This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at http : //books . google . com/|
600042701 K
33.
feu.
IPI
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
r -, •^v ■ ■- -■■'■•/-
THE v;n, -5
CONJUGATION
THE GREEK VERB,
MADE EASY FOR
THE USE OF SCHOOLS,
ACCORDING TO
PROFESSOR THIERSCH'S SYSTEM,
DEVELOPED IN HIS GERMAN GREEK
GRAMMAR.
BY THE REV. J. G. TIARKS,
MINISTER OF THE GERMAN PROTESTANT REFORMED CHURCH IN LONDON.
LONDON;
J. WACEY, (SUCCESSOR TO T. & T. BOOSEY),
4, OLD BROAD-STREET, ROYAL EXCHANGE.
1833.
/Google
Digitized by'
LONDON:
JOBN WlftTHRIHKR, TYP., LBMAN STRKBT,
GOOOXAM'S FIELDS.
Digitized by
Google
PREFACE.
In publishing the Conjugation of the Greek Verb according to
the system of one of the most learned and philosophical Greek
scholars of Germany, I have no other motive than to render an
acceptable service to masters of schools and their pupils. Those
who are engaged in teaching the Greek language cannot but be
aware, from daily experience, how difficult young persons find it to
acquire the Greek conjugation, and how few they are who suc-
ceed in making themselves masters even of the common forms of
conjugation. It is, indeed, not to be expected that young per-
sons should be able, not only to commit all the forms of conjuga-
tion to memory, but also to retain them, unless they are made to
comprehend the elements of which the various forms are compound-
ed. My own experience, both in learning and teaching the Greek
language, has fully convinced me that no system facilitates the
jMr/ec^ acquirement and retention of the Greek conjugation so
much as that which is here offered to masters and pupils. In study-
ing it they will find, that, comparatively speaking, very little is to
be committed to memory. The utility of this system appears so
obvious, that it is not deemed necessary to recommend it by argu-
ment : it is believed that it will recommend itself to all those who
may use it by its philosophical as well as practical simplicity; and,
as it does not interfere with the use of any of those grammars which
Digitized by
Google
IV PREFACE.
are generally adopted, it is my sincere wish that it may soon be in-
troduced into all those seminaries where the Greek language is
studied.
The Jirst book of Thiersch's large grammar has been translated
into English by D. K. Sandford, Esq., Professor of Greek in the
University of Glasgow ; and I strongly recommend his transla-
tion to all those who are desirous of making a profound study of
the Greek, but have not a sufficient knowledge of the German to
understand the philosophical style of the original. Professor
Sandford has, by this translation, given unequivocal proof that
he is completely master of the German ; and I hope that this
learned gentleman will soon favour the public with the second
book — The Syntax.
I beg to avail myself of this opportunity to inform those who
wish to study German, that I have a new grammar of that lan-
guage in the press, which will make a small duodecimo volume,
but will nevertheless, I hope, be found more complete, correct, and
practical, than Noehden's, Wendeborn's, Bernays\ or Rowbotham's,
and more practical than Becker's.
JOH. Gerh. Tiarks.
67, Gt. Prescot'St. Goodman* s-fields,
Augtuty 183S.
Digitized by
Google
THE -
CONJUGATION OF THE GREEK VERB.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
1 . The nine mute consonants are divided into three sounds, and
these three sounds form three classes according to their aspiration
(spiritus).
1. P sound, 7r,/3,0.
2. K ic, 7, X.
3. T T, S, ^.
I 1 1
1st Class, called tenues, tt, k, r, without any aspiration.
2nd mediae, - j^»y, *, with a gentle aspiration.
^'^ or'L'Sa \ ^' ^'^' "^'^^ * '*'°''^ aspiiation.
^. When a p sound or a A sound comes before a t sound, the
p or ^ sound must belong to the same class to which the t sound
belongs. Hence the following changes take place:
3 1 1 1 ' 3 1 II
Tirpiprai is changed into riTpnvTaL. ^tfiptx^ai is changed into jSejSpeicrai.
3 1 1 1 I -s X * ^
£<Trpa<l>Tai, corpaTrrai. eirXtKOriv eirXex^V^'
18 33 38 ^ *fi
ervirdtjv £rv<l^9r]v, XcyOijffo/i oi \ex9il(fOfiai,
31 II
XeXeyTai \e\eKrai,
Note. Ik, out of, makes an exception in compound words: as, h'didiafjLi, Ik-
3. One t sound before another is commonly changed into c *-
iir(i99riv into IwtiaOtjVfKkippadTai into ire^paffTai, from ij>pdW, i.e. ^paBam.
B .
Digitized by
Google
"Z THE CONJUGATION OF
4. When two aspirates stand alone in two consecutive syllables,
the former is changed into a tenuis :
^i^iXriKa into Trc^tXiyca.
Note* In the imperative mood of the 1st aor. passive, the latter ^t which be-
longs to the termination, is changed, rv00t}dtinto rv^OrjTi ; and of three aspirates
the first only is changed, ^kOa^a into H9a<Jia,
5. When the second aspirate, which has produced the change of
a preceding one into a tenuis, disappears, the tenuis is again
changed into the aspirate :
^dtpog into rApog but d'aTrro;.
6. When a p sound (tt /3 <p) comes before c, the two are con-
tracted into \p:
ISkiTrcru) into pXiypu), Tpit<T(a into Tpiypia, y|oa0o'(i> into ypa^ia,
7. When a k sound (k y x) comes before c» the two are contracted
into^:
irkiKfTio into ttXe^o), Xkyuia into Xi^fu, fipkxobi into ^pe^u),
8. When a i sound (r ^ 5) comes before c, it is thrown away :
iivvTfTdi becomes avvau), kptidtrw kpiiffio, TrsiOau) ird<Tio^
9. When a p sound comes before /i, it is changed into /i :
TSTVTT fiaiinto Hrvfifiai, rkrpi^fiai into rirpififiai, yky pa^fiai into yey pa fificu,
10. When a k sound comes before fi, it is changed into y :
TrkirXtKfiaiinio irkirXey ficu^ pktpexf^^ ^nto fiktpeyfiai,
11. When a ^ sound comes before /i, it is changed into g :
ijvvTfiai into ijvvafiai, i^peidfiai into Tjpeifffiat, TrsweiOfiai into irkTreiafiai.
12. N before ap sound, consequently also before \//, is changed
into ft :
Xii/7rai/a> into XifiTravta, Xav^dvta into Xafiiavw, kvtltvg into kfJLijtvc, eJ^v^oc
into tfi^fvxog'
13. N before a ^ sound, consequently before f, is changed into
y, and pronounced like ng in sow^:
epKHfiai into iyKeificu, ^vvyavia into ^vyydvut, rvvx^vut into rvyxavwi
irXai'^tei into fl-Xoy$«.
Digitized by
Google
THE GRCEK VERB* O
14. N before a t sound remains unchanged :
15. N before another liquid (X /x p) is changed into the same:
ivfikvii) into ififiivta, trvvXafitdvut into ovXKafitdvu), (rvvpaTrrta into ffvp-
paKTiO,
16. N before c, consequently also before <; (c^) and between two
consonants, is generally thrown out :
daifiovffi becomes daifioffi, ffvvKvyia (rv^vyixi, TsrvvvTai rlrwTrrai. {See the
Perf, Pass, )
17. When o comes between two consonants, it is thrown out :
13 3 3
XiknTTtrQov becomes XiKwr^ov, this is again changed into XcXei^Oov. {See 2.)
9 3 3 3
TirpitaOai rtrpitOai TirpupBai,
23 3 3
XiKtytrBiaaav XcXey&oio-ai/ XcXcx^wtrav.
iiyyk\(rOai rjyykXQai,
18. When a single t sound, or v by itself, is thrown out before c,
the vowel which precedes the dropped letter remains unchanged :
tXinltn becomes ^Xirifn, KopvOtfi Kopvaif fitH^ovtri fitiKom, taifjL6v<n daifioffu
19. But when a t sound and v are thrown out before c, the vowel
which precedes the dropped letters is made long ; t is changed into
eii o into ov, a into d, n into v ; rj and <» remain unchanged :
rv<Ji9evT<n into Tv^Otiffi, rvi^/aVTfn into rui^acrt, aviv^vfa into oirtiotay BaK-
vvvTffi into BdKvvoif TvirrovTm into tvvtov(ti, rviTTtavTai into rvTraxre.
20. A long syllable is shortened by reducing its double or long
vowel, or its doubled consonant, to its original single or short.
Thus:
ijOtXovt iKov, pdiXXoVt 6«nrdr£, become tOeXov, Xkov, P&Xov, ottots.
If i; has arisen outof a» then are-appears, when shortened :
tiS, fiiiB, ffTti, Pri, ^9, become aS, ftaO, ora, fia, 0a.
When, in other cases, abbreviation is possible, then of the double
letters the last, but of ^ (i. e. <rh), of ei before a mute^ and of et;, the
first, is thrown away ;
TTPuia, my, wvotti, aKov, aip, KtpSaw, Ttp.v, Tvirr, become,
shortened, trvtia, nv, worj, axo, dp, KepSav, rep,, rvir.
But XftTT, (TTHXf ^fi^f frtvO, ^fvy, ^paK» become,
shortened, Xctt, ffrt^, wi9, nvB, tpvy <ppaS,
Digitized by
Google
THE CONJUGATION OF
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE GREEK CONJUGATION.
I . Of the Kinds (Genera) of Verbs.
To express the four kinds of verbs, Neuter, Active^ Middle^ and
Passive, there are, in Greek, only two forms ; the active and the pas-
sive: rvwrta, TvizTOfiai. The neuter and middle are expressed by
parts either of the one or the other. There are, however, in the
passive conjugation, special forms for the future and aorist
middle.
2. Of the Tenses.
We divide the tenses into
1, Principal Tenses, 2. Secondary Tenses.
Present. Imperfect.
Perfect. Pluperfect,
Future, 1. Aorist, 1.
Future, 2. Aorist, 2.
Note. The denomioation, principal and secondary tenses, refers solely to
their form.
These tenses occur in the passive as well as in the active : the for-
mer has also a preterite future, which, according to its termination,
belongs to the principal tenses : yeypdyj/ofxai.
3. Of the Moods.
In the Greek conjugation there are the following moods : Indi-
cative, Subjunctive^ Optative^ Imperative, Infinitive, and the Par-
ticipie.
The imperfect and pluperfect have only an indicative mood:
other tenses supply that want.
The futures have no imperative mood : they borrow it from the
aorists.
The subjunctive and optative moods of the perfect passive cannot
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB. O
be formed, because that tense has no mood^vowels. Recourse,
therefore, is had to an auxiliary verb with the participle : rervfAfAi-
vog iy rtrvfAfiiyog ctijv.
4. Of Numbers and Persons.
The Greek language has a singular, dual, and plural number;
and each number three persons, some of which, however, have the
same formation.
In certain verbs, the third person plur. of the perf. and pluperf.
passive is expressed by an auxiliary and the participle : for, if they
were formed regularly, the third person plur. would be like the
third person sing. : nVvirrai, 3 p« sing. : Tirvvvrai, rirvm-at. 3
p. plur.
5. Of the Roots and Classes of Verbs.
The root of a verb in w is found by taking away w from the first
person of the present :
Xelina 0tXla» (cont. 0(X«i>) vsfiu)
Roots, XuTT 0tXe vtfi
According to the termination of the roots, the verbs are divided
into mute, pure, and liquid verbs :
Mute Verbs, Pure Verbs, Liquid Verbs,
Xeiiru), Heave Ttfidu), J honor pdK\<a, Ithrow
Xkydijisay tjtiXJkia, Hove VEfjua, I distribtUe
irddu), I persuade xpvc^w, /^d ktiIvw, I kiU
apx^t I rule Xu w, / loose aiput, I raise
Verbs, the roots of which end in two consonants (unless these
be a mute with a liquid, muta cum liquida) have altered their ori-
ginal roots, and belong to tlie anomalous verbs : e. g. of
trpdaaia, Ida rvirru, I beat riKTditlbear ytipdcKw, I grow old
the roots are not
xpaffff TVTTT TiKT ytipaffK, but
vpay Tvir reic fflpa*
Digitized by
Google
6 THE CONJUGATION OF
Verbs of this description, however, may be reckoned amon^ the
regular, when the original roots are recovered by the reduction
of the double consonant to a single, according to the general
rule ; viz. of two consonants the last is thrown away ; but of the
double consonant f, i. e. cr^, the first, e.g.
throwing away of rvTrr, ayyeXX, TEfiv, thela»t, and of ^pa^ (o"^), the first, we
have the original roots, rvw, ayytX, refi, ippad.
Most of those verbs which have trar or rr in the present before
ta have a k sound in their original root ; wpa^nrkt^ irpay ; aKatT-
tna, oXay ; <l>ptff(TU, ^puc ; Kripytrtrut^ KtfpvK ; fii^otrio^ firfx ; Tdpatrtna,
rapaX' These form all the tenses, except the present and imperfect,
from the original roots regularly. Some of them have a t sound in
their original root, or <t<t is added to a pure root. These are conju-
gated accordingly : as, TrXacco) (rootTrXar) (7rXarve),fut.7rXa(7w; Xevtr-
(rw{\ev), fut. Xcvero) (see PreL Rem. 8.); in the same way, Traererai,
Ttrlffordtf ISXIttw, (ipdmi), KV(u<rar(Of ifjAffanat epiffffw, Kopvaffia^ Xianrofiatt
vlffffofxai. The two verbs atltvaata and vafrtrta appear to have had
two roots, like Tra^fw, one with a k sound, and the other with a t
sound, or ending in a vowel; for the futures are a<f>v^w, va^w', but
the aorist of the former is ^^vca, and the perf. passive of the
latter vivatrfiai,
6. Of the Augment.
1 . When the root of the verb begins with a consonant, it receives,
in certain tenses, an augment, by c being prefixed ; which augment
is called the syllabic (augmentum syllabicum), becsLUse it increases
the word by one syllable.
rvTT, ervir, Xey, tKey, tpaXX, ei^oXX.
2. When the root begins with a short vowel, it receives an aug-
ment by the doubling of the vowel ; i. e. by changing a and c into ly,
o into 0), t and t) into l and v ; which augment is called the temporal
(augmentum temporale), because it lengthens the vowel by one time
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB. 7
(tempus, Tnora), which is required ia the pronunciation of it. Thus
we form from
Ip 6xi avSav Xk v alp aix <^ ^^ oIk€,
]}p <t>;^s riv^av Ik v yp fii>x V I^X ^^c*
Note 1. Those beginnings with tt, ri, ov, and four with &, do not take an
augment : oat J breathe, Atu) J hear, driBhaia I cUsacciutom, ArfSiKofiai, lam pam-
fuUy affeded* Also the following, with short yoweb, have no augment : eljcw /
yiddi elxov ; evpio'Kta I find, evpov; oUovpkia J take care of the house ; oiv6(a I
intoxicate myself ; oiarpku) I maJce furious.
Note 2. The following change c into u : 1^^ I have, Uxov ; kpvta I draw, etpv-
ov, idiol permit, eiaov; kpkia I say, elpriKa ; i9it> lam accustomed to, ettaOa; K?ro-
/lai, I follow, eiTTOfitiv : and the root eX, eXKov (alpku)), and four with a double
consonant after €; kXxviaJdraw, Hpiru) I creep, ipyd^ofiailworkt'etmcua I feast*
Note 3. The following take the syllabic augment instead of the temporal ; and
the spiritus, either asper or lems, which stands on the first vowel of the root*
goes to the augment : oKlfrKta, kaKtav I was taken ; dywfii, Idyriv I was broken ;
wQkii), ku)9£ov; likewise ioiKa, iopya, hXfra, from eiKU}, Ipyia, A.9ra). *Eopra^a>
/ maJee a feast, takes the augment in the second syllable, ktapraZov ', also the
pluperf. of eUui ; perf. lotica, pluperf. kipKiiv,
Note 4. The following take both the syllabic and the temporal : opdta I see,
kii>p(ifv ; dvvafiai lam able, ri$vvdp.ii\v; p,kXKfii lam about, ^/icXAov : SiaKovtiv
to administer, and diair^v, have the syllabic augment c before the root, and the
temporal in a : BedirfKovtiKa, Karediyri^ffa*
Note 5. The letter p is doubled after the augment : pkta I flow, iftpeov ; pvofiai
I save, ippixraro,
3. Such of the compound verbs as are compounded with a noun
or a, take the augment at the beginning : <i>iKoaro(j>ett) £<pi\o<r6(li£ov»
hffkpoviiii iii^poviov : but those which are compounded with a preposi-
tion or with ^vc, tly take it between these prefixes and the root ;
and the preposition suffers elision: vapaXafifidy4a trapekdfifiavov^
iiijiOirXli^iM) a<l>wir\iZov.
Note. irp6 and 9repi are not elided ; nor dfii^i, in dfi^tkvwfii and dfju^uXitrffw :
but of TTpo the o is often contracted with the following c into ov : wpokXeyov,
irpovXeyov,
4. The secondary tenses take the augment only in the indicative
mood. Of the principal tenses the perfect takes the augment in
all its moods; and when it begins with a consonant, it repeats the
Digitized by
Google
8 THE qONJUGATION OF
same before the augment {reduplicatio). In this case, the pluperf.
receives an additional syllabic augment : rirv^pa, rtTw^y herv^iv.
5. The reduplication does not take place, when the root of the
verb begins with two consonants without a liquid^ or with yv : roots
yvOf if/aXX ; perf. and pluperf. lyi/o, ei//aXX.
6. In verbs beginning with a vowel, the first syllable is sometimes
repeated before the temporal augment in the perf., which is called
the Attic reduplication. This Attic reduplication shortens the
vowel of the root : aKovtaj perf. at:r\Ko ; kXiit^io^ perf. 01X77X1^.
7. Of the Terminations of the Tenses.
The terminations, which are added to the roots of the verbs, in
order to form the tenses y are as follows :
Active.
Middle.
Passive,
Present
iO
—
ofiai
Imperf.
ov
—
Ofiriv
Perfect
a
—
UCLl
Pluperf.
IIV
—
firiv
Put. 1.
ffU)
ffo/jim
^riffOfiai,
Aor. 1.
aa
ffdfiriv
^riv
Put. 2.
sto
kofiai
riffOfiai
Aor. 2.
ov
ofjiriv
(A) FORMATION OF MUTE VERBS.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
l.Thep and k sounds are generally aspirated in the perf. and
pluperf. of the active ; a t sound is generally thrown out, and a k
put before the termination of the tense :
rpitta Irub, perf. rerpi^a ; v\$K(it I weave, weTrXexa i ^pdZio (root ^pai) I
say, irl^poica ; irtLOia I persuade, wevtiKa, pluperf. krtrpi^tiv, iirtwXkxtiv, ive-
^pcLKUv, iirfircicciv.
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB. \)
2. Of many verbs a perfect is formed without aspirating the p and
k sounds, which perfect is generally called either the second per-
fect, or the perfect of the middle ; <j>evywy irc^cwya, Tvirrtay rirvKa.
In this perfect the £ of the present is frequently changed into o ;
Xc/tto), XiXovKa^ reKbt, riroKa.
Note. The Attics change the e also in the aspirated perfects into o : trkfLTna
trkvopL^a, Kkkima, KUXo^a,
3. In the perfect of the passive the c of the root is sometimes changed
into a ; Tpiirw, rcVpa/i/Liai, rpe^w (root ^pe(j>), ridpafjijjiai: and the diph-
thong €v of the present is in verbs, the short roots of which have v,
changed again into u in the perf.pass. though ev is retained in the
perf. active : fevyto, Tri^evya, 7ri(j>vyfiai ; tev^u), rcVcvj^a, TETvyfiaL*
4. The second future and aorist are formed from the short roots,
which are found by shortening the present according to rule 20,
Prel. Rem.
5. The roots ending in ^ commonly lose the consonant in the
second fut. active and middle, in the Attic dialect {fut. Atticum)
vofili^u) (root vofjLid) fui. 2. voiu^itayvofiidioiiaiy vofiiito^ vo/ii£o/icu, con-
tracted vofjtLd, vofiiovfiai.
6. In the conjugation of the verb we must distinguish four parts :
1. the verb-root; 2. the tense-root; 3. the mood- vowels ; 4. the
terminations of the persons : e. g. of rv<l>dri(rofxai rvir is the verb-
root, Tv<pdrja the tense-root, o the mood- vowel, fiai the termination.
^Tvyj/afirfyy TVKy £7t;;//, a, firiv ; yiypafifjiai, ypa0, yeypa(j>. no mood-
vowel, )Liai : TvirUig, rvireigf Ttnr, verb-root, ruve tense-root, e mood-
vowel, ic termination.
Mood-vowels.
The mood-vowels are, for the active and passive conjugation,
with a few exceptions, in the 1st pers. sing., dual, and plur., and
the 3rd pers. plur. of the indicative mood o; in the other persons c ;
in the subjunctive mood the same sounds, but doubled^ o), 17 ; in the
optative 01; in the imperative and infinitive £; in the participle :
Ind, Sub). Opt. Imp. Inf. Part.
Sing. \. o at 01 e o
2. c 11 01 t
3. £ f; 01 e
C
Digitized by
Google
10 TH£ CONJUGATION OF
Ind.
Dual 1.
Op<.
ot
/mj
2. i
«J
oc
c
3. f
»J
01
c
Plur. 1.
a»
Oi
2. t
n
Oi
f
3.
•
a»
01
c
1. THE ACTIVE CONJUGATION.
(a) Terminations of the Active.
1. The terminations, which are added to the mood-vowels, are,
with a few exceptions, which will be stated below, in the indicative
mood:
(a) For the Principal Tenses. (6) For the Secondary Tenses.
Sing» 1.0 2. i£ 3. i Sing* l.v 2. g 3. no termination.
Dual I. /icv 2. rov 3. rov Duall./icv 2. rov 3. rijv
Plur. 1. fiev 2. re 3. vr<n Plur. 1. fitv 2. re 3. v
2. The subjunctive mood has the terminations of the principal,
and the optative those of the secondary tenses.
8. The following terminations are added to the mood-vowels to
form the other moods :
(a) Imperative. (h) Infinitive. (c) Participle.
Sing. 2. 0t 3. rw tv ov vrtra v
Dual 2. rov 3. rwv
Plur. 2. re 3. riotrav
The student should endeavour carefully to commit these elements
of conjugation, of which all forms of the verb, with a few exceptions,
are compounded, to memory.
(/J) Conjugation of the Indicative.
1. Principal Tenses. 2. Secondary Tenses.
(a) Mood-vowels and Terminations (a) Mood-vowels and Terminations
separated. separated.
Sing. 1. O'O 2. t-iQ 3. c-t Sing. 1. o-v 2. c-c 3. e-
Dual \. o-fitv 2. £-rov 3. «-rov Dual I. O'fitv 2. i-rov S.e-rtiv
Plur. 1. o-fitv 2. t'Tt 3. O'VTtn Plur. 1. o-/i£v 2t €-r€ 3. o-v
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB.
11
(Jb)*Mood'Vowels and Terminations
Joined.
Sing. 1. M 2. tig 3, ei
Dual 1 • Ofitv 2. tTOv 3. stop
Plur, 1. ofiev 2. ere 3. ovcri*
(&) Mood'vowels and Terminations
joined.
Sing. 1. ov 2. e£ 3. e
Dual 1* ofuv 2. erov 3* erijv
Plur. 1* ofiiv 2. ere 3. ov
8
. Paradigm of the Regular Indicative.
(o) Principal Tenses.
(b) Secondary Tenses.
Present rvirr^
Imperf. eruirr^
Xeiir
eXctTT
Xey
revx
«a HQ fi
eXey
erevx
ov eg
Future l.rv;^
Aor.2. ervTT ) ©A**'' ^fov
Xei>p
Xel
• ofiev erov erov
eXiTT
eXey
oftev ere
rev^
ervx
Future 2. rvire
XtTre
ofiev ere ovfTi
J
Xeye
Tvxe^
krriv
Note 1. The two vowels in the second future are, in the common dialect,
contracted. {See Rides of Contraction in the Formation of Pure Verba.)
Note 2. In the paradigm, all the tenses of four verbs are given for the sake of
analogy, though all the tenses do not occur in any verb.
4. Exceptions :— Of the principal tenses the perfect, and of the
secondary tenses the first aorist, have a as mood-vowel; and both
are irregularly declined in the singular; but like each other, sing.
1. a, 2. ac, 3. c. In the other numbers the terminations are regu-
lar. The pluperf. has « as mood-vowel, and the third pers. plur.
ends in irav.
Perfect,
Tirv^
j^ j^ )a/Aev arov arov
TITIVX
ttfitv art a<ri
Paradigm of the Exceptions.
Aorist 1. Pluperfect.
«X€.+ r "^ • eXeXoir "" "^ «
eXe^ r^"" "''^'' "''^*' AeXex / "M«v €irov eiV„v
ereu^
av
ITITIVX
Eifjiev eirt titrav
' or tffav
See Preliminary Remarks, Rule 18.
Digitized by
Google
1*2
THE CONJUGATION OF
(y) Conjugation of the Subjunctive.
(a) Mood-vowels and Terminations
separated.
Sing. 1.
Dual 1.
Plur. 1.
iO-O
at.fjuv
2. tJ'lQ
2. ri'TOv
2. i|-r«
3.
3.
3.
tlrTOV
ia-VTVi
(b) Mood vowels and Terminations
joined.
Sing. 1. to 2. yg 3. y
Dual 1 wfiip 2. ifTOv 3. rirov
Plur. 1 . <tf/iev 2. ijre 3. cixrt
Paradigm of the Subjunctive Mood.
Pres. TVTTT Aor. I . ri;\(/
Perf. rfrv0 Aor. 2. ti/tt
XeXoiTT XlTT
XeXex Xcy
rertvx tvx
a yQ y
\ UfltV TJTOV TJTOV
bjfiev ijri tofft
(^) Conjugation of the Optative^
The first pers. sing, ends in fxi, the third pers. plur. in ev, the
rest like the secondary tenses. The first aorist has at, not oiy as
mood-vowel.
(a) Mood-vowels and Terminations
separated.
(6) Mood-vowels and Terminations
joined.
Sing. 1. oi-fu. 2. oi'Q 3. oi- Sing. 1. oijim 2. oic 3. ot
Dual 1. oi-^ev 2, oi-tov 3. ot-rijv Dual l.oifiiv 2. otrov 3. otnjy
Plur. 1. oi-fitv 2. ot-re 3. ot-tv Plur. 1. oi/ifv 2. otrf 3. okv
Paradigm of the Optative.
Pres.
TVTTT
Fut. 1.
rut//
Xtiv
X€lV/
\iy
X€£
revx
TiV^
Perf.
rtrvtp
Fut. 2.
TVTTt
XtXoCTT
XiTre
\t\tx
X«y€
Ttrevx
ri-x*
Olflt
OlfliV
OtflfV
oig ot
otTov oirriv
OlTi ouv
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB.
13
Paradigm of the Optative {continued).
Aor. 2. TVTT ^
) oiuev
' OtfUV
TVX J
oig ot
oiTOv otrtjv
oirc oiiv
Aor. 1. TwP >| ^,^,
^"+ I aifJLiV
airt cutv
(e) Conjugation of the Imperative.
The termmation 3*1 of the second pers. sing, is commonly dropped,
not rvwredi but rvTrrc (but rv^Oiyri instead of rv^OiyOc, rrnrridi). The
second aor. has here also a as mood-vowel, and the second pers.
sing, ends in ov.
(a) Mood-vowels and Terminations (b) Mood-vowels and Terminations
separated, joined.
Sing. 2. c- 3. k'Tia Sing. 2. c 3. Iroi
Dual 2. £-rov 3. k-ruiv Dual 2. crov 3. kriav
Plur. 2. £-r£ 3. k-ruKiav Plur. 2. £r£ 3. krw<rav
Paradigm of the Imperative.
Aor. 1.
erw
€TOV BTtOV
ov aria
arov OTfav
ere knaaav
Pres. rvirr Perf. rtro^
X«7r Xciroiir
X£y XeXc^
r£i;x rfrfwx
Aor. 2. rvir
\iv
TVX
Note. The third person plural ends also in o-vrwv, a-vnav : rvirrovrwv,
Tv^iavTiav.
(0 Conjugation of the Injinitive,
Mood-vowel c, termination iv, joined eiv.
Pres. TviTT Put. 2. Ti;7r£
Exceptions.
X£t;r
XfilTTfi
X£y
X£y£
TBVX •
rfvxe
Put. l.ruTf/
Aor. 2. rvTT
Xfiif/
XlTT
Xf?
xcr
r£v5
'■"X
Perf. £-vai
Aor. 1. a-t
r£rv^£vai
rvif/at
XfXocirfii/ai
X£i\(/at
X£X£X£VOl
Xl^ai
TtTivxkvai
, TivKai
• There existed a provincial form of the optative of the first aorist ending in
£»a, £uif , £t£. Of this form the 2nd and 3rd sing, and the 3rd plur. are more com-
mon than the regular form : 2. rv\(/£ioc, 3. rv^eit, 3rd plur. rv^imv.
Digitized by
Google
14
THE COHJUGATION OF THE GREEK VERB.
{^) Conjugation of the Participle.
Mood-vowel and terminations, masc. o-ovf fem.o-vro'a, neui.o-Vf
joined lav, ovtra, ov.
Pres. rvTTT Fqt. 2. ruir« ^
XiiTT Xiire
Xey Xeyc
T6VX Tvxt
Fut. 1. Tv^f Aor. 2. tvtt
Xfl^f/ XlTT
X€^ Xfy
A>v ovaa ov
Exceptions.
Perf. wf via 6c
Aor. 1. ac afia -av
raTv^utg rtrv^vXa titv^oq
Xaiypag Xeiif/affa \ii\f/av
Note. Through the Macedonian conquests in Asia, some nations, who had
formerly spoken Oriental languages^ had become acquainted with the Greek
tongue. Induced to write in Greek, while they continued to think in their
native tongues, they created a Greek dialect with Hebrew, Syriac, and Chaldaic
turns of expression, and many peculiarities, which proceeded partly from the
Macedonian mode of speech. In this dialect, which we find in the Septuagint
and the New Testament, the third person plural of the secondary tenses, and of
the optative mood, frequently ends in <rav: ^aivoaav, i^vyotrav, Xtiwoiffav,
for i^aivov, i^vyov, Xiivouv : and the third person plural of the perfect in v
instead of vrtri: lyvcojcav, eiptiKav, iopyav, for kyviaKatri, ctp^jcaeri, kSpyaai,
Digitized by
Google
*§
^3
3
I.
g
J«3
*5 ^
*8 b
.§
3 3 3^o
» 3
3 3 3^
I. I. I.
I
>
>
B
X
H
P^
O
o
<
<
t^
1^
t: N N
Sl
3 3 3-8
K K W
-« -0 -a
-^e a
2^ 3
^W «4B ^ia
I.
•2 <j« b b
§ o o o
I: N N
ttt
o o o
^ b b
o o o
3.3.3.
000
*» ^5) ^>
I. I. K
K |i! U
^ - -.b 3
« e «
.b a
;4
^ b b
?^ •^ ^ ^ ;^
3.3.3.
_ _ _ « a e
^» *» ^» *» *» ^»
I. I. I. I. I. ^
01 I. I>
3.3.3.
5? S b b
«* «* «w WW
3-.3.3-3-
eg
-.b IS
Si'b b
' 3-3"3-
000
I: I: l«
v& *» ^»
^ I. »•
S9k C* 3
S9k C* K*
^ ^ Is
*» *a -»
^ K K
SSkS* 3
OkS* 3
w m
3 3 3
-^-^-^
*» *» ^»
I. I. K
S3kC- 3
3 1^1^
N (s I:
i: b
^ ^ S
»-a a
:^ £ - ^
I- 5i5 b»g
^ * j: M» -
«.fe §
Sfg
01 I. K
a a a
o.»S g'S £'S
«ji I. »•
IS 2 J^ 3.3.
•> 3. 3. 00^0
3 0*0 ^ ^ K
fc b fc |5 fe Is
B K 5 » -a "»
g *g "» -b -b ^
-»
II §3.3.
^ -e- -e. -^p ^a^^5^
u'?^? b ^ ^
Tec ± i^ ^
«- I. I. »«w KiM tmu
;^ ;^
;^ ;^
A S ;^ ■
5.3.
3.3.
•1 .4. •«. a a a
3 o o .^-S..^.
"a^S'S K I, t-
I, I. k. «%u -«g «««»
•« w (« ^
'w 3. S .3"
tc N (:
s.
a
o
<
Digitized by
Google
16 THE CONJUGATION OF
2. THE PASSIVE CONJUGATION.
Preliminary Remarks.
1. The passive conjugation is still more regular than the active,
and more complete than in any other language.
2. The futures and aorists middle have complete passive forms,
and will therefore be included in the passive conjugation.
3. The mood-vowels are the same as in the active ; but there are
no other exceptions than in the first aorist middle, which has a as
mood-vowel in all the moods but the subjunctive.
4. The perf. and pluperf. have no mood-vowels : the terminations
are joined to the tense-root, and the consonants are changed ac-
cording to the rules which have been given above.
5. Both the aorists of the passive belong to an old form of con-
jugation without mood-vowels. This form of conjugation will be
more fully explained below; but the terminations which are to be
added to the verb-root, to form the aorist, will be given.
6. The third, or preterite future, is formed from the tense-root of
the perfect passive rervT ; and that termination, which is added to
the verb-root in order to form the future of the middle : erofiai^ re-
rvyj^fLai.
(a) Terminations of the Passive.
1. The terminations which are added to the mood-vowels are:
(o) For Principal Tenses. (6) For Secondary Tenses.
Sing. I. fiai 2. trai 3. rat Sing, l./iiyv 2. go 3. to
Dual I. fitOop 2» (rOov 3, ffOov Dual I. iitOov 2. aQov 2. oQtiv
Plar. 1. }AtQa 2. a9t 3. vrat Plur. 1. ynQa 2. cBt 3. vro
2. The subjunctive mood has the terminations of the principal,
and the optative those of the secondary, tenses.
3. The following terminations are added to the mood-vowels to
form the other moods.
(a) Imperative. (b) In/initive. (c) Participle.
Sing. 2. ao 3. oOia ffOcu fitvoQ fispti fjiivov
Dual 2. o9ov 3. oBiov
Plur. 2, oBf 3. ffBiaffav
trBtitv
Digitized by
Google
THE GRgEK VERB.
17
(fi) Conjugation of the Indicative,
1. Principal Tenses. 2. Secondary Tenses.
(o) Moodrvowels and Terminations
separated.
Sing. 1. o-/Aat 2. i-trai 3. i-rai
Dual 1. O'fiiQov 2. c-trdoi/ 3. e-aOov
(a) Moodrvowels and Terminations
separated.
Sing. 1. 0-^1}!/ 2. €-flro 3. e-ro
Dual 1. o-fie9ov 2. €-(t0ov 3. I-ct0ijv
Plur. 1. o-/A£^a 2. £-(706 3. o-vrai Plun 1 . o-/A£^a 2, 6-<r9e 3. o-vro
(6) Joined. (6) Joined,
Sing. 1. o/iat 2, €at* y 3. crat Sing. 1. ofirjv 2. €o» ou 3. tro
Dual 1. ofitOov 2. £<r0ov 3. £(rOov Dual 1. ofieOov 2. €(t0ov 3. IffOiyv
Plur. 1. ofjisOa 2. £(r0£ 3. ovrai Plur. 1. oft£0a 2. fc^f 3. ovro
3. All the passive forms, except the perfect and pluperfect,
which have no mood- vowels, are conjugated, in the indicative, in
this way.
4. Paradigm of the Principal Tenses.
Present rwr Fut. 1, p. rv<pQfiQ
TBVX
Fut. 1. m, Tir^
TtV^
Fut. 2, m. Tvire
XiTTC
Xtye
TVXi
TEVxOrjg
Fut. 2, p. TvirriQ
ofiai
eai, y
) ofitOov e<rBov
Xtytic '
TvxflQ
iffOov
ofisOa
tffGt
* The (T of the second person singular is thrown out in the passive con-
jugation, when it stands after a mood-vowel; eat is then, in the common
dialect, contracted into y, eo into ov, ao ipto w. In the Attic dialect, eai is
most frequently not contracted into y, but into a; and of /3ovXo/iai, oiouai,
and fut. oyffOfAcu, no other termination than u in the second person sine, is met
with. ®
Digitized by
Google
18
THE CONJUGATION OF
5. Paradigm of the Secondary Tenses.
Imperf. itvvt "^
Aor. 2. m. ervir
eXiTT
tXif
iTVX
Aor. 1. m. eTvyj^
€T€vK
ofiriv
ofitOa
afirjv
dfieOov
dfieOa
to, ov
BtrBov
sffOt
affBov
atrBe
ktrBriv
aro
daBriP
avTO
6. The perfect and pluperfect have no mood-vowels, therefore
the terminations are joined to the tense-root, and the consonants
changed according to the rules given in the preliminary remarks :
(a) The Perfect.
(6) The
Pluperfect.
1. With B. p sound —
TiwTrrw.
1. With a^
sound —
rpitta.
Sing. TSTVTT'fiai ir-oai
TT'TM
hsTpit-nriv
I3-(T0
P-ro
TETVfjifiai \j/at
TTTai
ireTpififiriv
^0
VTO
Dual TeTvir- fieOov tt-gOov
ir-ffOov
iTiTpit-fiiQov
P'(tBov
p.ffBriv
rerv^fieOov irQov
ttBov
kTSTpififieBov
pOov
PBnv
0001/
ipBov
<l>Bov
i^Bnv
Plur. reTVV'fieOa ir-aOe.
V'VTai
iTtrpit-iiiBa
p-aBe
p-VTO
T€TV^fli9a TT^e
TTTUl
herpififieBa
PBe
Pro
0dc
ipBi
TTTO
2. With a * sound-
Xlyo).
2. With a Jk sound—
irXkKia
Sing. X«Xcy-fiat y-erat
y-rai
kireTrXU' firiv
K-ffO
K'TO
XkXeyfiat ^ai
KTai
iTreirXkyfiTiv
|o
KTO
Dual XiXiy.fieBov ytrOov
y-aBov
iirt'n'XiK'fieBov
K'trBov
K'trBriv
XtXkyfitOov yOov
yBov
kirtirXky fieBov
kBov
kBtiv
x9ov
xOov
xBov.
xBfiv
Plur. \t\iy-iuBa y-oGt
y-vrai
iTTtTrXsK-fitBa
K'trBe
K'VTO
XeXiyiuOa y9e
yrat
ivinXkyfiiBa
KBe
KTO
xo.
KTat
XB.
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB.
19
rev^w
PpBxo»
Sing, rkrvx'fiai
X-<rai
X-rai
ititpkx-}Anv
X'ffo
X'TO
rkrvyfiai
Kai
Krai
itttpkyfiTiv
Ko
KTO
Dual reTvx'fisOot
' X'<r9ov
X'frBov
k€Etpsx'li€9ov
X'ff9ov
X-<r9riv
T€TvynE9ov
xOov
x9ov •
ktetp6yfie9ov
x9ov
x9nv
Plur. TETvx'iJieOa
X-cOe
X'VTM
Bt£tpex'fii9a
X'(r9E
X'vro
TiTvyfiiBa
xBs
Xrat
Krai
k€Etpeyfie9a
x9e
XTO
KTO
3. With a t sound — iivvTu) I complete*
3. With a « sound —
^pad»
Sing. ijvvT'fiai
T'crai
T-rai
Iwe^paS'fiTjv
i-tro
d-TO
ijvvfyfiai
ffai
arai
iiriippouriiriv
(TO
ITTO
Dual rjvvT'neOov
T'<t9ov
T'a9ov
k7r€ippdd'fit9ov
S'ffBov
3-(,9tiv
i^vvfffieOov
o9ov
o9ov
kirftppdfffisBov
o9ov
ff9riv
Plur. rjvvT-fi€9a
t-(t9e
r-vrat
l'n's<l>pdd'^£9a
i'<T9e
d'VTO
rjvvfffieOa
ffBe
r-rat
oral
iirt^pd(iiit.9a
<t9£
dro
<rro
Note' The third persons plur. of the perf. and pluperf, become, when v is
thrown out and the consonant of the root changed, like the third persons sing. ;
they are, therefore, not used. To obtftn special forms for them, either the v of
the termination is changed into a, and the p and k sounds aspirated : TSTVirvrat,
TETv^aTai : or a periphrasis is employed : TETVfifikvoi, deri, rjfrav.
(y) Conjugation of the Subjunctive.
(o) Mood'vowels and Terminations
separated.
Sing. I. io-fiai . 2. ri'vai 3. ly-rai
Dual 1. &»ii69ov 2. ti'oBov 3. ij-irdov
Plur. 1. W'fieBa 2. ri-trBe 3. wvTat,
(&) Mood-vowels and Terminations
joined.
Sing. 1. iafxai 2. rial (y) 3. tjrat
Dual 1. ii}fieBov 2. rj<r9ov 3. ria9ov
Plur. 1. btfie9a 2. rjvBe 3. tovrai
Paradigm.
Pres. TviTT
Aor. 1. m. Tvyp
Aor. 2. m. rvir
\eiir
x«>p
XlTT
\ey
X6|
\iy
rtvx
revK
TVX
(Ofiai fjaif y rjTai
tofit9ov rj(T9ov fi(i9ov
wiit9a ijcT0£ lavrat
Note* It has been mentioned that the perfect has not the proper forms of the
subjunctive and optative, on account of the want of mood-vowels. Recourse is,
therefore, had to a periphrasis: rfrvft/ilvoc, & ; rervfipikvoQ, eiijv. {See the Pa-
radigih.)
Digitized by
Google
20 THE CONJUOATION OF
(^) Conjugation of the Optative.
(a) Mood-vowels and Terminations (6) Mood-vowels and Terminattom
separated. joined.
Sing, l»oi'fATjv 2. oftro 3. ot-ro Sing. Loifirfv 2. oto 3. otro
Dual 1. oi-|icdov 2. oi'ffOov 3. oi-(rdqv Dual 1. oi/tcdov 2. o«r0ov 3. ocffdi^y
Plur. 1. oi-/i€0a 2. oi-aOi 3* oi-vro Plur. I. o(/ie0a 2,oia9t 3. oivro
Paradigm.
Pres. rvwr Fut. 2. m. rvvf Fut. 1. p. rv^Btic
Xetrr Xitt* Xci^^ijc
Xe-y Xtyt XtxOrjg
revx rvxi revxOrjg
Fut. 1 , m. rwj/ Aot, 2. m. tvtt Fut. 2. p. rwrjg
Xfllf/ XlTT XiTTI/C
Xc? Xty Xfyiyc
rev? rvx TvxflQ
Aor. 1. m. Tvyp '\
oififlV oto OITO
) oifieOov oicrOov oi<r9riv
oifiiOa otffOf eiVTO
. aifiri'P aio aiTo
) aifitOov aicOov ai<r9riv
aiuaOa .aicrOe aivro
TtvlJ
(t) Conjugation of the Imperative, Infinitive, and Participle*
1 . The Imperative.
(a) Mood-vowels and Terminations (Jb) Mood-vowels and Terminations
separated. joined.
Sing. 2. f-<ro Z»,k-odta Sing. 2. eo, ov Z. ka9bi
Dual 2. e-irdov 3. k-aButv Dual 2. ttrOov 3* Mtav
Plur. 2. c-(r^c 8. k-a9<affav Plur. 2. t<r9€ 3. k<t9iiivav
2. The Infinitive.
Mood-vowel and termination c-(r0ai ; joined itrQai.
3. The Participle.
Mood-vowel and terminations o-fxevog^ o-fiivrjy o-fievov ;
joined 6fuvogf ofiivTi, 6yi£vov*
Note The first aor. m. has also, in the imperative, the infinitive and the parti-
ciple, a as mood-vowel ; and the second person of the imperative ends in at.
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB.
21
Paradigm
(o) The Imperative,
PreS, TVTTT
Xeitt
Xey
TtVX
Aor. 2. m. rvir
1 €(t9ov
kffBut
Aor.
1. m. rvif/
XetT^
XbH
TtV^
1 ai a<rd(a
1 aaOov aa9iav
1 aoBi AcBiaaa
Xtv
c<r0e
6ff0«aai/
X,y
'
rvx ^
Perf. rkrv
TTffO
7ro"0w
XkXtyao
yoBitt
rkrv
\^0
9rea>
XkXeKo
y9ia
X9<u
rkrh
TTffOoV
TTflT^WV
XkXeyerOov
y<r9ii)v
TETV
ttOov
ttOwv
XkXeyOov
y9b)v
^Oov
<i>eu)v
x9ov
xBwv
TtTV
ircSi
VffOiaaav
XkXtyaef
y<r9ui(ra%f
rkrv
Tree
irQtaaav
XeXeyOe
y9(a(Tav
00e
^9<a<rav
xOe
X9(itffav
(6) The Infirm
Hve.
Pres. TV7CT A
or. 2. m. ruTT ^
Aor.
1. m* rvT^affdai
Xftx
Xiir
X£iypa(T9at
Xey
Xty
Xk^a(r9ai
TtVX
TVX
TivKo.<j9ai
Put. l.m. Tvyp
Fut.l.
p. rv00i7C
Perf, rlrvTTff^ai
Xeiif/
X«00ijc
toQai
rlrvTrOai
XsK
X€x^»?C
rlrv00ai
TlV^
revx^J??
XkXtyiT9ai
Put. 2. m. rvTTf
Xi7r«
Put. 2.
p. TVirrjQ
Xiirrig
XkXey9(u
X€X«x^«*
Xeyf
Xtyric
rux«
TVxriQj
(c) The Participle*
Pres. rw9rr<5ji*€Voc ij ov Aor. 2. m. ruw(5/i€voc Perf. rervTr-^xevoj: ij ov
XtiirVvoc V ov rerviiixkvoc ij ov
XfySfiivog i| ov Put. 1. p. rv00tjcTO/i«voj: XcXey-zxevog }| ov
Put. 1. m. rvyl/6fitvoc i? ov . rtrvx'likvoc rj ov
Put. 2. m. rvirtrf/itevoc j| ov' Put. 2. p. ruirijffOMevoc riTvynkvog ti ov
Digitized by
Google
22
THE CONJUGATION OF
(0 Conjugation of the Aorists Passive.
1 , The first aorist is formed from the original roots of those verbs
which have changed the same in the present and imperfect ; as,
rvTrrw, irpatrawy tutt, irpay : and from the long roots of those which
form only the second aorist, and second future active of short roots ;
as, Xf/TTO). Those, however, which change the cv of the present, in
the perfect passive, into v (r^vxw rervy/iai), retain this letter also
in the first aorist : ItvxOtjv.
2. The second aorist is formed, like the second aorist active,
from the short roots : tvtt, Xitt, tvxI ervwov, ervTriv, eXivov, eXlTrrjy,
eTvxov ETvxn^' {See the second Aorist of^trrrifn.)
Terminations which are added to the above-mentioned roots : —
1. First Aorist.
(a) Indicative*
. Srrjg 2. ^t]V
, Brrjfiiv 2. S^rjTOv
. Brrjfiev 2. ^r}Te
(c) Optative*
. ^siriv 2. Breirjc
. ^tiijfjiiv 2. SreiTiTOV 3. SreiifTriv
Plur. 1. ^eirjfiev 2. S-tiijTC 3. ^drtoav
more usually ^sX^ev ^tiTe ^tUv
(e) Infinitive,
Srijvai
Sing.
Dual I.
Plur. 1.
Sing. 1.
Dual 1.
3. ^rjrriv
3. ^ri<rav
3. ^£(17
(b) Subjunctive.
1. ^a> 2.3ryg 3. ^y
l.^&fiev 2. ^rjrov 3. S-^rov
l.^&fiev 2.^^re 3. d^oiffe
(d) Imperative.
2. ^riTi 3. Brrjro
2. S-jyrov 3. ^ririav
2. d'ljre 3. ^riT(aaav
(/) Participle.
2. Second Aorist,
(a) Indicative*
Sing. 1. ijv 2. r;c
Dual 1. fffitv 2. i7rov
Plur. 1, i|/i£V 2. jjre
(c) Optative.
Sing, l.ciijv 2. etiyc -. — .,
Dual l.tiriixiv 2.eiriTov 3. ei^riji/
Plur. 1. tirifjiEv 2. eii^rc 3. tiri<rav
(e) Infinitive,
iivai
3.11
3. ^rijv
3. jjffav
3. cii;
(b) SuiQunctvve.
2. yc 3. y
3. i)Tov
3. wore
2. rirov
2. ijrc
l.(Dft£V
1. WflEV
(d) Imperatiue.
2. ri9i 3. ijro
3. ^r«v
3* fiTtaaav
2. ijrov
2. ijre
(/) Participle,
tic tltra iv
Digitized by
Google
THE ORE£K VERB.
23
Paradigm of the First Aorist.
(a) Indicative. (6) Std^unctifie.
Srijfiiv SfriTOV Srrirfiv
(c) Optative,
deififiev dsiriTOV BrnriTrjv
(e) Infinitive.
Tv<fi9rjvai \fx9rjvat
XiupOrjvai TVxGrjvai
SrSt dy Sry
SrStfiEV diiTov 3^rov
{d) ImperaHve.
SrijTB 'SrriTbttrav
(/) Participle*
rvifiOiic Xex^etC ^ttra kv
Xcy
TVX
Paradigm of the Second Aorist.
(a) Indicative. (b) Subjunctive:.
flfi€v riTov rjTriv
rjfifv Tire riffav
(c) Optative.
dfiv eirig iiri
urifiriv eirjTOV iiiiTfiv
(e) Infinitive.
Tvwrivai
Xiirrjvai
Xeyijvai
Tvx^vat
iofiev TfTov rJTOv
(rf) Imperative.
„9i
fITO
riTov
riTiav
fire
fITtaaav
(/) Participle.
rvvHs I
Xiweig 1 « ,
) ciaa sv
XeyilQ I
TvXiicj
Digitized by
Google
24
A FULL PARADIGM OF
PASSIVE.
Indicative*
Pres, Tvvrofiai y irai
TVTrrSfiiOov ttrQov ttrOov
TvirrofieOa ttrSi ovrai
Imperf, IrvTrro/zjjv ov ero
krviTTOfisOov itrOov ktrOrjv
IrviTTOfitOa gffOt ovro
Perf. Ttrvfifiai
TeTVftftiOov
TtrvfifieOa
Pluperf. iTsrvfiftriv
iTtTVfifisOov
hrtrvfifiiOa
Put. 1. rvfftBfiffoiiai
&c.
Fut. 2. rvir-fiiTOfiat
&c.
Fut. 3, TVTv\pofiai
&c.
Aor.l. irv^Oiyv
krvipOrifitv
Aor.2»iTV7niv
Mviffiev
krvirrjuiv
Fut, l.rvif/ouoi
rvypoueOov
rvypOfiiBa
Fut. 2. TVTTOVfiai
TVTTOVfieOoV
TvirovfuOa
Aor. ] . krvyj/afiifv
hv\l/dfi€9ov
srv\l/dfjie6a
Aor. 2. iTVTrofiijv
iTvrrofuOa
ypai irrai
iftBov <f>9ov
<pOi riTVfi'
fisvoi
tiffi
yj/O TTTO
^9ov ^9r}v
00£ TtTVfi'
fievoi
rjffav
V
V
&c.
V
&c.
erai
&c.
€rat
&c.
trai
Srijrov SrtiTtiv
rjTov riTfiv
Subjunctive,
TVitT<afiai y i|ra»
TVTTTUifitBov tiffBov nffBov
TVTrTWfitBa riffBe titvrai
rsrvfifikvoQ *>* dg y
TSrVflflkvUi OifltV tiTOV ^TOV
rervfifiivoi wfiev ijTS Cxri
TV<p9& yQ y
rv(ft9iofiev ifrov ijrov
TVTTWfltV
VQ y
rjrov riTov
rJTi din
MIDDLE.
y irai
iffBov iffBov
ta9t ovrai
y firoi
(i(j9ov ii<r9ov
tlffBe ovvrai
a> aro
aaBov dtrBriv
affBe avro
ov tro
cffBov kixBriv
evBs ovTo
Tvyj/utfiat y rirai
riril/tiifieBov ijffBov ijtrBov
TwI/wfitBa riffBe tavrai
Digitized by
Google
THE PASSIVE AND MIDDLE.
25
PASSIVE.
Optative*
rVVTOlfltlP OtO OITO
TVTTToifiiOov oiaBov oiffOtiv
rvTTToifitOa oiaOe oivto
TiTVfifiivoe eltiv £itii: iZi?
TiTVfuuvta iifffitv tifiTov drirriv
reTv/ifikvoi ttrifuv iirire tiijtrav
tlev
oiro
&c.
Tvvijtrolfirjv oio oiro
&c. &c &C.
reTVrf^oifirjv oto oiro
&c. &c. &c.
rvipOtirifiev BdtiTOv ^f c^rifv
TvipGeirifuv ^eitire dtiriffav
TVTTiifiv tiriQ liri
rwtlfifi€V eiriTov ttrirtiP
Tvirelfifuv CiijTC tiri<rav
TwIfolfltIV 010
rwl/olfit9ov otaOov
TV^/oifte9a oktOb
rviroifiiiP oio
rviroiueOov oltrOov
rwoifiiBa oitrOe
rv>l/aifiriv aio
rvypaifieOov aurOov
rw^faifuOa axaQi
TVTToifiriv 010 otro
rviroi/icdov oivOov oMriv
rvnoiiuBa oc(r0f oivro
Oiro
oi<r9riv
OIVTO
OITO
oiaQriv
oXvro
airo
ai<r9fiv
aivTo
Imperative*
TVTTTOV itr9(u
rvvTwOov itrOiav
rvvrttrOe ktrOuxrav
rvfrrk<r9iav
Tkrvyj/o
TBTV^QOV
rkrv^Qt.
TvipOrirov
rvwrirov
ri>iriiT6
MIDDLE.
TV\pai
Tv4^a<r9ov
rvyf/airOe
rvirov
rbTTtvQov
rvireffOt
Tiav
Tiatrav
rutrav
atrOia
dffBiav
dffOtiKrav or oLvBatv
Mia
ki/Biav
ka9«a<rctv
Digitized by
Google
26
THE CONJUGATION OF
InJinUive.
Pres. TvirrtirOai
Perf. T(Tv«p9ai
Fut. I.rv<l>9ri<reff6ai
Fut. 2. TvirritrttrBai
Fut. 3. TiTvypiffOai
Aor. 1. rvifiOijvai
Aor. 8. TVfrrjvai
Fut 1. Tvyj/fffOai
Fut. 2. riiir£T(r9ot
Aor. 1. Tvyf/affSai
Aor. 2. TtnrkffOai
Passive.
Participle.
TVVTOfltVOC
TtTVflflBVOQ
Tvwritrofuvoc
TtTvyj/ofievog
rv^Otig
rvirtic
Middle.
rvirovfitvog
Twl/dfitvog
rvwSfjievog
(B) FORMATION OF PURE VERBS,
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
1 . The pure verbs take, in the perfect and pluperfect active, jc be-
fore the termination ica, K€iyf and have, generally, neither a second
future, nor a second aorist.
2. The last vowel of the root 0iXf , rifxa, xP^^^t ^v> *s frequently
doubled when the termination, which is added to it, begins with a
consonant : ^iX^o^o;, rerlfirjisaf €Ke)(pvffu}K€iVy \v&w.
3. Many add, in their passive forms, tr to the root, when a
consonant follows : reXiut^ rcreXco'/iac ; aKOvia, itKovtr/Miif &icov(rBr^fro-
fiait iJKOv<rBriv.
4. Some lose the a in the first future : as, reXitrta, rcXioofiat,
tsXita, TtXiofxaif reX&y reXovfxai,
5. The following have a short vowel before & :
o. — ycXaw I laugh (fut. y{kd(rta, Ist aor. iycXa^a), ^\a*a I break, nipdu I
cause to paast <nrdu> I draw.
Digitized by
Google
TilS GRREK VERB. 27
f . — aiSio/Aai I venerate, djclo/iai / hetU^ dpKSia I suffice, (Iw / bail, ifikut I
vomit, KoKiialcatt, Korim I am angry, veiKtia I quarrel, Ikia I polish,
TiKkia J finish, rpkta I tremble,
i),m^&p6u} I plough (fut. Apoffto); so dfiotna I shall swear, 6v6(rot I shall
profit,
v,^avv(it I end (fut. &vvtrio, 1st aor ^vvtra), apvto I drain, fiina I stvff,
ipvw I draw, iXxinn I drag or I trad, fie^vu I intoxicate, vrvto I spit,
ravvia I stretch out*
6. The following have, in some tenses, a short vowel before a
consonant ; and, in others, a long one :
alvku» I praise, aivlaut, yveva, yvrifiai, i^vkQtiv; aipkia I take, aiprjtrw, yprifiai,
ypsBtjv ; dka) I bind* dk<ru} and drfvio, dkdfKa, Skdtfiai, ISbOtiv ; "TroOkio I desire,
iroBkffofiai and veBriffOfiat, kv69€<ra, vinSOiiKa, vtv69fifAai, kiroGkirBfiv ;
Sv(a I sink, Svaut, idvaa, iSvOriv; dvut I sacrifice, dvcna, IQvca, irvQfiv ; \va» /
loose, \v(Tiii, [\v<ra, \i\vfiai, sXv^tiv*
Rules of Covtraciion,
1. A with an e sound (i. e. c 17) is contracted into a long a ; and
a with an sound ( i. e. o, (a., 01, ov), into ia :
Tifiae, Tifidyg, rifiadfieBa, Tifjt&favrai, rtftdotfii, iniiaov, are contracted
intorifia, rtfifc, rifnafieBa, rtfiOvrai, nfi<ffii, krtfA&,
2. ££ is contracted into ei, eo into ov; e before long vowels and
diphthongs disappears:
^iKstTi, 0iXeo/i€V, ^tXeifrai, ^iXeufitBa, ^iKsotvro, ^iXiov,
^tkeire, ^iXovfi€v, ^iX^rat, ^nKwfitOa, ^iKoXvto, piXov,
3. O with a short vowel (£ o) is contracted into ov, o with a long
vowel (i| (a) into w ; o before the diphthongs 01, ov, disappears :
Xpv<T6t<rBov, %xpvaoov, xpv(f6riT£, xpwxotaoi, XP^^^^**^^» xpv<r^v,
XpvvovtrBov, kxP^^^^'^* XP^^^^^' XP^^^^*"* xP^^^'^'^y XP^^^*
Note 1. O with 6t in the indicative mood, or with y in the subjunctive mood,
is contracted into 01 : xpv<r<$«c» xP^^^^h XP^^^V^y
XPvtroXc, xP"^^^ XP^^^^C »
but,, in the infinitive, o with h is oontnuited into ov, as if it had been ocv : xpv-
<r6eiv, xpvo'ovv.
Note 2. Instead of the optative ending in oifjit, oic* 01, there is another form
^ding in olriv, olric, oiri, oirifA€v, oitirov, oiriTfiv, oirifiiv, oitirt, xtiev. This form
is more usual than the other in the singular of the verbs in cw and 01a, and like-
wise in the plural of those in am ; but of the third person plural only oUv is
used.
Digitized by
Google
28
THft CONJUGATION OF
Note 3« The v i^cXjcv<rrcc6v is dropped in contraction : h^[ki€v ahrbv,
i^ikki ahrbv.
Note 4. In the following verhs as is contmcted into 17: Zoua Ilhe, Styf/duf I
thirst, TCfivdia I hunger, xp^ofiai, I use ; thus ZjCt (j^* xpfif^h Zyv, ^(^yv» veivyv,
XpfiffBai, &,€, The Attics make this contraction also in the following three : Kvata
I scratch, (TfiaM 1 vnpe, rj/dta I scrape*
Note 5. The monosyllabic roots: as, dkut, irvkia, &c contract the vowels only
before e and u ; irvhi, irvti, vvkiiv, irvCiv ; but irviofiev, frvkovtri, irvky* Ex-
cept ^kia Ibind, Skutv, S&v, Skov, Bovv, Bkofj,ai, Sovfiau
Note 6. *Pty6(ii has, in its contractions, oi y , instead of ot ov ; ^ly&v instead
of piySiip, piyovv, piytfij instead of ptyoiri.
A PARADIGM OF THE CONTRACTED VERBS.
Active.
Indicative- Svi^jvnctive* Optative*
^i\- ^iX- ^tX-
S, eoi kuQ ku lii» ky^ ky koifti kotg koi
& eiQ ei <b yc y oifu oXq o1
D. kopLtv kiTov kiTOv kuffitv ktirov ktirov koifiev koirov toirtiv
ovfiev iirov tirov Stfiev fjrov rJTOV oliitv oirov oirtiv
P. kofitv kere kovtn kiafuv krirs caxrt koifiiv loire koitv
ovfiev eiTt oviTi wfitv rirs taffi oifitv dire oUv
Imperative*
Infinitive.
Participle*
s.
cc ikna
ei eiTUi
ktiv liv
0cX.
kbiv kovoa
Stv ovtra
kov
ovv
D.
ktrov ekrunf
tirov eiruv
P.
kere ekruKrav
eirt iiriaaav
Indicative.
Optative.
Sulyunctive*
S.
du>
Till-
d(o
Tlfl-
dye dy
Till-
doifii dote
dot
&
#c i
&
#C f
fill fc
V
D* do/itv derov derov dwfuv dtirov dtirov doifuv doirov aoirtiv
wHiv arov arov &fiev arov drov tpfifv frop iftrtiv
P. doiitv atrt dovtri dtafjuv dtjTe dwffi doifuv doire douv
Qfi€V art &(n wfitv art &(n tpntv tfrt ftv
Digitized by
Google
THE OREEK VERB.
29
Imperative.
Itifituiioe*
Participle.
Tlfl-
Tlfi-
Tlfl-
s.
ae acra»
ativ q.v
dwv
dovffa Aov
a CLTUi
Civ
&ffa Qv
D,
arov cLTiav
P.
dtTt akruxrav
art druxrav
IntUcaihe.
Stdjjjuncttvem
Optative.
'Xpvff'
Xpvo"-
XpvfT'
S.6u>
6eic 6ei
6io
oyc 6y
OOlfll
601c 601
S>
oig oT
&
oig 01
oT/Ai
oXg ol
D. 60li,iV StTOV OiTOV
6(OfttV OflTOV 6flT0V
Soifjiev 601TOV ooirtiv
OVflCV OVTOV OVTOV
QfASV UfTOV ioTOV
oXfiev
oXtov . oirriv
p. 6ofi6v Sere oovtri
Sijjfiiv 6riT6 Suxri
Sotfitv SoiTe 60UV
ovfjLev ovre ovai
dfitv &re Stat
oXfjtiV
oXre oXiv
Imperathfe,
Infinitive.
Participle.
XpvfT'
'XpiitT-
j^Vff'
S.
o€ okrta
6iiv ovv
6iav
oovtra 60V
ov ovTia
uiv
ovca ovv
D.
ofTov okrwv
OVTOV OVTiaV
P.
0kTl\ OBTbtVaif
ovre ovTiatrav
£<l>lX'
€Tlfl'
e'Xpvff-
S.eov
€CC C€
aov
atg ae
oov
otg oe
ovv
ei£ u
fcIV
ag a
ovv
ovg ov
D.hfiev Utov eeTtiv dofiev diTov asrriv Sofitv oerov oertiv
ovfuv iXrov eirtjv lofiiv drov drtiv ovfitv ovrov ovrriv
P. kofitv isTE €ov dofuv dire aov 6ofi£V Sen 6ov
ovfuv iXre ovv wfiev aTi tav ovfitv ovre ovv
Perfect.
Ind. Sub. Opt. Imp. Inf. Part.
W£^iKriKa 9rc0c\^iea> TTi^tkriKotfii irs^CKriKt ire^iKTiKsvai 9rc0iXi}jewc
TtrifAfiKa TtTififiKia rfrifiriKoifu rcr(/«i}je£ rertfitiKiveu nrtfitiKtig
Ktxpi)<n0Ka Ktxpvft^Kia KtxpvffutKoifii KixpvviaKt ic€xpv<rarjcivat Kexpv9(0Kiag
Digitized by
Google
30
THB CONJUGATION OF
Ltd.
ireriftfiKsiv
PUiperfect.
Svb. Opi, Imp.
^iXriffoifii
rifiriffoifii
XpViTlMHTOlfU
First Aorist.
rifififfiit TifAtitTcufii rifjiri<rov
Ittf.
XpvffiMKrsiv
Part.
TiltfltrOQ
ixp^ffnitora ^pvorofffw ^pviraiirai/ui xp^^^^^^ xpvtf&ttai ^^vao^irac
Indicative.
S. kofiai ly kiTcu
oviiai y tirai
D.edfitOov sevOov kiffOov
ovfieOov {itrQov ntrQov
P. edfisBa UtrOe iovrai
ovfjieOa iXaQt ovvrai
Imperative.
S. kov tkfjQia
ov tiaQta
D. keffSov tkffOiitv
BiaOov iiaOiav
P. eccrdc ekffOuxrav
ettrOe eiffOiuarav
Indicative.
Passive.
Present,
Sutf^unctive.
ktanat ky kiirai
bifiai y tirai
ibjfjieOov kri<r9ov kriffOov
ufiiOov TJtrOov ijffOov
iutfifBa kritrOe ktavrai
ufieQa ri<r96 uvrai
Infinxtvoe.
0cX-
kitrdat iiaQai
Optative,
koifiriv koto koiro
oififiv oto otro
eolfieSov koitrOov soiffOfiv
oifieOov oXffOov oUrOriv
eoi/itBa koitrOe kotvro
oifjieOa oiirBe divro
Participle.
0iX-
tSfitvoc tofikvri e6fi€voi^
ovfitvog ovjikvTi ovfievov
Optative.
Subjunctive.
rifi- Tifi' Tifi-
S. dofiai dy dirat dufAUt ay aijroe aolfiriv doio doiro
&fixu f arai &fiat f arat tffitjv tfo tpro
D. €i6fii9ov dtaOov dsvOov awfteOov dtiaOov dtiffOov aoifieOov donrOov aoiaOtip
utfuOov atrOov aaOov GfitOov atrBov aaBov <ffii9ov ifaBov ifaBtiv
P. aSfisBa detrBt oovtom, aufitBa dtjaB£ dutvrat aoifAiBa doiirBt doivro
laftiBa dffBe wvrai (afuBa a<rBs wrrai iffieBa tpaBe tfvro
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB.
31
Imperative'
Infinitive.
Participk.
Till-
Till-
Tlfl-
s.
& aff9(a
dtaOai
atrSat
aoftfvoc aofiivti aSfievov
D.
aitrdov astrOuv
aoBov dixOuv
P.
dttrSe ctkirQwffav
atrOe atrOunrav
Indicathe.
Sulifunctive.
Optative.
Xpvtr-
•XpvfT-
Xpuer-
0010 OOITO
S« oo/iai 6y Serai Siofiai 6y 6riTai ooiiitiv
ovfiai 01 ovrai dfiai oi &rai oifitiv oio oiro
D.oofieBov 6ta9ov otaBov o&iieQov StiaOov oriffSov oolfuOov 6oi(r9ov ooiaSriv
ovfttQov ovaQov ovtjBov u^uQov &<rQov (aaQov oifiiBov olffOov oitrOriv
P. o6fie9a 6t<T9e Sovtm otafieOa otitrOe otovrai oolfieOa 6oifT9e 6oivto
ovfitBa ovtrde ovvrat iHtfAtOa &tr9e &vrai oifieOa ol<r9$ oivro
Imperative,
Infinitive.
Participle.
Xpva-
•XpvfT-
ypvff-
s.
6ov oMoi
6io9ai ova9ai
odfiivoQ oofikvri oSfUvov
ov ov(r9ta
oviitvoQ ovfiivti ovpttvov
D.
6eadov okvOwv
ovaOov ovaOufv
P.
6t(rOt os(r9u><rav
ov<r9e ov(j9iaaav
Imperfect.
Indicative.
Indicative.
inatcattve.
€0«\- erifX" e-xpytT'
S. tSfitiv kov itro aSfjtfiv dov dero oSfitiv 6ov Sero
ovftfiv ov eiro wfiev & aro ovfitiv ov ovto
D. eSfteBov keoBov thtrStiv aSfieBov dtc9ov akaBiiv o6fit9ov 6t<t9ov oka9fiv
ovfuBov iUrBov tMriv ufieBov a<r9ov dvBtjv ovfie9ov ovvBov ov(r9tiy
P*c6/ic9a keoBi kovro a6iu9a dtoBi dovro o6fie9a deoBt dovro
oitfitOa tivBt ovvro dtfH9a atrBt iavro ovfuBa ovoBi ovvro
Digitized by
Google
32
Ind.
wtipiXrifjiai
ifaaiy firm,
tivrat
TBrifififiai
ri<rai, rirai,
tivrai
laffai, tinai
iovrai
lirt<lnXrififiv
krertfArffifiv
rififiOrfffOfiat
XpvfftiOijaofiai
kTifiriOfiv
Ixpva&Qiiv
THE CONJUGATION OF
Perfect,
Sub.
vi^iXtifiivoc
Opt.
irt^CKnijikvoQ
TiTifAtifikvog
(IflV
Imp.
Tirifjkriffo
Inf.
Part.
fr£<^i\tinkvoQ
Pluperfect,
First Future.
^tXifOfltroififiv
TififiOfiooifiriv
Xpv(ria9ri9oififiv
First Aorist,
ifuXriOSt ^iXriBtirjv 0iX^0i|rt
TifiriOu TififiOeiriv rifjifiOriri
XpvtrufBSi xpvtriitBeifiv xP^^^^V'^*'
Third Future.
TtrififjffBai rtrtfifiiAivog
Ktxpvv&<tBai KtxpvaiankvoQ
^tiBfiaetrBai
TifAflBrjtrtffBat
^iKtiBtjfT6fuvoc
rtfAtjBtitrdfjLtvoc
XpvtrutBfiffeffBai xpv<f^Bti(r6/i€voc
Future Middle.
^tKtjB^vat,
TifjttiBfivai
XpvdioBrivat
ioBat
iftiKtiBeic
TifiTiBeic
XpvaiaBiic
9rc0iXi}<r 1
TtTifiriff ^ofiai oifitiv toBat ofiivoc
KtXpVVbKT 3
^cX^a "J
rifiriff Sofiai oifitiv laBai ofievos
Xpvfftaff 3
First Aorist Middle.
irififi<rdfiriv rifiriff >fafiat aifiriv ai avBai dfievog
IxpvffiiKxdfiriv xpvffwaj
Note 1. The 3rd pers. plur. of the perf. and pluperf. are here formed regularly, with-
out changing any of the original letters.
Note 2. Of a few verbs there occur forms of the subjunctive and optative perf. pass,
with mood- vowels, contrary to the general rule: e. g. f(e/ii/(u/Acda, tense-root (itiivti, mood-
vowel w, termination fuBa, cont. fieiivutfieBa (Plat. Pol. p. 63) ; KEKrrJTcu (««jcr4-iy-r«i)
Xen. Symp.l.S; fitfjttxyfAtiv (Hbm. iZ. a» 754), jue/»vq-oi-/i]|v, cont. fbcjuif^/ii^v ; nefivyro
(fiEfivij'Oi'To) Arist, Plut. 992, Plat, Rep. vii. p. 134 ; KEKkyo (c€k\i|-oc-o) Soph. Phil.
119); KtKXyfAiBa (ictKXfi'Oi-fuBa) Aristoph. Lys. 253. But fUfivkifiro (II. yj/ 361),
fiifivtfTo {Xen. Cyr. 1,6, 3), seems to be the optative of the present tense fnnvcLOfuu. See
Heyne adU.^ 361.
Digitized by
Google
THK GREEK VERB.
S3
<C) FORMATION OF LIQUID VERBS,
1. The liquid verbs form all their tenses, except the present and
imperfect, from the short roots : Tifiyvj, short root refi; KTtivwj ktivi
4iipu)f ap.
2. In the perfect and pluperfect active (generally called the
second), the e of the root is changed into o, and the other short
vowels are doubled : KTtivu) {icrev), cicrova, eicrovtiv] ^pifjuo, ^idpofxal
^aiv(M) (<pav) 'ire(j>i]vay eiretjiiivetv \ TiKXta (riX) reVzXa, kTirikEiv ; ^oXXmi
TedrjXa, {See 7, the first perfect.)
3. They want the first future active and middle. The second
future they form regularly, by taking cw, cont. o), to the short root,
and the first aorist active and middle without v (a, a/xiyv), but
double the short vowel (0a/vo>, tftav, efprjya, t^ijj/a/iiiyv) and change
f mto €1 : vifjLiaf evetjxa^ eveifjiafjLrfv.
4. Some tenses of <jialvw, avariXXtOf I make rise, AyyiXXw / aw*-
nounce, rifivw I cut, irXvvtit I wash, riXkut I pluck out.
Jicnve.
Pres. (paivbj
juiawe.
rassive,
^aivofiat
Imp. AvereWoy
}7r\vv6fJtfiv
Perf. rkrofia
rkriXfiai
TsriKa
HyyeXfiM
Plup. hiTikeiv
kT€TlKfl1JV
ivi^fiviiy
JiyykXfiriv
Put 1.
^avOrjffOfiai
Aor, 1. IriXa
irufidfiLtjv
lipaveijv
riyyiCKa
ktprjvdfttjv
iiyykXQnv
iivkTtCKa
AvtTeiXafjLtiv
kriXOriv
Put. 2. dyy«X4a»
dyyfXco/iai
^avri<rofiat
0ai/S(i>
^aviofiai
vXvvriffOfKii.
Aor. 2. irafiov
i^avofinv
l^avriv
IriKov
^yyeXoiifiv
IvXvvriv
5. In the first aorist several change a into a instead of ri : as,
aipia I raise {apai inf.), ^vtrxepalrta I am displeased, Ktp^aiyuf I gairip
Digitized by
Google
34
THE COVJUOATIOir OF
ixip^ayay KoiXalrw Ihollow, XevKalyta I whiten, opyalru (whence op-
y&veiaci Soph. Oed. Tyr. 335), veiralyia I ripen.
6. Those which have c in the root often change it, especially
in verhs of two syllables, in the second aorist into a : jcre/vo) Ikill^
iKTavoy ; rifivu I cuty trafiov I trriXXwy earaXrjy ; irelpw, lirapriy.
7. The perfect of these verbs (generally called the first) has i: be-
fore the termination ; and in those verbs which have changed the
c of the root into a in the second aorist this letter is also retained
in this perfect: dyycXXi^, Ayye\,^yy£Xifa ; ariXXia, <m\ (2nd aor. p.
coToXijj/), coToXjca ; 9re/pa», iiraprfyf wivapKa,
8. The verbs Kplyio Ijudge^ xKlyto I bendf Ttlyw I stretch, Kreivoi
I kill, irXvyta I wash, make several forms from the roots, Kpi, Kh,
ra, icra, irXv :
Kkxpuea KkKpifULi UpiOtiv
jclcXtjca KSKXifiat UXlOriv
rkruKa rkrafiai iTdSffv
kxrafiai iKraOtiv
vivXvKa trsirXviiai iirXvOriv
The poets, however, to lengthen the syllable, put in y in the
aorist : kKXlyQriyy icrayBelc, &c.
PARADIGM OF A LIQUID VERB.
Active.
Present,
ihA
Sub.
Opt, Imp.
Inf.
Part.
ayyiXXai
dyyIAXfti
AyyiXXoifii ayytXXe
Imperfect.
AyysKXnv
&yyi\Xaw
ijyyiKXov
Perfects
iiyyiXxa
^yykXKU
^yyiXKoifii no imp.
JiyytXicivat ^yyfXjcwc
Pluperfect.
ijyyi\KHV
Second Future.
AyycX-
& iic
et
Oifil OIQ oX
ity
&y ovfra ovv
OVfUV HTOV
tXrov
oifiiv oXtov oirtiv
gen. owroc
oviiiv tirt
ovtri
oXyLtv oXrt oX$v
or
oiriv oltjQ oiti &e.
First Aorist.
llyytiXa
dyyttXu
AyyiiXcufii dyyeiXov
Second Aorist.
AyytXXat
iyytCXac
ijyyiXov
ayy4\«
dyyliXotiu AyytXt
AyytXtly
AyytXwy
Digitized by
Google
THE GRE£K VERB.
35
Passive.
Prelimi/uay Remark,
In the perfect and pluperfect, the liquids in y treat this letter (o) according
to rule : ahxvvbj, y^xwuai, ytrxvtifiai, and in the second person singular the v
remains before <r in iftaivutf in^avfrai ; but (5) they also make the form from the
root without Vy and assume tr, ^aivia, fiiaivw, fioXvvu), primitive roots ^a, fiia
fioXv, perfect vkt^aviiai, fiefiiafffiai, jxifioXvfffiai*
Ind, Sub.
ayykWofiai dyysXXtafiai
i^iyyeXkofifiv
/lai ffat rai fikvoQ &
fiidov dov 9ov
fitBa 9e vrai
rax
fiivot eto-t
flfJV CO TO
fisQov Oov 9rjv
fieOa Ot VTo
TO
fikvoi iiffav
AyytKOrjaofiM
&yyt\rj<TOfiai
^yyk\9ijv ayyiXBa
rjyykXrjv &yy tXSt
Present.
OpU Imp^ Inf* Part.
ciyyeXKoifiTiv dyykXXov &yyk\kefr9ai &yyiW6fi(V0C
Imperfect.
Perfect,
fikvo^ tlfiv 90 But 9ai ftkvoc
Pluperfect.
First Future,
dyy(\9ii(roifiriv &yy iX9ri<r6<r9ai &yy iK9ti<r6iuvoQ
Second Future.
dyytXtjffoifitjv &yytXrj<nfr9ai AyyeXfiffofievoc
First Aorist.
&yyiX9iiriv ayykX9iiri &yyiX9rivai dyytX9eiQ
Second Aorist.
AyyeXeiiji/ &yykXti9i AyytXiivai &yyeXtic
Ind. Sub.
Ayy tXovfiai y eirai
Middle.
Future.
Imp.
Inf.
&yytXtifr9ai
Opt.
ayyeKolfitjv
First Aorist.
rjyytiXdfiriv AyyiiXiafiai &yytiXaifitiv &yyeiXat dyyiiKa<T9at
Second Aorist*
^yytkSuriv dyykXmftcu iiyytXoifitiv &yyeXov &yytXk(r9ai
Part.
AyyeXoiffAtvoc
AyyiiXd/jtevoc
&yytX6n%voc
Digitized by
Google
3G THE CONJUOATrON Of
(D) CONJUGATION WITHOUT MOOD-VOWELS.
GENERAL RULES.
1. Besides the conjugation which has been explained above<
there exists in some verbs another, which, in many tenses, is almost
without mood-vowels^ and for that reason exhibits peculiar forms,
the roots of the verbs and the terminations being joined.
2. This conjugation is found in several pure verbs of a mono-
syllabic root in a, e, o ; and in others, which receive the addition of
vvv to the root: cKtZa, aKe^avw (in mute and liquid verbs only vv)
/ity, ixiyvv ; ^c«f, ^eiKvv ; a/o, apvv).
3. It comprises present and imperfect active and passive, and
second aorist active and middle.
4. We take the roots ^a, ora, 5, ^e, lo\ out of which 0ijp I say
tarrjfJLi I set, Htjfn I send, TiQrifn I place, lilu)p,i I give, will be
formed.
5. Many roots of this conjugation are extended in the present
and imperfect by i being prefixed ; before which, if the general
rules permit, the initial consonant is repeated : 0a, Icrra, U, ridep
h^o (why not eriora and ^idi ?).
6. Corrupt forms are, Trt/xTrXc from ttXc, irifiirpa from irpa, with ^
being put between.
7. The terminations are, with a few exceptions, the same as in
the common conjugation. The subjunctive mood has the mood-
vowels of the common verb (w, rf), and the optative has as mood-'
Towel I after the vowel of the root : lora, lorai ; u, ui, &c.
(a) Active Conjugation.
1 . Indicative.
The vowels of the root are, in the singular number, always
doubled before the terminations, ^a, (jirj ; Mo, Muf ; u, iri ; ride^
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB.
37
(a) Present.
The terminations of the present are in the singular irregular,
but in the dual and plural regular.
Sing. 1. fjti 2. c 3. <n SiS<a/ii SlSutg diSoxri
Dual 1. liiv 2. Tov 3. rov Siiofiev diSorov SLSotov
Plut. 1. fi£i/ 2. re 3. vrat SiSofiiv ^Uort SiSovTiri
diSovtri
or didoaffi
In the same way torrrifjn, trjfii ; Tldrffxt, hUvvfUf ffKe^dvvvfii, &c. In
the 3rd pers. plural of the roots in c, o, v, the letters vr are either
thrown out, and the preceding vowel changed according to rule, or
only T is thrown out and v changed into a: leyTtri, Ititriy iiaari; ri-
OevTffi, Tideiffi, Tidiaffi ; ^iSovrcri, ^idovori, ^i^oatrt ; ^EiKyvvTtriy deiKvvffiy
ietKyvatri,
(b) Imperfect and Second Aorist.
The terminations are as usual :
Sing. 1. V 2. e 3. none
Dual 1. fiev 2. rov 3. rijv
Plur, 1. fj,ev 2. rs 3. v
■ The difference between these two tenses consists in the i with
the initial consonant being prefixed in the imperfect; and such
verbs as do not take this prefix cannot form both tenses.
Imp. IffTtjv Aor. 2. iorriv Imp. hiOriv Aor. 2. Wrjv
idid<ov idukv 'irjv rjv
s(j>riv none UdKvvv none
Paradigm.
Sing. toTjjv toTjjc toTif
Dual 'itrrafiev 'itrraTov itrrdrriv
Piur, 'ifrrafiiv iVrars 'itrrav
Note !• The thiid person plural may also end in (rav, like the pluperfect of
the actives 'itrraaav, IriOnrav.
Note 2. The second aorist of Itrri^fii retains the doubled vowel also in the
dual and plural, and even in the imperative and infinitive. In this way the
aorists of the passive MipOijv, hvirjiv, are formed from the tense-roots irv^Bt,
Irviri. The last vowel of the root is doubled, and the terminations of the se-
cohdary tenses of the active are joined to it.
Digitized by
Google
38
THS CONJUGATION OF
2. Subjunctive.
As the imperfect has no other mood than the indicative, the
formation of the present and second aorist only will be explained.
The difference between the two tenses consists only in the
prefix.
The subjunctive mood has the usual mood-vowels {lo, 17), but oc-
curs only contracted ; and it is peculiar to the formation of this
mood, in this conjugation, that 077 is contracted into ^ (not ot)} and
ari into rj (not a).
Pres. lora-w-o Mood-vowel
IffToua
Ro
ot-vowel.
l<rrw
iido-iii'O
and
iiddia
Mood-vowel
di^cS
ridc-a>-o Termination
riOew
and
TiOQ
0a-a>*o joined.
^d^
Termination
^u>
Aor, 2. ffra-iJ'O
aria
contracted.
trrlo
SO'Qi'O
i6o
i&
^e-ai-o
diu
3«5
Paradigm.
Sing. SiSo'tD'O ri'tc i?-*
3iS6ia
6vc
iv
hl&
vc ^
Dual BiBo'ta-fitv tfrov ri-rov
SiSoQi/iev 6rirov
SriTov
diB&fiiv
WTOV StTOV
Plur, BiSo'U)' ftev j/-re io-vnn
h^OitiUlV OflTB
<$a><rt
Sid&fiiv
wre Qn
Sing. (rra'U-o rj'ig 17-t
GTaua
aye
dy
ffT&
vc y
Dual ffTa'<i}-fiev tj'Tov rj-rov
<rra(i)fi8v ariTOV
arjrov
ffTWfltV
fJTOV fJTOV
Plur. <rra-(i>-/*£v tj'Te w-VTffi
ffrawpitv arirt
doxri
(TT&HIV
tire w<rt
Sing. 3£-(i>-o jj-tf tf-i
^ku,
he
h
^W
yc V
Dual 3e-w-/i£v rj'Tov tj-Tov
dk(i)fl£V
iflTOV
kriTOV
StiaiiiV
firov rjrov
Plur. S^€-(D-/iev ij-rc w-vrai
^kiofiev
kriTS
kiaai
^(OfliV
rJTe Gfn
Note. In the same way the subjunctive mood of the aorists passive is
formed :rv00e-«-o, rv00«a»,n/^Oa>; rvw-f-w-o, rvirlw, ri/arw yc y.
3. Optative.
The terminations of the secondary tenses have n before them :
Sing, tiv, IIS, If ; dual ti/uv, tfrov, nrtiv, pliur. if/wv, irrt, fi<rav.
The optative is formed from these terminations, the tense-root
and i being put between.
Sra-i-i|v ; aor. 2. arainv, pres. loTaiijv : ©€-i-ijv 5 aor 2. QtitiVt pres. riOciifv.
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB. 39
Paradigm.
Presents Second AorisU
Sing. iiSolfiv Bidolrjc St^oiri eitiv tiriQ tiri
Dual SiBoirifitv didoiriTOV SidoirjTtjv eirifttv tirjTOV tlrjTriv
Plur. Sidoirifuv SiSoiriTe SiSoiri<Tav iiriftiv itfjre eiri<Tav
In the dual and plural 17 may be left out before the termination,
and the third person plural may end in ev : eirifievy ilfiev, circ, Jcv.
Note. See the formation of the optative mood of the aorlsts pass. Tv^9e-i-tiv,
rvTre'i-fjv, Tv<l>9iiTiv, rvTrdfjv,
4. Imperative.
The imperative has the full terminations, ^i, rat, rov, rtavy re,
Pres. 'iffraOi Aor. 2. ffrrjOi Pres. riOeri Aor, 2. ^eti
diSoBi d69i itBi IsOi
tnijOi with a long vowel, TiSen instead of rlredi (from rWeOi); the
first maintains itself contrary to the general rule, because it be-
longs to the root. So also in the first aorist passive. rv<j>6rfTi for
Tv<l>6ri6i. The stronger aspiration removed the weaker. The forms
^iri, 3dOi, eOc, are shortened into dec? ^og, ec ; as the preposition
wporl into irpde.
Paradigm.
Siag. XffraOi urrana ^ec ^«ra»
Dual iVrarov l<rrara«/ ^krov Srhwv
Plur. Ware iaTaTUKrav Bibts Sriruxrav
5. Infinitive.
Tlie termination of the infinitive is in the common dialect yai ;
before which in the second aorist a of aravai is doubled, arnjyai ;
and ^e vowels in ^ovcu, devai, evac, are drawn long into ^oi/vaiy
Pres. liTTdvai Aor 2, ffrijvai Pres. riBkvai Aor.2.3^etvat
diSovai Bovvai ikvat elvai
Note, Compare the infinitive of the aorists passive with ariivau
6. Participles.
The terminations are in the nominative, j/rc, vraa, vr ; but of vr
r is dropped.
Digitized by
Google
40
THS CONJUGATION OF
Pres. IffTavTc Xaravraa Icravr
TiQivTQ ri9evr(Ta riBtvr
Nom. Xor&i
i<rraffa
\9t6lv
TiQtic
TiBiifTa
TiBh
Gen. ItrrdvroQ
iffT^irriQ
XffTCiVToq
riOivroi:
TiOtiffric
TiBavToe
Aor. 2. ffrdc
trraffa
ardv
^iie
SrHffa
div
Preg. hie
ieXrra
\kv
«c
tltra
?v
SiSove
diSovffa
diSSv
Sovg
Soifffa
Soy
^ac
^atra
04v
duKvvQ SeiKvvffa StiKvvv
Note 1. Compare the participle of the aorists passive with rtdctCi titra, Iv
Note 2. The other tenses of these verbs (perf. plup. fut. and 1st aor.) are form-
ed from the root in the usual way ; diat ^riata, fTTCHtraTriOiii, Sew Stotru) : but of
the three verbs, Ti6t]fiL, *iriiit, Sidwfiif the first aorist has Ka instead of (ra ; WrfKa,
^Ka, tSwKa : and of TiOrifii, and I'ljfiL the vowel of the root is made long into et
in the perfect active and passive: de, TeOuKa, rkBeifiai ; i, elKa, flfiai: and of
l(TTj]fii the augment of the perfect is also ei, earrjKa, and titrrijKa.
A PARADIGM OF THE ACTIVE OF VERBS WITHOUT
MOOD-VOWELS.
*icTtjfii Iset^ root ctra', TiOrifii I place, root Be ; didiani I give, root do,,
Present-Vindicative.
Ut-
rid-
a/a-
Sing. 17/11
rs
rj(Ti
rifit V5 »7tyi
CJfll
Wf
iOOl
Dual a^ev
arov
arov
efiev erov erov
ofiev
orov
orov
Plur. afiiv
are
iarr-
ttffi
efiev ere eltri
Subjunctive^
riQ-
ofiev
ore
OVfft
Sing, at
vc
V
& ye y
w
VQ
V
Dual utfiev
fJTOV
r,rov
wfiev ijrov rjrov
wfiev
drov
drov
Plur. CJfjLiv
fJTi
IffT'
Wffl
wfitv fjre a;(rt
Optative.
Tid-
&fJLev
wre
Stat
Sing, airiv
airiQ
airj
tiriv eiriQ et'iy
oItjv
ohic
oiri
Dual a'lTififv airjrov airirriv
eiri[iev eirirov eirirriv
oirjjiev otiyrov otijnyv
Plur. aiijfiE
V airjTe
airj<rav
eijjfiev eijjre eirjtTav
olrjiiev oirjre
oirjffav
aUv
eitv
olev
Imperative.
Infinitive.
Participle.
ten-
-
rid-
a/5-
Sing. aBi
drui
en lr«
oBl ona lardvat
itrrdg aaa dv
Dual arov
drtav
trov 6r(i)v orov orwv riBevc
u
riBeic eXoa kv
Plur. art
druxrav
ert irioffav ore Srwixav SiSdvai
SidovQ ovffa 6v
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB.
41
tOT-
Sing, ijv JK J|
0ual ajiev arov arifv
Plur« aiuv an av
Perfect,
SOTTIKa
rsBtiKa
dsSitiKa
aaav
Pluperfect.
edeSwKHv
Imperfect.
hie-
riv tiQ m
€/iev erov irtiv
ejitv £Te iv
tffav
Future'
ffTrjffia
dwffia
km-
up a>(
ofiiv orov
ofitv ore
^ Aorist 1.
l(Tr i| era
tOfiKa
idiOKa
OTflV
ov
o<rav
Aorist 2.-— Indicative^
Sing. iffTTiv TIC J? ?Oijv lyc 1
Dual evTTifiev rirov yrriv iBifitv erov krtiv
Plur. effrrifiev rire ritrav iOs/iEv ere ttrav
av
Subijunctive*
Sing. ffTM OTfC trry SrS ^yg Srj
Dual (TT&ntv ffriJTOV ffTrJTOV Sr&fisv SriJTOV drjrov
Plur. ardjiev trri^Tt (XT&at ^S^iuv ^rJTf. B&tn
Optative*
Srelriv tic 9
^eiriiiiv riTov firriv
Srtirinev tire, fitrav
ldii}v uc ^
iSofitv orov ortiv
idoji€v ore oeav
itafiev
Swjtev
S&rov l&rov
Zoiriv ric <f
$oiriiiev ijrov rirriv
ioirinev ijre titrav
Sing, ffrairiv ijf ri
Dual trrairinev firov rirtiv
Plur. <rraitjjiev tire riaav
ffraiev
Imperative, Infinitive. Participle.
Sing. (TrfiBi no ^sc fia idg na orrivai arac (traoa tjrav
Dual ffrrirev nav ^krov riav S6rov rwv SreXvai ^eig ^tiffa ^kv
Plur. ffrjjre rsacav ^ere natrav Sore naaav dovvat Sove dovtra B6v
OBSERVATIONS.
1. The perfect, pluperfect, future and first aorist, are conjugated regularly ;
but the irregular first aorist in Ka occurs only in the indicatiye mood.
2. Of the root (rra a perfect and pluperfect are formed by e being prefixed ; perf*
dual 2<rrarov, plur. etrrafiev, Harare, iffraai ; plup. dual kcrrdrriv, plur. ttrraaav;
sub. iffrSi ; opt. itrrairiv ; imperat. liaraBi j inf. hrdvai ; part, kfrraug, etrrtttc.
3. Several persons in the active conjugation of these verbs are formed with
mood- vowels : riOku, riBhtc {riOetg), riOkei (rtOlt). Thus, itrrf, iidoX, &c., from
ifrrdei, StSoei; imperat. riBei, didov from riOee, BiBoe ; imperf. kriOow from irt-
Oeov, kdidovv from Uidoov.
4. 01 is dropped from ffrrjOi in compounds : vapdtrra, Airoffra,
5. Some verbs form only the second aorist according to this conjugation : e. g.
j3aiy(ii /(jro, root j3a, 2nd aor.^i|V; yiyvi»KTK<*>, rootyi^o, 2nd aor.^yvwj'; Svuf,
G
Digitized by
Google
42
THB CONJUGATION OF
idvv, inf. ivvai, part, dvc, Svaa, Bvv. In these q, iit, v, remain in all numbers,
i€ij<rav, iyvamav, idvffav,
6. Those which in the present and imperfect have taken w or vvv to the root
form the other tenses from the original root: idKvvm (root ^ctic)* imperf. tBeiK'
wv, fat. Sei^u, aor. 1. eStt^a, &c.
(/J) Pas^ve Conjugation.
1 . The vowels of the root, which are doubled in the active, re-
main short in the passive, except de and 1; which, in the perfect
and pluperfect, retain the syllable €i of the active : eha, el/iai, rcOct-
Ka, TeSeifiai,
2. The terminations of the passive are the same as in the com-
mon conjugation : er in the second person singular is not disturbed
by a mood-vowel, and not thrown out (tora/xat, loro^at), except in
the optative (lorae/iiyv, taraio), and in some forms, iarr&fjiriy, toraao^
larao, ttnta*
3. On account of this great regularity no full paradigm is re-
quired, only a list of the first persons.
Present.
Sut^uncHve.
Infinitive.
'ioraoQai riSeffBai
haOat
Indicative,
'hrafiai riOefiai
h/iai
Imperatioe.
Sidoffo ^dffo
h(TO
Imperfect.
IffrdftTjv kriOkfiriv
kStiofiriv kfjidfifjv
Future,
trraQriooiiai T€9ri<ro/iat So9fi<rofiat
(^ad^crofiat) (eOfi<roftai)
TsOriffofiai for ^tBtiftdyiai
Middlfi,
Future.
ffrriffofiai Bffiarofiai iioffofiat
(^fitrofiai) 1i<roftai
Perfect.
Harafiai rkQufiat
didoftai (iri^afiai)
elfiai
Optative.
Iffraifirjv riOeifiriv
didoifiTiv ^aifiriv
. Uififiv
Participle.
Iffrdfiivoc ri9£fAevoc
didofttvoe <l>dft£voe
Pluperfect,
effrdfitjv kTs9eifAtjv
kSidonriv (kwstpdfiijv)
Aoristl.
IfTTdBfiv MQriv lUBiiv
{k^dBfiv) bBhiv or cV'Oijv
MBriv for iBkBnv
Aorist 1*
ktTTfjtrdfirjv IBtjKdfiTiv l^(i>icafi}}v
(l0i}(ra/ii}i'} ^trdfiTiv
Digitized by
Google
THE CREEK VERB. 43
Second Aorist*
IndicativeB Sutjufwtive, Optatwe* ImpertUive,
iifiriv i&fiai Si}iai doifiiiv tifitiv d6<70 ttro
Infinitive. Participle.
ffratrOai detrBai ffrdntvog Sfkfuvoc
idffSai Mai ' SSftsvoe i^ftivog
OBSERVATIONS.
1. In the second person of the imperfect and imperative the <f is often thrown
out : SidotTo Sidov, rtdetro riSov, *ii7Ta(ro iVrw.
2. Some verbs, which follow this conjugation, occar only in the passive, and
several of them have a long vowel: Bvvafiai, dvvatyai, d^varai lean; Ktlfiai
Hie, imp. Utifiriv; SiJ^rjfiai, Sl^tiaOai I seek; olfiai I think.
3. The Attics form the moods of ri0«/«at, ufiai, diSofiai, also entirely after the
analogy of common verbs, with the accent thrown back and oi in the optative :
TiOmpiai TiOrjrai irp6<r9rirai irp6firai
riOoto riOoiro iripiBoivro vpooutQe
HStJtai ii9r6iSoivTp
Also the other verbs without mood-vowels follow, as far as regards the posi-
tion of the accent, this analogy: Siivajuu, Sifviaftai, dvvtirai, SdvaiTO, &c.
(E) OF SOME SMALL VERBS.
1. The radical sound c serves to express forms for the notions of
being, going, and moving. To denotfe this difference, the c must
originally have been connected with consonants which have been
thrown out Thus clvai compared with the German fcpn (to be),
and iivai with the Latin eo, and the German ^ti)Xi (to go), show
that a (T sound was associated with the former, and a guttural
sound with the latter^ which was changed from Fc into I. Together
with e another analogy had i ; and "no comp. with g{ (in the dialect
of Thuringia), for ge]() indicates a similar original formation.
2. The sound e is extended into ei, when the personal termina-
tion fit is added {elfil I am, eJfit I go, I move myself) \ and to ex-
Digitized by
Google
44 THE CONJUGATION OF
press the transitive action, the c is doubled and c prefixed (like ^e,
ridrffu) : trifjii I set in motion^ I send,
1. 'ElfiC I am.
This is the oldest verb, and therefore in all languages irregular.
In Greek it remained very defective, because it is not used, as in
other languages, to form tenses and persons, these being almost en-
tirely formed from the root
Paradigm.
Present,
Indicative^ SuiQunctive. Optative,
Sing, ct/ii Hq or cZ Icrrt S> yQ y c<<|v Ang eti}
Dual kftyLkv krrrov ivT^v &fi£v i^rov i^rov etiy/icv tlrjrov elririiv
Plur. ifffiiv iffrk dffi &fiev t^re «i)(rt titifiev ctijrc eitftrav
or
dfitv ^ elrov &c#
Imperative, Ir^finitiDe, Participle. Imperfect,
tirdi itrru ttvai wv oitra ov Sing; ^v i^g or rjtrOa ijoTfjv
tcTov iffTiav Dual ^fuv ^rov or ij<rrov ijrriv or ijtrri^v
ioTt iffTUffav Plur. ijiuv ire or i'^^rs ^<rav
Future,
Indicative' Optative, Infinitive, Participle.
iffOfAcu Itrg Itrfroi ktroipitjv itroio iffoiro iaerrOai ka6fuvog
kffrat
Note I, The a is put after the radical vowel in the forms lort, ivrSv, kc for
Ire, Mv ; just as in rtrikeafiai for rcrlXe/iai, ^KOv<r/tai for tJKoviiai : and ttrOc
from 101 is formed, as, i^a>, from Uta, Mta,
Note 2. Of the imperfect occurs also in the middle ^fii^v, and of the impera-
live iao,
2. El/ii I goy I move myself.
This verb is formed partly from the root €, and partly from i ;
and from the latter with a mood-vowel as well as without.
Present,
Ind, Sub, Opt, Imp, Inf, Part,
From c S. c7/u tig, el slci tta lyg lotiii loig loi i9i itu> ikvai liiiv iodca lov
&c. or toiifv, loiTig &c.
From t J 5- !'*«»' r«^ J'-^*' Wt
( P. tfAtv irc iaffi
Pluperfect.
From ii, yiiv {ij'ia, ya), ytig, yti, ysifitv, yttre, yuaav.
Passive,
Pres. te/tat, U<rai, Imperf. ^Ifiijv, Utjo,
Digitized by
Google
THE OREBK VERB«
45
Noie 1. 'lafft is formed from Ivrai; whence also I<ri {Theogn. 636); Uvai
from e, with i prefixed: as in tcfiai, %, 'Ufiai. Of the imperative I9t the form cl
occurs in compounds : vapet, irp6(ni.
Note 2. The signification of this verh is, to set oneself in motion, to he about
to go, therefore the present is used to express also the future ; and the pluper-
fect / had set myself in motUm means / went,
3, "Irifii I send.
This verb is inflected like HSrifu-
Pres. *irifii, iiff — Ikaai, iaoi Ui, lyg ulriv *U9i and ict from Ve let;*
or leioi
Imp. iifv and Uov, Mifv, and compounded k^iovv, A^iovv, and ^^iovv,
Perf. eUa, Plup. tUtiv, Put. ijou, Aor. 1. fJKa,
Aor. 2. (not used in the singular) tftiv or cT/xcv, en circ. ccrav or clirav. w.
iti|v, cii7C - iitjfiev, elfiiv - clev. eg, tru, elvai, tig.
Passive.
Pres. if/iac. Imperf. Ufiifv. Perf. slftau Plup. ct/tijv. Aor. 1. IeOjiv, uOmv,
Middle,
KoT I, riKaftriv, Aor. 2, S/ii^v, Cifiifv. Sub, wfiau Opt. cc/iiiv. Imper.ou.
Inf. iV^au Part, tftevog.
Note. Of the aspirated root i other forms have been made besides 'irjpii, as,
tloa I set, tlffdfiTiv I set myself. In this sigpufication, especially the perfect
ifiai I have set myself, I sit, occurs.
4. 'H/iai / sit.
Pres. ifiai, i^at, ircu, rjffrai - ijvrai. Inf. ioBai, Imperat. rjffo, riffOia.
Imperf. Hfkfiv, ^cro, riro, iffro, nvro.
Note 1. In compounds the accent is thrown back, and the moods are formed
as in verbs with a mood-vowel : KdOrifiai, KdOutfiai, KaOoifitiv, koBov,
Note 2. With the addition of vwfii, Hvwiii, it signifies I clothe, and is then
in prose always compounded with Ivl and dft^i: e. g. Afi^uaio, ^fi^Uffa, rjn-
^Uofiai, toai, eorai, dfA^uaaoOai,
5, ^rifil I say,
Pres, ^rifii, ^fiQ (not <l>yg'), ^fjffi, ^dfiev ' ^aoi, ^&,^yg, ^Qat, ^airiv rig,
Imperat. ^aOi, ^r<tf, rwirav. Inf. ^dyat. Vsri, fag.
Imperf. iffiv, ifiig and tfnoBa, ifnoav. Put. fii<ria - ovtru Aor. 1. tfrioa.
Middle,
Aor. 2. Ifdfiriv, ifavTO.
Passive,
Perf. Imperat. ire0a<r0a;. Part, irifairnivog.
Digitized by
Google
46 THE CONJUGATION OF
Nott, The imperfect l^qv has the signification of the aorist, and where the
infinitive of the aorist is required, ^dvcu is used in the same signification. In
connection with ^ iy&, ^ 5c {he), it is used without ^ : ^v ^ lyw said /, ^ ^ 5c
saidhe.
6. Eil^ctf I see, oUa I have seen, I know, ^luv I knew*
The forms of this verb are made from til, oil, and the shor-
tened tl,
Ind. Sub. Opt, Imp. Inf. Part.
Perfj olia oloBa ol^t eiS& ^q ta<ri ddtiriv l<r9t elSkvcu ddiaQ
IfffltV IffTOV IffTOV
liTfiev Itrre Itrafji
Plup. Sing, ^^ctv Attic ytri from ytia
yStig ydeiffOa yStidOa
ySti ydsLV ySrj
Plur. ydiiiuv yfffiev
yStiTt yffre
ySiffav jffav
Note, The forms lafiiv, larov, itrre and IvBi, may he derived from the root
li and to*. For as ydufttv is changed into ySfiev, and thus into jffftiv, and tfSe'
oav into ^d<rav i^cav, so th^ <t in the ahove-mentioned forms may have been d.
On the other hand the drd pers. plur. laatn, and the Homeric and Doric forms
Iffav and Itrafii point to the root kt.
THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
A verb becomes irregular when the root is altered by the addi-
tion of other letters, either vowels or consonants ; by the transpo-
sition of the original letters ; or by exchanging any of the original
letters for others. The consequence of this is, that some tenses
are formed from the original root, and others from the altered root
or roots. To make this clear, all the roots from which the tenses
have been formed will be put after the present tense of each verb in
the list of the irregular verbs. The defective verbs are generally
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB. 47
classed with the irre^lar verbs though they do not belong to them.
The forms of their present tense are obsolete, but their other tenses
are arranged under the present tense of a different verb of the same
signification, as if it were the root. Thus the future of ifyxpfuny
iKevffofjuuy is not formed from epx* but from the obsolete verb eXev*
6<o ; and the aor. 2. of aipiw, tlXoy from the obsolete IXw.
Several verbs in aia and eia^ which had the JEolic digamma F (oFoiy
tfu) have retained the v, which was formed from it, in the fut. and
aor. 1, though it has been entirely dropped in the present: Kcua
(ra/oi) I bum, ravo'ca, cjcaiMra, kKjom (jc\alia) I weep^ KKavaia ; ')(pdta I
scratch^ xp^^^^* irXifa I sailg grXevao/uu, eirXafca ; pi^a I flow f ^ev*
trofitUf efipevffa'f ^ia I run, devaofiatl xiia //M>ttr, ^etrffo/xeu; irvcw
/ breathe^ tryevaofituy ewyBvadrp^, In those in cw this v remains-
alone when the syllable is shortened ; iccxv/iai, exv^iyv. Thus cicXv-
driv, rXvroc renowned, may be derived from icXiial celebrate.
For the more convenient formation of some tenses e is often
added to the roots of verbs of all kinds : aiia I blow^ from the root
a, oc, fut. a(i(Tia; evp, evps, fut. cvp^erm. I shall find \ diXna I will,
^eXsy fut. diXifw ; rvirrw, rvirrf, nwrr^w ; fiaxofuu I fight^ fxaxe^
fjMxhifOfiai', o^AXoi / owe, dfeXtt 6<t>e\nff(o ; o(w I smelly oCe» oZiiffia ;
«iXO/iat / depart, oix^, oix^aofiai ; rcvxw, rvx^, Ttrvyjiiica ; ypcu^f
ypa^e, yeypa^Kwe; x^^P^ ^ rejoice, x^^» x^-H^^^*^' avalrofiai I re-
fuse, 6.vaiv£9 av^vrfyrcu; especially in liquids: furta, fuvtf fAEfUvriKaf
vifua, vevifiriKa ; fipifJiu, fisfipifiTiKa, &c.
2 is frequently inserted before ^y which closes the root, and con-
tracted into ^: ^3, il>pa(rd, <t^aita; K\vd (in 6 Kkv^ar the billow)
kXv^w I wash; <rxt^9 <rx^iia I cleave; and in several hundred other
verbs in i^ia : dy/^ai / consecrate, kyvii^ia I purify, iLy<ovlZ<o I con^
tend, kBpoll^ia I collect, aifiarlib) I make bloody. Also Z is added to
the root8 ending in a vowel : <nrdto I draw, a(nrai(o I draw to myself,
I embrace ; /3ta«, jSia^w I force ; arrepiw, arepli^ia (c changed into i)
I bereave ; dvOcai I bloom ; avBl^ia I cause to bloom ; itpfidw, hpiii^ta,
I fit ; fipi, lipi(ia I sleep ; kw, KvvZia, I scrape. All these have a t
sound in their root, and are conjugated accordingly. (See Prelimi-
nary Remarks, 3, 8, 1 1 ; and Formation of Mute Verbs, prel. rem. 1.
perf. Ka, fffiai ; fut. (ria, aBr\aoiiai \ aor. aa, trOriy.)
Digitized by
Google
48 THE CONJUGATION OF
But Z is also added in the root to y and x^ which are then drop-
ped : &Kay (in iiKayri a point) aKa^ta I sharpen ; Kpay (in Kpavyii a
cry) Kpa^io I cry ; hfnray (in dprroy^ robbery) apwal^ta I rob (this
verb forms its tenses from two different roots hpiray and hpwad) ;
OT£yax (in tnovayii a sigh), arreval^w I sigh] Kpiy (perf. KEKpiya), Kpi-
(fa I creak] olfiiay (in olfjiwyri lamentation) y olfib>(ia I lament] oKo-
\vy (in oXoXvy^ a shouting), oXoXvl^ta I shout ] trray (in erraywv a
drop)y araiw I dropy I trickle. All these form their tenses, except
the pres. and imperf., from their original roots regularly.
Note. Some verbs ending in Z<*> have in the future ^w, although their roots
have no k sound : as, Ivapi^a;, fut. kvapi^oi ; rroXtfiil^fo, TroXc/ti^oi ; lyy voXt^oi,
kyyvaXi^bi. These are probably Dorisms.
• T is added in the root to p sounds : jcXett (in KXiwog theft), /cXeTn-w
I steal ] jcttTT (in Kawri a manger) Kaima I devour ; tvtt (in rwoc a
stamp or coin), rvwru I strike ; /caXu/J (in KoXv^rf a hut), KaX\nma
I cover ] pXaP (in flXa/iri injury), pXaima I injure ] rptj3 (in ^iarpi/3^
occupation), TpLima I rub ] a0 (in A^^ the touching), Awrat I join, I
fasten ; 3a0 (in ra^oc a grave), BawTu I bury ] patp (in patpij a seam)*
pairT(o I sow. The tenses of such verbs are formed from the origi-
nal root : fut.KX£\pw,KaXv\pat,&\pw] aor. 2, e/JXajSov, cra^ov ; fut. 2,
pass, ra^^aro/xat.
Ser or tt are added in the root to k sounds in many, to t sounds
and to the vowels of pure verbs in a few. The k and t sounds are
dropped before va or rr: eXik, iXlararia or kXirrw I coil] icripvK, ici|-
pv(T(T(a or KripvTTw I proclaim ] t^piK, <ppicrcr(o I feel terror ] wpay, wpatr'
arw I do] aXXay, aXXafforw I exchange ] irXriy, wXriarcrfo I strike ] /xfXix»
fjieXlffaw I sweeten ] rapax, ropaerero) I disturb ] opvXi opvaaw I dig]
XtT, Xiffffofiai I entreat ] KopvO, Kopvoraw I raise, I excite ] TrXar,
TrXaoradt I form ] Xev, Xevaaw I look ] a<^v, a^vererw / drain. These
are conjugated according to their original roots.
2/c enters into a considerable number of roots, especially of pure
verbs : yripaw, yijpaaKw I grow old ; iXaaKOfxai I propitiate (tXaoc) ;
aXvui, oXvaKw I wander ] didax* ^iMctku I teach (if the final conso-
nant of the root cannot be united with those that are added, it is
thrown out) ; arepitoy orepltrKfo I bereave ; tvp, ivpe, evpifficta I find.
Digitized by
Google
"THE GREEK VERB. 49
In this case o is changed into oi, a into 17; fiKo, (yXucrKb) I comeforth^
yyOf ytypb)(TKw, I know. These form their tenses, except pres.
and imperf. from their original roots.
1 shall premise a few observations on some Ionic and epic forms
for the sake of elucidating those which are contained in the list of
the irregular verbs, and of avoiding unnecessary repetitions in that
list.
1 . The reduplication frequently takes place in all the moods of
the fut. and the aor. 2: KEKa^tret (Od. ^, 153); hU^fiai, jcexoXuf-
ffOfJLatf K€K\ii(n^ {II , yy 138); ^rc^^o'cai (//. v, 829); ^i^w(yw, hi^ajoy
ida)f KCKafua^ KtKapMort (11. a, 168). An additional augment is
found in the indicative mood of a few verbs before this reduplica-
tion : eKeKXojjLrjv (cicciccXo/iYyy), iire^vov (k'jri<^vov)*
2. E is repeated before a long e and ri ; ccX^o/xat, UXwolfiriVf eip-
yc«(//. /3, 617) ; ciyjcc (J/, a, 48); and it is extended into « before
vowels and semi-vowels, and in the reduplication before ^ : ctX^-
XovOa, eloiKvIa {IL c, 418) ; hihicr {II. t, 224) ; hiUxarai {Od. ri,
72); &/5ca (//. ic, 93).
3. Short vowels are entirely thrown away : pvetrdat for ipveadaiy
i^vli^tTi for eidvlrieri {II. try 380) ; "iZfitv for oi^afieyy ciXiyXou^/xcv for
elXriXovOafieVf s'jrXero for eiriXerOy KiKXero for iccfceXero, tTrraTO for kvi''
raro.
4. The augment is left out wherever the measure of the verse, or
regard either to rythm or to euphony of form requires the omission
of it. But it is found in the reduplication of some verbs : ijp<ip€y
4icax£, &popev ; and in the root, as well as in the reduplication in the
plup. ^X^Xaro (from eXa) {IL £, 400) ; r}p4p«, ripiipEioro.
6. In the singular number and the 3rd pers. plur. of the imperf.
aor. 1 and 2, (tk is frequently added to the tense-root, and before
(TK there appears as mood-vowel, in the imperf. and aor. 2, c ; in the
aor. 1, a; but in the conjugation without mood-vowels only the
vowel of the root : rvm-EaKovy ecKecy cw€ ; rwrecrKdfiriyy ^pi^aaicoy,
^vyterKEy rlSeaKoyy arcLOKoyy l6aKoyy IdKwvKov. The a of the aor. is
pat before aic in the imperf. instead of e in KpinrravKey piTrratrKoy,
II
Digitized by
Google
50 THE CONJUGATION OF
lia^piirravKov. The only example of a 2nd pers. plur. is e^affKsff
{Od. X9 35). The aug^ment with this form is very rare.
6. In the 3rd pers. plur. of the pass, the v in oivro (optative)^
ovTo (imperf.), evrai, ovrai, evto, ovto (pres. and imperf. of the con-
jugation without mood- vowels) is sometimes changed into a; rw-s
rolaro for rwrroivTo, riBiaTai for TiBeyraif kdi^6ar6 for kli^ovro ; the o
in OVTO is also changed into c, kjjovkiaro for k^ovKovro. It has been
mentioned that also in the drd pers. plur. of the perf. and plup.
pass, the v is changed into a, and the tenuis into an aspirate i re-
Tv<l»aTaif ereTaxarOp IffTaXarai. In those, the roots of which end in
^ (or () which letter is changed into a before r {epripeiarrai for ipjipei^'
rai) the ^ is retained, when the v is changed into a • epfipi^arai (the
reduplication shortens ce), IffKeva^arai (^jc£vaf«), Kex'^p^^fxrai (x«-
pi^iii). Even in pure verbs this change takes place, and iy is fre-
quently shortened into € : xcTroriyarot {wore), oiKearai for ^KifyrcUf
ETeTifiiaTO for herifjirivTOy KexoXwaro for jce^^dXaivro, KexXiarai for icc-
KXirrai
7. The 2nd pers. sing, of the subj. and optat. sometimes ends in
crda instead of g : eOiXyerOa for eOiXyg, KKaioitrQa for KKaioiQ ; and
the 3rd pers. sing, of the subj. in <ri or (tlv, rvirTymv for rwrryt
itrrycn for torjf, ^^eri for 3^. The syllable er^a is also added to the
indicative in the conjugation without mood-vowels : ridriaQa,
8. £o in the imperf. and imperat. is sometimes contracted into
cv : eTwrreVf rwrrev. In the Homeric dialect o is frequently
changed into v : &XkvBis (aXXo) //. \, 486 ; riyXvycroc (nyX<J) //. t
143 ; likewise ifxev, aev, for £/ieo, trio,
9. The subjunctive frequently loses its doubled mood-vowels,
and takes those of the indicative : *iofuv, let us go, eyelpofup for cye/-
pwfjL£v {IL /3, 440) ; ifuiperai for IfieipriTai {Od. a, 41).
10. The plup. has the old form ea added to the root, and thus
ends in the sing, in ea, cac, eey: ava»yea (Od. i, 44) ; weTrolOea
iOd. ^, 181) ; iTeBweai: {Od. w, 90) ; ^hey (//. (r, 404).
11. The fut. 2 in ew is not contracted : rv?rew, iiyyeXiw. The
subjunctive of the aor. pass, is frequently resolved : rv^eia^ -nmim^
and even the £ extended into £( ; Tvireiw,
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB. 51
13. The termination of the infinitive is frequently fiev, /xevac, in-
stead of lyf vai : •nnrr»£-fuv nnrrifiev, rvTrr-e-fJieyai rvTirc/ievai, for
Timrety I rtTvi^iiuv^ rerw^fieyai for rcrv^cvot ; rSifiiv for rtOevcu,
iffrdfuvai for iaravcu ; de/iev for deivai ; ^d/uevai for ^ovvat. The
short vowel is also doubled : rSiiiitvau
13. The (T of the fut. and aor. 1 is often doubled: rtkiaata for
rcXctf'fiii; €K6fiiaffe for |jc($p(rc ; SajACLfftya for ^a/id<rai ; tppaaffofuu,
14. The semi-vowels are frequently doubled to strengthen the
syllable : €XXa/3e, IXXccitok, efifxope, ivvtirty kppvaaro, tatreva.
15. In the perf. of pure verbs k is often thrown out, and thfe
short vowels of the root sometimes retained : /3c/3acwri for ^fMiKaaif
rerXffutCf rcrXawc; the 1st and 2nd pers. dual and plur., and the
infinitive of the perf. are again shortened : rtrXaftev, rcVXarov, rc-
rXttFot ; but the 3rd pers. plur. and the participle contracted : rc-
rXfiffi, j3£/3<ic. /3£/3di(Ta, /Sc^S^&c. for jSe/Sa^c, /3€/3avia, jSc/kdc. The
termination aiiic is also changed into ewQ : re9vefa»c*
16. Sometimes the mutes undergo no change before /x as in the
common dialect : e^/xev for *i(rfuyj KeKopvdfiiyoe (root Kopvd) for Keico-
pvarftiyog, elKfiXovdfuy, kiriinBiuv for iTrewoiOeifiey (//. i3, 34!, g, 159,
^55); ^icax/bceVo^poin^ecf (root ajc), with the reduplication, but with-
out an augment: &Ka\*fjLiyoQ (ot luniyfuyos.
17. The 2nd pers. sing. pres. and imperf. pass, cm, eo, are not
contracted; we therefore find in the verbs in eia another e before
those terminations. This £ remains in the Ionic prose: ^iXceae,
ciracvecai ; but the epic poets sometimes contract the two ee into eii
fAvBtiai for fivBieax ; before cai c is frequently and before eo always
elided by them : vwXiai (Od. d, 81 1) ; ^e^cai, alrco, c^iyyeo.
18. In pure verbs in aw the a is often changed into e ; 6piw for
opoM^ 0oircovrcc for ^ocrdovrec : in the same way the a of the root of
the conjugation without mood- vowels before a vowel: iaricun for
laraaffif cont* itrrdffif ioriarai for iaraaraij iffrayrai. The letters
aw are generally contracted into &; but poets frequently extend the
contracted syllable again by adding another vowel of the same
sound as that into which the two have been contracted : e.g. opaeiy.
Digitized by
Google
52 THE CONJUGATION OF
COnt. opfvy extended opai^v ; aor^aXaec, COnt. ^flr^oX^f, ext. o^aXa^^
ayopaffQty ayopaatrSt ; opaia, cont. opwy ext. 6p6w ; &Xaov (imperat.
pass.) cont. aXcii, ext. iiXdw ; (haovai^ cont. (hwai, ext. fioewat ;
alriaoiroy cont. aiTifTo, ext. atrti^^ro. The o is also placed after
the contracted vowel : fifiwovre for iffiwvTey yeXwovreg and yeXooiirecy
yeXcDyrec Verbs in oio take o before the contracted syllable, but
then ov and oi are changed into w and ^ : kp^vmy cont. opoveri, epic
Lpobtai ; Zr\i6ovTOy ^rjiovvTOy ZriiotavrOy ^ri'idouVy ^rjioiev^ driiot^ey.
19. The infinitive of the pure verbs ends also in vaiy fievai, in-
stead of IV, <l>ope-e-vai, <l>i\£-€^fievai, yoa-e-fievai ; but ee and ae are
contracted into iy : ^opiivai, ^iXiiiuvai, yo^/uvac, for i^Eptivy ^iXeIv,
yof^v. In ap6fifjLeyai for dpovv the syllable is made long by the in-
sertion of ft.
20. The subjunctive mood in the conjugation without mood-
vowels, TiOiiDf ifrraw, h^dut, cont. riBQ, iar&y hihto, takes the vowel of
the root before the termination ; but a is changed into c (as 17)>
and o is doubled (ai) : nOiuty riBiyg, rtOecii/xai, ^iw, ^iiafiaiy ItneWf
aritay ^wtoy ^wyg* The epic poets extend £ into ei before la ; deiw,
^c/w/iEv, flTctw ; before iy the c is always extended into iy in those
which have a in the root ; but in those which have e in the root, it
is sometimes extended into 17, sometimes into cc. 2riD, trr^c, frryy
become (rrelw, trHiycy (triiT^ ; 3"a», -^c, 3"p, either de/bi, ^ei^^y ^ei^y or
'^^Cy d^^* In this extended form of the subjunctive the proper
mood-vowels are often shortened : delofiev, ortiofiEVy tniieroy.
21. The 2nd pers. sing, of the aor. 1, imperat. middle has geo in-
stead of (rat in ^vvtoy Xi^Oy opvEO, optrev.
22. In the 1st pers. dual and plur. pass, the poets insert a before
3"ov and &a : TvirrdfiEoBoy, rvirrdfutrBa,
23. When a of the preposition cara is dropped, r is changed into
the consonant which follows, either mute or liquid : KaKKdovres,
Ko^fioKEyy jcoXXccVoi, KoppiJ^ovtra.
LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
1 « "Aya/icu, I admire y wonder at^ (aya),
pres. ayafAM, epic AyaofAaif Ayaiofiai ; fat. Ayatrofiai ; aor. dyaxrOiiv,
Digitized by
Google
TUE GREEK VERB. 53
2. *Ayeipia, I assemble, (ayep. ayccp, ay£pc> ayopa).
pies, ayeipia, ayeipiro ; aoi. 2, ciykpovTOy Ayepofuvoi (cont,ayp6fuvoi), dysp-
9ri; plup, dyriykpaT with the reduplication (iZ. v. 13); iiyepUvBcu (72. c, 127).
3. "Ayioi/ii, / breaky (ay, ayw).
pres. dywfii ; perf. laya, with a passive signification, /am broken ; fut. a^a>;
aor. ia^a {Horn, i/^a) ; aor. pass, idytfv, with the syllabic aug^nent.
4. "Ayw, / Zeoc?, (ay, aye, ayay).
pres. oyw ; perf. rjxa (ay) ^yiKCt, dyriysKa (aye) ; aor. riyayov, ^yayofifiv
(ayay) ; perf. pass, rjyitcu,
5. "A^fti, I satiate, (a^, o^e, a).
dd^if corcc> dddri<y£uv, (^OtL a, 134); dffttv, curau afievai.
6. ^Azlp^y I lift up, (aep, aop, occp, acp).
pres. deipm, dtipdfuvog, diipSiuvog, djupro, dipdii, dpofitiv, dpoi/ifiv, liparo.
7. Atpiof, I take, (aipe, eX).
pres. alplw ; perf. aipriKa ; aor. 'npkOriv, tlXov, ciXo/i^v.
8. Aiadayofiaiy I perceive, (aiorO, acorOe, aitrday),
pres. aiff^avo/ioi; perf. y<r9riiiat; fut. aitrOriironai (^cuffBe); aor. yvOofiriv
9. 'AXcfw, I ward off y [oKzk, oXcf, aXe(e).
pres. <iXI|a) ; fut. aXcC^tro) (aXcfc) ; aor. aXs^airOat (oXcic)*
10* * AXitTKOfxaiy I am taken, (aX, aXe, oXo, aXc^ic).
pres. dXiaKOfiai ; perf. toXofca (^aXo) I have been taken ; fut. oKiaaofLai ; aor.
koKiav or 4Xa>v, I was taken (caXa>v from oXo, like IX£(^0i|v, from X<i^0c) ; subj.
dXa>; opt. dXolifv ; inf. oXcSvac; part. oKovq*
1 1 . "AXXofuu, I jump.
Homer shortens the aor., and changes the spiritus asper into a lenis, 3X<ro, Sk'
to; subj. oXf^rai and Skeraif k^dX/uvog, ivdKfifvoc,
12. *Afiapravuf, I err, (afiapr, aficLpre, afiaprav).
pres. d/AopTdvia ; perf. rifidprriKa ; fUt. d/iaprfiffofiM ; aor. 2, ^fiaprov {Ho-
mer fifitpoTov),
13. 'AvMvia, I please, (a^, 17^, av^av).
pres. dv^dvta ; imperf. fv^avov, idvSavov, kfivSavov ; fht. a^^^oi ; aor. &Sov
(for Ka^ov) ; perf. Hada ; aor. rfadfifiv. Homer forms aor. 2. tioaSov*
14. *Avdiia, I bloom, I blossom, (aved, ayde).
perf., with the reduplication dvfivoOa, and without it livoOa (77. P,219), iw
iv^voOa, compounded with lire and cv (over and on) ; fut. tftvO^froi.
Digitized by
Google
54 THE CONJUGATION OF
15. 'Avctfyoi, / cwnmandy (avofy, ai/aiye)«
pres« dv&yta {II, o,i3) ; imperf.'^voiyoy and rivutyeov; imperat. &vwykrta(Od,
/9» 195), and without mood*vowel: avci>x0i (for AvtayOt), Xd extends even to
the other persons : ivbtx^^ (for avvtyrta) II* \, 189 ; perf. avwya, always with-
out augment ; plup. iviHyyetv, Ionic ^ydyia.
16. 'AvatftlffKio^ I delude, (a^, a^e, with the reduplication awouf).
aor* ^7ra^ov(Od, |, 488) ; subj. aird^ta; fut. dTraptifrw, airaipoiiifiv,
17. *AprifiivoQ {apt), laden, oppressedy {11. <r, 435).
18. "Apofy I^t^ {op, cLpe, apap€f opapitTK).
pres. &papi<rK(a ; fut. dptrot and dphrraofiou. ; aor» 1 > ^p<ra and itpiffai ; aor. 2,
ijpapov ; perf. dpripa ; part, dpapvia, dpOtv for dpBfftrav,
19. Av^avbjy / increase 9 («cy> cont. ay, aej, avy, av?, av£av).
pres. dl((i>, av^ii), al^dvia; fuU aif^rfffcj, ai^rftrofiai; ^ped, tiv^rffiai (av^f);
aor. ac^a, de^afii|v {Horn,) {asK), tiif^rjOfjv (av^f).
20. "Axo/xai, / q^ici myself, / grieve, (ax, a^c, axev, afcax*
ai:ax€).
pres. dxo/iai ; part, dxfvatp, dx^^v ; fut. aKaxriffio ; perf. dKdxijfJUU, also a^-
w, and ax0 : axw/iai, dxvvfievog, dxOofiat, Tix06p.rjv,
21. Ba/vw, J^ro, (/3e, /3a, /3i/3a, /3aiv).
pres. /3a£va); perf. /3£/3f}Ka ; fut. /3^o'ci> I will cause to go ; l3ri<rofiai IwiUgo;
aor. £§i|<ra / have cattsed to go ; itriv I went. Homer forms also from pa<rK
pd<rKiei{ILfi,S),
22. BaXXw, / throw, (jScX, fia\ pXe, /3Xa, fioXe, /3aW, jSaWe).
pres. pdKkia ; perf. petXtiKa, fietoXfj/Aai, Horn, 03oXc) ; fut. j3aXX4(rw, j3aX(3 ;
aor. li^oXov, liSX^Oify ; opt. pXeifitiv, /3Xcto Horn. (jSXc).
23. BifipwtTKia, I eat, {fipoy fiifipo, (iifiputrK),
pres. pi^puKTKta ; fut. ppdnrw ; aor, i€putv,
24. BXa^avoi, / sprout, (/JXaor, (iXatrre, (Skaarav),
pres. /3Xa<rravii» ; fut. /SXairr^o'a) ; aor. I^aoror.
25. BovXo/iai, / toiZZ, (/3oX, /3ot;X, /3ot;Xe).
pres. povXoficu ; fut. PovXriooficu ; perf. petovXiifuu {Horn, frpoiiiovXa, II,
a, 113, toprtfer), ktovX^Otiv, l€oX6fitiv {Od, a, 234).
26. Tafiiof, I marry, {yap, ya/ie).
pres. yafitbi ; aor. 1 iyfi/ia, yimaudaxi yafikuv, yafutvOcu, ytydfiriKa,
27. Tiyutytipy to cry out, {ytay, yiave),
imperf. iytyutvtov and lyiyitvivv {Od, p, 161), also ykyiavi*
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB. 55
28. Fridelpy to rejoice^ (ya, yijdf).
impertiy^Oeovj fut. ynBritna (yalwv, 11. o, 405); perf. ykyti^a.
29. TiyvofjuUf I become^ (yc, ya, ycy, ycycv, yeyy, ycyvt ycve).
pres. yiyvofUH ; perf. ykyana. poet, (ya) y^yova, (yey) ytylvijfiai ; fut. yi-
vfl^ffofiai ; aor. iycv^Oi^v (y£ve), kytv6firiv (ytv). Homer extends c into cc»
ysivSiuOa {II, x» 477).
30. TiyvutfTKiai I know, (yvo, yiyvo, yiyvwcric).
pre«. ytyv&oKia ; perf. tyvttKa, iyvtatrftcu ; fut. yviavo/uu ; aor, lyvmv, tyviag,
tyviaoav ; imperat. yvaiOt ; inf. yi/(Si/ac ; part, yvov; .
31. Aa^vac, to know^ (aor. 2, pass.) (^a, ^c^a, ^i^ax» ^1^00*1:, ^e).
aor. 2, act. ^I^aoy ; middle, deddirOai, dedaatrOai, to teach oneself, to team ;
aor.2,pass. I^(ii}v, I have been taught, I know\ Saiiw, Sarivat ; fni, daiiirofiai ;
^TT.dMriKa, dsdidaxOai (iZ, X, 831), SiddtrKio.
32. Aai^wy I dissever y distribute^ divide^ (^aiic, ^ai, Sa, ^arc).
pres. Sdt^kt ; fut. ^at^oi ; perf. deSatyfuu, dalo/ixu* I divide, UStufiai, Savai'
Ittiv, Sa<r<rdfi6V0Q, Sarkoiiai (II, yj/, 121).
33. Aa/«, / set on fire, (8a, Sa*).
pres. daiojiai, Ibum, dcua/iai, ddriTai ; ^ot»2,lda6fitiv\ perf. ^e^qa; plup.
34. Aaici'w, / bite, (8aic, 8ijk, 8aicv).
pres. idievu; perf. ^I^iixa; fut. ^^lo/iai; aor. Uaxov,
35. Aafidw, I subdue, (j^ajx, ^afie, 8a/xa, 8a/iv, ^afiva, ^fxa).
^res. dafidu), dafivdut, ddfivijfii, ddfivofiai; pertSsdpifiKa, dkdfitifiai; aor. 1>
pass. iSfi-ffOtiv (II, 1, 158) and Safid<y9fiv; aor. 2, iddftriy; aor. l,act. kSdfuura,
middle sBafta<rdiJ,riv»
36. Aapddvui, I sleep, (Bapd, ^apde, ^apdavy ^pad).
pres. dapBdvut ; perf. dtddp9fiKa ; fut. dapOri^oftai ; aor. UapQov (poet. I^pa-
Oov). kSdpOfiv, dapOeiiC*
37. AelKvvfit, I shoWy and li'^^ofiaiy I receive, (Iik, hiK, ^euci'v,
^eiKava (//. 0, 86), ^ec^cjc, redupl. ^et^teric).
perf. deidtyfiai, SeidtKT (II, i, 224), ^etikxarat (Od, ij, 72), StidiffKo/itvoc, ^f-
jurcoftcvo;. The sig^i^ation of this verb is to struck out the hand, to point
out with an outstretched hand. From MdtKTo the root Ssk, Stx» is taken with
the signification of take, reteive, dsxofiai, BeKofiai, H^o, Skicro, without the aug""
ment. Prom the same root doKiv and doKt are formed: SoKiina, Hie in ivait/or,
itSoKtifihog (n, 0, 730).
Digitized by
Google
56 THE CONJUGATION OF
38. Aifiia, I build, (^f/i, ^eifiy ^/le).
pres. Hfiio, Stinw ; perf. SkdfitiKa ; aor. c^f tfta, ISeifiAjiriv,
39. Aeu, I bind, {h, ^ih).
of is all Tegrular; imperf. SiSriv (II. X, 105).
40. Al^atTKu, I teach, (^a)(, ^c^a^, ^i^ay(<rK, ^i^atrK^ di^atrKe).
pres. diSaffKw ; perf. dtdidaxa i fut. didd^ut, iiSdKofiai ; aor. IdiSci^a, SiSatT'
Ktiffa (Hesiod),
41. Ai^pa(TKw, I runaway, (Bpa, ^i^pa, ^i^patTK)*
tiipaoKio ', perf. SkdpaKa; fut. Spatrofiai ; aor, iSpav ; imp. SpaOi ', inf. ^pa-
vai ; part. ^pa^.
42. Alw, I am afraid, I flee, I inspire fear, pass, ^/o/iai, I frigh-
ten away J (di, he, ^ci, 5ci^).
fut. ^eiira> ; aor. 1, tSetaa {tSdeura) ; perf. dkdoiKa (like XeXoiira), deiSotica,
dkSia {St) (plur. SkSifiev, Skdin), SiiSia, dUvrai, dUaOai (from ^if without
mood- vowel), duavrai {II. p, 110), dirirai (H. %, 189, 456) frighten away.
43. AoaeraerOat, ^0 appear y (Zoo).
pres. doanai, SSarat {Od. K, 242), doatradfiiiv, Sooffffaro, Sodtrffirai for ^oa<r-
<ri|rai(/?.if', 339).
44. 'Eyeipiitf'Iwakey (eycp, €yctp, cypjcypO*
pres. kyiiput : perf. lypriyopa (from eycp, fiyopa, with the Attic reduplication
of the root, cyp ; kypiiyopa therefore stands for kynyopa like Slktikoo), and ly^-
ytpKa ; aor. rjypdjJLtiv (eyp), €yp£, with ffir, kypri<r<rta lam atodke.
45. "E^w, Jca^, (ca, tli, toQt)*
pres. 1^0) and k(f9i(a ; perf. lSridoKa,ldijS£Ka, ktritirrfiai', aor. iJ^sffOiir, Horn.
iSffSwCf kSrjSoTai, iffOio, rjaOov.
46. EtXv/icvoff, involved^ wrapt up, {e\, eXv, eiXv, eiXe).
Alt. itXiftrto {n. f, 319) / wUl cover up ; pert Eikvfiai and IcX/mc ; imperf.
eiXiov {Od. Xf 460), ctXcvvro; aor. 1, Inf. ektrai, kkXtrai; part. IXiraf $ aor. 2,
loXff and aXi| (iZ. v, 278. c, 823), (from tX changed into aX, like trriK
araX). ,
47. Elireiv, to say, {eir, etnr, or, iwr).
aor. 2, cZirov ; aor. 1, cZira ; pres. Ivliroc/ii, evvtTTi ; imperf. Iwtirov {v dou-
bled), laviTi; aor. 2, iviairtlv ; imperf. evivirov, fut. kvurvtitrbt (Od. e, 98),
and ivly^iaUwr) (Od. fi, 137).
48. Etpoi, / say ; eipopaiy I ask, (ep, epe).
pres. dpta ; fut. Iplui ; perf. tiptiKa, tiprifiai ; aor. kpprjOriv and sppkOtjv ; inf.
pil^^vat; part. pi|0€(V (with the rejection oft), (Od. e, 413).
Digitized by
Google
THS GREEK VERB. 57
49. 'EWirr«v, to upbraid^ (ifr, eyifr).
pres. kviiTTta ; imperf. iviirrov, Ivkvivrov ; aor. S, iivivmre (for {viire \rith
the paragogic arr like ^pvcaice for ^pvce) ; fut. Ivc)(/a> (//. i}, 447) ; I)(/crac (77. /3,
193).
50. 'EtiravpelVf to enjoys {avpt avpt),
aor. 2, ivavpov ; fut. liravpri<rofiai (II. Z, 353) ; liravpiaKOVT (JB. v, 733).
51 . "Etoi, / a»i occupied with ; enopaiy IfolloWy (ctt, foTr).
pres. €Va>, ^Vo/i«i; imperf. tlvdfiriv; fut. ^^^o/xat; aor. 2, iffTrdjiriv ; but the
other moods and the compounds throw away the c, <r7r«Ta> (erTreo) (II, c, 286) ;
<Tirlff0ai (Od, X* 324) ; i7ri(T7r«v {Od. $, 274) ; fisTatnrutv (Od, K* 33).
52. "Epyw, / constrain, shut in^ (epy, ctpy).
IpX^fVT-* (i^. 0, 282) ; tpxarait tpxaro, sipyovtri {lU ^^ 72), they keep (^\
ikpyfi, UpffiBVai (i7. e, 89).
53. "Ep^oi, / (fo, (cpy, pey, pe^, cpS).
«p^(i>, pe^w, tp^ia, topya, pe^w, epc^a, lp€x&f}V.
54. 'EpcvOof, / ma^e reef, {pvd, epvB, epvOe^ tptvBy tpvBaiv),
ipivdtav andtpci/ffai (27. X, 394), ^pvdaivcro (iif. ic, 484. ^.21), ipv9rifr<jj,
ilpvOifKa,
55. *EpvKUi, I restrainy hold back, (pt/ic, epvK, epyKax).
kpvKW Ipv^ta, IpvKAKC and r\pVKaKi (77. e, 32f ).
56. "Epxo/iae, / come, (cpx and eXcvd, eXvO, cXd, cXovd).
pres. fpxofiai ; perf, IX^Xvda^ and in Homer l\ri\ov6a ; fut. IXevvouai ; aor.
4Xt'9ov, ^Xdoi'.
57. Evp/ericfi), I find, (tvp, evpe, £vpi(Tic).
pres. ivpifTKtit ; perf. cvpi^ica, e^pr/fiai ; fut. evpriffio ; aor. tvpkOriv, €vpov,
fvpoftfiv.
oS. "Exw, / Aavc, AoZc?, (ex, €<rx and lorx, €<rxe, trxh ox, ox^x,
i>Xw«f, <TX«^)-
pres. ex*»ff l(rx^ > imperf. elxov, ax^"*^ * V^^' Etrxiica* bx^^a ((rvvoxci^Kore
77. jS, 218, the second aspirate is changed into a tenuis); fut. sKat and (rxfitria ;
aor. iffxov, i<rx6firfv, tux^Oov ; sub. <rx& ; opt. rrxoifiv ; imperat. (ox^Bi) (tx^Sb
^X^^f (*** compounds ir^f, ndpaax^* KarafrxO ; inf. (rx«>',prcS' inf. also f(rx€iv,
Iff^co'dai ; aor. pass, iffx^^'jv,
59. "E^^w, / boil, (e\f;, £;^£).
pres. ^'if/(D ; fut. ii^^froi and the adj. c^dog (formed from eVffdoc* cV0oc. I'^Ooc)
iif^ifroc and i^j/tirkoQ,
Digitized by
Google
58 THE CONJUGATION OF
60. QyiiffKOf, I diCf (dai^, dva, ^yritrK).
pres. dv^ffKu ; perf. TsBvrjKa ; fut. ^avovficu ; aor. e9atH}v.
61. "Uw, /si^, {k^, If, 14:, t4:e, *'4:av).
pres. Sfo), I make sU, I set ; !^a>, /fit; IZIavdi, /«e^ and Jn^; fut. l^^oi with
cara, KariK*** ; fut. cadctu ; aor. Itf^iOcffa, UaOiffdfifiv.
62. *Iicava>., / come, (ii:, wcav, iicvc).
pres. lK(J!l/a> and iKvkofiai ; perf. Ty/iai ; fut. 'i^o/tai ; aor. lla, ucSfiriv,
63. 'IXd^fco/xai, / propi/iafc, (tXa, iXacic).
'iXnOi {Od, y, 380. tt, 184) he reconciled, WriKytn (Od, tp. 365) ; iKaovrai {lU
p9 550), WaffofitQa, WdaKovrai,
64. KalwffOaif KtKatrSai, to be adorned, {Ka^ icac, fcaiw, jca^).
IcaiVvro {Od, y, 282), KUanaai {Kixadaai), xeKaffOcu, KeKatrftkvog.
65. Kaib), I burUy (ica, icai, icav).
pres. KCLu, Kaiia, I hum; perf. cEcav/iai ; fut. Kavtria, Kavffofiai; aor. IcavOifVy
66. KoXeofy / caZZ, (jcaXy icaXc, icXa).
pres. coXsof ; perf. KSKktiKa ; fut. coXsa'ai, Attic coXoi, coXov/iai ; aor. kKoKura,
67. Kafivta, I labour, (jca/x, ica/iv, ic/ia)«
pres. KUfivw ; perf. KksfiriKa -, fut. gafiovfiat ; aor. Uafiov*
68. KeTfuu, /Zic, (icc).
KSbt, I lay myself , irctovrec 9 pass, clovrac (J7.x, 510) tA^y^te; and without
mood-Towel, Kitfuu, Kilrai, icsarai (72. \, 659), cclaro ; sub. c^rat ; fut. jcciffo-
69. Repdciiy / mto:, (jccp, Kepa, Kepva, iccpva, jcpa, icepavio;).
pres. Kipdia, K€pavvvfii and Kipvdcj ; perf. KkxpaKa, ceicpa/iac, KtKkpafffiai,
KEKpaavTai (Oct. ^,616); fut. K£pdo'ci>; aor. IxEpaffa, UipdaOriv, hKpdadfirjv,
kKpdBriv, iKtpofifiv, sub. Kspufiai, kinxpi)<rai {Od. ri, 164), Kipvdc(^Od, ir, 14},
«£pi/il (Orf. I, 78).
70. Kixavta, I overtake^ IJindy I hity (kv^ Ki\t, Kixav)*
aor. 2, Ikixov, IkLxtiv, (^Od, v, 379) ; sub. Kixeiut ; fut. Kixqaoiiai,
71. Kpefidvyvfiif I hang, {jcptji, icpefiay Kpefiavvv),
pres. KpEfidvvvfii, I hang i Kpffidvvvfiat, lam hanged and I hang myself 9 cpe-
fiafiai, I hang (in the neuter signification) ; fut. Kpip.d<na, Kptfid, KpefiaffBtitro*
fiai, Kptfifivofiai (J shall hang, neuter) ; aor. iKpeiidaBtiv ; aor. 2, m. sub. icpk^
/uafiai*
Digitized by
Google
THE GRBEK VERB. 59
72. KrelyiMff I killf (icrc, icra, icrevy icruy).
KTevkw, &ir£KTa, Urav {Krdtafitv), Krkutfiev ; aor. pass. UTaOsv, act. tKTavov,
73. Kvveta, I kisSy (icv, icvvy icvve).
pres. Kvvkia ; fut. KVffut, Kwrioofiai ; aor. iKvaa,
74'. Aayxavw, / receive by lot, (Xe^j Xa^, X?yx» ^«yx» Xayxav).
pres. \ayxdv<a ; perf. flXiixa, elKtiyfiai, \k\oyxa; fut. X^lofiat ; aor. iKaxov.
75. Aafxfiavb}, I take, (Xa/3, Xiy/?, XajSe, Xa/Lf/3, Xa/Lc/3av).
pres. Xa^g<iv(o ,* perf. eiXi|^a ; fut. X^if/o/iai; aor. IXafov. Ionic forms of
'Xa/ij3 are "KkXafifiai, Xaftrj/oficu, kXdfi^Otiv ; and of Xa€c, XcXdCijca.
76. AayddvWf I am concealedy (Xa0» Xiy0, XavOay).
pres. Xavdavo) and XtjOcj, middle XavBavofxat, I forget \ perf. XcX^Oa, XcXqit-
fcai, I have forgotten ; aor. ^aOoi/, iXaQoiiriv.
77. AiXalofiaiy I desire, (Xa, XtXa, XcXai).
perf. part. XcXiXa/tlroc, XcXiii^lvoc (X being thrown out), XiXaiiTcu, XtXaUff'
ecu,
78. Aoifu, I wash, (Xo, Xoe, cont. Xov). •
pres. Xoiio, Xovta ; inf. XoveirOat, Xov<r9ai ; part. XovofitvoQ, Xottfitvog ; fat.
Xolirwi Xovirw ; aor. eXoeira, eXovtra, Xokairai, Xoeirirafitvog,
79. Malofiai, I graspy feely seeky de§ire, Qiuy fiai, fjuiifxaf fiev).
yres. jiaiofiai, fiaUffOai; imperf. IfiaiSfitiv (II. k, 401), iirffiaiero St^putv,
desired gifts i 6Ufv kmfiaiero v&ra {Od, h 441), felt the hacks of the sheep \
aor. Ifiarrdfiriv (Od. v, 152), to grasp round with sponges, i.e. to clean (J7. p,
564), has touched my heart ; fu/iaaixt, ftifiawg, fisiia<rav,toseekitfter, endeavour ;
wepiiiaifidei, fiatfi(aio<n, ftatfibnav, fiaififi<re (II* e, 670), fisfAOvag, fikfiove, de*
sire, intend.
80. Mayddvia, I learn, (jiad, firiO, fiade, fiayday).
pres. ftavOdvM ; perf. fitfidOfiKa ; fut. fiaOriiio/iai ; aor. l^fiaOoy.
81. MeipofjLcuy I receive as my portion , (/up, fiap, fwp, /leip).
pres. nHpofiai ; perf. infiopa, iincLp/icu, etnaprai, it is destined by fate ; aor.
tftjiopov (Horn).
82. Mlyyvjxi, I mix, (/iiy, fJLitry, fiiyyv).
^tes. jUyyvfii, fiiiryw ; perf. /ie/tiyftai ; fut.^t|a>; aor. ifiiKa, iniytiv, l/*(x-
83. Ml fiyiitTKw, I remindy {fiya, fiyritrK, fiifiyritrK)*
•pm.funvntrKut, fiifivri<rKOfiat{iiv&niu), I remember, I mention; perf. fil/ivif-
fiai, lam mindful of; fut. fiv4<ra>, fiyfioOriffofiai, fi€fivfi<rofiai, I «^U&e mtm(A'' <>/•
Digitized by
Google
60 THE CONJUGATION Of
84. "O^fti, I smelly (o^, of, off).
pres. of a> ; perf. o^tu^a (o^) ; fut. 6f c^iu and o^^iriir.
85. 'Occii, otofiaiy I think f {pi, coiit. oc, oic).
pres. 6tuf, btofuti, olia, otoitai, oTfiai; imperf. t^fifiv, iiiofii^Vf faUoi^oofjtai;
aor. 6'iadfifiv, tfinOriv, wtaOtiv ; inf. oiiiQiivcu ; part. d'ivOtig,
86. Ol')(pfiaiy I go, I have goncy (oix, oi^Cf otxo),
pres. olxo/icu ; perf. ifxtV^h o\xi»»Ka ; fut. oixfiooyuu,
87. 'OXio^avofy I glide, {oXitrBy oKioQef oXiffOaVyoXierOmvy
pres. 6\c(rdati'itf and dXttrOavw ; perf. <tfXi(r0f}ca ; UxU dXurOiiau ; aor. wXia-
Gqaa, c5Xi(r0oi/.
88. "OXXv/w, I destroy f (oX, oXe, oXXv).
pres. oXXv/ii, oXXvfiai; perf. 6X4uXcca and oXtoXa -, fut. 6X£9w, 6Xw, oXovfJUii;
aor. aiXcffa, (i»Xo/ii}y, <tfXlir0f}v (Homer ovXoftsvog, destructive) >
89. "Ofiyvfu, I swear, {ofXfOfjte^ofio, ofiyv).
pres. oftyv/ii ; imperat. o/ivvdt (//. ip, 585) ; perf. dfiutfioKa, dftufiiofrfiai; fut.
6fji6<Tia, dfiovfiai ; aor. ufioea ; imperf. &iivvv ( 0(^./3, 377), and wfivvov ftomdfivtuo^
90. 'Ovlvrifiiy I projity (ov, oya, oviva).
pres. bvivriiii and ovrifiai ; imperf. tjvrifiriv ; fut. ovriaut ; aor. Cavntra \ aor. 9,
vdfiriv ', opt. dvaifiriv ; inf. ovacQai*
91. 'Opaoi, /see, (opa and ott).
pres. 6paa> ; imperf. wptov, itjptijv ; perf. oinaira, utfifiai, iiopafiai ; fut. o^-
o/iai ; aor. w^di}!/.
92. "Opvvfu, I rouse, (pp^ ope, opvv)*
pres, opvvfii, opvvfiai ; imperat. opi/v0t; imperf. upvvov, wpvvfirjv; aor. 1,
&pffa; aor. 2, iapopop^ aor. 1, m. imp. opaeo, optrev, instead of6p<rai, raise thy
self, rise; aor. 2» tjpofiriv, Srdpers, sing, (opero and &pTo; inf. opdai; part.5p-
li€vog for opkaOai, hpofiivog ; imp. 5p<ro ; perf. oputpa ; plup. dputptiv,
93* *Oer(t>palyofiai, I smell, {ocrtpp, oatppef oa<l>pay oatppaiv),
pres. do^ppaivofiai, 6a^paop,ai ; fut. 6<r^pii<rofiai } aor. oKi^pdfiriv, taa^p6iiriv,
iKr^pri<rdp.riv*
94. Ovrddi and oi^rafdi, / woundy {ovra).
pres. ovrdia, oiTd^in, without mood-vowel ; aor. 2, owrav, 3rd pers. o^ra
(H, £, 376); inf. pres. oirdfitvai {Jl, 0, 68) ; ovrdniv {H, (, 132) ; part, ovrdfiivoc ',
fut. oifTdffw ; aor. part. oi/TtiOtig'j perf. ovraa/xai,, ourafffikvog,
95. *0^£tXw, I musty I owe, (pij^eX, o<l>eiXf otpeiXe).
pres. ^^ctXof ^ fut. ^^etXi^ffoy ', aor. w^cXov (Horn. ^eXov) ; the latter Homer
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VEllB. 61
uses as an optative particle (utinam) cither by itself, as (11, r, 69), or with alO*
or (tf{:» aW o^fXov, wq 50fXov. Homer also doubles the X ; in which case it moat
not be confounded with di^kXKuv, to increase.
96. "OtfXw, I owe, {(HpeX, o^X, o0Xe, o^Xi^ic, offXiaKav),
pres. 50X(i; and dipXivKavta ; fut. 60X^(ra>.
97. Tlal((Of I joke y (iraiy, irai^, Tratf).
pres. irail^ia ', perf. Trkiraifffiai {iraid) ; fut. vai^ofiai (vcuy) ; aor. ivcuffa,
98. JId(r)(u, I suffer y {iraO and irev, ireytQy irtvdy Triyd, xadorx,
iraorx).
pres. Trdirxoi ; perf. TrtTrovOa, Trkirovfiai (7r€v&),and vsTTfiBa (tijO); fut, niia'
ofiai (TTSvOaofiai) , irritrofiai ; aor. iirtiaa (irijO), eiraOov (rraO).
99. UtXd^Uy I bring near, I approach, (jeXa, ^rXa, ireXad).
• pres. 7ri\&Z(»f ; fut. ^eX(!t(ra> ; aor. lirtXdixOrjv, vXrJTO (IL Kt 438), rX^vro (//.
«, 468) ; IvXfivT' {II. d, 449), ireirXij/ilvoc (Orf. /i, 108).
100. Uepdw, T pass overwind I sell, (Trep, wepa),
vtpaq,v,irBpaov, vepritrtiv, inpri<raii vepdat, I seU, retaiiiB a : vkpaaav, Vi-
patTTiTi : but the part, of the perf. pass, is wtTceprifisvog {IL >(/, 78), not Trtntpaff'
likvo^. The same root occurs with v ; vepvdc, mpvdfitva, irkpvarrx » cognate
forms: TrepaiuQkvTig and of irepaivta, Trtiprivavrtc, vtwfipavTai, perf. sing^.
(Orf. ^, 37).
101. Hipdta, I destroy, (irtpBy wapd, wpaO).
pres. wipBtii, irkpBofiai; inf. pass, without mood-vowel nkpBai (Jl. 7r,708),
(^vtpB ' oBai) ; fut. vkpaui', aor. 1, iireptra ; aor. 2, iirpaBov (vopBe), iw6pBovv,
102. TLiTOfJUlly I fly 9 (f^fTy £WT, ilTT, WTO, TOTE, TFOrtt, VUTa).
pres. nkrofiai, wkTaiiai, vtrdofiah 'iirTafjiai, Horn, irorkofiai i fut, Trrriaofiaii
aor. exTjjv ; sub. -Kraut fiai, vTTJTai (H. o, 170) ) opt irraifiv $ inf. irr^vai $ part.
irrdci hrrrdfiriv, irrdaBai, irrdfiivog, iwrofiriv, irrkirBai, TrrSnevog, Horn.
TOT&VTai (Jl. j3, 462), and itutSivto {Il.iit 287).
103. UiiyyvfjLi, I fasten, {tray, irrjyy wriyyv).
pres. n-^y vv/it ; perf. irkwriya, I am fastened ^ fut. ?r^2[a» ; aor. 2, pass.liray-
104. Tllvw,Idrinky(7riy7nr,To).
pres. 9nVa>; perf. irkvoKa, irkwofiai; fut. niofiai (Pmd. iri^ia, Isthm, 6, 108,
/ mtlgwe to drink) ; aor. Iiriov, iTrodqv.
105. MiirpdtyK(a, I sell, (vpa, wiirpay TiirpaaK),
pres. mirpdcKiai perf. rrkfrpaKa i aor. irrpaBfiv.
Digitized by
Google
62 THt CONJUOATIOK OF
106. Ulimay I folly (ircr, veay ttitit, Trro).
pres. TTiTrAi ; pert. iriimoKa (vto) ; fut. irt ^ovfiac ; aor. I^rcffov*
107. nX^Odi, / amJuU, (ireX, irXc, wXa, ttXijO, wiTrXa, iri/i7rXav).
pres. irXriQia ; aor. c?rXi|ira» iirXtiffd/jLtiv, ItrXriirOriv, TrX^ro <r?rloc» was full,
{lUtf, 60), l/ixc7rXi}0i (/iT. 0,311), Tniivkonn {II, 0, 23), ?ri/it7rX(iv€rai (72. i,
679).
108. UXfitrafat I strike, (irXay, irXijy, wXijaa).
pres. vXriffffui ; perf. iren-Xifya ; aor. knXiiyriv and in-Xayijy.
109. UviiMf, I blow, (vv€, irvev).
pres* rrvkw; fut. wivata ; aor. pass. kirvivtrBfiv ; perf. pass, viirwiiai (poet.)
110. Ilopav, io grant, (ropy vpo),
only aor. 2, v6pi, ir6pot, iropy, vopwv ; perf. pass. neirpwTai (11. tt, 329), has
been granted,
111. nvv0avo/iaiy / inquire, (wvd, irtvd, wvvBav),
pres. TTvvBdvofiaif irtWoftai $ perf. irswaitai; fut, vei/ffoftai ; aor. Itv^o*
112. 'Pefw (poet.), Ida, (pt^ and p€y, cp5 and epy, pz^).
pteB, pkZijtf, Ip^oi; perf. iopya, ipyfiat (epy); fut. pk^io, ep^ia ; aor, i|»Ca
(lp5ov), Ipe^o, ipkxOfiv*
113. 'Piw, I flow y (pt, p€v, pvy pve).
pres. pla> ; perf. kppvfiKa ; fut. ptvaoftait pvffffofiai ; aor. tfipivaa and kppi/tiv.
114. 'P^yvv/xi, / ^car, (pay, piyy, priyvv, puty, likerpay, rpwy).
pres. pfiyvvfii ; perf. if>p<oya, I ambroken ; fut. pijitaf ; aor. ipptiKa and l^pa-
yi|v.
1 15. 'Piyiw, I shiver with coldy with fright y (piy, piye, piyo),
pres. piyfiOf ; perf. eppiya ', fut. piyrifTot, piywota (Od, \, 481).
116. l^fiivvvfii, I extinguish^ (trfit, trfitv),
pres. (rtkvvvfit ; perf. e&€riKa, iateff/iai, ; fut. <r€l(r(i> ; aor. ifftriv, e&€ii(rav ;
inf. (r€^i/flu, lff€lir0i|v,
117. 2/iaa>> I smear, (fffia, trfiri, (rfirij().
pres. ff/tdd), 2nd pers. aitdtic, <rfiyQ ', fut. <rnrj<na ; aor. I(r/t4;^0qy.
118. ^opivwfJLi, I Spread, (crop, (rropc, (rrpo, tnopw, erroptvwy
arptavw).
pres. ffrdpvvfii, oropkvvvfii, arpiovwui ; perf. ivrpfafiai ; fut. ^roplffw, ^rpw-
(To) ; aor. itrrdpttra, ivrpta^a, itrropkaOriv,
Digitized by
Google
THE GREEK VERB. 63
119. Tapcurtria^ I confound^ (rapa, rapo^ (rpoax)> rprrx)*
pres. Tapdfftria ; fut. rapd^tit, rerpiix^i (i7. /3, 95)* r(rpi}%vTa (22. i|, 346)*
120. Tifivaty I cut J {rejXf ra/A, refiv^ rafiv, Tfie),
pres. rlfiyoi ; perf. TSTfiriKa, TETfjuificu ; fut. rcfi«i»» raftcS ; aor. infiLov, tTaitov,
121. Tlicrw, I give birth to^ (reic, rcicr, tckt).
pres. rtcro) ; perf. rkroxa ; fut. rUa»y rk^ofiaif reKovficu ; aor. crccov, hiK&'
firiv.
122. Tirpacdy I bore, (rpa, rtrpa, rpav, rpaiv, rfrpaii').
pres. Tirpaui, Tpaiv(t), nrpaipta ; perf. TSTptiKO, Tkrptifiai : fut. rpiiaia ; aor*
Mrptiva (TiTpaiv),
123. TXaoi, / suffer, (not used in the present) (rXa, raXa).
fut. TXritTOjiai ; aor. 2, ?rXjjy, rX^va<, rXatiyv, rXq^e ; perf. r«rX)|ica, rlrXa-
^€v, TsrXdvai, rerKairiv, TkrXaBif rtTXij^g ; aor. 1, inf. raXacrat (Ionic).
124. Tpi')(b}y I run, {^p^Xy ^P^H-* ^P<*/^» ^pafi^)-
pres. rpcxo); perf. Mpa/iifca and SkSpofta; fnt, ^pk^ofiai and Spafiovficu;
aor. lOpe^a and idpajiov,
125. Tpfuycii, / ca^, (rpiiiy, rpay).
pres. Tpuiyut ; fut. Tpw^ofiai ; aor. Irpayov.
126. Tvyxdyw, / cAance, (rvy, rvx*» "'TX^*'* ''^^'X)'
pres. Tvyx&via ; perf. rcrvx«|Ka ; fut. rcv^ofiac ; aor. irv^ov.
127. Tvirrw, I strike, (pnr, rtmr, rvirrc).
pres. rvirrw ; fut. 1, rvTrr^^w, TVTTTritrofiai.
128. Salvia, I make appear, (0a, 0av, ^acv, ^ave, ^ai^a).
pres. ^alvoi; perf. iri^iyva, Trkfavficu; fut. ^ai/^ero/xai; aor. {^avoy; Horn,
aor. 1, k^advOriv; pres. virtprifavkovrsg, irafi^avSiavra ; cognate forms, ^advia,
I give light, ^akOiav (77. X, 734), irai^drrau (II, c, 803) with the reduplication.
129. ^fiput^ Ibeary {t^py oi, evcic, eveyK),
pres.^£pa); perf. ivi^i/oxa, kvrjveyfiax (cv€k with the Attic reduplication);
fut. oi(r(tf, kvexOriffOfiai, oiadtirroiiat; aor. ijvtyKa, ijveiKa (formed like a liquid),
ijveyKov, irjvkxOfiv*
130. ^dvto, I anticipate f (00a, 00ai/).
pres. 0Oaya>; perf. I^daca; fut« ^Odtru), ^Otivofiai', aor* i^Qava, t^Ofiv;
opt« ^Oaifiv ; inf» 09^vac ; part. ^da;.
Digitized by
Google
64 THE CONJUGATIOH OF THE OHEEK VERB.
131. *6/w, I destroy, 4fdiva}, I perish^ (^6i, 06iv).
pres. fOiio; aor. 2, pan. kfOifiriv ; opt. {^Oufiriv) fOifirfv (Od.K, 51. X, 330);
cognate forms, &iri(p0i9ov {Od^e, 110) ; f9ivv9u, I destroy,
132. Xai^ofiaif I recede, (jca^, x«^» x""^)*
from ca^, cauje to recede, KegaSov, KiKadeiv, KtKaSiov, KSKaSriaii, KeKaSovro,
they receded ; from ^a^, let in, corUain, ^a^c (11, X, 462), xa^lcti/ and xa^coOai,
X&<r<fovTai, yaaaaQai ; from x"*'^* ictxavJet, icfx<z^^o^<z«
133. Xaipufy I rejoice^ (x°P» X°'P» X^^» X^'P^)*
pres. xa^<«' > P^rf. KexaptiKa, Kex^pr/fiai, Kkxapfiai ; fut. xaipiio'ci> ; aor, lx<i-
pijv.
134. Xcoi, /poi/r, (x€, x^v, x^).
pres. x«« ; pcTf. KBXvKa, Ksxvfiat. j fut. xcvffoi ; aor. £X^^^ ®' eX^^ (without
<r); aor. Ixvdiyv.
Homeric Forms of elfii^ I am.
pres. ind. 2nd pers. sing, lixolv or iaeii Ist pers. plur.ci/ilv ^ 3rd, saen. Sub.
2a>, fia>. Opt. 2nd. pers. sing, foic C-^* c> 284), 3rd pers. toi (II t, 142). Imperat,
Iffffo, t<r<r* {Od. y, 200). Inf. ifiEvai, tfifievaif Sfiev, siifisv. Part. Iwv. Imperf.
1st pers. sing, ta (II. d. 321), rja (II. e, 808), sov (77. X, 762), iffKov (B. J?, 153) 5
2nd pers. iri<r9a (iZ.x»435); 3rd pers. Iijv, ^j/v (iZ-x, 808), iJBV (II. y, 41).
Iircc (B, e, 536) | 3rd pers. plur. itrav, ciaro (Ocf. v, 106). Put. 3rd pers. sing.
ieffeirai (B. p, 393).
ERRATA.
p. 13, middle,/or XtTrour read XcXoiir.
bottom, — Xti^ai, rcv^ac, — Xeiyj/ai, rtvKcu*
p. 21. T6TV^9at,\6\ex9ai, rfr^^Oai, XtXIx^o*.
p, 55. middle, — Maty fiat, dtdaiyfiai.
John Wertheimerj typ. Lenuin-U.
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11