leaves both acicular and scale-like, the acicular in pairs or ternate; branches ascending,
ascending-spreading or prostrate; fruit tuberculate, brown; seeds from 1 to 5.
J. CHINENSIS.
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L.
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS Linnaeus, Spec. 1040 (1753). — Pallas, Fl. Ross. I. pt. 2,
12, t. 54, fig. b, ¢ (1788).—Ledebour, Fl. Ross. III. 684 (1850).— Turezaninow in
Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXVII. 417 (1854); Fl. Baical.-Dahur. II. 144 (1857). —
80 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Maximowicz in Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, TX. 264 (Prim. Fl.
Amur.) (1859). — Fr. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 7, XII.
no. 2, 178 (Reis. Amur. Sachal.) (1868).— Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII.
497 (1881). — Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 646 (1888).— Miyabe in Mem. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist. IV. 260 (Fl. Kurile Isl.) (1891). — Sargent, Siloa N. Am. X. 75,
t. 516, fig. 1-11 (1896). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 10 (1905). —
Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI. 1400, t. 348 (1912).
Juniperus difformis Gilibert, Ezercit. Phyt. Il. 216 (1792).
Juniperus borealis Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796).
Juniperus communis, a erecta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. II. 646 (1814).
Juniperus communis, a vulgaris Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 15 (1847).
Juniperus communis, B hispanica Endlicher 1. c. (1847).
I did not meet with this Juniper in my travels in the Orient, but have
. before me two specimens collected in Saghalien by Pére Faurie. These have
straight or slightly curved, spreading leaves and differ in no particular from material
of typical J. communis from North America or Europe. Very little is known con-
cerning the distribution of this plant in eastern Asia where apparently it is not
common. It is known from Kitami province, Hokkaido, but is unknown in the
other islands of Japan and in China. From Korea I have a specimen collected
at the foot of Paiktu-san by Dr. T. Nakai in August 1914 and in this Arboretum
there are growing shapely plants from 1 to 1.2 m. high raised from seeds sent
from that country by T. Uciyama in 1900. A variety of this species is
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS, var. MONTANA Aiton, Hort. Kew. III. 414 (1788). —
Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, XVI. 290 (1841). — Rehder in Bailey, Stand. Cycl.
Hort. III. 1727 (1915).
Juniperus communis, y Linnaeus, Spec. 1040 (1753).
Juniperus communis, B Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. Bot. II. 625 (1786).
Juniperus sibirica Burgsdorf, Anleit. IT. 124 (1787).
Juniperus canadensis Burgsdorf, |. c. (1787).
Juniperus communis, var. Pallas, Fl. Ross. I. pt. 2, 12, t. 54, fig. a (1788).
Juniperus nana Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 159 (1796).— Ledebour, Fl. Ross. III.
683 (1850). — Turczaninow in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVII. 418 (1854); Fl.
Baical.-Dahur. II. 145 (1857). — Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. Saghal. 593 (1915).
Juniperus communis, var. saxatilis Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 159 (as a synonym) (1796).
Juniperus communis, B alpina Wahlenberg, Fl. Lapp. 276 (1812).
Juniperus communis, var. nana Baumgarten, Enum. Stirp. Transsylv. 11. 308 (1819).—
Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI. 1401 (1912).
Juniperus alpina 8. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. IL. 226 (1821).
Juniperus dealbata Hort. ex Gordon in Gard. Chron. 1842, 652 (as a synonym, not
Loudon).
Juniperus nana, A.montana Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 14 (1847).
Juniperus nana, B alpina Endlicher, |. c. (1847).
Juniperus pygmaea K.- Koch in Linnaea, XXII. 302 (1849).
Junipetus communis, var. Sibirica Rydberg in Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. Ill. 533
(1896). — Sargent, Silva N. Am. X. 76 in a note, t. 516, fig. 12 (1896).
The only specimen of this Juniper from the Japanese Empire that I have seen is
Faurie’s No. 284, collected at Korsakof, Saghalien, in June 1908. This bears male
flowers and the leaves are scarcely as broad as is usual in this variety, but agree
~ exactly with those on specimens in this herbarium from Newfoundland.
PINACEAE. — JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS 81
Willdenow and many later botanists cite J. communis, var. saxatilis Pallas as a
name for this Juniper, but Pallas did not make the combination attributed to him,
and this leaves Aiton’s name the oldest. Another variety is
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS, var. NIPPONICA Wils. n. var.
Juniperus nipponica Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersbourg, XII. sér. 8,
230 (1868); in Mél. Biol. VI. 374 (1868). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap.
I. 471 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 496 (1881). — Matsumura,
Ind. Pl. Jap. I. pt. 1, 10 (1905). — Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 95 (1911). — Elwes
& Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Trel. VI. 1422 (1912). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. ITI.
20, t. (1913).
There can be no question that this Juniper is a variety of J. communis L. and I
very much doubt if it is entitled to rank as distinct from the variety montana
Ait. The upper side of the leaf is normally deeply suleate and not merely con-
cave as in all recognized forms of J. communis. This is the only difference I can find
and on specimens I collected on Mt. Ontake some of the leaves are concave above
and indistinguishable from those of the variety montana. Moreover, on specimens
of the latter from Alaska I find an occasional leaf which is sulcate above. The
fruit of var. nipponica is from 1 to 3 seeded as in the var. montana and in the
fruits themselves I cannot find the slightest difference. Maximowicz recognized
the similarity in appearance of his J. nipponica and J. nana Willd. (syn. J. com-
munis, var. montana Ait.), but considered his plant to be more closely related to
J. rigida S. & Z. of which he suggested it might represent a dwarf form—although |
he had seen no intermediates. To me this view is untenable. The straight, acicu-
lar, triquetrous leaves of J. rigida S. & Z. readily distinguish it from J. communis L.,
and any of its forms, while some specimens of Maximowicz’s plant are almost
identical with J. communis, var. montana Ait. The Japanese variety is now in
_ cultivation in this Arboretum from seeds I collected and until more is known about
it I think it best to retain it as a variety distinct from others of J. communis.
This Japanese variety of the Common Juniper is an alpine shrub and is found
on many of the high mountains of Hondo from the Shinano province northward,
but it has not yet been reported from Hokkaido. I met with it first on Mt.
Ontake in Shinano province, between 2800 and 3200 m. altitude, where it grows
with Pinus pumila Regel and scrubby bushes of Abies Mariesii Mast. On
Adzuma-san in Uzen province it is common above 1800 m. altitude, and on Chokai-
san in Ugo province it is plentiful above the tree limit. The most northerly point I
met with it was on Hayachine-san in Rikuchu province, where it is abundant on
the upper slopes and summits. Usually the branches of this Juniper are wide-
spreading and ascending toward the ends and form a broad shrub from 0.5
to 1.3 m. high; very often, however, the branches are prostrate and form a wide
mat. The leaves are curved and point forward and are more or less strongly keeled
on the under side. The fruit is globose or slightly longer than broad, more or less
glaucous and black or brownish black when ripe and contains from one to three
seeds; the summit of the fruit is marked by three short radiating lines and three
slight depressions overhung by three minute mucros which indicate the three scales
of which the fruit is composed. On ripe fruit these lines, depressions and
mucros are often somewhat obscure, but not more so than on similar fruits of
J. communis.
The Japanese name for this Juniper is Miyama-nezu, and for garden purposes
its decorative value should be the same as that of the var. montana, but as yet
82 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
we know nothing of its hardiness and adaptability to cultivation. I did not see
this plant in any Japanese gardens, but I have before me a specimen from a garden
of the Yore-nezu which, according to Matsumura, is the J. rigida, var. filiformis' of
Maximowicz. My specimen represents a mere condition of J. communis, var.
nipponica with weak slender branchlets and is not a form of J. rigida S. & Z.
JUNIPERUS RIGIDA S. & Z.
Puiate LVIII
JUNIPERUS RIGIDA Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Miinch. IV. pt. 3, 233 (Fl.
Jap. Fam. Nat. II. 109) (1846). — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 17 (1847). — Miquel
in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. III. 167 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 331 (1867); in Siebold &
_Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. I. 56, t. 125 (1870). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap.
I. 471 (1875). — Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 2, VII. 102 (Pl. David.
I. 292) (1884). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 78 (1894). — Palibin in Act. Hort. Petrop.
XIV. 145 (1895). — Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 188 (1900). — Shirasawa,
Icon. Ess. For. Jap. 1. 28, t. 12, fig. 1-13 (1900). — Komarov in Act. Hort. Petrop.
XX. 207 (Fl. Mandsh. I.) (1901).—Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. I. pt. 1, 11
(1905). — Nakai in Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XXXI. 383 (Fl. Kor. pt. 2) (1911).—
Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI. 1408 (1912). — Clinton-Baker, Jil.
Conif. III. 12, fig. (1913). — Bean, Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isl. I. 674, fig. (1914).
Juniperus communis Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 264 (not Linnaeus) (1784).
This Juniper is common on grass- and shrub-clad mountain-slopes from central
Hondo southward to Kyushu. The northern limit of its distribution appears to be
about the latitude of Tokyo and it is found from sea-level up to 1500 m. above the
sea. On the moorland slopes of Yatsuga-dake, on the borders of Kai and Shinano
provinces, this Juniper is abundant. It is also plentiful in the vicinity of Akashina
in Shinano province and, according to Sargent, it is equally so on barren sandy hills
around Gifu in Mino province. On the mainland of eastern Asia, it grows in Korea
and in parts of Mandshuria and reaches its western limit on Hsiao-Wutai-shan in
the Chili province of northern China. As usually seen Juniperus rigida is an up-
right, columnar bush or small tree from 1 to 6 or 8 m. tall; more rarely is it a tree
of medium size. At Miyajima in Aki province I saw the largest trees. These grow
in the Pine woods at sea-level and are from 12 to 15 m. tall and from 1.3 to 1.6 m.
in girth of trunk. The bark is gray, thin and scaly and furrowed on old trees. On
the larger trees the branches are ascending-spreading and spreading and form a
narrow pyramidal crown; the lesser branchlets are pendent. The leaves are spread-
ing, in whorls of threes, are from 1.5 to 3 em. long, acicular, triquetrous and very
pungent; the upper surface is deeply channelled and has one narrow median line
of stomata. The fruit, which ripens the second year, is globose, about the size of a
garden pea, and is composed of three scales separated at the summit by three radi-
ating lines, and is normally three- or sometimes two- or rarely one-seeded by
abortion. When ripe the fruit is brownish black and slightly shining, but until
then it is more or less glaucous.
This Juniper is cultivated in temple grounds and gardens generally in Japan
1 This name was not published by Maximowicz and the first reference to it I can find is in
Bretschneider’s Hist. Europ. Bot. Disc. China, 610 (1898).
PINACEAE.— JUNIPERUS PROCUMBENS 83
and is known at Muro and Nezu. In eastern North America it thrives and is per-
fectly hardy as far north as Boston. It grows freely and with its gray-green leaves
and columnar habit it is decidedly ornamental. It was discovered by von Siebold
and introdudéd into England in 1861 by John Gould Veitch.
JUNIPERUS CONFERTA Parl.
Puate LIX
JUNIPERUS CONFERTA Parlatore, Conif. Nov. 1 (1863); in De Candolle, Prod.
XVI. pt. 2, 481 (1868). — Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. 78 (1894).
Juniperus litoralis Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 3. XII. 230
(1868); in Mél. Biol. VI. 375 (1868). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I.
471 (1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 496 (1881). — Matsumura,
Ind. Pl. Jap. I. pt. 1, 10 (1905). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI.
1422 (1912). — Clinton-Baker, Ill. Conif. IIL. 18, t. (1913).
This is a littoral species and is widely spread on. sandy shores where it forms
dense, broad mats. I met with it first on the southern island of Tanega-shima in
Osumi province, Kyushu, and the most northerly place I saw it was at Sakaihama
in Saghalien on the shores of the Okhotsk Sea. In Hokkaido it is common on
sand dunes on the west shores of Hakodate Bay in Oshima province. In Hondo it
is plentiful on the sea coast at Nishizaki-mura, Sakai district, in Bosht province
and also on the west coast near Akita in Ugo province. Very probably it occurs in
many other places on the Japanese coast. The habit is always prostrate; the
leaves, which are very densely crowded, are straight, pungent and are concave and
often sulcate above with one median stomatic line; the under side is pale green and
keeled. The fruit is three-seeded and is produced in great profusion; it is globose
and bloomy black when ripe and is very variable in size. On specimens from
Tanega-shima the fruit measures 1.3 cm. across and on others from Sakaihama
only 0.6 cm. but between these extremes there is every gradation. The Japanese
name for this Juniper is Hai-nezu. I secured a plentiful supply of seeds of this
species and many young plants raised from them are now growing in this Arbore-
tum. These plants are now a year old and all are strictly erect in habit, about
30 cm. high and very glaucous; in another garden here and raised from my seeds
there are plants both upright and prostrate in habit. The species ought to be
perfectly hardy in eastern North America and if it thrives should make a good
ground cover and be especially valuable for covering sand dunes. Juniperus con-
ferta was discovered in 1854, by the American botanist Charles Wright, in the
vicinity of Hakodate and later in the same place by C. Maximowicz.
JUNIPERUS PROCUMBENS Sieb.
JUNIPERUS PROCUMBENS Siebold in Jaarb. Nederl. Maatsch. Aanmoed. Tuinb.
1844, 31 (Naaml.). — Miquel in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 59, t. 127, fig. 3
(1870). — Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI. 1422 (1912).
Juniperus chinensis, B procumbens Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 21 (1847). — Mat-
sumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 10 (1905).—Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 607
(exclude the synonym J. japonica) (1909).
84 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
Juniperus japonica Hort. apud Carriére, Traité Conif. 33 (as to the synonyms J.
procumbens and J. chinensis, B procumbens) (1855).
Juniperus recurvata, var. squamata Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. VI. 274 (not Par-
latore) (1898). — Matsumura, Ind. Pl. Jap. I. pt. 1, 10 (1905).
Juniperus litoralis Hort. ex Henry in Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. VI.
1422 (as a synonym, not Maximowicz) (1912).
This Juniper, so common in Japanese gardens, I did not see growing wild.
As Henry points out it has no connection whatever with J. chinensis L. with which
it was united by Endlicher as a variety and has been so accepted by many authors.
It is certainly most closely related to J. sguamata Lamb. from which, as Henry
points out, it différs “in the branchlets being glaucous-white on the edges of the
pulvini.” The leaves are homomorphic and ternate, lance-shaped, acuminate,
pungent, ascending-spreading, and concave on the upper surface with a very broad —
stomatic band which is divided except near the apex by a raised, greenmidrib. The
young shoots are glaucous and the appearance of the whole plant is rather glaucous
or bluish green. This Juniper is a low, spreading plant with shoots ascending at
the ends. The habit is lax and the branches are rather stiff. The fruit is not
known. It is perfectly hardy in this Arboretum, but brown dead leaves persist
for a long time on the branches and rather disfigure the plant. However, when
growing freely in good soil this is one of the handsomest of all the low-growing
Junipers. The Japanese names for the plant are Hai-byakushin and Sonare.
It was sent to the Royal Dutch Horticultural Society by Teijsmann from
Buitenzorg, Java, in 1843. In 1864 Maximowicz sent living plants from Japan
to Petrograd, but it does not appear to have become well known in England until
near the close of the nineteenth century. It is much cultivated in this country,
especially in California, where there is good reason to believe it was introduced by
Dr. George Hall in 1862.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS L.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS Linnaeus, Mant. 127 (1767). — Roxburgh, FI. Ind. ed. 2,
III. 838 (1832). — Bunge in Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, II. 137
(Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 63) (1833). — Siebold & Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Miinch. IV.
pt. 3, 233 (Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. II. 109) (1846). — Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
III. 167 (1867); Prol. Fl. Jap. 331 (1867); in Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 58,
t. 126, 127 exclude fig. 3 (1870). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. I. 472
(1875). — Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 497 (1881). — Sargent, Forest Fl.
Jap. 78 (1894). — Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. For. Jap. I. 29, t. 12, fig. 14-27 (1900). —
Palibin in Act. Hort. Petrop. XTX. 137 (Consp. Fl. Kor.) (1901). — Matsumura in
Tokyo Bot. Mag. XV. 138.(1901); Ind. Pl. Jap. II. pt. 1, 10 (in part) (1905). —
Matsumura & Hayata in Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XXII. 402 (Enum. Pl. Formos.)
(1906). — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2, 602 (1909).— Elwes & Henry, Trees
Gr. Brit. & Trel. VI. 1430 (1912). — Rehder & Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. II.
60 (1914).
Juniperus barbadensis Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 264 (not Linnaeus) (1784).
Juniperus virginica Thunberg, |. c. (not Linnaeus) (1784).
Juniperus cernua Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 2, III. 839 (1832).
Juniperus dimorpha Roxburgh, |. c. (1832).
Juniperus Thunbergii Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 271 (1838?).
Juniperus flagelliformis Hort. apud Loudon, Encycl. Trees & Shrubs, 1090 (1842).
PINACEAE.— JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS 85
Juniperus nepalensis Hort. ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 21 (as a synonym) (184’7).
Cupressus nepalensis Hort. ex Endlicher, 1. c. (1847).
Juniperus Reevesiana Hort. ex Endlicher, |. c. 31 (1847).
Junipesus struthiacea Knight & Perry, Syn. Conif. 138 (name only) (1850?).
Juniperus sphaerica Lindley & Paxton in Pazton’s Fl. Gard. I. 58, fig. 35 (1850-51).
Juniperus Cabiancae Visiani in Mem. Istit. Venet. Sci. VI. 246, t. 1** (1856).
Sabina sphaerica Antoine, Cupress. 52, t. '72 (in part) (1857).
Sabina chinensis Antoine, |. c. 54, t. '75, 76, fig. a, t. '78, fig. 1, u (1857).
Sabina struthiacea Antoine, |. c. 69 (1857).
Sabina dimorpha Antoine, |. c. 70 (1857).
Juniperus Fortunii Van Houtte ex Gordon, Pinet. 119 (as synonym) (1858).
Juniperus chinensis, var. pendula Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 2, VII.
101 (Pl. David. I. 291) (1884).
I saw in Japan no plants of this Juniper that could be properly regarded as wild,
but in the valley of the Otake-gawa in the heart of Shinano province bushes from
1 to 2m. high with gnarled stems are common in hedgerows. Sargent reports it wild
in the western part of the same province and I have wild specimens from Yaku-
shima in Kyushu. Dr. Nakai informed me that this Juniper is spontaneous and
a common tree at low level in Korea. It also grows wild in southern Mandshuria
and in northeastern China and is planted in gardens and temple grounds in many
places in China. As a planted tree I saw it in gardens and temple grounds in
Japan from Tanega-shima northward to Tokyo, but it is not common. At the
Kasuga shrine in Nara Park there is a fine old specimen of J. chinensis about 18 m.
tall and 5 m. in girth of trunk but hollow and from it is growing a Cryptomeria tree
fully 25 m. tall. The Japanese names for this tree are Byakushin and Ibuki. This
Juniper was first introduced to Europe by William Kerr, who sent it from Canton,
China, to England in 1804. It is very polymorphic and in Japan the form most
usually cultivated has mainly acicular leaves and is a tall columnar bush or small
tree. Itis the var. japonica Vilmorin (Hort. Vilmorin. 58 [1906]) and was intro-
duced into this country by Dr. George R. Hall in 1862; though common here,
good specimens are rare. The branches die back and it transplants badly. Of this
form there are yellow and white variegated sorts less tall than the type and even
less satisfactory as garden plants. A well-marked variety of Juniperus chinensis is
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, var. SARGENTII Henry in Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr.
Brit. & Irel. VI. 1432 (1912).
Juniperus davurica Fr. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, sér. '7, XII.
no. 2, 178 (Reis. Amur. Sachal.) (possibly of Pallas) (1868).
Juniperus chinensis, var. Sargent, Forest Fl. Jap. '78 (1894).
Juniperus chinensis Matsumura, Pl. Nikko, 9 (not Linnaeus) (1894); Ind. Pl. Jap.
II. pt. 1, 10 (in part) (1905). — Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. VI. 274 (1898).
Juniperus procumbens Sargent in Garden & Forest, X. 421 (not Siebold) (1897).
Juniperus chinensis, var. procumbens Takeda in Jour. Linn. Soc. XLII. 486 (not
Endlicher) (1914). — Miyabe & Miyake, FI. Saghal. 593 (1915).
This boreal and prostrate variety of the Chinese Juniper is indigenous in
northern Hondo but is not common. The southern limit of its range as far as is
known is on the lofty Shirane-san in the Nikko region where it grows at 2300 m.
altitude. On Hayachine-san in Rikuchu province I found it fairly plentiful on
the upper southeast slopes at about 2000 m. altitude, forming dense mats on and
among rocks. Faurie collected it on Hakkoda-yama in Mutsu province, but I
did not see it there. In Hokkaido this Juniper is more abundant and descends to
86 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN
sea-level near Mororan in Iburi province and elsewhere. In Saghalien it appears
to be rare, but on the island of Shikotan, one of the most southern of the Kurile
group, Takeda says it is “common on hillsides; replacing Pinus pumila, which is
unknown on this island.” From continental Asia there is no record of this Juniper,
but it is possible that it may be the J. davurica Pallas (Fl. Ross. I. pt. 2, 18, t.
55 [1788]).
In habit this plant is perfectly prostrate and the long spreading stems hug the
ground, but when crowded among rocks or bushes the stems are forced upward
and form a low hummock-like mass. Normally, however, this plant makes
broad mats. The lateral branches are short and point upward and forward. On
the fruiting plants the leaves are all, or nearly all, scale-like and imbricated, but
on young plants the leaves are all lanceolate, concave and ascending-spreading.
According to the age of the plants all intermediate stages can be found. In color
the foliage varies from grass-green in young plants to bluish green in adults.
The fruit in size and shape is identical with that of the type species and on material
before me contains from one to four seeds.
This plant was introduced to this Arboretum by Professor Sargent, who col-
lected seeds near Mororan, Hokkaido, in 1892. It has proved perfectly hardy,
grows freely and its stems and branchlets overlap one another in such a manner as
to form neat, low, wide-spreading masses of green. As a ground cover this Juniper
is among the most valuable of all the known kinds. Henry appears to have been
the first to recognize the difference of this Juniper from the other forms of J.
chinensis. Some Japanese botanists have confused it with the very different J.
procumbens Sieb. (syn. J. chinensis, var. procumbens Endl.). On a specimen col-
lected on Shirane-san in the Nikko region by K. Sakurai the vernacular name of
Sargent’s Juniper is given as Ibuki.
Abies, 14, 54.
acicularis, 42.
ajanensis, 44.
microsperma, 45.
ajonensis, 44.
Alcoquiana, 42, 45.
araragi, 49.
bicolor, 42.
bifida, 55.
brachyphylla, 57.
diversifolia, 50.
Eichleri, 61.
excelsa, var. acicularis, 42.
Finhonnoskiana, 57.
firma, 27, 37, 54.
Sirma, 57.
bifida, 55.
Glehnit, 40.
Gmelinii, 32.
homolepis, 54, 57.
Toknaiae, 62.
umbellata, 58.
japonica, 61.
jexoénsis, 44.
Kaempferi, 30.
kamitschatica, 33.
Khutrow, 36.
leptolepis, 30.
Mariesii, 54, 59.
Mazimowiczii, 38.
Menziesii, 45.
microcarpa, 45.
microsperma, 45.
momi, 55.
nemorensis, 63.
obovata, var. japonica, 38.
polita, 36.
sachalinensis, 54, 62.
nemorensis, 63.
Schrenkiana, 45.
Sitchensis, 45.
Smithiana, 36.
spec.nova (Pichtae aff.),61.
Thunbergii, 27, 37, 55.
torano, 36.
T schonoskiana, 57.
Tsuga, 49.
nana, 50.
umbellata, 58.
umbilicata, 58.
Veitchii, 54, 60.
Vettchii, 57.
Nikkoénsis, 61.
olivacea, 62.
INDEX
Abies Veitchii
reflexa, 61.
sachalinensis, 62.
Abieteae, 14.
Abura-gaya, 7.
Agathis Dammara, 5.
Aka-matsu, 25.
Aka-yezo-matsu, 41.
Anatni, 7.
Aomori-todomatsu, 60.
Araragi, 12.
Asuhi, 72.
Asunaro, 72.
Bandaisho, 26.
Bara-momi, 37.
Byakushin, 85.
Caryotaxus nucifera, 9.
Cephalotaxus, 3, 6.
? Buergeri, 8.
coriacea, 7.
drupacea, 6.
B, 8.
fastigiata, 8.
Harringtonia, 8.
pedunculata, 8.
foemina, 7.
Fortunet foemina, 7.
Harringtonia, 8.
koraiana, 8.
pedunculata, 8.
fastigiata, 8.
tardiva, 13.
umbraculifera, 11.
Chamaecyparis, 14, 76.
obtusa, 76.
formosana, 77.
gracilis aurea, 78.
nana, 78.
nana aurea, 78.
pisifera, 76, 78.
filifera, 79.
plumosa, 79.
squarrosa, 79.
Chamaepeuce obtusa, '76.
Chosen-maki, 8.
Chosen-matsu, 17.
Cryptomeria, 14, 66.
Fortunet, 71.
japonica, 66.
araucarioides, 71.
elegans, 71.
elegans nana, 71.
s 4
Cryptomeria japonica
Fortunei, 71.
japonica, 66.
Lobbii, 66, 71.
sinensis, 71.
Cupresseae, 14, 71.
Cupressus japonica, 66.
nepalensis, 85.
obtusa, 76.
pisifera, 78
Dake-momi, 58.
Dammara Veitchii, 5.
Dolophyllum sp., 71.
Fetatarus nucifera, 9.
Fuji-matsu, 31.
Ginkgo, 1.
biloba, 1.
macrophylla, 1.
Ginkgoaceae, 1.
Ginnan-no-ki, 2.
Gord-hiba, 75.
Goyd-matsu, 24.
Goy5-toga, 53.
Hai-byakushin, 84.
Hai-matsu, 19.
Hai-nezu, 83.
Hari-momi, 37.
Hiba, 72.
Hime-bara-momi, 39.
Hime-komatsu, 24.
Hinoki, 77.
Hinoki-asunaro, 74.
Hon-maki, 4.
Tbuki, 85, 86.
Tchii, 12.
Ich6, 2.
Ich6-no-ki, 2.
Inu-gaya, 7.
Tnu-maki, 4.
Tramomi, 44.
Juniperus, 14, 79.
alpina, 80.
barbadensis, 84.
borealis, 80.
Cabiancae, 85.
canadensis, 80.
cernua, 84.
chinensis, 79, 84.
chinensis, 4, 85.
japonica, 865.
90
Juniperus chinensis
pendula, 85.
procumbens, 88, 85.
Sargentii, 85.
var., 85.
communis, 79.
communis, 82.
alpina, 80.
B, 80.
y, 80.
erecta, 80.
hispanica, 80.
montana, 80. -
nana, 80.
nipponica, 81.
sazatilis, 80.
Sibirica, 80.
var., 80.
vulgaris, 80.
conferta, 79, 83.
davurica, 86.
davurica, 85.
dealbata, 80.
difformis, 80.
dimorpha, 84.
flagelliformis, 84
Fortunii, 85.
japonica, 84.
litoralis, 83, 84.
nana, 80.
alpina, 80.
montana, 80.
nepalensis, 85
nipponica, 81.
procumbens, 79, 83.
procumbens, 85.
pygmaea, 80.
recurvata, var. squamata,
84.
Reevesiana, 85.
rigida, 79, 82.
Siliformis, 82.
stbirica, 80.
sphaerica, 85.
struthiacea, 85.
Thunbergii, 84
virginica, 84.
Kara-maatz, 31.
Kara-matsu, 30, 31.
Kaya, 9
Kome-tsuga, 52.
Koya-maki, 64.
Kurobi, 75.
Kuro-matsu, 27.
Kuro-tsuga, 52.
Kusa-maki, 4.
Larix, 14, 29.
alaskensis, 29.
INDEX
Larix
Cajanderi, 32.
dahurica, 31.
dahurica, 32, 33.
chlorocarpa, 34.
japonica, 30, 33.
ochrocarpa, 34
Kurilensis, 33.
pubescens, 33.
typica, 32.
europaea, var. dahurica,
$2.
japonica, 30.
macrocar pa, 30.
Kaempferi, 30.
Kaempferi, 30.
minor, 30.
Kamischatica, 33.
Kurilensis, 38.
laricina, 29.
leptolepis, 30.
minor, 30.
Murrayana, 30.
orientalis, 30.
pendula, 32.
sibirica, 33.
Tibocedrus Dolobrata, 71.
Lo-han-sung, 5
Lo-hon-tsong, 5
Maki, 4
Me-matsu, 26.
Micropeuce Sieboldit, 49.
Miyama-nezu, 81.
Momi, 55.
Muro, 83.
Myrica nagi, 5.
Nageia japonica, 5.
Nagi, 5
Nagi, 6
Nezu, 83.
Nezuko, 75.
Oba-goyé-matsu, 17.
Oh-shirabiso, 60.
O-matsu, 28.
Onko, 12.
Picea, 14, 35.
acicularis, 42.
' Ajanensis, 44.
japonica, 45.
maicrosperma, 45.
subintegerrima, 45.
Alcockiana, 42.
bicolor, 36, 42.
acicularis, 42.
reflexa, 42.
brachyphylla, 57.
Picea
excelsa, var. obovata japon-
ica, 38.
Glehnii, 35, 40.
Hondoénsis, 45.
japonica, 42.
jezoénsis, 36, 44.
hondoonsis, 45.
Khutrow, 36.
Koyamai, 35, 39.
Maximowiczii, 35, 38.
microsperma, 45.
obovata, 45.
japonica, 38.
polita, 27, 35, 36.
- Schrenkiana, 40.
Torano, 36.
Tschonoskii, 38.
Tsuga Sieboldii, 49.
Veitchii, 61.
Pinaceae, 14.
Pinus, 14.
Abies, 27, 37, 55.
Alcoquiana, 42.
araragi, var. diversifolia, 50.
nana, 50.
Armandi, 15, 20.
Mastersiana, 20.
bifida, 55.
brachyphylla, 57.
cembra, 18, 22.
excelsa, 15.
Japonica, 22.
Manchurica, 16.
pumila, 18.
pygmaea, 18.
dahurica, 32.
densiflora, 15, 25.
aurea, 26.
globosa, 26.
pendula, 26.
umbraculifera, 26.
excelsa, var. chinensis, 20.
Finhonnoskiana, 57.
firma, 55, 57.
glehnii, 40.
Harryana, 57.
homolepis, 57.
hondoénsis, 45.
jesoénsis, 44.
microsperma, 45.
Kaempferi, 30.
kamtschatika, 33
koraiensis, 15.
koraiensis, 20, 22.
variegata, 17.
i i
Pinus
Larix, 30.
leptolepis, 30.
levis, 20.
mandshurita, 15, 18, 20.
mariesit, 59.
Massoniana, 25, 27.
aurea, 26.
Mastersiana, 20.
Menziesii, 45.
momi, 55.
morrisonicola, 24.
nephrolepis, var. veitchii,
61.
parviflora, 15, 22.
parviflora, 18.
pentaphylla, 22.
variegata, 24.
pentaphylla, 22.
Pinea, 25.
polita, 36.
pumila, 15, 17.
pygmaea, 18.
quinquefolia, 20.
rubra, 27.
sachalinensis, 62.
nemorensis, 63.
scipioniformis, 20.
scopifera, 25.
selenolepis, 61.
Sieboldii, 49.
Strobus, 15.
sylvestris, 25, 27.
rubra?, 25.
Thunbergii, 15, 27.
Thunbergit, 37, 55.
monophylla, 28.
pendula, 28.
variegata, 28.
torano, 36.
Tsuga, 49.
nana, 50.
umbilicata, 58.
Veitchii, 61.
verticillata, 64.
Platycladus dolabrata, 71.
Podocarpeae, 3.
Podocarpus, 3.
appressa, 5.
chinensis, 4.
coraianus, 8.
coriacea, 7.
drupacea, 7.
japonica, 5.
koraiana, 8.
macrophyllus, 3.
angustifolius, 4.
appressus, 5.
INDEX
Podocarpus macrophyllus
grandifolius, 4.
maki, 4, 5.
Makoyi, 5.
Miquelia, 5.
Nageia, 5.
nagi, 3, 5.
nucifera, 9.
Sciadopitys, 8.
Vrieseana, 5.
Pseudolarix Kaempferi, 30.
Pseudotsuga, 14, 52.
japonica, 52.
Wilsoniana, 53.
Pterophyllus Salisburiensis, 1.
Rakuydshé, 31.
Retinispora obtusa, 76.
pisifera, 78.
Retinospora obtusa, 76.
pisifera, 78.
Sabina chinensis, 85.
dimorpha, 85.
sphaerica, 85.
struthiacea, 85.
Salisburia adiantifolia, 1.
Sawara, 78.
Sciadopitys, 14, 64.
verticillata, 64.
pendula, 65.
Sekkwa-maki, 5.
Shan-sha, 6.
Sha-shan, 6.
Shirabe-momi, 62.
Shirabiso, 62.
Shira-tsuga, 62.
Sonare, 84.
Sugi, 69.
Siio-no-ki, 12.
Tanyosho, 26. -
Taxaceae, 3.
Taxeae, 3, 6.
Taxodieae, 14, 64.
Taxodium japonicum, 66.
Taxus, 3, 10.
adpressa, 18.
baccata, 11.
adpressa, 13.
cuspidata, 11.
latifolia, 11.
globosa, f. tardiva, 18.
microcarpa, 11.
tardiva, 13.
brevifolia, 18.
chinensis, 4.
91
Taxus
coriacea, "7.
cuspidata, 11.
densa, 13.
nana, 13.
Harringtonia, 8.
Inukaja, 8.
Japonica, 7, 8.
macrophylla, 3.
Makoya, 4.
nucifera, 9.
Sinensis, 8.
tardiva, 13.
tardiva, 13.
verticillata, 64.
Thuiopsis? Standishi, 74. -
Thuja, 14, 74. ,
dolabrata, '71.
japonica, 74.
Standishii, 74.
Thujopsis, 14, 71.
dolabrata, 71.
dolabrata, '73.
australis, '71.
Hondai, 72.
nana, 72.
Hondai, 73.
laetevirens, 71.
Thuya gigantea, 75.
Japonica, 75.
obtusa, 76.
pisifera, 78.
Todo-matsu, 63.
Toga-matsu, 50.
Toga-suwara, 53.
Tohi, 48.
Toranoo-momi, 37.
Torreya, 3, 9.
nucifera, 9.
Tsuga, 14, 48, 50.
Ajanensis, 45.
Araragi, 49.
nana, 50.
diversifolia, 48, 50.
japonica, 52.
Pseudo-tsuga japonica, 52.
Sieboldii, 37, 48.
nana, 50.
Tsuja, 49.
Tumion nuciferum, 9.
Urajiro-momi, 58.
Veitchia japonica, 45.
Yatsuga-dake-tohi, 40.
Yezo-matsu, 41, 48.
Yin-kuo, 2.
PLATE I
PODOCARPUS NAGI Zoll. & Moritz.
Puate IT
PODOCARPUS NAGI Zoll. & Moritz.
PuaTe IIT
TORREYA NUCIFERA 6S. & Z.
TORREYA NUCIFERA 6S. & Z.
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FACULTY OF FORESTRY
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
QK Wilson, Ernest Henry
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