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REPORT

OF THE

COMMISSIONERS FROM CONNECTICUT

OF THE

Columbian Exhibition of 1893

AT CHICAGO.

ALSO

REPORT OF THE WORK OP THE BOARD or LADY MANAGERS

OF CONNECTICUT

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

MORRIS W. SEYMOUR
LEVERETT BRAINARD
GEORGE H. DAY
KATE B. KNIGHT

HARTFORD, CONN.:

PRESS OF THE CASE, LOCKWOOD & BRAINARD COMPANY
1898

Ill

ENTBODTJCTOKY NOTE

THE connection of the writer with the Connecticut Board
of World's Fair Managers as Executive Secretary will explain
why he was asked by the Publication Committee to prepare a
history of Connecticut at the World's Fair, and to make it
such a record as could be adopted by them as an official report.

The committee considerately allowed a wide latitude in the
formulation of the report, as will readily be seen, and if
portions of it do not seem to be strictly germane to the subject,
reference being made especially to features in Chapter XI\r,
they may, nevertheless, possibly prove of sufficient interest to
the general reader to justify their appearance in connection
with it. The " Forecast of America's future greatness " (page
169), was written several months before the occurrence of the
tragic event in the harbor of Havana that precipitated the con-
flict between the United States and Spain, the first part of this
volume having been completed before the close of 1897; con-
sequently the reader is reminded of the fact that the map of
the world has been undergoing important and suggestive
changes while the volume has been in process of preparation.

Gratefully acknowledging the marked consideration shown
him by members of the Board of Managers and Lady Managers
during his long connection with them as executive officer, and
especially to the Publication Committee during the prepara-
tion of his portion of this record, and, finally, hoping it may
find its way to indulgent readers, it is respectfully submitted.

J. H. VAILL.
, October, 1898.

2012335

CONTENTS.

Part I.

CHAPTEE I.

Sketch of the Inception of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 —
Causes resulting in the Selection of Chicago as its Site — Congres-
sional Legislation providing for Appointment of National Commis-
sioners, etc. — Personnel of the Connecticut National Commission,
with Portraits 9

CHAPTEE H.

Deadlock between the two Branches of General Assembly results in
failure to secure Appropriation — Preliminary Steps taken by leading
citizens of the State to secure, upon non-partisan Basis, proper
Representation at the Exposition — Report of Meeting at Capitol,
February 22, 1892, resulting in formation of Connecticut Boards of
World's Fair Managers and Lady Managers — Composition of the
two Boards, with Portraits, ... 16

CHAPTEE in.

Organization of the Board of Managers — Appointment of Board of Lady
Managers — Election of Executive Officers — Preliminary Work of
Building Committee — Selection of Design for State Building — Visit
of Building Committee to Jackson Park — Award of Contract for
State Building to Tracy Bros., 29

CHAPTEE IV.

Participation of Connecticut at the dedication of the Exposition in
October, 1892 — Roster of Military Escort to the Governor and Official
Boards — Connecticut in the World's Fair Parade at Chicago, etc. , . 34

CHAPTEE Y.

The Connecticut State Building — Work of the Building and House Fur-
nishing Committees — Embellishment of the Edifice — Its Dedication
on Opening Day and Use as Headquarters for Connecticut Visitors
during the Exposition — Final Disposition of the Building — Plans
for its Preservation as a Permanent Memorial of the World's Fair —
Report of Chairman of Furnishing Committee, 44

vi CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VI.

Sketches from notable Connecticut visitors to the "City of the Lagoon:"
Simeon E. Baldwin, LL.D., of the Supreme Court of Errors ; Joseph
Anderson, D.D., pastor of the First Church of Waterbury ; and
Charles Dudley Warner, L.H.D., D.C.L., of Hartford, in which are
given their varied impressions of the Exposition 58

CHAPTER VII.

Observance of Connecticut Day — Official Delegation from the Nutmeg
State — Reception by Governor Morris — Distinguished Invited Guests

— Report of Formal Exercises 73

CHAPTER VIII.

Connecticut Collective Exhibits in Departments of Education, Agricul-
ture, Forestry, Minerals, Dairy Products, Live Stock, Leaf Tobacco,
and Colonial Relics, 86

CHAPTER IX.

Review of Notable Connecticut Exhibits, with Illustrations — Yankee In-
ventions — Silverware — Watches and Clocks — Machinery — Thread

— Bicycles — Carriages — Fine Arts — Live-stock — Butter and Cheese

— Large variety of Woods— Curious Antiques, 100

CHAPTER X.

Work of Executive Department — Canvass of State for Solicitation of Ex-
hibits — Causes of Withdrawal of Applications and of Non-acceptance
of Allotments of Space — Outline of Work during the Exposition, etc.,

115

CHAPTER XL

Awards to Connecticut Exhibitors — List of Exhibits not Intended for
Competition— List of Intending Exhibitors who Failed to Accept Al-
lotment of Space, 126

CHAPTER XII.

Statement of Reinbursement of Subscribers to Original Appropriation —
Conservatism of the Board of Managers in its Expenditures — Treas-
urer's Account and Summary of Expenses, 140

CONTENTS. vii

CHAPTEE XIII.

Personnel of Boards of Managers and Lady Managers — Manner in which
Selection of Managers was Made — Official Tributes to Members of
the Board Who Died While in Office, 145

CHAPTEK XIV.

RETROSPECTIVE GLANCES AT THE EXPOSITION IN
GENERAL.

Apologetic — Statistical — Connecticut Visitors to the Exposition — Will
Another Equally Wonderful Exposition Be Seen ? — Marvelous Ad-
vancement Achieved Since the Centennial of 1876 — Who Can Guess
What Science and Invention Will Do for the Future ? — Will Man
Always Eat in Order to Live ? — An Incentive for Connecticut Students
toward Solving Mysterious Problems — Is Longevity One of the
Lost Arts ? — Will Aerial Navigation be Possible in Another Hun-
dred Years?— Forecast of America's "Greatness — Brief Duration of
the Exposition Regretted — The Chicago Society of Sons of Con-
necticut — Connecticut Souvenir Badge — Connecticut at the World's
Congress — Extracts from Bulletins to Connecticut Newspapers, 151

Part II.— Women's Work.

CHAPTEK XV.

Methods and Resume of Work — Organization — By-Laws — Circulars —
Exhibits — Inventions — Decorations — Statistics — Literature — The
Harriet Beecher Stowe Collection — The Board Work — The Connecti-
cut House, . . 249

CHAPTER XVI.

The Connecticut House — Furnishing Committee in Charge — Plan of
Work — Scheme of Decoration — List of Articles Lent, .... 258

CHAPTER XVII.

The Connecticut Room — Contributions for — Work in — Miss E. B.
Sheldon Complimented — How Decorated 272

viii CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Literature — Product of One Hundred and Fifty Women of Connecticut —
Compiling of the State Volume — List of Titles — Names of Contribu-
tors— Sent to State Libraries — Acknowledgments, 280

CHAPTER XIX.

The Harriet Beecher Stowe Collection — Forty-two Translations of Uncle
Tom's Cabin — Quotations from Introduction — Letters of George
Bullen and Thomas Watts — List of Editions and Translations, . 293

CHAPTER XX.

Exhibits and Inventions of Women — Names and Addresses with Titles of
Invention, 324

CHAPTER XXI.

Statistical and Industrial Conditions — Relations of Women to Labor —
Individual Canvass of Manufacturing Interests — Canvassing under
Difficulties — Material Secured — " Sustained Enthusiasm " — Circular
Issued — Extracts from Circular — Women's Organizations — Facts
Secured from, 331

CHAPTER XXII.

Financial Work of the Board — "Nothing so fallacious as figures, except
facts " — Itemized Account Submitted — U. S. Congress appropriates
for Women's exclusive use — Bills paid without question — Simplicity
of the Work — Absolute Harmony — Stock in Woman's Dormitory
Association disposed of, 361

REPORT

OF THE

BOARD OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAGERS

To the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut :

As a concluding duty, the Board appointed by the State
of Connecticut " to secure a due representation and display at
the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893," held in the city
of Chicago, the undersigned has the honor to transmit here-
with the final report of its doings and of the part taken by
the State of Connecticut in such exhibition.

We avail ourselves of this opportunity to acknowledge the
valuable co-operation and assistance of the Connecticut mem-
bers of the United States World's Columbian Commission, ex
officio members of this Board, and also of the voluntary associa-
tion which inaugurated this work under the name of " The
Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut," and of the
Board of Lady Managers, without whose assistance the work
of this Board could not have been so satisfactorily accom-
plished.

We would also pay a tribute to the memory of those mem-
bers of the Board who have deceased, to whose generous and
painstaking labors much of the success of the exhibit of our
State was due.

Too high commendation cannot be given Mr. Joseph H.
Yaill, who has been indefatigable in the discharge of his
duties as secretary, and to whom the preparation of an im-
portant part of this work has been entrusted.

It was universally conceded that no State excelled Con-
necticut in the exhibit made by her, showing the high char-

x REPORT.

acter of the work done by the women of our State. For this
high praise we were largely indebted to Mrs. George H.
Knight of Lakeville, Connecticut, by whom the report of this
part of the work has been prepared. Your committee are re-
strained from expressing their high appreciation of this
part of the work, lest it do violence to the modesty of one
of its own members, but leave the report to speak for itself.
We, cannot, however, refrain from congratulating ourselves
and the State at large that both the work itself and the report
upon it fell into such intelligent and painstaking hands.

The expenses incurred by the Board in the performance
of its duties appear in the report of the Treasurer as sub-
mitted from time to time to the Comptroller of the State.

All of which is respectfully submitted by the undersigned,
as a Committee especially appointed for that purpose.

Dated at Hartford, this 1st day of October, 1898.
MOEEIS W. SEYMOUK,

For the Committee.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

CHAPTEE I.

If there were ever a time when the question should have
been raised as to whom highest honors are due for the discovery
of this western world, it seems now to have passed. Common
consent has settled the question and Columbus must be recog-
nized as entitled to such credit as may be due for the enterprise
he exhibited in his quest of a shore far out beyond Europe's
western horizon. Before the wheels of time bring around an-
other '92, there will have been ample time, perhaps, for the de-
scendants of Norsemen and Welshmen or other claimants to
establish their titles to priority in the line of world discovery.
If it is a fact that in the year 1000 Leif Erickson landed upon
what is now known as Martha's Vineyard, and reveled among
the wild grapes he found there, as tradition says, his claim as
the original, authentic discoverer should be established by the
Scandinavians, so that when the year of our Lord 2000 breaks
on the eastern horizon, a millennial event worthy the occasion
may be celebrated, and a meritorious name restored to its right-
ful place as a brilliant leaf among the pages of history.

For the historian of to-day there appears no other course
except to consider Columbus entitled, by courtesy at least, to
the chief honors as the Discoverer of America, though why he
failed to secure the name of Columbia for the land he dis-
covered can be explained only on the hypothesis of modesty.

10 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Though we confess ourselves Americans, we have done well to
acknowledge our greater indebtedness to the illustrious Genoaii
rather than to his Florentine successor, whose name the new
world bears.

It is perhaps not to be wondered at that there was no dem-
onstration in this country in 1792, in commemoration of the
300th anniversary of the landing of Columbus. The day of
marvelous advancement in the application of steam, electricity,
and the mechanic arts had hardly dawned. Fulton, Stephen-
son, Whitney, Goodyear, Morse, Ericsson, Gray, Bell, Edison,
and Hoe were then unknown names. Though 300 years
had elapsed since the great mariner first knelt upon occi-
dental soil, the almost boundless territory to the westward of
the Atlantic states might have been fittingly lettered upon
the map as unexplored regions. There were yet forty years to
wait for railways, fifty years for ocean steamers and telegraph,
seventy-five for perfecting presses, and eighty-five for the tele-
phone. These, and seemingly all other needful or possible ac-
cessories, were in readiness in 1892 to render service in illustra-
tion of the extent to which intelligence had made further dis-
coveries and development through four hundred years.

The project of holding a World's Fair by which to com-
memorate the 400th anniversary of the landing of Columbus
was inaugurated with more or less definiteness in 1884, and the
honor of being its original projector has several claimants. In
a letter to the Chicago Times of February 16, 1882, Dr. A.
W. Harlan, a Chicago dentist, first proposed that city as the
location of a Columbian AVorld's Fair, but his letter appears to
have had little effect except as an anesthetic, for not only was
Chicago quiet for about two years, but there was no other
well-defined movement until 1884, when another Chicagoan,
Dr. Charles W. Zaremba, claims to have issued a circular in
which he invited the foreign ministers in Washington to con-
fer with reference to this event. Dr. Zaremba asserts that he
received flattering replies to his circular from official represent-
atives of Turkey, Mexico, Erazil, and Chili, and that the same
year President Diaz of Mexico and his ministers, with whom

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. U

he had a personal audience, expressed their gratitude for his
originating the idea of an international Columbian Exposition,
and making it known to representatives of other governments.

It is proper in this connection to record the fact that in
1884 the secretary of the board of trade at Washington, D. C.,
Alexander D. Anderson, outlined his ideas upon the subject of
a Columbian World's Fair in the New York Herald, and to this
gentleman, evidently, is due no small share of the credit of pro-
moting the movement. At a public meeting held in that city
February 25, 1886, Mr. Anderson presented the subject in
detail, whereupon committees were appointed, headquarters
established, and a vigorous campaign inaugurated. During
the following April the memorial of the committee was pre-
sented to the United States Senate by Mr. Gorman of Mary-
land, which, with its accompaning diagrams, was published in
the Congressional Record.

With this presentation of the enterprise for Congressional
consideration an important step forward was taken — transfer-
ing the movement from local limits to that of a national board
of promotion. The governors of forty states, who were noti-
fied of the enterprise, pledged their co-operation, as also did
mayors of the principal cities throughout the country, to
which was added the endorsement of many boards of trade and
similar organizations. The movement which had been inau-
gurated in Washington was designed to secure the location of
the Exposition in that city, and in June, 1888, the Committee
on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives unanimous-
ly reported in favor of the project, designating Washington as
the place at which it should be held.

The report of the committee referred to above evidently
resulted in awakening Chicago to a realization of the situa-
tion, for within a month after the Congressional action which
had pronounced in favor of holding the Exposition at the na-
tional capital, her leading citizens were called together " to dis-
cuss the advisability of holding a World's Fair in Chicago in
1892, and the best means to employ to carry such a project into
execution." The movement was spasmodic, however, and not

12 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

until a year later (July, 1889), was action taken by the people
of that city which was determined and effective. At this time
the Paris Exposition was in successful operation, and the peo-
ple of Chicago were again ardent with zeal in their desire
to capture the location for the World's Columbian Exposition.
This final movement on the part of Chicago was inaugu-
rated by Mayor Cregier in a message to the city council, by
whom he was authorized to appoint a committee of its citizens
to outline the preliminary work necessary to secure the Exposi-
tion for Chicago. The committee, numbering nearly three
hundred of the foremost men of the city, first formulated a
series of resolutions setting forth Chicago's peculiar advan-
tages as a location for the Exposition, which were telegraphed
over the country. The next important step was the securing
of subscriptions in aid of the project, which in April, 1890,
exceeded the sum of five millions of dollars.

The next stage in the proceedings was the action of Congress
in determining the site for the Exposition, the special claim-
ants for the honor being Chicago, New York, St. Louis, and
Washington. In December, 1889, Senator Cullom of Illi-
nois introduced a bill entitled " An Act to provide for the hold-
ing of a World's Exposition of the arts and industries, in com-
memoration of the four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery
of America." The bill provided that thirty days after its
adoption the President should appoint Exposition commission-
ers, nominated by the governors of different states and terri-
tories; that the governor of the state chosen as the site of the
Exposition should, with the mayor of the city, nominate one
hundred commissioners from among the subscribers of the
stock of the Exposition company, to be formed for the purpose
of promoting the Exposition project, upon the express con-
dition that the state designated should raise a reserve fund of
$5,000,000 in cash or equivalent bonds; that the President
should also appoint eight commissioners-at-large, and two from
the District of Columbia as representatives of the Federal gov-
ernment; that the commission so formed should be officially
entitled " The United States Columbian Commission," and

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 13

that the body should meet in the capital city on call of the Sec-
retary of State, and receive subscriptions to the reserve fund
to the amount of fifteen million dollars, each share to be limited
to $10. It was further provided that so soon as the bill should
have received the executive sanction, the President should
make proclamation of the location selected for holding the
Exposition, and invite the nations of the world to participate
in it. A similar bill was introduced in the House of Kepre-
sentatives.

Shortly after the introduction of the bill referred to, Sen-
ator Vest offered an amendment to the Senate bill, directing
that the Exposition be held in the city of St. Louis. At this
stage of proceedings the entire subject was referred to an ap-
propriate committee, and pending final action of Congress in
determining the site, the rival cities pressed their claims upon
senators and members of the House. In January, 1890, the
Senate committee on the Exposition heard arguments from
delegates representing the several contestants.

In the House of Representatives the question of location
claimed the attention of its members to no small degree, Chi-
cago being the favorite from the outset. A special committee
of nine was appointed " to have charge of all bills in relation
to a celebration of the four-hundredth anniversary of the dis-
covery of America." At length, on the 24th of February,
1890, the day arrived which had been designated as the date
for the decision of the House upon the question named. In the
eight ballots required to arrive at a verdict, Chicago was uni-
formly in the lead, with New York, St. Louis, and Washing-
ton following in the order named, the votes of four ballots
being given as examples:

First Third Fifth Eighth

Chicago, 115 127 140 157

New York, 70 92 110 107

St. Louis, 61 53 38 25

Washington, 58 34 24 18

The eighth ballot determined the question of location so
far as the House was concerned, and the concurrence of the

14 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Senate was secured in the following April, and on the 28th of
that month the engrossed copy of the bill was signed by Presi-
dent Harrison. It had been stipulated by Congressional pro-
vision that a minimum of five millions of dollars must be sub-
scribed by persons in good financial standing in consideration of
location, and in this connection it is interesting to exhibit the
statement of the sources from which Chicago obtained its guar-
antee fund of $5,467,350, subscribed by 29,374 individuals, as
shown by the following schedule :

Amounts taken No. of Individuals Aggregate

Fifty thousand dollars and upward, 16 $1,000,000

Ten to fifty thousand, . 74 1,218,780

One to ten thousand, 858 1,631,750

One hundred to one thousand, 6,006 1,145,730

Ten to one hundred, 22,420 471,090

The original intention of holding the Exposition in 1892
was subsequently changed. In view of the magnitude of the
undertaking a full year's additional time for preparation was
allowed. Congressional action required, however, that the
dedication ceremonies must be held in October, 1892, thus
officially inaugurating the commemorative occasion four hun-
dred years from the self-same month in which Columbus set
foot upon the new world.

The first official connection Connecticut had with the
memorable event was the nomination, by Governor Bulkeley,
of two commissioners and the same number of alternates as its
representatives upon the national board of " The World's
Columbian Commission," an organization formed in com-
pliance with Congressional action and designed to stand as the
representative of the general government in securing fulfill-
ment of stipulations upon which its appropriation of money
in support of the enterprise was based. The nominations by
the governor for these positions were as follows: Commis-
sioners, Leverett Brainard of Hartford, and Thomas M. Wal-
ler of New London ; alternates, Charles F. Brooker of Torring-
ton, and Charles R. Baldwin of Waterbury.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 15

The act of Congress creating the Columbian Commission
required the appointment of a National Board of Lady Man-
agers, to be appointed by the Commission, and whose duties
were to be prescribed by it. The representatives of Connecti-
cut on this Board were Miss Frances S. Ives of New Haven,
and Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker Qf Hartford; alternates,
Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of Stevenson, and Mrs. Virginia T.
Smith of Hartford.

CHAPTER II.

Why Connecticut was late in taking official action with
reference to participation in the World's Fair is easily ex-
plained. Briefly stated, the delay and inaction were the result
of a " deadlock " between the Senate and House of Represen-
tatives of the Legislature. The Senate was Democratic, and
the House was Republican. The two branches could not agree
— or would not, — the point of disagreement being certain
claims and counter-claims as to the result of the state election
in November, 1890. The Democrats claimed the election of
Judge Luzon B. Morris as governor upon the " face of the re-
turns " ; the counter-claim set up by the Republicans was that
by the counting of certain votes which, it was asserted, had
been illegally thrown out, General Samuel E. Merwin would
have had a majority sufficient to elect him. The matter was
further entangled by referring the question to the courts for
adjudication. Meanwhile the gubernatorial chair was kept by
Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, upon the plea that it was his
constitutional right and duty to occupy the executive office
until his successor was duly inaugurated. So strenuously were
partisan lines held during the session of the General Assembly
that no appropriations of any character were passed by the
joint action of its two branches, lest such action might be re-
garded as tacit acknowledgment of the legality of the existing
status.

The first public movement taking cognizance of the subject
of State action with reference to the World's Fair, was at

NATIONAL COMMISSIONERS, ALTERNATES, AND PRESIDENTS OF THE STATE BOARD
FOR CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1J

the annual meeting of the State Board of Trade, held in Hart-
ford, January 21, 1891, with the Hon. James D. Dewell of
New Haven, president of the board, occupying the chair.
During that meeting the following resolution, submitted by
the New Haven Chamber of Commerce, was presented and
discussed :

Resolved — That it is the sense of the Connecticut State
Board of Trade that the legislature of this state should, as
soon as practicable, pass the necessary laws for the appointment
of a state commission, whose duty it shall be to perfect arrange-
ments for such display at the Columbian World's Fair in Chi-
cago in 1893 as shall fitly celebrate and show the history, in-
dustry, ingenuity, enterprise, and progress of this state.

Professor Brewer of Yale University urged that the sug-
gestions of the resolution should be carried out with regard to
agricultural interests as well as manufactures. He asserted that
the importance of this industry in Connecticut is often over-
looked; that there had been no decline here in the number of
persons employed, or the number of acres tilled ; that while no
crop stands out prominently, the output is varied and enor-
mous, and that the value of productions per acre is larger than
in Illinois, Indiana, or Ohio. An amendment to the resolu-
tion was offered by the Hon. Leverett Brainard, that an appro-
priation be asked for by the State for the purpose indicated,
and the resolution was passed as amended. President Dewell
was authorized to appoint a committee, to whom the subject be
referred for further consideration. The following gentlemen
were named as such committee: Leverett Brainard of Hart-
ford, IS". D. Sperry of New Haven, J. H. Vaill of Winsted, F.
B. Bice of Waterbury, and John Hopson, Jr., of New London.

The next public agitation of the subject of Connecticut par-
ticipation at the World's Fair occurred at the annual meeting
of the State Board of Trade, held in Waterbury January 20,
1892. " The World's Fair Commission of Connecticut " was
one of the themes named in the programme for discussion. The
Hon. N. D. Sperry of New Haven said the business of the
committee to whom the subject had been referred, was to go

18 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

before the legislature and ask for a certain appropriation, which
would put Connecticut interests on a footing with the indus-
trial exhibits of other states. He remarked that the national
commissioners for Connecticut were extremely anxious that
the State have an exhibit, at the fair. Connecticut alone, of all
the states, was the only one against which a word could be said.
The position of the commissioners was humiliating, and that
of the State also. Its manufacturers and business men had for-
mulated no scheme, but were eagerly looking to the legisla-
ture in the hope that it would, for a few minutes, put aside
its differences, and appropriate a certain sum to carry on the
work. It seemed to Mr. Sperry that the State Board of Trade
ought to have non-partisan influence enough to go to the legisla-
ture and induce the two houses to come together for five min-
utes and pass a World's Fair appropriation. Supplementing
his remarks, Mr. Sperry offered a resolution to the effect that
the State Board of Trade was of the opinion that the legislature
should take action on the matter of an appropriation, $25,000
being named, and that a committee of one from each board be
appointed to aid the commissioners from Connecticut to secure
the accomplishment of such a result.

The discussion that followed Mr. Sperry's presentation of
the matter was mainly upon the question of the amount of the
appropriation. Richard O. Cheney of Manchester advocated
$50,000; E. J. Hill of Nbrwalk raised it to $100,000, and made
an able argument why such a sum should be appropriated.
Francis R. Cooley of Hartford thought it would be a mistake
to ask for more than $50,000, as there were many rural legisla-
tors who would object to a large sum, but who would vote for
the amount named. Mr. Cheney's amendment, making the
amount to be appropriated $50,000, was accepted by Mr.
Sperry, and the resolution was passed as amended.

Upon motion of Nathan Easterbrook, Jr., of N"ew Haven,
it was voted that the resolution be telegraphed to the presiding
officers of the Senate and House of Representatives, which was
done. The dispatch to the Senate was similar to that of the
House, of which the following is a copy:

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 19

Waterbury, January 20, 1892.
To the Hon. A. W. Paige,

Speaker of the House of Representatives, Hartford:

The Connecticut State Board of Trade have unanimously
adopted the following preamble and resolutions, and have or-
dered the same transmitted to the Speaker of the House, with
the request that it be laid before the House, and a hearing be
given to a committee from this Board.

The State Board of Trade, meeting this day in the city of
Waterbury, are of the decided opinion that the present legisla-
ture now in session should take immediate action to have Con-
necticut duly represented at the Columbian Exposition, to be
held in the city of Chicago in 1893, and to that end we would
urge upon the legislature to make sufficient appropriation, say
to the amount of at least fifty thousand dollars, that the indus-
trial interests of this state may at Chicago be put upon a foot-
ing with other states in relation to this great international en-
terprise, therefore

Resolved — That in the opinion of this Board of Trade the
legislature of this state should immediately appropriate fifty
thousand dollars, to be used in the interests of our state at Chi-
cago.

Resolved — That a committee of one from each board of
trade be nominated to aid in any way the commissioners from
this state to have Connecticut duly represented, and the sum
above named duly appropriated by our legislature to meet the
accomplishment of the above named.

T. A. Barnes, Secretary.
James D. Dewell, President.

A dispatch was soon received from the president pro tern.
of the Senate, the Hon. David M. Read, in response to the
above telegram, announcing that the House adjourned for
lack of a quorum, but that the Senate would confer with the
committee when practicable.

The people of Connecticut soon came to the conclusion
that it was useless to expect legislative action relative to the
World's Fair, and that if the state had proper representation
there, it must be secured through other agencies than its Gen-
eral Assembly. It should be remembered, however, that the
failure of the legislature to make an appropriation was wholly
due to a dead-lock between its two branches rather than in-

20 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

disposition to aid the enterprise. No question was raised as to
the desirability of having the State properly represented at the
great Exposition, but it was thought that if the Senate united
with the House of Representatives in the passage of a joint
resolution appropriating money for any purpose, it might vio-
late the self-imposed understanding, which would be a disas-
trous precedent to the dead-locking branch in the eye of the
people or the courts.

Having fully arrived at the conclusion that the people of
the state must take hold of the matter in a non-partisan way,
the press generally promptly advocated such action. The pop-
ular sentiment was reflected in an editorial in the Hartford
Courant in its issue of February 1, 1892, from which an ex-
tract is here given:

" The Chicago fair will be the greatest event of the kind
the people of this earth have ever witnessed. It will be the
wonderful nineteenth century on exhibition to itself. The
people of the liveliest city that the sun shines on are full of
zeal and enthusiasm in planning for it, and their contagious in-
terest has spread wherever people read. To exhibit there is an
opportunity such as can in the nature of things have few,
if any equals. . . . It is time to do something. The
boards of trade throughout the State should take the matter
up without delay. The great manufacturers should plan to-
gether. Some sort of scheme for united effort should be un-
dertaken that the next legislature can assume, if we ever elect
another working body. It is time to organize and do some-
thing. If we don't, where will Connecticut be? Right here,
when everything and everybody else will be at Chicago."

The next step in the proceedings was taken by the Connec-
ticut Board of National World's Fair Commissioners, which in
conformity to Congressional enactment had been appointed in
1890. The following letter appeared in many of the news-
papers of the State:

Hartford, Conn., Feb. 4, 1892.
To His Excellency, Morgan G. Bulkeley,
Governor of Connecticut.

Sir: The undersigned, commissioners of the World's Co-
lumbian Exposition and members of the Ladies' Board of the
Columbian Commission for Connecticut, respectfully suggest,

LADY MANAGERS AND ALTERNATES OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 21

iii view of the possibility of the failure of the General Assembly
to make in due time an appropriation of money to aid in organ-
izing an adequate and creditable exposition of the arts and in-
dustries of Connecticut at the Exposition of 1893, that you
should, in your official capacity as the legally recognized high-
est authority in the state, extend a non-partisan invitation to
representative citizens in different parts of the commonwealth
to meet at some suitable place in Hartford at an early day to
consider the expediency of asking a popular subscription to be
used as a legislative appropriation would be, and to recommend
an application to the General Assembly to make an appropria-
tion for the reimbursement of those who assist in such popular
subscription.

Leverett Brainard, Commissioner,
Charles F. Brooker, Alternate,
Thomas M. Waller, Commissioner,
Charles E. Baldwin, Alternate,
Frances S. Ives, Commissioner,
Amelia B. Hinman, Alternate,
Isabella B. Hooker, Commissioner,
Virginia T. Smith, Alternate.

Acceding to the suggestion of the national commissioners
contained in the foregoing communication, four days later
Governor Bulkeley issued the following letter, which was sent
to boards of trade, prominent manufacturers, and leading cit-
izens throughout the state:
State of Connecticut, Executive Department.

Hartford, February 8, 1892.
To the People of the State of Connecticut:

Owing to the failure of the General Assembly to make pro-
vision for the representation of this state at the " Columbian
Exposition of 1892," and at the earnest request of the Com-
missioners and Ladies' Board of the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion, and of the representatives of varied industrial interests
of this state, and to the end that Connecticut, which for nearly
a century has been foremost in the development of the inven-
tive, educational, manufacturing, and industrial genius of her
people, may participate in this Exposition, intended to illus-
trate the growth and development of the country in the four
centuries since the discovery of America by Christopher Co-
lumbus, I most cordially invite all persons interested, and es-
pecially a representative from each organized industry, boards

22 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

of trade, manufacturing firm or corporation, educational and
agricultural society and institution, to meet in convention in
the hall of the House of Representatives, in the Capitol, at
Hartford, on Monday, the 22d day of February, at 11 o'clock
a. m., for the appointment of a commission to organize and
provide for an adequate and creditable exhibition of the arts
and industries of Connecticut, and to consider the expediency
of raising by popular subscription a sum sufficient to defray
the expenses of such a commission, to be used in the same man-
ner as a legislative appropriation would be; application to be
made to the General Assembly for an appropriation for the
reimbursement of those who join in such subscription.

MORGAN G. BULKELEY, Governor.

The effect of Governor Bulkeley's letter was to stimulate
prompt action in behalf of the suggestion for a popular sub-
scription, especially on the part of boards of trade. The Hart-
ford Board of Trade held a meeting February 17th, to consider
the subject, the following-named gentlemen taking part in the
discussion: Jeremiah M. Allen, George A. Fairfield, Jud-
son H. Root, Mayor Henry C. Dwight, John M. Fairfield,
Charles Hopkins Clark, and General William H. Bulkeley.

A resolution introduced by General Bulkeley was
passed to the effect " that the Board of Trade of Hartford ap-
point a committee of ten to represent its various interests at the
meeting of February 22d, and that said committee have au-
thority to pledge one-fifth of sum needed, not exceeding $50,-
000." The committee named consisted of William H.
Bulkeley, Alfred E. Burr, Francis A. Pratt, Alvan P. Hyde,
Charles Hopkins Clark, George H. Day, Charles E. Gross,
Charles M. Beach, Edward H. Sears, John Addison Porter,
and Mayor Henry C. Dwight, ex officio. Five of the com-
mittee were Republicans, and five Democrats.

The response of the people of Connecticut to the invita-
tion of Governor Bulkeley to meet at the Capitol on the 22d
day of February, indicates that there was no lack of interest
in the question of having Connecticut adequately and credit-
ably represented at the World's Fair, nor any lack of money
for the enterprise by way of popular subscription.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 23

The convention was called to order by Governor Bulkeley,

and the following officers were chosen:

President — Ex-Governor Thomas M. Waller of New London.
Vice-Presidents.

Hartford County — Alfred E. Burr, Hartford; Henry E. Rus-
sell, New Britain.

New Haven County — George F. Holcomb, New Haven; Sam-
uel P. Williams, Water bury.

New London County — Edward T. Brown, New London; Frank
A. Mitchell, Norwich.

Fairfield County — Oscar I. Jones, Westport ; David M. Head,
Bridgeport.

Windham County — George A. Hammond, Putnam; Edward
Milner, Plainfield.

Litchfield County — Lyman W. Coe, Torrington; Samuel S.
Newton, Winchester.

Middlesex County — D. Ward Northrop, Middletown; George
M. Clark, Haddam.

Tolland County— George Sykes, Eockville; Wilbur B. Fos-
ter, Rockville.

Secretaries — George M. Harmon, New Haven; Richard 0.
Cheney, Manchester.

General William H. Bulkeley offered for the consideration
of the convention the following preamble and resolution :

To provide for the Collection, Arrangement, and Display of
the Products of the State of Connecticut at the World's
Columbian Exposition of 1893, and to secure the neces-
sary money therefor.

Whereas, The Congress of the United States has provided, by
an Act approved April 25, 1890, for celebrating the four
hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by
Christopher Columbus, by holding an international exhi-
bition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products
of the soil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the
State of Illinois, in the year 1893; and ^

Whereas, It is of great importance that the natural resources,
industrial development, and general progress of the State
of Connecticut should be fully and creditably displayed
to the world at said exposition, therefore
Resolved, That for the purpose of exhibiting the resources,
products, and general development of the State of Connecti-
cut at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. a Com-
mission is hereby constituted, to be designated the Board of
World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, which shall consist

24 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

of sixteen citizens, two from each county, selected equally
from the two leading political parties, and there shall be
selected in like manner sixteen alternates, who shall assume
and perform the duties of said Managers when requested by
them so to do. The said managers to be organized, and con-
tinue their duties as hereinafter provided. The officers of
this Convention shall constitute a committee to recommend to
the Governor suitable persons for appointment as members of
the said Board of Managers, and said Board shall meet for or-
ganization at such time as the Governor of the State may ap-
point, and organize by the election of a president, a vice-presi-
dent, a secretary, a treasurer, and other assistants as may be
needed. The treasurer of said Board shall give a bond in the
sum of $5,000, with two sureties, to be approved by the Gov-
ernor, for the proper performance of his duties. The said
Board shall have charge of the financial management of the
funds hereinafter provided for, and direct as to their expendi-
ture, and shall make report of its receipts and expenditures
from time to time to the Governor, and at any time upon his
written request. Five members of said Board shall constitute
a quorum for the transaction of business. The Board shall
have power to make rules and regulations for its own govern-
ment, provided such rules and regulations shall not conflict
with the regulations adopted under the Act of Congress for
the government of said World's Columbian Exposition. Any
member of said Board may be removed at any time by the
Governor for cause. Any vacancy which may occur in the
membership of said board shall be filled by the Governor.

The members of said Board appointed under this resolu-
tion shall not be entitled to any compensation for their ser-
vices except their actual expenses, authorized by the Board.

The Board of "World's Fair managers is authorized and
directed to appoint an Executive Commissioner, a Secretary,
and such other assistants as they may need, outside of their
own commission, and to fix their salaries, which shall be pay-
able monthly out of the appropriation hereinafter made, and
said Executive Commissioner shall be authorized and required
to assume and exercise, subject to the supervision of said Board,
all such executive powers and functions as may be necessary to
secure a complete and creditable display of the interests of the
State at the " World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 "; and,
as the executive agent of said Board, the Executive Commis-
sioner shall have personal charge of the solicitation, collection,
transportation, arrangement, and exhibition of such objects

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 25

sent by individual citizens of the state as may be by them placed
in his charge. He shall make a report to the Board monthly,
and shall hold office at the pleasure of the Board.

The World's Columbian Commissioners and the Board of
Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commission from
the State of Connecticut, and their respective alternates, shall
be ex officio members of the Board of World's Fair Managers
for the State of Connecticut.

The said Board of World's Fair Managers shall recom-
mend to the Governor, for his appointment, sixteen Lady Man-
agers, to be selected two from each county; also in like man-
ner sixteen alternates to the Board of Lady Managers. It shall
be the duty of said Board of Lady Managers to secure desirable
exhibits of woman's work in the arts, industries, and manufac-
tured products of this State.

To carry out the provisions of this resolution, and to make
provision for the erection, furnishing, and care of a suitable
building for use as headquarters at Chicago, for the conven-
ience and comfort of the citizens of the State who may visit
the Exhibition, it is deemed advisable that the sum of $50,-
000 be contributed, and to that end, we, the subscribers, hereby
agree to contribute towards the said fund the sum set opposite
our respective names, payable to the Treasurer of said Board
of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, one-half the amount
to be payable on demand, and the other half at such time or
times as the said Board of Managers may require, provided the
General Assembly of the State shall not in the meantime make
appropriation therefor. The subscription to be valid and bind-
ing only when and after the sum of $25,000 shall have been
subscribed, and it is further conditioned that application shall
be made to the Legislature of the State by the Board asking
for a reimbursement for the expenditure made, together with
the interest thereon, and if the Legislature shall at some fu-
ture time make such reimbursement, the said money shall be
paid by said Board to the several subscribers according to the
amount of their payments.

The Hon. James D. Dewell moved the adoption of the
resolution on behalf of the New Haven Chamber of Com-
merce, the motion was seconded by Thomas R. Pickering of
Portland, and after somewhat prolonged discussion it *was
unanimously adopted.

The following is a brief transcript of the desultory dis-
3

26 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

cussion which occurred during the convention, which was in
actual session one hour and thirty minutes by the clock.

J. M. Allen, president of the Hartford Board of Trade,
said the Board had taken hold of the question with absolute
unanimity, believing that the great industries of Hartford
and the entire state should be suitably represented at the
World's Fair. Connecticut is a great bee-hive, and its pro-
ducts should be properly shown to the world. The subscrip-
tions called for are intended to tide over the crisis until the
Legislature can do something. He believed the subscribers
would all be reimbursed.

The Hon. David M. Eead, president pro tempore of the
Senate, and president of the Read Carpet Company of Bridge-
port, said it was necessary that Connecticut should be fully
represented, and he believed the people wore ready to re-
spond to the call in the resolution.

Professor William H. Brewer of Yale University spoke
of the material and mechanical progress of the state. He
favored the resolution, and believed the Connecticut exhibit
would be an honor to the state.

President Charles P. Clark of the .New York, New Haven
& Hartford railroad said he was glad to hear the favorable
talk, and hoped the talk would not be all. He proposed that
the meeting proceed to receive subscriptions, and named $5,-
000 from that road, which subscription was authorized by the
board of directors at its meeting of the Saturday previous,
upon motion of a director who was not a citizen of Connecti-
cut.

The Hon. James D. Dewell of New Haven said he was au-
thorized by the New Haven Chamber of Commerce to sub-
scribe one-fifth of the amount needed ($10,000).

General Bulkeley pledged the same amount ($10,000) on
behalf of the Hartford Board of Trade.

^enator Read followed with a pledge of $5,000 from the
Bridgeport Board of Trade.

General Stephen W. Kellogg of Waterbury said he was
not authorized by his city to make a subscription, but he was
sure Waterbury would do its share.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 27

Other subscriptions quickly followed: Edward Milner
of Moosup, $1,000; Senator Wilbur B. Foster of Kockville, on
behalf of four firms in that city, $1,000; Henry Gay of Win-
sted, on behalf of the Winsted Board of Trade, $1,000; Thomas
K. Pickering of Portland, $1,000; Hon. Lyman W. Coe of
Torrington, on behalf of the manufacturers of that town, $1,-
000; Colonel Frank W. Cheney, on behalf of the Cheney Silk
Works of South Manchester, $5,000; L. B. Plimpton, on be-
half of the Plimpton Manufacturing Company of Hartford,.
$1,000; John L. Houston, for the Hartford Carpet Company
of Thompsonville, $1,000; Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley,.
individual subscription, $2,500; Willimantic Linen Company,
Willimantic, $4,500, pledged by General Lucius A. Barbour;

C. E. Billings, for the Billings & Spencer Company of Hart-
ford, $1,000; Hon. Leverett Brainard, Hartford, $1,000, and
the Putnam Business Men's Association, $250, making an
aggregate of $51,250.*

The Hon. Henry C. Robinson of Hartford was called
upon by the presiding officer, and made a brief speech on the
honorable part Connecticut had always taken in the history of
the nation, and he felt sure that it would not be found want-
ing at the World's Fair.

On motion of Governor Bulkeley, the board of managers
to be appointed were instructed to receive additional sub-
scriptions, and to apportion the $50,000 pro rata.

The Chair also called upon Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker,
as one of the lady managers of Connecticut, to speak. She
spoke encouragingly of the work being done for the fair.
Lieutenant-Governor Merwin also spoke in favor of the pro-
ject

Governor Bulkeley offered a motion, which was passed,
that the subscription list be kept open two weeks, to the end
that it might be made more popular, and upon motion of James

D. Dewell it was voted that J. M. Allen, president of the
Hartford Board of Trade, be authorized to receive additional
subscriptions.

* A full list of subscribers will be found in the appendix.

28 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The officers of the convention, having been empowered
by the resolution to make nominations to the governor for
the board of managers, met in the governor's room after
its adjournment, and took the following action:

Voted, That when this committee adjourn, it be to Mon-
day, March 7, at 12 o'clock, noon, in the Governor's room, and
that the members from each county recommend to the com-
mittee suitable persons for appointment as members and al-
ternates of the Board of "World's Fair Managers of Connecti-
cut.

In due time nominations were made of members of the
T3oard of Managers, and of their respective alternates, as fol-
lows:

Hartford County: Charles M. Jarvis, East Berlin, and
George H. Day, Hartford; alternates, John L. Houston, En-
field, and Jeffery O. Phelps, Simsbury.

New Haven County: John E. Earle,* New Haven, and S.
"W. Kellogg, Waterbury; alternates, Guernsey S. Parsons,
"VVaterbury, and T. Attwater Barnes, New Haven.

New London County: Frank A. Mitchell, Norwich, and
Edward T. Brown, New London; alternates, John Hopson, Jr.,
New London, and Asa Backus, Norwich.

Windham County: Eugene S. Boss, Willimantic, and
Charles S. L. Marlor, Brooklyn; alternates, George A. Ham-
mond, Putnam, and Edward Mullan, Putnam.

Litchfield County: Milo B. Richardson, Lime Rock, and
Ruf us E. Holmes, West Winsted ; alternates, Merritt Heming-
way, Watertown, and George A. Stoughton, Thomaston.

Fairfield County: David M. Read, Bridgeport, and Os-
car I. Jones, Westport; alternates, John S. Seymour, Nor-
walk, and Franklin M. Raymond, Westport.

Middlesex County: Thomas R. Pickering, Portland, and
Clinton B. Davis, Higganum; alternates, W. A. Brothwgll,
Chester, and E. K. Hubbard, Middletown.

Tolland County: George Sykes, Rockville, and W. B.
Foster, Rockville; alternates, George E. Keeney, Somers, and
W. H. Yeomans, Columbia.

* George F. Holcomh of New Haven succeeded Mr. Earle, whose death occurred in
December, 1892.

MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

OHAPTEE in.

The nominations for the Board of Managers having been
duly confirmed by Governor Bulkeley, its members were form-
ally notified of their appointment and requested to meet in the
Senate Chamber of the Capitol in Hartford on the 30th of
March for organization. Mr. Head was called to the chair
and Mr. Foster officiated as clerk. Officers of the Board were
elected as follows:

President — The Governor of the State, ex officio.

Vice-Presidents — David M. Read and Eugene S. Boss.

Treasurer — John E. Earle.

Secretary — Wilbur S. Foster.

Executive Committee — David M. Read, Charles M.
Jarvis, John E. Earle, Frank A. Mitchell, Charles S. L. Mar-
lor, Rufus E. Holmes, George Sykes, and Clinton B. Davis.

Among the duties of the Executive Committee, as specified
by resolutions, were these : To have in charge the active work
of the Board; to determine the general scope of work to be
performed; the supervision of disbursement of funds for all
purposes; the recommendation of proper persons as execu-
tive officers; and the procuring of plans and estimates for a
State Building to be erected on the Exposition grounds at
Chicago.

A vote passed by the Board at its initial meeting provided
for the payment of actual expenses incurred by its mem-
bers while attending to their official duties. This constituted
the only remuneration for service rendered by members of the
Board of Managers from the time of their appointment to the

30 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

time of the iinal meeting of the Board, January 30, 1894, a
period of twenty-two months.

At the first meeting of the Board it was voted to recom-
mend to the Governor for appointment sixteen ladies to con-
stitute the Board of Lady Managers ; also sixteen alternates —
two managers and two alternates from each county. The
nominations were duly confirmed by the Governor as follows:

Hartford County — Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Hartford,
and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford; alternates, Mrs. E. H. Sears,
Hartford, and Mrs. H. D. Smith, Plantsville.

New Haven County — Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia,
and Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven; alternates, Mrs.
D. B. Hamilton, Waterbury, and Mrs. Alton Farrel, Ansonia.

New London County — Miss Anne H. Chappell, New
London, and Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Colchester; alternates,
Mrs. George P. Lathrop, New London, and Miss Mary Apple-
ton Aiken, Norwich.

Fairfield County — Mrs. P. T. Barnum, Bridgeport, and
Miss Edith Jones, Westport; alternates, Mrs. J. G. Gregory,
Norwalk, and Miss Clara M. Hurlbut, Westport.

Windham County — Miss Harriett E. Brainard, Williman-
tic, and Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, Putnam; alternates, Miss
Josephine "W. Bingham, Windham, and Miss May L. Bradford,
Brooklyn.

Tolland County — Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford, and Mrs.
A. R. Goodrich, Yernon; alternates, Mrs. A. P. Hammond,
Rockville, and Miss Charlotte E. Skinner, Rockville.

Middlesex County — Miss Clemontine D. Clark, Higga-
num, and Mrs. Welthea A. Hammond, Portland; alternates,
Miss Gertrude M. Turner, Chester, and Mrs. Leora €. Wilkins,
Portland.

Litchfield County — Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville,
and Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Winsted; alternates, Mrs. George
H. Stoughton, Thomaston, and Mrs. John A. Buckingham,
Watertown.

The Board of Lady Managers organized by the choice of
Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley as president, and Mrs. George H.
Knight as secretary. [LTpon the resignation of Mrs. Bulke-
ley, Mrs. Knight was elected president in January, 1893, con-
tinuing to fill the office of secretary as well until the close of
the Fair.]

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 31

The following-named ladies were appointed members of the
Board of Managers, but resigned their position within a few
months after appointment, to wit: Miss Elizabeth T.
Ripley, Xorwich, succeeded by Mrs. H. C. Morgan; Miss
Elizabeth P. Wilcox, Berlin, succeeded by Mrs. Edward H.
Sears; Mrs. Thomas Wallace, Jr., Ansonia, succeeded by Mrs.
Alton Farrel; Miss Mary M. Grosvenor, Pomfret, succeeded
by Miss Josephine "W. Bingham; Mrs. Frank E. Hull, South
Coventry, succeeded by Miss Charlotte E. Skinner; and Mrs.
Charles G. R. Vinal, Middletown, succeeded by Mrs. Leora
C. Wilkins.

At the second meeting of the Board of Managers, held on
the 19th of April, George H. Woods, of Hartford, was ap-
pointed Executive Manager, at a salary of $200 per month, and
J. H. Yaill, of Winsted, Executive Secretary, at a salary of
$100 per month; the resolutions under which they were ap-
pointed providing for additional payment of " actual expenses
while traveling," and specifying further that their appoint-
ments might be canceled and their salaries cease " whenever
in the opinion of the Executive Committee the best interests
of the State should so require." At the meeting at which the
above-named appointments were made the further appoint-
ment was made of Morris W. Seymour of Bridgeport as the
attorney of the Board.

Among the earlier steps taken by the Executive Committee
was the appointment of a Building Committee, consisting of
Messrs. Read, Jarvis, and Earle, who were instructed to adver-
tise for " preliminary plans " for a State Building, " to cost
about $10,000." In accordance with their instructions the
Building Committee advertised in several of the leading news-
papers of the state for plans, and, in due time, received de-
signs, accompanied by plans and specifications from the fol-
lowing named architects : Warren R. Briggs and Joseph W.
Xorthrop of Bridgeport; George Keller of Hartford; George
Cole of Xew London; and David Brown of Xew Haven. The
design submitted by Mr. Briggs received the approval of the
Executive Committee, and was adopted by the Board of

32 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Managers. The next step in the same direction was advertis-
ing for bids for the erection of the building, the following
being received:

Henry Bernritter <fe Co., Chicago, . . . $7,800
Tracy Brothers, Waterbury, .... 9,870
A. W. Burritt & Co., Waterbury, . . . 13,425
Grace & Hyde, Chicago, .... 16,650
T. E. Larkins & Sons' Co., !N"ew Haven, . . 17,025
C. A. Reynolds, Nonvalk, .... 18,373

The proposal of Tracy Brothers was accepted, theirs being
the lowest bid made by parties of established reputation and
of well-known financial standing. The contract with these
parties stipulated that at the close of the Exposition the owner-
ship of the building should revert to the builders, who should
assume all responsibility and expense of its removal from
the Exposition grounds. It was further stipulated that the
building should be completed by the first of October, 1892.
It was also decided, by resolution passed by the Board of
Managers at its meeting of April 19th, that the Building Com-
mittee should be limited to an expenditure not exceeding
$15,000 " for building complete, including furniture." A
House Furnishing Committee was appointed by the Board of
Lady Managers to act with the Building Committee, and to
have charge of the furnishing and decorating of the State
Building. This committee consisted of Mrs. P. H. Ingalls,
Mrs. Franklin Farrel, and Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, Mrs.
Farrel being appointed in place .of Mrs. P. T. Barnum, who
declined the appointment.

The first representatives of the Board of Managers to
visit the Exposition grounds at Jackson Park, were the mem-
bers of the Building Committee, Messrs. Read, Jarvis, and
Earle, accompanied by Executive Manager Woods. Their
principal errands to Jackson Park were to submit to the Direc-
tor-General and the Chief of the Bureau of Construction for
their approval the plans and specifications of the State Build-
ing; to examine the site set apart for it by the Exposition

MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 33

authorities, and to make provision for filling and grading the
plot assigned to the State of Connecticut. Upon their return,
Mr. Eead, chairman of the committee, reported to the Board
of Managers at their meeting, held at the Capitol May 17th,
that the design and plans adopted for the State Building had
been duly approved by the Director-General, that the site for
the building was very satisfactory, and that Charles S. Frost,
a Chicago architect of excellent reputation, had been engaged
by them to superintend the construction of the building.
These preliminary steps having been duly approved by the
Board of Managers, the Building Committee was instructed to
enter into contract with Messrs. Tracy Brothers, requiring of
them an acceptable bond for its faithful performance.

CHAPTER IV.

Participation of Connecticut at the dedication of the Exposition in
October, 1892 — Roster of Military Escort to the Governor and Offi-
cial Boards — Connecticut in the World's Fair Parade at Chicago, etc.

The first movement by the Board of Managers in the
direction of Connecticut's participation in the dedication cere-
monies of the Exposition was made at its meeting of July 6th.
It was then voted that the Board attend the dedication exerci-
ses to be held in October. At the same meeting it was deter-
mined that the Eirst Company of the Governor's Foot Guards
should be invited to accompany the delegation as military es-
cort, and an appropriation of $2,500 was made therefor from
the funds of the Board. The president of the Board was
empowered to appoint a committee of three of its members,
which should make all necessary arrangements for the trip,
including transportation and hotel accommodations at Chicago,
of which committee the president of the Board was the chair-
man. Thus constituted, the committee consisted of Governor
Bulkeley and Messrs. Marlor, Mitchell, and Davis.

The first official record of the work of the committee ap-
pears in the minutes of a meeting of the Board held September
8th, recorded as follows: " Governor Bulkeley reported that
full arrangements to take the Board of Managers to Chicago
in October had not been made, but he would see that every-
thing should be ready in ample time."

The days originally designated for the dedication exercises
were the llth, 12th, and 13th of October, corresponding to
the time when Columbus set foot on San Salvador. Owing,
however, to the fact that a grand naval parade had been
planned to take place in !N"ew York at that time, in which it was
desired that not only the President of the United States and his
Cabinet, but distinguished representatives of foreign govern-
ments should participate, the dedication ceremonies at the
Exposition had been deferred until October 21st, 22d, and 23d.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 35

On the llth of October orders were issued from the Adju-
tant-General's office, at Hartford, for the Governor's Staff to
report to the Adjutant-General at 9 A.M. October 18th, " fully
uniformed and equipped for duty, upon the occasion of the
dedication of the World's Columbian Buildings at Chicago."
At same time similar orders were issued by Major E. Henry
Hyde, commandant of the First Company of Governor's Foot
Guards. The hour named found the Board of Managers,
the Board of Lady Managers, and the military escort assembled
at the Union railroad station in Hartford, prepared for de-
parture for Chicago.

The Staff of Governor Bulkeley was constituted as fol-
lows: Adjutant-General, Brig. -Gen. Andrew H. Embler;
Quartermaster-General, Brig.-Gen. William B. Rudd; Sur-
geon-General, Brig.-Gen. Henry Hungerford; Commissary-
General, Brig.-Gen. Eugene S. Boss; Paymaster-General,
Brig.-Gen. Wallace T. Fenn; Asst. Adjutant-General, Colonel
Wm. H. Tubbs; Asst. Quartermaster-General, Colonel Henry
C. Morgan; Aids-de-Camp, Colonels Wm. C. Skinner, James
Y. Fairman, Wm. E. A. Bulkeley, Frank T. Maxwell, and W.
H. C. Bowen. Accompanying the Staff were the Governor's
Executive Secretary, Austin Brainard, Samuel A. Eddy, Clerk
of the House of Representatives, and Andrew F. Gates, Assis-
tant Clerk.

The special train which conveyed the excursionists to
Chicago consisted of ten palace cars and one baggage car, the
train being tastefully decorated with national and state colors.
It was designated by the railway officials as the " Connecticut
Special." The schedule for the train was as follows : Leave
Hartford at 9.20 A. M., Springfield at 10.20, Albany at 2.30
P. M., Buffalo at 10 P. M., and arrive in Chicago at 4 P. M.
the following day.

The Board of Managers was represented by the following:
Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, George H. Day, Charles S.
L. Marlor, Rufus E. Holmes, Oscar I. Jones, George Sykes,
Wilbur B. Foster, George A. Hammond, and W. A. Brothwell.
Accompanying were Warren A. Briggs, architect of the Con-

36 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

necticut Building at Jackson Park; George H. Woods, Execu-
tive Manager; and J. II. Vaill, Executive Secretary.

The following members of the Board of Lady Managers
joined the excursion party: Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Mrs.
P. H. Ingalls, Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge,
Miss Anne H. Chappell, Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Miss Edith
Jones, Miss Harriett E. Brainard, Mrs. Edward T. Whitmore,
Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Mrs. Clementine

D. Clark-Hubbard, Mrs. Welthea A. Hammond, Mrs. George
H. Knight, Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Miss May Bradford, Mrs.
Alton Farrel, and Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of the Connecticut
National Commission.

Accompanying the party were the following invited
guests: Colonel Albert A. Pope of Boston, Hon. William
Waldo Hyde and wife, Colonel George Pope and Dr. P. H.
Ingalls of Hartford, Hon. Seneca O. Griswold of Windsor,
Dr. George H. Knight of Lakeville, Mrs. George Sykes of
Rockville, Mrs. R. E. Holmes of Winsted, Franklin Farrel of
Ansonia, Cyril Johnson of Stafford, C. R. Brothwell of Ches-
ter, Alembert O. Crosby of Glastonbury, Addison Pitkin of
East Hartford, Miss Bertha E. Hammond of Putnam, and
Warren W. Foster of New York.

The Governor's Foot Guards, accompanying the party as
military escort, was constituted as shown by the following
roster:

COMPANY OFFICERS.

E. Henry Hyde, Jr., . . . . Major Commanding.

William 8. Dwyer, . . . ... Captain and First Lieutenant.

Henry Bryant, Second Lieutenant.

Albert A. Bill Third Lieutenant.

Robert R. Pease, Fourth Lieutenant.

Fred R. Bill, Ensign.

W. A. M. Wainwright, .... Surgeon.

M. M. Johnson, Assistant Suraeon.

Joseph J. Poole, . Inspector Rifle Practice,

Leander Hall, Acting Quartermaster.

E. D. Robbins, Acting Judge Advocate.

Henry Osborn, Acting Paymaster.

Fayette C. Clark, Acting Commissary.

Charles E. Shelton Acting Signal Officer.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

NON-COMMISSIONED STAFF.

James W. Hirst,
Edson Sessions,
Thomas R. Shannon,
G. Williams McClunie,
Theodore H. Goodrich,
Eugene H. Richmond,
William H. Foster,
Ralph W. Williamson,
Alfred C. Deming, .
Warren L. Forbes, .
Irwin N. Tibbals, .

Sergeant-Major .
Quartermaster-Sergeant.
Hospital Steward,
Ordnance- Sergeant.
Signal- Sergeant.
Commissary- Sergeant.
Asst. Commissary -Sergeant.
Color -Sergeant.
Color-Sergeant.
Color- Corporal.
Color- Corporal.

SERGEANTS.

George Hayes,
William F. Williams,
James E. Williams,
George E. Cox,

Alfred E. Snow,
William A. Canty,
Harry Prutting,
William H. Wilson.

CORPORALS.

DeGray F. Crozier,
Wilson L. Fenn,
Fred J. Dole,
Alfred O. Warner,

William Melrose,
Henry S. Ellsworth,
Elbert J. Andrews,
Theodore W. Laiman.

Alexander, Edward W.
Allen, James C. S.
Bardol, Edward A.
Barrett, George F.
Beers, Robert C.
Belcher, Warren J.
Berry, Thomas A.
Blake, John F.
Bonner, John D.
Bottelle, Charles W.
Brainard, Fred L.
Brooks, Albert H.
Bubser, Fidel
Burr, Fred W.
Bullard, Arthur H.
Conkey, D. Frank
Cook, Harris J.
Cook, Joseph L.
Cook, Charles S.
Coombs, Thomas J.
Cornell, George A.

Clapp, Joseph B.
Dobler, John F.
Doty, Samuel C.
Doty, Alfred E.
Dowden, Thomas B.
Dwyer, Benjamin R.
Evans, William L.
Fenner, Alexander E.
Flagg, Frank S.
Forbes, Frederick H.
Gorton, Joseph C.
Graham, Alfred S.
Hall, Charles W.
Halliday, Ernest C.
Hanmer, Charles C.
Harmon, Fred
Hawley, Lewis F.
Hayden, Henry R.,
Horan, Patrick J.
Johnson, Ethel E.
Johnson, George L.

Jr.

38 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Jones, Rollin C. Potter, Marcus A.

Judd, Fred E. Pratt, James C.

Kemmerer, John R. Quinn, Lewis C.

Kilbourne, Joseph A. Quintard, Herbert A.

Kingston, Raymond L. Ray, Frank, E.

Lang, Archer W. Robinson, George E.

Lathrop, William H., Jr. Shumaker, Charles

Lewis, T. Jarvis Shaffer, Charles O.

Lipsey, Robert G. Sloan, John, Jr.

Lloyd, William B. Smead, George H.

Miller, Charles B. Spalding, James A,. Jr.

Milliken, Nathaniel H. Speath, Anthony II .

Moran, John F..B. Stedman, Charles E.

Naedle, Gus J. A. Stanton, Chester

Newton, Burton L. Tefft, Stephen A.

Newton, Frank E. Tennyson, James E.

Nevers, Robert E. Thomas, Albert L.

Nichols, C. D. Waldorf, Clarence C.

Oakes, Thomas Warner, Frank A.

Parsons, George A. Williams, Gross H.

Penfield, George S. Wilson, George H.

Perry, Edwin L. Worcester, Charles W.

Phillips, Edward B. Wright, Henry E.

Pollard, Frederick Young, Frank S.

Accompanying the military escort was Colt's Band of
Hartford, thirty pieces, W. M. Redfield, leader.

The progress of the " Connecticut Special " on its way to
Chicago, and a brief summary of the notable events occurring
there were telegraphed to the Hartford C our ant by the execu-
tive secretary of the Board of Managers, and are reproduced
here:

Buffalo, Oct. 18. — The Connecticut delegation to the
World's Fair dedicatory exercises arrived here at 10.10 P. M.,
after a pleasant day's ride. Nothing has occurred to mar the
enjoyment of the trip. Columbus may have attained more
fame than any of us, but we are having a better time than he
did. Dr. Ingalls is master of ceremonies, and Dr. Knight is
musical director.

Chicago, Oct. 20. — The grand civic parade set down in
the dedication calendar as the special feature of the first of the
three days' celebration is over, and, though there may not
have been fully one hundred thousand men in line, there were
enough, for it took three hours to see them all pass. It was

MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 39

a very creditable display, and Chicago is in good humor to-
night over her success. The most interesting feature was the
Procession of the Governors, in which Connecticut held her
own. Governor Bulkeley and his Staff were superbly
mounted, while most of the governors and their staffs rode in
carriages, and some of them in not very elegant turnouts. The
Foot Guards and Colt's Band also easily carried off first honors
in their line. The most marked demonstration of the day
was the personal ovation to Governor McKinley, and the most
suggestive object-lesson was the battalion of Indian students
from the Carlisle School. They were dressed in military
uniform, and borne upon their bayonets were samples of their
work as shoemakers, blacksmiths, harness-makers, and at other
trades. The applause which greeted their appearance plainly
meant that these dusky youths are worth more to educate into
useful citizens than as food for regular army powder.

Chicago, Oct. 21. — The hundred thousand people, more
or less, who attended the dedicatory exercises to-day are tired
to-night. Tens of thousands of them sat more than five hours
in order to sqe Mr. Depew speak, for but few, comparatively,
could hear a word he said. There were some impressive feat-
ures, such as the great multitude, whom no man could number,
suggestive of the hundred and forty and four thousand in the
vision of John. ISTo grand-stand, probably, was ever before so
heavily loaded down with dignitaries as that of to-day, but it
sustained them without accident. It contained members of
diplomatic corps from all the principal powers of the globe,
and nothing less than governors, supreme court justices, major-
generals, and cabinet officers counted much in the big crowd.
The Connecticut delegation were well supplied with special
tickets to ceremonies through the efficiency of Mrs. Bulkeley
and Executive Manager Woods. Chicago is happy again to-
night, and is illuminating three of her parks with a fine dis-
play of fireworks. "We start on our homeward journey Satur-
day night at 10 o'clock.

~No recital of the events of the excursion of the Connecti-
cut delegation to Chicago in October, 1892, is as likely to con-
form to the requisite characteristics of history as one told at
the time when the occurrences were fresh in mind, and it may,
therefore, be pardonable to borrow from the files of the Hart-
ford C our ant, for the conclusion of this chapter, some extracts
from a sketch written then.

40 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

TIN: TIJIl' TO CHICAGO — ITS PLEASURES AND INCIDENTS.

" It seems a little hard that the man who did such a good
thing as to discover this country should have had such a rough
time of it. If he had been content to wait until our day, he
might easily have interested an English syndicate in his
scheme . . . and how much more comfortable it would
have been for Columbus to come over in a modern ' ocean
greyhound.'

" How pleasant to cross the country in a Wagner vestibuled
train rather than by the slow coaches of former days! It is,
much nicer it is to go across the country in a Wagner vesti-
buled train than by the slow coaches of former days. It is,
perhaps, better to ride horseback than go afoot, and stage-
coaches, canal boats, and prairie schooners were thought to be
all right on a western trip sixty or seventy years ago. The
advancement has been so gradual that we of to-day find it
difficult to realize what a* marvelous change there has been
in transportation methods, unless we are able to go back in
personal recollection about fifty years, for that time about
covers the existence of the ISTew York Central road.

" I cannot characterize a modern vestibuled railroad outfit
more tersely nor more comprehensively than to call it a Kodak
train. All the passenger has to do is to touch the button,
the porter does the rest.

" The Connecticut delegation to the dedication ceremonies
at the World's Fair at Chicago last week made their round
trip on one of these superbly equipped trains.

" The party consisted of Governor Bnlkeley and staff, the
Governor's Foot Guard (112 men), Major E. Henry Hyde, Jr.,
commanding; Colt's Band, thirty pieces, W. M. Redfield,
leader; the Connecticut Board of World's Eair Managers; the
Board of Lady Managers, and a few invited guests.

" The start was made from Hartford at 9.20 on the morning
of October 18th, and in just thirty hours the train of eleven
cars halted at the Van Buren Street station in Chicago, only
twenty minutes behind schedule time. . . . The Michi-
gan Central and Boston & Albany roads were both represented
on this train; General Passenger Agent Hanson of the latter
road accompanying the party from Hartford to Pittsfield,
while the traveling passenger agent of the Michigan Central,
Mr. Carscadin, looked after the welfare of the train from
Hartford to Chicago, and back to Buffalo. When he left the
train the sentiment of appreciation was so strong that it sought

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 41

expression in cheers for the man who had spent so many hours
of watchful care for the welfare of his charge. Resolutions
were also passed to the same general tenor, which were ordered
to be engrossed, and to bear the signatures of Governor Bulke-
ley, Major Hyde, and the president of the Board of Lady
Managers. Four hundred years hence the Carscadin family
will probably be treasuring this engrossed testimonial, and
some future Ignatius Donnelly will probably try to solve the
question as to the origin of that family name, perhaps arriving
at the conclusion that he was the inventor of railway cars.

" And while railways are under discussion, it may interest
some Connecticut readers of this letter to hear about a couple
of straight pieces of railway track our party discovered on their
trip. They are on the Michigan Central line between Buffalo
and Detroit, the first one of sixty miles, as straight as a lead
pencil, and then, after a slight curve, another stretch of fifty
miles, which is as straight as the cockney said he was when he
was young — straight as a harrow. Lost time can be pretty
safely made up on a track like that.

" I will not dwell on the events in Chicago, of which the-
papers have been so full. The Connecticut party was com-
fortably quartered and entertained at the monster Auditorium
Hotel, which I overheard one fellow telling another, as they
were strolling through its corridors, was the finest hotel in the
world. Most of our party lived high during their sojourn
there, their rooms being on the eighth floor! If there is a
garret to the Auditorium Hotel it must be down in the cellar,
for the dining-room is clear up in the top of the house, ten
stories above the pavement.

" The civic parade of the 20th was chiefly interesting to
the Connecticut delegation for the opportunity it afforded of
setting off the Connecticut contingent to good advantage.
It was agreed at all points that Governor Bulkeley sat his horse
more superbly than any other of the governors in the procession
of states. So, too, the Governor's Foot Guard and Colt's Band
were not outshone by any other similar organizations. You
may have heard about this before; never mind, it will bear
repeating, and it is worth repeating when it is known that
it was the general verdict of impartial observers from every-
where.

"About the dedication exercises I will not say a word;
by this time everybody has been overloaded with the story.
Or, at least, just a word. The two most impressive features,

42 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

said a Connecticut spectator to me, were the music and the
people, and I fully agree with him. . . .

" The Connecticut building is practically completed, but
the finishing touches will not be put on until spring. These
touches will include the antique furnishing, which will be
provided by the Board of Lady Managers. The plumbing is
completed, and is of a superior kind. It is all silver plated,
was made in Connecticut, put up by Connecticut workmen,
and is approved by all Connecticut visitors who see it.

" When next year comes I wish it might be the good for-
tune of every Connecticut man, woman, and child to visit
the great Exposition. They can't all go, but no one who can
go should fail of seeing it. It will not be repeated in our day,
and these terms are, perhaps, not too large for it: The Crown-
ing Glory of the Nineteenth Century. The last day of our
stay in Chicago was mainly devoted to a stroll through the
Exposition grounds by the Connecticut visitors, and from the
foretaste they had 'that day they will be all the more eager
to see the wonderful Fair when it is in complete running order
next year.

" The wind-up of dedication week found the Connecti-
cut party very willing to start homeward, and so, at 10 o'clock
Saturday night, we were on a move in our comfortable quarters
in the Wagner cars. Sunday afternoon we spent a couple of
hours at Niagara Ealls, where we read the " sermons in stones "
and listened to the impressive diapason tones which came up
from the caverns below the mighty waterfall.

" We had no chaplain aboard nor any contribution-box, so
that the nearest we could come to a religious observance of
the day was to hold a praise service in the evening. It lasted
from Buffalo to Rochester, and the hymns we sang were just
about what might have been expected. Here is a list of them
as far as memory serves me: 'Nearer, my God, to Thee/
' Rock of Ages, cleft for me,' l Jerusalem, the Golden/ ' Abide
with me, fast falls the eventide,' ' The Shining Shore,' ' Sun
of my Soul,' ' All hail the power of Jesus' Name,' ' Blest be
the tie that binds,' ' Roll, Jordan, Roll,' ' Mary and Martha
have just gone along,' ' How firm a foundation.'

" Here we are, home again, gliding down the valley of the
Connecticut River. The run from Springfield to Hartford
was devoted to getting ready for disembarkation, to farewells,
and to the passage of resolutions. There were some people
on the train who had done more than the rest to make the trip
an enjoyable one. There was no lack anywhere of courteous

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 43

attention, but on the part of a few there was a great deal, and
to them came the graceful and grateful acknowledgment at
the end. The special recipients of these honors were Governor
and Mrs. Bulkeley and Dr. Ingalls. These were respectively
the presidents of the two Boards and the acting commissary —
the man who prescribed three meals per day for his patients
and who saw to it that they had them.

" My last paragraph must chronicle the only sad event of
the entire trip, and nothing of its kind could have been worse.
One of the lady managers left her elegant plumed hat in the
upper berth of her section, and the porter shut it up there!
As for looks, an elephant might as well have lain on it over
night."

CHAPTER V.

The state buildings erected on Jackson Park to serve as
headquarters for people of the several states during the Colum-
bian Exposition varied widely in their types of architecture,
each having an individuality of its own. In some instances
they were copies of well-known historic structures. Cali-
fornia reproduced the old Mission Church at San Diego;
Florida built a miniature of old Eort Marion; Virginia made a
copy of "Mount Vernon," the home of Washington; New
Jersey patterned after Washington's headquarters at Morris-
town ; the front of Pennsylvania's building was a reproduction
of the front of Independence Hall; and Massachusetts copied
the form of the old John Hancock house in Boston. A French
design was adopted by Arkansas, and a Spanish model was
followed by Colorado. In keeping with the pioneer life of
her people, Idaho erected a three-story log-cabin, to which
Swiss balconies were inharmoniously added, which cost, not-
withstanding its rude general appearance, $30,000. Regard-
ing herself the host at the Exposition, Illinois chose for a
model for her state building what might have been imagined
to be a reproduction of her capitol, so broad were its founda-
tions and so stately its dome.

The Connecticut State Building was not a reproduction of
any former edifice. It was designed to represent a type of
structure that was in great favor among well-to-do people in
this state in colonial times, of which some still remain. As

**^^»p
R..--I I m

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 45

before stated, its designer was Warren R. Briggs of Bridgeport,
his design being accepted by the Board of Managers in pre-
ference to those offered in competition by four other architects.

By terms of contract with Tracy Brothers the building was
to be completed by October 1, 1892, and it is but fair to re-
cord the fact that the building was not only completed at the
time named in the bond, but that the work was so well done
that inspection of it resulted in securing for its builders
various other contracts, from which handsome pecuniary pro-
fits followed. The superb Tiffany Pavilion, in the Manu-
factures and Liberal Arts' Building, occupied by the Tiffany
Company, Gorham Company, and Tiffany Cut Glass Com-
pany, was built by this firm of Connecticut contractors, for
which they received about $28,000, and it is asserted that the
contract was awarded to the Tracys in view of the fact that
their work on the Connecticut Building had been done in
such thorough and workmanlike manner. Members of the
Building Committee made occasional trips to Chicago to in-
spect the work of the contractors during the period of con-
struction of the building, mainly relying, however, upon the
efficiency of the supervising architect, C. S. Frost, and upon
the good reputation of the contractors.

The building still lacked interior embellishment, however,
and during the winter and spring months following the Ripley
Brothers of Hartford were engaged to decorate it. It had
been determined to decorate the three rooms on the east side
of the second story in honor of three of Connecticut's oldest
towns — Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. To carry out
this plan the walls of the Windsor room were stenciled in imita-
tion of the paper on the walls of the guest chamber of the
Oliver Ellsworth house in that town, and, in like manner, the
walls in the Wethersfield room were decorated in imitation
of the walls in a noted homestead in that town in which Wash-
ington was entertained as a guest during the Revolutionary
War. The walls of the Hartford room were stenciled with
oak leaves, suggestive of the famous Charter Oak of Hartford's
earlier history. The walls of the two parlors were differently

46 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

embellished, being covered with rich silk tapestry, made by
the Cheney Brothers of South Manchester, and presented to
the furnishing committee by Colonel Frank "W. Cheney of
that firm.

Further embellishment was given the building by antique
furnishings, some from various dismantled Connecticut home-
steads and some as loans from existing Connecticut homes.
Of the former class were two ancient corner cupboards, which
were so dextrously fitted into the corners of the dining-room
as to give the appearance of being part of the original design.
Another improvised attraction was the mantel in the rear
parlor. Its original dwelling-place was the home of the late
General William H. Russell of New Haven; afterward it did
duty in a former dining-room of Connecticut's distinguished
son and author, Donald G. Mitchell, by whom it was loaned
to the Committee.

In addition to these more noteworthy features the Commit-
tee secured many interesting loans which served to make the
interior attractive and homelike, the various articles being of
such character as to aid in carrying out the original design.
The Windsor and Charter Oak rooms were furnished as ex-
hibits representing guest chambers of Colonial days. There
were highpost bedsteads, surmounted by canopies which pre-
vented attacks from marauding bands of Revolutionary mos-
quitoes; and high, fluffy feather beds covered with counter-
panes wrought by gentle hands that rested from 'their labors
long before the dawn of the present century; antique wash-
stands, with washbowls and pitchers to match; old-fashioned
chairs, in which people of a former generation could, possibly,
have taken their ease; mirrors that, perchance, reflected the
loveliness of many a dame or maiden of the long-ago ; candle-
sticks and snuffers that served good purpose before the advent
of those sisters of light, camphene and kerosene, and ere the
arc-angel of inventive genius had captured and unfolded the
marvelous glow-worm lurking within the recesses of the
mysterious electric wire.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 47

And there were andirons once the property of " Mother
Bailey " (Anna Warner Bailey of Groton), noted for her
patriotic sacrifice to the extent of surrendering her red-flannel
petticoat for gun-wadding, when, in 1813, the gunners at
"Fort Trumbull, New London, successfully repelled the attack
of the British fleet; and floors were covered with rag-carpets
and circular rag-mats, suggestive of the " age of homespun " ;
the old Connecticut clock found a place in this exhibit, as also
did the warming-pan of our grandfather's days. It is true
that the electric lights with which these Colonial guest cham-
bers were supplied seemed somewhat incongruous in their
association with brass candlesticks, snuffers, and warming-
pan, but they were available for service, even if they were long
antedated by other features of the exhibit.

The parlors were furnished with oldentime tables and chairs,
old-fashioned lamps, and quaint crockery, writing-desks of
antique design, mirrors, and what not. A spinnet of London
make (1640) was loaned to the committee by Mr. Steinert of
New Haven, and was one of the most notable attractions of
the ladies' parlor. The dining-room, which was such for
exhibition only, was well supplied by Connecticut loans, and
their arrangement reflected much credit upon the House-Fur-
nishing Committee. The collection of crockery, with which the
corner cupboards, china-closet, and high shelves were embel-
lished, represented almost an untold number of donors, and
the task of gathering them, and the additional task of return-
ing them to their owners after the close of the Exhibition, can
be more easily imagined than recounted here. The most
conspicuous articles of dining-room furnishing — sideboard,
china-closet, etc. — were loaned by Mrs. C. C. Munson of New
Haven.

The main hall, having a width of twenty-one feet and length
of fifty-eight, afforded but little opportunity for embellishment
other than pictures, etc., on the side walls. On one side was
the fine portrait of General Israel Putnam, by Thompson,
which was released from the Executive Chamber at the State
Capitol by special permission. On the opposite side was a

48 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

large and fine oil painting of the old " Charter Oak," by
Brownell, lent by Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge of New York,
daughter of the late ex-Grovernor Marshall Jewell of Hartford.
In addition to these more notable features were many lesser
attractions — portraits of distinguished sons and daughters
of Connecticut, rare and interesting documents, etc., of
Colonial days.

In the upper hall -and in the Wethersfield room were several
upright show-cases, in which were arranged treasured and
interesting heirlooms that had been handed down from sire
to son and from mother to daughter for generations. There
were high-heeled kid slippers, worn at weddings a hundred
and fifty years ago, which led visitors to remark that there were
extremes in fashion before our own day. There were rare
laces made and worn in a long-gone-by day; ladies' fans of
exquisite workmanship; quaint specimens of jewelry; rare old
books, pamphlets, and letters; and, in short, hundreds of
articles of rare interest which cannot be individually men-
tioned. Each had a history which, unfolded, would make a
book; and that they were of a character to interest sightseers
generally was clear from the great number of visitors who
lingered to give them careful inspection.

The task of furnishing and embellishing the building being
jointly under the supervision of the House-Building and
House-Furnishing Committees, it is difficult to tell where
the work of one committee began and that of the other left off,
so interwoven and harmonious were their labors. It was a
laborious undertaking for both committees, and their work
made a suggestive picture. Women who could shine with
resplendent lustre in social events demonstrated their ability
to effectively direct the laying of carpets, the adjustment of
curtain draperies, and the artistic display of bric-a-brac; while
men who could preside with ability over Senates might have
been seen in shirt-sleeves superintending the hanging of
pictures for the embellishment of the State's headquarters.

Among the extra features of work required during the last
few days before the opening of the Exposition was the laying

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 49

of an oak inlaid tioor over the entire first story of the building,
thereby rendering unnecessary the use of carpets, as originally
designed. The tens of thousands of visitors who roamed
through the various rooms of the building during the Exposi-
tion season of six months would have made a sorry sight of
carpets ere it was over, and the change to hard-wood floors was
fully justified.

The janitor's apartments on the second story were adequately
furnished with housekeeping outfit, and the quarters for the
use of the Executive Manager and his family were made home-
like and attractive. On the first floor the front room on the
right was designed as oifice of the Executive Manager, and
was furnished with such desks, tables, etc., as its use required.
The front room on the left was devoted to post-office, registry
desk, and reading-room, where files of a great number of
Connecticut newspapers were received daily for the use of
Connecticut visitors to the Exposition.

The finishing features in the line of embellishment of the
building were not aesthetic in their character, but were de-
cidedly suggestive. They consisted of fine water-color paint-
ings of many of Connecticut's most prominent manufacturing
establishments and their immediate surroundings. Taken
together they made an attractive exhibit of the busy hives of
industry by which Connecticut has attained world-wide fame
for the variety and extent of her manufactures. The collec-
tion represented but a small fraction of the State's notable
industries, but there were enough to make a suggestive object
lesson, indicating the source of her wealth, and, indeed, all
that suitable wall-spaces could be found for, some of the paint-
ings being quite large. The establishments thus represented
were: The Stanley Rule and Level Company, New Britain;
The ]STew Haven Carriage Company and The Bigelow Com-
pany, New Haven; The Berlin Iron Bridge Company, East
Berlin; The Coe Brass Manufacturing Company, Torrington;
The Collins Company, Collinsville; R. Wallace & Sons, Wal-
lingf ord ; Bridgeport Brass Company, Bridgeport ; Derby

50 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Silver Company, Birmingham; Xew England Brownstone
Company, Cromwell; The H. D. Smith Company, Plantsville;
A. F. Williams' Works, Bristol; The Gilbert & Bennett
Manufacturing Company, Georgetown; The Connecticut
Brownstone Company, Portland; The Union Manufacturing
Company, Norwalk; Kandolph & Clowes, Scoville Manufac-
turing Company, Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Com-
pany, Waterbury Watch Company, and Farrel Foundry and
Machine Company, Waterbury; and The Pope Manufactur-
ing Company, Hartford.

The dedication exercises at the Connecticut Building on
May 1, 1893, the opening day of the Exposition, were of a
quiet and informal character, and were entirely devoid of dis-
play.- There were but few persons present, the attendance
consisting principally of Governor Luzon B. Morris and his
Staff and a few members of the Connecticut Board of World's
Fair Managers. A few brief addresses were made, the prin-
cipal speakers being Governor Morris and Senator David M.
Read, respectively president of the Board and chairman of
its executive committee. The members of the Governor's
Staff present were Brig.-Gen. Edward E. Bradley, Adjutant-
General; Brig.-Gen. John P. Harbison, Quartermaster-Gen-
eral; Brig.-Gen. Patrick Cassidy, Surgeon-General; Brig.-Gen.
William Jamieson, Commissary-General; Brig.-Gen. Henry
A. Bishop, Paymaster-General; Colonel John G. Healey,
Asst. Adjutant-General; Colonel Everett L. Morse, Asst.
Quartermaster-General; and Colonels H. Hoi ton Wood,
Charles S. Andrews, Louis F. Heublein, and Salmon A. Gran-
ger, aids-de-camp.

With the opening of the Exposition and of the Connecticut
Building came also the opening of the " Connecticut Head-
quarters Register," provided by the Board of Managers for
the registration of visitors. It can hardly be expected that
place will be found in this volume for recording the entire list
of Connecticut visitors to the Exposition, of whom, from open-
ing day to closing, there were upwards of twenty-six thousand.
A transcription from the first page of the Register must suffice,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 51

and is perhaps admissible in view of the official relation with
the State Building of those whose names appear there:

STATE BOARD.

Luzon B. Morris, New Haven, President, ex offlcio.

Katharine B. Knight, Lakeville, Pres. Woman's Board.

BUILDING COMMITTEE.

David M. Read, Bridgeport, 1st Vice-Pres. and Chairman.

Chas. M. Jarvis, Berlin,

Geo. H. Day, Hartford, Treasurer.

Morris "W. Seymour, Bridgeport, Attorney.

HOUSE FURNISHING COMMITTEE.
Katharine B. Knight, Lakeville, Ex offlcio.

May Helen Beach Ingalls, Hartford, Chairman.

Lillian C. Farrel, Ansonia, Vice-President.

Lucy Parkman Trowbridge, New Haven, Treasurer.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

J. H. Vaill, West Winsted, Executive Manager.

Mrs. J. H. Vaill, West Winsted, Hostess.

Mrs. Ida Stanley Goss, Chicago, Bureau of Information.

William J. Foster, Rockville, Clerk.

Theodore B. Vaill, West Winsted, Clerk.

Etta Andrews, Norwalk, Postmistress.

Marguerite Walshe, Chicago, Stenographer.

Charles S. Kelsey, Lakeville, Janitor.

Mrs. Charles S. Kelsey, Lakeville, Janitor's Assistant.

The illumination of the Connecticut Building was entirely
by incandescent lights, fixtures for them being loaned for the
purpose by the Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Company
of Meriden. The electric current was supplied by the Expo-
sition company, the wiring of the building having been done
by the latter company.

All possible precaution was taken against the contingency
of fire aJbout the premises, Babcock fire-extinguishers being
provided for both upper and lower halls, and in addition to
these appliances hand-grenades were distributed at various
points a-bout the edifice. Insurance rates ran high on Jackson
Park during the Exposition season. Nevertheless the valuable

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

loans with which the building was supplied were protected by
insurance policies, whereby in the event of loss their owners
might be, to some extent, indemnified. Happily, watchful
care kept the building and its valuable contents in good condi-
tion to be restored to the owners at the close of the Exposition,
and it is gratifying to be able to say that every article loaned
to the House Furnishing Committee for the embellishment
of the edifice was returned in as good condition as when it was
received.

By the terms of contract with the builders, the State Build-
ing was to revert to their possession when its use was no longer
required by the Board of Managers. During the progress of
the Exposition several individuals made overtures looking
towards its purchase, generally with the view of removing it
bodily and re-establishing it as a private residence, but the
ol)«tacles in the way of removal seemed to make such a venture
impracticable. Among those who contemplated purchase of
the edifice was Huntington Wolcott Jackson of Chicago, a
gentleman who had manifested much interest in it during the
progress of the Exposition, mainly from the fact that he traced
his lineage to honored names in Connecticut history — Major-
General Jabez Huntington of Norwich, and Major-General
Oliver Wolcott of Litchfield — whose portraits formed part
of the embellishment of the main hall of the Connecticut
Building. The task of transporting the structure upon huge
floats ten or fifteen miles up the lake shore to the site he had
in view was not considered an easy one, however, eveni by
Chicago building-movers, and the idea was at length given up
as too hazardous a venture, especially in view of the possibilty
of a severe lake storm during the progress of the undertaking.

The first reference to the ultimate disposition of the build-
ing which later on was carried out was made on the occasion of
" Connecticut Day " (October llth). James D. Dewell of
New Haven, now Lieutenant-Governor, was one of the guests
at the reception held by Governor Morris. Addressing the
Executive Manager, Mr. Dewell asked what disposition was to
be made of the State Building after the Exposition closed. " I

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 53

don't know what will be clone with it," was the reply, " but it
ought to be taken to Connecticut and preserved as a historic
memorial. Possibly the suggestion was like the sowing of
good seed, for during the following January Mr. Dewell was
the means of organizing a syndicate composed of five gentle-
men, he being of the number, who bought the building of its
owners (the Tracy Brothers of Waterbury, who built it), and
during the summer of 1894 it was taken down by the carpen-
ters who erected it, brought to Connecticut, and re-erected on
a beautiful site near the shore of £^ew Haven harbor, about
one mile to the westward of Savin Rock.

The land upon which the building now stands, a lot five
hundred feet square, was given to the syndicate by Wilson
Wadingham of Xew York, a former resident of West Haven.
The cost of removal and rebuilding of the edifice was about
twenty thousand dollars, in addition to which several thousand
' dollars have been expended upon the premises in the direction
of permanent improvements, including the building of a large
reservoir, supplied with excellent water from never-failing
springs with which the wooded hills in the rear of the premises
abound. An electric railway, connecting New Haven with
Woodmont, skirts the rear boundary of the grounds of the
building, making it easily accessible from 'New Haven, from
which it is about four miles distant. The edifice has been re-
built in the most substantial manner, upon foundations de-
signed to secure permanence for ages, and with the good care
that is planned for it there seems no good reason why it may
not continue to remain an interesting historic feature for cen-
turies to come.

In the summer of 1895 the gentlemen composing the syndi-
cate of owners invited prominent citizens of Connecticut to
meet at the World's Fair Building to consider the advisability
of adopting some plan whereby the edifice might be made
serviceable to the public as a permanent institution. At that
meeting, at which about two hundred persons were present,
a committee was appointed consisting of Nathan Easterbrook,
Jr., chairman, D. A. Alden, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Anderson,

54 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

William E. Chandler, Hobart L. Hotchkiss, H. Wales Lines,
and the Rev. Dr. Watson L. Phillips, " to recommend some
plan for utilizing the World's Fair Building for public and
patriotic purposes, and securing its ownership to the people of
Connecticut." In due time this committee presented a some-
what elaborate report, and Avith reference to the uses to which
the building should be put it suggested the following:

1. That it be made the depository (1) of relics of Revolu-
tionary, colonial, and pre-colonial times ; (2) of souvenirs of the
now historic World's Fair; (3) of a library of books and pamph-
lets relating to Connecticut.

2. That it be offered to the patriotic organizations of the
State, such as the Sons and Daughters of the American Revo-
lution, as a permanent headquarters and a regular place of
meeting.

3. That it be made the headquarters of a summer school
devoted to American history (the term " history " being used
in its widest sense, including not only the record of national
events, but the history of literature, art, science, and the like,
and also archaeology, ethnology, genealogy, and certain de-
partments of sociology).

4. That it be used, all the year round, as " a quiet and
dignified club house " by those who, on a basis to be subse-
quently indicated, shall secure the right so to use it.

The committee also recommended a plan for securing its
ownership to the people of Connecticut, which, briefly stated,
proposed (1) the formation of the " Columbian League of Con-
necticut," consisting of a self-perpetuating board of trustees,
incorporated under the State law, to hold the Columbian
Building and the valuables deposited in it as a sacred trust for
the people of Connecticut forever; (2) that provision be made
for an associate membership, to be secured by payment of a
moderate membership fee (not annually, but once for all, or
in two or three installments), entitling such associate mem-
bers and their families the right to the use of the building for
any or all of the purposes indicated, — the membership fees,
together with the gifts of interested individuals, to constitute

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 55

a fund for the permanent endowment and support of the
building.

The plan of the committee as here outlined was accepted by
the members of the syndicate, who stood ready to transfer the
property to the proposed " Columbian League " at bare cost,
but for various reasons the progress of the scheme has been
unexpectedly delayed. The death of one member of the syn-
dicate (Henry Sutton) may change the course of events with
relation to the project. The surviving members of the syndi-
cate of owners are James D. Dewell and L. Wheeler Beecher of
!New Haven, Israel A. Kelsey of West Haven, and Cornelius
Tracy of Waterbury.

The following report of the House Furnishing Committee
was not originally intended for these pages, but it will prove
interesting history, nevertheless:

REPORT OF THE FURNISHING COMMITTEE OF THE
WOMAN'S BOARD OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAGERS OF CONN.

Madam President and Ladies

Of the Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut :

It gives me great pleasure to present to you my report, poor
though it may be, of the work of the Furnishing Committee
of this Board. As you all know, more than a year and a half
ago, the gentlemen of the Building Committee asked our
former President, Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, to appoint from
our board a committee to work with them, and to do such part
of the work of furnishing the Connecticut State Building
as they might feel they did not wish to undertake. This com-
pliment was extended to Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Miss Lucy P.
Trowbridge, and myself. After some discussion it was de-
cided by the Committee that, as Connecticut was prominent
in Colonial history, and as the plan adopted for the building
had been decided upon with that idea, that portion of the
house open for the general inspection of visitors should be
furnished as far as possible with articles of that period, which
should come from this state, and, therefore, be of historic value
and interest. It ended eventually in the gentlemen retiring
from the actual task of the furnishing and leaving it entirely
to us, holding themselves as an Advisory Committee in such
matters where we felt that both men and advice were neces-
sary to the better carrying out of our plans and ideas. For

56 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

eight or nine months previous to May of this year we were
working for a creditable showing in our little house. Some-
thing more than the ordinary was expected of us, as our State
was one of the thirteen original states of the Union, and, of
course, must be full of choice old bits. You were all asked
to help us in locating these articles of interest. I think that
all were successful to a greater or less extent, some on account
of the historic places near their homes were more so than
others. Many of the owners who -were approached \vere very
gracious and very willing to do anything for the glory and
good record of their State. Others, I am sorry to say, were
decidedly the reverse.

To Miss Trowbridge was allotted the greater part of the
selecting of the antique furnishings, she having made a study
of the value of the different styles and dates of such furniture
and articles of decoration as would properly represent a Con-
necticut house of the last century. She was very successful,
the greater part of our handsome pieces having come from
New Haven. Mrs. Farrel took charge of the modern or
working furniture, that belonging to the office, bedrooms,
and kitchen, while I took the uninteresting, but highly neces-
sary articles, such as bed-linen, blankets, towels for toilet and
living-rooms, kitchen-linen, soap, and various odds and ends.
By this division of work we managed to accomplish it all by
the middle of April, at which time our valuable load was
shipped AVest in an express-car sixty feet in length, under the
supervision of Mr. Vaill and an expressman from Hartford.
It arrived at Jackson Park promptly and safely, where we
found it, and then began the disagreeable work of unpacking
and putting in order the building which, for six months, was
to offer the atmosphere of home to our Connecticut people.

It is unnecessary to enumerate our trials with the workmen
of Chicago, as their deeds and misdeeds have been spread from
ocean to ocean. Suffice it to say that on May first, Connecti-
cut threw open her hospitable doors to all unfortunates who
had ventured to Chicago thus early in the season, trusting that
everybody and everything would be ready and waiting for
the public look and comment. Connecticut was not ready
and waiting; however, we did the best we could, although our
little home was not settled and in shipshape for some two
weeks more. "We left it the middle of May, feeling that we
had done the best we could with the small appropriation set
apart for this portion of our work, and feeling amply repaid
for our tribulations by the almost universal expressions of

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 57

deliglit and pleasure that \ve heard from all our visitors. Per-
sonally, I have heard of but two people who failed to appre-
ciate the simple beauty and dignity of our Revolutionary
Home, to say nothing of the hard work entailed; these two
unpleasant members of society were men, so we must gener-
ously forgive them. All through the summer pleasant re-
marks were heard, and congratulations offered us on our
success; and when, on November first, the doors of Connecti-
cut closed, never again to open on the scenes of the past six
months, it was with a feeling of sorrow that our work of
despoiling the house was begun. On November ninth the
last loaned article left the house, and on Monday, the thir-
teenth, the express-cars arrived in Hartford. From here the
different pieces were forwarded to their respective owners,
and I feel that we can all congratulate ourselves that whatever
we asked for in the name of the Board and of the State has
arrived home safely, and, I trust, with the value increased by
the part it may have taken in making our State Building at-
tractive. Fortunately, out of all the very Afaluable antique
furniture loaned to us, only two or three pieces were at all
damaged, and the Committee saw that these pieces were fully
restored, before returning to their owners.

I feel that I must mention, before closing, the kindness,
generosity, and gentlemanly bearing of the Messrs. Ripley,
who did all in their power to aid us in every way, not only in
furnishing us with such beautiful decorations on which much
time and study had been spent, but in helping us in many
ways too numerous to mention herein, when the gentlemen of
the Building Committee were forced to return home last
spring, leaving Miss Trowbridge and myself to cope with all
sorts and conditions of men. Also, I would mention Mr. and
Mrs. Vaill, whose kindly interest and painstaking care made
all visitors feel at home, and added much to the cheerfulness
and attractiveness of the house.

To Mrs. "Parrel and Miss Trowbridge I would like to tender
my thanks for their hearty co-operation and successful efforts,
and I think we may all rejoice in the felicitous termination of
our work, which, for over a year, continued to grow in a man-
ner which would have put to shame Jack's Beanstalk, and
we can all feel proud and confident that our little State of
Connecticut has played by no means a small part in this great
World's Columbian' Exposition of 1893.
Respectfully submitted,

MARY H. B. ING ALLS,
5 Chairman of Furnishing Committee.

CHAPTEE VI.

Connecticut was represented at the Columbian Exposition
by more than twenty-six thousand of her sons and daughters,
as shown by registrations at the State Building. Their
ages ranged from upwards of four score and ten years at one
extreme, to about five months at the other. The oldest was
William H. Seymour, bom in Litchfield, in 1802 (now a resi-
dent of Brockport, 2\". Y.), and the youngest was Miss Elinor
Honghton Bulkeley, daughter of Governor Morgan G. Bulke-
ley, whose birth occurred April 7, 1893. The impractica-
bility of obtaining an expression in writing as to the views of
Miss Bulkeley relative to impressions left upon her mind by
the great event will readily be apparent; and as nearly eighty
years have elapsed since Connecticut has had legal claim upon
Mr. Seymour, who removed from its borders in 1818, it will
not be thought strange if he is allowed to escape with the light
task of confessing his loyalty to the land of his birth, a confes-
sion he seemed to take pleasure in making, judging from his
repeated visits to the Connecticut State Building, where he
was induced to recount interesting incidents of his boyhood
in the early days of the present century.

It will be proper, however, to put upon record in this chapter
sketches from a few notable representatives of Connecticut's
twenty-six thousand visitors, who therein give impressions
made by the great Exposition. With the exception of the
article from the Editor's Study of Harper's Magazine (which

(58)

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

has been kindly placed at our disposal), the contributions were
prepared by request, and the series cannot fail of bringing to
every intelligent reader interesting and instructive views and
lessons, of which the memorable event was so full.

[The extract from Mr. Warner's " Study " will serve as
a sharpener of the appetite of the reader for a perusal of the
omitted portion of the article, which may be found in full in
the October number of Harper's Magazine for 1893.]

A DREAM OF BEAUTY.

Sketch by Judge Simeon E. Baldwin, LL.D.

The law of evolution has been at work upon World's Fairs
during the half-century that has elapsed since the London
Crystal Palace was first built. There has been a " natural
selection " of their best features, that is, of those which best
pleased the public, " for " this wise world is mainly right. "
Their original aim was to show the progress of invention and
the best products of the industry of the day. They do this
still, and do it well; but their great attraction has come to be-.

60 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

the setting in which these things are shown, and the fringes
with which they are adorned.

Nothing could have been finer than the architectural and
topographical setting of the Columbian Exposition. What-
ever else of scenes once visited may be forgotten, no one who
saw Jackson Park in 1893 will ever cease to remember that
dream of beauty which rose from the shore of Lake Michigan,
to dazzle every eye that beheld it, with its resplendent, yet
solemn, majesty. The grand peristyle was an unwritten poem.
If Chicago borrowed the thought from the Greeks, she sur-
passed them in its rendition. Athens, at its loveliest, hardly
could have had as great a charm. The hills which displayed
the colonnades of her temples also served to dwarf them by
contrast; but through the columns and arches at Chicago one
saw only the magnificent reach of her inland sea, whose tran-
quil waters seemed content to wash their feet.

And who does not recollect with more than pleasure the
Midway Plaisance? If it was but a fine fringe for the fair,
fringes, nevertheless, have their use, and are sometimes re-
membered better than the dress. But it was more. These
international expositions have no aim higher than that of
bringing the men and the life of different nations together.

I am afraid that we did not all examine with much minute-
ness the endless lines of machinery and brilliant sucession of
show-cases that filled the great buildings devoted to the display
of mechanism and manufacture. It had too familiar a look to
the New Englander. But he was sure to steal away to the
Midway Plaisance, for an hour or two in the day, after giving
the rest to seeing what somebody said that everybody must
see.

I visited, last summer, the National Inter-cantonal Exposi-
tion of Switzerland, at Geneva. They had their Plaisance,
too; the Swiss Village; the pretty peasant girls; the side-
shows of many sorts; but how immeasurably short, in interest,
of that at Chicago! At Jackson Park, one passed by a single
step from Illinois into Egypt, or among the savage islanders
of the South Sea. A six months' trip abroad gives many a

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. (fl

man less knowledge of European life and manners, and im-
measurably less of those of the many peoples who live beyond
the Mediterranean, than he might have gained by a few days
idly spent in the Midway. It showed the dubious or the dark
side, as well as the bright one ; and it could not have done less
with truth. There was plenty to amuse, something to sadden,
much to teach.

The Columbian Exposition would not have been true to
its name, if there had not been a good deal in it that spoke of
Columbus. Spain is a country which few Americans visit,
and where fewer still gain access to its stores of ancient
manuscripts and of memorials of its former possessions on
this side of the Atlantic. But to those who walked through
the low, irregular chambers, in the Chicago reproduction of
the convent of La Rabida, the very presence of Columbus
seemed 'almost visible, in the midst of so much that once 'had
come from his hand or passed under his eye. The ships, too,
that lay off the shore, near by, with their medieval shape, their
antique rigging, and their Spanish-speaking crews, gave an
object lesson in American history, worth more than the study
of a dozen volumes that might describe the great event which
has made 1492 the date of dates for the American school-boy.

The Viking ship, also, brought us close to our Norseman
ancestors, and helped every one to understand more clearly
the free swing with which they dashed down from their lands
of mountain and snow to overrun the fertile plains of England
and Normandy.

Every one moves from a center. The home center of the
Connecticut man at the Exposition was his State Building.
There were grander ones put up by greater States. It could
show nothing like the palatial halls of the New York Build-
ing. It commemorated nothing of the stately life of the
favored few in Colonial days, as did the buildings of Mas-
sachusetts and New Jersey. But then, it did not fail, as did
some others, by attempting too much. It presented nothing
unstated to its idea. It did not, like one of its nearest neigh-

62 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

bors, attempt to throw New England life into the frame of an
Egyptian temple.

Our building was a roomy, cheerful, ample mansion, such
as any one could wish that his great grandfather had lived in
before the Revolution, and could be certain that he did not.
Its upper chambers had an historic look. They were for
show. Every thing else was for comfort, 'and we all took
comfort in it, and have been glad to know that it has now
found a lasting 'home on the soil of the State that built it,
where its broad piazzas can look out on the free play of the
waves of Long Island Sound, instead of the tranquil blue of
Lake Michigan.

SIMEON" E. BALDWIN.

New Haven, January 12, 189T.

A GREAT COMMEMORATION.

[Response of Dr. Joseph Anderson to an invitation for a

sketch.]
Mr. J. H. Vaill:

My Dear Sir: "When you asked me to give you, in a brief
paper, my impressions of the World's Eair, I was reminded
of an essay on that subject, to which I once listened at a
ministers' meeting, a single sentence of which remains fixed
in my memory. My clerical brother was unconsciously
guided in his selection of matters for comment, as we all are,
by his individual tastes, and dwelt especially upon the wonders
of the electrical exhibit. After a rapid survey of the whole
building, he took us down into the basement, and described in
vivid words the vast amount of apparatus he saw there, the
innumerable interlacing wires, the novel processes perpetually
going on. He stirred us with his descriptive rhetoric, and
then, in deep and solemn tones, he added, " The impression
was one of caution." The anti-climax was complete and
amusing, and, if the speaker was unconscious of it, the au-
dience was not.

But, after all, why should not any one's account of the im-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR 03

pression produced by the World's Fair abound in anti-cli-
maxes? Why should not the most eloquent account, as com-
pared with the thing itself, be of the nature of an anti-climax?
The Fair was not only a very big thing; it was a very great
thing. Among the myriads who visited it, no one saw it all.
No one can recall, broadly or with accurate detail, the frag-
ment which he succeeded in really seeing, and to put on record
to-day what he remembers, or what chiefly impressed him,
would be a difficult task. To everybody else the reminis-
censes of any one visitor must seem meager and commonplace,
and, most of all, they must seem so to the visitor himself.

What you wish, however — if I mistake not — is not my
remembrance of what I saw, or of the impressions produced
at the time, but my opinion, as I look back to-day, of the value
of the World's Fair — of what it did and continues to do for
the world of mankind. You want not so much impressions
as inferences and an estimate.

Well, there are many ways of looking at it, but I find my-
self looking at it first of all as a great commemoration. I am
a firm believer in the commemoration of notable events, and
in all the history of mankind I know of no event, with one
exception, so great and so noteworthy as the discovery of
America by Columbus, It has proved to be of momentous
importance not alone to the people of America, but to the
peoples of the Old World. If there is any historical fact
worthy of a visible and permanent monument — a monument
which should tell its perpetual story and make its perpetual
appeal to the eyes and hearts of mankind — it is this fact.
Such a monument, except that it lacked permanence, was the
White City of 1893. Or, if not a monument, it was certainly
a celebration, a commemorative act on the grandest scale, and,
doubtless, more enduring than one would at first thought sup-
pose it to be. For the history of it is henceforth part of the
history of the world ; the record of it has gone into the world's
literature and art; and its material, let us not forget, has, to a
considerable extent, gone into the world's museums. We

64 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

have here in Waterbury, for example, a beautiful collection
of minerals gleaned from its geological exhibits.

The connection established by such a commemoration be-
tween the present and the past — that past of four hundred
years ago in which Columbus lived — is a thing of no little
moment. It brings to light the great fact of the continuity
of history and the continuity of natural and social law; it re-
veals to us an element *of unity in the great processes of the
ages. There were thousands of visitors who saw only the
concrete " show," who came and went without a thought of
the historical significance of what they saw; thousands, it may
be, who in the very midst of the manuscript relics of the Con-
vent of La Rabid a failed to establish any vital connection be-
tween the world of which Columbus formed a part and the
Columbian Exposition. But in others, undoubtedly, " the
historic sense." so sadly lacking in the American people, was
greatly developed. And this effect, which we can trace in
individuals, was produced in the nation at large, if not in
other nations. As the Civil War gave us the sense of nation-
ality, as the Centennial Exposition, commemorating our de-
claration of independence, deepened that sense, so the World's
Fair gave us a sense of the relations of the civilized world of
to-day to Columbus and his great discovery.

Mention of the Centennial Exposition suggests a compari-
son between that and the Exposition of 1893. The Centen-
nial commemorated an event which took place a century be-
fore in one of these western nations. It was great to us; it
proved to be great to the world; but, after all, it was only one
in the long line of American events. It was the greatest inci-
dent of all, but it will be seen in the future that it was only
an incident in the unfolding of the splendid drama of Ameri-
can history. But the event commemorated by the Chicago
Fair was an initiatory act which can never lose its relative or
its actual significance. The fact that the Centennial was cen-
tenary led to a great many comparisons, covering the com-
pleted century, and these comparisons were full of suggestive-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 65

ness and of promise. The long period of four hundred years
brought to view by the later commemoration did not, for
obvious reasons, yield itself so readily to processes of com-
parison; the space was too large to be easily traversed, and the
materials too vast to be readily handled. But, after all, I
cannot doubt that the total impression was proportionately
greater, not only as regards the importance of the event, but
as regards the progress the world had made. The achieve-
ments of 1492 and the Renaissance period were wonderful;
but how little conception the men of that time had of the
civilization which the four coming centuries were to bring
forth in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western. And how
little conception any of us had in 1876 of what was to take
place in the seventeen years ensuing, as revealed, for example,
in the Electrical and Transportation Buildings.

The international influence of the Centennial Exposition
was of great importance; the international influence of the Ex-
position of 1893 must have been and must continue to be
proportionately more widespread and more positive. I wonder
whether the noble treaty of arbitration made between Eng-
land and America, would have been likely to come into ex-
istence if the World's Eair had not been held. And our re-
lations with Spain — critical as they are just now — I wonder
whether they would not have been less satisfactory and less
promising if Spain had not been represented at our great
celebration of Spanish achievement by the man who is now
the Spanish minister at Washington.

The theme is one that opens more and more widely before
us. How are men educated? Not altogether or chiefly by
direct teaching, by didactic utterances, after the " line upon
line " pattern. We are educated by subtle influences, by laws
and customs, by established institutions, by commemorative
monuments, by public celebrations. In developing the patriot-
ism of the rising generation our Memorial Day counts. These
more concrete things are " object lessons," not necessarily
talked about, like the objects of the kindergarten, but al-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

lowed to tell their own story; and they tell it. And how are
peoples educated, unless in the same way — by indirect in-
fluences. And I know of nothing that men have thus far
prepared or constructed, in all the world's history, possessing
greater elements of educational power, of quiet, but sure in-
fluence upon the nations, than the World's Fair at Chicago.
Lines of light and of harmonizing energy radiated from it
from the beginning, and will continue to take effect long after
we have ceased to trace them, or to think of them.

One of my predecessors in the pastorate of this old First
Church of Waterbury was the Kev. Holland Weeks. He
was ordained here on November 20, 1799, and twenty days
later married Harriot Byron, daughter of Moses Hopkins,
Esq., of Great Barrington, and granddaughter of the cele-
brated theologian, Dr. Samuel Hopkins, who, by the way,
was of Waterbury birth. The youngest daughter of Mr. amd
Mrs. Weeks married Edwin Burnham of Henderson, !N". Y.,
and became the mother of Daniel H. Burnham, the man who
planned and built the White City, and to whose skill and
energy the success of the World's Faft was so largely due.
Qualities were in existence, influences were 'ait work, in the
lives and the characters of the "Waterbury clergyman of 1799
and his young wife, which were to be transmitted and to re-
appear a century later, blossoming out into the architectural
beauty, and the orderliness, and the vastly comprehensive
plans of the Exposition of 1893. I do not speak of this to
claim that the Waterbury of a century ago, or its Congrega-
tional minister, was responsible for the glory and success of
the World's Fair, but rather to indicate how impossible it is
to trace the unseen influences by which our life is shaped and
our civilization developed. There is no measurement of such
forces. We cannot follow out the process, but we must be-
lieve that the unseen and intangible, but beneficent, influences
of the Columbian Exposition, will continue to radiate and
broaden out, and perhaps multiply, for a long time to come.

JOSEPH ANDERSOK

Waterbury, Conn., January 25, 1897.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 67

THE EDITOR'S STUDY.

[Charles Dudley Warner in " Harper's Magazine," October

1893.]

To the loiterer in the City of the Lagoon at Chicago at
twilight there came a profound feeling of sadness. It was the
touch of melancholy that exquisite beauty is apt to induce
when it is felt to be transitory or when it is a reminiscence of
historic splendor. It was a moment of repose. The Court
of Honor was not wholly deserted. Stray figures moved
about, but with the air of leisure and contemplation. The
crowd was elsewhere, in the Midway Plaisance, at the res-
taurants, and presently it would return, refreshed and eager
for the great night display. In the fading light the city
seemed more than ever only an enchanted city. Through the
long rows of white columns of the Peristyle the lake gleamed
blue, and there was a pink hue in the west that flushed the
domes and towers and the white figures relieved against the
delicate sky. Even the fountains were silent, and the golden
gigantic statue of Columbia seemed to emphasize the impress-
ive stillness of the hour. Presently the lines of electric light
would run along the cornices of the white palaces and along
the water's edge, and the dome would be aflame. Presently
the Fountain of the Ship and the Sea Horses would leap up
and overflow with loud murmurous sound; and the flashing
electric fountains would begin their fantastic and unreal dis-
play; thrusting up into the night ever-changing shapes of
beauty, with exquisite colors shifting each moment, mingling,
passing, fading, brightening, grace of form and charm of color
uniting to move the spectator as he was never moved before
by any earthly vision. But now it was the hour of stillness
and of sentiment akin to melancholy. And when this silence
was almost painful, came the soft chime of bells from the tower
of Machinery Hall, floating over the city and out upon the
water, tones in harmony with the scene and yet reminiscent of

gg CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

traditionary glory. It so easily might be a requiem for pass-
ing splendor, like the sound of bells over the towers and spires
of the city that De Quincey saw at the bottom of the sea.

Was it real? The spectator looked about, up the canals
spanned by bridges and flanked by white facades, at the lofty
towers, upon the monumental columns that made the gateway
of the sea, in a nervous apprehension of the transitoriness of
it all. Every night he had feared that he should see it no
more, and every morning he had hastened to reassure himself
that the creation had not disappeared. And the chimes drop-
ping soft sounds seemed more than ever to have the note of
decadence. Perhaps the traveler had seen pictures of the
ruins of Persepolis, of the lonely marble columns in the desert
of Palmyra; perhaps he had heard the lament of the sea, as
Byron heard it, along the sunken walls of Venice; perhaps he
had mused, as Gibbon mused, in the church of Ara Coeli amid
the fallen splendors of great Home. Perhaps these pictures
came to his mind with an overwhelming sense of the transi-
toriness of life at the moment when life seemed to reach a sum-
mit in the experience of beauty. And he knew that it would
not last — that in a few more weeks of splendor, days of ex-
citement, and nights of enchantment, it would all vanish as
if it had never been; the chimes would cease, the lagoon would
return to its solitude, and the white columns would be no
longer reflected in the waves on the Michigan shore.

II.

And yet it is a very lasting possession in American life.
If the city could stand as it now is after the fair is over, de-
serted and silent, could stand for years, for generations, a pil-
grim from a distant country who should enter it would be filled
with amazement at the evidence of the genius for art, the love
of beauty, of a nation reckoned so practical in its creations,
so material in its aspirations. But the millions of people,
young and old, who have seen it, have carried away this great
picture in their minds, and not in one or two generations will
it be effaced from the national memory. It is at once a revela-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gg

tion to the nation of what it can do, and it is a standard of
beauty of the highest value. In our anticipation the benefit
of the exhibition was in its industrial comparison and stimu-
lation. That will be realized, and perhaps beyond anticipa-
tion, but something else, and something of perhaps more value,
has been gained. Heretofore all the world's fairs have been
industrial, with an incidental exposition of progress in the fine
arts. Here, for the first time, the World's Fair itself is an
exhibition quite apart from the arts and the industries it brings
together. What were the great cities of antiquity? What
will be the splendid cities of the future? Go and see here
what it is possible for man to do in this age of the miracles of
science.

Forebodings have been expressed that science was killing
poetry, was killing art, and was killing our love of the beauti-
ful. And, behold, it is science itself that has made possible
the distinctive triumphs of Jackson Park. The very beauty
we rave over would have been impossible without the use of
cheap material to produce these effects, and without the use
of electricity. Whether we look either to form or color here,
we see that it is science that has enabled art to achieve its
dreams. The great lesson, perhaps the greatest lesson, that
the fair is to impress upon the millions of people in this new
and adaptive country, is that use and beauty can be coworkers.
A sort of roseate light is thrown upon this mechanical age.

III.

This is our first answer to the critics of all such material dis-
plays. If this had been merely a display of industries of the
old sort, the same question might have been asked of it as was
asked of the last Paris Exhibition. What spiritual significance
has it? What is the good of the further stimulation of material
competition? It may be that the shows of this sort have
reached the limit of their use. But what shall we say of them
as a meeting-ground of humanity, as the Chicago Fair pre-
eminently is? Xever before in one place has come together

70 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

such variety of the human species in numbers sufficient to rep-
resent national and tribal traits and customs. Paris had more
Orientals, but to the Orientals Chicago has added a mighty
Occidental contingent, specimens on exhibition from our whole
western hemisphere and the islands of the Pacific. From the
Esquimaux and the North American tribes to the South Sea
Islanders we have barbarians to match the savages of Dahomey
and gentle Japanese and Javanese to offset the Turks, Egypt-
ians, and Persians long civilized in vice. To the student of eth-
nology the field is very attractive, and it is scarcely less interest-
ing to the humanitarian. What effect will this contact have upon
the savage representatives who have been brought into the midst
of our advanced civilization? What can we learn from them?
Will they leave anything behind, especially will the Orientals,
except suggestions of vices in nations in moral decay? Will
only the dancing and the dissipation remain? In some small
but appreciable degree the world will be changed by -this fair;
some seeds will be broadcast which will bear fruit. Perhaps
a sort of sympathy will be created by even this slight knowl-
edge of each other, which will aid in the diffusion of morality,
in the promotion of commerce, in inducing arbitration to take
the place of war.

The fair is a great school, a university. It is hardly proba-
ble that in our day any other nation will attempt another ex-
position on so grand a scale. Future expositions are likely to
be specialized. One in search of information could only at-
tend this with profit on the eclectic system. To be sure, it is
worth a long journey and much inconvenience merely to look
. at it externally, for it is an unprecedented expression of en-
ergy as well as of beauty; but profitable study of any one of its
many departments would require a whole season. It is a peo-
ple's university, where curiosity is excited and illustrations
are furnished in the study of nearly every branch of mechanics

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 71

and of art. The majority of the visitors have never seen be-
fore such architecture, such landscape-gardening, such har-
mony in landscape and architectural effects ; few of them have
ever seen so many paintings and so good, or such collections of
statuary, water-colors, etchings, and engravings; few of them
have ever heard, day after day, as a part of daily life, so much
music, and none of them have ever heard a better orchestra.
Many, of course, will profit by the industrial exhibits; but if
we set these, which were the primary considerations of the fair,
aside altogether, we have several educational results which
will affect the national life.

One of these may seem unimportant at the first glance. It
may be called education in the joyousness of life. It has been
remarked that the common American crowd lacks gayety; its
holiday assemblages are apt to be listless and weary. The art
of public enjoyment has not been cultivated. Our common
notion of a holiday is the sight of some spectacle, which usually
requires tiresome hours of waiting, and there is little personal
enjoyment. We are not much accustomed to holidays, and
they are usually wearying to flesh and spirit. At Jackson
Park the personal entertainment of the crowds was provided
for. There were not only beautiful sights everywhere, which
might not be repeated elsewhere, but there were means of en-
joyment which are almost everywhere attainable. People
lunched and dined together in the open air, or in elevated and
airy restaurants which commanded pleasant prospects, and gen-
erally with music, and usually good music. The hours thus
spent were not merely feeding-times but full of animation
and gayety. Dining or supping together in the open air, in
the midst of agreeable surroundings, with music, was a new
delight to thousands of untraveled visitors. And then there
was a band playing every day at twelve by the Administration
Building, and every evening at the time of the illuminations
and the kaleidoscope fantasies of the electric fountains; and
everywhere in the Midway, specially devoted to popular
amusements, could be heard the strange strumming and beat-

72 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

ing of barbarous instruments, the twanging of strings, and
the lingering beat of the darabuka drum, the waltz music of
Vienna, and the weird melodies of Hungary. There was, in
short, an air of festivity and gayety which could not but have
its effect upon the most prosaic crowd. It must, perforce, get
some hints in the art of public enjoyment.

But there was another educational result more important,
and that was the kindling of patriotic feeling. Probably no
person, native or naturalized, saw the fair without new pride
in the fact that he was an American citizen, new pride in the
country that could create all this. And it was a reasonable
pride, tempered by comparison of the arts and industries of
the whole world, not the ignorant assumption of isolation.
The exhibitions of the varied products of the several States
gave an idea of the vast resources of the republic, and the ad-
ministrative ability and the power of the people for order and
organization. For it is a show made by the States and the
people. The Federal Congress has been a cold stepmother to
the enterprise. From the moment it was determined on the
national honor was involved in its success or failure. It is not
pleasant to remember that local jealousies and provincial de-
traction and apathy stood in the way of its success, and that
there was an unpatriotic prediction of its failure. It is un-
fortunate for the cities that regarded Chicago as a rival that
they cast upon it the odium of possible failure; for, as a con-
sequence, Chicago reaps the credit of success in the most cred-
itable national undertaking we have ever engaged in. To
seek to belittle the fair was to cast discredit upon American
genius and ability; to gibe at Chicago, which poured out its
money in an overflow like the Macmonnies Fountain, and
which has exhibited administrative ability and energy hitherto
unparalleled by any other community, to seek to put all the
responsibility upon her, was to make it inevitable that she has
the chief credit of the success, and occupies the foremost
rank among public-spirited cities. And yet the last word
must be that even the lavish energy and generosity of Chicago
would have been inadequate to this result but for the noble
response of the individual States and of foreign nations.

CHAPTER VII.

Observance of Connecticut Day — Official Delegation from the Nutmeg
State— Reception by Governor Morris — Distinguished Invited Guests
— Report of Formal Exercises.

The Exposition Calendar had for many months announced
the eleventh of October as " Connecticut Day " — that date
having been selected by the Executive Manager, approved by
the State Board, and adopted by the Exposition Company's
special committee on ceremonies.

At a meeting of the Board of Managers, held at the State
Capitol in Hartford, June 19, 1893, it was voted that the
Boards of Managers and Lady Managers attend the exercises
at Jackson Park on Connecticut Day, and Clinton B. Davis
was appointed a committee to arrange for railway transporta-
tion and for hotel accommodations while in Chicago.

It was arranged that the delegation should go by special
train, arriving in Chicago at 5 P. M., October 8th, and be quar-
tered at the Chicago Beach Hotel, a few blocks northerly
from the Exposition grounds. The visiting party consisted
of about ninety persons. It included Governor Morris and
the following members of his staff: Generals Bradley,
Harbison, Cassidy, Jamieson, Bishop, and Colonels Healey,
Morse, Andrews, Granger, Heublein, and Wood.

The Board of Managers was represented in the delegation
as follows: Messrs. Read, Jarvis, Holcomb, Brown, Jones,
Kellogg, Holmes, Marlor, Boss, Sykes, Foster, and Hammond ;
the Board of Lady Managers by Miss Trowbridge, Miss Chap-
pell, Miss Brainard, Mrs. Alvord, Mrs. Knight, Mrs. Hubbard,
Mrs. Hammond, Miss Jones, Mrs. Gregory, Miss Skinner, and
6 (73)

74 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Mrs. Johnson; and the State's National Commission by Miss
Ives and Mrs. Hinman.

Accompanying the party as invited guests were Mrs. Luzon
B. Morris, the Governor's Executive Secretary, Seymour C.
Loomis, and Mrs. Loomis, Miss Holcomb, Miss Dexter, Mrs.
Edward E. Bradley, Miss Bradley, Miss Russell, Judge Lynde
Harrison, Mrs. Harrison, and Miss Gertrude Harrison of K"ew
Haven ; Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin, Mrs. David M. Read and Miss
Read of Bridgeport; Miss Taylor of Xorwalk; Mrs. George
Sykes of Rockville; Colonel Charles M. Joslyn of Hartford;
Mrs. Patrick Cassidy of Norwich; Mrs. Charles S. Andrews
of Danbury; Richard O. Cheney of South Manchester; Mrs.
Stephen W. Kellogg, Miss Kellogg, Mrs. I. C. White, Mrs.
George I. White, Miss Carrie White, William White, and
George White of Waterbury; Miss L. M. Looseley of ISTew
London; O. H. K. Risley and E. G. Hathaway of Willimantic;
Mrs. Rufus E. Holmes of West Winsted; Jabez H. Alvord of
Winsted; Mrs. Frank H. Ensign of Kingston, !N". Y. ; Mr. and
Mrs. Porter S. Burrall of Lime Rock; Dr. George H. Knight
of Lakeville; and the following from New York city: Mr. and
Mrs. E. H. Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Duncan C. Chaplin, Miss
Margaret Middleton, and Mr. and Mrs. William H. Kenyon.

The preliminary observance of Connecticut Day was a re-
ception on the evening of October 10th. In consequence of
the limitations of room, admission was by card, which was in-
scribed as follows :

THE PLEASURE OF YOUR COMPANY, WITH LADIES,

IS RESPECTFULLY REQUESTED

AT THE

CONNECTICUT STATE BUILDING,

JACKSON PARK,

TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER THE TENTH,
FROM EIGHT TO TEN O'CLOCK

TO MEET

His EXCELLENCY, LUZON B. MORRIS,

GOVERNOR OF CONNECTICUT.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 75

Accompanying the invitation was a second card, bearing
the following announcement :

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER THE ELEVENTH, BEING CON-
NECTICUT DAY, GOVERNOR MORRIS, IN THE PRESENCE
OP THE CONNECTICUT BOARD OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAG-
ERS AND LADY MANAGERS, WILL DELIVER AN ADDRESS
OF WELCOME AT THE CONNECTICT BUILDING, AND
WILL THEN HOLD A PUBLIC RECEPTION FROM TWO TO
FOUR O'CLOCK.

The State Building was tastefully decorated for the occa-
sion with flags, bunting, and other suitable embellishment,
and when the hour for the reception arrived its various apart-
ments swarmed with a jubilant assemblage. It was another
instance when lights

' ' — shone o'er fair women and brave men. "

Mrs. George H. Knight, President of the Board of Lady
Managers, received with Governor and Mrs. Morris, assisted by
Hon. David M. Head, chairman of the Executive Committee
of the Board of Managers. The ushers were the aids-de-camp
on the Governor's Staff — Colonels Wood, Heublein, Gran-
ger, and Andrews. Eefreshments were served by the "Wel-
lington Company.

The invitation list numbered about four hundred in addi-
tion to the Connecticut official delegation, and was designed
to include as fully as possible Connecticut visitors to the Ex-
position. It also embraced the members of the Chicago Soci-
ety of the Sons of Connecticut, numbering about one hundred,
who were duly marshaled under the leadership of the presi-
dent of the society, E. St. John, then general manager of the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway.

Among the Connecticut people who paid their respects to
the Governor on this occasion the following are recalled : Lieu-
tenant Roger Welles, Jr., of the Navy, Major George W.
Baird of the Army, Leverett Brainard, William L. Matson, T.
Sedgwick Steele, and Captain D. G. Francis of Hartford;
George W. Beach and E. C. Lewis of Waterbury; Daniel N.

76 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Morgan and David F. Head of Bridgeport; John S. Seymour
of Xorwalk; Frederick W. Holden of Ansonia; James D.
De well -and ]^. D. Sperry of ]STew Haven; John I. Hutchinson
of Essex, and C. J. York, K B. Stevens, S. L. Alvord, Dr. H.
G. Provost, L. C. Strong, Lauren Smith, and Edward P. Jones
of Winsted. The reception was also attended by many foreign
and State Commissioners.

The first official observance of Connecticut Day proper
was at noon on the llth. At that hour Governor Morris and
Staff and members of the Board of Managers and Lady Man-
agers, accompanied by a number of Connecticut visitors, as-
sembled at the Columbian Liberty Bell, near the Administra-
tion Building, surrounding it with a cordon of humanity,
while His Excellency rang it. A rope of red, white, and blue
was then attached to the tongue of the bell, which was rung
jointly by the members of the two official boards in commem-
oration of Connecticut's admission into the Union in 1776,
after which the rope was cut into short sections and distributed
among the assembled company as souvenirs of the memorable
event.

The public exercises of the day were held in the main hall
of the Connecticut Building in the early afternoon, a speakers'
platform having been built at the foot of the stairway. The
platform was occupied by Governor Morris, President of the
Board of Managers, Mrs. George H. Knight, President of the
Board of Lady Managers, Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, mem-
ber of the Board of National Commissioners, the Rev. George
C. Woodruff of Litchfield, chaplain of the occasion, and the
Hon. David M. Read, chairman of the Executive Committee
of the Board of Managers, who officiated as master of cere-
monies. The members of the Governor's Staff had positions
on the broad stairway in the rear of the platform, and members
of the two boards were provided with seats in close proximity.

The opening feature of the exercises was an invocation by
Mr. Woodruff, followed by music by the " Sanford Girls' Or-
chestra " of !N~ew Haven, an organization specially engaged

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 77

for the occasion, which interspersed well-rendered selections
between the addresses that followed. The first address was
that of the presiding officer, who spoke as follows:

ADDRESS OF THE HON. DAVID M. READ.

In representing the Connecticut Commissioners, and more
particularly the Executive and Building Committees of our
board, I have thought it proper at this time to speak of the
peculiar condition which existed when the idea of having our
beloved State properly represented at the World's Columbian
Exposition was first conceived. Connecticut, always foremost
in the line of progress, was slowly solving the gubernatorial
problem. The Legislature of the State was at a standstill, and
no appropriation for a cause, however worthy, could be made.
Principles were at stake in the contest in the General Assem-
bly. The sisterhood of Connecticut was called upon from Chi-
cago. ISTo legislation, and an appropriation needed at once.
Ex-Grovernor Bulkeley appealed to that patriotism which was
fighting for principles, and instantly from the private purses
of our blue-blooded Xutmeggers poured forth a contribution,
sufficient to at least inaugurate, and, if needed, complete, an
exhibit creditable to one of the noblest of the original States.

I would say that the Legislature subsequently appropri-
ated an amount adequate to liquidate all advancements and
expenditures.

A commission of thirty-two members, sixteen ladies and
sixteen gentlemen, was appointed, and from their number an
Executive and Building Committee. A design submitted by
Mr. Warren R. Briggs of our State, after the colonial style of
architecture, was selected as best representing sturdy Con-
necticut. Our choice is before you for judgment to-day.

Its furnishings are in perfect harmony, such as the Pilgrim
Fathers would enjoy; but, may I say, even the Pilgrim Fathers
could not have been more proud of the Pilgrim Mothers than
are the men commissioners of the lady commissioners, to whose
excellent judgment, taste, and diligence, under the leadership
of their talented president, the interior furnishings are due.

78 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Our building is not the largest, nor are our furnishings the
most elaborate, but they represent Connecticut, and within is
a hearty Connecticut welcome to all her sons and daughters,
and those of her sister States. Thousands of her bone and
sinew have wandered away from home to develop the re-
sources of the newer States. We bid you all welcome to " Our
Miniature Home in the West."

I would here express the appreciation of the Committee of
the able and courteous services of our Executive Manager,
Mr. Joseph H. Vaill, to whom should, in a large measure, be
given the credit for the hospitable reputation which the Con-
necticut Building enjoys.

Regarding the money expended for our State, I will sim-
ply say that considering the time at our disposal, the amount
of the appropriation, and what was required to be accom-
plished, we feel quite well satisfied with ourselves, both from a
comparative and economical standpoint.

Our decorations in the Woman's Building are, I presume,
sacred ground, to be spoken of only by the President of the
Ladies' Board, Mrs. Kate B. Knight.

Our agricultural and forestry exhibits and adjuncts, to-
bacco, cattle, etc., have received the care of the committee
appointed for each particular branch of industry, and also the
assistance and consideration desired by their special promoters.
It is with pride and pleasure that we display the products of
our small New England farms so near to those of our sister
States which supply the granaries of the world. Our manu-
facturers' exhibits, all due to private enterprise, have met
with praise and commendation, showing that we still keep to
the front in what has won Connecticut her renown. It was
first proposed by some of our most enterprising Yankee manu-
facturers to ship out, say, a hundred or so cars of wooden hams
and a like quantity of wooden nutmegs, but fearing the com-
petition of Chicago hams, and knowing Chicagoans were par-
ticular about the flavor of their puddings and hot drinks, they
were persuaded to refrain.

In conclusion, I beg to -say to our honored Chief Magis-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 79

trate that we wish to thank him, also the other State officers,
and the whole people of Connecticut, for their confidence and
support during our labors in endeavoring to wisely (of course)
spend their money. We wish to thank the officers of the
World's Columbian Exposition for their kind and courteous
treatment. We hope and trust our people may continue to
enjoy themselves in sightseeing until November 1st, and shall
expect to meet you all at the great World's Fair in Xew York
at the dawn of the next century, in the year of our Lord, 1900.
After a graceful introduction by the master of ceremonies,
the President of the Board of Lady Managers delivered an ad-
dress, in which she outlined the work of Connecticut women
in behalf of the Exposition.

ADDRESS OF MRS. GEORGE H. KNIGHT.

Ever since Congress recognized women as an important
factor in the success of this great World's Fair we have heard
very often that this was woman's opportunity; now was the
time to convince the world that her one talent had really al-
ways been ten, and to make sure that liberty and equality
should hereafter mean something besides sounding phrases for
her. But we found in Connecticut that this did not mean
emancipation, scarcely even opportunity for women. The men
who could secure and maintain the first free charter were not
made of the stuff which held women in bondage, and Con-
necticut women have not needed to wait for the Columbian
year, nor for an Act of Congress, to find their gifts recognized
and encouraged.

For various reasons we were somewhat late in making a
beginning, and when we found ourselves a full-fledged Board
of Managers we had something less than a year before us in
which to formulate and carry out definite methods of work.

From the first our watchword might truly be said to have
been co-operation, not alone with each other as a Board of Man-
agers, but especially with the women of the National Board at
headquarters, whose groundwork gave promise, even at that

80 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

early day, of the wonderful reality which all the world has
come to see, and stayed to praise.

We began this work by doing our best to make it certain
that a resting place for little children would be established in
Jackson Park, becoming the first State to guarantee our share
of a fund, which had to be all pledged before permission could
be gained for the erection of the Children's Building, which
has proved itself both a rest and an inspiration to those who
have shared its benefits.

]SText, we decided to make it possible for every woman in
Connecticut to exhibit any work in which she excelled, by as-
suming for each one the entire expense of transportation and
maintenance of such exhibits during the period of the Fair.
We guaranteed everything but the acceptance of all work sent
out under our direction.

We also tried to bring within the reach of every Connecti-
cut woman of limited means an opportunity to visit the Ex-
position in a safe and reasonable way, by placing as many
shares as possible in the Woman's Dormitory; and here, too,
we led all the other States by being the first to dispose of the
amount of stock allotted us — an amount which was perhaps
more than doubled afterwards.

Our list of exhibits to the various departments is exceed-
ingly small. We did not begin early enough to secure much
work of the kind which must be prepared with great detail
and nicety, to compete with exhibitors who were professional,
nor did we need to depend upon the hand crafts to make a
place in the front ranks for the work of Connecticut women.

In literature our place was already assured, for besides the
works of Mrs. Sigourney, Kose Terry Cooke, and a host of
others, we had the wonderful book

"Of her who world -wide entrance gave
To the log cabin of the slave ; "

and if it is true that " the pen is mightier than the sword," then
we can justly claim that the women of Connecticut have done
more and better work than many regiments of soldiers; for

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gj

if we had nothing besides the exhibit of " Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
with its forty-two translations into other tongues, showing the
tribute which many lands have paid to this foremost Ameri-
can woman of genius, Connecticut could challenge every other
State, every other country even, to equal this example of
woman's work.

In making this exhibit of literature we secured as many
autograph copies of books from various authors as possible,
and in our collection are included many rare and curious things
which the five-minute limit of this report will not permit me
to describe. We confined ourselves entirely to collecting the
work of women born in Connecticut, real daughters of the
State; and as many of these had sown their work broadcast,
here a little, and there a little, in magazines and papers, never
gathering together within two covers this golden harvest of
profit and pleasure, we determined to honor these also by put-
ting something from as many as possible into the permanent
form of a book. The result is our " Selections from the Writ-
ings of Connecticut Women," most ably edited by Mrs. J. G-.
Gregory of I^orwalk, well printed and handsomely bound,
with both cover and frontispiece the design of a Connecticut
woman. In this instance, also, we stand alone as the only State
which has so honored her writers of short stories, and our Con-
necticut book has a place among the valuable and rare things
in the library of the Woman's Building.

Besides this exhibit of literature and the exhibit of Mrs.
Stowe's books, which stand by themselves in a cabinet, we have
contributed six carved panels of wood toward beautifying the
library, each one the work of a Connecticut woman, a number
equaled by but one other State; while we make one of the
three States which have decorated and furnished an entire
room in the Woman's Building. " The Connecticut Room,"
which in design and workmanship stands easily in the front
ranks among so much that is artistic, is the production of a
young Xew Haven woman, Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, whose
faithful and beautiful work has brought not only deserved

82 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

credit to herself, but also to the State which has the honor to
claim her, and especially to the Woman's Board under whose
encouragement the work was carried out. If I should enter
into the details of the statistics we gained from all over the
State, — statistics relating to woman's place in educational,
social, and religious movements, as well as 'her relations to
labor in various forms, I should never reach the furnishing of
this State Building, which was placed in our hands by the ex-
ecutive committee of the Men's Board. We did our best to
make a house of the olden time out of it. The decorators, the
Ripley Brothers of Hartford, brought not only careful study,
but also a keen sense of State pride to their work, even repro-
ducing in stencil the color and design of paper upon the walls
of certain rooms in our State, which had given hospitality to
Washington.

It may be of interest to know that everything used in the
building either came from Connecticut, or was manufactured
on the premises by Connecticut men.

An endless amount of hard and discriminating work went
into the collecting of the various loans and articles for furnish-
ing,— loans most cheerfully granted in spite of the distance
of transportation and chance of accident — and a history of
the contents of this house could carry us as deeply into the
public as into the familiar everyday life of early Connecticut.

We have Israel Putnam's gun here, as well as his portrait,
and a three-edged sword carried under Cromwell and through
our own Revolutionary War, hanging over a commission
signed by the last Colonial Governor. Our present Governor
and his Staff had luncheon earlier in the year from a table two
hundred years old. There is a counterpane upon the " high
poster " in one of the bedrooms one hundred and forty years
old, and bed-hangings one hundred and seventy-five, embroid-
ered in a stitch that we are copying in our own time. A warm-
ing pan makes us glad that our days are days of steam, and if
the old spinet here had an echo, we might hear once more the
music of an earlier and statelier time. The high-backed chairs,
one of which has held everv President from Jackson to Grant,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. §3

inclusive, and in which the decision in the famous Dred Scott
was reached, prove to us over again, that the earlier settlers of
Connecticut had physical as well as mental backbone. The
tapestries upon the walls reproduced and loaned to us by the
Cheney Brothers of our own State, remind us that younger
sons did not always come portionless to the Colonies from their
English homes; and the writing desk, with its mysterious hid
ing places, proves that the keeping of secrets is not a modern
accomplishment; while the dining-room, with its corner cup-
boards, blue china and pewter plates, its candlesticks, and-
irons, and old tankards, convinces us that there is abundant
reason for the tradition of that rare New England hospitality
which is known the world over.

All these things serve to make us feel a part of the past —
or they would if the pictures upon the walls did not let out
the secret of Connecticut's progress, and whisper to us that it
is largely to the manufacturers and business men of our State
that we have a State Building and a Woman's Board of Man-
agers, an outline of whose work I have tried to give.

It does not sound like much in the telling, but we brought
to its fulfillment the best we had. That which we carry away
will brighten the recollections of a lifetime.

The introduction of Governor Morris by the presiding offi-
cer was followed by a generous demonstration of applause on
the part of the assembled multitude. "When it had subsided
Governor Morris delivered the following address of welcome:

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR LUZON B. MORRIS.

It is with great pleasure that I welcome to this grand Ex-
position the sons and daughters of Connecticut. While our
State, in territory, is one of the smallest, yet its position and
importance among the States of the Union are in no sense pro-
portioned to her territorial limits.

It was among the earliest of the colonies to effect a perma-
nent settlement in the new world, after the discovery made by
Columbus. It took a leading part in the wars to subdue the

84 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Indians when this county was first settled. It was represented
upon the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence
when our relations with Great Britain were such that war was
inevitable. It was well represented among the signers of the
Declaration of Independence.

In the war that followed, none of the colonies furnished
men and means more liberally in proportion to population than
Connecticut. After the war was over, and the people of the
colonies found it necessary to have a more substantial form of
government than there existed under the confederation, Con-
necticut took a leading part in the foundation of the constitu-
tion, which \vas ultimately adopted, and was among the first
five States to adopt the same. In all the wars for the main-
tenance of the Union which have since occurred, Connecticut,
in proportion to her population, has not been exceeded, in men
and means furnished, by any of the States.

But it would not be doing justice to the State to confine its
influence to those born within its borders. At an early period
in the existence of the colony, provision was made for the edu-
cation of her children. These provisions for education have
been enjoyed, not only by her own children, but by those from
other States and other countries. The reputation of her edu-
cational institutions has been, and now is such, that young men
are attracted there for the purposes of education and the in-
fluence which Connecticut, through her educational institu-
tions, has exerted upon this country, has not been equaled by
any of the States.

A comparative list of Senators, members of Congress,
judges, educators, and men devoted to the professions, who
have been educated in Connecticut, would show that no State
would equal her in this respect. One of the first, if not the
very first, law school in the United States was located in Con-
necticut, and was successfully maintained for many years.

In manufactured articles you will find Connecticut largely
represented in this exhibition. As an illustration of what her
sons have done in the line of inventions, we find from the
records of the patent office for the first hundred years of its ex-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. g£

istence — 1790 to 1890 — that 21.810 patents were granted
to citizens of Connecticut — a much larger ratio than to any
other State in the Union.

I cannot close my remarks without thanking, in behalf of
the State of Connecticut, the Board of World's Fair Managers,
including the Board of Lady Managers, for the faithful and
laborious work performed by them to make the fair a success,
so far as Connecticut is concerned. The variety of the work
done by them is too great to allow one to enter into details,
but everywhere are evidences of the forethought, discretion,
and good taste exercised by them.

The formal exercises being concluded, Mrs. Isabella
Beecher Hooker paid a fitting tribute to the work of women
in furthering the plans for the successful celebration of the
great event that had brought together at Jackson Park repre-
sentatives of the nations of the globe. The closing feature of
the day was a public reception by the Governor in the main
parlor of the State Building, which was attended by a large
number of people.

CHAPTEK VIII. *

Connecticut Collective Exhibits in Departments of Education, Agricul-
ture, Forestry, Minerals, Dairy Products, Live Stock, Leaf Tobacco,
and Colonial Relics.

In most instances the task of collecting and arranging
Connecticut's collective exhibits, and that also of their super-
vision during the Exposition, was delegated to various indi-
viduals especially qualified for such service. The educational
exhibit was placed under the general supervision of Charges D.
Hine, secretary of the State Board of Education, who was
assisted by Samuel P. Willard of Colchester. The general
supervision of the agricultural exhibit was delegated to Theo-
dore S. Gold, secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who
called to his aid Professor Charles S. Phelps of the Storrs Agri-
cultural College. The exhibit of leaf tobacco was made a dis-
tinct feature, whose various details received special attention
from John B. Haas of Hartford, Seneca O. Grriswold of Po-
quonock, and H. S. Frye of Windsor. At the request of the
Board of Managers, the work of collecting and preparing speci-
mens for the forestry exhibit was undertaken by Thomas E.
Pickering, a member of the board, who employed Horace F.
Walker of South Glastonbury to give attention to the details
of the exhibit. The management of the exhibit of dairy pro-
ducts devolved upon the State Dairymen's Association, which
was represented at the Exposition by Eobert A. Potter of
Bristol and A. M. Bancroft of Rockville. Reports and data
relating to exhibits above named have been furnished by per-
sons superintending them, and are embodied herewith. The
following report was made by Samuel P. Willard:

(86)

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 37

EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT.

" The Connecticut Educational Exhibit was situated in the
south gallery of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building,
east of the center.

It was not until about the first of February, 1893, that it
was definitely decided that space would be allowed to the state.
The space of 1,000 square feet then granted was soon cut down
to 900 square feet. In this space there could not be a large ex-
hibit, but it was attempted to show as far as the time for pre-
paration would allow:

1. Plans of teaching by subjects, showing the end or object
in view, on charts and by complete outlines in books prepared
by teachers.

2. Methods, apparatus, material, devices showing means
used in teaching.

3. Books containing the work of children, showing the best
work done under the plan and with the means.

The exhibit would, therefore, show the best teaching and its
results. The most prominent part of it was the outlines fur-
nished by the different schools of the plans of teaching and
the methods used to attain these plans. It was in this that
the Connecticut exhibit was unique.

The material was arranged by towns, rather than by sub-
jects, and was contributed almost entirely by the following
places: Xew Haven, Hartford, Willimantic, Xew Britain,
"Waterbury, Stamford, Torrington, Bristol, Colchester, Old
Saybrook, Norwich, Middletown, and Bridgeport.

In the plans and methods shown the correlation of the
studies was a marked feature. In reading there were primary
lessons based on science and on literature. There were lan-
guage lessons based on simple scientific phenomena, on litera-
ture, and on geography, while literature lessons made lessons
in language and in reading. Science lessons were made a basis
for reading lessons, language lessons, and also for drawing
and penmanship.

From the Middletown schools came very complete plans
for science work in all the grades, and specimens from the

88 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

school collection in zoology, botany, and mineralogy were
shown to indicate the material to put in the hands of the pupils
for their study.

In geography, history, and civil government very complete,
interesting, and intelligent plans were shown, and enough
work by the pupils to illustrate the results that could be ob-
tained by following these methods.

At the time this exhibit was collected no manual training
schools had been opened in Connecticut, and the exhibit was
in this department almost entirely wood work.

A set of models setting out a four-years' plan of work in a
somewhat modified course of sloyd was shown from one school.
Accompanying this were specimens of the pupils' work, and
the scale drawing that they had made and which they followed
in their manual work.

From the Industrial School, Middletown, and from one or
two city schools, came samples of sewing and lace work.

Photographs accompanied the exhibits of the different
places. These photographs illustrated the different styles of
school architecture, showing exterior and interior of school
buildings. The pictures of the class-rooms were, for the most
part, selected to show the classes engaged in certain lessons;
those in the kindergarten to show the children engaged in
various occupations and games; those in the older classes to
show the children engaged in various exercises, as observation,
drawing, gymnastics, manual training, cooking, writing, his-
tory, and arithmetic.

There was shown a file of town and school reports covering
three years from the various towns in the state.

There was also a complete set of the works of the Honorable
Henry Barnard. This included:

(a) Official Reports of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Wiscon-
sin, Maryland, and as United States Commissioner of Educa-
tion.

(&) Volumes I to XXXI of American Journal of Educa-
tion.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. §9

(d) Other publications, including tractates and treatises.

This sketch is necessarily brief. The exhibit lacked some
of the striking features that the products of the Normal Art
and Manual Training Schools gave to some of the other states.
In progressive methods, unhampered by precedent, founded
on sound pedagogical principles, and proved by practice, the
exhibit showed that the best Connecticut elementary schools
are second to none."

YALE UNIVERSITY.

The exhibit made by Yale University consisted mainly of a
collection of photographic views of the various departments
of the university. It is due to Yale, as well as to the State
Board of Education, to say that both would have been more
effectively represented at the Exposition had it been possible
to secure ampler allotment of space. At the time their applica-
tions were pending there came to the Chief of the Liberal
Arts Department an application from the German government
for 20,000 square feet of space in which to make an exhibit
of its public school system, and in order to accede, as far as
possible, to this large requirement American applicants were
asked to waive their claims to the utmost extent. This condi-
tion of affairs afforded an excellent opportunity for Connecti-
cut educators to make an exhibition of magnanimity, and there
was but comparatively small space left to them in which to
exhibit anything else. For nearly two hundred years, how-
ever, Yale has been exhibiting her alumni to the world — a
more effective display than though she had filled unlimited
space with minor details. Her exhibit included portraits of
many illustrious men from her long list of graduates — with-
out whom this world would have been poor indeed.

Notwithstanding the fact that Connecticut is not one of the
notable agricultural states, her exhibit in the department of
agriculture at the Exposition was unique and attractive.
When it is known that the total cost of collecting, installing,
and maintaining this exhibit during a period of six months,
including the cost of the pavilion, was but little more than
7

90 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

$4,300 it must be conceded that the appropriation was ex-
pended to good purpose. During the greater part of the Ex-
position season the exhibit was under the careful and intel-
ligent supervision of Martin Parker of South Coventry. The
report of Prof. Phelps which follows gives ample details of its
various features.

AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT.

The pavilion used for the collective agricultural exhibit
was designed by E. E. Benedict of Waterbury, and was built
by Tracy Brothers of that city at a cost of $2,600.

As it was impossible to commence the work of collecting
the exhibit until late in the season of 1892, it was not possible
to obtain specimens of many of the crops of that year. In the
preparation of the exhibit the following spring the lack of
proper material for decorative purposes was especially felt.
This feature, however, was greatly improved as the season
of 1893 advanced by the utilization of grains in the straw,
grasses, and other materials of that year's crops.

An effort was made to have the exhibit of educational value
as far as possible. Some of the leading collections were : First,
an exhibit in glass oases of over one hundred and fifty vari-
eties of corn grown within the state, including field, pop, and
sweet corn. About one hundred of these were varieties of
field corn, which were accompanied by analyses, kindly fur-
nished without expense by the Connecticut Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.

Second, a large case of leaf tobacco formed a conspicuous
part of the collective exhibit, in addition to the general ex-
hibit of tobacco, which was located in another part of the
building. As Connecticut is famous for the high quality of
her tobacco, this exhibit naturally attracted much attention.

Third, a collection of distinct species of grasses, neatly ar-
ranged in bunches, was an interesting feature. These were
grown and furnished by the Storrs Experiment Station.

Fourth, a collection of grains shown in bottles.

Fifth, exhibits of the leading vegetables grown witliin the

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Q^

state, which, were not of a perishable character. These were
shown in their seasons from the crops of the year 1893.

Sixth, an attractive collection of views of farm buildings,
crops, and other farm scenes. These views were made by K.
T. Sheldon of AVinsted.

The special decorative features of the exhibit were a central
piece representing a wigwam about ten feet in diameter, made
of ears of corn; a large motto placed above the whole exhibit,
containing the sentiment, " Connecticut's Best Crop, Her Sons
and Daughters." This motto was the design, and largely the
work, of Mrs. A. S. Parker of South Coventry. An arch near
one end contained the words " The Xutmeg State," and a
great variety of wreaths, festoons, etc., made from the heads
of oats, barley, and rye, covering the pillars and other parts
of the booth, added much to its beauty. These decorative
features added greatly to the attractiveness of the entire ex-
hibit, and those who saw it during the latter half of the season
offered many words of praise and commendation. Considering
the fact that Connecticut expended on her collective exhibit
only a small part of what most of the states used, it was gen-
erally thought that a very creditable showing was made.

FORESTRY EXHIBIT.

The general direction of collecting and preparing the State's
exhibit in the Forestry Department, as has been already said,
was delegated to Mr. Pickering of the Board of Managers,
whose experience as special agent of the State at the Centennial
Exhibition of 1876 had given him the requisite qualifications
for the position. Mr. Pickering employed Horace F. "Walker
of South Glastonbury as his assistant, who obtained and pre-
pared for exhibition a fine collection of Connecticut woods, as
shown by the subjoined list. Mr. TTalker took the collection
to the Exposition and installed it with no little care. The total
cost of this exhibit, including transportation and installation,
was $1,100. Its daily supervision and care during the Exposi-
tion fell to the lot of AVilliam J. Foster, one of the clerks at the

92 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Connecticut State Building. At the close of the Exposition
the collection was given to the Storrs Agricultural College by
the Board of Managers.

SPECIMENS IN THE CONNECTICUT FORESTRY EXHIBIT.

Quercus Prinus Chestnut oak.

Quercus bicolor, Swamp white oak.

Quercus palustris, .... Swamp Spanish or pin oak.

Quercus illicifolia, . . . . Bear or black scrub oak.

Quercus rubra, . ', . . . Red oak.

Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak.

Quercus coccinea, var. tinctoria, . Black oak, quercitron.

Quercus aquatica, .... Water oak.

Quercus alba, White oak.

Castanea sativa, Chestnut.

Fagus ferruginea, .... Beech.

Carpinus Caroliniana Hornbeam, blue beech.

Ostrya Virginica, .... Hop-hornbeam, iron wood.

Betula papyracea, .... Paper or canoe birch.

Betula populifolia, .... White birch.

Betula nigra, River or red birch.

Betula lenta, Sweet or black birch.

Betula lutea, Yellow birch.

Alnus incana, Speckled or hoary alder.

Alnus serrulata Black or tag alder.

Salix alba, White willow.

Salix longifolia, Long-leaved willow.

Salix purpurea, Purple willow.

Salix nigra Black or pussy willow.

Populus balsamifera, .... Balsam poplar.

Populus balsamifera, var. candicans, . Balm of Gilead.

Populus monilifera Cotton wood.

Populus tremuloides, .... Aspen.

Populus grandidentata, . . . Poplar.

Populus, Lombardy poplar.

Pinus strobus White pine.

Pinus rigida Pitch pine.

Picea nigra, . . . ... . Black spruce.

Picea alba White spruce.

Abies excelsa Norway spruce.

Thuja Canadensis, . . . . . Hemlock.

Chamoecyparis sphceroides, . . . White cedar.

Juniperus Virginiana, .... Red cedar.

Juniperus communis, .... Juniper, umbrella tree.

Larix Americana, . . . . Tamarack, American larch.

Tilia Americana, .... Mountain basswood.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 93

Tilia Europsea River basswood.

Liriodendron tulipifera, . . . Tulip tree, whitewood.

Tilia Americana, Basswood, linden.

Rims typhina Staghorn sumach.

Acer saccharinum, .... Sugar maple.

Acer saccharinum, var., . . . Curled or birdseye maple.

Acer rubrum Red or swamp maple.

Acer dasycarpum, .... White or silver maple.

Robinia pseudacacia, .... Locust.

Prunus Americana, .... Wild yellow or red plum.

Prunus cerasus, Red garden cherry.

Prunus cerasus, var. , . . . . White garden cherry.

Prunus serotina, Wild black cherry.

Prunus Virginiana, .... Choke cherry.

Crataegus coccinea, . • . . Scarlet fruited thorn.

Crataegus crus-galli Cockspur thorn.

Pyrus malus, Apple.

Pyrus communis Pear.

Amelanchier Canadensis, . . . Shad bush, June berry.

Hamamelis Virginica, .... Witch hazel.

Cornus florida, ..... Flowering dogwood.

Cornus stolonifera, .... Red dogwood, sweet osier.

Nyssa sylvatica, . . . . . Pepperidge.

Vaccinium corymbosum, . . . Swamp blueberry.

Gaylussacia resinosa, ' . . . . Black huckleberry.

Kalmia latifolia Mountain laurel.

Fraxinus Americana, .... White ash.

Fraxinus sambucifolia, . . . Black ash.

Sassafras officinale, .... Sassafras.

Benzoin odoriferum, .... Spice-bush.

Ulmus fulva, Red or slippery elm.

Ulmus Americana White or American elm.

Ulmus racemosa, Cork or rock elm.

Morus alba, White mulberry.

Morus rubra Black or red mulberry.

Platanus occidentalis, .... Sycamore, button ball.

Juglans cinerea Butternut.

Juglans nigra Black walnut.

Carya tomentosa, . . . . White heart hickory.

Gary a alba Shell bark hickory.

Carya porcina, ..... Pig nut hickory.

Carya amara, Bitter nut, swamp hickory.

Aside from its regular exhibit in the Forestry Department,
Connecticut furnished six pillars for the Forestry Building.
These were tree trunks twenty-five feet long, the choicest speci-
mens that could be found in the " mountain countv " of the

94 ^CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

state. Three were contributed from Cornwall, as follows:
White pine by John E. Calhoun ; white wood, or tulip tree, by
Kiles Scoville; and white oak by T. S. Gold, ^orth Canaan
also contributed three : A chestnut by Burton A. Pierce, and
white oak and hickory by Samuel A. Eddy. They were sent to
Chicago during the summer of 1892 by special cars, great care
having been taken in felling and loading them that their barks
might not be marred.

MINERAL EXHIBIT.

Connecticut is rich in her mineral deposits — richer by far
than was shown by her collective exhibit "in the Department of
Mines and Mining at the Exposition. This is explained by the
statement that not until January, 1893, was it decided that
the state would make an exhibit in this department. The sub-
ject of a collective mineral exhibit was first brought to the at-
tention of the Board of Managers by its newly-appointed ex-
ecutive manager at their meeting held January 7, 1893, and
in response to his suggestions, the following action was taken
by the Board, as shown by the official minutes :

" On motion, duly seconded, it was voted that the matter in
reference to the exhibit for the Mining Department of the dif-
ferent quarries of the state be referred to the executive man-
ager, with full power to act upon the same."

Acting under the authority above quoted, the executive man-
ager communicated with the proprietors of forty-one quarries
in various parts of the state, with the view of obtaining a
" technical exhibit " of building stones of Connecticut, includ-
ing granites, limestones, sandstones, and marbles — such a
display being specially urged by the chief of Mining Depart-
ment.

The time was too short, however, to secure as many speci-
mens as hoped for. In due time specimens were received from
twelve quarries, as follows :

Charles O. Wolcott, Buckland, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Red Sandstone.
Shaler & Hall Quarry Co., Portland, 4, 6, and 12-inch cubes, Brown
Sandstone.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 95

Millstone Granite Co., Niantic, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Granite.

Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co., New London, 4 and 6-inch
cubes, Granite.

Plymouth Quarry Co., Thomaston, 6-inch cube, Granite.

R. I. Crissey, Norfolk, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Granite.

New England Brownstone Co., Cromwell, 4, 6, and 12-inch cubes,
Brown Sandstone.

Stony Creek Red Granite Co., Stony Creek, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Red
Granite.

S. Holdsworth, Stony Creek, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Gray Granite.

X. Bolles & Son, New Preston, 6-inch cube, Granite.

Garvey Bros., Sterling, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Granite.

H. C. Burnham, Hadlyme, 4 and 6 inch cubes, Granite.

This " technical exhibit " was duly installed in the east gal-
lery of the Department of Mines and Mining at the Exposition,
and at its close was donated to the Field Columbian Museum
in Chicago, by special permission of the individual contrib-
utors.

In addition to the building-stone exhibit there was a fine dis-
play of burnt limestone, under glass, made by the Canaan Lime
Company, of North Canaan, and an attractive collection of
beryls, garnets, tourmaline, feldspar, and mica from the quar-
ries of S. L. Wilson of New Milford. Mr. Wilson's display of
beryl and garnet gems was exquisite. The beryls were of
various shades — golden, aquamarine, blue, canary, and light
green — and were so much admired by the chief of the depart-
ment, F. J. Y. Skiff, that he solicited specimens as souvenirs
of Connecticut's mineral attractions. Mr. Skiff was given per-
mission to make such selection as he desired, upon which golden
and aquamarine beryls were chosen, which, ere this, have
doubtless found appropriate and effective setting. In this
collection were upwards of a hundred gems, which had been
exquisitely cut by Tiffany & Co., of New York.

DAIRY EXHIBIT.

It was not a light task to make a competitive exhibit of Con-
necticut dairy products at the World's Fair, especially for its
July exhibit, in the height of summer heat and at a distance
of nearly a thousand miles from home. Yankee energy entered

96 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

the contest with resoluteness, however, and came out of it with
merited honors.

The July exhibit of butter was made under the direction of
A. M. Bancroft of Rockville, and the October exhibit was
superintended by Robert A. Potter, who were selected by the
Connecticut Dairymen's Association to represent them. There
were forty-eight entries of butter, of which thirty-six were from
co-operative creameries. Of the latter the average scoring was
ninety-four points, entries from sixteen of them scoring over
ninety-five points. State pride is fully justified by the fact that
the co-operative creameries of Connecticut made a higher
record than those of any other state.

BUTTER.
Ellington Creamery, Ellington. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 95 ; Class 3,

score 94. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 96 ; Class 3, score, 96.
Windsor Creamery, Windsor. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, ,96 ; Class 3,

score 98.
Wapping Creamery, Wapping. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 90 ; Class 3,

score, 94i. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 94 ; Class 3, score, 94;}-.
Lebanon Creamery, Lebanon. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 96| ; Class 3,

score, 96£. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 96 ; Class 3, score, 96^.
Glastonbury Creamery, Glastonbury. — July exhibit: Class 5, score 96| ;

Class 3, score, 97.
Wethersfield Creamery, WetJiersfield.— July exhibit : Class 5, score, 93.

October exhibit : Class 5, score, 93i ; Class 3, score, 95.
Andover Creamery, Andover. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 86 ; Class 3,

score, 93. October exhibit : Class 5, score 88 ; Class 3, score. 95.
Cromwell Creamery, Cromwell.— July Exhibit : Class 5, score, 96. October

exhibit : Class 5, score, 89.
Canton Creamery, Canton.— July exhibit: Class 5, score, 92. October

exhibit : Class 5, score, 91 ; Class 3, score, 93.
Brooklyn Creamery, Brooklyn.— July exhibit : Class 5, score 92.
Eastford Creamery, Eastford. — October exhibit: Class 5, score, 93; Class

3, score, 93^.

Vernon Creamery, Rockville.— October exhibit : Class 5, score, 94.
E. Stevens Henry, Private Dairy, Rockmlle.— October exhibit : Class 5,

score, 94.

Plainville Creamery, Plainnlle. —July exhibit : Class 5, score, 93£. Octo-
ber exhibit : Class 5, score, 94 ; Class 3, score, 96J.
N. S. Stevens & Co., Proprietary Creamery, East Canaan. — July Exhibit:

Class 4, score, 92 : Class 3 (damaged), score, 79.
George A. Miner, Private Dairy, Bristol. — October exhibit : Class 1, score,

92 ; Class 3, score, 97.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 97

George E. Morse, Private Dairy, Cheshire. — October exhibit: Class 1,

Score, 93.
H. A. Huntington, Private Dairy, Higganum. — October exhibit: Class 1*

score, 93J.
Mrs. Fail-dough, Private Dairy, Wolcott. — October exhibit : Class 1, score,

91.
Silas A. Gridley, Private Dairy, Terry mile. — October exhibit : Class 1,

score, 94.
Henry Awry, Private Dairy, TalcotMlle. — October exhibit: Class 1,

score, 94.
Mrs. G. F. Douglass, Private Dairy, New Hartford. — October exhibit :

Class 2, score, 90.

CHEESE.

Horace Sabin, Pom/ret. — July exhibit : Class 8, score, 86; Class 8, score,

93.

N. 8. Stevens & Co., East Canaan. — July exhibit : Class 2, score, 91.
Mrs. F. B. Chaff ee, Woodstock.— July exhibit: Class 8, score, 94.
Mrs. C. B. Stearns, Andover.— July exhibit: Class 8, score, 87; Class 8,

score, 86.

Scotland Dairy Co , Scotland.— July exhibit : Class 4, score, 89.
Edward Norton, Goshen. — July exhibit : Class 9 (pineapple cheese), score,

96.

LIVE STOCK.

An effort was made by the executive officers of the Board
of Managers to secure entries of live stock at the Exposition,
especially from the choice herds of milk producers with which
Connecticut abounds, but without avail, the great distance and
the inevitable trouble and expense being barriers to the under-
taking. In the competitive dairy herd test the American Jer-
sey Cattle Club selected the Baroness Argyle, 40,498, owned
by Hon. E. Stevens Henry of Rockville, as one of the twenty-
five Jersey cows for that contest. She stood ~No. 4 in the gen-
eral sweepstakes, embracing all the different tests, with credited
butter product of 250.65 pounds of butter in 120 consecutive
days. The Baroness was the leading cow during the first forty
days of the ninety-days' test, with a credited butter product of
91.15 pounds. She would doubtless have maintained her
position at the head of the list had not the extreme heat during
the test affected her condition adversely for a few days.

The only other entries of live stock from Connecticut were
those of working oxen. These were selected by a committee

98 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

appointed by the State Board of Agriculture, namely, Messrs.
William G. French, Charles W. Lee, and Augustus Hamilton.
Under the rules they were to be shown under yoke, without
regard to age or breeding. The committee made selection of
four pairs, which were taken to the Exposition in October,
under charge of Mr. Hamilton and E. W. Lyon. The com-
petitive exhibition was held in the live stock pavilion, each pair
being put to the test of strength, and to that also of general
working qualities. The exhibition was witnessed by Hon.
"William I. Buchanan, chief of the Agricultural Department,
who seemed much impressed by the intelligence shown by the
faithful workers, as well as by their great strength, and by the
careful training they evinced. Among the contestants was a
pair of Devons, seven years old, owned by Hon. David Strong
of Winsted. They not only surpassed all of their competitors
in drawing loads of stone, and in other working tests, but were
almost as closely matched as two blades of grass, or the pro-
verbial two peas. Awards were given for the Connecticut
working oxen exhibit as follows:

1st prize, $50 and medal, . . . David Strong, Winsted.

2d prize, $40 and medal, . . . Jno. Ferris, Stamford.

3d prize, $30 and medal, . . . Granger Bros., Broad Brook.

4th prize, $20 and medal, . . . E. W. Lyon, Northfield.

The pair exhibited by Mr. Lyon were grade Devons, and
were not only admirable working oxen, but were trained
to do many interesting and laughable tricks, and would have
been creditable performers in a vaudeville entertainment.

LEAF TOBACCO EXHIBIT.

Connecticut's position as a grower of leaf tobacco was very
much in evidence at the World's Fair. A collective exhibit was
undertaken under the direction of the ISTew England Tobacco
Growers' Association, to which one hundred and thirty-eight
Connecticut farmers contributed five hundred and seventy-one
samples. A showcase in the state's agricultural pavilion con-
tained seventy-eight samples from nineteen towns. Three hun-
dred samples were packed away in drawers in the Agricultural

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 99

Pavilion for examination by practical tobacco men and by
members of the jury of award. In connection with the tobacco
exhibit in the Agricultural Department of the Government
Building there were twenty-six samples of Connecticut to-
bacco. In the Connecticut collective tobacco exhibit in the
gallery of the Agricultural Building there were five hundred
and forty-five samples in its two showcases and in bulk. This
exhibit was effectively displayed, each sample bearing the
name and residence of the grower. Its fine appearance re-
flected credit upon H. S. Frye, president of the Tobacco
•Growers' Association, who superintended the work of arrange-
ment in its various details.

COLONIAL RELICS.

A collective exhibit of Connecticut colonial relics was made
in the Government Building under the direction of Miss Fran-
ces S. Ives of New Haven, member of Board of National Com-
missioners for Connecticut. An appropriation of $800 was
voted by the Board of Managers to defray the expense of the
collection of articles for this exhibit, but less than half the
amount was required, $480 being returned to the treasury by
Miss Ives.

It was found that many owners of colonial reli'cs were loath
to surrender them, through fear of loss or damage by fire or
accident, so that the collection was not as large as hoped for.
Among other relics much desired for this exhibit was the fa-
mous Connecticut charter granted by Charles II to the Con-
necticut Colony in 1662, but the state's Magna Charta is too
precious a document to entrust away from its quiet resting-
place in the Capitol — so evidently thought the Legislature of
1893, regardless of promises of watchful guardianship and safe
return.

CHAPTER IX.

Review of Notable Connecticut Exhibits, with Illustrations — Yankee In-
ventions— Silverware — Watches and Clocks — Machinery — Thread

— Bicycles — Carriages — Fine Arts — Live-stock — Butter and Cheese

— Large variety of Woods — Curious Antiques.

It is not practicable to undertake to give in this volume ex-
tended sketches of individual exhibits made at the World's
Fair from Connecticut. How could justice be done in limited
space to the large number of Connecticut exhibitors who merit
special recognition — there were about one hundred and
twenty-five of them, all told — when an adequate description
of some of the more notable ones would require an entire chap-
ter? In this latter category were exhibits of the "Willimantic
Linen Company, The Cheney Silk Works, Pope Manufactur-
ing Company, Meriden Britannia Company, Waterbury
Watch Company, Pratt & Whitney Company, Randolph &
Clowes, the Russell & Erwin and Billings & Spencer Com-
panies. The most that can be done with reference to even the
more notable exhibits is to barely mention them, and let the
camera do the rest.

From February to July, 1894, the ISFew England Magazine,
of Boston, published a series of sketches, written by the ex-
ecutive officers of the World's Fair Boards of the several Xew
England States, which were designed to pass in review the
more notable features of the exhibits of each state. The sketch
of " Connecticut at the World's Fair," which appeared in the
July number, refers to so many of the more prominent ex-
hibits from this state that the entire sketch is reprinted here,
by permission of the publisher of the magazine. Indulgence
will be hoped for if the reader discovers that some features in
this sketch have appeared elsewhere in this volume. It seems
fitting that the sketch should find a lodgment within these
covers as a part of the story of Connecticut's participation in
the great Columbian Exposition of 1893.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1Q1

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

(Reprinted from New England Magttzrne of July, 1S9U.)

The ingenuity of the Connecticut Yankee is conceded
wherever he is intimately known. It requires some stretch
of the imagination to accept the story of the Connecticut manu-
facturer who made his surplus shoe pegs serve for oats. The
old-time legend of Connecticut wooden nutmegs may or may
not have contained grains of truth; it is a fact that when the
National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic
was held in Boston, in 1890, a Connecticut peddler of wooden
nutmeg souvenirs, upon finding that his stock was running low,
bought a quantity of genuine nutmegs, and after equipping
them with rings and ribbons palmed them off by the hundred
as imitations, at a quarter apiece! The inventive characteris-
tics of the Yankee boy were aptly told by the Rev. John Pier-
pont, in his poem delivered at the Litchfield county centennial
celebration, in 1851:

" Thus by his genius and his jack-knife driven,
Ere long he'll solve you any problem given;
Make any gimcrack, musical or mute, —
A plow, a coach, an organ, or a flute;
Make you a locomotive or a clock,
Cut a canal, or build a floating dock,
Or lead forth Beauty from a marble block;
Make anything, in short, for sea or shore,
From a child's rattle to a seventy-four.
Make it, said I? Ay, when he undertakes it,
He'll make the thing, and the machine that makes it;
And, when the thing is made, — whether it be
To move on earth, in air, or on the sea,
Whether on water, o'er the waves to glide,
Or, upon land, to roll, revolve, or slide,
Whether to whirl or jar, to strike or ring,
Whether it be a piston or a spring,
Wheel, pulley, tube sonorous, wood or brass, —
The thing designed shall surely come to pass;
For, when his hand's upon it, you may know
That there's go in it, and he'll make it go."

In Connecticut, as elsewhere, the boy is father of the man.
From the elderwood popgun of the Yankee boy to the Gatlin
of the Yankee inventor is a long stride, but one may with good
reason regard the latter as in lineal descent from the former.
From the crude horse-pistol of other days has been evolved

102 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

the complex Colt's revolver of our own time, with all its vary-
ing kin. There are many intermediate steps between the
primitive looms on which our grandmothers wove prosaic plaids
and the intricate machinery which now produces silken poems
in fabrics woven at the Cheney mills, with colors that would
delight the eye of Titian, but the evolutionary steps are well
defined to him who has studied them.

As he who has a good story likes to tell it, so he who has
a good thing likes to show it, especially upon an auspicious oc-
casion. It should not be taken for granted, however, credit-
able as was Connecticut's display at the World's Fair, that
she was there " for all she was worth." Less than forty-five
per cent, of intending exhibitors from Connecticut accepted
the allotment of space offered to them in the various depart-
ments, — the principal reason being that many allotments
were made at so late a day as to allow inadequate time for the
proper installation of exhibits.

Notwithstanding the large percentage of intending exhibit-
ors who failed to put in an appearance, Connecticut was not
without an excellent representation at the Exposition. Of
about one hundred and thirty applicants for space in the De-
partment of Manufactures, sixty were reported in the official
directory as exhibitors. It is impossible here to make individ-
ual mention of but a small fraction of the whole number.

The most conspicuous Connecticut exhibit in this depart-
ment was the Meriden Britannia Company's superb pavilion
and exquisite display of silverware. The pavilion was of rich,
dark mahogany; and when its cost is known as upwards of
twenty thousand dollars, some idea may be obtained of the
setting provided for the beautiful exhibit of the company's
wares. Its location was on Columbia Avenue, near the center
of the building, — a position to which it was entitled by virtue
of its unsurpassed excellence.

In the same class were exhibits by the Holmes & Edwards
Silver Company of Bridgeport ; the Wm. Rogers Manufactur-
ing Company of Hartford; Simpson, Hall, Miller & Company
of Wallingf ord ; the Rogers & Brothers of Waterbury. Con-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. jQg

necticut has long been noted for its superiority of manufact-
ures of this class, and its best known representatives were there.

Famous as Connecticut is for her clocks, with which for
more than a hundred years she has compelled the civilized
world to take note of passing time, it may seem strange that
but one exhibit was made of them, that of the Ansonia Clock
Company. Their absence may be attributed to .their inability
to secure adequate space. But Connecticut time-keepers were
in abundance, in the shape of Waterbury watches. It must
have surprised visitors, especially those who only remembered
the earlier product of- this company, to see what an advance
has been made in them. A dozen years ago, though they were
always good timekeepers, their chief mission seemed to be to
furnish a text for newspaper humorists: the jokes about their
long winding were numberless. Now they are wound in five
seconds, and not only in appearance but in timekeeping quali-
ties they rival their more pretentious cousins from Geneva,
AValtham, and Elgin. This company also exhibited what
proved to be one of the wonders of the Fair, — the Century
Clock. Its cost was sixty thousand dollars, its construction re-
quiring twelve years' time; and its mechanism is said to surpass
that of all the famous clocks of the past.

To whatever section of the Manufacturers' Department the
visitor was drawn in which Connecticut exhibits were shown,
it is not overstating the case to say they were found to be of
high standard and in greatest variety; writing machines, cur-
tain fixtures, household furniture, bronze monuments, lace
thread work, silk thread and fabrics, cotton and woolen fabrics,
carpets, hosiery, pins and thimbles, gun implements and am-
munition, firearms (long and short), lighting apparatus, paints,
hardware specialties, pocket cutlery, carpenter's tools, copper-
ware, rubber goods, — these so abounded as to show that Con-
necticut could stock a new world, could another be found, in
business or housekeeping.

In the Department of Machinery, in which there were up-
wards of fifty applications for space from Connecticut manu-
facturers, the official directory shows the names of only about

104 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

half that number. It is the same old story of lack of space,
and delay in making allotment of such space as was granted.
The outside world can never fully know of the dilemma in
which chiefs of departments found themselves, or of their ef-
forts to provide space for exhibitors. As early as July 1,
1892, it was discovered that five times as much space had been
applied for as was at the disposal of the various department
•chiefs. In the Mechanic Arts Building, large as was the space
for exhibits, it may well be doubted if any applicant secured
the area desired, while many were unable to secure any. The
rule was, evidently, to grant the least possible space in which
it was thought the applicant could install his exhibit; and un-
less there was reason to believe that the exhibit offered would
be specially meritorious, to grant none at all. The first appli-
cation for space in this department from Connecticut was that
-of A. D. Quint of Hartford, for a drill press. Xo allotment
had been made to him up to February, when the writer made
a personal appeal in his behalf. The chief said he had appli-
cations for space for such exhibits which would cover acres
of his floor, and he had no room for them. " But Mr. Quint
says his press will do what no other drill press in the world can
do," was the reply. That settled it. Four feet of space was
found for it. It was enough to enable the exhibitor to fully
establish the claim made for his invention.

Among the more notable exhibits from Connecticut in this
department were those of the Willimantic Linen Company,
of cotton thread machinery, always attracting many visitors
by its marvelous mechanism; wire-stitching machines of R.
H. Brown & Co. of !New Haven, book-sewing machines of the
Smyth Manufacturing Company, and the Thome typesetting
machine of Hartford. Exhibits of the Pratt & Whitney and
Billings & Spencer Companies of Hartford, Peck, Stow &
"Wllcox Company of Southington, and others of the same
.general class, were chiefly interesting to those who were famil-
iar with the work for which they were designed.

It was a good place in which to make good things known.
The Hendey Machine Company of Torrington had, among

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1Q5

other exhibits, one of their improved iron-working lathes. A
German visitor inspected it, and was evidently interested in it,
though he couldn't speak English, and the attendant couldn't
speak German. Again and again he came on his errand of
inspection, at length bringing with him an interpreter.
Finally, he gave his order for one, to be shipped to Germany;
and multiplying orders for them are in most instances traced
to the exhibit at the Fair.

The most ponderous Connecticut exhibit in the Machinery
Department was that of the Yale & Towne Manufacturing
Company of Stamford, — an " electric traveler " which ran on
an overhead track of its own, the entire length of the building.
This was one of the indispensable landmarks in service during
the installation of heavy exhibits. "With its chains and blocks
it would lift from freight cars the heavy parts of machinery,
no matter of how many tons' weight, and move away with
them as though they were but playthings.

The most notable exhibit from Connecticut in the Trans-
portation Department was that of the Pope Manufacturing
Company of Hartford. The official catalogue contained en-
tries of thirty-six bicycle exhibits, but there was no exhibit
which compared with the Columbias. The pavilion in which
they were installed was of itself a superb creation, giving the
exhibit a setting which could not fail to compel the admira-
tion of all visitors.

Of the four-wheeled vehicles sent from this state, that which
perhaps attracted the most attention was a jaunty six-passenger
" brake " made by the Xew Haven Carriage Company, — a
turnout which was as fine a specimen of work of its kind as
could be found in the department. The B. Manville Com-
pany of New Haven exhibited a brougham which well merited
the diploma and medal given them by the Bureau of Awards.

But few exhibits were made by Connecticut in the Depart-
ment of Liberal Arts, and they were unpretentious.

In the educational section the space allotted to Connecticut
was too meagre for an elaborate display by either Yale Uni-
versity or the State Board of Education: and at the eleventh

106 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

hour a portion of the original allotment was recalled for dis-
tribution among other and belated applicants. The result was
the disarranging of original plans and marring the design
mapped out by those having the work in charge. Neverthe-
less, the exhibit was meritorious enough to warrant medals by
the Bureau of Awards, not only to Yale and to the training
schools at "Willimantic and Bridgeport, but also to the seven-
teen public schools which were represented. It is hardly
possible that Yale will go down in the scale of public estima-
tion on account of the disparity between her square feet of ex-
hibition space and that occupied by Harvard, so long as she
maintains her superiority over her famous rival at football
and on the Thames !

One of the most notable exhibits in this department was the
collection of musical instruments exhibited by Mr. M. Steinert
of Xew Haven, said to be the most valuable collection of the
kind in the world, in which were harpsichords, clavichords,
spinets, and possibly " an instrument with ten strings." He
must indeed be devoid of sentiment who could not be moved
when in the presence of an instrument upon which Beethoven
played his divine symphonies.

"We are compelled to confess, as we enter the portals of the
Art Palace, that in the domain of fine arts Connecticut is not
conspicuous. Her people, as a rule, are more inclined to turn
their attention toward matters of practical nature/ The pro-
verbial thrift of her average citizen would lead him to prefer
owning the smooth meadow that adjoins his own, or a bond
from which he could cut six per cent, coupons, to a parlor full
of Corots or Meissoniers. As elsewhere, however, there is
here an appreciation of art that comes from culture, observa-
tion, and study; and here and there the little utilitarian Com-
monwealth can point out gifted sons, and daughters, too, whose
brushes have put upon canvas paintings of great worth and
beauty.

Of Connecticut exhibits in the Department of Fine Arts
were six subjects in oil by Charles H. Davis of Mystic, all of
them awarded medals; a portrait of Mark Twain, by Charles

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1Q7

Noel Flagg of Hartford; two subjects from Prof. John F.
Wier of the Yale Art School; a spring landscape by Henry C.
White of Hartford; and about a dozen others by artists of
reputation. There were, of course, relative degrees of ex-
cellence among the works of artists at the "World's Fair; but
mediocrity had no opportunity even for entrance; only works
of high merit had a chance to hang upon the walls of the Art
Palace.

Modest, indeed, in comparison with the rich and marvelous
exhibits from the great mining states of the West, was Con-
necticut's contribution to the Department of Mines and Min-
ing. Promises of collections from the Salisbury iron mines,
from whose ore beds the best car wheels in the world are made,
were unfilled. Cubes from the Canaan marble quarries, from
which the state's most noted edifice, the beautiful capitol at
Hartford, was built, were lacking, though they, too, were faith-
fully promised. Connecticut abounds in granite of almost
every conceivable shade, and there were fine specimens sent
from her best quarries, — from New London, Niantic, Had-
lyme, Stony Creek, Sterling, Plymouth, and Norfolk. The
brownstone quarries of Portland and Cromwell also added
attractiveness to the collection.

In addition to these substantial specimens was a fine col-
lection of minerals exhibited by Mr. S. L. Wilson of New Mil-
ford, all obtained from his own premises near that place.
The collection inculded mammoth sheets of the clearest mica,,
immense crystals of garnet and beryl, in addition to which were
upwards of a hundred exquisite cut gems, rivalling in beauty
the richest topaz and diamond. At the close of the Fair it
was the desire of Chief Skiff of this department to obtain a
specimen from each exhibit as souvenirs of the Exposition.
His choice from that of Connecticut was a golden beryl gem
from Mr. Wilson's collection.

The exhibit of Connecticut in the Department of Agricul-
ture was made under the direction of the State Board of Agri-
culture, and was installed and maintained under the superin-
tendence of Prof. C. S. Phelps of the Storrs Agricultural

108 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

School. There was probably no other exhibit in this depart-
ment that had so large and complete a variety of corn as was
shown by this state, though it was not displayed in the artistic
manner common to the great agricultural states of the "West.
The display of Connecticut grasses was also excellent, though
less time and money were spent than in some instances which
might be named, to make them attract the eye of the visitor by
artistic effects. The most notable exhibit from Connecticut
in this department was that of leaf tobacco, made under the
direction of the New England Tobacco Growers' Association.
The superiority of the " Connecticut leaf " has long been es-
tablished, and choice samples were shown in a case olesigned
for the purpose, by one hundred and thirty-eight individual
growers, though the award was given only in the name of the
association of which they are members.

The pavilion in which the agricultural exhibit of the state
was shown was embellished by an arch bearing the legend,
" Connecticut's best crop — her sons and daughters."

Comparatively few visitors to the World's Fair were cogni-
zant of the contest that was going on over in the live-stock
section of the Exposition grounds, where the ninety-day test
was made between selected teams of milk, butter, and cheese
producers, — Jerseys, Ayrshires, and Shorthorns. While the
visitors were sailing the lagoons, admiring the widespread
panorama from the Eerris Wheel, or imbibing music or lager
in " Old Vienna," they little realized, we imagine, how these
gilt-edged kine were straining and being strained for the
golden prize that would bring fame to themselves and perhaps
fortune to their owners. We have not at hand data showing
the results of the test between the respective breeds in this
family contest; it is our wish simply to show Connecticut's
participation in the race for lacteal honors. In the Jersey
team the only Connecticut representative was the " Baroness
of Argyle," owned by Hon. E. Stevens Henry of Kockville.
She was considered the best cow of her family in the state,
and for the first forty days of the contest proved herself to be
the best of the team, with a credited butter product of ninety-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1Q9

one and fifteen one-hundredths pounds, better than two and
one-fourth pounds per day. This marvelous butter-maker
would, doubtless, have maintained her position at the head of
her class had she not been unduly affected by the excessive heat
during the ordeal. " Blood will tell." The record of six
generations, of which the " Baroness " is the fifth, shows all
to have produced upwards of fourteen pounds of butter in
seven days, while she herself has a record of two and sixty-
seven one-hundredths pounds per day for seven days.

It must be that if the manufacturers of imitation butter, of
whatever name, can find a market for their product in Con-
necticut, it is not because her people do not know what real
butter is. Eleven of Connecticut's creameries and seven in-
dividual butter-makers entered the competition list in the
Dairy Department at the Fair; and though the samples had to
be transported a thousand miles before going to the judges' test,
the result showed that she stood second in the race, led under
the wire by New Hampshire, and only by a nose at that.

The ox is a patient animal and is seldom known to complain,
whatever his treatment. But I cannot allow the record of the
live-stock department to be closed without referring to Con-
necticut's exhibit of work oxen. This was the only state ex-
hibiting in this class. Indeed, nowhere else in the world has
there been so much care paid to the breeding of oxen during
the past fifty years. Devons are the favorites, not on account
of their beauty solely, but as well for their intelligence, their
excellence as brisk roadsters, and their enduring qualities at
the plow. Of the four yokes entered, all were awarded cash
prizes as well as medals, the first prize being taken by Hon.
David Strong of Winsted. Of his pair Chief Buchanan re-
marked that he believed them to be " the finest yoke of oxen
in the world."

In the Department of Electricity there were but few ex-
hibits from Connecticut. The principal ones were made by
the Eddy Electric Company of Windsor, a comparatively re-
cent establishment, whose claims upon the attention of the
elecirical world are pretty sure to be more fully recognized as

HO CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

time goes on. The inventive genius which is always so active
in Connecticut can best be noted by examination of the weekly
Patent-Office reports, in which she will be found to carry off
a large percentage of the prizes. Were it possible to trace to
their source the notable improvements in electrical mechanism
and ideas during the past few years, they would probably be
found to have originated largely in the inventive faculties of
Connecticut brains, which are always on the alert to improve
whatever comes within the range of their observation.

The Electricity Building bore conspicuously, in connection
with that of Morse, the name of Alfred Vail, his co-laborer, to
whom should be given the principal credit, as his biographers
have established, for the practical working of the modern tele-
graph. The dot and dash of its alphabet, as devised by him,
have remained unchanged through all the years since he first
gave it to the world. His name merits a place here, from the
face that his ancestors were Connecticut Yankees.

We should be ungracious, indeed, did we fail to refer to the
exhibits of Connecticut women at the Fair. They were not
numerous, but without exception were meritorious. That of
the highest order was the decorative treatment of the Connecti-
cut room in the Woman's Building, by Miss Elizabeth B.
Sheldon of New Haven, for which she was awarded a medal.
Another exhibit of unusual excellence was made by Mrs. Isabel
H. Butler of Bridgeport, — reproductions on the sewing
machine of hand art needlework, — which was also given an
award. Besides these were a dozen or more exhibits of handi-
work, all of them choice specimens, else they could not have
passed the rigid ordeal of examination to which they were sub-
jected. Had men been judges of the selection of offerings for
exhibit in the Woman's Building, the case might have been
different; they would very likely have opened wide the door
rather than subject themselves to possible charges of favorit-
ism. But women sat in judgment upon exhibits for which
space was desired by their sisters, and the criterion they estab-
lished and maintained was genuine merit. The belief that a
woman's judgment upon those of her own sex is severer than

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. m

would be that of men may be erroneous; but no applicant
for space in the "Woman's Building was granted it, we are
certfdn, unless her offering was fully up to the required
standard.

To the Forestry Department Connecticut sent a collective
exhibit of one hundred and four varieties of her woods. The
specimens were mainly of small dimensions, and the collection
was designed to be a chapter in natural history rather than a
feature of commercial character.

The only Connecticut exhibit in the Department of Ethno-
logy was Prof. F. W. Putnam, its scholarly chief, — a lineal
descendant of Gen. Israel Putnam, Connecticut's most illus-
trious soldier of the Revolution, — whose portrait hung in the
main hall of the State Building. Prof. Putnam merited
diploma and medal for the marvelous collection in his wonder-
ful realm, in which was opportunity for greater range of
study than in any of the more pretentious departments.

In the Fisheries Department Connecticut had but one ex-
hibit, that of fishing-rods, made by the Horton Manufacturing
Company of Bristol. The temptation to diverge from the
path of truth is so indefinably strong when one is within pisca-
torial environment, that we hasten from it lest we flounder in
the deep waters of extravagant expression ere we are aware.

The home of the Connecticut visitors while at the World's
Fair has been reserved as the final feature of this inadequate
sketch. In its architecture and interior furnishings the Con-
necticut Building was designed to represent a type not un-
common in this state in colonial days, though it was patterned
after no existing model. The plan was chosen from among
several which were offered in competition with it, as being
best suited for the use required of it. Its architect was Mr.
W. R. Briggs of Bridgeport. Its dominant interior feature
was a spacious main hall, twenty-one feet in width, with ample
entrances to parlors on one side and dining-room on the other.
A broad staircase at the rear led to the second story, being di-
vided into two narrower flights from the broad landing. The
main feature of the upper hall was the open well of about

112 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

twelve feet in width, which was surrounded by a substantial
railing. This gave to the central portion of the edifice
spaciousness which was much commended by visitors. The
parlors and dining-room were supplied mainly with antique
furniture loaned from Connecticut homesteads, in which it
had been the highly prized inheritance from generations long
passed. In the parlors were straight-backed chairs on which
strait-laced people of a former century must have sat with little
comfort. In the rear parlor was an old-time writing-desk well
supplied with pigeon-holes and drawers, where, in other days,
possibly, some dignified squire kept copies of his decisions in
lawsuits, between John Doe vs. Richard Roe et al. The fire-
place in the rear parlor had an interesting setting — a mantel
brought from Connecticut, loaned by Donald Gr. Mitchell,
possibly one in front of which he sat in his younger days when
his brain was filled with the " Reveries of a Bachelor."

The walls of the two parlors were draped with silk tapestry
of colonial pattern, a gift from the Cheney Brothers of South
Manchester. Corner cupboards, genuine antiques from an-
cient Connecticut homes, were transported to Jackson Park,
and neatly fitted in corners of the dining-room; and behind
their small-paned windows were beheld quaint pottery of the
olden time, while on a high shelf running nearly around the
room reposed tableware of a bygone age in great variety.

Two of the chambers on the second floor were furnished (for
exhibition only) with high-post bedsteads with canopies, and
the high feather beds were covered with counterpanes wrought
in colonial days by hands which long, long since rested from
their labors. Here and there in the upper hall were upright
showcases, in which were securely kept under lock and key,
to shield them from souvenir kleptomaniacs, many curios of
the daysx>f knee buckles, powdered wigs, and fancifully figured
wedding slippers, the latter with heels of about the same height
and pattern as the " French heels " of our own day. The only
musical instrument with which the building was provided was
a four-octave spinet made in London two hundred and fifty
years ago, loaned from the collection of M. Steinert of ]STew

CHENEY BROTHERS, SILK MANUFACTURERS,
SOUTH MANCHESTER, CONN.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Jjg

Haven, elsewhere referred to. Its day of usefulness had
passed, except as a curio, but it was in good harmony with the
accompanying furniture.

The spacious veranda which partly surrounded the first story,
and the balcony on the second story, were well supplied with
easy-chairs, in which Connecticut visitors were to be found at
all hours, resting after the tiresome ordeal of sight-seeing, read-
ing letters from home, or perusing piles of Connecticut news-
papers, with which the reading-room was well supplied. There
was but little about the building indicating elegance, and visi-
tors soon discovered that the design of the architect had been
well carried out, — to make the Connecticut Building a com-
fortable and homelike resort, where they could indulge a
homelike feeling. No other state was better typified by its
building than this, and it will gratify most of the twenty-six
thousand Connecticut visitors to the Fair to know that it is
no\\o being re-erected, piece by piece, on a charming site near
New Haven, overlooking its harbor and Long Island Sound,
where it will be maintained as a historic relic, — thanks to the
Hon. James D. Dewell and other enterprising members of the
Society of the Sons of the Ke volution of that city.

Whatever credit may be due to Connecticut for her part in
this memorable Exposition belongs mainly to the efficient
board of managers, state and national, upon whom was con-
ferred the authority of expending the state's appropriation of
$70,000 ; and the equally efficient lady managers, who proved
to be their serviceable handmaids. The former were safe, con-
servative, and wise guardians of the trust imposed upon them;
in evidence of which we only need remark that upon the com-
pletion of the official report of the Executive Commissioner,
which will be the last item in the expense account, Treasurer
Day will be able to return to the state treasury several thou-
sand dollars of the appropriation voted by the Legislature.
To the Board of Lady Managers unmeasured commendation
rightfully belongs for the interest they manifested in the task
to which they applied themselves with enthusiastic zeal, —

114 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

that of gathering from every corner of the commonwealth
articles required for the proper embellishment of the State
Building. Especially do the people of Connecticut owe a debt
of gratitude to the efficient president of the Board, Mrs. Geo.
H. Knight of Lakeville, and to the chairman of the House
Furnishing Committee, Mrs. P. H. Ingalls of Hartford, and
her co-workers, Mrs. Franklin Farrel of Ansonia, and Miss
Lucy P. Trowbridge of ISTew Haven, for the many wearisome
days they spent in their labor of love.

That such a marvelous creation as the World's Fair of 1893
should be compelled to yield to the inexorable demand and be
turned over to the hand of the destroyer, after such a short life,
seems one of the saddest tales that tongue can tell. It is not
probable that its equal will ever be seen on earth by those who
were fortunate enough to see this. The camera has caught,
and printing-presses are fast multiplying pictures of many of
its attractive features; yet they are but "half-tones," and
although they give fair delineation of the wonderful scenes
there beheld, how far short do they fall of the pictures in which
was the real life !

CHAPTER X.

Work of Executive Department — Canvass of State for Solicitation of Ex-
hibits— Causes of Withdrawal of Applications and of Non-acceptauce
of Allotments of Space — Outline of Work during the Exposition, etc.

The work of the Executive Department of the Board of
Managers was promptly taken up by its executive officers at
the time of their appointment in April, 1892. Room 33. in the
Capitol was assigned to them as headquarters, which was occu-
pied as such until the following January. That room, being
an anteroom of the Hall of Representatives, was required for
the use of members of the House of Representatives for the
session of the General Assembly of 1893, in consequence of
which new headquarters were established in Room 80, fourth
floor, which was occupied until the executive department was
transferred to the Connecticut State Building at Jackson Park,
Chicago, in the following April, a few days before the opening
of the Exposition.

The delay in the organization of the Connecticut Board
of World's Fair Managers, resulting from the " deadlock " in
the General Assembly of 1891, was of no little disadvantage to
Connecticut. Other states had organized their boards of man-
agers the previous year, whose executive officers had thereby
been enabled to devote themselves considerately toward se-
curing collective exhibits, which ample time enabled them to
make comprehensive, and, therefore, valuable and attractive.
It may be better understood what disadvantage the Connec-
ticut executive officers labored under, when it is known that
within about two months from the time of their appointment
it was announced by Exposition officials that five times the
amount of space that had been provided for exhibits had been

(115)

116 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

applied for ! Coupled with this information came the injunc-
tion from chiefs of departments to limit applications for space
to the smallest possible figure, and even when that was done
the space desired was in almost every instance still further re-
duced by department chiefs before allotment, and in some in-
stances wholly rejected. It should be explained, however, that
rejection of applications for space was not without reason;
allotments already made had completely taken up the space
in the class in which the disappointed applicant desired to
exhibit.

The work of the executive officers during the summer and
fall of 1892 was mainly in the direction of inducing Connec-
ticut manufacturers to become applicants for space in which
to exhibit their products. Circulars were sent to parties en-
gaged in manufacturing in every city, village, and hamlet in
the State, and not to manufacturers only, but to those also
who might be prevailed upon to exhibit in any of the thirteen
departments of the Exposition. . Exhibits in the department of
Fine Arts were as urgently solicited as in the State's wider
realm of manufactures, nor indeed was any class or interest
overlooked. Such features as formed part of the State's col-
lective exhibits of Agriculture, Forestry, Tobacco, Live Stock,
and Dairy Products were referred to those who had been se-
lected to give them superintendence, and if any of the Con-
necticut collective exhibits seemed meager, compared with
those of other States, it may be attributed to the fact that
the limited time did not permit larger and more comprehen-
sive collections. In one department in which Connecticut
could have made a specially attractive exhibit — that of fish,
fisheries, fish products, etc, — the Board of Managers decided
that in view of the limited time it would be impracticable to
attempt an exhibit in that department, their decision being
formed after interviews with members of the State's Fish Com-
mission, and the Commissioners of Shell Fisheries.

In addition to the generous distribution of circulars
throughout the State, urging manufacturers and others to
apply for space in which to make exhibits, a personal can-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Jlj

yass was made by the executive officers in many of the princi-
pal towns, namely: Hartford, ISTew Haven, "Waterbury,
Bridgeport, New London, Norwich, New Britain, Meriden,
"Winsted, and Torrington. The records of the Executive De-
partment show that there were upwards of two hundred and
fifty applications for space from Connecticut, exclusive of
those in the Department of Fine Arts, and not including in-
dividual contributors to collective displays like that of the
Connecticut Leaf Tobacco exhibit, to which there were nearly
one hundred and fifty contributors, nor including the displays
made by schools in various towns in the State. It has been
ascertained also, that a considerable number of exhibits for
which Connecticut should have received credit appeared in
the official directory accredited to other States, by virtue of
the fact that the headquarters or selling office of the manu-
facturing company chanced to be located in New York, Bos-
ton, or Chicago. Reference is here made to such exhibitors
as the Consolidated Safety Valve Company and the Hayden
and Derby Company, whose names appeared in the directory
of the Exposition credited to the state of New York, for the
reason that the salesrooms of those companies are in New York
city, though their products are manufactured at Bridgeport,
• Connecticut. How many instances there were of the kind re-
ferred to it is not easy to determine, but such as have been
discovered have been included in the list of Connecticut ex-
hibitors. One of the most conspicuous instances of this char-
acter was that of one of Hartford's best known industrial es-
tablishments — the Pope Manufacturing Company — which
was entered in the official directory of the Exposition as a
Massachusetts exhibit, by reason of the fact that the applica-
tion for space was sent from the principal office of the com-
pany in Boston. The still more important fact remains, how-
ever, that " Columbia " and " Hartford " wheels, from center
to circumference, and with all their accessory parts, are manu-
factured only in Hartford, where, since the close of the Colum-
bian Exposition, the principal office of that company has been
established. The main excellence of the official directory is

118 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

not questioned, but these facts are noted to show that with
reference to entries like that of the Pope Company it is not in
all particulars an infallible guide book.

Notwithstanding the fact that the records of the Executive
Department showed more than two hundred and fifty appli-
cants for space from Connecticut, it is not difficult to explain
why only about half that number accepted allotments and
made exhibits. One of the reasons was that adequate space
could not be secured. Naturally, those desiring to exhibit
wished space in which to make not only a creditable display,
but a comprehensive one as well. Many intending exhibitors
felt that they could not provide satisfactory displays if they
were restricted to two hundred square feet, when their appli-
cations called for a thousand, and rather than make an in-
adequate exhibit they preferred not to attempt any. Another
reason why many applicants for space declined their allot-
ments was, that they were received too late to allow adequate
time for the preparation of exhibits. It was originally an-
nounced that allotments of space would be made December 1 ,
1892. This would have allowed five months in which to pre-
pare for exhibition, including the work of installation, and that
was none too much time for the painstaking tasks intending
exhibitors had in view. When allotments of space were re-,
ceived two months after the promised time, however, it so dis-
arranged previously-laid plans as to make acceptance of allot-
ments out of the question. One intending exhibitor remarked
that he had made arrangements to have his company's exhibit
made ready during the months of December and January,
when orders for its products were comparatively light. His
allotment of space was not made, however, until February, at
which time his force was so fully occupied in filling orders
that he could not give the time and attention required for the
preparation of an exhibit, and he was, therefore, compelled to
decline the allotment of space offered him. This instance is
given as an example, and .there were many of similar nature.
Still another reason for non-acceptance of space was sim-
ilar to that which compelled the Collins Company to decline

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. ^9

to exhibit. This company, by common consent, stands at the
head of its class, axes and machettes being prominent among
its products, and its trademark is known not only throughout
the civilized world, but beyond it. The company made early
application for space, more from its desire to recognize a
patriotic duty than for pecuniary gain. It specially requested
that good location be granted on a main aisle — a request that
was proper by reason of the position occupied by the company.
The allotment was not made until February, and instead of
being an advantageous location, it was one of the most incon-
spicuous portions of the space assigned to the cutlery group.
The allotment was declined by the Collins Company, and Con-
necticut thereby lost one of its leading industrial establish-
ments from its list of intending exhibitors. This mis-allot-
ment of space can only be accounted for upon the supposition
that other and less prominent applicants were more zealous
in their demands for eligible positions, and more successful
by reason of their importunity.

The field of action for the executive department was trans-
ferred to the Connecticut State Building upon the Exposition
grounds, at Jackson Park, Chicago, about the middle of April,
1893. At that time an express car was chartered for the ship-
ment of effects for furnishing and embellishing the State
Building, and for exhibits for the Connecticut room in the
Woman's Building. Upon the arrival of the car at Jackson
Park, its contents were stowed upon the spacious verandas of
the State Building, where they awaited the laying of a hard-
wood mosaic floor over the lower story of the building, which
at a late day had been decided upon instead of carpets, as orig-
inally intended.

When everything wras in readiness for the laying of stair
and hall matting, the hanging of pictures, and the proper dis-
tribution of furniture — for use and for display — the Execu-
tive Department was augmented in number and effectiveness
by service rendered by Messrs. Read and Jarvis of the Build-
ing Committee of the Board of Managers, by Mrs. Ingalls,
Mrs. Farrel, and Miss Trowbridge of the House Furnishing

120 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Committee, Mrs. Knight, president of the Board of Lady Man-
agers, and Hon. Morris W. Seymour, counsel of the Board.
Mr. Seymour's service was not confined to counseling as to
the best position for pictures; he might have been seen doing
effective step-ladder service (in shirt sleeves) as assistant to
Messrs. Kead and Jarvis, and with this efficient corps of work-
ers the Connecticut Building was among the first of the State
buildings to be opened to visitors to the Exposition.

There were other workers, however, employed in getting
the State Building in presentable condition. The Kipley
Brothers of Hartford gave attention to the embellishment of
the walls and ceilings of the various rooms and halls; David
L. Gaines, a Hartford expressman, who had charge of loading
the special car in Hartford, looked after the unloading and
moving of heavy articles; the janitor and his wife, Mr. and
Mrs. Charles S. Kelsey, found plenty to do in various direc-
tions; Mrs. C. C. Munson of New Haven, who had loaned
many pieces of antique furniture for the furnishing of the
building, was especially helpful in the preparation and ar-
rangement of window draperies, while the two executive de-
partment clerks — William J. Foster and Theodore B. Vaill
— made themselves generally useful here and there in such
directions as they were needed. To the foregoing enumeration
of able assistants in putting the State Building in order and
condition for the reception of visitors should be added several
scrub-brush queens, whose names have escaped the historian —
humble though deserving personages, possibly allied by social
ties if not otherwise to the Mrs. O'Leary whose restless cow
brought disaster upon the Queen City in other days.

From the opening day of the Exposition to its close, there
was biTt little pastime for those connected with the executive
department, and although it was the privilege of a lifetime
to occupy the Connecticut State Building during the six
months of the memorable event, as far as sight-seeing was
concerned, visitors who could devote two weeks to the study
•of its various features could see more than fell to the lot of
those whose official duties made them temporary residents of

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 121

Jackson Park; at least this statement holds good as to those
connected with the Connecticut headquarters. It may seem
strange that Connecticut's executive officer at the Exposition
should not have found a single day in six months' time when
he felt free to equip himself with note book, and roam through
the departments with the requisite leisure for satisfactory
study, but such was the case, nevertheless. It should not be
imagined, however, that the executive officer had no oppor-
tunity for sight-seeing, for there was rarely a day that he had
not an official errand to at least one of the many departments,
and it was under such circumstances that his sight-seeing was
done — a new aisle or route being generally selected toward
the objective point.

It is not improbable that those connected with the Execu-
tive Department of the Connecticut headquarters were more
fully occupied, as a rule, than others occupying similar posi-
tions, and enumeration of the duties devolving upon them will,
in some measure, explain the cause of such a state of activity.

It is hardly necessary to remark that the State Building
had to be cleaned every day, for, as a matter of course, all state
buildings, as well as all departmental buildings, had to un-
dergo the ordeal of daily " house-cleaning." It was the rule to
open state buildings at 8 in the morning, and to close them
at 6 in the evening. The hundreds of visitors each day brought
such a condition of dust and litter, not to mention the dirt
brought by soiled shoes in unpleasant weather, that made
nightly scrubbing of floors indispensable, thereby bringing
upon the janitor of the building a never-ending warfare with
scrubbing-brushes, brooms, and dusting paraphernalia.

To properly replenish the newspaper files with which the
reading-room was supplied was not a light daily task, for nearly
every Connecticut newspaper was sent regularly to the State
Building from the office of publication, all of which were
eagerly perused by Connecticut visitors. A thoroughly
equipped post-office in the State Building required a constant

122 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

attendant, for most Connecticut visitors to the Exposition bad
their letters thus addressed.

The daily care of some of the State's collective exhibits
also fell to the lot of the Executive Department, and though
it was not a specially laborious task it consumed considerable
time, that in the Forestry Building being a long distance from
the Connecticut headquarters, as will be distinctly remem-
bered by those who had occasion to traverse Jackson Park
from one end to the other.

A further daily and constant task undertaken by the Ex-
ecutive Department was that of securing temporary homes, at
hotels and private residences, for such Connecticut visitors as
desired such service in their behalf. This undertaking in-
volved a large correspondence, necessitating the employment
of a stenographer and typewriter, and the transforming of
office clerks into messengers when occasion required.

The most laborious service which came within the round of
duties of the Executive Department, however, was that of send-
ing to all Connecticut newspapers weekly bulletins containing
registrations of Connecticut visitors at the State Building.
This task involved, first, the transfer of names from the offi-
cial register to a record of visitors by towns, work that had to
be done after the building was closed for the day, in conse-
quence of the constant use of the register by visitors during
the day. The second feature of this task was the preparation
of " printer's copy," for the bulletins. When it is known that
all of the 26,000 Connecticut visitors to the Exposition were
thus bulletined it will readily be seen that no small amount
of work was involved. In addition to other details connected
with the bulletins was that of printing, folding, and mailing,
so that when the weekly task was completed it was with a
sense of relief that the Executive Manager could take a long
breath — and then set himself at work in preparation of the
next bulletin !

It is perhaps apparent that those connected with the Execu-
tive Department of the Connecticut World's Eair Board were
not called to positions of elegant leisure, and it may safely be

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 123

said that, as a rule, they fully earned the compensation voted
them by the Board of Managers. If the question were raised
as to the most satisfactory return from the appropriation voted
by the General Assembly, my answer would be that it was
from publishing of the bulletins above referred to. That fea-
ture of expense was limited to bills for printing and postage,
the work being done without increase of the regular clerical
force. By means of the bulletins the people of Connecticut,
through newspapers in every section of the State were not only
kept regularly informed as to the visits of Connecticut people
to the Exposition, but they also made note of many matters of
especial interest to intending visitors. And, so far as the
writer is aware, Connecticut was the only state that was sys-
tematically furnished with bulletins from first to last. It could
not be expected that all Connecticut newspapers would re-
publish the full list of registrations of Connecticut people at
the State's headquarters, for some of the bulletins contained
upwards of a thousand names. Hartford papers selected from
them the names of visitors from that immediate vicinity, and in
like manner, newspapers from other sections of the State made
clippings from the bulletins to correspond with their general
circulation. Thus every section of the State was well supplied
with desired information.

The work of the Executive Department did not terminate
with the close of the Exposition, and it was not until the 15th.
of the following February that the Executive Manager was re-
leased from his engagement with the Board of Managers.
There was much still to do to wind up the work of the Board,
and for two or three weeks after the Exposition closed the in-
terior of the Connecticut Building was the scene of active
operation, by night as well as by day, in repacking furniture,,
pictures, and the multitude of articles that had been loaned
to the House Furnishing Committee for the embellishment
of the State Building. The members of that committee were
present to superintend various features of the work, which was
carried on under the efficient general direction of Dr. P. H.

124 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Ingalls of Hartford, who had been selected by the Executive
Committee of the Board of Managers to render that service.

When the task of repacking was completed, the next step
in order was to secure transportation for the effects to Hart-
ford. This was not easily accomplished, for all of the thou-
sands of exhibitors, and all of the state boards, were anxious
to get away from their long confinement at Jackson Park,
but by dextrously crossing the hand of this railway agent and
that drayman, it was not long before teams were ordered to re-
port to the Connecticut Building, and its contents were se-
curely stowed away in Michigan Central cars for ship-
ment to Hartford.

Upon their arrival such articles as had been loaned by in-
dividuals were forwarded to them by various railway lines or
express companies, and those that had been purchased by the
House Furnishing Committee and Executive Manager were
transferred to the basement of the State Capitol for such dis-
position as might be ordered by the Board of Managers. The
final meeting of the Board was held at the Capitol, January 30,
1894, when action was taken relative to disposal of furniture,
etc., as shown by the following extract from the official min-
utes:

Toted, That we present Mr. J. H. Vaill the desk and chair used
by him in the Connecticut Building at the World's Fair.

Voted, That two of the glass cases used in the Connecticut Build-
ing for the display of relics he presented to the New Haven Colony
Historical Society.

Toted, That Mr. J. H. Vaill be directed to sell all remaining furni-
ture not disposed of at Chicago within ten days from date, at private
sale. All that remains unsold at that time he is empowered to sell
at public auction.

Pursuant to instructions the Executive Manager disposed
of the furniture and other effects of the Board at private sale,
making return to the treasurer of receipts for the same. His
official connection with the World's Eair Board terminated on
the 15th of February, 1894, after a service of about twenty-
two months, namely, from April 19, 1892, to December 31,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 125

1892, as executive secretary, and from January 1, 1893, to
February 15, 1894, as executive manager and secretary.

It is a matter for especial congratulation, which will be
shared by all members of the Board of Lady Managers, as well
as by those of the Board of World's Fair Managers, that, so far
as is known, no article entrusted to their care failed of return
in good condition to the owner.

It is fitting that acknoAvledgment should here be made by
the Executive Manager for the consideration he received dur-
ing his long official connection with the two boards, and for
the valuable assistance rendered by individual members from
time to time. This acknowledgment would be incomplete if it
lacked special recognition of the service rendered by the treas-
urer of the Board, George H. Day, who never, in a single in-
stance, failed to keep the Executive Manager well supplied
with funds wherewith to meet financial obligations that were
continually confronting him.

CHAPTER XI.

Awards to Connecticut Exhibitors — List of Exhibits not Intended for
Competition — List of Intending Exhibitors who Failed to Accept Al-
lotment of Space.

The system of awards adopted by the World's Fair of
1893 did not receive general commendation among exhibitors,
and strenuous efforts were put forth by them to secure a
different plan, but without avail. The usual system of grant-
ing awards by grades, designated by gold, silver, and bronze
medals, was completely modified, whereby a single grade of
medal — of bronze — was made to do service for all awards
alike, the only distinguishing token between exhibits of the
highest excellence and those of inferior grade, being the
phraseology by which the various juries chose to express their
judgment, upon the certificate which accompanied each medal.
By the rule adopted, an exhibitor who sent a peck of wheat or
corn, more or less, received a medal that was identical in every
particular with that awarded to the Willimantic Linen Com-
pany, whose exhibit cost many thousands of dollars, and whose
expense in maintaining the exhibit during the Exposition was
probably thousands of dollars more. The only difference be-
tween awards, as before remarked, was in the wording of the
certificate of award that accompanied the medal. It will read-
ily be apparent that the plan adopted by the Bureau of Awards
of the Columbian Exposition was not calculated to win the
favor of those whose exhibits were of the highest order of
merit, though it was doubtless satisfactory to those who did
not exhibit as competitors. There was nothing in the line of
awards which would justify any exhibitor in laying claim to
having received the " highest award," — certainly not unless
he had been favored with the privilege of comparing his certifi-

(126)

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. ^07

cate with those given to his competitors, for the grade of the
award was established by the certificate and not by the medal.

It is not strange that there should have been strong opposi-
tion to this system of making awards on the part of many prom-
inent exhibitors, for in not a few instances there is a high pecu-
niary value pertaining to an award that can be legitimately
claimed as the " highest award " of its class. This is peculi-
arly true with reference to such things as pianos, sewing-ma-
chines, mowing-machines and reapers, type-setting machines,
— in short, there are almost innumerable articles whose value
would be largely increased if the Bureau of Awards of the most
notable World's Fair ever held announced that they were en-
titled to the highest award.

It should not be understood, however, that if the names of
some exhibitors do not appear in the list of awards their ex-
hibits did not merit that recognition. It was optional with ex-
hibitors to enter "for competition," or not, as they chose,
and there were good reasons why some exhibitors of special
prominence should prefer not to do so. The case of one of
Connecticut's best-known establishments — The Pope Manu-
facturing Company — will serve as an illustration- This com-
pany was the pioneer in the manufacture of bicycles, and their
wheels have long been acknowledged as the " Standard of the
World," — a position attained from the fact that the highest
grade of inventive genius and mechanical skill that abundant
capital could command had for many years been employed in
the attainment of the best possible results. When it became
known to the management of the Pope Company that a gentle-
man who was identified with a Chicago bicycle company —
their most prominent rival for public favor — had been se-
lected as a member of the jury that was to sit in judgment upon
bicycles, it was at once decided not to enter their exhibit for
competition, preferring to rely upon the verdict, of the hun-
dreds of thousands of wheelmen the world over, as to the
proper classification of the " Columbia " bicycle. How many
Connecticut exhibitors there were who declined to enter their
exhibits for competition we do not know, for applications for

128

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

space did not, as a rule, pass through the State's Executive De-
partment, but that some notable exhibits were not entered for
competition, we know to be a fact. It is proper, therefore, that
this explanation should be made here, in justice to those who
were content to exhibit for other purpose than simply to secure
recognition from the Bureau of Awards. To such it was
enough that the multitude of visitors should examine their
exhibits and formulate their own verdict.

The lists which follow embrace three distinct classes : (1)
those that received awards; (2) those that did not receive
awards, whether entered for competition or not; and (3) those
who made application for space, but for various causes decided
not to accept allotments of space. The latter class, which
is a large one, as has been heretofore explained, was, as a rule,
prevented from exhibiting in consequence of the extreme de-
lay in the allotment of space, whereby inadequate time was
allowed for the preparation and installation of exhibits.

LIST OF AWAKDS TO CONNECTICUT EXHIBITOES.

DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES.

Name. Address.

The Bridgeport Wood Fin. Co., New Milford,

The J. B. Williams Co., Glastonbury,

The New Haven Chair Co., New Haven,
The Meriden Curtain & Fix. Co., Meriden,

Mrs. Maud P. Gibbs, Brooklyn,

The Holmes & Edw'ds Silv. Co., Bridgeport,

The Meriden Britannia Co., Meriden,

Meriden Britannia Co., Meriden,

The Wm. Rogers Mfg. Co., Hartford,

The Waterbury Watch Co., Waterbury,

Exhibit.
Wheeler's pat. wood filler,

Brenig's Litbogen,

Silicate paints.

Shaving soaps.

Fancy chairs.

Shade exhibition,

Rollers, shade,

Meriden shade fringes,

M'den opaque shade cloth.

Stained glass window.

Artistic display,

Silver-plated spoons,

Silver-plated forks.

Silver-plated table flatware,

Elec. silv.-plat. steel kniv's.

Artistic display,

Silver-plated hollow-ware,

Works of art,

Hollow-ware in nickel,

Silver-plated knives, forks,
and spoons.

Silver-plated ware, silver-
plated knives and forks.

Artistic display, general ex-
hibit, century clock, du-
plex watches.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

129

Name. Address.

The Brainard & Armstrong Co., New Loiidon,

Cheney Brothers,

The Grosvenordale Co.,

The Glasgo Lace Thread Co

The Morse Mills.

The Nightingale Mills,

The Ponemah Mills,

The Powhatan Mills,

So. Manchester

Grosvenordale,

Glasgo,

Putnam,

Taftville,

Putnam,

The Williamsville Mfg. Co., Killingly,

The Monohasset Mfg. Co., Putnam,

The Willimantic Linen Co., Willimantic,

The American Hosiery Co. , New Britain,

Norfolk,

The Norfolk & New Bruns-
wick Hosiery Co.,
The American Mills Co., Rockville,

The Broad Brook Co., Broad Brook,

The Clinton Mills Co., Norwich,

The Glastonbury Knitting Co., Addison,
Mayer, Strouse & Co., New Haven,

The Hockanum Co., Rockville,

The F. Milner Co.. Moosup,

The New England Co. , Rockville,

The Rock Mfg. Co., Rockville,

The Read Carpet Co.,
The Springville Co.,

The Norwich Woolen Co., Norwich,
The Bridcep't Elastic Web. Co., Bridgeport,

Wm. H. 'Wiley, Hartford,

The Canfield Rubber Co., Bridgeport,

Mrs. Isabel H. Butler, Bridgeport,

Lillian A. B. Wilson, Meriden,

Jessie Ives Smith, New Haven,

The New England Pin Co., Winsted,

F. D. Buess, Meriden,

The Greenwoods Co., New Hartford,

The Goodyear Metallic Rub. Co.,Naugatuck,
The Ives, Blak'lee& Will'ms Co., Bridgeport,

The Bridgeport Gun Imp. Co., Bridgeport,

Exhibit.

Spool, knitting, crochet,
wash, and emb'd'y silks,

Machine twist.
, Plain, printed, and figured
dress silks, velvets,
plushes, spun silk, spun
silk fabrics, printed and
plain pongees, upholster-
ing silks, decor've silks.

Bleached cotton goods,

Jaconets.

Threads for fancy work.

Bleached muslin.

India linens & fancy goods.

Bleached muslin,

Brown muslin.

Bleached muslin,

Brown muslin.

Bleached muslin.

Spool cotton.

Cotton woolens, men's hos-
iery, silk hosiery,

Underwear.

Knitted underwear.

Kerseys for men's wear.

Irish frieze cloth,

Beavers, cheviots, kerseys.

Cassimeres.

Knitted underwear.

Corsets.

Fancy cassimeres,

Worsted suit'gs & coat'gs.

Fancy cassimeres.

Fancy cassimeres, worsted
suitings and coatings.

Fancy cassimeres,

Worsted coat'gs & suit'gs.

Carpets.

Fancy cassimeres, worsted
coatings and suitings.

Flannels.

Elastic goring & webbing.

Leggings, soles.

Seamless rub. dress shields.

Art embroidery.

Needle work.

Embroidery.

Pins.

Picture of steamship Elbe
in human hair.

Cotton duck.

Rubber foot wear.

Toys, clock work, electric-
al work, straw work.

Gun implements, Foster
auger bits, loading ma-
chinery of all kinds.

130

CONNECTICUT AT THH WORLD'S FAIR.

Name. Address.

The Colt Pat. Firearms Mfg. Co., Hartford,
The Ideal Mfg. Co., New Haven,

Parker Brothers, Meriden,

The Union Metallic Cart'ge Co., Bridgeport,
The Winchester Rep. Arras Co., New Haven,

The Marlin Firearms Co., New Haven,

The Am. Automatic Light. Co., Meriden,
The Chapman Mfg. Co., Meriden,

The Capewell Horse Nail Co , Hartford,
George J. Capewell, Hartford,

The Eagle Lock Co., Terry ville,

Hobart B Ives & Co., New Haven,

The Russell & Erwin Mfg. Co., New Britain,

The Stanley Rule & Level Co., New Britain,
The Stanley Works, New Britain,

The Cutaway Harrow Co , Higganum,
M. B. Schenck & Co., Meriden,

Peck Bros. & Co., New Haven,

Randolph & Clowes, Waterbury,

The N. Haven Car Register Co., New Haven,
Elizabeth B. Sheldon, New Haven,

Exhibit.

Firearms.

Implements for reloading
cartridges, shells for
rifles, pistols, and shot
guns, powder flasks, bul-
let moulds.

Breech-loading shot guns.

Metallic ammunition.

Small arms, military, sport-
ing and hunting firearms;
ammunition; cartridge
re-loading implements

Sport'g &, hunt'g firearms.

Lighting system.

Hardware specialties; sil-
ver, gold, and nickel tea-
bells; sleigh & telephone
bells; dog collars.

Horse shoe nails.

Combined hammer and
tack-puller.

Improved nail puller.

Locks.

Sash locks.

Builders' hardware, house
furnish'g goods, screws,
bolts, and nails; carpen-
ter tools.

Carpenter tools.

Builders' and cabinet hard-
ware.

Wagon locks.

Casters for furniture and
trunks.

Lavatories and sanitary
goods ; miscellaneous
brass goods and brass
railings.

Boilers and brass kettles.

Fare registers for railr'ds.

Conn, room and interior
decorations.

DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY.

The G. H. Bushnell & Co.,
The J. T. Case Engine Co.,
The Consol'd Safety Valve Co.,
The Hay den & Derby Mfg. Co.,
The Nat'l Pipe Bending Co.,
New York Belting & Pack'g Co. ,
The Pratt & Whitney Co.,

Thompsonville, Filter presses.

New Britain, 20-horse power engine.

Bridgeport, Valves.

Bridgeport, Injectors

New Haven, Nat'l feed water heater.

Newtown, Belting and packing.

Hartford, Automatic machine for

weighing granular ma-
terial; collection of ma-
chine tools; standard
measuring machines and
standard gauges ; miscel-
laneous small tools for
machinists' use : Thurs-
ton torsion machine and
Thurston oil tester.

CONNECTICUT. AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

131

The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co. , Stamford,

The Armstrong Mfg. Co.,
The Billings & Spencer Co.,

€urtis & Curtis,

The Hendey Machine Co.,

The E. Horton & Sons Co.,
The Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co.,

The Chas. Parker Co.,

A. D. Quint,

The At wood Machine Co.,

The Willimautic Linen Co.,
The Farrel Fdy. & Mach. Co.,

The Babcock Print. P. Mfg. Co.
R. H. Brown & Co ,
The Smythe Mfg. Co. ,

The Thome Type-Sett'g M. Co.
The Bristols Mfg. Co.,

The Ashcroft Mfg. Co.,
Leonard D. Harrison,

Bridgeport,
Hartford,

Bridgeport,
Torrington,

Windsor Locks
Southington,

Meriden,
Hartford,
Stonington,

Willimantic,
Ansonia,

New London,
New Haven,
Hartford,

Hartford,
Waterbury,

Bridgeport,
New Haven,

Exhibit.

Differential pulley blocks,
screw hoisting blocks,
safety double lifts, pillar
cranes, safety winches,
crabs, sustaining tripods,
electric traveling crane,
triplex spur-gear blocks.

Armstrong pipe-threading
machine.

Machinists' tools and drop-
forgings, box-opener.

Thread macli. & die-stock.

Planers, engine lathes, pil-
lar shapers.

, Chucks.

Tinsm'h tools, bench tools,
meat-cutter, machine for
cutting and folding tin.

Machinists' vises.

Quint's turret drill.

Display of machinery for
handling silk.

Cotton thread machinery.

Cal'dar rolls used in paper
making.

Power printing-presses.

Wire stitching machine.

Smyth thread book sewing
machine.

Type-setting machine.

Recording gauges for pres-
sure, temperature, and
electricity, & belt fast'gs.

Machinery appliances.

Portable grinding mills.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

S. A. Chalker,

James Sturgis,

A. O. Thrall,

Jasper S. Brooks,

Arnold Warren,

J. C. Atkins.

Chauncey Deming,

John B Hubbard,

Richard C. Wilcox,

Charles Wolcott & Son,

C. M. Beach.

N. S. Baldwin,

J. R. Campbell,

A. P. Textus,

E. C. Warner,

George W. Harris,

The Imperial Granum Co.,

The Windsor Creamery Co.,

The Ellington Creamery Co.,

The Lebanon Creamery Co.,

Saybrook,

Wilton,

Vernon Center,

Moodus,

So. Coventry,

Westfield,

Farmington,

Guilford,

Wethersfleld,

West Hartford,

Meriden.

Wallingford,

East Morris,

North Haven,

Wethersfleld,

New Haven,

Windsor,

Mel rose,

Lebanon,

Corn.

Corn, rye.

Corn.

Wheat.

Wheat,

Buckwheat.

Popcorn.

Potatoes.

Imperial Granum.

Butter.

132

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Name.

Address.

Exhibit.

The Wapping Creamery Co..
The Glastonbury Creamery Co.,

Wapping,
Glastonbury,

Butter.
Butter.

The Cromwell Creamery Asso.,

Cromwell,

Butter.

Edward Norton,

Goshen,

Cheese.

J. B. Sanford,

Redding,

Butter.

The Plainville Creamery Co.,

Plainville,

Butter.

The Andover Creamery Co.,

Andover,

Butter.

The Springbrook Creamery Co.,
The Vernon Creamery Co.,

Plainville,
Vernon,

Butter.
Butter.

E. Stevens Henry,

Rockville,

Butter.

Henry Avery,
The Eastford Creamery Co.,

Talcottville,
Eastford,

Butter.
Butter.

Silas A. Gridley,

Terry vi lie,

Butter.

H. A. Huntington,

Higganum,

Butter.

George E. Morse,

Cheshire,

Butter.

George A. Miner,

Bristol,

Butter.

The N. E. Tobacco Asso.,*

East Hartford,

Collective award of leaf

tobacco.

The Cutaway Harrow Co.,

Higganum,

Plows, harrows, and culti-

vators.

The Ostrom & Lincoln Co.,

Bridgeport,

Toilet soaps, stands, brack-

ets and hangers for

anchored soap.

DEPARTMENT OP LIVE

STOCK.

A. P. Williams,

Bristol,

Incubators, " Monitor "

brooder.

(Oxen shown under yoke without regard to age or breeding.)
David Strong, Winsted, 1st prize, $50 and medal.

John Ferris, Stamford, 2d prize, $40 and medal.

Granger Brothers, Broad Brook, 3d prize, $30 and medal.

E. W. Lyon, Northfield, 4th prize, $20 and medal.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION.

The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford,

Dann Brothers & Co., New Haven,

B. Manville & Co., New Haven,

The New Haven Carriage Co., New Haven,

H. G. Shepard & Sons,
The H. D. Smith Co.,

S. W. Kent,

The White Mfg. Co..

New Haven,
Plantsville,

Meriden,
Bridgeport,

The Bridgeport Chain
C. Cowles& Co..

Bridgeport,
New Haven,
Wilcox, Crittenden &Co., Middletown,

The American Publishing Co., Hartford,

The Winchester Rep. Arms Co., New Haven,

Locomotive crane.

Bent wood.

Brougham.

Six passenger brake, New-
port cabriolet, and plat-
form spider.

Bent carriage woodwork.

Carriage, wagon, sleigh,,
and bicycle forgings.

Horse ice-calks.

Carriage lamps and mount-
ings.

Chains.

Carriage coach lamps.

Marine hardware.

Water-color painting of
vessels in U. S. Navy.

Small arms for naval use,
cannon and small-arm
ammunition.

* There were 138 contributors to the collective exhibit of leaf tobacco.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

133

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY.

Name.
The Mather Electric Co.,

The Bryant Electric Co.,

The Carp. Enam. Rheostat Co., Bridgeport,

The Hart & Hegeman Mfg. Co. , Hartford,

The Johns Pratt Co.,

The Eddy Electric Mfg. Co.,

The Waring Electric Co.,
William Wallace,

Address. Exhibit.

Manchester, Dynamos and motors, Ring
type, direct current and
constant potential, dyna-
mos, multiplied power
generators, direct cur-
rent and constant poten-
tial, automatic circuit
breaker.

Bridgeport, Snap switches.
Rheostats.
Snap switches.
Insulating material.
Motors, direct current and

constant potential.

Manchester, Incand. lamps, "Novak."
Ansonia, Historical electric light ex-

hibit.

Hartford,
Windsor,

DEPARTMENT 'OF LIBERAL ARTS.

The State Board of Health, New Haven,
The State Board of Education, Hartford,

Norwich Normal School,

Public Training Schools,

Public Schools,

Stamford High School,

Mrs. C. E. Ripley,

The State Board of Education,

Norwich,

Bridgeport,

Bristol,

Bridgeport,

Hartford,

Middletown,

New Britain,

New Haven,

Norwich,

Waterbury,
t Stamford,
'Torrington,

Stamford,

Hartford,

Willimautic Nor. Train. School, Willimantic,

Yale University,

Mrs. Marie H. Kendall,
Obiel W. Nelson,

New Haven,

Norfolk,
New London,

Charts, maps, and reports.

Complete works of Hon.
Henry Barnard.

Charts showing course of
study,

Method in teaching, etc.

Charts illustrating plans,
and methods of city train-
ing schools.

School work.

High school work.

School work.

Courses in study and stu-
dents' work.

School work (elementary
grades).

High school work.

Portfolio children's work.

Public school work.

School work.

Bound vols. pupils' work.

Orig. designs of wall paper.

Set of Conn. Ed. Reports.

Charts, pupils' drawing il-
lustrating lessons in other
branches.

Collection photographs and
charts illustrating equip-
ment and work.

Photographs.

Improved policeman's club.

134

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Name. Address.

The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford,
The Lightning Check Punch Co.,Bridgeport,
M. Steinert, New Haven,

Exhibit.

Post-office equipment.
Lightning check punch.
Loan collection of keyed
and stringed instruments.

DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING.

Name. Address.

The Shaler & Hall Quarry Co., Portland,
The N. E. Browiistone Co., Cromwell,
Randolph & Clowes,

J. D. & E. 8. Dana,

Waterbury,

Exhibit.

Building stone.
Brown sandstone.
Sheet copper and brass;
brazed brass tubes and
mouldings ; seamless
drawn copper tubes.

Yale University, 140 vols. Journal of Sci-
ence.

DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
The Horton Mfg. Co., Bristol, Fishing rods.

DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY.
E. H. Williams, (No address), Stone implements.

DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS.
(Oil Paintings.)

Charles H. Davis,

Leonard Ochtman,

Mystic, Abandoned,

Summer Morning,

April,

On the New England Coast,

The Valley,

A Winter Evening.

Mianus, Night,

Harvesting by Moonlight,
Along the Mianus River.

EXHIBITS XOT ENTEKED EOK COMPETITION.

DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES.

(The following list includes all Exhibits not appearing in report of awards.)

The Am. Writing Machine Co., Hartford,

The Yost Writing Mach. Co., Bridgeport,
The Whitcomb Met. Bedst'd Co., Birmingham,

The Monumental Bronze Co , Bridgeport,

Rogers & Brother,
The Attawaugan Co.,
The Ossawan Mills Co.,
Isaac E. Palmer,
Timothy E. Hopkins,

Waterbury,

Norwich,

Middletown,

Danielson,

Writing machines and ap-
pliances ; typewriters.

Typewriters.

Brass and iron bedsteads,
and mattresses.

Monuments, statuary, me-
dallions, busts, etc.

Silver plated ware.

Cotton goods.

Picture and shade cords.

Cotton fabrics.

Woolen goods.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

135

Name. Address. Exhibit.

B. Lucas & Co.. Norwich, Woolen goods.

The Niantic Mills Co.. East Ly me, Woolen goods.

The Niantic Woolen Co , Niantic. Woolen goods.

The Union City Thimble Co., Union City, Thimbles.

The Automatic Knife Co., Middle town, Pocket knives.

The Northfield Knife Co., Northfield, Pocket cutlery.

Simpson, Hall, Miller & Co., Wallingford, Silver-plated ware.

DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY.

The Norwalk Iron Works Co., So. Norwalk,
The Underwood Mfg. Co.. Tolland.
The Norton & Jones M. T. W'ks, Plainville,
The .Etna Boot & Shoe H. Co. , Unionville,

The Kelsey Press Co.. Meriden,

Geo. W. Sanborn & Son, Mystic,

Kinsley & Frisby, Bridgeport,

The Springfield Emery Wh. Co. , Bridgeport,
Frank J. Dugan, Norwalk,

Air compressor.
Belting and pulleys.
Light machine tools.
Boot and shoe heel nailing

machine.
Printing-presses.
Paper-cutt'g machines, etc.
Chime whistles.
Emery wheels & grinders.
Potters' wheel.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The Eclipse Mfg. Co.,

Middlebury,

Grain and seed separator
and grader.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION.

The Eagle Bicycle Mfg. Co.,
The Hartford Cycle Co.,
The Pope Mfg. Co.,
The Wilcox & Howe Co.,
Moses Clarke Swezey,
The Union Hardware Co.,

Torrington,

Hartford,

Birmingham,

New Haven,

Torrington,

Bicycle & pneumatic tires.
Bicycles and parts.
Bicycles and parts.
Vehicle hardware.
Cash carriers.
Tackle bl'cks, marine hard-
ware, etc.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY.

O. S. Platt, Bridgeport,

The Jewell Belting Co., Hartford,

The Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford,

The J. T. Case Engine Co., New Britain,

Switches.

Dynamo belting

Forged commutator bars,

construction tools.
Engines driving dynamos.

DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS.

The American Deaf and Dumb

Asylum,

School for the Feeble Minded,
The State Board of Education,
The Dickinson Ivory Co.,
Keller Bros. & Blight,
The B. Shoninger Co.,
L. P. Wildmau,
The Phrenix Mutual Ins. Co.,

Hartford.

Lakeville,
Hartford,
Ceuterbrook,
Bridgeport,
New Haven,
Danbury,
Hartford,

Collective exhibit.

Collective exhibit.
Educational exhibit.
Piano keys, etc.
Pianos.
Pianos, reed organs.
Violins.
Statistics, reports, etc.

136

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING.

Name.
The Canaan Lime Co.,

N. Bolles & Son,
Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle )
Granite Co. , j

H. C. Burnham,
R. I. Crissey,
Garvey Bros. ,
The Millstone Granite Co ,
Norcross Bros. ,
The Plymouth Quarry Co.,
The Stony Creek Red Gran. Co.
Charles P. Wolcott,
8. L. Wilson,

Address.

Exhibit.

Canaan,

Lime and limestone, section

of plastered wall.

New Preston,

Granite.

New London,

Granite.

Hadlyme,

Granite.

Norfolk,

Granite.

Sterling,

Granite.

Niantic,

Granite.

Stony Creek,
Thomaston,

Gray granite.
Granite.

Stony Creek,

Red granite.

Buckland,

Red sandstone.

New Milford,

Beryls, garnets, mica,

etc.

DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS.

Charles Noel Flagg,
P. E. Rudell,

J. H. Twachtman,

John F. Weir,
Henry C. White,

Fidelia Bridges,
Leonard Ochtman,
J. H. Twachtman,

J. H. Twachtman,
R R. Wiseman,

(Oil Paintings.)

Hartford,

Portrait of Mark Twain.

Greenwich,

A November day,

Autumn.

Greenwich,

Autumn shadows,

Winter.

Brook in winter,

The Brooklyn bridge,

New Haven,

Decorative landscape.
Por't of Admiral Farragut,

Hartford,

Forging the shaft.
Spring landscape.

(Water Colors.)

Canaan,

In an old orchard.

Mianus,

Frost.

Greenwich,

Pier near Newport,

Winter.

(Pastel Drawings.)

Greenwich, Le Gorge d'Enfer (Throat

of hell).
(Etching).
New Haven, View New Haven green.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Board of World's Fair Mngrs., Hartford, Specimens of native woods.

WOMAN'S BUILDING.

€lara M. Barnes,
Mrs. M. A. Frisbie,
Miss Mary M. Smith,
Miss E. W. Palmer,
Mrs. Thomas Kerr,
Harriet C. Mott,

New Haven,

Hartford,

Washington,

Stonington,

Bridgeport,

East Hartford,

Punch bowl.
Jardinier, plates, etc.
D'c'rated ice-cream platter.
Souvenir spoons.
Infant's knitted cap.
Wax. feather, tissue paper,
and shell flowers.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 137

Mrs. W. A. Pilkinton, Bridgeport, Sleeve-holder and hat-pin.

Hattie L. Lyon, Bethel, A bouquet of onions (oil

painting).

Miss Charlotte E. McLean, Hartford, Daisy field near Stock-

bridge (water color).

Miss Frances P. Hall, New Haven, Tray, pitcher, bonbon-

niere, etc.

Tlie following is a list of intending exhibitors who were
applicants for space, but who, for reasons heretofore ex-
plained, declined their allotments, or were denied admission
for lack of space:

The Brown Cotton Gin Co., New London.

The A. B. Hendryx Co., New Haven.

The Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport.

Ensign, Bickford & Co., Simsbury.

Uriah Curnmings, New Haven.

The Loomis Gas Machine Co., Hartford.

The McLagon Foundry Co., New Haven.

The Safety Emery Wheel Co., Bridgeport.

The Farrel Foundry & Machine Co., Waterbury.

D. H. Carpenter, New Haven.

The Wheeler & Wilson Mfg Co., Bridgeport.

The Skinner Chuck Co., New Britain.

The Hartford Machine Screw Co., Hartford.

The D. E. Whiton Machine Co., New London.

The James Reynolds Mfg. Co., New Haven.

Frank Wrheeler, Meriden.

C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich.

Foskett & Bishop, New Haven.

The New Process Nail Co., Torrington.

George P. Clark, Windsor Locks.

The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co., Hartford.

The Franklin Moore Co., Winsted.

The Lane Bros. Harness Co., Norwich.

The New Departure Bell Co., Bristol.

Blakeslee & Co., Plantsville.

E. W. Stiles & Co., Hartford.

The Hartford Insulating Co., Hartford.
The New Haven Clock Co., New Haven.
Foy, Harmon & Chad wick, New Haven.
The Acme Shear Co., Bridgeport.
The Knapp & Cowles Mfg. Co., Bridgeport.
The Waterbury Clock Co., Waterbury.
Rogers & Hamilton, Waterbury,

138 CONNECTICUT AT. THE WORLD'S FA III.

The Waterbtiry Button Co., Waterbury.

The Patent Button Co., Waterbury.

The Collins Company, Collinsville.

W. A. Parsons & Co., Durham Center.

The Gong Bell Co., East Hampton.

The J. D. Bergen Co., Meriden.

Landers, Frary & Clark, New Britain.

P. & F. CorbLn, New Britain.

The New Britain Knitting Co., New Britain.

The New Britain Architectural Terra Cotta Co., New Britain.

The Norwich Nickel and Brass Works, Norwich.

Child s & Childs, Manchester.

Caroline Hyde, Stonington.

The Hartford Carpet Co., Thompsonville.

The Yantic Woolen Co., Yantic.

The Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co., New London.

The Elmendorf Water Closet Apparatus Co., New London.

The T. C. Richards Hardware Co., West Winsted.

The Joseph Parker & Son Co., New Haven.

The Bevin Bros. Mfg. Co., East Hampton.

The W. H. Page Boiler Co., Norwich.

E. T. Naylor, Meriden.

The Wm. L. Gilbert Clock Co., Winsted.

The Natchaug Silk Co., Willimantic.

The Diamond Match Co., Westville.

The Whiton Letter Book Co., New London.

The Empire Knife Co., West Winsted.

The Holley Mfg. Co., Lakeville.

The Bridgeport Corset Co., Bridgeport.

The Grilley Company, New Haven.

The New Haven Car Register Co., New Haven.

The Mallory-Wheeler Co., New Haven.

I. S. Spencer's Sons, Guilford.

J. S. C. Rowland, M.D., Hartford.

L. T. Sheffield, New London.

The Vanderman Plumbing Co., Willimantic.

The Griest Mfg. Co., New Haven.

J. M. W. Gilligan, Hartford.

The Iron Clad Stove Polish Co., Middletown.

William R. Hartigan, Collinsville.

The E. N. Welch Mfg Co., Forestville.

The Colchester Rubber Co., Colchester.

The C. F. Monroe Co., Meriden.

The King Implement & Mfg. Co., New Haven.

C. H. Bacon, Danielsonville.

Ernst Schall, Hartford.

C. Brewster, Birmingham.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 139

The Connecticut Mfg. Co., Hartford.

Waterhouse Bros., Hartford.

T. H. Brady, New Britain.

The Waddell & Entz Co., Bridgeport.

The Mathusheck Piano Co., New Haven.

The Sterling Co., Derby.

W. G. Talmadge, Plymouth.

H. C. Voorhees, Meriden.

W. B. Lloyd, Hartford.

National Amateur Press Asso., New Britain.

Elihu Geer's Sons, Hartford.

L. W. Bacon, M.D., New Haven.

W. W. Crampton, New Haven.

The Embalmers' Supply Co., Westport.

CHAPTEK XII.

Statement of Reinbursement of Subscribers to Original Appropriation —
Conservatism of the Board of Managers in its Expenditures — Treas-
urer's Account and Summary of Expenses.

The General Assembly of 1893 — unlike its predecessor
— was in harmony with itself, and, as a consequence, it was
naturally expected that when the World's Fair Board asked
for an appropriation that would permit the reimbursement
of subscribers to the original fund of $50,000, it would be
favorably reported and promptly voted. And so it was. The
matter was presented to the Committee on Appropriations by
a special committee of the Board of Managers, consisting of
S. W. Kellogg, D. M. Bead, Geo. H. Day, and Morris W.
Seymour. An appropriation of $75,000 was urged before the
legislative committee, a careful estimate having been made
by members of the committee, representing the Board
of Managers. The committee on appropriations, possibly
thinking that by so doing they would be more likely to be con-
sidered conservative legislators (and so, perhaps, be returned as
law-makers at a subsequent session), compromised the matter
by making the amount of the appropriation $70,000 instead
of the amount asked.

The appropriation voted enabled Treasurer Day to reim-
burse those, who, a year previous, had supplied from their own
pockets the means whereby the World's Fair Board was en-
abled to organize and to assume pecuniary obligations. In
addition to this patriotic loan being a creditable affair it ul-
timately was proven to be a good investment, for by vote of
the Board of Managers the treasurer was instructed to add six
per cent, interest for the money advanced. The amount thus
paid as interest was $1,067.26, as will be seen by the treasurer's
report.

(140)

ALTERNATE MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 141

It is hardly necessary for the executive officer of the
World's Fair Board to appear as its apologist in the matter
of expenditure of the State's appropriation, for he is not
aware that any item of expense has ever been called in ques-
tion. It will be proper for him to say, nevertheless, that he
regards them as having been uniformly conservative as to
the disposition of the money entrusted to them. Among the
earlier votes passed by the Board, as shown by its official min-
utes, was " that the treasurer pay no bills except such as are
approved by the Chairman of the Executive Committee, ex-
cepting such as are provided for at the previous meeting of
the Executive Board." The exception referred to in the fore-
going extract provided for the payment of traveling expenses
of members of the Boards of Managers and Lady Managers
when in attendance at authorized meetings, and of commit-
tees of which they were members, payment of such bills to be
made " upon presentation of proper vouchers."

It will be observed further, by those who examine the
treasurer's statement which follows, that payment of all possi-
ble accounts was made under specific appropriations voted by
the full Board, or by the Executive Committee as its author-
ized representative. The only exceptions to this rule were in-
stances of contingent expenses incurred by the Executive
Manager at Jackson Park, who was duly authorized to incur
such pecuniary obligations as in his judgment were warranted
in the administration of his executive duties.

The position of treasurer of the Board from its organiza-
tion on the 30th of March, 1892, was held by Colonel John E.
Earle of Xew Haven, until his death, which occurred on the
30th of October of the same year. At a meeting of the Board
held November 4th, George H. Day of Hartford was unani-
mously elected its treasurer, a position he still holds. The
treasurer's statement which is here given is taken from the
official minutes of the meeting of the Board held on the 30th
of January, 1894. The account is given to the 24th of Janu-
ary, subsequent to which date further obligations were liqui-

142

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

dated which do not appear in the published statement, among
them the final vouchers of members of the Board for traveling
expenses, etc.

BOAKD OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAGERS OF CON-
NECTICUT.

TREASURER'S ACCOUNT, JANUARY 24, 1894.

RECEIPTS.
1893.

March 8. Received from State Treasurer, . $40,000.00
June 13. " " " " . 10,000.00

Aug. 9. " " " " . 20,000.00

Total receipts, ..... $70,000.00

DISBURSEMENTS.

Building, Decorating, and Furnishing Appropriations.

Apr. 19, 1892.
Apr. 7, 1893.
Nov. 4, 1892.

By vote of Full Board, .

" (Tracy Bros.

§15,000.00
2,500.00

1,271.08
390.00

bill for extras),

Dec. 20, 1892. By vote of Executive Commit-
tee (grading of grounds),
Total appro, for building, dec-
orating, and furnishing,

Expended on account of the above appropriations :

Tracy Bros, contract $9,870.00

" extras, 1,271.08

Architectural fees and expenses, . . . 786.46
Fittings, etc., viz.: Electric wiring, gas connec-
tions, fence, turfing, etc., .... 720 23
Decorating and furnishing, .... 6,046.90

Grading grounds, 390.00

Total expended (leaving an unexpended bal-
ance of $76.41),

19,161.08

19,084.67

BOARD OP LADY MANAGERS.

Appropriated May 17, 1892, by vote of Full Board, 5,000.00
Apr. 7, 1893, " " " " 2,000.00

Total appropriated and paid, . . .

rooo.oo

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu-

tive Committee for exhibit ..... 1,500.00
Appropriated June 19, 1893, by vote of Full

Board for pavilion ...... 2,600.00

Appropriated June 9, 1893, by vote of Execu-

tive Com. for care of exhibit, $50 per mo., 253.64

Cost of pavilion exceeded appropriation by, . 1.24

Total paid, . . . . .

4,354.88

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

143

$1,000.00
178.80

45.00

400.00
600.00

DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION.
Appropriated June 19, 1893, by vote of Full

Board for exhibit ......

Cash paid for butter-cases, ....

State's proportion for refrigeration of Dairy

Building ........

Total paid, .......

STATE'S FORESTRY EXHIBIT.
Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu-

tive Committee, ......

Appropriated Jan. 7, 1893, by vote of Execu-

tive Committee, ......

Total appropriated and paid,

TOBACCO GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu-

tive Committee, ...... 600.00

Appropriated Dec. 20, 1892, by vote of Execu-

tive Committee, ...... 400.00

Appropriated by vote of special committee, . 300.00

Total appropriated and paid,

Expenses of Governor and Staff and 12 mem-
bers of Board of Managers to Dedicatory
Exercises, October, 1892, by vote of full
Board, July 6, 1892, .....

Expenses of Governor and Staff and twenty-
eight members of Board of Managers to
Connecticut Day Exercises, October, 1893,
and expense of exercises there, by vote of
Full Board, June 18, 1893 ; also fare of one
member one way, .....

Appropriated April 7

Board,
Less amount returned unexpended,

Net amount paid,

COLONIAL EXHIBIT.
1893, by vote of Full

EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT.
Appropriated April 7, 1893, by vote of Full

Board

Less amount returned, unexpended, .

Net amount paid,

SALARIES.

Executive Officers, by votes of Full Board,
April 19, 1892, and January 7, 1893, .

Janitor and wife, by vote of Executive Commit-
tee, Feb. 1, 1893,

Clerks,

Total amount paid,

Shipping and installing expenses of State Ex-
hibit, by votes of Executive Committee,
Feb. 1, 1893, and June 9, 1893. .

Removing, packing, and returning same at

close of Exposition,

Total amount paid,

800.00
480.00

1,300.00
4.65

4,910.00

1,200.00
819.90

1,587.35
1,

$1,223.80

1,000.00

1,300.00

1,818.85

6,116.06

320.00

1,29535

6,929.90

3,018.17

144

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Board of Executive Manager $347.91

Board of janitor and wife before State Building

was ready for occupancy, .... 88.50

Total amount paid

Traveling expenses of managers attending

meetings 285.12

Traveling expenses of Building and Furnishing

Committee 3,443.06

Traveling expenses of Executive Officers, etc., 746.64

Total amount paid

Expenses of Hostess (Mrs. C S. Vaill), appointed
by special sub-committee

Post-office in State Building 109.80

General, expenses, not elsewhere specified, per
vouchers approved by Chairman of Exec-
utive Committee

Interest paid to those advancing money for use
of Provisionary Board, pending session of
legislature, per vote of Full Board, March
8, 1893,

Foot Guard Excursion to Dedication, appropri-
ated July 6, 1892, by vote of Full Board, .

Total Disbursements,

Balance in American National Bank, .

$436.41

4,474.82
481.04

4,148.69

1,067.26

2,500.00

66,679.70

(Signed) GEORGE H. DAY, Treasurer. $70,000.00

At a meeting of the Full Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecti"
cut held in Hartford on the 30th day of January, 1894, it was voted that
the above report be approved and adopted.
Attest :

(Signed) WILBUR B. FOSTER,
Secretary Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut.

ALTERNATE MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CHAPTER XIII.

Personnel of Boards of Managers and Lady Managers — Manner in which
Selection of Managers was Made — Official Tributes to Members of
the Board Who Died While in Office.

It should not be imagined that because the members of the
Connecticut Board of World's Fair Managers consented to
serve the commonwealth without compensation for the long
terms of twenty-two months that they were gentlemen of
leisure, and had nothing else to do. Without exception — and
this statement applies to members of the National Commission
equally with those of the State Board — they were men act-
ively engaged in business or professional work, and surren-
dered whatever time was required that the State might be prop-
erly represented at the great Exposition.

It is the experience of every community, that if extra bur-
dens must be borne for the common weal they are, as a rule,
placed upon shoulders already overborne with work. This
rule seems to carry with it the understanding that men who
are most fully occupied, are better qualified to undertake pub-
lic service than those of comparative leisure.

It will interest the general reader, and possibly the politi-
cal economist, to take note of the active occupation of the
members of the two organizations about referred to. Of the
National Commission, Leverett Brainard is prominently
identified with The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company,
the largest printing and bookbinding establishment in the
State. Thomas M. Waller, though a resident of New London,
maintains a law office in New York, where he is identified with
extensive corporate interests. At the time of his appointment
on the Commission, Charles F. Brooker was secretary of The
Coe Brass Manufacturing Company of Torrington, the largest
establishment of its kind in this country, if not in the world, —

(145)

146 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

since promoted to its presidency. Charles R. Baldwin, the re-
maining member of the National Commission, was at time of
appointment at the head of the business department of the
Waterbury American, and was also cashier of a banking insti-
tution in that city. The members of the Board of Managers
were not less actively occupied. Charles M. Jarvis is president
and chief engineer of the Berlin Iron Bridge Company.
George H. Day, treasurer of the Board during sixteen months
of its active existence^ is vice-president of the Pope Manufac-
turing Company, an establishment which gives employment to
several thousand men. David M. Read, chairman of the Ex-
ecutive Committee and Auditor of the Board, was president of
the Read Carpet Company of Bridgeport, and at the head of
the D. M. Read Company, the largest mercantile house in that
city. Oscar I. Jones, who, with Mr. Read, represented Fair-
field County on the Board, was actively engaged in trade.
John E. Earle, the first treasurer of the Board, had for many
years been Connecticut's leading patent solicitor. He was
also treasurer of the Connecticut Centennial Commission of
1876. The vacancy resulting from Mr. Earle's death was filled
by the appointment, by Governor Bulkeley, of George F. Hoi-
comb, a former Mayor of New Haven, and closely identified
with its business interests as president of the New Haven Car-
riage Company. The colleague of Messrs. Earle and Holcomb
was General Stephen "W. Kellogg, former member of Con-
gress, and for many years Waterbury's most prominent attor-
ney. Litchfield County was represented by Rufus E. Holmes,
vice-president of the Hurlbut National Bank, and member
of the financial firm of Holmes & Gay, and by Milo Richard-
son, manager of the Barnum & Richardson Company, manu-
facturers of car wheels, etc. Wilbur B. Foster is one of Rock-
ville's busy merchants, and George Sykes, his colleague, is
manager of several of the great textile establishments for
which that place has long been noted. "VVindham County
called into service General Eugene S. Boss, general manager
of the largest corporation within its territory — the "Willi-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. J4J

mantic Linen Company — and Charles S. L. Marlor, whose
father, Thomas S. Marlor, was a member of the Centennial
Commission of 1876, and from Avhom he inherited qualities
which made him a valuable member of the Board. From Mid-
dlesex County came two of its most prominent and active busi-
ness men, Clinton B. Davis, treasurer of the Cutaway Harrow
Company, and Thomas E. Pickering, well known as the in-
ventor of the " Pickering governor," and at the head of the
Pickering Governor Company of Portland. Mr. Pickering's
service in connection with former expositions had qualified him
for rendering good counsel in the position to which he was
chosen. He had represented Connecticut at four Interna-
tional Expositions — at Vienna, twice in Paris, and as State
Agent at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876. Xew London
County was represented on the Board by Frank A. Mitchell,
secretary and treasurer of the Thames Iron Works, Norwich,
and by Edward T. Brown, treasurer of the Brown Cotton Gin
Company of Xew London. The foregoing outline seems to
clearly indicate that those who were selected to represent Con-
necticut in her relations with the World's Fair were men of
unusual qualifications, and of such standing as to ensure the
State's highest welfare in connection therewith.

There are no data easily obtainable from which to outline
the particular methods adopted for selecting the various mem-
bers of the Board of Managers. The task was imposed upon the
gentlemen who were chosen to represent the several counties
at the meeting of citizens held at the State Capitol on the 22d
of February, 1892. In order to secure a strictly non-partisan
Board it was decided that two members should be selected from
each county, one Republican and one Democrat, who were to
be nominated (appointment to be made by the Governor) by
the gentlemen who were chosen vice-presidents of the meeting
held on the date above named. In some instances the vice-
presidents were prevailed upon to propose their colleagues as
the best possible choice. In other cases it is probable that the
ground was carefully looked over, and selection made in a man-

148 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

ner similar to the method adopted in Litchfield County. The
vice-presidents there, as recorded on page 23, were Lyman W.
Coe of Torrington and Samuel S. Kewton of Winchester.
When these gentlemen met in conference it was understood by
them that the persons selected for nomination as members of
the Board of Managers should be approved by both. Mr.
ISTewton narrated to the writer, at the time, the manner in
which the choice for Litchfield County was made, and we
give it as nearly as possible in his own words.

" When we came together to make our selection," said
Mr. 2v ewton, " Mr. Coe asked if I had settled upon my candi-
date. I told him my choice was Milo B. Richardson of Lime
Rock. He said that selection would be entirely satisfactory to
him. I then asked Mr. Coe if he had made his selection. He
replied that he had as yet made no choice, but that he wished
to confer the honor upon some citizen of Winsted, in recogni-
tion of its position as the industrial center of the county. He
said : " If you will give me a list of a few of your leading
business men, any one of whom will be acceptable to your-
self, I will indicate my preference. I gave him a list, which
included the most prominent men in the town, and when he
had looked it over he said : ' My choice is Ruf us E. Holmes.' "
Members of the Board of Managers do not. need to be told,
since their long service of twenty-two months, that Lyman W.
Coe was a good judge of men.

The composition of the Board of Lady Managers, like that
of its counterpart, seems to have been the result of " natural
selection." Every community is endowed with women who
have special gifts in the direction of executive ability — at
least every Connecticut community is; not simply the ability to
formulate plans, but to carry them successfully into execution.
One of the tasks imposed upon the Board of Managers wa3
that of selecting two women from each county who should
comprise the Board of Lady Managers, and an equal number
of alternates to render service when the principals were unable
to do so. The successful manner in which Connecticut was

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 149

represented at the "World's Fair in matters devolving upon
them fully justified the appointments that were made. If there
was favoritism shown in the selection of members of the Wom-
en's Board it was the kind of favoritism that is approved by the
general public — that which recognizes high social standing,
combined with especial fitness for undertaking laborious and
difficult tasks. They could devote themselves to social
functions with credit, but they could do far more than
that: could plan wisely and execute plans successfully. The
story of the work of the Women's Board is to be told by its effi-
cient president, Mrs. George H. Knight, and it only need be
remarked here that from first to last their administration of
the duties committed to their charge was emphatically ap-
proved by the Board of Managers.

MEMORIAL TRIBUTES.

During the existence of the World's Fair Board of Man-
agers as an active organization, death entered its ranks, and
bore away two of its most prominent members. In October,
1892, the treasurer, Mr. Earle, was stricken with pericarditis,
and passed away after but two weeks' illness. In due time the
following minute found place in the official records of the
Board, passed by a unanimous rising vote.

COL. JOHN E. EARLE.

The committee appointed to draft resolutions on the death
of the late treasurer of the Board, Mr. John E. Earle, offered
the following preamble and resolutions.

Whereas, The Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut and
its Executive Committee have lost, by the death of Colonel John
E. Earle, one of their most esteemed and efficient members, and
Whereas, We, the members of said Board and Executive Committee
desire to place upon record a suitable testimonial of our high re-
gard for his memory, and of our sense of the great loss this
Board and the State of Connecticut have suffered by his death,
therefore

Resolved, That by this mysterious dispensation we have been de-
prived of the counsel and advice of one whose ripe experience, ex-

150 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

cellent judgment, and varied information, made him a most impor-
tant member, and \ve deplore his loss to the Board and the State.
And, while we recognize his great usefulness as a Commissioner,
and his high devotion to duty in all the relations of a citizen, we feel
that we have met with a great personal loss in his death, in common
with the State and the community in which he lived, where he has
so long been loved and honored by all who knew him.

Resolved, That the above preamble and resolutions be entered
upon the records of this Board, and a copy be sent to the afflicted
family of the deceased, with the assurance of our sincere sympathy
and condolence in their sad bereavement.

GEO. F. HOLCOMB,
S. W. KELLOGG,
E. T. BROWN,

Committee.

HON. DAVID M. READ.

In December, 1893, the Board was again called to record
its sense of loss in the death of Hon. D. M. Read, chairman of
the Executive Committee, who had been in gradually failing
health for several weeks. At the first subsequent meeting of
the Board, held January 30, 1894, the following minute, of-
fered by Mr. Jarvis, was adopted, the Secretary of the Board
being instructed to sencL an engrossed copy to Mr. Read's
family, and to cause the same to be made public through the
medium of various prominent newspapers.

(Extract from official minutes.)

The Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, appreciat-
ing the obligation that they and the entire State are under by reason
of the wisdom, energy, and skill displayed by the Honorable David
M. Read in representing the interests of the State at the World's
Columbian Exposition at Chicago during the past summer, and,
desiring to attest the deep sense of personal bereavement they feel
at his death, cause this minute to be entered upon their records:

Resolved, That in Jhe death of the Honorable David M. Read the
State of Connecticut has lost a tried and faithful servant, one who
was ever watchful of its true interests, willing, at a sacrifice of
personal comfort, to advance its prosperity and uphold its reputa-
tion; that we extend to his family and the entire community in which
he lived, our sincerest sympathy at the loss they, in common with
ourselves, have sustained.

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Board send an engrossed
copy of this minute and resolution to the family of the deceased,
and cause a copy to be printed.

CHAPTER XIV.

RETROSPECTIVE GLANCES AT THE EXPOSITION IN

GENERAL.

Apologetic — Statistical — Connecticut Visitors to the Exposition — Will
Another Equally Wonderful Exposition Be Seen? — Marvelous Ad-
vancement Achieved Since the Centennial of 1876 — Who Can Guess
What Science and Invention Will Do for the Future? — Will Man
Always Eat in Order to Live ? — An Incentive for Connecticut Students
toward Solving Mysterious Problems — Is Longevity One of the
Lost Arts? — Will Aerial Navigation be Possible in Another Hun-
dred Years? — Forecast of America's Greatness — Brief Duration of
the Exposition Regretted — The Chicago Society of Sons of Con-
necticut— Connecticut Souvenir Badge — Connecticut at the World's
Congress — Extracts from Bulletins to Connecticut Newspapers.

APOLOGETIC.

This final chapter has been reserved for a gathering-up of
odds and ends, which have been unable to find a fitting lodg-
ment elsewhere, a sort of literary waste-basket into which have
been thrust features which could not be assimilated in connec-
tion with any of the preceding chapters, and some of which,
the reader may think, would assimilate more readily in an-
other kind of waste-basket. If considerable latitude has been
taken in this chapter (to say nothing of its longitude), the
writer promises to plead guilty to almost any indictment that
may be made, with reference to some of its features, excepting
that of seriousness. The temptation to indulge in strange
conceptions as to what the future may evolve seems to be justi-
fied by recalling the progress of events of the past, especially
during recent years. How wide he has shot of the mark to
be established by conditions possibly to be attained a hundred
years hence, only those of that far-off time can know.

STATISTICAL— CONNECTICUT VISITORS TO THE EXPOSI-
TION.
The large number of visitors from Connecticut to the Co-

( 151 )

152

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

lumbian Exposition, as shown by registrations at the State
Building, indicates the interest with which 'it was regarded by
its citizens. The three registers required during the six months
contain the names of 26,100 people, representing 366 towns,
cities, villages, and hamlets.

The percentage of the State's population visiting the Expo-
sition was 3.4 (based upon the census of 1890), while the at-
tendance at the Centennial of 1876 was 7.4 per cent, (census
of 1870). The larger attendance at Philadelphia is easily ac-
counted for by the shorter distance. ISTew Haven stands at the
head of the list, numerically, Hartford being represented by the
largest percentage of population, the largest, at least, of the
record shown in the following table.

The subjoined list shows towns that were represented by
more than 200 people, with percentages of population, and
the percentage of the same towns attending the Centennial ex-
hibition. The latter figures have been obtained from " The
Souvenir of the Centennial," published by Geo. D. Curtis in
1877. The figures indicate attendance by towns; for example:
Vernon includes registrations from Vernon Center, Rock-
ville, and Talcottville, and Winchester includes Winchester
Center, Winsted, and West Winsted.

TOWN.

Attend-
ance.

P. 0.
in 1893.

P. 0.

in 1876.

TOWN.

Attend-
ance.

P. C.

in 1893.

P. c.

in 1876.

New Haven,

3649

4.2

8.6

New London,

464

3.3

7.6

Hartford,

3641

11.0

Middletown,

460

3.0

6.5

Bridgeport,

1903

3.6

8.6

Winchester,

344

5.5

8.5 '

Waterbury,

1042

3.0

8.0

Vernon,

295

3.8

6.9

Norwich,

814

3.5

6.4

Bristol,

280

3.7

8.7

Meriden,

694

2.7

10.7

Windham,

271

2.7

6.5

Norwalk,

610

3.4

7.9

Manchester,

248

3.0

5.7

New Britain,

559

2.9

8.2

Derby,

224

3.7

5.4

Stamford,

541

3.6

Stonington,

215

2.0

5.9

Danbury,

517

2.7

6.8

Suffleld,

207

6.0

9.4

The foregoing statistics show that the percentage of popu-
lation of towns represented at the Chicago Exposition varied
but little. Sixteen of the twenty from which figures are given

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.' 153

varying less than one per cent, from the attendance of the
State as a whole. The highest percentage, that of Hartford,
may be accounted for by the fact that, per capita, it is Connecti-
cut's richest town. The next highest, that of Suffield, the
richest agricultural town in the State, having the largest area
of arable land, probably shows that farmers who, for many
years, have been successful cultivators of tobacco, are
presumably well supplied with pocket-money. Winchester,
standing third in the order of percentages, is chiefly
noted for the great variety of its manufactures, and as a result
the more continuous occupation of the greater portion of its
artisans. To the fact that it is an unusually prosperous indus-
trial town, that local interest in the Exposition was increased by
reason of its having a representative on both the Board of
Managers and Lady Managers, and that another of its citizens
was domiciled in the State Building as executive officer, may
possibly be attributed its large percentage of attendance. It
is worthy of note that Winchester visitors to the Chicago
Exposition numbered 344, and that 345 registered at the Phil-
adelphia Centennial.

It is noteworthy also that prominent agricultural towns are
better represented at expositions than the same grade of manu-
facturing towns. This statement is verified by the record of
Litchfield and Washington, agricultural towns, which were
represented at the Centennial Exhibition by 9.2 and 10.4 per
cent, of their population, the percentages from Winchester
and Torrington, which are the most prosperous manufacturing
towns in the same County, showing only 8.5 and 6.5 per cent,
respectively. To the Columbian Exposition the same agricul-
tural communities sent combined, 9 per cent, of their popula-
tion, while Winchester and Torrington, combined, were repre-
sented by but 7.7 per cent.

WILL ANOTHER EQUALLY WONDERFUL EXPOSITION BE

SEEN?

It is not improbable that many visitors to the Columbian
Exposition of 1893 have wondered if they will ever again,
11

154 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

during their earthly lives, have the opportunity of attending
an exposition planned and carried out on so grand a scale as
that held in Chicago. ^Notwithstanding the great stride by
which the World's Fair, in many particulars, surpassed the
Centennial Exhibition of 1876, after a lapse of but seventeen
years, it may well be doubted if this generation will be likely
to see its equal, either in this country or in any other. When
we remember the superior location of Jackson Park, with its
canals and lagoons affording such rare opportunity for the ply-
ing of gondolas, electric and other launches to the very doors of
almost every department building; when we contemplate the
number and extent of the various buildings; when we recall
the imperial grandeur of the Court of Honor with its un-
approached magnificence, by night or by day; and especially
when we reflect upon the sum total of expense borne by the
Exposition Company — upwards of twenty-six millions of
dollars — we shall be likely to arrive at the conclusion that
never again in our day is it probable that we shall see its equal.
In another hundred years, when the 500th Columbian anniver-
sary comes around, Chicago will have fully recovered from
what seems to us must have been accomplished by almost super-
human endeavor, and she may then feel like showing to the
world that she can surpass her former triumph. If, as now, her
motto continues to be " I will ! " that will settle the question —
especially if the enterprise of her people shall have been trans-
mitted to her coming generations. Jackson Park will exist in
1993, but by that time it will so largely be embellished by
trees, boulevards, fountains, statuary, and grass plots, that its
use for another Exposition would, doubtless, be denied. Lower
down on the lake shore, however, there may be, even a hundred
years hence, unoccupied space sufficient to more than eclipse
the Exposition of our own remembrance. It may be too soon
to suggest to Chicago, that somewhere in the vicinity of Lake
Calumet, adequate space should be reserved for a Columbian
Exposition in 1993.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 155

THE MARVELOUS ADVANCEMENT ACHIEVED SINCE THE
CENTENNIAL OF 1876.

When one reflects upon the advance along various lines
from the Centennial of 1876 to the Columbian Exposition of
1893, and upon the further stride already made since the close
of the latter, it is easy to believe that when another hundred
years shall have given ampler scope for inventive genius and
scientific application, the 500th anniversary of the discovery
of America will reveal conditions, which now, at least with
reference to some of them, have no place in the calculations of
the average mind. He who questions this statement only
needs to recall the fact that in 1893 the X-rays had not come to
light, so that since the close of this greatest of the World's Ex-
positions, when it was fairly supposed by most people that we
had got " about to the end," this marvelous discovery has been
made, rivaling in importance, within its own field, the old-
time discovery of the circulation of the blood, and the later dis-
covery of anesthesia, to go no further into the realm of scien-
tific and beneficent discovery.

The Centennial of 1876 had no electric light, and its great
exhibition buildings, and Fairmount Park itself, were closed at
sunset to all visitors. Contrast that with Jackson Park in
1893, fairly aglow with electric lights, from one end to the
other, and through all of its exhibition buildings, to such ex-
tent that when the moon rose out of Lake Michigan, it seemed
as though it hastened to hide its pale light behind a convenient
cloud — so brilliant was the scene upon which it looked oil
Jackson Park.

Those who visited the Centennial will recall the exhibit
of the first practical type-writing machine, and they will possi-
bly remember the pretty girl who operated it. She wrote dic-
tated letters for visitors to show the capabilities of the machine,
and the fee was 25 cents. In 1893, type-writing machines had
come to be something more than a mechanical curiosity, — in-
deed, a requisite in every business office that made any preten-
tions toward keeping abreast of the times.

156 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The phonograph had not been heard of at the time of the
Centennial, but at the World's Fair of 1893 it was employed
for business purposes, and visitors to the Shoe and Leather
Building will distinctly remember how it enunciated clearly
the merits of " H-u-b Hub, G-o-r-e Gore, Hub Gore!"
Whether or not some form of phonograph may come into wider
practical use remains to be seen, but the fact of its success as a
practical toy out of which fortunes have been already made, by
which the world has been delightfully entertained, and will
continue to be more and more entertained as its use is amplified,
shows conclusively that in 1876 inventive genius has not ex-
hausted itself.

As to that most marvelous of latter day inventions — the
telephone — it was patented during the Centennial year, but
not in time to attract special attention as an exhibit at Philadel--
phia. Had Alexander Graham Bell then asserted that the time
would ever come when the voice of an acquaintance could be
recognized at a distance of one thousand miles, or that it
would ultimately be such an indispensable business requisite as
it has now come to be, with what a vast number of grains of al-
lowance his assertion would have been received. Nevertheless,
during the World's Fair, the writer clearly distinguished the
"hello" of on© of his Connecticut friends through about
twelve hundred miles of wire, the recognition being so distinct
as to be unmistakable.

Another advanced step in scientific discovery since the Cen-
tennial Exhibition, and one that has almost entirely revolu-
tionized the then prevailing methods of hand-engraving, is the
" half tone " process of the present day. If those who are not
well versed in the advancement in illustration during the past
few years will compare Harper's Weekly, for instance, or the
illustrated magazines of to-day, with the same periodicals of
twenty years ago, they will readily observe the marked im-
provement. This advance is mainly due to experiments with
the camera conducted by a former Connecticut boy, Frederic
Ives of Litchfield. The process is known as the " Ives process."

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. ^57

Besides being of much higher grade than can be done by even
the highest grade of hand engraving, because of the absolute
correctness of the camera's work, its cost has been reduced
many fold. Without the aid of the camera the superb half-tone
illustrations of the World's Fair of 1893 would not have been
possible. It will interest the reader to know that Mr. Ives,
when about 15, while serving as an apprentice in the office
of the Litchfield Enquirer, began experimenting with a cigar-
box camera, made by himself; and that his present field of
scientific enterprise (November, 1897), is London, in connec-
tion with " The Photochromoscope Syndicate, Limited," a
concern which, by use of the " Kromskop " (Mr. Ives' inven-
tion), produces colored photographic pictures successfully.

The next, and still more wonderful use that inventive
genius has made by means of the camera — that of showing
moving pictures by the Kinetoscope and other processes — has
been the result of experiments made since the close of the Ex-
position of 1893. What opportunities for reproducing moving
pictures were offered on the Midway Plaisance, the lagoons,
with gondolas and electric launches, the multitude of moving
exhibits in Machinery Hall, to say nothing of the splendid
sight presented by Connecticut's Governor Bulkeley and Staff
and the Governor's Foot Guards on Michigan Avenue at the
time of the dedication observance in October, 1892! These
brief references are sufficient to outline the possible photo-
graphic effects that await those who survive the great exposi-
tion which will probably be held to commemorate the 500th
anniversary of the advent of Columbus upon the shores of this
Western world.

WHO CAN GUESS WHAT SCIENCE AND INVENTION WILL
DO FOR THE FUTURE ?

During the next hundred years, who shall say what invent-
ive genius and scientific discovery may not be able to accom-
plish ? In these latter days nearly all things seem to be ] ossible

158 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

for man to do. If the battleship of eighty years ago was to
Byron a " huge leviathan," how shall the poet of this end of
the nineteenth century characterize the marine monsters that
now plow the seas? Who can guess what transatlantic passage
may l>e reduced to after another hundred years shall have
elapsed, if during the present century it has been reduced from
several weeks to about five days? How nearly can we guess
as to the changes that may be made in the line of inland
transportation during the coming century? The " Empire
State Express," now called the fastest train in the world,
covers the distance between New York and Buffalo, 440 miles,
in 495 minutes. This is a marked advancement on the time
made at the beginning of this century, to say nothing of the
methods of travel, when settlers in the " New Connecticut "
(the Connecticut Reserve), now northern Ohio, journeyed by
ox-wagon and stage coach. And though twenty-four hours
from New York to Chicago is fast enough for the generality of
mortals of the present day, there continues to be a demand for
more rapid transit — a demand that may ultimately send a car
by pneumatic tube between these two points in four hours in-
stead of twenty-four. The problem of aerial navigation may
possibly be solved in the lapse of another hundred years, if
it is ever to be solved, though possibly only those who delight
in extra-hazardous journeyings would care to avail themselves
of opportunities for aerial flight. Nevertheless, standing in
the light of the marvelous progress human achievement has
attained during the past quarter of the nineteenth century, it
would be futile to assert that man has come near to the limit of
his capabilities.

We have neither time nor space here to outline except as
to a few possibilities, we may say probabilities, in the line of
progress reserved for the future, though they are referred to
more for the sake of indulging in prophetic entertainment
than otherwise. Let us say, to allay the apprehension of those
who weep over the possibility that the coal deposits of the
world will be exhausted of their supply of fuel in about twenty
thousand years, that, before the twentieth century shall have

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. ^59

run its course, provision will most likely have been made
whereby the water that now runs to waste everywhere will
be made to store up energy with which to reduce the demands
upon the coal fields. If the electric current in the trolley wire
of to-day cannot only propel, but also light and heat the mov-
ing car, it can also heat, as well as light, the dwellings of men,
and water enough now runs to waste which, if employed fully,
might greatly lessen, if not exempt, the use of coal. Though
not as yet common in use, the electric cooking range is a prac-
tical verity, and in a few years a house equipped with all the
modern improvements will include a cooking apparatus that
will require neither matches, kindling wood, nor kerosene
can, from start to finish ; only the placing of a plug in an elec-
trical sAvitch-board will be needed to bring a hot current to
the electric range. Tidy housewives will delight in the absence
of dust and ashes, when the coal scuttle has been relegated to
the junk heap.

And then there is waste of energy in the ever-moving tides,
and in the surf of the restless sea sufficient to furnish all the
power and light and heat the world has need of when inventive
genius shall have harnessed them. Already the practicability
of the surf -motor has been demonstrated on the Pacific Coast,
which furnishes electrical power at very much less cost per
horse power than it can be obtained from coal. There is plenty
of surf power running to waste, night and day, winter and sum-
mer, along the Atlantic Coast, as well as above and below the
Golden Gate of the Pacific.

But the world is not limited to coal mines and ocean waves
for sources of energy. Probably enough wind blows to waste
to furnish all the energy required to run the activities of the
globe if it could be fully utilized. It might be difficult to
catch all the winds that blow and make them spend their entire
strength in the service of man, but it would be possible to-day
for the suburban dweller to charge storage batteries with suffi-
cient energy to furnish all the light and heat he required, es-
pecially in localities where Boreas and other members of the
howling quartette residing in the Cave of the Winds, could all,

160 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

in their turn, have opportunity to do their share. Should there
still be lack of energy to keep mundane affairs moving, after
other handmaids have done their full share, the inflammable
gases that are latent in water will be sufficient to supply any
deficiency, to say nothing of what might be obtained from con-
centrated rays of solar heat. Sources of energy for power, and
consequently for light and heat, are so vast and illimitable, as to
preclude the necessity of our worrying over the question as to
future supply. Science and inventive genius will solve that
problem in due time.

WILL MAN ALWAYS EAT IN ORDER TO LIVE?

If there is nothing else to worry over in behalf of those who
are to make up this country's population, of possibly a thou-
sand millions at the time of the 500th anniversary, will it not
be as to whether they can all get enough to eat? If the State
of Texas is, of itself, large enough to furnish an eighth-acre
building lot for every man, woman, and child of the esti-
mated population of the globe, — more than thirteen hundred
millions, — it is, perhaps, not unreasonable to regard the rest
of the country large enough, and fertile enough, to adequately
sustain its prospectively large population with all requirements
in the way of " daily bread." The question that worries us
just now is this: Is man always to be subjected to the gross
propensity of eating? It may be somewhat extravagant to
advance the idea, but when we consider what scientific activity
has been doing for mankind during the past few years, the
inquiry seems pertinent, will eating be a physical necessity,
in order to sustain life, a hundred years hence? The man who
now enjoys life simply to the extent of gratifying his appetite;
the bon vivant whose life would be largely devoid of pleasure
could he not appease the demands of his palate — they will
take no delight in the hypothetical picture I am about to de-
lineate. On the other hand, many a tired housewife, who is
wearing her life away in the never-ending task of providing
meat for her household, 1,095 times a year, will wish the pic-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IgJ

ture were real, and that she could take a Rip Van Winkle nap
long enough to wake and find it in practical operation. This is
the picture : Such an advanced stage of chemical and electrical
science as would make it possible for the human body to be sup-
plied with chlorides, phosphates, carbonates, etc., in such
quantity and quality as are required for its proper maintenance
without resorting to the present method by knife, fork, and
spoon. Already, by means of the electrical battery the opera-
tor can transmit to the hidden recesses of his patients' anatomy
liquid hypnotics that will allay pain; by similar process why
may not liquid iron be transmitted through the system for the
strengthening of the blood, phosphates for maintaining the
structural portion of the individual? "Why may we not as well
learn what proportions of liquid carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and
nitrogen are required to build up and maintain the human
body in all its parts? Malt is the vital principle of bread, and
there is but little goodness left in beef after it has been sub-
jected to the Liebig process of extracting its juices. It is al-
ready an easy task for the chemical laboratory to reduce iron
to liquid form; why may not the time come when flouring
mills are converted into laboratories which shall turn out liquid
beef, wheat, corn, sugar and potatoes with which to supply
household galvanic batteries the world over ?

If gold, silver, and nickel can be transferred from the solid
block, and deposited upon forks and spoons, why, in clue time,
may not all the necessaries of life be vulcanized by chemi-
cal process, and transmitted in like manner by the mysterious
current, and restore to man his wasting vitality ? What a relief
this process would be to the digestive organs, and who knows
but that through some such manner of living man may bring
back his lost birthright of longevity?

The electric launches that rendered such excellent service
on the lagoons at the World's Fair were placed in their stalls
at night, and in seven hours their hidden batteries were re-
stored with sufficient energy to run sixty miles, ten hours at six
miles an hour. Is it impossible that in a hundred years such

162 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

advancement as has been here outlined may not have been
attained, whereby when a mortal lays himself down to pleasant
dreams, he can buckle around him his electric belt and then,
after wrapping the drapery of his couch about him, touch a
button which shall set in motion a current, that in seven hours
will restore in his system the wasted tissues of the day gone
by? This picture will not be complete without the embellish-
ment it naturally suggests — such relief from care as will per-
mit of rational enjoyment of the highest order — enjoyment
which the imaginative reader can picture to suit himself. The
man who required a resting hour at midday, or at sunset, and
with it a little toning up of wasted energies, could he not
buckle on his electric belt, and spend an enjoyable hour in his
easy chair with his newspaper or the latest book from the press,
and so keep himself abreast of the times ? Think of the number
of untouched books that gather dust on library shelves for lack
of time for reading ! What a vast amount of information and
literary enjoyment might come to him, who, 1,095 times a year,
prefers reading to eating!

Perhaps this hypothetic picture is too strongly drawn to
suit some conservative minds, who may argue that because man
was provided with digestive organs he ought not to try to cir-
cumvent his Creator by devising some way to put them on the
retired list. Such conservatism is out of date in these days, and
belongs to the age of the Scotch Covenanters, who railed
against the use of farming-mills for winnowing grain ; they
winnowed their grain with the wind the Lord furnished, and
it was to them like rebuking the Almighty to devise any new-
fangled method. Then, again, the suggestion may not be alto-
gether pleasing to those who regard the alimentary canal as
especially designed for the encouraging of sociability during
life's journey, and who, moreover, regard that as the surest,
and in some cases the only, channel by which man's affections
may be reached. If such be the case, let it be understood that
palatable liquids (we shall not attempt to enumerate them all,
for good reasons), including tea, coffee, milk, and soda-water,
shall be exempted from the electrical process; also grapes,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. igg

peaches, oranges, and other tasteful fruits that can be served
without further preparation than the accompaniment of finger
bowls. This will restrict the storage-battery process to such
features as will eliminate the principal part of kitchen drud-
gery, and will also help to solve the servant girl problem.

If the reader considers this picture as altogether Utopian,
and entirely out of the range of possibilities, let him go back
a hundred years and imagine some Mother Shipton predict-
ing the Atlantic cable, the telegraph, telephone, phonograph,
biograph, photograph, the perfecting printing-press and type-
setting machine, motor carriages, the trolley car, the " ocean
greyhound," the dynamite gun, the sewing-machine and type-
writer, the electric light, smokeless powder, and the X-rays,
.and then ask himself if, in the light of what has been achieved,
our strange picture is very trying to the imagination.

AN INCENTIVE TO CONNECTICUT STUDENTS TOWARD
SOLVING MYSTERIOUS PROBLEMS.

To Professor Asaph Hall, an honored son of Connecticut,
was reserved the task of discovering the Martian moons. Dur-
ing the twentieth century, now almost dawning, may not the
further gratifying honor fall to the lot of some one of her gifted
sons of discovering other hitherto unrevealed luminaries in the
stellar depths, or, at least, be the discoverer of something, if
nothing more than a law or theory, as Newton did, and so im-
mortalize himself?

There seems good reason to believe that the telescope may
be so improved in years to come as to give the astronomer much
greater range of vision than now, though even with all of man's
capabilities, many times multiplied, it may well be doubted
if he will be able to " loose the bands of Orion " or find out
the source and dwelling-place of the Almightv. Since the days
of Job, however, having been able to " send lightnings," and
taught them to say with audible voice " Here we are," may he
not be able, later on, to demonstrate that their source is in the
great solar battery; that the mission of fast-speeding comets is

164 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

to restore wasted energy throughout the wide realm of space,
and that the beneficent influences of solar heat are transmitted
to us by never-ceasing electrical currents ? May it not be possi-
ble for modern science, now that it has demonstrated its ability
to not only weigh distant spheres in its scales, but to show
by the spectroscope of what they are composed, to overturn the
Newtonian theory of gravitation as a propelling force, and sup-
plant it by a well-defined demonstration which shall show
that the law of gravitation operates upon moving spheres sim-
ply as a " governor " controls the speed of an engine — regu-
lating rather than being its propelling force? Sir Isaac knew
a good deal, considering the time in which he lived, but the
electrical age had not dawned in his day. It may be that some
later-day genius will discover, after awhile, that electricity is
the force that propels the spheres in their orbits.

And when you come to reflect upon the subject, does it
not seem reasonable to think that in order for the sun's warm-
ing rays to do a full day's work for the benefit of humanity
upon earth, they should start from home early in the morn-
ing, and come through space by the " lightning express." If
it is a fact that the electrical current moves at the rate of
285 thousand miles a second, the distance from the sun to the
earth can be traversed by it in five or six minutes, and we
know of no other element that travels as fast — distancing
light by about a hundred thousand miles a second.

Should the electric current theory prove untenable from a
more scientific standpoint than ours, a substitute theory is of-
fered as a compromise: that the sun's direct rays may be re-
fracted through the earth's convex atmosphere, in similar man-
ner as they are refracted and concentrated by a sun-glass,
focusing at or near the earth's surface. If this theory is ac-
cepted, it will possibly lead us to worry less about the sun's-
rays pelting unbearably upon the heads of our near neighbors,
who may chance to dwell upon Mercury, which is more than
fifty millions of miles nearer the sun than the earth is, for, of
course, the atmosphere of all habitable worlds would be so

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 165

fixed as to make the conditions of heat and cold just suited to
popular needs, the same as ours is. "We should also be less
anxious as to the number of degrees below zero that might
otherwise be the portion of our distant relatives, the Nep-
tunians, living thousands of millions of miles away from our
great source of light and heat. May some Connecticut youth
who is eager for immortal honors be incited to» study in the
direction of these mysterious problems; perchance he may win
rare prizes in the realm of fame, and so merit recognition from
him who shall write of Connecticut at a World's Fair a hun-
dred years hence. .

IS LONGEVITY ONE OF THE LOST ARTS?

Does it occur to the reader that it may be possible at some
future period, for conditions to be such as to bring about a
return of the good old times when patriarchal longevity
enabled mortals to live hundreds of years instead of the more
limited span of to-day ? Is it not a little strange that it should
have been possible for Methuselah to live 969 years, while as
for us the days of our years, as the Psalmist said, are threescore
and ten, and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years,
yet is their strength labor and sorrow, for it is soon cut off
and we fly away. Is longevity one of the lost arts? Has mod-
ern science a more inviting field than that of endeavoring to
restore to humanity its apparent birthright of long life?

Look at the family record. Methuselah, 969; Jared, 962;
^"oah, 950; Adam, 930; Seth, 912; Cainan, 910; Enos, 905;
Mahalalel, 895; Lamech, 777; Shem, 600; Eber, 464; Ar-
phaxad, 438; Salah, 433; Enoch, 365; Peleg and Reu, 239;
Senig, 230; Terah, 205; Isaac, 180; Abraham, 175; Nahor,
148; Jacob, 147; Moses, 120; Joseph and David, 110. This
shows a fearful degeneration, and science ought to bring itself
to the task of finding out the causes from which it has resulted.
It surely cannot be traceable to moral degeneracy, for 930 was
the lot of our first parent.

" Whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe."

166 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

If the gradual lessening of the years of human life has not
come from the sin of eating forbidden fruit it must also be ap-
parent that it has not resulted as the penalty from indulgence
in the fruit of the vine, for Noah, the head of the only ante-
deluvian family worth saving, is said to have allowed his bibu-
lous tendencies to get the better of him, and he was hardly
excusable or^ the plea of youthful indiscretion, having then
passed his 600th birthday. Evidently, too, it would be futile
to assert that to the non-observance of the proprieties of social
ethics can be attributed this seeming divine disapprobation,
manifesting itself in the period of human life, for Joseph, the
most conspicuous exemplar of social proprieties, lived no longer
than David, who conspicuously violated them.

We don't know what can be done toward solving this prob-
lem of restoring longevity to our fallen race — and it is a good
deal of a fall from Methuselah's great age to that of our " cen-
turions," as Mrs. Partington used to call them — better than to
offer large cash prizes for the oldest and best-preserved speci-
mens of humanity to be exhibited at the next Columbian Ex-
position in 1993. Of course, there would be no trouble in
getting large purses guaranteed, for people everywhere would
be interested, expecting, naturally enough, that all of the vari-
ous medical schools — allopaths, homeopaths, hydropaths, elec-
tropaths, and others that follow no well-defined paths — would
each do their best toward raising the average of longevity
among their respective adherents. It is not many years ago
that a syndicate of publishers offered a cash prize — a million
dollars, if we remember correctly — for what should prove to
be the best type-setting machine. Now almost every well-
equipped printing establishment throughout the civilized
world is supplied with marvelously intricate machines that can
set type much faster, and at less cost, than the work can be
done by hand, and the pages of this volume indicate how well
the work is done. Where there is a will there is a way, espe-
cially if in connection with the will there is promise of en-
ticing reward. Just at present the bicycle industry appears to

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. jgj

be the most attractive realm for the employment of inventive
genius, Connecticut still maintaining the lead in the race, and
that for the reason that the " Columbia " wheel, in addition to
its perfection in all other respects, has the greatest longevity.
What humanity wants, and is willing to pay for, is the utmost
longevity, of course, with all of its active faculties to the utmost
extent unimpaired. If the comparatively new theories of
Christian Science and Osteopathy will enter the contest and
show as fruits of their respective systems at the next Columbian
Exposition, nimble and well-preserved exhibits of humanity,
who were visitors at the last one, — ranging in age from 125
to 150 years, — what a flocking there would be to the standards
of their school ! What the world wants most of all is the dis-
covery of the Fountain of Perpetual Youth, and we indulge
the hope that its source may be found by some searcher from
the " Land of Steady Habits."

WILL AERIAL NAVIGATION BE POSSIBLE IN ANOTHER
HUNDRED YEARS?

The marvelous advancement achieved during the latter
part of the nineteenth century in the realm of locomotion
naturally inclines us to wonder what changed conditions may
be attained when the year 1992 shall have dawned and plans
are being laid to attend the Columbian Quincentennial an-
niversary. By that time an intelligent people, demanding
what they had long been entitled to, will not lack good roads.
The "great multitude, which no one can number," now
mounted on bicycles, have thoroughly inaugurated that de-
sideratum, and the multitude of motor wagons soon to fol-
low in their wake will emphasize the demand. But there is
plenty of time before 1992 for human ingenuity to bring about
aerial navigation, if it is ever going to. As to the possibility
of a human being flying a hundred years hence, does not the
bicyclist almost fly now when he goes a mile in a minute and
twelve seconds, a record already made, with a "century" record
of a hundred miles in three and one-half hours! As to flying

168 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

through the air, the fanciful dreaming of " Darius Green and
his flying machine " may only have been prophetic. Alumi-
num is several times lighter than iron ; nobody knows how soon
some one may be able to produce a gas that will have several
times the buoyancy of hydrogen gas, and, possibly, one that
will be incombustible. Not many years ago experiments were
made in the hope of producing a smokeless powder; now it can
be bought by the carload. The invention of gunpowder
brought a marvelous force into the world; to-day it cannot be
compared with dynamite and nitro-glycerine. There is plenty
of room in the air for aerial navigation, and the time may come
when travel there will be safer than by land or water. The
imaginative mind can picture Connecticut people going to the
World's Fair in Chicago, in 1993, by an aerial train of cars, or
by airship, and having delightful birdseye views of Niagara,
the great lakes, the Hudson, and the Ohio, with indeed a
charming panorama all the wav, and the trip made entirely by
daylight. A hundred miles an hour on an " air line " ought not
to overtax an imaginative mind in these days, when railway en-
gines have already been sped at the rate of 120 miles an hour.
Safe? No misplaced switches; no absent-minded telegraph op-
erators; no broken rails; no grade crossing; nor delaying hot-
boxes. How would it land? It migkt not land at all, but, per-
liaps, glide down, and settle upon the surface of Lake Michigan
as gracefully as a duck settles upon the surface of a mill pond.
Don't believe it possible? Neither do I, but would our grand-
fathers, in 1793, have believed it possible for us to go from New
York to Chicago on the " Exposition Flyer " in nineteen hours?
Would they have believed in the transmission of messages by
ocean cables; that the human voice could be unmistakably
recognized a thousand miles away; would they have believed
the present achievements of the camera possible, and the pene-
trating powers of X-rays; the wonderful resources of steam
and electricity, and the present perfection now reached in the
art of printing; in the attainments in the realm of engineering
like that of the Brooklyn Bridge, or that in a hundred years

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IQQ

the navies of the world would be floating fortresses of iron?
Truly, He who gave man dominion " over all the earth " hath
not limited his powers.

FORECAST OF AMERICA'S FUTURE GREATNESS.

The forecasting of America's greatness, when another hun-
dred years shall have rolled away, and there is a call to celebrate
the 500th Columbian anniversary, affords an interesting sub-
ject for contemplation. If there is anything left of Cuba after
the present unhappy conflict over it, we may not unreasonably
expect that the " gem of the Antilles " will some day glisten
in the crown of " Columbia, the gem of the ocean." As to
Hawaii, whose fate just now seems to be in the balances, it
would perhaps be twisting Scripture unwarrantably to assert
that the prophet Isaiah referred to this particular case when he
said " the inhabitant of this isle shall say in that day, behold,
such is my expectation." "With reference to the great domains
that lie upon our borders, there seems to be no good reason
why they should be added to our now sufficiently large terri-
tory.

Predicting the possible population of the United States in
a hundred years, is, perhaps, a more reasonable undertaking,
for there seem to be somewhat well-defined laws which may
bear upon the subject. When the population of the American
Colonies was about two millions, a writer in an English maga-
zine is said to have estimated that in 1890, it would have in-
creased to sixty-four millions, an estimate that was less than
three per cent, higher than the census of 1890 showed — 62,-
622,250. Applying the same rule to 1990, estimating that the
population will double itself every twenty-five years, would
make the population of the United States aggregate upwards
of 1,000 millions at the time of the celebration in 1993, of
which Connecticut's quota would exceed eleven millions.
Such a Connecticut population, more than 2,300 to the square
mile, against 149 as by the census of 1890, is not likely to be
reached, however, and we shall do well not to be too anxious.
Restricted immigration is coming in for its share of Con-
12

170 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

gressional consideration one of these days, if political promises
are kept. The day of large families seems also to have gone
by, unhappily. The writer's great-grandfather was one of
eighteen children; three generations later the average in the
same line was less than three. If there be an inclination to
worry about an over-populated country a hundred years hence,
let it be the lamentable lot of him who worries lest our coal
supply may be exhausted in twenty thousand years.

BRIEF DURATION OF THE EXPOSITION REGRETTED.

Of those who visited the Columbian Exposition of 1893,
there were few, we imagine, who did not greatly regret that
the marvelous exhibition was not permitted to continue during
the corresponding months of 1894. It is true, that it would
have been impossible to keep the Exposition running during
the intervening winter months, for Chicago can boast of ther-
mometers that go as low as her buildings do high, but no one
cognizant of the marvelous work she had already performed
could doubt her ability to successfully continue the Fair an-
other season if she decided to undertake the task. It will
always seem a pity that such a lavish expenditure of money —
for the auditor's books showed a total expense of more than
26 millions of dollars — could have allowed only the oppor-
tunity of a few months in which to see it. Those whose good
fortune it was to be able to attend the Exposition were so
thoroughly pleased with it that they would have wished to
see during the second season what they failed to see the first,
and it would have required no further advertising to draw
largely-increased attendance than the story of its grandeur as
told the world over by those who had traversed Jackson Park
by gondola, electric launch, intramural railway, or wheeled
chair, and who had reveled among the strange sights and
stranger sounds of the " Midway." It is said to have been the
great desire of Mayor Carter Harrison to have the Exposition
temporarily closed and reopened during the summer and fall
months of 1894, and it is not improbable that he would have
brought about such an arrangement had not an assassin's pistol
brought his life to an untimely end.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1JJ

THE CHICAGO SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF CONNECTICUT.
It is pleasant and desirable to have a " friend at court," and
such the World's Fair Managers had in the organization known
as the " Chicago Society of the Sons of Connecticut." Hardly
had the Connecticut Board of Managers begun to make ar-
rangements to visit. Chicago to participate in the Exposition
dedication ceremonies than Governor Bulkeley received a tele-
gram from the president of the Chicago Society, E. St. John,
general manager of the Chicago & Rock Island railway, ten-
dering a reception to the Connecticut visitors, and offering
them other kindly attentions. During the progress of the Ex-
position the Executive Manager was frequently under obliga-
tion to this organization for courteous and efficient assistance,
and especially to Mr. A. A. Dewey, secretary of the Society.
Members of the Society were frequent visitors to the State
Building, and on one June afternoon a banquet was given by
the Society in its parlors, its hospitality being shared by all
Connecticut visitors who chanced to be present.

CONNECTICUT'S SOUVENIR BADGE.

A complete collection of souvenir badges at the World's
Fair would make an exhibit, that, in number and variety of
design, would rival the famous Tingue collection of buttons in
the Capitol at Hartford. The Connecticut badge was designed
by Miss Etta Andrews of Xorwalk, a young lady of rare gifts
in the direction of art, and who, since the Exposition, has been
pursuing her studies in Paris and in Sweden. Miss Andrews*
design was adopted by the Board of Lady Managers, several
others being in competition. Briefly described, the badge
shows the Connecticut coat of arms; its motto — Qui Trans-
tulit Sustinet; the flags of the United States and Spain, and
the lettering: " Connecticut; World's Fair, 1893." It is made
of fine-gilded brass, the face being inlaid with white enameL
The flags are represented in their natural colors, in enamel.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S CONGRESSES.
The counter attraction of the World's Congresses, held at
the Art Palace in Chicago during the Exposition season, drew

172 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

away from Jackson Park, from time to time, many prominent
Connecticut visitors; some to edify, others to be edified. We
are not in possession of a complete list of residents of Con-
necticut who took part in its various sessions, but recall from
memory that addresses were made as follows: By Dr. Henry
Barnard of Hartford, before the Educational Congress; Elwood
S. Ela of the Manchester Herald, and Nathan W. Kennedy of
the Putnam Standard, at the Press Congress; Dr. William
M. Hudson of Hartford, Prof. W. O. Atwater of Wesleyan
University, and Henry C. Rowe of New Haven, before the
Fish and Fisheries Congress; Hon. E. H. Hyde of Stafford, at
the Agricultural Congress, and Prof. Simeon E. Baldwin of
Yale University, at the Law Congress.

EXTRACTS FROM BULLETINS TO CONNECTICUT NEWS-
PAPERS.

In Chapter X, relating to work of the Executive Depart-
ment, reference is made to bulletins sent to publishers of Con-
necticut newspapers. Beside giving a list of Connecticut visit-
ors to the Exposition from time to time, they contained occa-
sional paragraphs, which, it was thought, might be of some
interest to Connecticut readers — references to notable ex-
hibits, items of more than ordinary moment, suggestions to
intending visitors, — in short, anything that would be
likely to increase the attendance from home, or in any way
serve to entertain those who were unable to visit the great
Fair. A few of the paragraphs are reproduced herewith, as a
closing feature of the last chapter of " Connecticut at the
World's Fair."

[From Bulletin of June 17.]

May weather at the World's Fair was anything but agreea-
ble or comfortable, but June is making ample amends for the
sourness exhibited by her older sister. June is proverbial for
rare days, and when visitors to the Fair recall how raw the open-
ing month was they are inclined, if they still remain here, to
exclaim " well done." Possibly all tastes have thus been suited.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 173

The largest attendance at the Fair, since opening day, was
yesterday — about 193,000 all told. It was Germany's day,
and the lovers of the fatherland were out in full force. The
force was full too — the fullness consisting of sentiments of
affection for the home of other days — (possibly some came
from " Bingen on the Rhine,") — and also the sentiment of
appreciation of a home in this blessed land of liberty. If any
of the fullness was the result of undue libations of German
tonic — that sounds better than " lager," though it tastes very
much like it, so I hear — it did not behave itself unseemly.
Hon. Carl Schurz came all the way from K~ew York to deliver
the oration.

People who are now attending the Exposition think they
have struck it just right. Uncomfortably warm days are rare,
and the nights are so comfortable that a good night's rest can
be secured. That is essential, for sight-seeing is a tiresome
pastime. Chairs and seats are being multiplied daily, adding
much to the attractiveness of the grounds, and to its comfort.

The Tiffany exhibit was open to the public yesterday for
the first time. Its display of set diamonds and other precious
stones in a single show-case is valued at a million dollars. Prob-
ably most of the gems were real diamonds — maybe all of
them — but people are sometimes deceived thereby, though
perhaps not by Mr. Tiffany.

Close by the Tiffany pavilion is that of the Merideii Britan-
nia Co., whose booth alone is said to have cost $22,000. It is
of solid mahogany. Their exhibit attracts great attention —
possibly on account of its sterling qualities. Richard "W. Miles,
who has charge of this marvelously fine exhibit, had charge of
the same company's display at the Paris Exposition, and at
Melbourne also. His career as a salesman began in Camp's
store, Winsted — an establishment which has graduated many
successful men.

People who take pleasure looking at fine textile goods of
American manufacture can see something which will make
their bosoms swell with pride by looking at Rockville's dis-
play of what we suppose are trouserings. They are from the
mills of the Hockanum, RTew England, Rock, American and
Springville manufacturing companies of that busy and enter-
prising town. The goods are superbly displayed where tVy
now are, and later on those who wear them will be superbly
dressed.

The Read Carpet Company of Bridgeport exhibits as

174 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

handsome carpets and rug's as can be seen anywhere in the
Department of Manufactures — so at least I heard a lady say
who stood in front' of its display a few days ago.

The Department, of Transportation has an antique exhibit
which is in distinguished company. It is the Nancy Welles
wagon belonging to Peter Lux of Hartford. Nancy was a
lineal descendant of Miles Standish, and the wagon is about
125 years old, and very likely was regarded as a Lux-ury in the
olden time, before Peter became owner of it, for wagons were
heavily taxed in days when saddles and pillions were in com-
mon use by our great-grandfathers. Near by the old wagon
is an old carriage which belonged to Daniel Webster, and other
old-time vehicles.

The bicycle exhibit in the Transportation Building is
mainly on the gallery floor, but it will amply repay a visit up
up there to see the fine display, and free elevators make the
ascent as easy as the descent to Avernus used to be, and possi-
bly is now, for some people. Connecticut easily takes the
lead on bicycles, as visitors will see when the beautiful brass
pavilion of the Pope Manufacturing Company is observed.

The Chicago Tribune says nothing seems to attract and
hold the crowds in Machinery Hall so permanently as does
the exhibit of the Willimantic Linen Company, and suggests
that no visitor to the Exposition should miss seeing it. The
company has made such an advance in the quality of their
goods that their threads made from long staple Sea Island cot-
ton are pronounced by experts to be superior to linen thread.

The Sons of Connecticut, resident in Chicago, had a meet-
ing in the Connecticut State Building this afternoon, pre-
sided over by Everitte St. John, general manager of the Rock
Island road, a former resident of Norwalk. Secretary A. A.
Dewey (formerly of Middletown) reports that about fifty new
members were added to the organization to-day as the result
of the meeting.

[June 30.]

People in New England, who are staying away from the
World's Fair lest it may be hot in Chicago, will perhaps be-
interested to know that no such apprehension has been justified
thus far. There have been a few summery days, but the nights
have been delightful, and there has been but little complaint
about heat.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 175

If one would have the world see what he has to exhibit
the World's Fair is the place to show it. The Hendey Ma-
chine Company of Torrington recently received an order for
one of their machines to go to Germany.

Hon. O. B. King of Watertown is spending the Exposi-
tion season in Chicago, where his daughter lives. He is not
now interested in Devon stock, but it may be remembered by
some people that he was very much interested in them in 1876.
Queen Victoria, good woman, will perhaps remember the fact
when her attention is called to it, for Mr. King's herd took the
first prize at the Centennial at Philadelphia, though the
Queen's Devons were on the list. The King usually beats the
Queen — I am told.

Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
I refer to the Cheney silks, which may be seen in the northeast
section of the Manufactures Building. If a bride could have
her pick of a trosseau from their exhibit the wedding day
would most likely be long delayed, for it would be difficult to
decide which to choose from the beautiful array.

It is frequently remarked by visitors that none but good-
natured people come to the "World's Fair. Everybody seems
willing to answer questions courteously, and it is hard to
realize that ihe great throng are not all Bostonians.

It is especially noticeable also that there are no drunken
men on the grounds, notwithstanding the fact that beer is sold
at nearly every restaurant and lunch counter. I have not
seen a drunken person here in the two months since the Fair
opened.

The illumination of the " Court of Honor," which is now
observed every evening, presents a scene which will be long
remembered by all who see it. It is hard to realize that a
scene of such marvelous beauty could be witnessed in this land
of popular government. It is much easier to imagine it to be
a foreign picture — one in which imperial grandeur was the
object lesson. Three evenings each week, as a rule, the most
exquisite fireworks add to the attractions of the general illu-
mination. They are made by Pain, the world-renowned pyro-
technist — a pain nobody cares to drive away.

When the last display of the evening has been made the
whistles on all the steamers, little and big, toot their thanks
for the hour's entertainment, and then signal also that the show
is over. If you listen attentively to these whistles you will
observe that some are more musical than others. I call atten-

176 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'o FAIR.

tion to them from the fact that they are Connecticut-.chime
whistles — made by Kinsley & Frisbie of Bridgeport. They
have been adopted by the Exposition as a sort of official
whistle, and may be seen over the roof of the Machinery Hall
power house. The time will come ere long — and it can't
come too soon to suit most people's ears — when they will be
on all railway trains and stationary engines.

[July 5.]

In my limited wanderings in the department of Fine Arts
I have thus far seen no painting which has so much impressed
me as the one entitled " Breaking Home Ties," by Hovenden.
Many Connecticut people will find an added interest in the pic-
ture, from the fact that the same artist painted the picture of
John Brown on his way to execution — now owned by Hon.
Eobbins Battell of Norfolk.

Connecticut hardware firms make a good showing at the
Fair. The Russell & Erwin exhibit from New Britain is one
of the best in its line in the Manufactures Building. It is en-
closed in fine ebony cases, and its superb builders' hardware,
door knobs, etc., remind one of the old conundrum : Why is
a door knob like an attractive woman? Because it is some-
thing to adore. The exhibit is in charge of Mr. F. D. Stid-
ham of New Britain, who has ordered a new bronze railing to
take the place of the plush rope which has surrounded it, and
which has been found to be insecure.

The sanitary features of the Exposition grounds are well
looked after by a former Connecticut boy, C. M. Wilkes, a
native of Manchester. Mr. Wilkes is an expert sanitary engi-
neer, and has charge of the sewerage system. The sewage is
not allowed to contaminate the water of Lake Michigan, but is
pumped out of the sewer at the south end of the grounds and
burned. There is no prospect of typhoid fever here this sum-
merj as there was at the Centennial in 1876. The world has
learned something in this direction during the past seventeen
years.

John "W. Hutchinson, of the well-known Hutchinson
family of singers of other days, was at the Connecticut build-
ing a few days ago, and as he sat near the old clock on the
stair landing he sang, at my invitation, Longfellow's " Clock
on the Stairs," to music composed by himself many years ago.
(That old clock was very likely of Connecticut manufacture,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 177

for its owner, Thomas Gold, of Pittsfield, Mass., whose grand-
daughter was Mrs. Longfellow, was born in Cornwall in 1759,
and graduated at Yale in 1778.) Mr. Hutchinson is an old
man now, the only survivor of his family, but he retains his
singing qualities to a remarkable degree considering his years.
On the 17th of June he sang " The Sword of Bunker Hill " at
the Massachusetts State Building, and at the dedication of the
New Hampshire State Building last week he sang " The Old
Granite State."

Dr. George F. Root's home is on Cornell Avenue, near
the Exposition grounds. I spent an evening at his home re-
cently, and had the pleasure of hearing him sing some of the
popular war songs of his own composing — " Rally 'Round the
Flag," " Tramp, Tramp, Tramp," and the like. Dr. Root still
sings with remarkable vigor for a man of 72, and is a charming
man to meet. He was of Massachusetts origin' but Connecticut
can claim connection with his family, for his sister, Mary, now
Mrs. James Bidwell Peck, was organist of the Congregational
Church in Litchfield during the writer's boyhood.

Rev. Dr. Hiram Eddy of Canaan, Conn., has recently re-
turned home after a ten-days' visit to the Fair. Dr. Eddy
stands 6 feet 4 inches in his shoes, and a good deal
higher than that in the estimation of his friends, is something
over eighty years of age, and is said to be a pretty good repre-
sentation of an ideal Jove. There is nothing mythological,
however, about Dr. Eddy. As chaplain of a three-months Con-
necticut regiment, he was captured at the battle of Bull Run
(they say he had a musket in his hand at the time), and he was
the first Union prisoner to darken the door of Libby prison.
The last day the doctor spent in Chicago was partially devoted
to Libby prison, which as all well-informed readers are aware,
is now a Chicago exhibit, and a very interesting one. To no
one, however, would it be more interesting than to the venera-
ble " war parson," who was its first victim.

[July 7.]

The heated term has arrived, but thus far the shore of Lake
Michigan is a more comfortable place than people generally at
the East may imagine. There is usually a good breeze from
the lake, so that the temperature is perceptibly modified by it,
and as the Connecticut building is located near the lake shore

178 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

many Connecticut visitors seek the shade of its verandas dur-
ing the heated midday hours.

The tribe of Stanley was well looked after here on the
recent Fourth, also some other Xew Britab people. A boat-
ing- party was gotten up for them, and they were thus enabled
to have a charming view of the fireworks from the lake. Among
the guests were Mr. and Mrs. James Stanley, Mr. Isaac Stan-
ley, Misses Harriet, Minnie, Alice, and Emily Stanley, Mr.
and Mrs. Howard S. Hart, Miss Peck, Miss Lamed and Mr.
Cooley.

Perhaps there was no more attractive exhibit at the Fair
during the early part of the month than that of Pain's fire-
works. A whole pavilion made of fire-crackers was enough to
drive the average American boy to distraction. It is a pretty
structure, surmounted by the English coat of arms, and resting
on an apparently substantial base of rockets, Roman candles,
etc.

A party of Hartford girls doing the Fair spent a day very
agreeably in Cairo street. They saw the conjurors performing
their wonderful feats, inspected the curios about them on every
hand, witnessed the wonderful wedding procession, and lis-
tened knowingly to the gibberish rattled oft0 so glibly by the
queerly-dressed, dark-visaged denizens of the place, and then
mounted the camels and took a billowy ride on the ungainly
creatures. It was rather exciting to girls of doubtful eques-
trian ability at best, and as one beast after another doubled
himself up after his manner to let them dismount, one of the
girls excitedly exclaimed : " Well, that was the most delight-
ful agony I ever experienced."

People cannot keep too sharp a wratch of their pocketbooks,
umbrellas, etc., while they are at the Fair. An umbrella left
unprotected two minutes is likely to walk off under the arm
of a new possessor. Yesterday two ladies' purses were laid down
in the Connecticut State Building, and the owners walked
away without them. One of them was brought to the execu-
tive manager's office, by Charles A. Wright, of Chester, and
the other by Miss Almira Lovell, formerly of Sharon. It is
not often that lost articles fall into honest hands like these.

[July 12.]

A. 1"). Quint of Hartford doesn't occupy much space in
Machinery Hall with his one exhibit of a turret head drilling
machine, but the machine occupies a good deal of attention

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. ^79

from machinists. This is a comparatively new machine, pat-
ented last year, but it is doubtless able to do all its inventor
claims for it — to do what no other drilling machine in the
world can do — for he has sold over eighty of them already.

At last reports a Connecticut cow was getting to be almost
as famous as her sister that jumped over the moon. She is
owned by ex-State Treasurer E. S. Henry of Rockville, and
stands second in the class of twenty-five Jerseys as a butter-
producer. She mil prove herself still more of a treasure in the
estimation of the ex-treasurer if she succeeds in jumping over
the cow who just now stands at the head of the class.

The appalling disaster of Monday afternoon — the burn-
ing of the cold storage building and the loss of a score of lives

— has thrown a cloud over the " White City," but after a little
it will be forgotten, except in homes where an absent one
will never return. It is consoling in some measure to believe
that there is no other structure within the entire grounds which
may be called a fire trap, as the cold storage building was.

[July 17.]

The scoring of butter .of the July exhibit is now being
made, and my next bulletin will let Connecticut people know,
if Connecticut butter is as rank as butter from other states.

There was a time when the " lightest word " would harrow
up one's soul — according to the plaintive prince of Denmark

— but when it comes to harrowing up one's soil, why, that's a
different matter, and to do that in an effective manner re-
quires a modern cutaway harrow. The Cutaway Harrow Com-
pany of Higganum is among the exhibitors in the annex to the
Agricultural Building, and if it does not carry home one of the
medals, provided by the Bureau of Awards, we shall be sur-
prised, and the company will be disappointed. Their exhibit
merits the attention of all tillers of the. soil.

[July 20.]

In a recent bulletin I said the Jersey cow belonging to
Hon. E. S. Henry of Rockville, stood second in her class of
twenty-five. I was misinformed, and beg pardon of the Bar-
oness of Argyle for the injustice done her. She stands at the
head! Her record for the first thirty of the ninety-day test
was 68.95 pounds of butter, the next highest being 68.19.

180 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

I am unable to give the comparative figures of the butter
test in the July exhibit, the score not yet having been
made public, but I have reason to believe, from what I
have heard from a semi-official source, that when the
scores are completed Eastern butter will scale somewhat higher
than the Western article. It should be understood, however,
that no poor butter is exhibited here from any of the Western
states. In the test just completed the butter from Connecti-
cut co-operative creameries scored a higher average by from
one to two points than the average in which private creameries
and dairies are included. In the former the range is from 86
to 98, the average 94 to 95 out of a possible 100. The highest
score was obtained by the Windsor Creamery Company, 98,
with several others close following. New England butter lacks
mainly in flavor, in which particular it is at a disadvantage
when compared with butter from states near by, like Illinois
and Wisconsin, whose samples were fresher by nearly ten
days. Connecticut cheese scored an average of 90.25, ranging
from 86 to 96, the latter score being obtained by Edward Xor-
ton's pineapple cheese, from Gosh en. The highest score on
domestic cheese, 94, was awarded to Mrs. F. B. Chaffee, of
East Woodstock.

Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, of New Haven, who decorated
the Connecticut room in the Woman's Building, has returned
home after a sojourn here of several months. Miss Sheldon's
work has brought her almost no end of commendation — in-
deed more praise than pecuniam — but if she has lacked re-
muneration to which her artistic work has entitled her, she
can at least have the satisfaction of knowing that her work is
appreciated, and that her departure is much regretted. Dur-
ing Miss Sheldon's stay in Chicago there was no social atmos-
phere so rarefied but that she floated in it with rare grace.

[July 28.]

A recent bulletin contained reference to Miss E. B. Shel-
don of New Haven, the gifted artist who decorated the Con-
necticut room in the Woman's Building. I have since learned
an interesting bit of news regarding the lady and her work
which I cannot keep to myself. The Kentucky Board of Lady
Managers decided that the design for the decoration for their
room in the Woman's Building should be open to competition.
The design selected by the jury of award was presented by

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IgJ

Miss Sheldon, but when it was discovered that the lady was not
a Kentuckian the next best design was awarded the honor.

I have a singular story to relate. A woman* of seventy-
one called at the Connecticut State Building recently, and
said she was born in Otsego County, X. Y., but that she had
registered in the Rhode Island Building in honor of her
mother, who was a native of that State, and, inasmuch as her
father was born in Connecticut, she asked the privilege of reg-
istering here " in his honor." She was, of course, permitted
to do so, and as she was inclined to be communicative this
story was gathered from her. She has been a widow for thirty
years, supporting herself by laundry work, or, to quote her
own words, " by taking in washing." She was in good health
and wished very much to see the World's Fair. Having no
money with which to pay her passage, she borrowed enough to
meet her needs in this respect. Upon her arrival here she en-
gaged to do housework in a family about three miles from the
Exposition grounds at $3 per week, with the privilege of visit-
ing the Fair one day in each week. She said her friends at
home told her she was crazy to think of going to the Fair, but
she thinks she wasn't, for she has already paid back the money
she borrowed; says she lives better than she did at home,
and that as she expects to live to be 1 00 years old she will have a
good many years in which to think of and talk over the wonder-
ful sight she beholds here. Surely, this humble woman can
be regarded as having strength of purpose sufficient to make
her title clear to genuine Puritan ancestry, and to character-
istics akin to those who sailed from Palos and Delft-haven. She
has certainly discovered a way in which a poor woman can
see the World's Fair.

[August 1.]

Elizabeth Stuart Phelps wrote: "Pealing, the clock of
time has struck the woman's hour." There is, perhaps, no use
trying to keep woman in the background after her hour has
struck, so it seems proper to refer briefly to a beautiful volume
which has recently been published under the direction of the
literary committee of the Connecticut Board of Lady Man-
agers for the Columbian Exposition. Its title is " Selections
from the Writings of Connecticut Women." It is a beautiful
volume and contains upwards of fifty selections — almost ex-

* Mrs. Esther Preston of South Edmeston, N. Y.

182 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

clusively fugitive pieces, gathered from newspapers and maga-
zines — from the pens of Connecticut's gifted literary daugh-
ters. The edition was limited to 200 copies (the price to be
$3.50), and already 150 have been sold. The selections were
edited by Mrs. J. L. Gregory of Norwalk, of the Literary Com-
mittee, and sales of the book are made by her.

If Columbus was not afraid to brave Atlantic storms with
his trio of queer-looking little ocean craft — the Santa Maria,
!Nma, and Pinta — what may not be said of the bravery of the
Norsemen, who sailed in the Viking six hundred years earlier !
The little Viking, which recently " came over," said to be an
exact reproduction of its famous prototype, now lies near the
battle ship " Illinois," and thousands of visitors inspect it daily.
It is about eighty feet long, and though stanchly built is not an
inviting craft to undertake much of a sea voyage in — nor even
a sail on Lake Michigan in weather such as has been seen here
since the Exposition opened.

Mr. and Mrs. "W. H. Higgs of Hartford are now visiting
the Fair, and are quartered at Hotel Ingram as guests of Hon.
W. F. Cody, alias "Buffalo Bill." The Calhoun Printing
Company, of which Mr. Higgs is general manager, does the
entire printing for the " Wild "West " show, and the exhibit
of color printing is almost equal to the show itself.

[August 8.]

When it was decided last year that Connecticut would
make a crop exhibit at the World's Fair the time for gathering
samples of grasses and grains had passed. The crop of 1893 is
now being garnered here, however, and the Connecticut
pavilion in the Agricultural Building has been greatly im-
proved in appearance of late by Mr. Parker, its new attendant,
But it should not be supposed that Connecticut will attempt to
rival in agricultural display the great grain-growing states of
the West. Hers is a different domain. In the realm of manu-
factures she is on the throne. Only a l^ancy Hanks can out-
strip her Columbia bicycles, the thread of our lives snaps more
easily than Willim antic spool cotton; John L. Sullivan cannot
pulverize an antagonist to half the fineness that a Cutaway
narrow will pulverize old Mother Earth ; neither the orient nor
autumnal nature can produce a more beautiful carpet than
Bridgeport exhibits at the Fair. Silkworms never spun for
silks of more exquisite designs than those of the Cheneys; the

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. lfc£

Coe Brass Company spins German silver wire to the fineness
of S.OOOths of an inch, and the structures of the Berlin Iron
Bridge Company will resist the rhythmic tread of an army
with bands and banners. ^X evertheless, Connecticut is to have
a very creditable display in its agricultural pavilion.

The crop exhibit of the Dominion of Canada is as fine
as anything of its kind in the Agricultural Building. It looks
as though she were striving to win favor in the eyes of annexa-
tionists on this side of the line, and she has done it.

Hon. Clinton B. Davis, of the Connecticut Board of
World's Fair Managers, is at the Fair, and during his stay he
will give special attention to matters relating to " Connecticut
Day."

Senator Brooker of Torrington, is also at the Fair, sum-
moned to attend meetings of the National Commission as al-
ternate of Hon. Leverett Brainard.

The Pope Manufacturing Company has withdrawn its ex-
hibit of Columbia bicycles from competition on account of
dissatisfaction with the rules which govern the bureau of
awards. The Columbias are part of the World's Columbian
Exposition all the same, and in the estimation of all who
know what high grade wheels are they will not suffer from the
lack of one of the bureau's bronze medals.

[August 12.]

Connecticut people who wish to come to the Fair should
not delay their departure simply because they have not made
arrangements for boarding places, etc. There is no lack of ac-
commodations close by, and those who so report themselves at
the Connecticut State Building can be provided for at an
hour's notice.

There hasn't been a rainy day here since the first of June,
and day after day the weather has been almost perfect. There
have been not more than six or eight real hot days all told, with
the mercury above ninety, and not more than two consecutive
hot days.

Kev. J. B. McLean, of McLean Seminary, Simsbury, is
now a visitor at the Fair,, and so favorably impressed with it
that he thinks he may come out again later in the season bring-
ing-a lot of his, scholars with him. He thinks it would be the
best kind of schooling for them.

The Electrical Building is full of surprises for the unin-

184 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

itiated. Genuine thunder and lightning are here made to
order; all sorts of messages are sent far and near, and all sorts
•of lightning apparatus dazzle the eye. In the north end of the
gallery cooking is going on without the aid of a match, and re-
freshments are served, cooked by wires in the most satisfac-
tory manner. The greatest attraction in the building is proba-
bly Gray's Telautograph. It is located in about the middle of
the western gallery. Here, before innocent-looking little ma-
chines, about the size of a sewing-machine cover, sit the opera-
( tives sending messages in their own handwriting, drawing pic-
' tures, etc., which are exactly reproduced at the other end of the
line. To see the little pencils bobbing about, apparently of
their own accord, and doing their work so accurately, fills one
with renewed wonder at the ingenuity of man; and certainly
the old woman who recognized her son's handwriting in the
telegram she received was only a few days ahead of the times.

[August 18.]

R. S. Hinman, late chief clerk in the office of Secretary of
State, is now at the Fair, accompanied by his son. Mr. Hin-
man represents the Connecticut Farmer, and his letters to
that paper will be interesting reading to Connecticut farmers.

To go through the Transportation Building and give its
exhibits a thorough study is worth a good deal more than it
costs. The Baltimore & Ohio road has a wonderfully interest-
ing display of locomotives, antique as well as modern, and some
of the former are enough to make an iron horse laugh. Then
for contrast between olden time and the present in the matter
-of road wagons one should see the Nancy Welles wagon, of
"Wethersfield, 125 years old, and a " 6-passenger brake " of the
present day, made by the New Haven Carriage Company.

A Connecticut visitor here, who doesn't want his name
divulged, asks that people from that State be warned against
the German village on the Midway Plaisance, or, at least,
against some of its charges. There was no fee for admission,
so he thought he would patronize the place by ordering a bottle
of beer for himself and another for his wife, expecting the
charge would be about fifteen cents a bottle. The principal
Teason why he doesn't care to be known in connection with
the matter is because the two bottles cost him $1, and not be-
cause of the sin of beer-drinking. Indeed, it may almost be

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 185

regarded a sin — the wages of which is typhoid fever — to
drink Chicago water.

The first rainy day at the "World's Fair since the first of
June, was on the 16th of August, and even then the rain was
all over before noon.

The section of the Agricultural Building which most at-
tracts the Connecticut farmers who visit the Fair, is the annex
— devoted to implements.

The babies on the Plaisance are among the curiosities.
There is one in the Dahomey village that attracts considerable
attention. Simply clad in an abbreviated shirt he crawls about
in front of the hut where his mother sits, and with great glee
deposits the pennies thrown to him in her lap. The clothes
which the Dahomey baby lacks seem to be piled in a mass of
dirty color on to the Arab baby, who rejoices in pants and
skirts, and shawls, and coats enough to smother an ordinary
child, and the powerful, strong-featured woman who coddles
it seems to forget for the time that she is part of a show, and
possibly dreams that she is far away again on her native sands.
The little Indian boy has been very gorgeous of late in fairly
fashioned trousers and waist of bright turkey-red calico figured
with black. His hair is closely cropped and he will never
have the air of the noble red man if he is allowed to become
so civilized. The little Chinese girl, clad in the quaintest of
garments, sits just outside the door of her mother's room, and
replies to the questions of all passers-by, her one phrase of
English being "two-year-old." Her brown little face and
hands, and queer little slanting eyes, her shaven head with a
little pig-tail sticking out over each ear, make her a funny
little object, and the ease with which she manages her chop-
sticks is certainly surprising.

The American Hosiery Company of ISTew Britain has a
fine display of underwear of all sorts. The great variety of
dainty silk garments is fitly displayed in Chicago, where the
belles of the ballroom and the ballet vie with each other
in the delicacy of their apparel.

[August 23.]

One of the most attractive exhibits to be seen now at the
Fair is the corps of West Point cadets in camp near the Govern-
ment Building for a few days. Their dress parades, held twice
each day, draw thousands of admiring spectators. All the
13

186 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

State Buildings were illuminated and opened to them last night
(22d), and they danced — not to their hearts' content, how-
ever — with a host of pretty girls, some of them from Con-
necticut. Our State is represented in the corps by a fine lot
of young fellows, namely: W. J. Barden, of Salisbury; W. H.
Paine, of Westford; Geo. H. Shelton, of Birmingham, and S.
A. Cheney, of South Manchester. Cadet Barden is one of the
cadet captains, stands at the head of his class, and is very popu-
lar withal.

Possibly the time is coming when the use of pneumatic
and rubber tires will not be confined to bicycles and trotting
sulkies. In the Transportation Building at the World's Fair,
may be seen pleasure carriages with rubber tires. If rubber
horseshoes can take the place of iron ones there would be im-
mediately eliminated, say, seventy-five per cent, of the noise of
the streets.

The Bell-Telephone Company have two telephones in the
Electricity Building, so adjusted that one reflects a ray of light
to the other, ninety feet distant, and on this ray of light mes-
sages are sent from one telephone to the other. The communi-
cation is not yet sufficiently clear and satisfactory to alarm
copper-wire manufacturers, but it affords a glimpse of what
scientific investigation will do.

Some time ago it was reported that the Hendey Machine
Company of Torrington had sold one of its machines to a Ger-
man visitor. More recently it has sold machines to parties in
England and in Switzerland. Mr. Hendey thinks it pays to
show wares at a World's Fair.

Frank J. Dugan of Norwalk, manufacturer of clay novel-
ties, was an early applicant for space at the Fair, but before
assignment of space was made some enemy forged his signature
to a letter which withdrew his application. The forgery was
not discovered for several weeks, and when it was discovered
there was really no space left for him. Chief Robinson, of the
machinery department, was so incensed over the injustice done
Mr. Dugan by his unknown enemy that he determined to help
him, and allotted him space about a week before the Fair
opened. His potter's wheel is now surrounded by visitors, and
his exhibit is one of the attractions of that great department.

Dr. and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls of Hartford, left Chicago and
the Exposition on the 22d mst., on their homeward trip, going
by way of St. Paul and Duluth, thence by steamer down the

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 187

lakes to Cleveland. Their boat ride will be about five days
long.

Connecticut has no mortgage on the World's Fair that I
am aware of, but nearly every building on the grounds is en-
circled by Connecticut chains, made by the Bridgeport Chain
Company. The company also has an exhibit in the Transporta-
tion Building.

[August 29.]

There are some rules which Connecticut visitors to the
World's Fair will do well to observe when they are here. Drink
very sparingly of Chicago water, for, say, the first month.
Those who do not heed this rule are liable to discover that it
has a decidedly debilitating effect. The change of air is
enough without the change of water.

Tiffany has a finer exhibit of diamonds than any lady or
gentlemen in Connecticut. It may be considered sensible ad-
vice that visitors leave valuable gems, etc., at home. If
brought here they will be likely to bring the owner lots of
anxious moments lest they may be stolen. The same rule will
well apply to valuable watches. A $4 short winding " Water-
bury " will answer as good purpose as a $400 chronometer, and
the loss of the former would occasion only a $4 pang.

Pf course no visitor contemplates losing his (or more likely
her) pocketbook; nevertheless, it is a good rule to have a card
in it bearing the name and address of the owner.

Connecticut visitors are cautioned, also, about leaving any-
thing uncared for anywhere. Thieves are almost as

Thick as leaves that strew the brooks

In Vallombrosa,

thick enough, certainly, and an umbrella, hand satchel, opera
glass, or guide book is soon missing if laid down and left un-
guarded. A lady took off her gold-bowed spectacles to wash
her face in the ladies' toilet-room at the Connecticut State
Building a few days ago, and when she had completed her
ablutions her spectacles were missing, as was also the unknown
lady who had been talking with her.

[September 6.]

ISTo day passes that some son or daughter of Connecticut,
now resident elsewhere, does not come to the State Building

188 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

in the hope of finding some acquaintance of other days, or pos-
sibly that they may show their regard for the land of their
birth. A few instances of this kind merit especial mention.
An elderly gentleman called and remarked that he was born
in Litchfield, signifying a wish to enter his name on the regis-
ter. He did not appear to be more than seventy-five, but he
divulged his real age before he departed, for he said he left
Litchfield in 1818, where he was born in 1802, whereby it ap-
peared that he was ninety-one! He was Win. H. Seymour of
Brockport%, 1ST. Y., a relative of the late chief justice, Origen S.
Seymour, and he still remembers people now living in Litch-
field who were his associates in boyhood days.

A recent visitor to the Connecticut State Building was the
venerable Wilford AA^oodruff of Salt Lake City. Mr. Wood-
ruff was born in Farmington; in his younger days was a miller
in the employ of the Collins Company of Collmsville, and was
one of the pioneers to Utah in 1847, when the site of Salt Lake
City was only a waste of sand. He is now eighty-five, and one
of the bright and shining lights of the Mormon church. I say
" bright " understandingly, for notwithstanding his extreme
age his eye does not seem to be dimmed nor his natural force
abated. Mr. Woodruff is president of the Mormon church,
though in his boyhood he sat under the preaching of the ortho-
dox Doctor Porter in Farmington, and was a schoolmate of jthe
late ex-President Noah Porter of Yale. Mr. Woodruff is
here to take part in the Congress of Religions, whose sessions
will begin September 11. On Saturday of this week, " Utah
Day," the great choir of the great Mormon tabernacle in Salt
Lake City will sing in Festival Hall.

Another interesting visitor to the Connecticut State Build-
ing of late is Mr. J. L. Swift of Chicago, a native of Hartford.
Mr. Swift has been a 'resident of Chicago many years, and his
property was entirely wiped out of existence by the great fire
of 1871. He had lots of " sand," however, and though offered
a position in Hartford after the fire he decided to stick his
stakes again on the spot where he was burned out, and later on
success again sprang, phoenix-like, from the ashes of his lost
fortune.

Still another notable visitor is a Mr. Abbott, who left Hart-
ford in 1854, equipped with a Sharps' rifle and bound for Kan-
sas. - He was one of the sturdy pioneers to that state in the
troublesome Kansas-Nebraska days. Mr. Abbott was an inti-
mate acquaintance and co-worker with John Brown, and re-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. ] 89

lates many interesting incidents of those times that tried the
souls of the free state men. Mr. Abbott is a relative of Presi-
dent Watrous of the Win. Rogers Manufacturing Company of
Hartford.

[September 9.]

People who do not wish to be bothered beyond what they
are able to bear will leave their trunks at home when they
start for the World's Fair. A hand satchel will hold every
article needed during a fortnight's stay. It should be remem-
bered, however, that the cool nights have come, and warm
wraps should be brought along, for they'll be needed. Xo man
should start away without at least a light-weight overcoat, and
it will not feel uncomfortable these cool evenings if it is not a
very light one. •

The attendance at the Fair has gradually increased since
the ides of September macfe their appearance, and the visitors
are having fine weather for sight-seeing.

Connecticut visitors to the Fair about the time of " Connec-
ticut Day " will be likely to see more people than they will
ever see again on earth or possibly elsewhere. Chicago day
will be October 9, two days in advance of Connecticut's day,
and Chicago proposes to get together the biggest assemblage
that was ever together on one spot since the foundations of the
earth were laid. Her idea is at least to beat the record of the
biggest day at the Paris Exposition, and in order to do that
the turnstiles must record about 400,000 people.* It should
be remembered that Chicago's motto is " I will!"

[September 13.]

An enthusiastic Litchfield county farmer, who is now at
the Fair, says if he had but a hundred dollars in the world he
would think fifty of it well spent in seeing the Fair.

The clergy who are now at the Fair are in a quandary
whether to see the sights in the limited time at their disposal or
attend the meetings of the Congress of Eeligions at the Art
Institute in the city. They will most likely divide their time,
giving the larger portion, however, to sight-seeing. They
think they can get the principal benefits of the Congressional
papers from the printed reports.

* The number of visits on Chicago Day exceeded 700,000.

190 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

One of the finest sights on the Exposition grounds in the
evening is the illuminated Ferris wheel. It is surrounded on
each side by two circles of incadescent lights, one at the
periphery and one interior, giving an effect somewhat like the
rings of Saturn.

[September 19.]

The Ferris wheel is certainly a great attraction to children
from all over the world who visit the Fair. A lady, benevo-
lently inclined, took some little folks, a short time ago, who had
never been inside the gates. Entering at Fifty-seventh street,
she showed them the Florida Building, with its cocoanut tree,
the Iowa Building-, with its corn palace, the battle ship, etc.
On coining out from each place the question was always tim-
idly asked, " When are we going to the World's Fair?" and
the answer was always given : " Why, this is the World's Fair,
all of it and much more." Finally, light broke on the subject
when the smallest of the party, a mere infant, inquired:
" When are we going to the World's Fair wheel?" The hint
was taken and the children were gratified.

The parade through the grounds on Transportation Day
was certainly unique. Elegant coaches, baby carriages, bicy-
cles, camels, hammocks suspended between the heads of the
South Sea Islanders, palanquins, donkey and ox carts, and all
sorts of unheard-of vehicles found place in it. The building it-
self was thronged throughout the day. A Stratford lady stood
in front of the New York Central exhibit, and looked with in-
terest at the old train — the first ever run in this country, in
1831. " My mother rode on that train," said she, " from Al-
bany to Schenectady when she was a girl." The old lady still
lives, and has had many a ride since on the moving palaces
which the road now furnishes.

There came near being a sensation at the Connecticut State
Building Monday morning. A well-known Connecticut
clergyman, a doctor of divinity at that, and standing at the
head of his denomination, remarked to a party of friends that
he " spent yesterday at polo." We knew that many Chicago
theaters were open Sunday, and that the race tracks made good
records of time — if not for eternity — on that day, and had
almost reached the conclusion that the strain of sight-seeing at
the Fair had unsettled the good doctor's mind, as well as his
morals, when it dawned upon us that he had been to Polo, 111.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 191

[September 23.]

" Where do they feed the lagoons," was asked by a World's
Fair visitor at the Woman's Building the other day. She had
heard of the lagoons, evidently, and had seen the various water
fowl that float upon its surface and waddle on the shores of the
wooded island; we can guess the rest.

There are doubtless almost numberless instances of renewal
of acquaintance at the World's Fair by men who have not seen
each other since the war. One of these re-unions occurred at
the Connecticut Building recently — after thirty-one years —
between General H. C. Dwight of Hartford (27th Massachu-
setts Volunteers) and Captain E. E. Yaill of Litchfield, who
commanded the flagship Guide, of the Burnside expedition
(1862). Xumerous mutual acquaintances were called to mind,
and interesting events of the war recounted, relating princi-
pally to scenes on deck and shore in and around North Carolina
waters. Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan had hardly been heard
of at that early period of the war, and Pat Gilmore, leader of
the flagship, band (24th Massachusetts) had not yet achieved
musical fame.

[September 28.]

People who decide not to visit this World's Fair, under the
misapprehension that in 1900 or some other eventful year
they will have a chance to see something surpassing it, make a
mistake. Every person who has seen it will tell you that no
pei-son now living will ever be likely to see its equal again on
earth. The like of this Fair could be put nowhere else except
in Jackson *Park, with its marvelous side show of a mile in
length up the Midway Plaisance. There the ends of the earth
meet, and the middle of the earth is there too. A stroll up the
Plaisance makes one feel as though he had stopped at every
port on the Mediterranean sea, at every far-off island on the
globe, and, indeed, among the people of every civilized and
uncivilized country that the sun shines upon, as well as some
upon which the sun doesn't shine very often.

Early in the season the Connecticut State Building was
criticised by a few Connecticut visitors as not reflecting credit
upon the state. On the other hand, people from other states,
and especially those who indicate the highest degree of intelli-
gence and culture, pronounce the structure one of the most at-

192 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

tractive of all the State Buildings, and almost the only one
that would serve as a model for a dwelling place.

These are great days for the World's Fair, and the daily at-
tendance of paid admissions reaches close up to 200,000. And
not a sight-seer goes away with any other sentiment than this
— that the Pair surpasses his highest anticipation, and that
there is no use trying to describe it.

[October 3.]

If any one doubts the ability of Connecticut to let its light
shine before men let them behold the exhibit of carriage lamps
in the Transportation Building. Fine displays are there made
by the White Manufacturing Company of Bridgeport, and by
C. Cowles & Company of New Haven.

There is an exhibit in Manufactures Building which has a
great attraction for Chicago people, to whom the word " fire "
has a deeper significance than to many others, and that is the
fire proofing and wire4athing exhibit of Gilbert and Bennett,
together with Hammond's metal furring, of Georgetown.

The Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company has a
fine display in the patent office department of the Government
Building. The latest improvements in their machines are
shown there. Besides the machines for ordinary sewing and
embroidery are those for hemstitching, tailoring, for cutting
and stitching button-holes at the same time, machines with two
needles for vamping shoes, and four needles for stitching
gloves.

There is a funny display in the Government Building of
articles from the dead-letter office. There are ^ false teeth,
cocoanuts, skulls, stuffed animals, fishing tackle,' articles of
clothing, furs, jewelry, boats, fruit, toys, farming implements,
fa]se hair, seeds, plants, keys, lamps, etc. The assortment
rivals that of any country store. The directions on missent
letters must be seen to be appreciated. Besides those in every
known and unknown language are many in which the English
is past finding out, and others which only an expert could de-
cipher. Behold one directed in a clear, bold hand to Rev. H.
H. Stratton, L. Siner P. O., Carter Co., Mo. The govern-
ment stamp on the envelope explains that the letter was duly
received at Ellsinore, Mo.

I do not remember to have seen William J. Broatch since
he was down " at the front," thirty years ago or thereabouts,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 19g

but his name was discovered on the register in the Connecticut
State Building recently, his residence being given as Omahar
of which city he was mayor not long ago, and possibly is now.
I think he was of Middletown origin, or somewhere in that
sandstone region.

[October 17.]

Connecticut's exhibit of working oxen arrived at the Fair
last week, with Mr. Augustus Hamilton of Bristol in charge.
There are six pairs, all told, owned as follows: David Strong,.
"Winsted, one pair; Granger Brothers, Broad Brook, one pair;
J. M. Ferris, Stamford, two pairs ; and E. W. Lyon. Xorthfield,
two pairs. The latter are trained steers — taught to perform '
many wonderful tricks, though I do not credit the story that
they say " Now I lay me " every time they lie down. I have
no hesitation in saying that Connecticut will take "first
money " on working oxen, for there are no other entries except
from our state.

A Connecticut lady who had not intended visiting the Ex-
position came here a few days ago to make a week's stay —
compelled to undertake the trip and the task of World's Fair
sight-seeing from the high-colored reports of it from her friends
who had been here. Notwithstanding the fact that she had
seen most of the art galleries of Europe, and, of course,
nearly all European attractions, from the Giant's Causeway
to the Bosphorus, she says that when she had been here two
days — just long enough to take in the exterior sights, such as
could be obtained from electric launches, including the sights
of the Court of Honor with its electric fountain, the lagoons
with their marvelous surroundings, and a view of the White
City from the upper deck of the whaleback steamer, Christo-
pher Columbus, — she was amply repaid for the time and ex-
pense of coming. If you haven't seen the Fair, reader, don't
let the 30th of October pass ere you have seen its wonderful

[October 20.]

One of the most interesting colonial exhibits in the Connec-
ticut State Building is a photograph of the old charter granted
by Charles II in 1680, or thereabout. It was secured by ex-
Comptroller C. C. Hubbard, of Hartford, who has reproduced
several colonial documents in a very creditable manner.

194 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Connecticut has a triple part in the Congress on Fish and
Fisheries held this week. Dr. Wm. M. Hudson, of the Con-
necticut Fish Commission, presided at the opening session on
the 16th; Prof. W. O. Atwater, of Wesleyan University, de-
livered an address on the 17th on " The Correlation of Land
and Water in Kelation to Food Supply and Agriculture," and
on the 19th Henry C. Howe of New Haven delivered an ad-
dress on " The Methods of Deep Water Oyster Culture." Mr.
Howe is authority on bivalves, and if his address was as good
as the New Haven oysters he recently shipped to a friend
of ours in Chicago (of which we had a satisfactory taste), it
must have been a good one.

[October 30.]

At a recent banquet at the Auditorium hotel given in
honor of President Palmer of the Columbian Commission, I
sat across the table from President Charles P. Clark, of the
New York, New Haven and Hartford road. The last pre-
vious banquet I attended at which he was a guest was twenty
years ago, in 1873, at Poughkeepsie, when the people of that
city desired to interest New England railroad interests, and
capitalists generally, upon the subject of a bridge over the
Hudson River. The bridge is built, but many of those who
attended the banquet, especially the older ones interested in
the project, did not live to see the structure completed, passing
over another river, which railway trains never cross. Mr.
Clark came out to the Fair, accompanied by Hon. Leverett
Brainard, one of Connecticut's United States Commissioners to
the Exposition, in a special car tendered to him by Vice-Presi-
dent Webb of the New York Central. Mr. Brainard, by the
way, has concluded his labors with the Columbian Commission,
and returned to his home in Hartford, and merits the most em-
phatic commendation for the excellent service he has tendered
Connecticut during his long service as a member of it.

[November 3.]

The Cheney tapestry which has beautified the walls of the
parlors in the Connecticut Building at the Exposition received
its final compliment a few days ago. Two feminine visitors
were making a tour of observation through the house, when
one queried of her companion after this manner : " Say, Mar-
thy, see this tapistry the Cheney Brothers have given 'em.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 195

D'ye spose it's bonyfidy? " " JSTo; I guess it's real," was the
complimentary response.

[November 20.]

The shrewdness of the Connecticut Yankee is proverbial.
An instance in which this characteristic is well-defined conies
to light just now when the State Buildings on Jackson Park
have to be disposed of. The various State Boards of Managers
are required by the Exposition Company to remove their build-
ings and leave the premises in good condition. Some of the
buildings are offered to wreckers for nothing; for some a mere
pittance is received, and as for such a palatial structure as the
ISTew York Building — it can't be given away ! Executive
Commissioners are worrying by day and lying awake by night
over the question — How shall we get rid of it? The Con-
necticut Board of World's Fair Managers, on the other hand,
saw this state of things from the outset and decided to avoid
the annoyance at the close. They stipulated that the State
Building should revert to the possession of the builders at the
close of the Exposition. The builders were also Connecticut
Yankees (the Tracy Brothers of AVaterbury), and they sold
the building more than a year ago to a resident of Chicago,
for $3,000 — to be delivered to him at the close of the Fair.
Xow the aforesaid resident of Chicago is worrying himself
about it.* The present consensus of opinion in and about
Jackson Park is that there was much good business sense dis-
played by the Connecticut Board of World's Fair Managers at
the outset, and that the shrewd, common-sense Yankee still
abides in the land of wooden nutmegs.

Some Connecticut newspapers have recently been publish-
ing extracts from an address delivered before the Agricultural
Congress in Chicago last month by "' Abram " Hyde. Abram
is a good scriptural name, but the right name for Mr. Hyde is
EpJiraim — in other words, ex-Lieutenant-Governor E. H.
Hvde of Stafford.

* The purchaser of the building failed to consummate his contract,
in consequence of which its ownership remained with the Tracy
Brothers, which made possible the subsequent and more gratifying
disposition of it as related in Chapter V.

196

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

CONNECTICUT VISITORS TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.*
The total number of visitors to the World's Fair from Con-
necticut, as shown by registrations at the State Building, was
a little more than 26,000. The following list shows attend-
ance by towns, including only places from which at least fifty
visitors registered. There were 316 towns and villages from
which there were less than fifty registrations.

Greenwich, ...

Ansonia, 192

Killingly

Putnam,

Milford, ....
New Milford, . . .
Torrington,
Wethersfield, . . .

Litchfield

Wallingford, ..... 125

Naugatuck, 121

New Canaan, 120

Bethel

East Hartford, . .
Windsor, ....

Colliusville, 106

Westport, ....

Guilford, 104

Stafford Springs, . .

Branford

Stratford, ....

Ridgefield, 95

Simsbury 92

Southington,
Glastonbury, . . .
Lakeville, ....
Southport, ....
Colchester, ....

Essex

Newtown, ....
Norfolk

195
192
175
174
157
150
134
129
125
125
121
120
118
117
117
106
105
104
99
95
95
95
92
92
90
86
81
80
77
'74
74

Thoinpsonville, . .
Clinton, .

. . 73
73

Somers,
Pomfret, .

. . 73

. . 72

Woodbury

Groton, ....
Berlin, ....
Sharon, .

. . 68
. . 67
67

Seymour, ...
Fairfield, . . .
Windsor Locks, .

. . 66
. . 65
. . 64

New Hartford.
Thompson, .
Orange, ....
Portland, . . .
Farmington,
Lyme, ....
Woodstock, . .
Jewett City, . .

. . 64
. . 62
. . 60
. . 60
. . 58
. . 58
.» . 58
. . 57

Granby,
Washington. . .
Enfield

. . 56
. . 56
55

Canaan, . . .
Plainville, . . .

. . 55

Chester, . . .
Cheshire, . . .
Darien, ....
Watertown

. . 54
. . 53
. . . 53
53

Thomaston,

. . 52

Plainfield, . . .
Warehouse Point.

. . 51
. . . 50

* Omissions in the foregoing list, as it originally appeared in
the Bulletin of November 20, will be accounted for by referring to a
statistical section that forms part of this chapter, in which a few
errors in the original list have been corrected.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 197

SUBSCRIBERS TO THE CONNECTICUT BOARD OF WORLD'S
FAIR COMMISSION FUND.

Willimantic Linen Co., Willimantic $5.500

Cheney Brothers, Manchester, ..... 5,000

New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, New Haven, 5,000

Bridgeport Board of Trade, Bridgeport, .... 5,000

Governor M. G. Bulkeley, Hartford, .... 2,500

J. D. Dewell, New Haven 2,000

L. Brainard, Hartford, ...... 1,000

Billingis & Spencer Co., Hartford, . . . . . 1,000

L. Wheeler Beecher, New Haven, ..... 1,000

T. Attwater Barnes, New Haven, .... 1,000

Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Co., Meriden, . . 1,000

Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co., Hartford, . 1,000

Derby and Shelton Board of Trade, Derby, . . . 1,000

Nathan Easterbrook, New Haven, . . . . 1,000

James Graham, New Haven, ..... 1,000

George F. Whitcomb, New Haven, . . . . 1,000

Hartford Carpet Co., Enfield, . . . . 1,000

F. B. Loomis, New London, .. . . . . 1,000

S. E. Merwin, New Haven, ...... 1,000

Edwin Milner, Plainfield 1,000

Pope Manufacturing Co., Hartford, .... 1,000

Plimpton Manufacturing Co., Hartford, . . . 1,000

Thomas R. Pickering, Portland, . . . . . 1,000

Rogers & Brother, Waterbury, . . . . . 1,000

Schuyler Electric Co., Middletown, . . . . 1,000

Coe Brass Manufacturing Co., Torrington, . . . 1,000

Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, . . 1,000

Winsted Board of Trade, Winsted, .... 1,000

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., Berlin, 500

Collins Co., Collinsville, ... .500

Hartford Cycle Co., Hartford, . .500

Holley Manufacturing Co., Salisbury, . . 500

Strong, Barnes, Hart & Co., New Haven, . . 500

Henry Sutton, New Haven, . . • 500

J. Howard Whittemore, Naugatuck, . . . 500

Dwight, Skinner & Co., Hartford, 300

Hockanum Co., Rockville, . . 250

Hammond & Knowlton Co., Putnam, . 250

H. C. Judd & Root, Hartford, i. 250
New England Co., Rockvilie,

Putnam Business Men's Association, Putnam, . . . 250

198 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Rock Manufacturing Co., Rockville, .... 250

Springville Manufacturing Co., Rockville, ... 250
Cook & Hapgood, Hartford, ..... 100

C. T. Stuart, Hartford, . . ... . . 100

J. W. Denison & Co., Mystic, .... . 50

John K. Bucklyn, Mystic, . . . . . .25

$52,825

REPORT

OF THE

WORK OF THE WOMAN'S BOARD

OF COMMISSIONERS

FOB THE

WORLD'S FAIR AT CHICAGO,
1893.

PREFACE.

The comparatively recent decision of Congress to postpone
the printing of the official reports of the late Columbian Ex-
position has made it necessary for each State to print for itself
whatever history of that event it finds desirable to preserve
among its records.

At the close of the World's Fair an urgent appeal for a de-
tailed report of work was made to each State. The National
Commission proposed to publish an official history which
should embody a carefully compiled record of whatever was
of unusual interest in the reports from States. Eminent
sociologists, statisticians, and educators were to join with scien-
tists, artists, and experts in every field to sift out and preserve
for all time the proofs of the tremendous progress in civiliza-
tion which this maryelous conception furnished.

In the white heat of enthusiasm generated by the mag-
nificence of the World's Fair as a spectacle, it was impossible
to remember that men are influenced more by appearances
than realities, and that national glory, rather than gaining a
fragmentary knowledge of things to be seen, is the object of
expositions. It was equally impossible to realize that

" Time, who in the twilight comes to mend
All the fantastic day's caprice,"

would gently weave these fragments into a delightful, un-
broken remembrance, infinitely more satisfactory to the pos-
sessor than any written reminder of opportunities forever lost
in the swift progress of those enchanting weeks. Each State
had somewhat in its work which separated it from every other.
The result was far more eloquent than the details could ever
become, but to the people who had wrought out those details
a (201)

202 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

by months of vigorous, untiring effort, the parts seemed in
their way quite as interesting and well worth considering as
the whole. We were asked to " omit nothing " in our reports,
and it is to be feared that this request was fulfilled to the very
letter of the law in one small State at least.

And since by every mail and in a great variety of phrases
we were urged to put our best foot foremost, and, realizing that
now was the time for anyone owning mates to the Seven-
Leagued boots to put them on and take strides in them, we did
not hesitate to remind the rest of the world that as a State we
were not always so small in area as the World's Fair found us
— that magnificent, enterprising Chicago, and even the White
City itself, stood upon what was originally Connecticut soil, in-
cluded in that first far-reaching grant to the colonies, " From
the said Norrogansett Bay on the east to the South Sea on the
west part."

We could also claim that the Constitution of the United
States was modeled upon our Constitution, as were those of a
majority of the State Constitutions now existing, and that we
gave the present system of money to the country when a
change was made from pounds, shillings, and pence, even the
copper for coinage coming from the mines of our inland town
of Simsbury. The model for all the tremendous business
operations carried on in the civilized world was also a
" Yankee Notion," since the first stock company originated in
Connecticut, as did that priceless boon to the illustrated papers
the world over, the figure of the original " Brother Jonathan,"
and when one adds 'the fact that three-fourths of the me-
chanical part of the World's Fair came from Connecticut, and,
by inheritance, the landscape gardening and construction, and,
last touch of all, the fact that all the medals for the final
awards were made and sent out from our own small State, it
is difficult to believe that the World's Columbian Exposition
could have been held without us.

Behind facts like these that have become history lie the
distinguishing traits of a people who have made such his-

PREFACE. 203

tory characteristic of themselves. And while, for a national
report, destined to have an international circulation, and aim-
ing to become, within certain limits, a distributing center of
knowledge for its own country and the rest of the world, it
was necessary to sketch the individuality of Connecticut with
such broad outlines as should, in a measure, represent the past
with vividness, yet it was also necessary to remember that any
record of recent events important enough to become in turn
history would prove valuable only in proportion to the thor-
oughness of its description of small things as well as great, of
means as well as ends.

Therefore, the committee appointed to finish satisfactorily
the work of Connecticut at the World's Fair decided to print
for their own State an official record which would be entirely
separate from the national report, hoping to secure by this
means, and without further delay, such a history of that time
as should by its accuracy and detail prove valuable as a book
of reference for Connecticut people.

The following account of the work of the Woman's Board
is a simple statement of how they succeeded in certain direc-
tions, and why they failed in others, in their effort to interpret
liberally the requirements of the act creating them, which de-
clared " It shall be the duty of said Board of Lady Managers
to secure desirable exhibits of woman's work in the arts, in-
dustries, and manufactured products of this State."

" Nothing but great weight in things can afford a qnite literal speech."— Emerson.

The literature of the World's Fair must, for many a day
yet, consist of impressions. Indeed, no other word so fitly de-
scribes this greatest of illusions. Whatever earnestness of
purpose the visitor may have started with, moved thereto by
the true New England spirit of improving one's opportuni-
ties, it was impossible, once within the magic circle, to take
soberly this delightful blending of Arcadia, Bohemia, and the
Arabian nights, which with its thousand lights and shades
alternately dazzled and uplifted the beholder.

Fortunately, neither time nor change can alter its per-
manent value as an influence and educator, although as a spec-
tacle

" Boldly o'erleaping in its great design
The bounds of Nature,"

it has become a thing of the past.

It is difficult, however, even after sufficient time has
elapsed to enable one to sift out impression from experience and
change enthusiasm into calm judgment, to follow the request of
the committee having in charge the compilation of a record,
and to present faithfully and in detail the work of the Connecti-
cut women at the World's Columbian Exposition with such
accuracy as shall make the result of value to that student or
historian of the future who, when all this has become a tradi-
tion, shall have the courage to unearth and consult some an-
tique report for a hint of ancient methods. Living in the recol-
lection of the fortunate beholder as a priceless possession,
which he would share if he could, an effort to do so discovers
anew the poverty of words. Happily, one can fall back on the
assurance that " there is no such thing as pure originality in a
large sense; that by necessity, by proclivity, and by delight

206 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

we all must quote, since old and new make the warp and woof
of every moment." We are told that " a great man quotes
bravely, and lacking a new thought finds the right place for
an old observation." Especially must this be true of him who
writes as an eye-witness of the Columbian Exposition, and if,
because of limitations within himself, he must chain his fancy
and touch upon the matter-of-fact details which lie within the
province of the statistician, then indeed does he long to be
great enough to quote bravely, choosing the glowing words
and delicate appreciation of the artist rather than the simple
sturdy touch of the workman, and withal uplifting it with that
leaven of truth which is stranger than fiction, and yet realiz-
ing how helpless are mere words, however glowing and forc-
ible, to convey the picture to those who were outside its in-
fluence, one finds himself praying, like the chronicler of Barty-
Josselin in the Martians, " for mere naturalness and the use
of simple homely words " with the same hope of " blundering
at length into some fit form of expression."

The methods and extent of the work of the Woman's Board
of Managers of Connecticut is told with some detail in the fol-
lowing chapters. There was no thought of competition in that
which was attempted. For many reasons there was hardly
a fair representation of woman's work in any broad sense. We
were sharing in. a celebration, rather than helping on an exhi-
bition. Alone, it might not have been missed, yet as a part it
served its purpose. There were many reasons why the work
of the women of Connecticut was only a bit of detail rather
than a perfect whole. Maybe the principal one lies in that
characteristic reluctance of the real native of the soil to exert
himself, or herself, distinctly to impress anyone. Gentle and
simple possess it alike, and it abounds as vigorously to-day
as when Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote:

" They love their land because it is their own,
And scorn to give ought other reason why,

Would shake hands with a King upon his throne,
And think it kindness to his Majesty.

A stubborn race, fearing and flattering none,
Such are they nurtured, such they live and die."

INTRODUCTION. 207

With that spirit inherent in the population it is needless to
say that the thought of competition or of any commercial ad-
vantage did not enter into the work done.

The time for preparation was limited, and the appropria-
tion small, because, while the country at large was dealing
with Exposition matters, Connecticut, as represented by both
political parties, was repeating the history of the first settlers,
each struggling to secure " popular control of legislation."
Public sentiment and private citizenship gave the first sub-
scription of fifty thousand dollars. The Scriptural tenth was
devoted to the Woman's Board, and with that for a beginning
— and, for aught th^y knew then, the end — they began their
work.

Meanwhile, the fact that Congress had recognized the
possibilities which lay in an organized effort upon the part of
women to aid and abet the Exposition, by an exhibition which
should embrace all the advancement which the last fifty years'
attempt at equality had wrought in woman's achievement,
gave the National Commission of Women an opportunity to
urge upon their sisters of the State Boards the serious con-
sideration of the possibilities which apparently lay within their
grasp. Beams of circulars were printed and sent out from the
headquarters at Chicago, recommending, urging, outlining,
planning, suggesting, and asking questions. Tons of letters
went flying back and forth. Nothing was left untouched in
these plans. The heavens above and the earth beneath, and
the waters under the earth were to be searched. Woman, it
seemed, had had an astonishing part in the development of
things. All the bright and shining lights of our own sex who
had figured in history were recalled to our minds and glorified
anew — or all but Eve. Very considerately, nobody men-
tioned her or the Fall. It was as if we were given another and
more intelligent chance, letting such bygones be bygones.
But Sappho was mentioned, and Joan of Arc. Matilda of
Elanders with her wonderful needle painting (of her husband's
prowess, be it noted) was recalled, and plenty of opportunity
offered for any modern Matilda to develop her gifts in similar

208 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

.directions. All these who had come wandering down the
ages as an ornament and example to our sex were again mar-
shaled before us. Helen of Troy escaped mention, and Rosa-
lind; and Maud Muller was forgotten, though she was prob-
ably saving the wages of a " hired man " that charming June
day when the judge showed himself such a laggard in love,
proving anew the occasional truth, of the saying, " A man's
foes are those of his own household." A few others were
omitted in the roll-call of famous women, and even poor
Ophelia's rosemary did not serve for remembrance in the
stirring days before the Columbian Exposition, but enough
were brought to mind to spur the present generation.

With something less than a year before us in which to
awaken interest, develop methods of procedure, and obtain re-
sults, it would have been fatal to attempt large things in Con-
necticut. Instead, we contented ourselves with the far more
difficult, even if more commonplace, task of trying to do small
things well and of winning a definite place for Connecticut in
the permanent history of the World's Columbian Exposition.
We were urged to be up and doing with hearts that were
strong enough to compel Fate. We had learned to labor.
We need no longer wait for recognition, at least. So we re-
called Joan of Arc with renewed pride, and the diplomatic side
of Cleopatra. Catherine of Russia, too, and Queen Elizabeth
became once more real personages to us. The Queen of
Hearts we deliberately turned our backs upon. Her accom-
plishments were too hopelessly old-fashioned. She probably
was content to broil herself while baking those tantalizing
tarts that summer day, which were eaten without doubt by the
Knave and King of her own suite, or some other, and who can
tell whether they were even gracious enough to admit after-
ward that they were as good as those they had eaten when they
were boys? Certainly, the history of her own times made no
mention of it.

Not only were famous personages held up to us for our
imitation by the Central Board, but lessons in history were

INTRODUCTION. 209

recommended, and courses of study were pressed upon us. As
for instance :

"The first two lessons are on history, comparing 1492 with 1892.
Then follows : Electricity ; Forestry ; Pre-Historic Man, which includes the
Cliff-Dwellers, Mound-Builders, Ruins of Mexico, Yucatan, and Peru ;
Lessons on Government Departments, Lighthouses, Life-Saving Stations,
Postal Service, etc., etc.

"Then, there are lessons on Art, explaining characteristics of histor-
ical epochs and the different schools of painting ; two on modern uses of
electricity ; besides the exhibits of Transportation, Horticulture, Floricul-
ture, Machinery, and the Woman's Department."

But alas! though we felt our limitations but too keenly,
we had no time to make ourselves over. The time and tide
which wait for no man were equally prompt and disobliging
when it came to waiting for women, and so at the risk of being
classed with the heathen who, in his blindness, persists in say-
ing his prayers in his accustomed manner to familiar gods of
wood and stone, despite the self-sacrificing and well-directed
efforts of the missionary, we felt compelled to follow the
familiar and beaten path of our f oremothers, trusting to simple
earnestness of purpose for results.

Of modern Portias, capable of expounding the law, we
had a few; of Joan of Arc not even one imitator, though that
sturdy old fighter, Israel Putnam, untrained as a carpet knight,
but with clear insight into realities, recognized that patriotism
has no sex in his emphatic answer to the Britisher who claimed
that five thousand British soldiers could march through the
continent. " No doubt," was his answer, " if they behaved
civilly, and paid well for everything they wanted, but if in a
hostile manner, though the American men were out of the
question, the women with ladles and broomsticks would knock
them all on the head before they could get half through."

There was not one daughter of the Amazons left among us.
But of the old Hebrew type, the woman in whom the heart of
her husband doth safely trust, whose children rise up and
call her blessed, who rears the soldier, helping him fight his
battles with the smokeless powder of self-sacrifice and uncom-
plaining endurance, who makes the home that is worth fight-

210 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

ing to save — dying to save, maybe — of these there were
many. That to such simple lives, already full, women were
willing to add the tremendous amount of hard, detail work in-
volved in furthering the success of the Exposition, gives us
some idea of the depth of real interest which was aroused and
maintained.

At the very outset we decided to write co-operation so
plainly at the head of each plan of work that we should lose
neither time nor effort in a vain struggle for new devices, and
therefore we were quite ready to adopt the suggestion from
Chicago that the Woman's Building should receive our best
work. Studying carefully the printed directions sent us, we
read with dismay, " It is intended that this building and all its
contents shall be the inspiration of woman's genius."

In our first awe-struck moments we felt that the mountain
of glass from the children's fairy tale had suddenly taken the
place of the beaten path we had planned to follow. Like
Constance, we realized that being born women, we were far
more naturally subject to fears than to geniuses, but, fortu-
nately, the first demand for real action came in the form of an
appeal for help to build a house for little children. The
Board of Lady Managers had secured a location adjoining the
Woman's Building, on which they would be permitted to
build a children's home if the necessary funds for its erection
could be provided within sixty days. Their appeal was full of
promise :

"In many cases it will be impossible for the mothers to visit the
World's Fair without taking their children, and in so doing they will wish
the little ones, as well as themselves, to take the fullest advantage of the
educational facilities there offered. With these ends in view, the Chil-
dren's Home has been designed, which will give to mothers the freedom
of the Exposition, while the children themselves are enjoying the best of
care and attention.

"No plan having been made by the Board of Directors for a Chil-
dren's Building, and no funds having been appropriated for this purpose,
the Board of Lady Managers feels it necessary to take up the work of
building and equipping a beautiful structure, which shall be devoted en-
tirely to children and their interests. The board has secured a desirable

INTRODUCTION. 211

location adjoining the Woman's Building, on which to build the Children's
Home, but only on the condition that the necessary funds for erecting it
be provided within sixty days.

" In the Children's Home will be presented the best thought on sani-
tation, diet, education, and amusement for children. A series of manikins
will be so dressed as to represent the manner of clothing infants in the dif-
ferent countries of the world, and a demonstration will be made of the
most healthful, comfortable, and rational system of dressing and caring
for children according to modern scientific theories ; while their sleeping
accommodations, and everything touching their physical interests, will be
discussed. Lectures will also be given upon the development of the child's
mental and moral nature by improved methods of home training.

"The building will have an assembly-room containing rows of little
chairs, and a platform from which stereopticon lectures will be given to
the older boys and girls, about foreign countries, their languages, man-
ners, and customs, and important facts connected with their history.
These talks will be given by kindergartners, who will then take the
groups of children to see the exhibits from the countries about which
they have just heard. They can make these little ones perfectly happy,
and yet give them instruction which is none the less valuable because re-
ceived unconsciously, and without the coercion of the ordinary classroom.

Here was something we could understand and to which we
could most heartily respond.

The county fair is one of Xew England's most cherished
institutions. We had all seen the young and anxious mother
with rows of tense little fingers clutching her skirts, and in her
arms a fretful little bundle of nerves with which she was con-
stantly compelled to divide her interest in the many-pieced
bedquilt, the biggest pumpkin, the large and thriving-looking
cucumber in the small-mouthed bottle, and the all-pervading
and by no means " over-trained " brass band. To be counted
among those who could help change such conditions as these
for the things promised in the children's building was like
being granted a foretaste of the Millennium.

Most eagerly we answered that we could, and hereby did,
contribute the three hundred dollars asked, — an answer
that guaranteed the first contribution from any State, and
which was made the occasion for general rejoicing in the Board
meeting at headquarters. That it was a step well taken, the
following figures will show:

Between ten and eleven thousand children from everv

212 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

State and Territory in the country were cared for. At first
the number averaged fifty a day, later the average increased
to one hundred a day. Of these, twenty-five were fed daily,
in addition to the care and amusement furnished them, at a
uniform cost of twenty-five cents for each child. The method
of identification was a simple one of three checks ; one for the
mother, one for the back of the child's frock, the third for the
outer garments. Out of the great number but one unfortu-
nate little waif was left in the hands of the people in charge.
After doing what we could to insure a certain measure of com-
fort and happiness for the children, the next step led us quite
naturally to do what we could toward securing the best pos-
sible conditions of safety for the large number of women in
our State who must see the fair unattended, and under the
simplest possible conditions, or not at all.

For these the Woman's Dormitory Association seemed to
promise a veritable ark of safety. The names of the directors,
both men and women, were too well known to admit of doubt
as to the sincerity and disinterestedness of the plan; the charac-
teristics of our wage-earning American girls, upright, capable,
self-respecting, made such a plan entirely practicable upon
American soil. As it was outlined, it was in no sense a
charity; it simply made it possible for women to build their
own lodging-houses, and the eagerness with which the oppor-
tunity was seized upon every hand proved that, as the adver-
tisements say, it filled a long-felt want. Originally designed
to benefit working girls, so called, the freedom and safety in-
sured induced a great many other woihen who, like John Gil-
pin's wife, while they were on pleasure bent, must have
frugal minds to make application for admission, and the
buildings were filled with artists, teachers, and self-supporting
women from all walks in life. Capable oversight, cleanliness,
and simplicity were all that was promised. We could not
guarantee comfort; we could only hope that the mattresses
would continue to preserve the beautiful level of the surround-
ing prairies, instead of falling into the picturesque outlines of
our own Connecticut hills and dales; but the safety that lay in

INTRODUCTION, 213

numbers was the principal attraction, a condition that seemed
sadly overworked when, May proving cold and cheerless, a
double number elected to come in June, thereby forcing the
committee in charge to try and solve anew the old problem of
how to put eight into six and have nothing left over.

But somehow we seemed farther than ever from being able
to furnish any of that awesome thing, the "Inspiration of
Woman's Genius." When Daniel Deronda filled the public
mind, there was a delightful definition of genius which made
it a twin of painstaking hard work, and that did not seem so
unattainable, but that word " inspiration " was our stumbling-
block. From the first it seemed to involve a Micawberish.
" waiting for something to turn up," and, however wide we
might open the door, if it refused to enter there did not seem
to be any chance to take it by a metaphorical coat-collar and
compel its presence. Like the quality of true mercy, we
knew that it must not be strained.

Meanwhile, we tried to meet intelligently the demand for
needlework. Not the gusset and seam and band familiar to
the women who look well to the ways of their households, but
in the newer field of modern fancy work. And here again
we were met with the rule, " Only original work desired."
'• No stamped articles will be accepted." This meant that
first we must find an artist able to originate a design of beauty,
and willing to place the free-hand drawing upon mere cloth.
Then we must find the artistic needle-woman who, with a
proper knowledge of color, combined the patience to bring
out the design stitch by stitch. The two do not often in-
habit the same earthly tenement of clay, and, when the work
was finished, whose would it be? It was like the matrimonial
puzzle in the New Testament, and, like cowards, we gave it up,
salving our conscience with the reflection that the Sisters of
Charity of France would exhibit infinitely finer plain sewing.
The Mexican women with their exquisite drawn work could
give any American spider of our acquaintance an object lesson
in cobwebs. The Senoritas of Spain with their needlework
portrait medallions of royalty left us nothing but the kodak

214 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

for fair competition, while the fact that the Egyptians made
and wore lace thousands of years before u the little yellow spot
upon the map " which represented us was even dreamed of,
made us feel so hopelessly and unpleasantly new in our efforts
that we decided competitive needlework in any of its branches
was not for us.

We knew better than to try and alter the rules governing
these things. The father of the Woman's Building was a
Mede and the mother was a Persian; their rules were not made
to be altered. This strong new roll of red-tape put into
women's hands for the first time was not to be trifled with. It
was by no means tied in bow-knots simply because women let
it pass between their fingers. Instead, the old-fashioned
square knot which tightened under pressure, was the rule.

Gladly we availed ourselves of the opportunity to follow
the familiar, even if more commonplace, duty of finding suit-
able furnishings for the Connecticut State Building. It was
a relief to drop the terrible feeling of responsibility for not
having been discovered earlier, in time to take the first train,
as John Burroughs says of something else ; we comforted our-
selves by remembering that one of our own literary men had
assured us that Columbus was a well-meaning man, and if he
did not discover a perfect continent he found the only one that
was left. We could not compete with the countrywomen of
Columbus, nor with the Egyptians in lace-making, but we
could, and we did, bring together some delightful examples of
the cabinetmaker's art. Art is not too fine a word to use in
describing the work of the men Avho wrought out, piece by
piece, no two alike, the simple, strong, graceful, eminently
suitable furnishings for the early homes of the Colonists. It
may be true, 'as has been asserted, that the first settlers were
strongly opposed to all forms of amusements, but that they
were not beyond the pale of feeling the keenest artistic pleasure
these lasting examples of beauty and service wrought together
plainly show. That the Connecticut house was real was not
by any means because as a State we felt superior to the prevail-
ing shams of our neighbors. There was neither time nor money

INTRODUCTION. 215

for anything pretentious, even had there been inclination.
That it takes both to differ from one's surroundings there was
ample opportunity to discover later, as, for instance, in the
simple matter of paint for the finished buildings, our neigh-
bors, who leaned upon " Staff " for their effects, were able to
finish their productions by the aid of a machine which dis-
tributed the paint with the freedom and vigor of a bottle of
pop unceremoniously trifled with, while our own structure of
good honest wood, nails, and plaster had to have its outward
adornment supplied, line upon line, in the good old way set
down in the copy books.

Completed, the Connecticut House was, as Judge Baldwin
charmingly says elsewhere, " such a mansion as anyone could
wish his grandfather had lived in before the Revolution, and
could be certain that he did not." When one entered the
door he turned his back upon that delightful modern inven-
tion, the Intramural Railway, which had brought him swiftly,
noiselessly, and almost instantaneously through space.
Within doors he had to turn his back also on electric lights,
plate-glass, and modern hardware, or else accept them as a
need of the times with the two-cent postage-stamp, the en-
velope, the typewriter, and the telegraph.

The furnishing committee tried to reach a happy medium
between the earliest simplicity and the later luxury. Between
the " fitting out" of the Rev. Thomas Trowbridge, for in-
stance, in the days when the clergy were the aristocracy, a de-
scription of which reads, "I have purchased a clock, brass
kettle, iron pot, coffee mill, pair of flats, pair of brass candle-
sticks, brass andirons, and looking-glass, so I hope we shall be
able, on the whole, to set up housekeeping with some little
decency," and the fitting out of that governor who paid fifteen
dollars a yard for the first Brussels carpet sent to this country,
and whose house, even unto this day, is the envy and despair
of all those lovers of the antique who are condemned to the
constant falling out of those modern dragons, steam-heat and
glue.

It is interesting in looking over the list to note that the

216 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

"American rocking-chair," that typical illustration of 6ur
national restlessness, was, like some of our other sins and short-
comings, a direct importation from English ancestors. Ex-
cept for the very few who treated the sight-seeing as a moral
obligation, there was no attempt to study things in detail.
The hand-made fringes and old brass bosses at the windows,
the " drawn in " rugs, braided mats and rag carpets in the bed-
rooms, the embroidered curtains and tester of the " high
poster," the fringed dimity ones of the quaint " bow bed "
with their hints of drafts, and warming pans and flickering
candlelight, the low, straight-backed chairs — all these es-
caped general attention. The high-backed settle from the
governor's reception room with its suggestion of open fires,
fans and coquetry, the knee-breeches, powdered wigs, lace
fichus, scant satin gowns, and wedding slippers; the knee-
buckles reminding one of the man " who would have died as
the fool dieth" rather than give his to the British soldier;
the medicine scales of the time, when every doctor had to be
his own chemist; the bridal chests, and the chair which held
every president from Washington to Grant; the parch-
ments and old deeds from the Indians; the foot-warmers
and firearms reminding one of the cold churches and the armed
guards; the pathos of the old sampler, wrought with tears,
and " cherished in memory of two deceased children " — the
whole story of life was here, its pomp and circumstance, its
joys and sorrows, its tears and laughter, its early privation and
final victory. ISTo one had time to realize it except* the pains-
taking committee under whose tireless hands the parts were
fitted into the whole, but into many a quiet life, a thousand
miles away, came something of the stir and charm and vigor
of the beautiful White City through the cheerful offering of
priceless possessions at the prompting of that compelling
quality we call State pride. It was both a surprise and grati-
fication at the end of it all to find that one of Chicago's most
successful architects felt that he had received more inspiration,
more actual help for his future work from the Connecticut
house than from any other house upon the grounds.

INTRODUCTION. 217

And then, suddenly, we discovered that the gold which we
coveted did not lie at the end of the rainbow as we had feared,
but, like the cobweb cloth woven for the King's armor, its
very fineness made its invisibility and its strength; we had,
indeed, to learn that " the eye altering alters all." That
stately phrase, " the inspiration of genius," like the botanical
names of our favorite flowers, had made us feel that we were
being presented to the mysterious and the unknown. In bow-
ing too low we had failed to recognize the faces of familiar
friends. Our eyes had, indeed, been holden while we gazed
covetously after the strange gods of our neighbors.

At last we no longer stood abashed before the rules for-
bidding copies in art and stamped articles. "We were the
proud possessors of not only the originals, but the originators
as well, for in our exhibit of literature we confined our col-
lection to the productions of real daughters of the State. We
could now send galleries of pictures to the World's Fair, the
outlines of the stern ISTew England hills, the rocky pastures,
the early farmhouses, built like boats with their keels turned
up to the heavens. The very fragrance of the old-fashioned
flower garden with its lad's love and "meetin' seed," its
sweet briar and dainty little lady's delight, the great, great
grandmother of our cherished pansies, its marigolds, holly-
hocks, and princess feather. Portraits of little children, too,
and flower-faced girls, and spare, upright, tender-eyed women,
the meeting-house, the minister and the deacons, the village
squire, and the country doctor, guide, philosopher, and friend
all in one — all that related to the narrow, simple, self-respect-
ing life of the Puritans as it survived in the distinguishing
traits and traditions of their descendants we could offer, and
'' so largely writ " that he who ran might read.

Our artists had taken that which lay before them, and
whether it was the pathos and the humanity in "Fishin'
Jimmie," the salt air in Cape Cod folks, or the ghostly White
Birches of our hillsides, made human and familiar to us by
"the jackknife's carved initial," always standing, as ghosts
should stand, at least in tradition, beside the fatal hemlock,
15

218 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

each carried its message straight from heart to heart, because
each had in it that true touch of nature which makes the whole
world kin.

Every season had its translator in our collection, " Spring-
time, Summer, Tall of the Leaf, and Winter," and if we did
not talk learnedly of depth of color, light, and shade, or mat-
ters of detail, it was because that which we offered needed no
interpreter. Having once found that which met all the re-
quirements of the laws governing the Woman's Building, we
made our collection of literature as full and as unique as the
time at our command permitted. Following somewhat the
methods of the private collector, first editions were secured
whenever possible.

Many writers of to-day contributed autograph copies of
their works to the exhibit. An old book of compositions writ-
ten in Catherine Beecher's school, long before the angular
hand had become fashionable, and bearing such names as Har-
riet Beecher, Fanny Fern, and many others from whom the
world has long since heard, stood beside Julia Smith's transla-
tion of the Bible. The portrait of Mrs. Sigourney, lent us by
her son-in-law, the Rev. Thomas Russell, rolled back the years
and brought us face to face with her in her early womanhood.
Several leaves from her diary, larger than foolscap, were kept
with such beautiful precision that even in this statistical age
one could learn a lesson in remarkable detail from them.

In them was contained a minute record of calls made,
books read, lines written, and garments mended or made dur-
ing the year. Each page began with a text of Scripture, and
ended with a moral reflection, usually of disappointment in
herself. An autograph copy of the first edition of her poems
was also of great interest.

At first we were limited to one copy for each author,
enough to simply show the possibilities of our literary work;
but later, too late to make as large a collection as we might
easily have done had we been granted space earlier, we were
asked to contribute more fully. In some cases it was possible to
send a number of volumes from individual writers, but in the

INTRODUCTION. 219

majority of instances it was impossible, with the time at our
command, to make further additions. But, although we
limited our collection, almost without exception, to the works
of women born within the borders of one of the smallest of
the States, the writers themselves knew no arbitrary boundary
lines. What one might call the home manufacture in litera-
ture had the characteristics of many other Connecticut
products ; there was enough for themselves and a great deal to
offer to the rest of the world.

Between the voyage made for the first Survey of the Coast
in 1612, and the journey to the stars in the Determination of
the Orbit of the Comet of 1847, there lies a beautiful table-
land out of which grew, quite naturally, the gentler things
of literature and art, biography, and poetry, as well as history,
and its charming shadow, romance,

' The Bible had its interpreter and translator among us.
The difficulties of the Russian tongue blossomed into simple,
graceful English in Connecticut hands. There were volumes
of Latin and English Quotations for the chronic borrowers,
and Domestic Economy for the housekeepers. Beginners had
Botany made charming for them, and beautiful bridges of
Bedtime Stories carried tired little feet into the Sandman's
enchanted country.

There was the story of ISToble Deeds of American Women
to stir one's envy, one's ambition, and one's pride, and quiet
hours of restfulness in the Garden of Dreams. The very es-
sence of the New England character has been caught and pre-
served for future generations by some of these women. In
deep understanding of human nature, appreciation of its pos-
sibilities, sympathy for its shortcomings, hope for its future,
they have no rivals, no equals outside the dwellers in the hill
country of Drumtochty and of Thrums.

In claiming Catherine Beecher as a daughter of Connecti-
cut, it is to be feared we lay ourselves open to the charge of
" assuming a good deal for relationship's sake." But the family
were so completely a Connecticut family that the mere acci-
dent of her birth on Long Island we simply set down among

220 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

the visitations of Providence, the kind of thing which no
amount of regret will alter. Her work and the impress of her
life are here still, handed down from family to family, as traits
and tendencies persist in being long after the source of in-
spiration has long been lost to sight. The value of her book,
" Domestic Economy/' from a man's point of view, is rather
interesting.

The translation of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " into Dutch, pub-
lished in 1853 in Batavia, Java, was sent to Mrs. Stowe by
Mr. Samuel W. Bonney, accompanied by a letter dated
"Comet/' at Sea, Feb. 21, 1855. This edition was trans-
lated from the French and includes an interesting introduc-
tion by George Sand. Mr. Bonney mentions the fact that a
second Dutch translation had also been made and printed in
Java. In a postscript to his letter he says:

" Last October, having occasion to write to the King of
Siam in reference to a letter from him, I improved the oppor-
tunity to send him a copy of your sister Catherine's ' Domestic
Economy ' as a present for his Queen. It will aid her in im-
proving, by a good model, the domestic departments of the
palace at Bangkok ! "

The making of the book Selections from the Writings of
Connecticut Women, including as it did short stories, poems,
and essays, grew, quite naturally, to prove a necessary part
of the exhibit of literature, for many of our writers of short
stories had won world-wide reputations. Most beautifully
was it bound and printed, the cover and design being the work
o£ a Connecticut woman. Upon the cover was a band of oak
leaves, a reminder of the service of our Charter Oak, and be-
sides this the State seal and its motto, Qui iranstulit sustinet,
an earnest of the spirit which went to the gathering of what
lay between the covers. The frontispiece represented a colon-
ial clock with the hands at twelve, and the quotation, " Pealing,
the Clock of Time has struck the Woman's Hour."

Heading the preface is that verse from the book of Ruth,
" I pray you let me glean and gather after the reapers among
the sheaves." A very limited edition de luxe bound in Suede

INTRODUCTION. 221

was brought out, one of which remains in Mrs. Palmer's hands
until the permanent building is an accomplished fact. The
main edition bound in scarlet and white, and blue and white
with gold, was also limited and of value.

In placing a copy in every State library and in the college
libraries of our country, the committee were given a grateful
sense of work well done by the appreciative letters of thanks
which came from librarians, secretaries of States, college presi-
dents, and commanding officers of posts in western States
where public libraries were unknown. We were assured that
the " volume was both tasteful and interesting," and " the idea
a happy one," " giving pleasure as one encountered again and
again familiar names and titles," " a reflection of the pleasure
felt upon first becoming acquainted with them."

Two acknowledgments from the British Museum were in-
teresting, one from the Keeper of the Department of Printed
Books, the other from the trustees of the Museum. In judging
of the contents of the volume as a whole, it would be too much
to claim that in every instance the most fortunate representa-
tion of each one's work had been given. It is always a haz-
ardous thing to select for others. Criticism is so elastic an art
that it is apt to contrac or expand in accordance with the point
of view of the reader, and that would indeed be a rare collection
which did not fail to include some one's favorite. Unhappily,
the committee cannot claim that they have " gleaned after the
reapers among the sheaves " with thoroughness, for, in the
necessary haste of compiling, much that was choice must have
been left unseen and therefore ungarnered.

Xo effort was made to give this book a market value. It
served its purpose when it won instant and cordial recognition
in Chicago, and a place among the rare and beautiful things
in the library of the "Woman's Building, a place further re-
served for it in the permanent building. ISTor does it claim
originality except for its design. Each writer represented had
already -found within herself the mysterious password which
admitted her into the enchanted land of authorship. Be-

222 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

tween the covers of this volume they are simply gathered
together as neighbors by that golden thread of kinship with
which all the daughters of one State are bound. The book
found its value in the fact that the edition was extremely
limited, impossible to repeat, and unique among the souvenirs
of the great Exposition, since no other State had so honored the
work of her writers of short stories as to give it a definite place
among the beautiful and permanent reminders of the greatest
of World's Fairs.

In preparing our exhibit of literature we did not attempt
to follow the graded path by which one of our sister states
showed to the world the successive steps in the progress Ameri-
can women had made in the fields of literature from colonial
times until the present. Our own path was more like the In-
dian trail through the wilderness, blazing a tree here and there
simply to keep our direction toward the heights to which the
exhibition of everything relating to Uncle Tom's Cabin natur-
ally led.

Holding in our hands two little black-covered volumes of
the first edition of that book, we felt the keen pleasure of the
collector at having taken the first step successfully, little real-
izing that it was in truth " not one voice but a chorus " which
was ready to proclaim that we did indeed possess such an ex-
ample of woman's genius as no other State or country in the
wide world could claim for its own.

In our first enthusiasm it seemed a comparatively easy
matter to secure a complete collection of every _ translation
and edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin extant, but the longer we
worked the more hopeless it became, and the more our wonder
grew at the far-reaching influence of this marvelous book, and
with our wonder grew also a certain feeling of mortification
•that nowhere in our broad land, outside Mrs. Stowe's own
home, could there be found any collection worthy the name.
The authorities of the British Museum alone had done for the
most remarkable book of the age that which Americans might
easily have done from equal appreciation, and with an addi-
tional incentive in their very real pride of possession. But if

INTRODUCTION. 223

we could not secure a comparatively complete collection of
translations and editions in time for the World's Fair, we could
at least secure titles, and a great deal of that kind of informa-
tion which, as a people, we are fond of grouping under the
heading " Facts and Figures."

In giving this information in its present form we are under
the greatest obligation to Messrs. Houghton & Mifflin, Mrs.
Stowe's publishers, who, in addition to many other kindnesses
shown us with the readiest, most delightful courtesy, have al-
lowed us to use their own plates for Mrs. Stowe's portrait and
the out of the silver inkstand which are used as illustrations in
this history.

From Mr. Eichard Garnett, Keeper of Printed Books in
the British Museum, we have also received such invaluable as-
sistance as has enabled us to give to the people of Connecticut
the fullest, most accurate record in existence of all that relates
to Uncle Tom's Cabin.

And yet, full as are the data given in the chapter devoted to
the subject, it does not cover sill the ground, as will be seen by
the following extract from a recent letter from Mr. Garnett,
in which he says: " We cannot claim to have a complete col-
lection of translations of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the Museum,
although our collection is certainly extensive. I enclose a
copied list of it, supplemented by information from other
sources."

This list, prepared with great care by Mr. J. P. Anderson,
clerk of the reading-room in the British Museum, to whom we
owe especial thanks for a great service most freely and cordially
given, will be found entire among the translations. The forty-
two translations and editions which we were able to exhibit at
the World's Fair, through the kindness of Mrs. Stowe and her
family, were mainly presentation copies to Mrs. Stowe. The
story of the autograph letters and inscriptions with the bits of
history connected with each one would make a book of itself.
A collection of the prefaces alone, as some one has already said,
would make a remarkable contribution to literature. Take as
a single instance the translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin into the

224 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

charming French of Madame Belloc, and the translation of
that French into Dutch, with an introduction by George Sand.
Translate the Dutch into the original English of Miss Ophelia,
of St. Clair, and of Topsy, and the result would be a literary
curiosity, to say the least.

Although nearly a half century has passed since Uncle
Tom's Cabin was printed as a serial in the National Era in
"Washington, it is to-day one of the household books which
generation after generation seems to read with the interest, if
not with the intensity, of other days. When one of the best
critics of our time speaks of its author as " the one American
woman of this century whose fame is likely to outlast the
memory of the generations immediately within the sphere of
her influence," we feel justified in thinking that the last
word has not yet been said about the book which created that
fame.

France, England, Germany, Austria, Kussia, Italy, Hol-
land, Denwark, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, Japan,
Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine
Republic, Spain, Mexico, Cuba, Nicaragua, Colombia, Ecua-
dor, Venezuela, Panama, and the Islands of the Sea, all joined
in the celebration of the discovery of America. Almost with-
out exception each of these had had translated into its own
literature the story of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Probably if the
contents of our single cabinet in the library of the Woman's
Building had been distributed in that pathway of nations, the
Midway Plaisance, every representative there might have seen,
each in his own tongue, the tribute his country had paid to this
foremost American woman of letters.

It was like the harp of a thousand strings. The key-
note was struck in America, the vibrations reached in truth to
Egypt and Mesopotamia and the uttermost parts of the earth.
Civilized and barbarian, bond and free, alike felt its influence.

Upon reading the story of stereotyped plates duplicated
and reduplicated, of printing-presses that were run day and
night to satisfy the demand of the public, one cannot but feel,

INTRODUCTION. 225-

even at this distance from the event, something of the stir
which the book made at its birth.

Five thousand! copies sold in one week! One hundred
thousand copies sold in the first eight weeks after the book
went to press! Thirteen different German editions within the
first year! Eighteen different publishing houses striving to
satisfy the demand ! A million and a half copies sold on Eng-
lish soil alone! If we were dependent upon the barren testi-
mony of figures to prove that this was, in truth, the story of the
age, more widely read than any other of the century, we might
safely leave them to speak for us.

With all his popularity and his familiarity with the plain
people, even Dickens was not translated into the language of
the North Britons. And yet one of the most charming trans-
lations in Mrs. Stowe's possession was a copy of Uncle Tom's
Cabin in Welsh, with illustrations by George Cruikshank.

To one unfamiliar with the Welsh language, and therefore
forced to stand speechless before the double-barreled spelling
of its unutterable tongue, there seems to have been a touch of
genius as well as of premeditation on the part of the publishers
in securing so delightful a key as Cruikshank's illustrations to
unlock the text for (we privately believe) even the native
reader.

Without doubt the message of Uncle Tom's Cabin was the
secret of its immediate popularity in America, possibly also
the secret of its restricted sale in Portuguese and Kussian, but
its genius alone carried it round the world.

Answering in a remarkable degree to Sir Walter Besant's
test of a great book " that it appeals to every age and all ages,"
we find, even in the first year of its publication, paper-covered
editions issued in German to bring it within the reach of the
poor class. Sixpenny and shilling editions were issued in Eng-
lish for the same purpose, and this at a time when cheap edi-
tions were comparatively unknown.

Five years after its first publication the story of Uncle
Tom's Cabin was given in a versified abridgment for the chil-
dren of Hungary. Sixteen years after, an abridged edition for

226 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

children was printed in Sweden. An effort in other languages
" to adapt it to the understanding of the youngest readers "
tells its own story of how far it had entered* into the literature
of the people.

Forty years after its publication in America the attempt of
a handful of people to re-read this story of their youth bore
witness, in the faltering voice of the reader and the tear-
stained faces of the listeners, that the secret of its power lay,
not so much in the stress of the times in which it was written,
as in the truth that the lights and shades of the lives it pictured
were painted in the enduring " flesh tints of the heart."

It was a matter of course in making Uncle Tom's Cabin the
principal attraction in their exhibit of literature that the
Woman's Board of Connecticut should bring as many details
as possible to the attention of the public.

Besides all that they could gather in relation to the book
itself, enough of a purely personal character was given to
satisfy the natural desire of the public to get a glimpse of what
manner of woman this was, whose name, a household word for
so many yeare, yet seemed so familiar, so much a part of the
present that it might have been yesterday that her wonderful
book was the talk of the world.

Besides the books within the cabinet, an open letter showed
the fine, clear hand; an early portrait showed the strong, sweet
face, and more than common beauty of Mrs. Stowe's young
womanhood.

The famous silver inkstand, a token of English apprecia-
tion, was the only exhibition of the priceless treasures which
the world had made the outward sign of reverence, admira-
tion, and affection for Mrs. Stowe. A number of valu-
able autograph letters were incidentally a part of the collec-
tion, but of these the world of sight-seers were mainly in igno-
rance. They contented themselves with collecting the writ-
ten description of the contents of the cabinet with such tire-
less industry that finally a strong leather case chained to the
top of the cabinet was used to hold what proved by these means
to be a permanent record.

INTRODUCTION. 227

Among the many letters kindly placed at our service by
Mrs. Stowe's publishers we have chosen for reprint only
enough to show once again that there was no life too busy, no
life too sheltered to make way for the story of Uncle Tom's
Cabin.

Macauley's first and second letters are given, and Canon
Kingsley's appreciation of it through the tender eyes of his
mother, the picture of the brotherhood of monks on their quiet
island printing the story for themselves, the delightful touch
about the " pagan blacks " with its unconscious emphasis of
the difference between Western conviction and Eastern con-
version, the forceful words of Frederika Bremer; the deeds,
speaking louder than any words, of the slave-holding woman
at the Court of Siam; Florence Nightingale's vivid picture of
misery borne with greater fortitude, and pain, forgotten as her
wounded soldiers listened to sorrows greater than their own;
the pen-portrait of himself given by brilliant, imaginative,
critical, skeptical Heine, one of the world's masters of letters,
coming at last, by his own confession, to the level of fervent,
faithful, unlettered Uncle Tom, able, like him, to face the
mystery of the hereafter only through simple faith in the ten-
der mercies of a personal God. These are but single voices in
the chorus.

Wherever we turn, however varying the conditions of life,
the refrain is the same, always in that heart-searching minor
which is our unconscious recognition of the common heritage
of human suffering.

Dwelling as it must on the history of things exhibited, and
the reasons for their selection, the tribute of deeds rather than
words, of the printing-press and the translator rather than
the voice of the people, has been given in this simple record
prepared for the people of Mrs. Stowe's own State. Many of
these had the privilege of knowing her well, and remember
how completely she hid the woman of genius behind the de-
voted wife and mother, the sympathetic neighbor, and the
faithful friend. Fortunate, indeed, is the country which can
claim her for its own. Fortunate the association of women

228 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

who, in Mrs. Stowe's lifetime, were given such an opportunity
to do her honor as was offered by the celebration of the dis-
covery of the country of which she was so proud.

Since then she has gently closed the door of old age be-
hind her, and entered into the radiant pathway of eternal
youth, leaving her own works to praise her in the gates, and the
children's children of the dusky race whom she befriended to
rise up and call her blessed unto who can say how many gen-
erations!

In the circulars and appeals through which contributions
were solicited, both for decoration and exhibit in the "Woman's
Building, we were assured that no effort would be spared to
make that building and its contents a faithful representation of
the greatest achievements of women. It was proposed to trace
their footsteps from prehistoric times to the present. Only
the most brilliant things they had accomplished were to be ex-
hibited; "work of supreme excellence alone," whose accept-
ance would be equivalent to an award.

Forcibly emphasized as these conditions were in the begin-
ning, and restrictive as they were meant to be, nevertheless
Miss Elizabeth Sheldon's designs and scheme of color for the
decoration of what was known as the Connecticut room in the
Woman's Building were accepted without hesitation, both by
our own board and by the judges for the Exposition. Nor were
we alone in our appreciation of the great beauty and value of
her work. A sister State also gave her designs the honor of
first place and acceptance. That Miss Sheldon preferred to
give the labor of all those difficult weeks as a free-will offering
to her own State is but another example of the closeness of
the tie which binds Connecticut people to each other and to
their commonwealth.

Great as our anticipations were, the results of Miss Shel-
don's work more than justified them. The courage, endur-
ance, and strength of purpose which were necessary to bring
about these results are but faintly shadowed in her report,
which, happily, we are able to give in her own words. Full

INTRODUCTION. 229

appreciation of what it meant to be a pioneer in the early days
of the White City, is only possible to those of her fellow-
workers whose patriotism and enthusiasm were, like her own,
of that sterling kind which double under difficulties. Hap-
pily, an international reputation was one of Miss Sheldon's
rewards for the successful treatment of the Connecticut room.

The Connecticut room, reserved for the use of the Foreign
Commissioners, held exhibits and objects of unusual interest
to the public, among others the miniature mineral palace
of gold, silver, and alabaster, given by the women of Colorado,
the golden nail from Montana, and the jeweled hammer from
Nebraska, all of which were used at the dedication ceremonies
of the Woman's Building.

Confirming as this did their decision that it was better to
encourage and further some one work of intrinsic value than to
undertake a variety of small exhibits, the recollection of their
small share in bringing about this result is one of the most
gratifying memories of the Woman's Board.

The women of the jSTational Commission had a very keen
appreciation of the opportunity and responsibility placed in
their hands when a government appropriation gave them a
definite share in the success or failure of the Columbian Ex-
position. To many it seemed as if this golden opportunity was
all that American women needed to show their ability and their
strength. In their anxiety to make the contents of the
Woman's Building reach the high-water mark of woman's at-
tainment in every direction, it followed inevitably that in the
methods of procedure decided upon in their first enthusiasm
they should have failed to take into sufficient account the very
real difficulties which lay thick in their way.

A World's Fair with the responsibilities of a Woman's
Building upon its shoulders must deal with all sorts and con-
ditions of women as well as men. Any rigid process of selec-
tion of things that were to be " the best of their kind " involved
having competent judges for each variety of thing offered,
capable in truth of discriminating with the nicest accuracy.

230 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The parts in their minutest divisions must be worked upon with
the most exacting attention to detail if the whole was to show
only the highest achievements of women.

We of the State boards were counselled to let no foolish
considerations of sentiment tempt us to lower the high stand-
ard set up in the rules and regulations made for our guidance.
But, unfortunately, woman's work in directions suitable for
exposition purposes lay principally in some half dozen out of
the many lines in which she was asked to exhibit her progress.
Almost at once the accumulation in these half dozen offered
a good imitation of one of Nature's first laws, that of excess.
Unhappily, there was no time to wait and imitate Nature's
remedy as well in the survival of only the fit.

Contributions from every quarter of the globe, and repre-
senting every condition in life, came pouring in; offerings
from the women of royal families in every country, and from
the natives of India and Iceland; the lace of centuries ago
from a queen's treasures, and the lace of yesterday from re-
vived cottage industries; weavings in gold and silk from
the Associated Artists in New York, and buffalo skins
tanned by Indian women in the far "West; Highland stock-
ings and Shamrock table centers; altar cloths of exquisite em-
broidery and patchwork bedquilts with Scripture texts;
beautiful carvings in wood and in ivory; plans and photographs
of thoroughly good architecture; work in leather, in brass,
stone, and marble; exquisite work in stained glass, the Rook-
wood pottery, and examples of the gold china, with its well-
kept secret; pearls from Wisconsin; needle-work and em-
broidery from the whole world; contributions in the fine arts
which could stand upon their merits anywhere; portraits of
women famous in art, and letters, and philanthropy; statistics
of every known charity, and of every educational movement:
countless treasures of historical value — each and all of
these things bore witness to the world-wide interest and en-
thusiasm which had been awakened and developed every-
where. It was impossible at that late day to separate that
which was simply curious from that which was valuable; the

INTRODUCTION. 231

highest attainment possible in commonplace things from the
high attainment which showed ability without any question of
sex.

Immediate acceptance and installation were imperative if
the exhibits were to be in readiness at the specified time. It
followed that the rules and regulations had to be stretched to
their utmost to find a happy medium between courtesy to the
offerings of guests and justice to the offerings of earnest work-
ers in our own country. The happiest solution of the difficulty
lay ih acting upon the suggestion of the Director-General, that
the Woman's Building be made one of exhibits, open like the
others to competition and award.

When this decision was reached it was too late for Con-
necticut women to profit by whatever advantages lay in the
new order of things. Under the old order we had decided
that, although the Board was willing to bear every expense for
them, the benefit to be gained would not compensate self-sup-
porting women for the loss of time involved in turning aside
from their usual occupations to prepare work for exhibition
only: For this reason, Connecticut women had but a small
share in the exhibits in the Woman's Building outside the
two departments of art and letters, to which women naturally
seem to devote whatever leisure is left from the exactions of
daily life, homemaking, education, charity, and philanthropy.

The arbitrary rule that exhibits in that building must rep-
resent only the work of women, shut out at once all that related
to work in industrial lines where men and women must work
together. The opportunities and duration of a World's Fair
are not sufficient to justify the labor involved in separating and
labeling the proportion of work done by each sex. The out-
come could not fail to seem trivial. A single example will
serve as an illustration of the difficulties which were to be met.
In our own State an exhibit of silks prepared with great care
and skill could not be exhibited in the Woman's Building be-
cause in the preparation of the dyes a man's help was neces-
sary. As a natural result, there was no representation of in-

•232 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

dustrial work from a State where thousands of women are em-
ployed side by side with men.

In many of the arts and sciences the restrictions were neces-
sarily equally arbitrary. As a result, the mass of things seen
did not fully represent the actual work which women, under
the keen spur of competition, have learned to do well, but
rather the things which grew into occupations from having
been first taken up as a pastime in leisure hours, such as em-
broidery, lace-making, and decorative work of various kinds.

It is true that the Woman's Building presented to the
casual observer an unfair example of woman's attainments.
It did not accomplish what it promised; it could not accom-
plish what it hoped. Like a woman's life, it seemed to be full
of things which did not count, necessary things, but absolutely
valueless for purposes of dress parade. Here and there in art
and science and invention one found the unusual. Two widely
differing examples of woman's work in new directions lay,
in the record of Kate Marsden's heroic work among the lepers
and her 7,000 miles of travel in Siberia, and in Mrs. French
Sheldon's exhibit of the outfit with which she crossed the
Dark Continent. A woman, alone, at the head of five hun-
dred men, she undertook an expedition which hitherto had
tested the courage and cost the life of more than one brave
man. Doing a man's work in a woman's way, she accom-
plished it without a single drop of bloodshed. Armor of
cloth of gold and cuirasses of silver sequins, stuffs rivaling in
hue the brilliant Tyrian purple of the ancients, amulets and
beads and shining things of every kind were the weapons she
used. One could imagine the Queen of Sheba making her
formidable visits with such

" Flashing of jewels and flutter of laces,"

and possibly Solomon in all his glory may have presented just
such a spectacle to the children of the desert, but one cannot
imagine a Livingston, a Gordon, or a Stanley attempting to
cross Darkest Africa in such an array. Grace Darling's simple
-outfit for her deeds of heroism found its place among the boats

INTRODUCTION. 233

In the Transportation Building. Beyond her name there was
nothing to separate it from other boats of its kind. She did a
man's work in a man's way and with a man's weapons. They
were glad to make room for her, and the life-saving service
exists to-day as her lasting monument.

Among the world of sight-seers who crossed its threshold,
the student alone could do justice to the Woman's Building.
For him the statistics became eloquent in their story of the
tremendous educational and preventive work which women
are doing everywhere. The variety and abundance of ap-
pliances for nursing the sick, the records of the friendly hands
stretched out in every direction toward the suffering, the poor,
the prisoner, and the helpless show that Florence Nightingale,
Dorothea Dix, and Elizabeth Fry have had followers and fel-
low-workers, who have multiplied as human need has grown,
until we accept them as if they had always existed.

Some of the paintings in the Woman's Building may, as the
critics claim, have lacked something in depth of feeling, but
no one could charge that against the pictures, unconsciously
presented on every side, of woman's work in the simple,
homely, necessary things of everyday life.

For the hopeful ones who remembered the exceptional
women who have now and then astonished and blessed the
world, there was, until the end, a sort of faith that the unusual
conditions for women, of which we heard more than we saw,
would result in some new type of womanhood, as distinct and
impressive, in its way, as the Golden Goddess of the Lagoons.
But to those of us who were so old-fashioned as to believe that
men and women had a fair start together in the garden of
Eden, or wherever the cradle of the race was rocked, and who,
consequently, felt that the entire Exposition was as true a
picture of woman's advance in civilization as it was of man's,
it was a great relief to feel that, apart from the developing
power of responsibility, the World's Fair had left us very
much as it found us, able still to think of the familiar figure of
Patience on her monument as the only example of the sex who
had been able to occupy successfully a lofty position with sus-
16

234 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

tained, even if unfeeling, cheerfulness. It would have been
humiliating in the extreme to feel that, like America, we owed
the discovery of our possibilities to Columbus — our only op-
portunity for real appreciation to a chance appropriation of
Congress.

The statistics presented in the chapter devoted to that
subject are not offered as the point of any moral; they cannot
be said to even adorn the printed page when one compares
them with the neat figures with which the modern zealous
statistician slays his thousands, perhaps even his tens of thou-
sands, when he really girds himself to bring confusion to the
enemies of progress. And although there has been an oc-
casional astronomer among womenkind, and also an occasional
schoolmistress capable of teaching the multiplication table and
the rule of three to the sterner sex in its youth, still no tradi-
tion is more firmly fixed among the unchangeables than the
one declaring that " women have no head for figures."

Realizing our inherent limitations, therefore, we do not
attempt to " deduce " anything; we are content to leave that
to the second sight of the trained sociologist, for whose use this
data was secured.

Looking over the list, one realizes that, for women as well
as men, work is, in truth, the chief business of life. Count-
ing the ownership of homes, one ventures to hope that the
answer to Agur's prayer, "Neither poverty nor riches and
food convenient for me," has been granted often enough to be
the prevailing condition.

The large number of women employed in the usual ave-
nues open to unskilled labor tells its own story, even to the gen-
eral reader. For his benefit, too, the unusual has been selected
from among the occupations of women.

" In other lines," says the circular. Considering " other
lines " one forgets to be statistical and begins to be curious.
He finds himself hoping that the woman who is a butcher
simply keeps the shop, and knows nothing of the things,
big and little, especially little, which are condemned to death.
He wonders if the blacksmith is a widow, finding in the

INTRODUCTION. 235

shoeing of other people's horses the only way to cover the
little feet that tramp in and out over her own doorstone ; and
the teamster! can she be a Yankee Tom Grogan carrying
on her husband's work in the interest of the family and
the neighborhood with a tender heart and a fearless cour-
age, or is she some strong, hearty, farmer's daughter, accus-
tomed to horses from her babyhood, gaining her first lessons
when too young to know fear, and growing up with her four-
footed friends so familiarly that to work in the world with
them is but a natural step from her own father's dooryard!
And then the two carpenters — what a long-sought opportunity
for closets and rearranged building plans ! But if such things
continue what will become of the tradition that nails are much
safer in a woman's fingers than on them? Surely, the foun-
dations are being trifled with, even if they are not moved !

Remembering Bluebeard's favorite wife, one is not sur-
prised at discovering feminine locksmiths, but somehow we
had thought that Tubal Cain's descendants, those natural
artificers in brass, must be of the masculine persuasion. And
the bell-hangers ! Can it be that in a State where family names
and types show so little change there can have been handed
down from generation to generation that love of bells which
caused the first settlers to bring with them from Massachu-
setts the only bell in the country above Virginia, and that
the music of that can have found expression in the occupations
of the daughters when there were no longer sons to carry it
on?

There is so much in the list to excite surprise that at
first we find ourselves unconsciously occupying Dr. Johnson's
attitude toward a woman's preaching. We do not ask if these
things are done well in our astonishment that they are done at
all. And yet, in this day of keen competition, when ability
and not chivalry gives a woman her place, the fact that work
which has a market value continues to be done by women is
convincing proof that it is done well. But, however faith-
fully we may collect and collate statistics, we have yet to dis-
cover a method which will show the brave struggle, against

236 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

odds of sex and surroundings, which self-supporting women
have made in their effort to take their places, upon merit alone,
in new fields of the world's work. It takes courage of a high
order to differ from the prevailing conditions. Isolation
seems to be the price of the unusual, even outside of exposi-
tions.

Nothing at the World's Fair so fully emphasized the
widening influence of modern education as the statistics show-
ing the number of interests and occupations which women
have added to the original three of housework, sewing, and
teaching, which, for a time, seemed the natural order and ex-
tent of their accomplishments.

For women themselves to have taken the step from the
summer term at the dame school of a hundred years ago to
the yearly course at the college of the present time is to have
stretched and hurried the processes of evolution to the snapping
point, if we are to believe all we read in this progressive age.
There is a grain of leaven, however, in the discovery that
women were the first among English-speaking people to ap*-
preciate the value and benefits of education, even if they were
incapable of receiving them in their own persons; and we find
one of them founding the first college for men as early as the
thirteenth century. Not a moment too soon, evidently, if the
weaker sex were ever to have its chance, since it seems to have
taken all these intervening centuries for men to learn and un-
learn their physiology often enough to be at last convinced
that probably Nature did not, after all, intend to make such a
sweeping difference in the original gray matter of infants in
arms. Baliol and "Wadham colleges in Oxford, Clare, Pem-
broke, Queen's, Christ, and Sidney colleges in Cambridge,
owed their existence to the English women of hundreds of
years ago. That is something to remember when we are ac-
cepting gratefully from the men of our own times the oppor-
tunities of Yassar, Wellesley, and Smith.

A faithful record of the means toward an end is the utmost
that even the enthusiastic compiler of statistics can hope to at-
tain. The record of the large number of helpful societies, of

INTRODUCTION. 237

every degree and kind, which women in Connecticut have
established, and still maintain with surpassing ability, is power-
less to show the fine spirit which lies behind them. That de-
lightful phase of K"ew England life which is known outside of
large cities as neighborhood kindness, the ready hand, the keen
sympathy, the deeds which come easier than words to a reticent
people, this it is impossible to reproduce; no classification, how-
ever complete, can include it.

The Connecticut statistics, valuable as they were for the
sociologist, show to the general public two things especially:
One the tremendous amount of work done ~by women of the
State in industrial lines. The other the tremendous amount
of work done for women in social and educational lines. We
discovered nothing in these statistics to prove that we were
downtrodden or deprived of our natural rights. It is true
that in some directions, teaching for instance, the influence of
supply and demand make the salaries of women far lower than
the salaries of men. In this profession there is much keener
competition than in any other which men and women share,
but in uncrowded lines we found that women who were capable
of doing a man's work received a man's wages. In industrial
lines, at piece work, women often earned more than men. In
educational matters our largest, most famous university has
opened its doors to women for post-graduate studies with a
hearty, ungrudging welcome.

The domestic relations of the Connecticut woman are as
old-fashioned as those of the Roman matron. She, too, can
both inherit and endow. She is her husband's equal in the
home, and (tell it not in Gath) sometimes his superior. She
is a recognized influence, uplifting and refining, heroic if
necessary, patriotic always, accepting life as it presents itself,
and men as they are. Largely of the type of whom Ian Mac-
laren says, " If a woman will find his belongings, which he has
scattered over three rooms and the hall, he invests her with
many virtues, and if she packs his portmanteau he will asso-
ciate her with St. Theresa. But if his hostess be inclined to

238 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

discuss problems with him he will receive her name with
marked coldness; and if she follow up this trial with evil food,
he will conceive a rooted dislike for her, and will flee her house.
So simple is man! "

And so simple are we all, really; dependent at every point
upon this same spirit of helpfulness which makes up the com-
monplace, wholesome, natural atmosphere of the home.

When we had collected and contributed the statistics asked
of us, our work of preparing exhibits for the Woman's Build-
ing and the World's Fair was ended. We had tried to send
whatever was characteristic of our State and people and times,
rather than to marshal all our single exceptions. We could
show nothing that was being done better than it had been done
before, offer nothing which should make us an exception in the
eyes of the world. We sent priceless pieces of silver, and so
did Germany. We sent early portraits of famous women, and
so did England. We sent treasures in lace, and so did Queen
Margharetta of Italy. We sent valuable statistics, and so did
the women of France.

In literature, Uncle Tom's Cabin was our shining example,
and even that, we soon found, had been taken into the life and
literature of every civilized country in the world. As a
record, simply, and not as an example, our work must stand.
Whatever merit it possessed lay in its simplicity, and in the
singleness of purpose with which it went forward. A willing
service, we sent nothing to Chicago that was half-hearted or
incomplete.

It is quite true that for a time the extraordinary interest
shown in the event by the outside world, and the stir of prepa-
ration in our own country, swept us along with a kind of fresh
vigor which took all our fancies captive, and made us long for
the splendid and covet the impossible with which to dazzle
visiting nations; but, fortunately, the intervening months of
hard, unremitting, detail work served to give us a truer sense
of our own importance, and convinced us that even so praise-
worthy a pursuit as national glory would prosper none the

INTRODUCTION. 239

worse for coming under " the restraining grace of common
sense."

Our work of preparation and installation had ended with-
out misfortune or mishap. The Men's Board had been will-
ing to share a part of their appropriation, a few of their re-
sponsibilities, and all their festivities with us, from which it
will be seen that the simple conditions of everyday life had
prevailed even in Exposition matters.

Twice the united boards accompanied the governors and
their staff to Chicago to be present on certain ceremonious oc-
casions. Xot that we needed to follow the suggestion of the
Illinois senator who thought that the people of " the stable
East," which means Connecticut, if it means anything, needed
to take stated trips to Chicago to become " inoculated with
unrestrained enthusiasm."

There were three occasions, at least, when we " had it " in
the good old-fashioned way rampant before inoculation itself
was dreamed of, and long before the economical advantages of
the ounce of prevention over the pound of cure had caught the
public ear.

The first time came when, standing in that wonderful
building of manufactures and liberal arts, its forty acres all too
small to hold the representatives who had come from every-
where to celebrate the discovery of this youngest nation, to
rejoice in her rapid growth in the past and her splendid pos-
sibilities for the future, we realized something of what the old
Hebrew prophets had seen in their visions, " the mighty host,
the multitude whom no man could number."

There was something so magnetic in that impressive gather-
ing of tens upon tens of thousands; an enthusiasm so wide-
spread, so powerful, so contagious, that no one could face it
unmoved. It stirred the soul, quickened the pulse, and made
of every man a patriot and a musician at heart as he tried, with
faltering voice, to join in the first verse of his national hymn.

The second occasion of unrestrained enthusiasm was cumu-
lative. In accepting the invitation of Chicago to join in the
dedication ceremonies at Jackson Park, Governor Bulkeley

240 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

felt that Connecticut should assist in a manner befitting a State
which counted among its citizens descendants of not only the
men who had helped settle the colonies, but also of those who
had helped defend and maintain them for freedom and the
future.

Therefore, although we did not furnish all the king's
horses nor all the king's men for the celebration, we had
enough of each in the mounted staff and the uniformed Guards
to do honor to both our State and the occasion. The difficul-
ties of precedence, and some other things, made the masters-
of-ceremonies decide that as this was to be, finally, a strictly
civic parade, anything so military as the Connecticut Foot
Guards did not properly belong to it. Governor Bulkeley's
reply was characteristic: " The Foot Guards are as much my
escort as my staff are. They will go where I go. I brought
them here for that purpose."

And go they did, winning round after round of applause on
every side, and so universally that the next day they were
offered the place of honor in the line, when such an ovation was
again given them that the spectators from their own State felt,
once more, that they would rather be born Connecticut Yan-
kees than princes of the blood, and that, however severe and
rock-ribbed her soil, however thrifty and commercial her in-
terests, there was still that in a Connecticut inheritance which
brought forth the very flower of manhood.

There was another moment of this occasion when we were
compelled to agree that Chicago was, after all, the very birth-
place of unrestrained enthusiasm. We had seen the mag-
nificent promise of the coming Exposition; we had seen and
listened to some of the best, and ablest, and most eloquent of
the sons of a great nation, united in their desire to do her honor
in the eyes of, the outside world, which had, in turn, sent its
best as representatives and sharers in the event. We had
joined in the pomp and circumstance of the great reception
and the magnificent ball, with its representatives of Pope and
prelate and ambassadors from foreign courts, the brilliant
robe of the cardinal and the purple cassock of the priest, the

INTRODUCTION. 241

jeweled court costumes of Eastern nations, and the scarlet
coats in Her Majesty's service, shining resplendent beside the
plain black of our own democratic rulers. The beauty of the
"White City and the inspiration of the occasion had called out
all our enthusiasm; the orators had used up all our adjectives;
the wonderful heart-stirring procession, in truth like an army
with banners, had kindled afresh our patriotism, and won . 11
our cheers, and now, at last, it was ended, and we were stand-
ing, silent, in the great hall of the Auditorium, filled to over-
flowing with governors and representatives and dignitaries of
every kind, waiting, like ourselves, to turn their faces toward
home, when, sudden as a bugle call, the strains of " Hail to the
Chief " were played with such spirit and enthusiasm, followed
by such an instantaneous and hearty burst of applause that
every eye was turned, eager to find the occasion; and when we
saw that it was the appearance of Connecticut's governor on
the staircase, looking every inch a man, which is much more
to the point in a republic than looking every inch a king, we
may surely be forgiven for confiding to the unread privacy of
a State report the fact that we would not have exchanged Con-
necticut as an abiding place, nor Bulkeley as a governor, for
all that we saw at Chicago.

A year later the united boards were again asked to accom-
pany the governor and his staff to Chicago, this time for the
purpose of celebrating Connecticut Day in the State building,
and again the women of the board were equal sharers in all the
privileges of the occasion: in the special train, the comfort-
able rooms, the prompt arrival of their belongings, and front
seats in the synagogue whenever there was occasion for them.
True to their belief that all men were born free and equal,
and all women were born a little more so, the men of the board
had asked us to share, as fully in the preparations for the cele-
bration of the State day as we had already shared in the prepa-
ration of the State building for service.

In the reception given to the representatives and officials
of other States, in the governor's reception, and again in the
exercises of Connecticut Day, when a review of their year's

242 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

work was given in a short address, the Woman's Board was rep-
resented by their president. We had changed governors in
the meantime, and also the distinguishing name of the govern-
ing policy in the State, but except for the daily press the
Woman's Board would never have known it.

For unfailing courtesy, out of which grew wishes antici-
pated and privileges secured, and for a thousand thoughtful
kindnesses, we were under the same obligations to Governor
Morris and his staff that had made us grateful debtors to Gov-
ernor Bulkeley and the members of his staff.

And when, that brilliant October day, we saw every ap-
proach io the small Connecticut building crowded for hours
by people waiting to shake hands with the chief executive of
the State which was their own, either by residence or through
ancestry, anxious to share in the celebration, ready to applaud
every word of appreciation, we did not need fine phrases nor
the eloquence of the most brilliant orator to illustrate Con-
necticut's loyalty.

From every section hundreds came, eager to stand together
on the spot which, in the midst of all this seeming splendor,
represented home, and childhood, and the green hills of his
youth to many a wanderer over the prairies, and deserts, and
level stretches of the far West, many a settler who had never
been able to get back to what he lovingly called "the old
State." Watching the meeting of old friends, the speaking
faces, the kindling eyes, the hand clasp, more eloquent than
any words, one came to understand something of the spirit
which builds up commonwealths and makes America a glory
among the nations.

And when, daylight ended, the Exposition people took up
the celebration, and the watching multitudes saw their State
building, under the witchery of electricity, caught up into the
heavens like the vision of Elijah's chariot of fire, then once
more the ringing cheers straight from the heart taught us that
unrestrained enthusiasm was not a borrowed product, but
rather a Connecticut birthright, the seeds of which were sown
in the cheerful endurance of the early privations and hard-

INTRODUCTION. 243

ships, and reaped in a loyalty and patriotism which made each
descendant a joint owner in that invincible spirit which took
for its motto " Qui transtulit sustinet."

We did not need to be told by the press the next morning
that Connecticut Day, with its multitude of visitors, out-
ranked in numbers every other day at the Fair except Chicago's
own; we already knew it.

When Connecticut Day was over, the official duties of the
Woman's Board were practically ended; what remained to be
done was entirely the work of the committees who, beginning
early, were also to know the other extreme of finishing late ;
and so with permits already safe in hand for the speedy re-
moval, at the close of the Fair, of whatever must be returned
to our own State, we were at last free to follow Sidney Smith's
advice and take short views of life.

That useful person, the statistician of the impossible, had
been abroad computing that with but two minutes spent on
each exhibit it would take a lifetime of thirty-two years to in-
spect the Columbian Exposition! With that in mind it was
easy for people with even the most rigidly-trained New Eng-
land consciences to give up trying to see anything improving,
and left them free to vitalize their geography and compare
notes with their fellow sufferers of a previous wet spring of
preparation.

But alas! The prosperity of an American summer had
•changed these almost beyond recognition. The soft-eyed
Egyptians, who had persistently sought out the windless and
sunny side of the unfinished buildings in Cairo street, sitting
for hours holding great boards of treacherous-seeming snakes,
as unmoved as if St. Patrick himself sat at their elbows, had
looked so desolate, so homesick, on first acquaintance, that we
had forgiven them the bricks without straw on the spot, and
felt like apologizing for our early enjoyment of the retributive
plagues, and now we found them so brisk, so affluent, so patron-
izing even, that they no longer reminded us of the Pyramids
and the Desert, of wandering Israelites and a mighty river,

244 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

lined with crocodiles and bulrushes and an occasional young-
prophet, and we left them where we found them, remorselessly
restoring them to the orthodox disapproval of our earliest
recollections. We had left the little Javanese building their
houses with a rapidity that had a touch of the miraculous about
it, row upon row of thatch put in place without tools of any
kind, and with a dexterity and a silence which would have
made us suspect hairpins if we could have associated anything
so modern with them. We had pitied them, shivering in the
bitter cold of those rainy spring days, and our hearts had ached
for the young Javanese mother who had laid her first baby
away in alien soil in that chill April twilight; and now we
found them with a flourishing village, filled with streets, and
bazars, and gay visitors, buying all manner of charming,
foreign-looking things, still unwarmed, however, although
familiar with the uses of electricity, keeping the bulbs well-
hidden under their shawls for whatever heat lay in them.
Patrons of the drama in their own right, they had set up a
musical summons so soft, so mellow, so enticing in its sound,
that their neighbors, who were forced to depend upon the heat-
ing clamor of sounding brass and tinkling cymbals to attract
their audiences must have felt themselves consuming with
envy.

Little Malula, with her sweet baby voice, the only sweet
thing in the Dahomey Village, had learned to say the one
word " penny," in unmistakable and very fetching English,
and the gentlemanly person from the far East had adopted
citizen's clothes, and was not above telling fortunes, incident-
ally disclosing plans for immediate bigamy upon the part of
the respected and unromantic head of the family.

The Ferris Wheel, with its impartial activity, filled more
than ever our childish notion of the inside machinery of the
mills of the gods, and even the reeds in the costumes of the
South Sea Islanders seemed to shake with a more aggressive
air, instead of being limp and apologetic after such a summer
of activity.

INTRODUCTION. 245

Motley and blue serge were the only wear in the Plaisance,
except when one came unexpectedly upon a familiar face,
associated with flowing white and a turban which, under the
swift development of that Chicago summer, had changed into
the semblance of an American citizen with a " tailor begotten
demeanor."

It had all changed, grown, developed, degenerated, and
improved. But the delightful and obsequious ancients of the
early days seemed to have taken to themselves modern man-
ners, and a new commercial standpoint, and it was a relief to
turn to the familiar brogue of the Irish village, there to get an
object lesson in the mellowing influence of having had the
Blarney Stone kissed by one's ancestors.

To those who were familiar from the first with the aims
and preparations for the World's Columbian Exposition noth-
ing was more remarkable than the rapid development of a
national interest in the study of ethnology as embodied in the
Midway Plaisance.

There were those who were so misguided as to look upon
it, just at first, as a sort of foreign connection, not by blood
happily, of the side-shows of the American circus, a place
where the unusual^ and the two-headed, the overgrown, and
the undersized would feel at home and appreciated, but the
magazines and the newspapers speedily set them right, and con-
vinced them that here was the opportunity of a lifetime to re-
ceive all the benefits and none of the disadvantages of foreign
travel, in homeopathic doses, to be sure, and not always
through the medium of plenty of water, but nevertheless effica-
cious, and touching the spot. Remembering the dexterity
with which some of these peoples from the uttermost parts of
the earth developed that thrifty kind of vision called " an eye
to the main chance," one felt as though the line in the hymn
which described him as " the heathen in his blindness " must
liereafter stand robbed of something of its descriptive force.

That they served their day, and, let us hope, their genera-
tion, as a part of the World's Fair, there can be no more doubt

246 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

than that nothing the foreign element offered was more inter-
esting and numerous than the various types of American citizen
from north and south, east and west, from every walk in life,
and representing every known condition, who, as thirsty seek-
ers after knowledge, helped fill to overflowing what a very
learned article has called " the highly instructive villages of
the Midway Plaisance."

For the outside world the Columbian Exposition closed
October 30, 1893. Even the lightest, most careless of the
pleasure-seekers left it with reluctant feet. It was given over
to owners, and managers, and committees, who had endless
treasures to look after, endless detail to meet and master.

Almost at once we went back to the primitive conditions,
the Intra-Mural railway stopped, the lights went out, the shade
of the Ancient Mariner could no longer have been seen in the
beautiful waters of the electric fountain, the modern rival of
the witches' oils, " Burnt green and blue and white." Colum-
bus, coming to these shores, would not have had even the torch
of the Indian woman, lighting her husband home, to serve as
a beacon to the undiscovered country he was seeking.

It was startling to find how much of the wonderful charm
of the Fair was made up of the people. The buildings were
still there in all their magnificence, the exhibits were in many
instances untouched, and yet we found ourselves unconsciously
treading softly and speaking low in the sudden silence which
had fallen upon it, as if we were, indeed, in the City of the
Dead. That which but yesterday had been so instinct with
life, sounding a note so triumphant that it seemed immortal,
had suddenly sunk into the saddest of minors.

The spirit was gone, the pulse had stopped, the individu-
ality was swept away, the summer was ended, and the autumn
haze, the drifting fogs, the occasional sunlight, the swift
drenching rains and the chill of approaching winter depressed
one like the sudden close of a promising life.

The World's Fair was ended as far as that can end which
has entered forever into the very life and spirit of a young,

INTRODUCTION. 247

vigorous, and appreciative people, giving them higher ideals,
wider interests, a broader standard of beauty, and a truer
knowledge of their own possibilities and of their own needs.

In closing this simple story of what the women of one State
tried to do, and of how they succeeded, I must at least come
from behind the friendly shelter of the editorial " we " long
enough to confess that my only fitness for the task of chronicler
lay in the fact that the detail of the work I have tried to de-
scribe passed through my hands, and, therefore, I have been
able to write from knowledge, and also able to discover in that
writing that historians must be born, and cannot be made by
any such simple means as the holding of an official position.

To the members of the Board I have had the honor to
represent, and for whose sakes this record has been presented,
I frankly own that if after this lapse of time I have found mem-
ory gently inclined to " drop a fault and add a grace," I have
not been too honest to take advantage of it, since this introduc-
tion is made up of recollections ; and if, in the body of the re-
port, any of them miss a detail which should have been set
forth with mathematical precision, I beg that they will turn
to the chapter on statistics, and by realizing how many weary
hours of work that represents, will feel inclined to forgive me
at once for what would have been, in truth, but an uninten-
tional oversight, and so once again give evidence of that will-
ingness to

"Read between the unwritten lines
The finer grace of unfilled designs,"

which has so many times in the past won my deepest gratitude,
and made of the recollections of our work together a possession
beyond the reach of words.

My warmest thanks are due to the members of the va-
rious committees for their unfailing support, and especially
to Mrs. P. H. Ingalls and to Mrs. J. G. Gregory, for such un-
tiring devotion to their work and such forgetfulness of self
as made their sendee an inspiration and a delightful remem-
brance.

248 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

To Professor "W. H. Holmes of Washington for his gener-
ous permission to use the photographs from the National
Museum for illustrations, and to Miss Frances B. Johnson,
to whose ability and interest these illustrations are due, I am
under great obligation for the opportunity to use a woman's
work; and last and most grateful of all is the acknowledg-
ment of my indebtedness to Mrs. Isabel C. Barrows for her
literary skill, her invaluable help, and that generous encour-
agement which gave me the inspiration of a fresh auditor, and
made it possible for me to tell once again this more than twice-
told tale.

KATE BRANNON KNIGHT.

LAKEVILLE, CONNECTICUT, August, 1898.

THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.

CHAPTER XV.
METHODS AND RESUME OF WORK.

ORGANIZATION.

Upon the decision of the Congress of the United States
that the World's Fair should be held in Chicago in 1893, a
meeting of citizens was called at the Connecticut State Capitol
February 22, 1892. It was voted that there should be a State
representation at the Columbian Exposition, and the sum of
fifty thousand dollars was subscribed for that purpose. A
Board of Managers was organized, who recommended the ap-
pointment of a separate Board of Lady Managers from differ-
ent sections of the State. In accordance with this request, a
board of sixteen, with sixteen alternates, was appointed. The
following formal announcement to each member was the oc-
casion of the present writer's interest in this direction and the
authority under which she worked.

STATE OP CONNECTICUT.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,

Hartford, April 12, 1892.

MRS. GEORGE H. KNIGHT, Delegate.
MRS. GEORGE H. STOUGHTON, Alternate.

You have been appointed a member of the "Board of Lady Managers
of Connecticut," for the World's Columbian Exposition, under the pro-
visions of the resolutions adopted at the meeting held at the State Capitol,
February 22, 1892. Mrs. George H. Stoughton of Thomaston has been
selected as your alternate.

A meeting of the Board of Lady Managers and their alternates, for
the purpose of organization, will be held in the Senate Chamber on Tues-
day, April 19th, at one o'clock. You are requested to be present, and in
the meantime please signify your acceptance of the appointment.

MORGAN G. BULKELEY,

Governor.
17 (249)

£50 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT.
Managers. Alternates.

Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Hartford, Mrs. Edwin H. Sears, Hartford.
President from April to Dec., 1892.

Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. Mrs. H. D. Smith, Plantsville.

Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. Mrs. D. B. Hamilton, Waterbury.

Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, Treas., Mrs. Alton Farrel, Ansonia.
New Haven.

Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Colchester.

Miss Anne H. Chappell, New Lon- Mrs. George P. Lathrop, New Lon-
don, don.

Mrs. P. T. Barnum, Bridgeport, Mrs. J. G. Gregory, Norwalk, Mana-
Vice-Pres., April to December. ger from January, 1893.

Miss Edith Jones, Westport. Miss Clara Hurlburt, Westport.

Miss H. E. Brainard, Willimantic. Miss Josephine Bingham, Windham.

Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, Putnam. Miss May Bradford, Brooklyn.

Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford. Mrs. A. P. Hammond, Rockville.

Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Vernon. Mrs. Charlotte Tinchier, Rockville.

Mrs. Elmer A. Hubbard, Higganum. Miss Gertrude Turner, Chester.

Mrs. Welthea A. Hammond, Port- Mrs. L. C. Wilkins, Portland,
land.

Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Winsted. Mrs. John A. Buckingham, Water-
town.

Mrs. George H. Knight, Sec'y, Lake- Mrs. Geo. H. Stoughton, Thomaston.
ville.

In accordance with the call of Governor Bulkeley, the
newly-appointed Board of Lady Managers met at the State
Capitol on the 19th of April, for the purpose of organization.
By unanimous vote Mrs. Bulkeley was elected president and
Mrs. Geo. H. Knight secretary.

Later, owing to the resignation of the president, vice-presi-
dent, and a few of the members, certain changes were made
necessary. In January, 1893, Mrs. Franklin Farrel was
elected vice-president, and Mrs. George H. Knight president,
who continued the work of secretary as well till the close of
the Fair.

The following complete list of officers remained un-
changed to the end:

President.
Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville.

Vice-president.
Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia.

LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 251

Treasurer.
Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven.

Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville.

Executive Committee.

Mrs. Geo. H. Knight, Lakeville. Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford.

Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven. Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia.
Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Vernon.

Auditing Committee.

Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Vernon. Mrs. J. H. Alvord, Winsted.

Mrs. Henry C. Morgan.

Furnishing Committee.

Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia.
Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven.

Exhibit Committee.

Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. Mrs. J. H. Alvord, Winsted.

Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford. Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, Putnam.

Miss H. E. Brainard, Willimantic. Miss A. H. Chappell, New London.
Miss Edith Jones, Westport. Mrs. Martha A. Hammond, Portland.

Subsequently, as the needs of the work developed, two
additional committees were formed:

Committee on Literature.

Miss Anne H. Chappell. Mrs. J. G. Gregory.

Miss H. E. Brainard.

Bales Committee.
Mrs. P. H. Ingalls. Mrs. J. G. Gregory.

Mrs. Gregory directed her time and tireless energy to the
arrangement and publication of the " Selections from the
"Writings of Connecticut Women." Miss Chappell found, in
turn, that the collection of books needed her constant service.
Both were aided most efficiently by Miss Brainard and the
different members of the Board.

The Sales Committee was appointed to dispose of the
various articles remaining in the hands of the Board at the
conclusion of the Exposition.

The following by-laws, modeled upon those governing the

252 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

National Commission, guided the transactions of the Board of
Lady Managers:

ARTICLE I. At any authorized meeting of the Board of
Lady Managers of the State of Connecticut a quorum for the
transaction of business shall consist of not less than five
managers or alternates, when present, in place of their
principals.

ARTICLE II. The alternate manager, in the absence of
her principal, shall assume and perform the duties of the
manager both as a member of the Board and as a member of
any committee to which her principal may have been ap-
pointed.

ARTICLE III. The officers of this Board shall consist of a
President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, and
such other officers and agents as the Board shall from time to
time deem necessary.

ARTICLE IV. The President shall preside over all the
meetings of the Board, shall appoint all committees, and shall
be, ex officio, member of all the committees. In the absence
of the President and Vice-President shall perform her duties.

ARTICLE V. The Secretary shall keep a record of the
minutes of each meeting of the Board, and have the custody
of its documents and records.

ARTICLE VI. The Treasurer shall keep all the accounts
of the Board, receive and disburse its funds upon proper
vouchers, duly certified by the Auditing Committee, and shall,
upon request of the Board of World's Fair Managers of Con-
necticut, submit a report of said expenditures.

ARTICLE VII. There shall be an Executive Committee,
consisting of five members, of which the Treasurer shall be
one. Each of the Standing Committees to be represented on
the Executive Board. The said committee, when the Board
is not in session, shall have all the powers of the Board of Lady
Managers. Three members shall constitute a quorum, and
the committee may make such regulations for its own govern-
ment and the exercise of its functions through the medium of
such sub-committees as it may consider expedient, and shall
direct all expenditures of the Board. The committee shall
recommend to the Commission such employes and agents as
may be necessary, and shall distinctly define the duties. They
shall report fully all their transactions to the Board at its
meetings. In case of any vacancy in the Committee, the
same shall be filled by appointment of the President. In all

ALTERNATE LADY MANAGERS OP' CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD o FAIR. 253

cases where Managers, who are members of the Executive
Committee, are absent, their alternates are directed to repre-
sent them on the committee.

ARTICLE VIII. There shall be an Auditing Committee,
consisting of three members, to whom shall be presented all
bills contracted under authority of the Executive Committee,
which, on their approval, shall be presented to the Treasurer
for payment.

ARTICLE IX. In accordance with the request of the
World's Fair Commissioners of this State, there shall be a
Committee of three appointed from this Board as members
of the committee having charge of the furnishing and decorat-
ing of the Connecticut State Building.

ARTICLE X. There shall be a Committee on Exhibits,
consisting of eight members of this Board, to whom shall lie
submitted for approval all articles offered for competition or
exhibit.

ARTICLE XI. The Managers and their Alternates from
each county shall constitute a Committee for their respective
counties, and it shall be their duty to awaken an interest in
woman's work; to encourage its exhibition; and to promote
in every way the object for which this Board was 'created.

ARTICLE XII. The traveling expenses of Managers or
their Alternates, when in attendance upon meetings of this
Board, or in the performance of duties authorized by this
Board, shall be paid by the Treasurer on approval of the
Auditing Committee.

CIRCULARS.

At the first meeting a committee of three was appointed
to act with the general Building Committee, to have charge
of the furnishing and decoration of the Connecticut House at
Chicago. At a subsequent meeting, Mrs. Amelia B. Hin-
man was chosen to assist in collecting an exhibit of the work
of Connecticut women. On the lYth of May, the following
circular letters were sent broadcast throughout the State:

Dear Sir: —

The Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut for the World's Colum-
bian Exposition desire to obtain immediately the names of women, resi-
dents of this State, who are skilled in wood carving.

They also wish the names of women who are particularly skillful in
fancy work and domestic manufacture, and of such persons or corpora-
tions as employ female help largely, with the class of goods made.

Trusting that we may rely upon your assistance in obtaining this in-
formation, I am, etc.

254 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION.

The Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut for the World's Colum-
bian Exposition desire that the State of Connecticut shall be creditably
represented in the Woman's Department. I have been advised that you
are skilled in

Please inform me whether you have or are willing to make any articles
for exhibition at Chicago. A Committee of the Board of Lady Managers
will examine all articles offered, and such as are accepted will be forwarded
and placed on exhibition, without expense to the exhibitor.
An early reply will oblige, etc.

The following circular was issued by the Connecticut
Board of Lady Managers, the rules being the same as those
adopted by the National Board of Lady Managers:

BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS

OF CONNECTICUT
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

HARTFORD, Dec 189 .

There has been a Committee of Experts appointed by the President
of the Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut, whose duty is to make
decision upon the merit of articles for which application for space is to be
made in the Woman's Building ; and no article will be installed by the
Director of the Woman's Building which has not been approved by this
Committee of Experts.

Specimens of paintings are to be sent to either Miss Lucy P. Trow-
bridge, 210 Prospect Street, New Haven, or to Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley,
136 Washington Street, Hartford. China painting to Miss Trowbridge,
and needle-work to Mrs. Bulkeley.

Every applicant for space in the Woman's Building will have space
assigned to her by the Secretary of the National Board of Lady Managers,
if her article is marked of the first order of merit in its class. Articles of
the second order of merit will, very often, be quite eligible to a place in
the General Departments of the Exposition.

RULES.

IN FINE ARTS, copies will not be admitted.

IN EMBROIDERIES, only original designs will be admitted ; stamped
patterns will be strictly excluded.

IN THE LIBRARY, only books of scientific, historical, and literary value
will be received.

MAGAZINES and press articles of the women writers of the State may
be bound together, making a State volume.

IN PATENTS, only drawings and photographs will be allowed, except
in rare cases of peculiar value, when working models will be admitted.

The exhibitor must be the manufacturer or the producer of the article
exhibited, except in the case of the loan and retrospective exhibit.

LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 255

FINANCE.

To meet the expenses of the women's work an appropria-
tion was asked for from the Connecticut fund. The sum of
five thousand dollars, afterward increased to seven thousand
dollars, was granted, which was used for the following pur~
poses : For decorating and furnishing the Connecticut Room
in the Woman's Building; for exhibit of literature, including
the publication of Selections from the Writings of Connecticut
Women ; for assuming the entire expense of all the Connecti-
cut women making exhibits in the World's Fair; for such
carved panels as were not gifts in the Women's Building; for
the collection of statistics and the general expenses of the
Board in carrying on their work as managers.

Early in May, 1892, the Board voted to raise a guaranty
fund of three hundred dollars for the children's Building at
the Fair. Of this amount two hundred and twenty-six dol-
lars was secured by the direct efforts of some of the managers,
the remaining seventy-four dollars only being drawn from the
fund at their disposal.

Before distributing the volume containing the selections
from the writings of Connecticut women to the State libraries
of the country, one hundred and sixty-seven copies were sold,
and the proceeds used toward meeting the cost of publication.

EXHIBITS.

Among the exhibits of women's work were paintings in
oils and water-colors, china painting, designing in silver,
needlework, designs for wall-papers, and photography.

INVENTIONS.

But one invention was exhibited under the auspices of the
Board, viz. : a new and remarkable departure in machine em-
broidery and art work. Color, design, and execution won in-
stant recognition upon inspection, although an endless amount
of correspondence and effort had to be expended because of the
rule forbidding acceptance of machine work. Placed side by

256 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

side with hand work of the highest order this won a medal.
Designer and exhibitor, Mrs. Isabel Butler, Bridgeport, Con-
necticut.

DECORATIONS.

Six carved panels of wood were contributed and used in
the decoration of the library of the Woman's Building.

Three large frames, containing portraits of child life, artist,
Mrs. Marie H. Kendall, Norfolk, Connecticut. One room,
known as the Connecticut Room, in the Woman's Building,
artist and designer, Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, New Haven,
Connecticut; medals were awarded in both instances.

STATISTICS.

A record of ninety-seven (97) clubs and societies of women
was furnished, representing literature, science, philanthropy,
etc. The names of one hundred and forty women following
the profession of journalism were sent the Committee on
Journalism at headquarters. Statistics bearing upon the re-
lations of women to labor were also collected and sent, with
photographs, to Chicago.

LITERATURE.

One hundred and three women, natives of Connecticut,
were represented in the exhibit of literature, fifty as writers
of short stories in the book published by the Board. About
two hundred and fifty books, including the translations
loaned by Mrs. Stowe, were contributed to the Woman's
Library.

THE HARRIET BEECHER STOWE COLLECTION.

A complete set of Mrs. Stowe's works and forty-two trans-
lations of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " were exhibited, details of
which are given in another chapter.

THE BOARD BOOK.

In the chapter upon Literature will be found a full account
of the collecting of short stories, poems, and essays in a
memorial volume, of which 500 copies only were printed.

ALTERNATE LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 257

THE CONNECTICUT HOUSE.

While not strictly an exhibit in the sense in which the
word is used in the preceding items, the Connecticut House
was an exhibit of woman's work, and, in a measure, of the
early history of the State. An entire chapter in this report is
devoted to the subject.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE CONNECTICUT HOUSE.

"At a meeting of the Building Committee of the Connecticut Board of
World's Fair Managers with the Furnishing Committee from the Ladies
Board, held at the State Capitol, Hartford, Feb. 1, 1893, there were present
D. M. Reed, C. M. Jarvis, Geo. H. Day, Mrs. Knight, Mrs. Ingalls, Mrs.
Farrel, and Miss Trowbridge.

Voted — That the Furnishing Committee be given full power to
decorate and furnish the State Building at Chicago. " — Extract from
minutes of special meeting called by Hon. D. M. Reed.

The formal adoption of this resolution placed the Con-
necticut House, fresh from the builders, in the hands of the
Furnishing Committee of the Woman's Board of Managers.
Our decision to make it Colonial in character, as nearly as pos-
sible, or, failing that, to have it represent a house of a date not
later than the time of the Revolution, collecting from Con-
necticut homes the necessary furniture, gave us a working plan
that would have been delightful to carry out in the spring or
summer, but which, in February and March, at the end of an
unusually rigorous New England winter, proved difficult be-
yond belief. It was not easy, in the face of biting winds,
drifted roads, and unaccommodating time-tables, to keep one's
State pride always well to the front, to feel warmed and fed,
as well as morally supported, by the consciousness of a self-
imposed task well done; but it is worthy of note that never in a
single instance, in making a report, were the difficulties en-
countered made prominent. Each member of the committee
and of the Board — for we were all pressed into service more
or less — dwelt with enthusiasm upon any success which fol-
lowed the quest for that which was historically suitable for the
furnishing of the State Building.

The old Connecticut spirit, which makes it easier to invent
an article than to hunt for its substitute, could not be made

(258)

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 259

useful in our search. What we desired above all else, was
the original, with as much history and beauty, in addition, as

The just criticism upon the Connecticut House, on its
completion, that there was but little in it, was but a proof of
its faithfulness in detail to tradition. The handful of settlers
who, following " the strong bent of their spirits," left the
Massachusetts Colony because religion was literally an essen-
tial part of their daily walk and conversation — administering
even their justice with " the rule of righteousness " — were
made of the stuff which values character and men above mere
things. Life was at its simplest in Connecticut long after the
other Colonists had had time to recover from the exaltation of
the pioneer and to replace bareness and privation with com-
fort and even a semblance of luxury. While the purpose of
the building — to serve as a State house — compelled us to
link the present closely with the past, yet in the severity and
simplicity which we preserved wherever we could, we were but
following our model.

The loans made to the committee for the Connecticut
House carried one back in many instances to the early history
of our State. That they represented but a small part of the
historical furniture in daily use in many homes throughout
the commonwealth, is a matter of course. It requires a cer-
tain amount of sturdy State pride to trust one's most cherished
possessions to any committee, however well known, even for
so worthy an object. We could not legally insure the articles
for their full value, even in dollars and cents. Ko return
could have compensated for their injury or destruction. We
did what we could when we gave a receipt, the facsimile of
which is appended. The various articles were brought to-
gether in Hartford from different parts of the State. Each
was accurately numbered, packed by experts, and carefully
guarded at the Capitol till their removal to Chicago. They
were then sent under faithful guardianship the entire distance,
and responsible persons awaited the arrival of the express car

260 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

at Chicago. Besides having the careful supervision of the
most faithful Commissioner that any State or Exposition ever
had or can have, we secured New England care-takers, who
daily looked after the safety of these things.

To give the personal experience of the House-Furnishing
Committee would be to recite the history of every committee
which brought patient, earnest, vigorous purpose into its work.
It was wearing, and, at times, it seemed thankless and endless,
but, under the direction of Mrs. Mary B. Ingalls, as chairman,
aided most efficiently by Miss Trowbridge and Mrs. Eranklin
Farrel, it was conducted with such method, precision, and
dispatch as to prove anew the truth of the Spanish proverb,
" Three working together are equal to six."

When the express car, with its precious freight, reached
Chicago, the Building Committee, together with the counsel
for the Board, Hon. Morris W. Seymour, and the Furnishing
Committee, were on hand to decide upon the work of the
builders and decorators, and to do their utmost to comply with
the requirement that all State buildings should be in readiness
for the general public by the first of May, 1893. It took a
great deal of faith, backed by a tremendous amount of work,
to believe that anything could ever be really ready at that
date. Everything was in a chaotic condition. An unusually
wet, backward spring brought constant wind and rain, fol-
lowed by fog and a depth of mud, which seemed to possess to
an alarming degree the Chicago quality of surpassing anything
of the kind hitherto seen. There was no food to be had within
the Exposition grounds; hotels and restaurants were a long
distance away. No fire, no light but candles permitted, no
carriages allowed, no intra-mural railway to take their places,
no rolling-chairs, with accommodating guides, who knew just
where one wished to go, and a short-cut to it if one was in a
hurry to traverse this place of magnificent distances — none
of these things; neither was there discontent. If any one of
the committee felt like quoting Touchstone when he ventured
to leave the known for the untried: "Ay, now am I in Arden:

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 261

the more fool I; when I was at home, I was in a better place;
but travelers must be content," it was only in the secrecy of
his own mind. We were travelers, gathered together for a
specific work, and we were content. All that is left now of
those dreary, chaotic, hard-working, foundation-laying April
days in Chicago is a tender memory of the fellowship and
friendship which must always grow out of working together
for a common purpose, with no thought of personal gain.

Almost at once we were compelled to make a rule forbid-
ding the acceptance of any modern article for use in the Con-
necticut Building. It would have been impossible to dis-
criminate in favor of any one of the liberal offers of things
which by any chance could be placed in such a building. The
one item of pianos alone will serve as an illustration. The ac-
ceptance of one would have shown favoritism of a high order.
To have accepted all would have been to make the State Build-
ing an exhibit of pianos. We were grateful for every evi-
dence of interest, but justice to all demanded the same answer
to each. Wherever place could be found for them upon the
limited wall-space, the water-colors, so kindly presented, were
hung. Especially grateful were we for the magnificent paint-
ing of the historic Charter Oak, so generously loaned to us by
Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge now of K"ew York, to beautify the walls
of the building erected by her native State. Of great interest
also was the portrait of Israel Putnam, courteously lent by
Hon. Luzon B. Morris, from the Governor's room in the
Capitol at Hartford. Beside the portrait was Putnam's gun,
used at the traditional wolf-hunt. The decision and energy
in the painted likeness made it easy to believe in the authen-
ticity of his famous letter to Governor Tryon in the days of
the Revolution:

" SIR : — Nathan Palmer, a lieutenant in your King's service, was taken
in my camp as a spy. He was tried as a spy; he was condemned as a spy;
and you may rest assured, Sir, he shall be hanged as a spy.
I have the honor to be, &c.,

ISRAEL PUTNAM.
His Excellency, GOVERNOR TRYON.

P. 8.— Afternoon. He is hanged."

262 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The Connecticut House is familiar to many people of the
State, either from having seen the building itself, or photo-
graphs of it. That the public spirit of Connecticut men was
great enough to move the building bodily from Chicago and
re-erect it in New Haven for historic purposes shows the union
of sentiment with thriftiness that is a marked characteristic
of our people.

The house, in a general way, was modeled after an old
colonial residence. Instead of being covered with " staff,"
which formed the outer covering of many buildings on the
grounds, it was a substantial wooden house, clapboarded and
painted yellow, with white trimmings and green blinds. A
wide piazza extended across the front and down each side to
the projecting semicircular windows of the dining-room on
the right and the " keeping-room " on the left. Above the
front doors, on the elliptical transom, was the word " Con-
necticut," each letter occupying one pane.

The hall, running the whole length of the house, was 22
feet wide and about 20 high. A broad flight of stairs op-
posite the entrance led up to a landing, from which on either
side short flights joined the gallery.

The ground plan of the beautiful house, kindly contributed
by the architect, will give a still better idea of this hospitable
home, beneath whose portals throngs of Connecticut men,
women, and children went and came for six long months.

As will be seen from reference to the resolution at the head
of this chapter, the final decision in all matters relating to the
interior decoration of the House was left with the Furnishing
Committee. Early in the work of the Board the Kipley
Brothers of Hartford volunteered their services in the interest
of the State. Their standing as decorators made any doubt
of their ability impossible, and, after looking at their designs
and color schemes, the committee felt that it was fortunate in-
deed in securing such intelligent, painstaking service. They
brought not only careful study and artistic skill, but also that
most important of all things in the belated, hurried, exorbi-
tant conditions existing in Chicago, the executive ability to

CONNECTICUT HOUSE.

-SECOND '-STORY PLAM

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 263

hold their workmen and to fulfill their contract with us.
Their undertaking was carried out in the face of great diffi-
culty, and they well earned the gratitude not only of the
committee, but of the general public. A description of the
design and coloring used will be of interest to those who have
not had the good fortune to see the House. We are to be
congratulated in having the details to present in the words
of the decorators.

THE SCHEME OF DECORATION.

BY Louis W. RIPLEY.

The controlling idea in the decoration of the building was that
it should represent as nearly as possible the finest class of work used
in the Colonial Mansion. As a matter of State pride, it was thought
proper to use only such material as was manufactured in Connec-
ticut.

The Lower Hall was paneled in wood throughout, except a
narrow frieze, which was- of relief. The Upper Hall was wain-
scoted with panels of lincrusta walton, the walls above being
covered with squares of leather tanned by Messrs. Geo. Dudley &
Son of Winsted. These were separated by rows of nails made by
Turner & Seymour of Torrington. The ceiling of this hall, which
extended through the entire length of the building, was finished
in large panels frescoed in yellow and brown. There were three
rooms on the second floor which were open to the public. These
were done in fresco, two of them being reproductions of rooms
in historic Connecticut houses. Both of these houses are said to
have claimed Washington as a guest, and he is said to have occu-
pied the very rooms from which the decoration was copied, and which
have remained unchanged to this day. The first is the " northwest
room " of the Gov. Ellsworth homestead at Windsor. In this room
rows of red and black figures were frescoed on a gray ground.

The reception-room was finished with a wainscoting, frieze,
and ceiling in lincrusta walton, contributed by the manufacturers,
Fr. Beck & Co. of Stamford. This room was colored in soft
yellows, gold, and white.

The walls of the two parlors were hung with a heavy satin
damask, manufactured and contributed by Messrs. Cheney Bros,
of So. Manchester; one was finished in pink and green, the other in
green and gold. The ceilings in these, as in the two remaining
rooms on the lower floor, were ornamented with modeled relief
of the sort introduced by the English in the eighteenth cetury.
The library scheme was similar to that of the reception-room ex-
cept for color and material.

The wainscoting had the effect of illuminated leather, while the
frieze and paneled ceiling was of the plastic relief. The coloring

264 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

of this room was very appropriate for Connecticut,— a tobacco
brown. The dining-room walls were colored a plain yellow, their
decoration consisting of an ornamental shelf supporting a collection
of ancient china In blue and white. The ornament on the ceiling
was of soft shaded pinks.

The second room was a reproduction of the " front chamber "
of the old Wells house at Wethersfield. Here the walls were
covered with an immense foliage pattern in two shades of maroon.
The design is so large that there is only one repetition of the pattern
between the floor and ceiling.

The remaining room was ornamented with a simple design in
oak foliage on a light green ground. This was called the Charter
Oak room. The woodwork throughout the house was finished
in white enamel. The entire lower floor was laid in oak parquet

LIST OF ARTICLES LENT FOR CONNECTICUT HOUSE
With names of Owners and Lenders.

Portrait of Governor Buckingham, the war governor of Con-
necticut during the Civil War.

Mrs. Eliza Buckingham Aiken, Norwich, Conn.

Candlestick, 100 years old. Mr. James Bascom, Bristol, Conn.

One sugar bowl with cover, one pitcher, one teapot with cover,
five cups, three saucers, one silver spoon, one silver pin, two silver
link sleeve-buttons, one pair gold earrings.

Miss Bessie B. Beach, Branford, Conn.

Old New England settle. Owners, descendants of Gov. Treat
Dr. George L. Beardsley, Birmingham, Conn.

A pair of bellows owned and used by the poet " Fitz Greene
Halleck " of Guilford, Conn., about seventy-five years old.

Clifford F. Bishop, Guilford, Conn.

Table, sampler (1795), old candlesticks.

Miss Lucy A. Camp, Bristol, Conn.

Cut glass tumbler, once the property of General Jedediah Hunt-
ington. The glass is about six inches high, handsomely cut with the
initials " A. J. H." standing for Anne and Jedediah Huntington, one
of a wedding gift of six from George Washington.

" General Huntington was a native of Norwich, Conn., born in
1743. He was colonel of one of the regiments organized in Connect-
icut in 1775, afterwards commanding a state battalion. He con-
tinued in active service during the whole war, at the close of which
he had the rank of brigadier-general. For a time he acted as aid-
de-camp to General Washington, who reposed in him unlimited con-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. £65

fidence and continued his friendship and correspondence with him

to the close of his life His life was marked by integrity,

piety, and benevolence."

Miss Anne Huntington Chappell, New London, Conn.

Old oaken chest, brought to America in 1682 by Thomas Robin-
son. Miss Anna H. Chittenden, Guilford, Conn.

Portrait of General Israel Putnam. State of Connecticut.

One fan, brought from China as a wedding present to Anne Mills
of Fail-field.

Full length silhouette of Roswell Judson of Stratford, Conn.,
who delivered the first Hebrew Oration at Yale, class of 1787.

Mrs. Rebecca Gold Cornell, Guilford, Conn.

One piece of needle-work. Mrs. Wilbur F. Day, New Haven.

Chair from room occupied by Washington at Chief Justice Ells-
worth's during his visit in 1789.

Mrs. Frederick Ellsworth, Windsor Locks, Conn.

Rare old hautbois, tall old clock.

Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia, Conn.

One pair of embroidered stick-heeled slippers of 1790, one pair
of sandals. Chas. B. Gilbert, New Haven, Conn.

Bottle containing acorn from the Charter Oak, breastpin, carved
from the Charter Oak, old fan, old tile.

Mrs. Horace Goodwin, Boston, Mass.

Silk waistcoat, linen lawn stock with silver buckle, one pitcher.
The silk waistcoat and silver buckles were worn by Willis Eliot at
his marriage, 1763. He was a lineal descendant of John Eliot, the
Apostle to the Indians. Mrs. Charlotte Gregory, Guilford, Conn.

Chair embroidered by Eunice Williams, sister of William
Williams, signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Mrs. J. G. Gregory, Norwalk, Conn.

Old paper money in frame.

Mrs. J. S. Griffing, New Haven, Conn.

Pewter platter brought from England in 1735, name of maker,
Clarke, stamped with die on the reverse.

Clarence A. Hammond, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Chair, part of Miss Wealthy Haskell's outfit at her marriage to
Levi Hayden, 1800. Jabez H. Hayden, Windsor Locks, Conn.

Letter from Gen. Washington to Gen. Jedediah Huntington.
Mrs. Alfred Hebard, Red Oak, Iowa.

Three " Fiddle-Back " chairs made in England, over 150 years
old, one glass bottle painted, one painted tumbler, one blue gravy
18

266 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

dish, one large blue ewer, two blue plates, one blue bowl with
handles, one bowl with decoration of wreath of leaves, two pottery
dogs, one bronze-colored pottery pitcher, two small colored prints in
black frames. Mary L. Hubbard, Guilford, Conn.

One teapot and cover (brown landscape decoration), one creamer,
one sugar bowl and cover, one bowl, two small blue platters, one
small blue cup plate, 100 years old at least.

Miss Kate E. Hunt, Guilford, Conn.

Old pewter, two chairs, silhouettes, 90 years old at least, of
Samuel and Phoebe (Billings) Eldredge.

Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford, Conn.

Framed letter written by Nellie Custus, framed invitation from
Gen. Merean, blue Nankin plates.

Mrs. C. R. Ingersoll, New Haven, Conn.

Two old pictures in black frames, two blue teapots with covers,
one white teapot with cover, blue and yellow decoration, one blue
sugar bowl with cover, one blue and white pitcher, one double jug,
three large blue plates, one large lavender plate, three blue plates,
four blue cup plates, seven cups and saucers.

Miss Justine R. Ingersoll, New Haven, Conn.

Two bowls with covers, one plate, four cups and saucers, one
glass candlestick, one embroidered collar, embroidered yoke and
undersleeves, 100 years old at least.

Mrs. Eleanor Harrison Isbell, Branford, Conn.

Ring. Edith Jones, Westport, Conn.

Brass and copper warming-pan, 1779, old Windsor chair, made
and owned by the first Pastor of Cumminton, 1762, antique dining-
table, 1778 to 1800. Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville, Conn.

One quilt, one crib spread.

Mrs. Jane Leavenworth, New Haven, Conn.

Old carved high poster. Originally owned by Mrs. Elizabeth
Lezure. Dr. C. P. Lindsley, New Haven, Conn.

Two ivorytypes in cases, one chair cover.

Mrs. W. W. Low, New Haven, Conn.

One Windsor chair, one pair shovel and tongs, one stomacher,
two lace fichus, two chairs, seventeen pieces knotted fringe, colonial;
once belonging to the Tottens, an old Tory family.

Mrs. McMaster, New Haven. Conn.

Andirons. Original owner, Anna Warner Bailey, better known
as " Mother Bailey."

Mrs. Adriana Smith Marsh, New London, Conn.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 267

Anna Warren Bailey "was famous in Revolutionary history for
her patriotic spirit and for brave and heroic acts during the Revolu-
tion and during the war of 1812.

Scales and weights for medicines, used about 150 years ago by
Dr. Gideon WTelles, who practiced in Canterbury and Plainfield,
and owned by daughter of Gen. Seth Pomeroy, who served in the

Pewter platter, embroidered linen bedspread, 140 years old.

Mrs. Frederick Miles, Twin Lakes, Conn.

Rare old Chippendale furniture (brought from England 1771,
and owned by^ daughter of Gen. Seth Pomeroy, who served in the
French and Indian wars and at Bunker Hill), including bookcase,
sideboard, inlaid table, six chairs, and four-post bed, plate
warmer, one sampler framed, three mirrors, green pitcher, lilac
Wedgewood pitcher, Lowestoft gravy bowl, blue serving platter,
silver bread tray, hot water plate, three Lowestoft plates, Lowestoft
meat platter and strainer, two cut-glass decanters, brass knocker,
copper urn, pitcher.

Mrs. Charles Clayton Monson, New Haven, Conn.

Quaint old clock made by Ephraim Downs, candle-stand, more
than 100 years old. Formerly owned by Phoebe Wilcox.

Mrs. D. Adelaide Morgan, Bristol, Conn.

Windsor chair, 1795, made at first chair factory established in
America. Adrian James Muzzy, Bristol, Conn.

" Bridal chest," between 250 and 300 years old.

Mrs. Martha Brewster Newell, Bristol, Conn.
(Direct descendant of Elder William Brewster, who came over
in the Mayflower.)

Antique glass vase. Mrs. Eliza P. Noyes, Stonington, Conn.

Small tip-table of Revolutionary date, from original owner, a
soldier in the Revolutionary army, owned and loaned by descend-
ant. Astral lamp.

Miss Harriet Smith Olmstead, New Haven, Conn.

One cup and saucer, one plate, one green veil, one lace fichu,
two lace collars, one embroidered collar, one lace neckerchief, one
lace shoulder cape. Colonial times.

Mrs. James B. Palmer, Branford, Conn.

Old mirror. Mrs. Ellen Lewis Peck, Bristol, Conn.

Study chair of Rev. Samuel Newell, the famous "Parson
Newell," 1747. Epaphroditus Peck, Bristol, Conn.

(There is a cut of Parson Newell's chair with many other articles
in the Memorial History of Hartford County, vol. 2, in the article
" Bristol.")

2(58 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

olil curtain*, with Lord Nelson's victory, the Battle of the Nile,
mahogany dressing-table, loo years ,.i.i. old mirror, china vases, etc.
Miss Harriet B. Peck, New Haven, Conn.

Concerning the curtains, a lady over eighty years of age writes
ns follows: "The curtain* 'Lord Nelson's victory, or the Battle

,,!' the Nil.-,1 have been ill our family iiion- Iliiin :i hundred y.-;irs.

purchased by one of my relatives in London soon after the victory.

\1\ ancestors were sons mid daughters of the Kevolution. My
arly In the war. He was a member of
esident, professors, and :ill llu- stu.l.-nts
mother also lia.l an uncle Killed in tin-
ongue cut out because he would not*speak —
b! " II. E. P.

son Occum, 200 years old. The first In. Han
clergyman- In Connecticut. Old book by Nancy Maria Hyde and
Lydla Hunt ley Slgouruey.

Kathorlne King Pettlt, Norwich, Conn.

Chair belonging to daughter of .larob Snrgeant of Hartford, a
Revolutionary soldier. Supposed to have belonged to the outfit of
Miss Nancy Sargeant about 1810.

Miss Olivia Plerson. Windsor Locks, Conn.

Astral lamp for whale oil, old mahogany chair, 145 years old,
weight 1(5 pounds, original owner, Knoa Ailing.

Miss Harriet A. B. Punderson, New Haven, Conn.

"The mahogany chair was one of six owned by my mother. It
descended to her from her grandmother's brother, Enos Ailing, who
was born April ID. 171D. He was a ura.luate of Yale College, a
member of the legislature, nnd for many years clerk and warden
of Trinity Church, which he was so active In establishing and sus-
taining as to receive the sobriquet of 'Bishop Ailing.' lie was a
merchant nnd a man of wealth. The following Incident connected
with T'nele Ailing wns related by my mother. I'nele \vns sitting In
his library one day during the Invasion of New Haven by the
British army In the war of U»e Revolution, dressed In the fashion of
4ye olden time,' with short breeches and silver knee-buckles, when
a British soldier en me In nnd demanded his knee-buekles. \\hlrh
I'nele Ailing refused to give to him. The man exclaimed: ' 1 will
Kill you If vim don't give them to me.' Just at that mom. -nt one of
his slave women it his was in the time when slavery was tolerated
In Connecticut) coming in heard the threat and going to the door
she saw a British oitleer imsslnir. She said to him. ' One of your
men is going to kill my master, and he is a good man.' The oiluvr
entered the house and the man went out \.-ry fast. Uncle Ailing
In relating the circumstances afterwards, said. M should have died
as the fool dleth but I would not give him my kneo-bucKles.1 "

H. A. 1?. T.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 269

An " Old Deed of the 28th lot of the Township of Canaan, County
of Litchfield and Colony of Connecticut, in New England." Con-
veyed by Charles Burrall to Samuel Robbins, both of Canaan.

This deed is dated " The 5th day of June, in the Fifteenth year
of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lord George ye 2nd. by ye Grace of
God, of Great Britain, &c. Annoque Domini 1742."

This land is still in the possession of the Robbins family.

Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn.

A " Bil of Sail," from Caleb and Samuel Turner, of Hartford, to
Samuel Robbins of Canaan, of " one negro man named Bello, aged
18 or 19 years," for the " sum of Sixty-five pounds lawful money,"
dated " 8th. Day Dec. Anno Domini, 1769."

Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn.

" Canaan Meeting House Lottery Ticket," issued " Agreeable to
an act of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut passed
in May, 1804." The church built from the proceeds is still in use as
a house of worship. Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn.

Fan and old sampler, 150 years old.

Mrs. Geraldine Whittemore Russell, New Haven, Conn.
The sampler is yellow with age. It has worked on one end:

" Hannah Reed is my name

New England is my nation

Boston is my dwelling place

And Christ is my salvation

When I am dead

And all my bones are rotten, this you see,

Remember me, and never let me be forgotten.

In the fifteenth year of my age June the 25th, 1735."

G. W. R.

Old mirror. Miss Laura Sargent, New Haven, Conn.

Commission signed by the last Colonial Governor of Connecticut,
reading as follows:

"Jonathan Trumbull Captain General and Commander in Chief
of His Magesty's Colony of Connecticut in New England, To John
Sedgwick, Gent, greeting.

You are hereby appointed Lieutenant of the North Company or
Trainband of the Town of Cornwall in the 14th. Regiment in this
Colony.

Given under my hand and the seal of this Colony, in New Haven,
the 30th. day of October, in the 14th. year of the reign of our Sover-
eign Lord George the Third, King of Great Britain, A.jJ. 1773."

Mr. Cyrus Swan Sedgwick, New York.

Three-edged sword, carried through War of 1776.

This sword was originally owned by Major John Sedgwick of

270 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Cornwall Hollow, Conn., who fought in the Revolutionary War.
By will he directed his " Small sword of the Revolution " to be given
to the first of his grandsons who should obtain a commission in the
militia. By virtue of this bequest it became the property of Gen.
Chas. F. Sedgwick of Sharon, Conn. In August, 1824, he gave the
sword to his son, its present owner, Cyrus Swan Sedgwick.

Cyrus Swan Sedgwick, Sharon, Conn.

Old Queen Anne gun, date 1721. Original owner John Sharpe,
Pomfret, Conn. Carried in the celebrated " wolf hunt " 1743, and
was borrowed by Gen. Israel Putnam to kill the wolf. Carried
through War of Revolution by Robert Sharpe.

Robert Davis Sharpe, Brooklyn, New York.

Old satin slippers, Windsor rocking chair, 1745. Original owner,
granddaughter of Col. Seth Pomeroy.

Mrs. Kate M. Sizer, Fair Haven, Conn.

" The slippers were part of the wedding outfit of Miss Sally
Pomeroy who was married in 1770 to Abraham Burbank, Esq., of
West Springfield. She was the daughter of Colonel Seth Pomeroy
an officer at the siege of Louisburg, 1745, and at Lake George, 1755,
and also in the Battle of Bunker Hill."

Chair. Original owner, Dept. Gov. Darius Sessions, Grandson
of Nathaniel Sessions, Colonial Secretary under Lord Paul Dudley.
Darius Sessions Skinner, Putnam, Conn.

" The antique chair was purchased in London, England, about
1735 by Darius Sessions, a native of Pomfret, Conn., and a graduate
of Yale College, then deputy governor of Rhode Island and Provi-
dence plantations. Intending marriage on his return home from
one of his earlier voyages he purchased this chair with five others
and a rocker for his fitting out."

Two pieces bedquilt fringe, about ten yards.

Mrs. W. Skinner, Guilford, Conn.

Crimson satin damask pulpit hangings, First Congregational or
" Road Meeting House," Stonington, 1674. Silver spoons and china
from Revolutionary homes. Owned by Col. Joseph Smith, War
of 1776. Miss Emma T. Smith, Old Mystic, Conn.

Sampler and gilt frame.

Mrs. Henry R. Spencer, Guilford, Conn.
Spinet, 1700. M. Steinert, New Haven, Conn.

Gun carried in the Revolutionary War by Patriot John Plant.
Mrs. Henry F. Swift, Branford, Conn.
Blue bowl and ewer, one chair cover in three pieces.

Miss L. P. Trowbridge, New Haven, Conn.
Old china and Irish point lace.

Mrs. Elizabeth M. Welch, New Haven, Conn.

No...... Hartford, Conn., 1893.

Received of. of.

Loaned to the House-furnishing Committee of the Connecticut Hoard of
Lady Managers for the embellishment of the Connecticut Building at
the World's Columbian Exposition. Articles thus loaned will receive
considerate care until the close of the Exposition, when they will he re-
turned to their owners without expense, and it is hoped ivithout deprecia-
tion in condition or value.

On belialf of the Board of Lady Managers,

of Ho use -Furnish ing Committee.

BUILDING COMMITTEE.

Hon. D. M. READ, Bridgeport. C. M. JAKVIS, East Berlin.

GEO. H. DAY, Hartford.

HOV8K FUKNISHING COMMITTEE.

Mrs. GEO. H. KNIGHT, Lakeville (ex officio).

Mrs. P. II . INGALLS, Hartford.
Miss Lrcv P. TROWBKIDGE, New Haven.

Mrs. FRANKLIN FAHRKL, Ansonia.

Ship loans to J. H. VAILL. Executive Manager, Capitol, Hartford, Conn.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 271

Two plates. Mrs. William C. Welch, New Haven, Conn.

Old sampler, 100 years, " Designed and cherished to the memory
of deceased children." Mrs. E. H. Wells, Middletown, Conn.

Sugar bowl and teapot, 17th century. Originally owned by a
Huguenot family of Sigourneys.

Mr. Geo. Whittlesey, New London, Conn..

One washbowl, one pitcher, one mug, soap-dish and cover.
Young WToman's Christian Association, New Haven, Conn.

Extract from Bulletin from J. H. Vaill, Executive Commissioner
for Connecticut: A powder horn, which in 1776 was the property
of Capt. Gad Stanley (afterward major and lieutenant-colonel), of
New Britain, is one of the interesting objects on exhibition at the
Connecticut State Building. It was finely engraved, the principal
features being the British coat of arms, cannon, flags, etc. It was
recently espied here by a powder horn antiquary, who has made
drawings of it, which are to be sent to the Smithsonian Institute.
The fellow who, 117 years ago, took such infinite pains to scratch the
lion and the unicorn on it with a needle point little dreamed of the
way it would be handed down through the tribe of Stanley, to be
offered in 1893 as a World's Fair curio by Thomas Stanley Goss, a
great-great-grandson of the original owner.

Chaos reigned in the Exposition grounds at the close,
but thanks to the untiring energy and executive ability of
Dr. P. H. Ingalls, who gave his willing service to the State,
everything moved with machine-like order and precision in
the Connecticut Building, and packers, boxes, hammers, and
even the nails from home were gathered together and returned
with the same exactness. With such care it is not remarkable
that but one article was lost or misplaced, a small reel for sew-
ing-silk. It was gratifying to receive letters of thanks, say-
ing that the articles had come back in many cases improved in
appearance. In no instance was any injury reported.

CHAPTEK XVII.

THE CONNECTICUT ROOM.

When the Woman's Board of Connecticut decided that
their State should become one of the three to decorate and
furnish an entire room in the Woman's Building at the
World's Fair — the others being New York and Ohio — the
'value of taking advantage of the most unusual feature of the
Columbian Exposition was recognized. Eor the first time in
the history of expositions a definite sum was set apart by the
government for the express purpose of fostering the interests
of women everywhere, abroad as well as at home. The Direc-
tory made it possible to have a beautiful building; the Com-
mission gave the right to the sole control of all the exhibits
in the interests of women.

The National Board was quick to seize this opportunity,
and, relinquishing the chance to have a building planned by
Mr. Richard Hunt, President of the Society of American
Architects, they accepted the design of Miss Sophia G. Hay-
den, a Massachusetts young woman of twenty-one. Full con-
fidence was thus shown at the outset by the women of the
Board in the ability of their own sex to conquer in this hitherto
untried field. The modeling for the caryatids which sup-
ported the cornice of the roof was also done by a girl of
twenty-two. In placing the decorating of the Connecticut
room in the hands of a young girl from our own State, there-
fore, we were but following closely in the steps of the elder
Commission.

The mere fact of the existence of a Woman's Building,
as a prominent feature of the Exposition, gave at once a great
feeling of security, not alone in America, where women have
long been successful in many of the professions, but in foreign
countries as well, where the freedom granted American

women is always a subject of questioning interest.

(272)

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. £73

"We were given an opportunity to contribute marbles,
carving, furniture, onyx slabs for tables, flags, vases, and other
things of beauty for the "Woman's Building, and we did con-
tribute six beautifully-carved panels for the decoration of the
library, but we decided very early that we could do but a few
things with the time and money at our disposal, and, in doing
these, we were anxious to have the influence of our efforts out-
last the midsummer day's length of the Fair. Happily for us,
our choice of Miss Sheldon and her work gave us the increase
long before we realized that the season of planting was over.
"We are at a loss how to express adequately our obligation to
Miss Sheldon for the results obtained in the charming Con-
necticut Room. It is not half enough to say that they were
successful far beyond our highest expectations, winning com-
mendation on every side and also the deserved honor of a
medal from the Judges of the Exposition.

Upon its completion the President of the "Woman's Board
had the privilege of presenting the room in the name of the
women of Connecticut, at the opening of the "Woman's Build-
ing, May 3, 1893, in the following words:

" Madame President : In presenting to you this room,
decorated by Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon of Connecticut, under
the auspices of the "Women's Board of Managers of that State,
pray believe that I also present the warm interest and appre-
ciation of not only the women of Connecticut, but also of the
men of the State, who have given unfailing sympathy and en-
couragement in all our work as women for women.

" Our gift is necessarily small, limited by the unavoidable
restrictions of your acceptance, but our interest is large and
our pride in and appreciation of all that this "Woman's Build-
ing represents to women the world over cannot be measured."

The following letter of thanks from the National Board

was received:

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,

Chicago, June, 1893.

The Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commis-
sion desire to express to the Committee of the State Board of Con-
necticut their thanks for the artistic decorations and the beautiful

274 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

appointments of the " Connecticut Room." They feel that so simple
a statement is quite inadequate to express their appreciation of the
labor and thought which has been expended to produce these results,
but while simple it is genuine.

With sentiments of the highest consideration, we are,
Yours very truly,

SARAH S. C. ANGELL,
CLARA E. THATCHER.
MRS. K. S. G. PAUL.

Perhaps the most gratifying feature in connection with
this special work lies in the fact that even the harmony of the
beautiful coloring was not more perfect than the harmony of
our relations with Miss Sheldon from first to last. In honor-
ing her we honored ourselves, and we shall always remember
the Connecticut Room as one of the most beautiful and satis-
factory parts of our State work at the Exposition.

In answer to our request Miss Sheldon has givec an outline
of her work, and, incidentally, thrown a strong light upon
much that a casual visitor might not have observed. The
history of the patient effort that went to make even the
"Woman's Building successful must always remain an unwrit-
ten story. The world of sight-seers cares only for results,
but who can say what this training school of preliminary work
may have done for women the wide world round?

THE DECORATION OF THE CONNECTICUT ROOM.

The " Connecticut Room " in the Woman's Building was so called
because it was through the interest and liberality of the ladies of
the Connecticut Board that the room was decorated.

Of the five available rooms on the second floor I chose one near
the northwest staircase in which to show my work by the aid of
Connecticut public spirit

The room was thirty-eight feet long, nineteen feet wide, and
eighteen feet high, and had two large windows at its west end,
opposite the door. Otherwise the walls were without a break or
feature of any kind.

The unpretending simplicity of the architecture of the building,
a« well as its temporary character, clearly required simple interior
treatment.

It had been decided, after protracted correspondence between

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 275

the National and State Boards, that on account of the limited space
the Connecticut room could not be reserved for the work of the
women of that State exclusively, but must be used for general exhi-
bition purposes, at the discretion of the National Board and the
superintendent of the building, and that, therefore, all decoration
must be kept at least ten feet above the floor to accommodate show-
cases of that height underneath.

The color scheme must be light, not only to accord with the
general surrounding whiteness, but because no one then knew what
would be exhibited in the room, or what color would thereby be
introduced.

For the same reason no historic style of ornament could be used
consistently.

With these limitations in view I laid out the plans for the Con-
necticut decorations. I first drew an elevation of the room to scale,
decided upon the proportion of the cornice, frieze, and filling, and
then designed the ornamentation.

The motif that I used throughout was interlacing garlands of
conventionalized flower forms suspended from ornamental lattices.
This idea was brought out most distinctly in the frieze; it was re-
flected in the ceiling, suggested in the cornice, and echoed again in
the mosaic border of the hard-wood floor.

In order to lessen the apparent length and narrowness of the
room I divided the ceiling into three transverse panels, putting a
circle twelve feet in diameter in the center and an oval somewhat
smaller at each end. These panels were wrought out in plaster-
work in low relief, and were made, of course, from my own designs.
Their outside bounding lines were not hard and fast, but fringed
out and sank away into the ceiling in alternating swags and gar-
lands of flowers freely conventionalized. This gave variety and
softness to the outlines, interrupted the long perspective of the
ceiling, and escaped much of the distortion so often produced when
a more geometrical scheme is adopted.

The cornice was also of plaster relief, especially modeled to
correspond with the ceiling and frieze. It was eighteen inches
deep and consisted of three sets of members, viz.: the cove, which
was the largest member and carried the principal ornament; a
series of members above, one of which was the classical laurel-
rope — and another series below the cove showing the egg and dart
moulding and the simple pearls.

The frieze was in flat colors stenciled on painted canvas and
touched up afterward free-hand. It was five feet wide, and was
made to fit the room without joints, except at the corners. There
were consequently two strips thirty-eight feet long, and one strip
nineteen feet long, besides the three pieces to fill the spaces about
the windows.

I planned to use the apricot as my scheme of colors because it

276 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

was sunshiny in effect and would blend sympathetically with a
great variety of tones. I tinted the walls in my sketch the light
pinkish yellow of the apricot. The background of the frieze was a
lighter shade of the same color with the designs worked out in the
delicate greens of the half-ripe fruit — the dull pinks and reds of its
sun-burned cheeks and the various greens and browns of stem and
branch. The cornice was in faint yellow and whitish green and the
ceiling was cream-colored with the relief ornament of both picked
out with gold.

The floor was of brownish oak, which gave a note of deeper tone
and consequently a feeling of support for the color and ornament of
the room, but the border was inlaid with white maple to repeat a bit
of the lightness of the effect above.

After these plans had been approved I was obliged to design
and construct arrangements for accommodating and handling such
large and heavy work in my studio in New Haven, where the full-
sized drawings and working plans were made, and where the
frieze was painted.

I had a huge movable table made to draw and paint on, and
seven horses each eight feet high and with segment heads, over
which the canvas could be slipped and hung to dry and harden,
besides numerous devices for lifting and shifting the canvas after
the paint had been applied. Ea,ch strip passed over the table four
times — twice for the background color and twice for the stenciled
pattern.

It took three hundred pounds of white lead to paint the frieze,
all of which I mixed, strained, colored, and spread myself, because
I felt the necessity of its being, so far as possible, the work of a
woman's hands, as well as of a woman's head.

For the same reason I cut my own stencils, of which there
were iseven, besides the one for the Connecticut coat of arms, which
occupied the place of honor between the windows. My greatest
difficulty while I was enlarging and experimenting with my design
lay in getting sufficient perspective to enable me to judge of the
carrying power of the forms and colors when they should hang at
least twelve feet above the eye of the spectator. No place in the
house was big enough or high enough to accommodate these giant
samples at their proper height. At last I nailed them to the rafters
in the attic, and clumsy with fur wraps and mittens I proceeded
with my experiments and corrections from the top of a ladder, but
in this way I managed to avoid many mistakes, both in design
and color.

Although the ornament of the frieze appeared comparatively
simple, each running foot represented an hour of work, not includ-
ing the time taken in designing and cutting the stencil, preparing
the paints, shifting the canvas, or painting the background.

After it was finished the paint was still so fresh as to make it

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 277

an exceedingly awkward thing to pack for shipment to Chicago. 1
covered the face of the canvas with oiled paper, and' rolled the frieze
tightly around cedar posts five feet long with a staple in each end,
through which I wired every turn securely in place to prevent any
possibility of rubbing or smearing.

Mrs. J. Josef, manager of the Wood Mosaic Company of New
York, very generously gave the beautiful polished oak floor for the
room. It was laid in diagonal eight-inch squares, and had a mosaic
border of white maple in a lattice pattern.

Mrs. Maud P. Gibbs of Brooklyn, designed, cut, and made a
stained-glass window for the room, consisting almost exclusively
of " chip jewels," the most brilliant and difficult kind of glass to use.

I am glad to say that she received a well-merited medal for her
excellent and conscientious work, as well as constant admiration
and enthusiasm from the visitors at the Fair.

On the 15th of March I started for Chicago, hoping to complete
the placing of these simple decorations in about three weeks, which
seemed an ample allowance of time.

When I arrived in Chicago, however, I found the roads around
the Fair grounds almost impassable for mud, the buildings so damp
and cold as to benumb the most enthusiastic worker, and the rain
pouring down in almost continuous torrents. For five weeks I
lived in rubber boots, furs, and mackintosh — cold, wet, and hungry
from morning until night, for there were but few stoves on the
grounds and only one restaurant.

The freight depots were glutted beyond imagination — endless
red-tape was necessarily required — committees were overworked,
and often several journeys were made through mud ten inches deep
in order'to get one permit.

It will be best to say but little in regard to the strike of the work-
men, for the question has two sides with some right on each. They
certainly, however, added largely to the delays and to the difficul-
ties of a situation that was trying at best.

A very few days before the opening of the Fair it was decided
that the Connecticut Room was to be used as a parlor for the For-
eign Commissioners, and we were asked if we would furnish the
room as we had offered to do at first. It was too late then to re-
construct my plans, and bring the decorations down further on the
walls: through rise in wages I had already exceeded the sum at
first set aside for my work. I was a thousand miles away from
the Connecticut committee, and almost a total stranger to them all.

It was an anxious time — but the ladies of the Connecticut Board
responded promptly and co-operated wyith me in the most generous
and reassuring way.

Before the first decision had been rendered, declining the offer of
furniture for the Connecticut Room, the ladies of New Haven had
signified their kind interest in my work by donating money for a

278 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

mantel. This generous gift, which had been held to await further
developments, was now immediately and gladly accepted. I was,
unfortunately, too hurried by that time, however, and too far away
to give the construction of the mantel the personal supervision that
it required. The manufacturers did not make it according to
agreement, and, although it was imposing in appearance, it proved
to my great regret to be a less successful evidence of the liberality
of New Haven's women than we all had a right to expect from the
amount donated and the interest shown.

I am sure I appreciated the encouraging spirit of helpfulness
that they manifested, and wish to thank each donor personally and
sincerely for it.

The Cheney Brothers of South Manchester, with characteristic
liberality, gave satin damask to cover the delicate mahogany furni-
ture that was selected to make the room usable. They also fur-
nished velour and silk brocade for pillows and draperies.

Marshall Field loaned a fine antique Iram rug to cover the divan.

The most important and interesting part of the mural decora-
tion consisted of a group of ceramic pictures painted under the
glaze by Mrs. Ellen A. Richardson of Boston, and which she loaned
at my request.

The room was also honored by the work of Mrs. Katherine T.
Prescott of Boston. Mrs. Prescott exhibited there her charming in-
taglio " Blessed are the pure in heart," and various medallions and
small bits in bronze and plastic relief.

In reference to the many other busts, bas-reliefs, pictures, etc.,
to which the Connecticut Room gave a welcome upon request from
the Superintendent and Board of Lady Managers, I regret to say
that I can give no report, as I regarded my duty done when they
were properly hung.

There was a second stained-glass window made for the room,
but after long delays in the express office, it was found to have been
hopelessly broken in transit. As it was then the middle of July,
it was thought to be too late to have another one made to take its
place.

Only those who had experience at the Fair can know how
much work and time and strength it took to install these few and
simple exhibits. They will understand the difficulties. To the
others I can only say, I tried to do my best, and if I succeeded at
all it was largely due to the confidence of those who were behind me.

I wish to give especial and grateful thanks to Mrs. Kate Brannon
Knight of Lakeville, Connecticut, President of the Connecticut
Board of Lady Managers, whose untiring interest and advocacy
made my work possible and delightful; to Mrs. Mary H. B. Ingalls,
for her kind and practical suggestions and help, and to Miss Lucy
P. Trowbridge, for her encouragement and many courtesies, and
also not less to the men of the Connecticut Board, for their con-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 279

siderate liberality and good- will; to Mrs. Bertha Honor6 Palmer
for her help at various critical moments; to the superintendent of
the Woman's Building, Mrs. Amey M. Starkweather, for her uniform
kindness, and to all the many persons connected with the Expo-
sition who helped to make my work at the World's Fair an inspiring
experience.

ELIZABETH B. SHELDON.

At the final meeting of the Connecticut Board of Lady
Managers of the World's Fair Commission, held at Hartford,
Connecticut, on Monday, December eighteenth, eighteen hun-
dred and ninety-three, the following resolution was unani-
mously passed:

Recognizing the artistic and appropriate decorations and ar-
rangements of the Connecticut Room, in the Woman's Building, at
the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, this Board desires to express
to Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, of New Haven, Connecticut, their
appreciation of her ability in decorating and executing this speci-
men of Woman's Work, from the State of Connecticut, and extend
to her their cordial thanks for her efforts, and congratulations upon
the marked success that attended the same.

LILLIAN C. FARREL,

Vice-President Woman's Board.

CHAPTEK XVIII.

LITEKATUKE.

Our exhibit of literature was the largest, as well as the
most unique, thing we had to offer on behalf of the State.
The central point of interest was, of course, Mrs. Harriet
Beecher Stowe's contribution of forty-two translations of
41 Uncle Tom's Cabin." In addition to that one hundred and
fifty women, natives of Connecticut, were represented as
writers in a collection of more than two hundred books ex-
hibited in the library of the "Woman's Building. But it was
discovered that a collection of bound volumes alone gave no
representation whatever to a great number of Connecticut
women who had won recognition as successful writers of short
stories. It was impossible to overlook the value of many of
these contributions to literature ; equally impossible to present
as complete any exhibit of the literary work of the women of
our State which did not include them. The committee, there-
fore, adopted a method of presenting in a permanent form
selections from as many authors as possible, omitting, with but
few exceptions, the work of those who had hitherto published a
volume of either prose or verse. The effort simply was to make
a thoroughly readable book, one good of its kind, and, there-
fore, valuable; and as it stands, it is " itself its best excuse."
This was printed in a handsome volume bearing the title,
" Selections from the Writings of Connecticut Women." The
selections indicate only in a general way the preferences of the
committee, the authors themselves, in many instances, choos-
ing that which they considered their best story or poem.
About fifty writers were represented in this collection. Their
names, some in facsimile, are given in the list at the end of
this chapter.

The edition was limited, and, in deciding upon a final dis-

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CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 281

tribution of the copies remaining after selling a certain num-
ber toward meeting the cost of publication, we felt that we
could not make a more fortunate disposition of the book than
to secure for it a place upon the shelves of each important
library in our country. They were, therefore, sent to every
State library and to selected colleges and universities in the
name of the Board.

At the close of the Fair, at the final meeting of the Board,
a report was made by Mrs. Gregory, of the Committee on
Literature, extracts from which will be of interest to the reader.

" The compiling of the State volume, which contains the fugi-
tive writings of Connecticut women, as scattered through the various
magazines and publications of the country, fell chiefly to my share.
Miss Chappell, who was interested in collecting the books written
by Connecticut women, gave always her warm assistance, and Miss
Brainard stood ready to perform any service, and responded at once
to every call.

" The Board meeting, at which it was decided that our women
should be represented by their writings at the World's Fair, was
held only a little over two months before the opening of the Fair;
consequently our time was exceedingly limited, and we were obliged
to work at high-pressure. If we were disappointing in any way,
I feel sure the Board will kindly remember this plea in our defense,
and will deal gently with our short-comings.

..." The plan occurred to us of writing to all the best
magazines and journals in the country, and asking the editors for
the names and addresses of the Connecticut women who had con-
tributed articles for them. It was a doubtful experiment, but nearly
every one of the letters was answered,— about sixty, I think,— in
some way, promptly.

" Then too, the members of our Board were delightfully helpful
and sympathetic, sending us suggestions and encouraging words,
and what we needed most of all, — good solid information concern-
ing the literary work. After the first trembling plunge, so to speak,
our book made itself.

Of the women writers of Connecticut Mrs. Gregory says: "They
are cordial, warm hearted, and courteous, and I shall think of them
always, collectively and singly, with admiration and affection.

" In looking through my desk-drawer," she continues, " dedicated
to state patriotism, and containing some three or four hundred
letters, I find some effusions which are amusing.

" We put in all the State papers, notices that the Connecticut
women were to be represented by their books and writings at the
Fair and a few aspiring poetesses warmed to the information.
19

282 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

" One woman sent us some fifty or a hundred verses upon tem-
perance, infant baptism, and true religion, a fireman's duty, etc., etc.
She said that she had read in the newspaper that poems from the
pens of gifted women of Connecticut were to be published at the ex-
pense of the state, for the World's Fair; therefore she sent us these
few verses, which had called forth the greatest admiration, and she
would like them printed at once in pamphlet form, entitled, ' Flowers
of thought,' and as many copies forwarded to her address as we
could conveniently spare.

" Another woman, of whose name we had never heard, wrote
to ask us this alarming question: Which of all the books she had
written did we prefer? For private reasons we hastened to assure
her that we should not think of placing our judgment beside her
own, but would not she select for us; which she promptly did
by sending them all.

" We were not sure whe^ier one woman had written a magazine
article or whether she had written a book, but we thought she had
written something, so we worded our letter very cautiously. We
received a dignified and impressive reply. She was greatly compli-
mented, we were doing splendid work, we deserved a great deal of
credit, and all that. Concerning her writings; she had already
given a number of volumes to a neighboring state; she could not
give more, but all the rest, — something over a hundred — she felt
certain we could have for the collection, provided we would purchase
them. What a narrow escape, and to think that we should have
fancied her the writer of one humble article!

" A charming woman, whose works we have, stated that she had
written a profound and exhaustive treatise on psychical subjects,
more adapted to a collection of works written by men of deep
thought, than to a woman's library.

" We wrote to a woman for a history which she had written, and
we had this reply from her husband: His wife had been dead for
a number of years, but he had a copy of her book in the house,
which he would sell to us for two dollars and a half ,— postage 16
cents. We roused also a second wife, the first wife having written
the book: She did not think it wise to send the volume, she feared
it might awaken painful associations; thanked us for having writ-
ten, but would we please not pursue the subject.

" Much which was fascinating and interesting in the work, as
well as a fear lest we might not do credit to the Board and State.
kept us from flagging. Bargains with printers, of which many of
the severe things said are by far too mild; gaining permission from
editors to reprint articles; reading of proofs; and replying to
questions from writers,— a more important detail than you can well
imagine, as we must at any cost keep them good natured. — made
the month of March rather a frantic four weeks.

"We came out of it with our State colors flying, however, and

//^-cJ»

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 283

in the best of spirits; for the volume, which had become a sort of
child to us, was an actual reality."

" The fact that the Board was not ashamed of us, and that people
of our State spoke well of the volume, and proved that they meant
what they said by buying it, would have been delightful compen-
sation for more than twice the work."

CONNECTICUT BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE WOMAN'S

BUILDING.
ALLIN, ABBY

A Man's a Man for a' That.

Home Ballads, a book for New Englanders.
ANDERSON, MRS. E. F. S.

His Words, all the words of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the four

Gospels.
ANGIER, MRS. ANNIE L.

Poems.
BACON, ALICE

Japanese Girls and Women.
BAKER, MRS. JOSEPHINE R.

Tom's Heathen.

Dear Gates, one of the Gates' children.

Calvin, the Sinner.

Roundtop and Squaretop, the Gates' twins.
BALLARD, MRS. JULIA P. and SMITH, A. L.

The Scarlet Oak and other poems.
BEECHER, CATHERINE E.

Treatise on Domestic Economy.
BISHOP, MRS. GEORGIANA M.

The Yule Log, a series of stories for the young.

Conversations on the Christian seasons.
BOLTON, MRS. SARAH K.

Stories from Life.

Lives of Girls who became Famous.
CABELL, ISA C.

Seen from the Saddle, with introduction by Charles Dudley Warner.
CARRINGTON, KATHERINE

Aschenbroedel.
CASE, MRS. MARIETTA 8.

The Plymouth Rock, the C. L. S. C. class of 1888.

Immortal Pansies.

The White Water Lily, the chosen emblem of the World's Woman's
Christian Temperance Union.

Tribute to the memory of Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes, first president
of the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the M. E. Church,
who died June 25, 1889. Written for a memorial service, held
at Willimantic, Connecticut, August, 1889.

284 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

CASE, VENELIA R.

Granger poems.

The China Hunter's Club; by the youngest member.
CAULKINS, FRANCES M.

History of New London from first survey of the coast in 1612 to 1852.
CHAPPELL, HANNAH S.

Literary remains of Martha Day.
CHENEY, MRS. MARY B.

Life and letters of Horace Bushnell.

A Club Corner, published by the Saturday Morning Club of Hartford.
CLEVELAND, MRS.

No Sect in Heaven.
CLEMENT, J.

Noble Deeds of American Women. Introductory by Mrs. Sigourney .
COOKE, ROSE TERRY

Happy Dodd, or She hath done what she could.

Huckleberries, gathered from New England hills.

No.

Poems.

Root-bound, and other sketches.

Somebody's Neighbors.

The Sphinx's children and other people's.

Steadfast, the story of a saint and a sinner.
CORBIN, MRS. CAROLINE F.

Letters from a Chimney Corner, a plea for pure and sincere relations
between men and women.

A Woman's Philosophy of Love.

His Marriage Vow.
DELANO, ALINE

The Blind Murderer. Translated from the Russian, with an intro-
duction by George Kennan.
DIXON, MINNIE A.

Leaves by the Way-side, a volume of poems.
ELIOT, ANNIE

White Birches, a novel.

An Hour's Promise.
FOSTER, MRS. M. O.

Rana ; or Happy Days.
GOODWIN, ALICE H.

Christ in a German Home, as seen in the married life of Fred'k and

Caroline Perthes.
GREENE, MRS. SARAH PRATT MCLEAN

Last Chance Junction, Far West, a novel.

Leon Pontifex.

Some Other Folks.

Towhead, the Story of a Girl.

Vestry of the Basin's, a novel.

Cape Cod Folks.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 285

GREGORY, MRS. J. L.

Selections from the writings of Connecticut women.
GUSTAFSON, MRS. ZADEL B.

Meg, a Pastoral, and other poems.

Genevieve Ward, a biographical sketch.

Zophiel; or the Bride of Seven, by Maria del Occidente (Maria Jansen
Brooks).

Can the Old Love?

HARTFORD, CONN. (See A Club Corner.)
HOLMES, MRS. MARY J.

A Fair Puritan, a New England tale.

Cousin Maude and Rosamond.

Ashes, a Society Girl.

Bessie's Fortune, a novel.

English orphans ; or a home in the New World.

Gretchen, a novel.

The House of Five Gables.

Lena Rivers.

Marguerite, a novel.

Sins of the Fathers.
HOLLOW AY, CHARLOTTE M.

A Story of Fve.
HOOKER, ISABELLA BEECHER

The Constitutional Rights of the Women of the United States.

Womanhood, its Sanctities and Fidelities.
HOYT, J. K. and WARD, ANNA L.

Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations, English and Latin, with appendix.
HYDE, NANCY MARIA

Volume of Writings.
JAMES, MRS. E. BEECHER

Sylvia Kirtland, a temperance story for girls.
KIRK, MRS. ELLEN OLNEY

Better Times Stories.

Sons and Daughters.

A Daughter of Eve.

A Lesson in Love.

A Midsummer Madness.
LATHROP, MRS. ROSE HAWTHORNE

Along the Shore.
LARNED, ELLEN D.

History of Windham County, Connecticut.
LIPPINCOTT, MRS. (Grace Greenwood)

Poems.

Noble Deeds of American Women.
LOTHROP, MRS HARRIET M. S. (See Sidney, Margaret. )

Five little Peppers and how they grew.
MASON, CAROLINE A.

A Loyal Heart.

A Titled Maiden.

286 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

McCRAY, FLORINE T.

Life work of the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
MOREHOUSE, MRS. CARRIE W.

Legend of Psyche and other verses.
MORGAN, EMILY M.

Prior Rahere's rose.

A Poppy Garden.

A little White Shadow.
MOULTON, MRS. LOUISE CHANDLER

Random Rambles.

Miss Eyre from Boston.

In the Garden of Dreams, lyrics, and sonnets.

Swallow nights.

Stories told at Twilight.

Some Women's Hearts.

Bed-time Stories.

Ourselves and our Neighbors, short chats on social topics.
PALMER, MARGARETTA

Determination of the Orbit of the Comet 1847. VI.
PARKER, MARGARET K.

The Old House at Four Corners.
PHELPS, MRS. ALMIRA H. L.

Ida Norman.

Botany for Beginners, an introduction to Mrs. Lincoln's Lectures

on Botany.
PORTER, ROSE

Foundations, or castles in the air.

Charity, sweet charity.

In the Mist.

A modern St. Christopher, or the Brothers.

Driftings from Mid-ocean, character studies, a sequel to Summer
drift wood and The winter fire.

The Years that are Told.

A Song and a Sigh.

Story of a Flower, and other fragments twice told.
SANFORD, MRS. D. P.

From May to Christmas at Thorne Hill.
SATURDAY MORNING CLUB.

A Club Corner.
SCHENCK, MRS. ELIZA H.

History of Fairfield, Fairfield County, Conn., from the settlement

of the town in 1639 to 1818.
SEYMOUR, MRS. MARY H.

Sunshine.
SIGOURNEY, MRS. LYDIA H.

Writings of Nancy Maria Hyde, connected with a sketch of her life.

Illustrated Poems.

Select Poems.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 287

SIDNEY, MARGARET. (See Lothrop, Mrs. H. M.)

Little Paul and the Frisbie school.

Rob, a story for boys.

The Pettibone Name, a New England story.

St. George and the Dragon, a story of boy life, and Kensington,
Junior.

So as by Fire.

How they went to Europe.

Two modern little Princes and other stories.

Five little Peppers midway.

Five little Peppers, grown up.

Hester and other New England stories.
SLOSSON, ANNIE T.

Fishin' Jimmy.

Seven dreamers.
SMITH, ANNIE L. and BALLARD, MRS. J. P.

The scarlet Oak and other poems.
SMITH, MRS. JULIE P.

His young Wife, a novel.

Kiss and be Friends, a novel.

Lucy, a novel.

The married Belle ; or, Our red cottage at Merry Bank, a novel.

Widow Goldsmith's Daughter.

Ten old Maids, and five of them were wise, and five of them were
foolish, a novel.

The Widower ; also a true account of some brave frolics at Craigen-
fels.

Blossom-bud and her genteel Friends, a story.

Courting and Farming ; or, Which is the gentleman.

Chris and Otho, the pansies and orange-blossoms they found in
Roaring River and Rosenbloom, a sequel to Widow Goldsmith's
daughter.
STARK. KATE L.

Emily Ashton, or Light Burdens Lifted.
STEVENS, MRS. ANNE S.

Fashion and Famine.
STOWE, MRS. HARRIET BEECHER

Dred (sometimes called "Nina Gordon").

The Minister's Wooing.

Agnes of Sorrento.

The Pearl of Orr's Island.

The May Flower, etc.

Oldtown Folks.

Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories.

My Wife and I.

We and Our Neighbors.

Poganuc People.

House and Home Papers.

288 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

STOWE, MRS. HARRIET BEECIIER

Little Foxes.

The Chimney Corner.

A Dog's Mission, etc.

Queer Little People.

Little Pussy Willow.

Religious Poems.

Palmetto Leaves. Sketches of Florida.

Flowers and Fruit. From Mrs. Stowe's Writings.

Scenes from Mrs. Stowe's Works.

Uncle Tom's Cabin.
TODD, ADAH J.

The Vacation Club.
TROWBRIDGE, CATHERINE M.

Victory at last.

A Crown of Glory.
WARD, ANNA L.

Dictionary of quotations from English and American poets.

Surf and Wave, the sea as sung by the poets.

Dictionary of quotations in prose from American and foreign

authors.
WARD, ANNA L. and HOYT, J. K. (See Hoyt, J. K.)

Cyclopaedia of Practical Quotations, English and Latin, with an

appendix.
WATSON, AUGUSTA C.

The Old Harbor Town, a novel.
WEED, EMILY S.

Twilight Echoes.
WILLIAMS, EUNICE A.

Bay Ridge Farm, a story of country life in New England half a

century ago, founded on fact.
WOOLSEY, JANE STEWART (SUSAN COOLIDGE).

LIBRARIES HAVING THE CONNECTICUT BOOK.

The " Selections from the Writings of Connecticut
"Women," sent to every State in the Union and to the chief
universities, may be found in the following libraries: State
libraries of California, Connecticut, Colorado, Delaware,
Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, Xew
Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Yermont, "West
Virginia, Wisconsin, from which acknowledgments have been
received; also in the Library of Congress and the Post-library,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 289

Port Sully, South Dakota; libraries of Amherst College,
Brown University, University of Chicago, Columbia College,
Cornell University, Harvard College, Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, Tulane University, University of Michigan, College of
~New Jersey, University of Pennsylvania, Leland Stanford
Junior University, St. Paul Public Library, Yassar College,
Wellesley College, Yale University; and in all the town libra-
ries of Connecticut.

A copy was also sent to the British Museum, which was ac-
knowledged both by Mr. E. M. Thompson, the principal libra-
rian, and Mr. Richard Garnett, " keeper of printed books."

NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS TO "SELECTIONS FROM THE
WRITINGS OF CONNECTICUT WOMEN."

Allen, Jessica Wolcott Knapp, Margaret L.

Armstrong, Mrs. M. F. Lamed, Ellen D.

Brackenridge, Annie Louise Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne

Branch, Mary L. Bolles Merrell, Julie

Bull, Lucy Catlin Mitchell, Agnes L.

Bullard, Elizabeth Morgan, Bessie

Bushnell, Frances Louisa Ogden, Eva S. (Mrs. D. Lambert)

Carrington, Katharine Ormsby, Ella W.

Demerritt, Emma W. Porter, Rose

Du Bois, Constance Goddard Potter, Delia Lyman

Eliot. Annie Preston, Annie A.

Ferry, Mary Prichard, Sarah J.

Foote, Kate Shaw, Emma

Fuller, Jane Gay Shelton, Ada S.

George, Harriet Emma Shelton, Jane de Forest

Greene, Sarah Pratt McLean Slosson, Annie Trumbull

Gustafson, Mrs. Z. B. Smith, Helen Evertson

Hirsch, Bertha Stephens, Eliza J.

Holloway, Charlotte W. Talbot, Ellen V.

Holly, Sarah Day Trumbull, Sarah R.

Hungerford, Mary C. Wesley, Pauline

UNITED STATES.

Department L.— Liberal Arts.

Exhibitor — State Board Woman Managers, Address, Lakeville, Ct.

Group 150. Class 854.

Exhibit — Books and Literature.

290 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

AWARD.

A choice collection of literary works in 215 volumes, by distin-
guished woman authors, native or resident, of Connecticut; consists
of 'scientific and educational works, poetry, history, fiction, and
charming stories for children, — is of high literary merit and bril-
liant style, bears the stamp of intellectual vigor, originality, culti-
vated thought, poetic sentiment and higher education, and the
evenness of excellence is shown by the best works of authors rep-
resented. The scope is wide, embracing science, art, poetry, history,
and romance, — deals with affairs of Church and State, social prob-
lems, the home, and functions of society, — is the best expression
of woman's capability to lead in the advance of all that is noble
and salutary in the progress of an exalted civilization, and is an
admirable example of the character and influence of modern litera-
ture.

It also includes a handsomely bound volume of articles, in the
line of poems, short stories, and historical sketches, written by
women of Connecticut, who are not authors of books, but are
equally distinguished for brilliant contributions to magazines and
leading journals, and who are justly recognized by this permanent
form of preserving selections from their writings.

Among writers represented are, Harriet Beecher Stowe, prose
and poetry of Mrs. Sigourney, educational writings of Emma H.
Willard, original manuscripts of the early works of Mrs. Parton
(Fanny Fern); the works of Catherine Beecher, Sara J. Lippincott
(Grace Greenwood), Rose Terry Cooke, Mary Bushnell Cheney, Sarah
Pratt McLean Greene, Annie Trumbull Slosson, Rose Hawthorne
Lathrop, Zadel Barnes Gustafson, Margaretta Palmer, Adah J.
Todd, Jean L. Gregory, Alice Rowland Goodwin, Ellen D. Lamed;
translations of Aling Delano, Mary J. Holmes; historical works of
Sarah J. Pritchard, Frances M. Calkins, Mary B. Branch, and Anna
L. Ward; writings of Charlotte M. Holloway, " Margaret Sidney,"
Katharine Carrington, Annie Eliot, Mary Chappell, Caroline At-
water Mason, and many other well known authors and contributors
to magazines and the press.

(Signed) JANET JENNINGS,

Individual Judge.
Approved: K. BUE'NZ,

President Departmental Committee.

Approved: JOHN BO YD THACHER,

Chairman Executive Committee on Awards.
Copyist, M. A. P. Date, February 6, 1895.

STATE OF CONNECTICUT,

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
My Dear Mrs. Knight:

I am in receipt — by express — of the beautiful volume of selec-
tions from the writings of Connecticut Women, prepared by the

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 291

Woman's Board of Managers. In design and execution I can con-
ceive of nothing more appropriate.

It is certainly a credit to the State and especially to those who
have had the labor of preparing the same.

Please communicate to the Woman's Board of Managers my
high appreciation of their work and my thanks for their kind remem-
brance of me.

Yours very truly,

LUZON B. MORRIS.

New Haven, Aug. 4, 1893.

Rev. Samuel Hart,

My dear Mr. Hart:

The Woman's Board of World's Fair Managers of Con-
necticut desire to present formally to the State Historical Society
a collection of the literary work of Connecticut wyomen secured by
them for exhibit in the Library of the Woman's Building at the
Columbian Exposition.

This collection consists of about one hundred and seventy-five
volumes, many of them autograph copies presented by the authors.

Among the most valuable additions is the complete set of Mrs.
Stowe's works, twenty volumes in number, which were expressly
bound for this purpose.

The cabinet which held all that related to Mrs. Stowe, as a sepa-
rate exhibit; an original copy of Uncle Tom's Cabin, one of the first
edition. The key, and forty-two translations into other tongues,
forms a part of the gift, to which is added a copy of the book,
" Selections from the Writing of Connecticut Women," brought out
under the auspices of the Board for the purpose of giving representa-
tion in the Exhibit of Literature to the large number of Connecticut
wromen who have won recognition as successful writers of short
stories. The collection as a whole is unique and won a place of
honor among the rare and beautiful things in Chicago. In giving
it into the keeping of the Historical Society the Woman's Board feel
that they have made the best possible disposition of this part of
their work.

With the assurance that its acceptance will be a great gratification
to the Board which I have tne honor to represent, I am,
Very sincerely yours,

KATE BRANNON KNIGHT.

HARTFORD, CONN., October 2, 1893.

Dear Madam: — I -have much pleasure in writing, at the request
of the President of our society, the Hon. John W. Stedman, to ac-
knowledge your kind letter of the 30th of September, and to say that
the Connecticut Historical Society will gladly accept the gift of the
-collection of books by Connecticut women, which is on exhibition at
the World's Fair and Columbian Exposition.

292 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

We are very grateful to you that you have so kindly thought of
securing the whole of the collection of which you wrote for perma-
nent preservation in the State, and by an authorized society; and we
sincerely hope that nothing will happen to prevent the making so
valuable an addition to our collections.
And I have the honor to be,

Very truly yours,

SAMUEL HART,

Corresponding Secretary.
MRS. KATE BRANNON KNIGHT,

President.

At a meeting of the Connecticut Historical Society in
March, 1894, the president of the Woman's Board, accom-
panied by Governor and Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Mr. and
Mrs. George H. Day, and Dr. and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, as es-
pecially invited guests of the society, made a formal presenta-
tion of the exhibit of literature, and gave a short sketch of its
collection, to which a very graceful and appreciative speech
of acceptance was made by the president of the society, the
Hon. John W. Stedman.

CHAPTEK XIX.
THE HAEKIET BEECHER STOWE COLLECTION.

Since we were so fortunate as to be able to claim for our
•own State the writer of the most marvelous work ever written
by a woman, we naturally gave Mrs. Stowe's Works and Uncle
Tom's Cabin the most prominent place in our exhibit of litera-
ture.

Securing permission to place a cabinet in the Library of
the AY Oman's Building, we selected one of mahogany,
elliptical in shape, with glass upon every side, and glass shelves,
the whole about five feet in height. A description of the con-
tents reads as follows:

" Contents of the cabinet devoted to the rare and valuable
loan collection from Harriet Beecher Stowe — a copy of the
first edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin in two volumes as originally
bound and printed, very rare; a copy of the key to Uncle
Tom's Cabin, also rare; the latest reprint of Uncle Tom by
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., and a complete set of Mrs. Stowe's
works, in twenty volumes, a special edition bound in calf
for exhibition in the library of the Woman's Building.
Also forty-two (42) translations of Uncle Tom's Cabin, nearly
all of which were presentation copies to Mrs. Stowe. Among
the rarest of these is one in Armenian, one in Welsh with illus-
trations by George Cruikshank, one in Dutch, one in Italian,
printed by the Armenian priests on the Island of St. Lazarus,
and a penny edition brought out in English.

A copy of an early portrait of Mrs. Stowe and a fac-
simile of her introduction to her son's biography of her were
also loaned, as well as an autograph letter announcing the
printing of two different editions of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the
Island of Java.

A beautiful silver inkstand, a testimonial to Mrs. Stowe
from her English admirers in 1853, the year following the

(293)

294 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, was also exhibited. The
design of the inkstand represents two slaves freed from their
shackles. It is ten inches in height, eighteen inches wide,
and twenty-eight in length.

The collection could not have been duplicated in the
world. It was loaned with her permission by Mrs. Stowe's
children as a part of the exhibit.

In the beginning the decision of the Woman's Board of
National Commissioners was to arrange the exhibit of litera-
ture in the Library of the Woman's Building in a general
classification according to subjects, rather than in collections
from various States and countries. The exception, however,
in favor of the exhibition of Mrs. Stowe's chief work and its
various translations, gave Connecticut an opportunity to bring
directly to the attention of the public the most unusual col-
lection any country could claim. Of great interest, since
it also represented woman's genius, was the marble bust
of Mrs. Stowe modeled by Miss Anne Whitney of Boston,
which stood on its pedestal close beside the cabinet of books,
adding value and charm to the exhibit of literature, embody-
ing as it did, most impressively, the love and reverent admira-
tion of the women of her native State, by whose individual
contributions it was made possible. Although it formed no
part of the work of the State Board, except as they were given
the privilege of contributing toward it. Most generously, the
special committee having its final disposition in charge gave
us the opportunity to present it also with our exhibit of litera-
ture to the State Historical Society — an offer we felt obliged
to decline with grateful thanks, feeling that the women who
had worked so zealously for so delightful and valuable a re-
sult should be associated with it in the permanent records of
the society.

The following resolution offered at the final meeting by
Miss H. E. Brainerd of the committee on literature gave
formal expression to the unanimous thanks of the Woman's
Board:

BUST OF HARRIET BEECHER STOWE.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. £95

To Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Family:

The Connecticut Board of Lady Managers for the World's Colum-
bian Exposition is desirous of showing in some degree its apprecia-
tion of your courtesy in loaning for exhibition at the Chicago Exposi-
tion the valuable and unique collection of your works.

The members of the Board herewith present assurances of their
unqualified appreciation, with heartfelt thanks, and the hope that
every possible blessing may be yours.

In order to give a more perfect picture of Mrs. Stowe's
unique place in literature, as illustrated in the publication of
" Uncle Tom's Cabin," we have received the generous per-
mission of her publishers, Messrs. Houghton & Mifflin, to re-
print some extracts from their plates. From the wonderfully
interesting introduction to one of the later editions of " Uncle
Tom's Cabin " we quote certain letters received by Mrs. Stowe
from distinguished persons giving their estimate of her work.
"We are also allowed to use the bibliographical account of
" Uncle Tom's Cabin " contained in the same volume, which,
with the list furnished us twenty years later by the British
Museum also included, gives the fullest information ever
brought together on this subject. The editions starred are
those that were at the "World's Fair.

[The following eight pages, preceding the bibliographical
account, are an abstract from the introduction referred to.]

THE ALBANY, LONDON, May 20, 1852.

MADAM: — I sincerely thank you for the volumes which you have
done me the honor to send me. I have read them — I cannot say with
pleasure; for no work on such a subject can give pleasure, but with
high respect for the talents and for the benevolence of the writer.
I have the honor to be, madam,

Your most faithful servant,

T. B. MACAULAY.

In October of 1856 Macaulay wrote to Mrs. Stowe: —
" I have just returned from Italy, wlicrc your fame seems to throw
that of all other writers into the shade. There is no place, whore
'Uncle Tom ' (transformed into ' II Zio Tom ') Is not to be found.

296 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Soon after Macaulay's letter came to her, Mrs. Stowe began
to receive letters from other distinguished persons, expressing
& far warmer sympathy with the spirit and motive of her work.

From Rev. Charles Kingsley:

EVERSLEY, August 12, 1852.

MY DEAR MADAM: — Illness and anxiety have prevented my ac-
knowledging long ere this your kind letter and your book, which, if
success be a pleasure to you, has a success in England which few
novels, and certainly tno American book whatsoever, ever had.
I cannot tell you how pleased I am to see coming from across the
Atlantic a really healthy indigenous growth, " autochthones," free
from all second and third-hand Germanisms and Italianisrns, and
all other unrealisms.

Your book will do more to take away the reproach from your
great and growing nation than many platform agitations and
speechifyings.

Here there is but one opinion about it. Lord Carlisle (late Mor-
peth) assured me that he believed the book, independent of its
artistic merit (of which hereafter), calculated to produce immense
good, and he can speak better concerning it that I can, for I pay
you a compliment in saying that I have actually not read it through.
It is too painful, — I cannot bear the sight of misery and wrong
that I can do nothing to alleviate. But I will read it through and re-
read it in due time, though when I have done so, I shall have noth-
ing more to say than what every one says now, that it is perfect.

I cannot resist transcribing a few lines which I received this
morning from an excellent critic: " To my mind it is the greatest
novel ever written, and though it will seem strange, it reminded me
in a lower sphere more of Shakespeare than anything modern I have
ever read; not in the style, nor in the humor, nor in the pathos,—
though Eva set me a crying worse than Cordelia did at sixteen, —
but in the many-sidedness, and, above all, in that marvelous
clearness of insight and outsight, which makes it seemingly im-
possible for her to see any one of her characters without showing
him or her at once as a distinct man or woman different from all
others."

I have a debt of personal thanks to you for the book, also, from
a most noble and great woman, my own mother, a West-Indian, who
in great sickness and sadness read your book with delighted tears.
What struck her was the way in which you, first of all writers, she
«aid, had dived down into the depths of the negro heart, and brought
out his common humanity without losing hold for a moment of his
race peculiarities. But I must really praise you no more to your face,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 297

lest I become rude and fulsome. May God bless and prosper you,
and all you write, is the earnest prayer, and, if you go on as you
have begun, the assured hope, of your faithful and obliged servant,

CHARLES KINGSLEY.

Sampson Low, who afterwards became Mrs. Stowe's Eng-
lish publisher, thus records its success in England:

"From April to December, 1852, twelve different editions (not
reissues) at one shilling were published, and within the twelve
months of its first appearance no less than eighteen different houses
in London were engaged in supplying the demand that had set in.
The total number of editions was forty, varying from the fine illus-
trated edition of 15s. to the cheap popular one at 6d.

" After carefully analyzing these editions and weighing proba-
bilities with ascertained facts, I am able pretty confidently to say
that the aggregate number circulated in Great Britain and her
colonies exceeded one million and a half."

From Frederika Bremer:

STOCKHOLM, January 4, 1853.

MY DEAREST LADY: — How shall I thank you for your most
precious, most delightful gift? Could I have taken your hand many
a time, while I was reading your work, and laid it on my beating
heart, you would have known the joy, the happiness, the exultation,
it made me experience! It was the work I had long wished for, that
I had anticipated, that I wished while in America to have been able
to write, that I thought must come in America as the uprising of
the woman's and mother's heart on the question of slavery. I
wondered that it had not come earlier. 1 wondered that the woman,
the mother, could look at these things and be silent, — that no cry of
noble indignation and anger would escape her breast, and rend the
air, and pierce to the ear of humanity. I wondered, and, God be
praised! it has come. The woman, the mother, has raised her voice
out of the very soil of the new world in behalf of the wronged ones,
and her voice vibrates still through two great continents, opening
all hearts and minds to the light of truth.

How happy you are to have been able to do it so well, to have
been able to win all hearts while you so daringly pi-oclaimed strong
and bitter truths, to charm while you instructed, to amuse while
you defended the cause of the little ones, to touch the heart with the
softest sorrow while you aroused all our boldest energies against
the powers of despotism.

In Sweden your work has been translated and published, as
feuilleton in our largest daily paper, and has been read, enjoyed,
and praised by men and women of all parties as I think no book
20

298 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

here has been enjoyed and praised before. ... I look upon you
as the heroine who has won the battle. I think it is won! I have
a deep unwavering faith in the strong humanity of the American
mind. It will ever work to throw out whatever is at war with that
humanity, and to make it fully alive nothing is needed but a truly
strong appeal of heart to heart, and that has been done in " Uncle
Tom."

You have done it, dear, blessed, happy lady. Receive in these poor
words my congratulations, my expressions of love and joy, my
womanly pride in you as my sister in faith and love. God bless you
forever!

FREDERIKA BREMER.

The author also received letters from France, announcing
the enthusiastic reception of her work there.

Madam L. S. Belloc, a well-known and distinguished
writer, the translator of Miss Edgeworth's and of other Eng-
lish works into French, says:

" When the first translation of ' Uncle Tom ' was published in
Paris there was a general hallelujah for the author and for the cause.
A few weeks after, M. Charpentier, one of our best publishers, called
on me to ask a new translation. I objected that there were already
so many that it might prove a failure. He insisted, saying, ' II n'y
aura jamais assez de lecteurs pour un tel livre,' and he particularly
desired a special translation for his own collection. Bibliotheque
Charpentier,' where it is catalogued, and where it continues now
to sell daily. ' La Case de 1'Oncle Tom ' was the fifth, if I recollect
rightly, and a sixth illustrated edition appeared some months after.
It was read by high and low, by grown persons and children. A
great enthusiasm for the anti-slavery cause was the result. The
popularity of the work in France was immense, and no doubt in-
fluenced the public mind in favor of the North during the war of
secession."

The next step in the history of " Uncle Tom " was a meet-
ing at Stafford House, when Lord Shaftesbury recommended
to the women of England the sending of an " affectionate and
Christian address to the women of America."

This address, composed by Lord Shaftesbury, was taken in
hand for signatures by energetic canvassers in all parts of Eng-
land, and also among resident English on the Continent. The
demand for signatures went as far forth as the city of Jerusa-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 299

lem. When all the signatures were collected, the document
was forwarded to the care of Mrs. Stowe in America, with a
letter from Lord Carlisle, recommending it to her, to be pre-
sented to the ladies of America in such way as she should see
fit.

It was exhibited first at the Boston Anti-slavery fair, and
now remains in its solid oak case, a lasting monument of the
feeling called forth by " Uncle Tom's Cabin."

It is in twenty-six thick folio volumes, solidly bound in
morocco, with the American eagle on the back of each. On
the first page of the first volume is the address, beautifully
illuminated on vellum, and following are the subscribers'
names, filling the volumes. There are 562,448 names of
women of every rank of life, from the nearest in rank to the
throne of England to the wives and daughters of the humblest
artisan laborer.

It was a year after the publication of " Uncle Tom " that
Mrs. Stowe visited England, and was received at Stafford
House, there meeting all the best known and best worth know-
ing of the higher circles of England.

The Duchess of Sutherland, then in the height of that
majestic beauty and that noble grace of manner which made
her a fit representative of English womanhood, took pleasure
in showing by this demonstration the sympathy of the better
class of England with that small unpopular party in the United
States who stood for the rights of the slave.

On this occasion she presented Mrs. Stowe with a solid gold
bracelet made in the form of a slave's shackle, with the words,
" We trust it is a memorial of a chain that is soon to be broken."
On two of the links were inscribed the date of the abolition of
the slave-trade, March 25, 1807, and of slavery in English terri-
tory, August 1, 1834. On another link was recorded the num-
ber of signatures to the address of the women of England.

At the time such a speech and the hope it expressed seemed
like a Utopian dream. Yet that bracelet has now inscribed
upon its other links the steps of American emancipation:

300 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

"Emancipation in District of Columbia, April 16, 1862";
" President's proclamation abolishing slavery in rebel states,
January 1, 1863"; "Maryland free, October 13, 1864";
" Missouri free, January 11, 1865." " Constitutional amend-
ment " (forever abolishing slavery in the United States) is in-
scribed on the clasp of the bracelet. Thus what seemed the
vaguest and most sentimental possibility has become a fact of
history.

" Uncle Tom's Cabin," in the fervor which conceived it,
in the feeling which it inspired through the world, was only
one of a line of ripples marking the commencement of mighty
rapids, moving by forces which no human power could stay
to an irresistible termination, — towards human freedom.

Now the war is over, slavery is a thing of the past; slave-
pens, blood-hounds, slave-whips, and slave-coffles are only bad
dreams of the night; and now the humane reader can afford to
read " Uncle Tom's Cabin " without an expenditure of torture
and tears.

In a letter from Miss Florence Nightingale, October 26,

1856, she says:

" I hope it may be some pleasure to you, dear madam, to hear
that ' Uncle Tom ' was read by the sick and suffering in our Eastern
Military Hospitals with intense interest. The interest in that book
raised many a sufferer who, while he had not a grumble to bestow
upon his own misfortunes, had many a thought of sorrow and just
indignation for those which you brought before him. It is from the
knowledge of such evils so brought home to so many honest hearts
that they feel as well as know them, that we confidently look to
their removal in God's good time."

From the Armenian Convent in the Lagoon of Venice
came a most beautiful Armenian translation of " Uncle Tom,"
with a letter from the principal translator.

Rev. Mr. Dwight thus wrote to Professor Stowe from Con-
stantinople, September 8, 1855:

" ' Uncle Tom's Cabin ' in the Armenian language! Who would
have thought it? I do not suppose your good wife, when she wrote
that book, thought that she was going to rnissionate it among the

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 3QJ

sons of Haig in all their dispersions, following them along the banks
of the Euphrates, sitting down with them in their towns and villages
under the shade of hoary Ararat, traveling with them in their
wanderings even in India and China. But I have it in my hands!
in the Armenian of the present day, the same language in which I
speak and think and dream. Now do not suppose this is any of my
work, or that of any missionary in the field. The translation has
been made and book printed at Venice by a fraternity of Catholic
Armenian Monks perched there on the Island of St. Lazarus. It Is
in two volumes, neatly printed and with plates, I think translated
from the French. It has not been in any respect materially altered,
and when it is so, not on account of religious sentiment. The ac-
count of the negro prayer and exhortation meetings is given in full,
though the translator, not knowing what we mean by people's be-
coming Christians, took pains to insert at the bottom of the page that
at these meetings of the negroes great effects were sometimes pro-
duced by the warm-hearted exhortations and prayers, and it often
happened that heathen negroes embraced Christianity on the spot.

" One of your former scholars is now in my house, studying
Armenian, and the book which I advised him to take as the best
for the language is this ' Uncle Tom's Cabin.' "

WATERLEY IN BELMONT, October 26, 1860.
MRS. H. B. STOWE.

DEAR MADAM: — I will not make any apology for the liberty
which I take of writing to you, although I cannot claim any personal
acquaintance. At any rate, I think you will excuse me. The facts
which I wish to communicate will, I doubt not, be of sufficient
interest to justify me.

It was my privilege, for such I shall esteem it on many accounts,
to receive into my family and have under my especial care the young
Brahmin whose recent visit to this country you must be acquainted
with I mean Joguth Chunder Gangooly, the first and only individual
of his caste who has visited this country. Being highly intelligent
and familiar with the social and intellectual character of the Hindoc
of his native land, he gave me much information for which, in
scanty knowledge of that country, I was unprepared. Among other
things he assured me that "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was a book
well known and as much read in Bengal among his own peo
here in America, that it had been translated into their tanffii:w>.
and been made a household book. He himself showed a fnnnli
acquaintance with its contents, and assured me that i
not a little to deepen the loathing of slavery in the minds
Hindoos, and also to qualify their opinion of our coun

The facts which he gave me I believe to be substantuUlv t ue
and deemed them such as would have an interest for 1
the book in question. Though I grieve for the wrong ami shame
whioh disgraces my country, I take a laudable pride in those pro-

302 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

ductions of the true-hearted that appeal to the sympathies of all
nations, and find a ready response in the heart of humanity.
With high respect, yours truly,

JAMES THURSTON.

From Mrs. Leonowens, formerly English governess in the
family of the King of Siam:

48 INGLIS STREET, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA,

October 15, 1878.
MBS. H. B. STOWE.

DEAB MADAM: — The following is the fact, the result of the trans-
lation of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " into the Siamese language, by my
friend, Sonn Klean, a lady of high rank at the court of Siam. I en-
close it to you here, as related in one of my books.

" Among the ladies of the harem I knew one woman who, more
than all the rest, helped to enrich my life, and to render fairer and
more beautiful every lovely woman I have since chanced to meet.
Her name translated itself, and no other name could have been more
appropriate, into ' Hidden Perfume.' Her dark eyes were clearer
and calmer, her full lips had a stronger expression of tenderness
about them, and her brow, which was at times smooth and open,
and at others contracted with pain, grew nobler and more beautiful
as through her studies in English the purposes of her life strength-
ened and grew deeper and broader each day. Our daily lessons and
translations from English into Siamese had become a part of her
happiest hours. The first book we translated was ' Uncle Tom's
Cabin,' and it soon became her favorite book. She would read it
over and over again, though she knew all the characters by heart,
and spoke of them as if she had known them all her life. On the
3d of January, 1867, she voluntarily liberated all her slaves, men,
women, and children, one hundred and thirty in all, saying, ' I am
wishful to be good like Harriet Beecher Stowe, and never again
to buy human bodies, but only to let them go free once more.'
Thenceforth, to express her entire sympathy and affection for the
author of ' Uncle Tom's Cabin,' she always signed herself Harriet
Beecher Stowe, and her sweet voice trembled with love and music
whenever she spoke of the lovely American lady who had taught
her as even Buddha had taught kings, to respect the rights, of her
fellow-creatures."

I remain yours very truly,

A. H. LEONOWENS.

The distinctively religious influence of "Uncle Tom's
Cabin " has been not the least remarkable of the features of its
history.

Among other testimonials in the possession of the writer
i? a Bible presented by an association of workingmen in Eng-

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 303

land on the occasion of a lecture delivered to them on " Uncle
Tom, as an Illustration of Christianity."

The Christianity represented in the book was so far essen-
tial and unsectarian, that alike in the Protestant, Catholic, and
Greek church it has found sympathetic readers.

It has, indeed, been reported that " Uncle Tom's Cabin "
has been placed in the Index of the Roman Catholic Church,
but of this there may be a doubt, as when the author was in
Rome she saw it in the hands of the common people, and no
less in those of some of the highest officials in the Vatican,
and heard from them in conversation expressions of warm
sympathy with the purport of the work.

In France it was the testimony of colporteurs that the en-
thusiasm for the work awakened a demand for the Bible of
Uncle Tom, and led to a sale of the Scriptures.

The accomplished translator of M. Charpentier's edition
said to the author that, by the researches necessary to translate
correctly the numerous citations of Scripture in the work, she
had been led to a most intimate knowledge of the sacred writ-
ings in French.

The witty scholar and litterateur, Heinrich Heine, speak-
ing of his return to the Bible and its sources of consolation in
the last years of his life, uses this language :

" The rea wakening of my religious feelings I owe to that holy
book the Bible. Astonishing! that after I have whirled about all
nay life over all the dance-floors of philosophy, and yielded myself
to all the orgies of the intellect, and paid my addresses to all possible
systems, without satisfaction, like Messalina after a licentious night,
I now find myself on the same standpoint where poor Uncle Tom
stands. — on that of the Bible. I kneel down by my black brother
in the same prayer! What a humiliation! With all my science I
have come no farther than the poor ignorant negro who has scarce
learned to spell. Poor Tom, indeed, seems to have seen deeper
things in the holy book than I. ... Tom, perhaps, understands
them better than I, because more flogging occurs in them, — that is,
to say, those ceaseless blows of the whip which have aesthetically
disgusted me in reading the Gospels and Acts. But a poor negro slave
reads with his back, and understands better than we do. But I, who
used to make citations from Homer, now begin to quote the Bible
as Uncle Tom does." — Vermischte ScJiriften, p. 77.

304 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

BIBLIOGKAPHICAL ACCOUNT OF UNCLE
TOM'S CABIN.

[This account was first published in the edition of the
book for which Mrs. Stowe's Introduction was written, in 1878.
Later researches have brought to light further titles, and these
additions are indicated by being inclosed in brackets [ ] . The
opportunity has also been taken to revise and correct the
original list.]

BRITISH MUSEUM, September 14, 1878.

DEAR SIRS, — I well remember the interest which the late
Mr. Thomas Watts took in the story of " Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
from the moment that he had read it. Mr. Watts, besides
being an accomplished philologist and one of the greatest lin-
guists that ever lived, never neglected the current literature of
his time, including the novels and romances of his own coun-
try and America. Scott and Dickens, Washington Irving and
Fenimore Cooper charmed him more than the dull books
which great scholars are commonly supposed to be always read-
ing. In Mrs. Beecher Stowe's work he admired not only the
powerful descriptions of life in the Slave States, the strokes of
character, the humor and the pathos, but above all he was im-
pressed with the deep earnestness of purpose in the writer, and
used to express it as his opinion that it was a work destined
to prove a most powerful agent in the uprooting of slavery in
America. No one in this country was better acquainted than
Mr. Watts with the politics of the United States; and in the
war which eventually ensued on the subject of slavery, between
the Northern and Southern States, he was always a consistent
supporter of the policy of President Lincoln.

Of the reasons which induced him to prevail upon Mr. (now
Sir Anthony) Panizzi to make a collection for the library of
the British Museum of the different translations of " Uncle
Tom's Cabin," the extracts given from his letter to Professor
Stowe, are a-sufficient explanation.

At your desire I have the pleasure to forward to you, as a
supplement to Mr. Watts's letter, the accompanying list of
editions and translations of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," contained in
the Library of the British Museum, as well as of others which
have not yet been obtained. Of the latter there is a Servian
translation which has been ordered but not yet received.

When this shall have been added, the various languages
into which " Uncle Tom's Cabin " has been translated will be

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 395

exactly twenty in number, — a copy of each being in the
British Museum. These several languages, in alphabetical
order, are as follows: viz., Armenian, Bohemian, Danish,
Dutch, Finnish, Flemish (only a modification of Dutch, but
often treated as a distinct language), French, German, Hunga-
rian or Magyar, Illyrian (by Mr. Watts called Wendish),
Polish, Portuguese, Koinaic or Modern Greek, Russian,
Servian, Spanish, Swedish, Wallachian, Welsh.

There may still be translations in other languages, of which
sure intelligence has not yet been obtained.

In some of the languages mentioned, as, for instance, in
French and German, there are several distinct versions A
summary of these is given at the end of the general Biblio-
graphical List herewith appended.

I remain, dear sirs,

Yours very truly,

GEORGE BULLEX.
MESSRS. HorGHTON, OSGOOD & Co.

The letter of Mr. Watts to which Mr. Bullen refers, was
addressed to Professor Stowe about 1860, and is as follows: —
En-tract from a Letter from the late THOMAS WATTS, ESQ., Li-
brarian of the British Museum, io PROFESSOR STOWE.

DEAR SIRS, — It is certainly one of the most striking
features of the popularity of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " that it has
been translated into so many languages, and among them into
so many obscure ones, languages which it has been so hard for
popularity to penetrate. Even the masterpieces of Scott and
Dickens have never been translated into Welsh, while this
American novel has forced its way, in various shapes, into the
languages of the ancient Britons.

There is a complete and excellent translation by Hugh Wil-
liams, there is an abridged one by W. Williams, and there is a
strange incorporation of it, almost entire, into the body of a tele
by Rev. William Rees called " Aelwyd F Ewythr Robert " (or
"Uncle Robert's Hearth.")

In the east of Europe it has found as much acceptance as in
the west. The " Edinburgh Review " mentioned some time
ago that there was one into Magyar. There are, in fact, three
in that language, — one by Tringi, one by Tarbar, and one
(probably an abridged one) for the use of children. There
are two translations into the Illyrian, and two into the Wai-

306 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

lachian. There is one Polish translation, and an adaptation
by Miss Arabella Palmer into Russian. A full translation
into Russian appears to have been forbidden till lately, lest it
might get into circulation among the serfs, among whom it
might prove as hazardous to introduce it as the Portuguese ver-
sion published in Paris among the slaves of Brazil.

Of course the book exists also in Danish, Swedish, and
Dutch, (one Dutch edition being published in the island of
Batavia.) In the great literary languages of the Continent
the circulation has been immense. In the " Bibliographic de
la France," at least four versions are mentioned which have run
through various editions, and in the Leipsic Catalogue for
1852 and 1853, the distinct German versions enumerated
amounted to no less than thirteen.

In the Asiatic languages the only version I have yet seen is
the Armenian. Copies of all these versions have been pro-
cured or ordered for the British Museum.

It is customary in all great libraries to make a collection of
versions of the Scriptures in various languages and dialects, to
serve, among other purposes, for those of philological study. I
suggested to Mr. Panizzi, then at the head of the printed book
department, that in this point of view it would be of consider-
able interest to collect the versions of " Uncle Tom."

The translation of the same text by thirteen different trans-
lators at precisely the same epoch of a language is a circum-
stance perhaps altogether unprecedented, and it is one not
likely to recur, as the tendency of modern alterations in the
law of copyright is to place restrictions on the liberty of trans-
lators. The possession, too, of such a book as "Uncle Tom's
Cabin " is very different from that of such books as "Thomas
a Kempis," in the information it affords to the student of a
language. There is every variety of style, from that of ani-
mated narration and passionate wailing to that of the most
familiar dialogue, and dialogue not only in the language of the
upper classes but of the lowest.

The student who has once mastered " Uncle Tom " in
Welsh or Wallachian is not likely to meet any further difficul-
ties in his progress through Welsh or Wallachian prose.
These considerations, united to those of another character,
which had previously led to the collection by the Museum of
translations of the plavs of Shakespeare, the Antiquary, the
Pickwick Club, etc., led to the adoption of my views, and many
of these versions have already found their wav to the shelves of

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 3Q7

the Museum, while others are on their way. When all are as-
sembled the notes and prefaces of different translators would
furnish ample material for an instructive article in a
review.

Yours very truly,

THOMAS WATTS.

The following is a list of the various editions and trans-
lations of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," contained in the library of the
British Museum: —

I. Complete Texts and abridgments, extracts, and adapta-

tions, versified or dramatized, of the original English.

II. Translations, in alphabetical order, of the languages,
twenty in number, viz.: Armenian, Bohemian, Danish,
Dutch, Finnish, Flemish, French, German, Hungarian
or Magyar, Illyrian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Komaic
or Modern Greek, Eussian, Spanish, Servian, Swedish,
Wallachian, Welsh.*

In these are also comprised abridgments, extracts, and adap-
tations.

III. Appendix. Containing a list of the various works re-
lating to "Uncle Tom's Cabin; " also critical notices of
the work, whether separately published or contained in
reviews, magazines, newspapers, etc.

I. ORIGINAL ENGLISH.

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . One hundred
and tenth thousand. 2 vols.

John P. Jewett & Co. Boston, U. 8. 1852. 12°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With intro-
ductory remarks by J. Sherman.

H. G. Bohn. London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America.
T. Bosworth (Aug. 14th). London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With a Preface
by the Author, written expressly for this edition.

T. Bosworth (Oct. 13th). London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . With twenty-seven Illustrations on wood
by G. Cruikshank, Esq.

J. Cassell. London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin. With a new Preface by H. B. Stowe.

Clarke & Co. London. [1852.] 8°

*This list of translations ia omitted as the more recent catalogue obtained for this
Report through the courtesy of the officers of the British Museum contains the latest
«ditions and is therefore a little fuller than that printed by lloughton, Mifflin & Co., 1893.

308 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The People's Illustrated Edition. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro
Life in the Slave States of America. With 50 Engravings.

Clark1; & Co. London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America.
[With a Preface signed G.]

Clarke d Co. London. 18c-2. 12 3

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America,
Third edition. [With a Preface by G.]

Clarice d Co. London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America.
(The seventh thousand of this edition.)

C. H. Clarice d Co. London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America
. . . reprinted . . . from the tenth American edition.

Clarke d Co. London. 1852. 8°
Uncle Tom's Cabin, " the Story of the Age."

J. Gilbert. London. 1852. 18°

Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Life among the Lowly; or, Pictures of
Slavery in the United States of America. Third edition. Embel-
lished with eight spirited Engravings.

Ingraham, Cooke & Co. London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian Slave. With an
Introduction by E. Burritt. With 16 Illustrations, etc.

Patridge & Oakey. London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian Slave . . . With
[an Introduction and] twelve Illustrations on Wood, designed
by Anelay.

Patridge & Oakey. London. 1852. 8°

Another edition. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian
Slave. With an Introduction [and Illustration by H. Anelay].
Patridge & Oakey (Sept. 18th). London. [1852.] 8°
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America.
With eight Engravings. [With a Preface signed G.]

Routledge & Co. London. 1852. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America.
Third edition. With forty Illustrations.

Routledge & Co. and Clarke d Co. London. 1852. 8°
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. With introductory
remarks by J. Sherman.

J. Snow. London. 1852. 8°

Second edition. Complete for seven pence. Uncle Tom's Cabin . . .
Reprinted verbatim from the American edition. Fiftieth thou-
sand.

G. Vickcrs. London, [1852.] 4°
Uncle Tom's Cabin. Tauclinitz, Leipzig. 1852. 16°. Being part of

the Collection of " British Authors.'' Vol. 243, 44.
Cassell's edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin [by H. E. B. S.].

London. 1852. 12°
Uncle Tom's Cabin. London. 1852. 8° Forming Vol. 84 of the

" Parlour Library."
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America.

London. 1852. 8°. Being No. 121 of the " Standard Novels."
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. New illustrated
edition.

Adam d CJiarles Black. Ediriburg. 1853. 8°

;•*»'

111

^is^a^^^-g^g

•^aKs^zi-':-?-^

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 3Q9

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in Slave States of America.

Clarke, Beeton & Co. London. [1853]. 16°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With above
one hundred and fifty illustrations.

N. Cooke. London. 1853. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. Illustrated edition.
Designs by Billings, etc.

£. Loic, Son & Co. London. 1853. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Slave Life in America. [With a Biographi-
cal Sketch of Mrs. H. E. B. Stowe.]

T. Nelson & Sons. London, Edinburgh, printed 1853. 8°
Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Life among the Lowly. With a Pre-
face by the . . . Earl of Carlisle.

G. Routledge & Co. London, 1853. 8°

Uncle Tom's Cabin. Adapted for young persons by Mrs Crowe.
With 8 Illustrations.

#. Routledge & Co. London. 1853. 8°
Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Slave Life, etc.

Forming part of the "Universal Library. Fiction, Vol. I.

London, 1853. 8°
Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . Standard illustrated edition.

London, Ipswich [printed 1857]. 12°

One of a series called the " Run and Read Library."

Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . With a Preface by ... the Earl of
Carlisle. A new edition.

Routledge d Sons. London, [1864.] 8°
Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . Standard illustrated edition. London.

1870. 8.° Forming part of the "Lily Series."
All about Little Eva, from Uncle Tom's Cabin.

London. 1853. 12°
All about Poor Little Topsy, from Uncle Tom's Cabin.

London. 1853. 12°

A Peep into Uncle Tom's Cabin. By " Aunt Mary " [i. e. Miss Low].
With an address from Mrs. H. B. Stowe to the Children of Eng-
land and America.
8. Low & Son. London. (Jewett & Co., Boston, U. S.) 1853. 8°

A selection of passages from Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom's Cabin (designed to adapt Mrs.
Stowe's narrative to the understanding of the youngest readers).

Edinburgh. 1853. 4°

The Juvenile Uncle Tom's Cabin. Arranged for young readers. By
Mrs. Crowe.

Routledge & Co. London. 1853. 12°

An abridgment. With four Illustrations.

Uncle Tom's Cabin for Children. By Mrs. Crowe.

Routledge & Sons. London. 1868. 12°

This is another edition of the preceding abridgment. With two Illustrations.

Uncle Tom's Cabin. A drama of real life. In three Acts [and in
prose]. Adapted from Mrs. Beecher Stowe's celebrated Novel.

London. 1854. 12°
Contained in Vol. XII. of " Lacy's acting edition of Plays."

Uncle Tom's Cabin. A drama in six Acts, by G. L. Aiken.

New York. 1868. 12°

Contained in " French's Standard Drama."

310 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

III. APPENDIX.

The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; presenting the original facts and
documents upon which the story is founded. Together with cor-
roborative Statements, verifying the truth of the Work. By
Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Clarice, Beeton & Co.; and Thomas Bosworth. London. [1853.] 8°

A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. TaucJinitz, Leipzig. 1853. 16°

Forming Vols. 266-67 of the " Collection of British Authors."

A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. Second Edition.

Sampson Low, Son & Co. London. 1853. 8°

La Clef de la Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Avec les pieces justificatives.
Ouvrage traduit par Old Nick [pseud, i. e. Paul Emile Dauran
Forgues] & A. Joanne.

Paris. 1853. 8°
La Clef de la Case de 1'Oncle Tom.

Paris. 1857.

This is another copy of the preceding, with a new title-page and a different date.

Schliissel zu Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Enthaltend die ursprunglichen
Thatsachen und Documente, die dieser Geschichte zu Grunde
liegen. Zweite Auflage.

Leipzig. 1853. 8°
Forming End. 5 and 7 of the "Neue Volks-Bibliothek, herausgegeben von A. Schrader.''

La Slave de la Cabana del Tio Tom. Traducida de la ultima edicion
por G. A. Larrosa.

Madrid, Barcalona [printed], 1855. 8°

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF " UNCLE TOM'S CABIN," SEPARATELY PUB-
LISHED; ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED TINDER THE AUTHORS'

NAMES.

Adams (F. Colburn). Uncle Tom at Home. A review of the re-
viewers and repudiators of Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Mrs. Stowe.

Philadelphia. 1853. 12°

Another Edition. London. [1853.] 12°

Brimblecomb (Nicholas) pseud. Uncle Tom's Cabin in Ruins.
Triumphant defense of Slavery: in a series of Letters to H. B.
Stowe.

Boston, U. S. 1853. 8°

Clare (Edward). The Spirit and Philosophy of Uncle Tom's Cabin.

London. 1853. 12°

Criswell (R.). Uncle Tom's Cabin contrasted with "Buckingham
Hall, the Planter's Home; " or, a fair view of both sides of the
Slavery Question.

New York. 1853. 12°

Denman (Thomas) Baron Denman. " Uncle Tom's Cabin," " Bleak
House," Slavery and Slave Trade. Seven articles by Lord Den-
man, reprinted from the " Standard." With an article contain-
ing facts connected with Slavery, by Sir G. Stephen, reprinted
from the " Northampton Mercury."

London. 1853. 12°

Second Edition. London. 1853. 12°

Helps (Sir Arthur). A letter on Uncle Tom's Cabin. By the author
of " Friends in Council."

Cambridge, U. S. 1852. 8°

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

311

Henson (Josiah). " Uncle Tom's Story of his Life." An Autobiog-
raphy of J. Henson, from 1789 to 1876. With a Preface by Mrs.
H. B. Stowe, and an introductory note by G. Sturge and S.
Morley. Edited by J. Lobb. [With a Portrait.] Fortieth
thousand.

London, 1877. 8°

Senior (Nassau William). American Slavery: a reprint of an article
on " Uncle Tom's Cabin," of which a portion was inserted In the
206th number of the Edinburgh Review; and of Mr. Sumner's
Speech of the 19th and 20th of May, 1856. With a notice of the
events which followed that speech.

London. 1856. 8°
Published without the author's name.

Another Edition. London. [1862.] 8°

Published with the author's name.

Thompson (George). American Slavery. A lecture delivered in the
Music Hall, Store St., Dec. 13th, 1852. Proving by unquestion-
able evidence the correctness of Mrs. Stowe's portraiture of
American Slavery, in her popular work, " Uncle Tom's Cabin."

London. 1853. 12°

REVIEWS AND NOTICES op "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN," WHICH HAVE APPEARED IN
VARIOUS PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM ; ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.

Xote. — Those in the Welsh language are printed together at the end.
The "Athen&um." London. 1852, p. 574. Notice.
1852, p. 1173. Contrast between "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and the

works by Hildreth and W. L. G. Smith.
1859, p. 549. Contrasts the literary merits of " Uncle Tom's

Cabin " and " The Minister's Wooing."

1863, p. 78. Notice of the Influence of " Uncle Tom's Cabin."
The " Baptist Magazine." London. 1852. Vol. 44. p. 206. Notice.
The "Baptist Reporter." London. 1852. N. S. Vol. 9, p. 206. Notice.
" Blackicood's Edinburgh Magazine." Edinburgh. 1853. Vol. 74. p.

393. Review of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " and "Key."
" The Christian Reformer." London. 1853. 3d Series, Vol. 8, p. 472.

Review.

The "Christian Witness." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 9, p. 344. Review.
" The Critic." London. 1852. fol. p. 293. Notice.
"Dublin University Magazine." Dublin. Vol. 40, Nov., 1852. 8°.

Review.
" The Eclectic Review." London. 1852. 8°. N. S. Vol. 4. Notice

Do. Vol. 7. 1854. Notice.
" The Edinburgh Review." London. 1855. No. 206. The article

"American Slavery," written by N. W. Senior, and twice re-
printed by the author with additions.
" Fraser's Magazine." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 46. A critique by

A. H.
"The Free Church Magazine." Edinburgh. 1852. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1,

p. 359. Notice.
"The General Baptist Repository." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 31, p.

339. Notice.

"The Inquirer." London. 1852. fol. Vol. 2, p. 644. Review.
"The Literary Gazette." London. 1852. fol. Notice.
"The Local Preacher's Magazine." London. 1853. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1.

Notice.

312 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

" The Methodist New Connexion Magazine." London. 1852. 8°. 3d
Series, Vol. 20. Review.

" The Mother's Magazine." London. 1852. Review.

" The North British Review." Edinburgh. 1853. 8°. Vol. 18. Re-
view.

41 The Quarterly Review." London. 1857. Vol. 101. Review of
" Dred " and " Uncle Tom's Cabin."

41 Sharpe's London Magazine." conducted by Mrs. S. C. Hall. London.

1852, 1S53. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1. Review.

N. S. Vol. 2. Notice, with Miss Bremer's opinion of " Uncle Tom's
Cabin."

"The Spectator." London. 1852. 8°. Notice.

*' Tait's Edinburgh Magazine." Edinbiirgh. 1852. 8°. 2d Series.
Notice.

"The Westminster Review." London. 1853. 8°. N. S. Vol. 4. Re-
view.

WELSH REVIEWS AND NOTICES.

"y Cylchgrawn" [The Circulator]. Abertawy. 1853. 8°. Vol. 3.
Review of Welsh translation.

" TDiicygiwr " [The Reformer], Llanelli. 1852. 8°. Vols. 17 and
IS. Notices of Welsh translations.

"Y Dysoedydd" [The Instructor]. Dolgcllan. 1853. 8°. Notices of
Welsh translations.

" Tr Eurgrawn Wesleyaidd" [The Wesleyan Golden Treasury]. Llan-
idloes. 1853. 8°. Vol. 2. Review of Welsh translations.

"Y Greal" [The Miscellany]. Llangollen. 1853. 8°. Vol. 2. Re-
view.

•" Tr Haul" [The Sun], Llanymddyfri. 18°. Vol. 4. Extracts and
Reviews.

41 T Tracthodydd" [The Essayist]. DinbycJi. 1853. 8°. Vol.9. No-
tice.

REVIEWS AND NOTICES IN UNITED STATES PERIODICALS.

"The Literary World." New TorJc. 1852. fol. Vol. 10 Review.

" Littell's Living Age." Boston. 1852. 8°. Reviews from American
and English Periodicals.

" The New Englander." New Haven. 1852. 8°. Vol. 10. Review.

"The New TorJc Quarterly Review." New TorJc. 1853. Vol. 1. Re-
view.

" The North American Review." Boston. 1853. 8°. Vol. 77. Review.

" The United States Review." New TorJc. 1853. 8°. Vol. 1.

A Critique in " Blackwood's Magazine." Article, '-Slavery and Slave Power in the
United States." The writer speaks of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" as "A romance without
the slightest pretension to truth, and the foundation of a wholesale attack on the in-
stitutions and character of the people of the United States."

REVIEWS AND NOTICES IN FOREIGN PERIODICALS.
41 BoeJczaal der Geleerde Wereld." Dutch. Amsterdam. 1853. 12°.

Review, by " J. J. V. T."
" De Tijd." Dutch. 'SGravenhage, 1853. 8°. Deel 17. Notice, with

portrait of Mrs. Stowe.
" Taderlandsche Letteroefeningen." Dutch. Amsterdam. 1853. 8°.

Review.
" De Eendragt." Flemish. Gent. 1853. Jaerzang 7. Review, by

" R."

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 313

"Revue Critique des Litre* Nouveaux." French. Paris. 1852. 8°.

Review, by " H. A. P."
"Revue Contemporaine." French. Paris. 1852. 8°. Tome 4.

Article, " Les Negres en Amerique," by Philarete Chasles.
" Revue des Deux Mondcs" French. Paris. 1852. 8°. 6th series.

Tom 16. Article, " Le Roman Abolitioniste en Ainerique," by

Emile Montegut.
"Blatter fiir literarische Unterhaltung." German. Leipzig. 1853.

4°. Band I. Review, by Rudolf Gottschall.
" Europa." German. Leipzig. 1853. fol. Review and Notices.
" Das Pfennig-Magazin. German. Leipzig. 1852. fol. Notices.
" Unterhaltungen am hauslichen Herd." German. Leipzig. 1853.

8°. Review.
" II Cimento." Italian. Torino. 1852. 8°. Review.

TITLES OF VARIOUS EDITIONS TRANSLATIONS, ABRIDGMENTS, ADAPTATIONS, KKTS,
REVIEWS, ETC., NOT CONTAINED IN THE LIBRARY OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM AT

THE TIME WHEN THE FoKEGOING LlSTS WERE COMPILED.

[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. New Edition, with
Illustrations, and a Bibliography of the Work by George Bullen,
Esq., F. S. A., Keeper of the Department of Printed Books, British
Museum. Together with an Introductory Account of the Work.

Houghton, Osgood & Co. Boston. 1878. 8°]

[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. New Edition with
an Introductory Account of the Work bv the Author.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. 1885. 12°]

[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. Illustrated by
E. W. Kemble. [With introduction.] 2 Vols.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. 1891. 16°]

[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. Universal Edition.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. 1892. 12°]
[Uncle Tom's Cabin. Brunswick Edition.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. 1893. 18°]

[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. With an Introduc-
tion setting forth the History of the Novel, and a Key to Uncle
Tom's Cabin.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. 2 Vol. 1896. Crown 8°]
[Uncle Tom's Cabin. A Tale of Life among the Lowly. With Por-
trait and Twenty-seven Illustrations [woodcuts] by George
Cruikshank.

Hutchinson d- Co. London, [no date]. 8°]

[The Christian Slave. A Drama, founded on a Portion of Uncle
Tom's Cabin. Dramatized by Harriet Beecher Stowe, expressly
for the Readings of Mrs. Mary E. Webb.

Philips, Sampson & Co. Boston. 1855. 16°]

Strejcek Tom, cili: Otroctvf ve svobodnfi Americe. Povfdka pro
mlady a dospely vek, vzdeland die anglickeho romance od pan!
Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Bohemian. Prague. 1853. 12°]

TOnkel Toms Hytte. Tredie Oplag.

Danish. 2 Vols. V. Pio. [Kjobenhavnf] 1876.]
De Hut van Oom Tom, of het Leven der Negerslaven in Noord-
Amerika. Naar het Fransch van de La Bedolliere, door W. L.

Dutch. Bataria, 1853. 8°

A copy of this version is in the possession of Professor Stowe.
21

814 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

De Neger hut, of het Leven der Negerslaven in Amerika. Uit En-
gelsch vertaald door P. Munnich. Eerste Deel.

Dutch. Soerabaya [at the East End of Java]. 1853. 8°

A copy of this version is also in the possession of Professor Stowe.

[De Negerhut. (Uncle Tom's Cabin.) Een Vehaal uit het Slaven-
leven in Noord-Amerika. Naar den 20sten Arnerikaanschen Druk.
Uit het Engelsch, vertaald door O. M. Mensing. Volks-Uitgave.
Dutcli. Amsterdam. 1874. 12°]

La Cabane de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par L. de Wailly et E.
Texier.

French. Paris. 1852. 8°

La Cabane de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction complete par A. Michiels.
2e Edition.

French. Paris. 1852. 12°
La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduite par L. Pilatte.

French. 2 torn. Paris. 1852. 12°

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction de La Bedolliere. Illustra-
tions Anglaises.

French. Paris. 1852. 4°
Another Edition. Parts. 1852. large 8°
Another Edition. Parts. 1852. sm. 8°
La Cabane de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction par A. Michiels. 3e Edition.

French. Paris. 1853. 12°
4e Edition. Paris. 1853. 12°
La Cabane de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction de MM. Wailly et Texier.

French. Paris. 1853. 4°
2e Edition. Paris. 1853. 12°.

La Case du Pere Tom. Traduction de La Bgdolliere. Nouvelle
Edition, augmentee d'une notice de G. Sand.

French. Paris. 1853. 12°
La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduit par L. Enault.

French. Paris. 1853. 12°
La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction par MM. C. Rowey et A. Rolet

French. Paris. 1853. 12°
Another Edition. Parts. 1853. 8°
La Cabane de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Texier et Wailly.

French. Paris. 1853. 4°

F Contained in the " Mnsee Litteraire due Siecle."

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. Enault.

French. Paris. 1853. 16°
Contained in the " Bibliotheqne des Chemis de Fer."
Another Edition. Parts. 1853. 12°.

Contained in the " Bibliotheqne des meilleurs romans etrangere."

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduit par Victor Ratier. Edition revue
par l'Abb£ Jouhanneaud.

French. Limoges et Paris. 1853. 8°

" Edition modifie'e a Tnsage de la Jeunesse."

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Racontee aux enfants, par Mme Arabella
Palmer. Traduite de 1'anglais, par A. Viollet. (With Illustra-
trations.]

French. Paris. 1853. 12°

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction de La Bedolliere.

French. Paris. 1854. 4°

Contained in the " Pantheon Populaire."

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 815

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction de V. Ratier Revue
I'Abbg Jouhanneaud.

French. Limoges et Paris. 1857. 12°
La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduit par La Barn'.

French. 3 Vols. Pan'*. 1861. 12°

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Mme L. s. Belloc. Avec
une preface de Mme Beecher Stowe. Ornee de son Portrait.

French. Paris. 18G2. 12°
Contained in the " Bibliotheque Charpentier."

Reprinted. Paris. 1872. 12°

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduit par M. L. Pilatte. Nouvelle
edition, augmentee d'une preface de Tauteur et d'une introduction
par G. Sand.

French. Paris. 1862. 12°

La Case du Pere Tom. Traduction de La Bedolliere. Notice de G.
Sand. Illustrations Anglaises.

French. Paris. 1863. 4°
Contained in the " Pantheon Populaire."

Reprinted. Paris. 1874. 4°
La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduite par L. Enault.

French. Paris. 1864. 12°

Contained in the " Bibliotheque des meilleurs romans etrangers.''
Reprinted. Paris. 1865. 12°
Do. Paris. 1873. 12°
Do. Paris. 1875. 12°
Do. Paris. 1876. 12°
La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. Barrel

French. Paris. 1865.

[La Case de 1'Oncle Tom; ou, Vie de Negres en Arnerique. Roman
Americain traduit par Louis Enault.

French, Paris. 1872. 16°]

[La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduit par M. L£on Pilatte. Nouvelle
edition, augmentee d'une introduction par George Sand.

French. Paris. 1875. 12°]
La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par E. du Chatenet.

French, Limoges. 1876. 8°
Abrege de 1'histoire de 1'Oncle Tom, £ 1'usage de la jeunesse.

French. Leipzig 1857. 16°
Forming Vol. 24 of the " Petite Bibliotheque Fransaise."

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Drame en huit Actes: par MM. Dumanoir
et d'Ennery. Musique de M. Artus. Theatre de 1'Ambigu
Comique.

Pari*. 1853. 12°

La Case de 1'Oucle Tom. Romance tiree du roman de ce nom, joufie
a 1'Ambigu, paroles de E. Lecart.

Parts. 1853. 4°

La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Chanson nouvelle. d'apres le drame de ce

Pan,. 1853. 4!
Onkel Tom, oder Sklavenleben in der Republik Amerika.

German. Berlin. 1852. 8°

Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten Amerl-
kas. Aus dem Englischen. 2 Thle.

German. Berlin. 1852. 88

316 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Onkle Tom's Hutte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten Aineri-
kas. Aus dem Euglischen.

German. 30 Lieferungen. Leipzig. 1852. 8°
Onkel Tom's Hutte. Uebersetzt von F. C. Nordestern.

German. 0 Hefte. Wein. 1852. 88

Onkel Tom, oder Negerleben in den nordamerikanischen Sklaven-
staaten. Uebersetzt von W. E. Dragulin.

German. 4 Bdc. Leipzig. 1852. 8°
Forming Bd. 9-12 of the " Amerikanische Bibliothek."

Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Negerleben in den Sclavenstaateu des
freien Nordamerika. Frei bearbeitet von Ungewitter.

German. Leipzig. 1852. 8°
Forming Bd. 317 of the " Belletrietisches Lese-Cabinet."

Sclaverei in dem Lande der Freiheit. oder das Leben der Neger in
den Sclavenstaaten Nordamerika's. Nach der 15 Auflage von
Onkel Tom's Cabin.

German. 4 Bdc. Lepzig. 1852. 8°

Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Selaven
von H. B. Stowe.

German. 11 Bdchen. 1852-52. 4°
Forming Bdchen 1871-1881 of " Das Belletristische Ausland."

Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Sklavenleben in den Freistaaten Amerika's.
Aus dem Englischen. Zweite Auflage.

German. 3 Thle. Berlin. 1853. 8°.

Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Sklaven.
Aus dem Englischen iibertragen von L. Du Bois.

German. 3 Thle. Stuttgart. 1853. 16°.

Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von
Amerika. Aus dem Englischen.

German. Leipzig. 1853. 8°.
Forming Bd. 1 of the " Neue Volks-Btbliothek."

Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von
Nordamerika. Mit 50 Illustrationen. Zweite Auflage.

German. Leipzig. 1853. 8°.
Dritte, mit Anmerkungen vermehrte Auflage.

Leipzig. 1853. 8°.
Vierte Auflage. Leipzig. 1854. 8°.

Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Sclaverei im Lande der Freiheit. German.
Dritte Auflage. 4 Bdc.

German. 4 Bdc. Leipzig. 1853. 16°.

Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Negerleben in Nordamerika. Im Auszuge
bearbeitet.

German. Berlin. 1853. 16°.

[Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von
Amerika. Aus dem Englischen iibersetzt.

German. Leipzig. 1878. 16°.
In the Universal-Bibliothek.

Onkel Tom's Schicksale. Erzahlung fur die Jugend, von Max
Schasler.

German. 2 Bdchen. Berlin. 1853. 8°.

Onkel Tom's Schicksale. Erzahlungen fur die Jugend. Fur die
deutsche Jugend bearbeitet von Max Schasler.

German. 2 Bdchen. Berlin. 1853. 8°.
Forming Bdchen 1 of the " Hausbibliothek der Jugend."

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 3^7

La Capanna di Papa Tom. Libera Versione dal Franchese. etc.

Italian. Napoli. 1853. 8°.

A copy of this version is in the possession of Professor Stowe.

[La Capauua dello Zio Tom. Nuovo Versione Italiana, Elegamente
Illustrata dal Sig. Bonamore.

Italian. Milano. 1883. 8°.

[Chata Wuja Tomasza, czyli zycie niewolnik6w w Zjednoczonych
Stanach P61nocnej Ameryki.

Polish. 2 Tom. Warszawa. 1877. 32°.]
Khizhina dyadi Toma, etc.

Russian. Moscow. 1858. 8°
Khizhina dyadi Tom, etc.

Russian. St. Petersburg. 1858. 8°.

Dyadya Tom, etc. [Uncle Tom; or, Life of the Negro-Slaves in
America. A tale adapted from the English by M. F. Butovich
Abridged.]

Russian. St. Petersburg. 1867. 8°.
[Khizhina dyadi Toma: Povyest etc.

Russian. St. Petersburg and Moscow. 1874. 16°]
Chicha-Tomina Koliba.

Servian. Belgrade. 1854. 8°.

[La Cabana del Tio Tom. Traducida al Castellano por A. A.
Orihuela.

Spanish. Paris. 1852. 16°.]

[Onkel Toms Stuga, eller Negerlifvet i Amerikanska Slafstaterna.
Ofversattning af S. J. Callerholm.

Sicedish. Goteborg. 1873. 8°.]
[Onkel Toms Stuga. Skildring ur de Vanlottades Lif.

Sicedish. Stockholm. 1882. 16°.]

[Three editions were also published between 1860 and 1865 by Alb. Bonnier, Stockholm.]

[Aelwyd F'Ewythr Robert: neu, Han'es Caban F'Ewythr Tomos.
Gan y Parch. William Rees.

Welsh. Dinoych. 1853. 16°.

[A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; presenting the Original Facts and
Documents upon which the story is founded. Together with
Corroborative Statements verifying the Truth of the Work. By
Harriet Beecher Stowe.

John P. Jewett & Co. Boston. 1853. 8°]

Nyckeln till Onkel Toms Stuga. [Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin.]
Werkliga Tilldragelser pit hwilka Romanen af samma mamn
hwilar. Uldrag efter Mrs. H. Beecher Stowe. Ofwersatt efter
Engelska Originalet.

Swedish. Stockholm. 1853. 16°.

[The Southern View of " Uncle Tom's Cabin." From The Southern
Literary Messenger. By the Editor [John R. Thompson].

No place or date. 8°]

[Uncle Tom in England. The London Times on Uncle Tom's Cabin.
A Review from the London Times of Friday, September 3, 1852.
Bunce & Bro., New York. 1852. 8°, paper]

[Uncle Tom in Paris: or. Views of Slavery Outside the Cabin.
Together with Washington's Views of Slavery, now for the first
Time Published. By Adolphus M. Hart. [Also containing the
London Times Review of September 3, 1852.]

William Taylor & Co. Baltimore. 1854. 12 ]

318 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

[Notes on Uncle Tom's Cabin: Being a Logical Answer to the Alle-
gations and Inferences against Slavery as an Institution. With
a supplementary note on the Key, and an Appendix of Authori-
ties. By the Rev. E. J. Stearns, A.M., Late Professor in St.
John's College, Annapolis, Md.

Lippincott, Grambo & Co. Philadelphia. 1853. 16°]

[Father Henson's Story of his own Life. With an Introduction by
Mrs. H. B. Stowe.

John P. Jeicett & Co. Boston. 1858. 12°

While Josiah Henson was not really the original of Uncle Tom
(the latter being an entirely imaginary character), yet his life
was in many respects a parallel to that of Mrs. Stowe's hero.]

[Reviews in Leading Periodicals as follows: —

Prospective Revieic. London. 1852. Vol. 8. p. 490. 1853. Vol.

9. p. 248.

Chambers' Edinburgh Journal. Edinburgh. 1852. Vol. 19. pp.

155, 187. 1853. Vol. 19. p. 85.

Southern Literary Messenger. Richmond. 1852. Vol. 18. pp. 620,

721. 1853. Vol. 19. p. 321.

Southern Quarterly Revieic. Charleston, S. C. 1853. Vol. 23. p. 81.
— 1854. Vol. 24. p. 214.

Christian Observer. London. 1852. Vol. 52. p. 695.
Irish Quarterly Review. Dublin. 1856. Vol. 6. p. 706.
Western Journal and Civilian. St. Louis. 1853. Vol. 9. p. 133.

— Vol. 10. p. 319 (A. Beatty).

Putnam's Monthly Magazine. New York. 1853. Vol. 1. p. 97.
("Success of U. T. C.")

Atlantic Monthly. Boston. 1879. Vol. 43. p. 407 (W. D. Howells).
—1896. Vol. 78. p. 311 ("The Story of U. T. C.," by C. D.
Warner).

Manhattan. New York. 1882. Vol. 1. p. 28 (W. H. Fornian).
Andover Review. Boston. 1885. Vol. 4. p. 363. (" Is it a Novel?")
Magazine of American History. New York. 1890. Vol. 23. p. 16.
(F. Y. McCray).

Magazine of Western History. New York. 1890. Vol. 12. p. 24.
(" Origin of U. T. C.," by H. D. Teetor.)

[Discourses on Special Occasions and Miscellaneous Papers. By
Cornelius Van Santvoord.

M. W. Dodd, New York. 1856. 12°
Contains a chapter entitled " Uncle Tom's Cabin, and colonization."]

TRANSLATIONS OF MRS. H. B. STOWE'S "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN."

A list received from the British Museum.
The starred editions are those which were in the Stowe Cabinet at the World's Fair.

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN. — TRANSLATIONS.

[Brother Thomas' Cabin, a story by H. B. Stowe, an American
Lady.] 2 vols.

Armenian. Venice. 1854. 12°
Strejcek Tom, cili: Otroctvi ve svobodue Americe.

Bohemian. T Prazc. 1853. 12°

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

319

Stryc Tormls, aneb Obrazy ze zivota cerny ch otruku v America z
anglickeho pang H. B. S. (Much abridged.)

Bohemian. V Brne. 1854. 8°
Strycek Toin. Obraz ze zivota Arnerickgho.

Bohemian. T Praze. 1877. 8°

Nove sbirky svazek 125 of Boleslavsky's " Divadelin Ochotnik."
Onkel Tomas, eller Negerlivet i Ainerikas Slavestater. Overeat fra
den uordanierikanske original af Capt. Schadtler.

Danish. Kjbenhavn. 1853. 8°

Onkel Tom's Hytte, eller Negerliv i de Amerikanske Slavesteter.
Oversat af P. V. Grove.

Danish. Kjbenhavn. 1856. 8°

* De Xegerhut. Naar den 20en Arnerikaanschen druk, uit het En-

gelsch vertaald door C. M. Men-sing. 2 Deel.

Dutch. Haarlem. 1853. 8°

* De Hut van Oom Tom. Naar bet Fransch door W. L. Ritter.

Dutch. Batavia. 1853. 8°

* De Neger but. Uit Engelscb Vertaald door P. Munnicb.

Dutch. Soerabaya (Java). 1853. 8°

Seta Tumon Tupa, lyhykaisesti Kerottu ja Kanniilla kuvanksilla
valaistu. (Abridged translation.)

Finnish. Turussa. (Abo) 1850, obi. 4°

De Hut van Onkel Tom, eene Slaven-Gescbiedenis. Naer bet En-
gelscb. 3 Deel.

Flemish. Gent. (1852.) 8°

* La Cabane de 1'Oncle Tom, on les Noirs en AmSrique. Traduction

par L. de Wailby et E. Texier.

French. Paris. 1852. 8°

Troisieme edition. Paris. (1853.) 8°

* Le Cabane de 1'Oncle Tom, traduition complete par A. Micbiels,

avec une biograpbie de 1'auteur.

French. Paris. 1853. 12°
Nouvelle edition. Paris. 1887." 8°

Le Case de 1'Oncle Tom. ou sort des Negres Esclaves. Traduction
nouvelle par M. L. Casion. 2 torn.

French. Paris. 1853. 12°

* Le Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction complete par Ch. Romey et

French. Paris. 1853. 12°

Le Case de 1'Oncle Tom racontee aux enfants par Arabella Palmer.
TraduitparAlphonseViollet

Le Case del'Oncle Tom. Traduit par Vlrt«RatIe^

* La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Old Nick (t. e., P. B.
Dauran Forgues) et A. Joanne. ^ Ig53 8<>

B- Stowe' French. Paris. 1853. 12-

•LeCasederOncle Tom. Traduit par TniaUc . vols^ g<>

320 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

* Nouvelle edition revue, et d'une introduction par George Sand.

French. Paris. 1853. 12°
Another edition. 2 vols. Paris. 1862. 12°

* Le P6re Tom, ou vie des n&gres en Amerique. Traduction de La

Bedollifcre.

French. Paris. 1853. 12°

Nouvelle edition, augmentee d'une notice de G. Sand. Illustrations,
etc.

French. Paris. (1859.) 4°
La Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. Enault.

French. Paris. 1853. 8°

One of a series called " Bibliotheque des Chemis de Per."
Reprinted. Paris. 1864. 12°
do Paris. 1865. 12°

* L'Oncle Tom, racontee aux Enfants par Mile. Rilliet de Constant.
Reprinted. Paris. 1873. 12°

do Paris. 1876. 12°

do Paris. 1890. 12°

Le Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Romance tiree de ce nom, jou6e a 1'Ambigu,
paroles de E. Lecart.

French. Paris. 1853. 4°

* Le Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Drame en huit actes. Par MM.

Durnanoir et D'Ennery. Represente pour la premiere fois, &
Paris sur le Theatre de I'Ambigu-Comique le 10 Janvier, 1853.

French. Paris. 1853. 4°

Contained in the "Theatre Contemporain Illustr6." 80e 6<3rie.

* L'Oncle Tom. Drame en cinq actes et neuf tableaux. Par M. E.

Texier et L. de Wailly. Represents pour la premiSre fois & Paris,
sur le Theatre de la Gaite le 23 Janvier, 1853.

French. Paris. 1853. 8°

Contained in the "Bibliotheque Dramatique," torn. 49.

Le Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par E. du Chatenet.

French. Limoges. (1880.) 8°
Le Case de 1'Oncle Tom. Edition abreg6e et illustree.

French. Paris. 1887. 8°

* Onkel Tom. oder Sklavenleben in der Republik Amerika.

German. Berlin. 1852. 8°

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten Ameri-

kas. 2 Thle.

German. Berlin. 1852. 8°
Onkel Tom's Hiitte, 30 Lief.

German. Leipzig. 1852. 8°

Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Uebersetzt von F. C. Nordestern. 6 Hfte.

German. Wien. 1852. 8°

Onkel Tom. Uebersetzt von W. E. Dragulin. 4 Bde.

German. Leipzig. 1852. 8°

* Sclaverei in dem Lande der Freiheit, etc. 4 Bde.

German. Leipzig. 1852. 8°

Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Sclaveo.
II Bdchen, 1852-3. 4°

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Eine Negergeschichte. 3 Bdchen.

German. Berlin. 1852. 8°
Bdch. 4-6 Jahrg. 5 of "Allgemeine Deutsch Volke Bibliothek."

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 321

Oheim Tom's Hiitte oder das Leben bei den Niedrigen. Uebersetzt
von H. R. Hutten.

German. Boston. U. S. 1853. 8°

* Onkel Tom, oder Schilderungen aus dem Leben In den Sklaven-

staaten Nordamerikas. Nach der 35sten englischen Auflage von
J. S. Lowe. 2 Bde.

German. Hamburg. 1853. 8°

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Ein Roman aus dem Leben der Sklaven in

Amerika. 2 Bde.

German. Berlin. (1853.) 8°

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder das Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten des

freien Nordamerika. In deutscher Auffassungsweise fur
deutsche Leser bearbeitet von Dr. Ungewitter. Dritte Ausgabe.
Mit 6 Illustrationen.

German. Wien. 1853. 8°

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten Ameri-

kas. Aus dem Englischen. Mit 6 Holzschnitten. 3 Bde.

German. Berlin. 1853. 8°

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von

Amerika. Neunte Auflage. Nebst Portrait.

German. Leipzig. 1853. 8°

Bd. 1. of Neue-Volks Bibliothek herausgegeben von A. Schrader.

Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von
Nordamerika. Mit funfzig Illustrationen. Vierte Auflage.

German. Leipzig. 1854. 8°

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, nach dem Englischen . . . fur die reifere

Jugend bearbeitet von M. Gans.

German. Pesth. (1853.) 8°

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Leiden der Negersklaven in Amerika.

German. Berlin. ^853. 16°

* Onkel Tom's Schicksale. Erzahlung fur die Jugend. Fur die

deutsche Jugend bearbeitet von M. Schaster. 2 Bdch.

German. Berlin. (1853.) 8°

Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Erzahlung fur Kinder bearbeitet. Neues Bil-

German. NiirnTterg. (1854.) Obi. 4°
Onkel Tom's Hiitte, fur Kinder. Nach dem Englischen von A. Har-

Xpl

German. Leipzig. (1854.) 16°

Tamas Batya Kunyh6ja, vagy, N6ger 61et a rabszolgatarto Amerikai
ailamokban, B. S. H. utan Angolbol, Trinyi J. 4 kotet.

Hungarian. Pesten. 1853. 12°

Tamds B&tya. Gymermekek szamara. Kidolgozta. M. Rokus.

Hungarian. Pesten. 1856. 8°

Tamas Batya, vagy egy Szerecsen rabszolga tortenete, H. B. Stowe
utan irta Tatar Peter. (A versified abridgment)

Hungarian. Pest. 1857. a

* Stric Tomaa all zivlenje zamorcov v Ameriki . . . Svobodno za

SlovencezdelalJ.B.

Strlc Tomova Koca, ali zivljenje zamozcov v robnih derzavah
svobodne severne Amerike. Is memskega poslovenil F. W

vasic- Illyrian. V Ljubljani. 1853. 8°

322 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

* La Capanna dello Zio Tommaso; ossia la vita dei Negri in Amerika.

Italian. Lugano. 1853. 8°

* La Capanna dello Zlo Tomasso, scene della Schiavitu dei negri in

America, di Baldassar Mazzoni.

Italian. Firenze. 1853.

* La Capanna di Papa Tom.

Italian. Napoli. 1853. 8°

* La Capanna dello Zio Tom. narrate ai Fanciulli, di C. Grolli.

Italian. Milano. 1868.

* La Capanna dello Zio Tom.

Italian. Milan. 1877.

Chata Wuya Tomasza, czyli zycie niewolunik6w . . . Przettumaczyt
F. Dydacki. 2 torn.

Polish. Licow. 1853. 8°

Chatka Ojca Toma, czyli zycie murzyn6w w stanach niewolniczych
Ameryki P61nocnej. 2 torn.

Polish. Warssatca. 1865. 8°

* A Cabana do Pai Thomas . . . traduzido por F. L. Alvares d'And-

rada. (With plates.) 2 torn.

Portuguese. Paris. 1853. 12°
An edition published at Athens in 2 vols., 1860, 8°

Romaic or Modern Greek.
Khizhina dyadi Toma.

Russian. St. Petersburg. 1858. 8°
Khizhina dyadi Toma.

Russian. Moscoic. 1858. 8°
Khizhina dyadi Toma.

Russian. St. Petersburg. 1865. 8°
Dyadya Tom. (Abridged by M. F. Butovich.)

Russian. St. Petersburg. 1867. 8°
Chicha-Tomina Koliba.

Servian. Belgrade. 1854. 8°
La Cabana del Tio Tomas, o los Negros en America. 2 torn.

Spanish. Mexico. 1853. 12°

* La Cabana del Tio Tom . . . traducida al Castellano por A. A.

Orihuela.

Spanish. Paris, 1852, and Bogota, 1853. 8°

La Cabana del tio Tomas . . . illustrada con cinco laminas finas
grabadas en acero.

Spanish. Barcelona. 1853. 8°

La Choza del Negro Tomas. Novela . . . traducida al Castellano.
2 torn.

Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 8°

La Choza de Tomas. Edicion illustrada con 26 grabados a parte del
testo.

Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 4°

La Choza de Tom . . . traducida por W. Avguals de Izco. Segunda
edicion.

Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 4°

La Cabaua del Tio Tom. Version castellano por B. Gabarro. 2 torn.

Spanish. Paris. 12°

Nyckeln till Onkel Toma Stuga. (Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin.)

Swedish. Stockholm. 1853. 16°

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 323

Onkel Tom's Stuga. Bearbetad for Barn. (An abridgment for chil-
dren.)

Swedish. Stockholm. 1868. 16°

Koliba lui Moshu Toma. 2 torn.

Wallachian. Jassy. 1853. 8°

Bordelulu Unkiului Tom. 2 torn.

Wallachian. Jassy. 1853. 8°

* Caban f 'Ewyrth Twm . . . gyda . . . gerfluniau gan G. Cruick-

shank. Cyfieithiad H. Williams.

Welsh. Llundain. 1853. 8°
Another edition. Wrexham. (1880.) 8°

* Crynodeb o Gaban 'Newyrth Tom. (With a prefatory notice by

W. Williams.)

Welsh. Abertatcy (1853.) 16°

* Caban f 'Ewythr Tomos, neu hanes caethwas Christ 'nogol.

Crynodeb a waith H. B.

Welsh. Caernarvon. (1860.) 12°

* Cyflynir Fel arnydd o Barch I Awdures Caban Newyreth Tom.

Gaw Y. Cyfiethydd. Cmyreig Y. Lefiad. Welsh.

List prepared by Mr. J. P. Anderson, Clerk of Reading Room, British Museum.

CHAPTER XX.

EXHIBITS AND INVENTIONS OF WOMEN.

There is no record in ancient history of just when the men
of Gibeon took the women of their households into partner-
ship as hewers of wood and drawers of water, but from the
earliest days of most primitive peoples it seems to have been
an accomplishment which women were allowed to monopolize
without competition, in spite of the restless energy of man-
kind.

Therefore, in sending to the Woman's Building six ex-
quisitely carved panels of wood for decorative purposes we
felt that we were but sending the lineal descendants of an
ancient process, " revised, corrected, and with numerous addi-
tions," as we say of reprints of old books, and because of this
all the more truly marking progress. Their instant and
hearty acceptance under the rules then governing that build-
ing was equivalent to an award. At the close of the Eair we
were asked to contribute them further toward the decoration
of a Connecticut corner in what promised to be a permanent
memorial building in Chicago to which women everywhere
were to contribute something of interest or value. Five out
of the six panels we were able to give for this purpose, with the
understanding that they should be returned to the Historical
Society in our own State should the memorial building fail of
erection. An expression of appreciative thanks for these gifts
will be found in the last chapter in a letter from the president
of the National Commission of Women.

(324)

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

1. WOOD CARVING FOR DECORATION OF WOMAN'S
BUILDING.

825

Miss Gertrude Bradley,

Bridgeport,
Miss Miriam Hill,

Stonington,
Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon,

New Haven,
Miss Emma H. Viets,

New Britain,
Miss Sophia Tracy,

Hartford,
Mrs. J. E. Root, Hartford,

Panel, presented to Memorial Building.

Panel, returned to contributor.

EXHIBITS INSTALLED IN THE WOMAN'S BUILDING, UNDER
THE AUSPICES OF THE WOMAN'S BOARD.

FINE AKTS — GROUP 141.
Miss Charlotte E. McLean, Hartford,

Water color.

CHINA PAINTING — GROUP 91.

Miss Clara M. Barnes,
Mrs. M. A. Frisbie,
Miss Frances P. Hall,
Miss Mary M. Smith,

New Haven.
Hartford.
New Haven.
Washington.

FANCY WORK — GROUP 104.
Mrs. Thomas Kerr, Bridgeport.

ORIGINAL DESIGNS IN SILVER — GROUP 97.
Miss E. W. Palmer, Stonington.

ORIGINAL DESIGNS IN WALL PAPER — GROUP 149.
Mrs. Jay F. Ripley, Hartford, Award.

ORIGINAL WORK IN PHOTOGRAPHY — GROUP 151.
Mrs. Marie H. Kendall, Norfolk, Award.

INVENTIONS— GROUP 106.
Mrs. Isabel H. Butler, Bridgeport,

Mrs. W. A. Pilkington, Bridgeport.

Award.

326 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The wood-carving and the majority of these exhibits were
not entered for competition, because at the time of their pre-
sentation to the judges for the Woman's Building the fact
that they were accepted for installation was considered equiva-
lent to an award.

A glance at the accompanying list of inventions patented
by Connecticut Women within the space of one generation
will show that there are about three times as many for general
use as for feminine use alone; twice as many for general use
as for purely domestic purposes, and several exclusively for
the convenience of men. One would hardly answer " A
woman," if asked who invented a curry-comb, a mode of form-
ing the air chamber in dental plates, step-ladders, cooking
stoves, sleigh-bells, piano pedal attachments, still alarms, hitch-
ing devices, surgical knives, dice boxes, and the check punch
in use in banks throughout the civilized world.

It is natural to expect a great deal from all classes of the
population in the very heart of that region which is known as
the birthplace of Yankee notions. Three-fourths of the me-
chanical contrivances used in the construction of the buildings
at the World's Fair came from Connecticut. In fact, the
great constructor of it all, D. F. Burnham, can hark back to
a Connecticut ancestor a generation or two ago. But one
does not associate much of this peculiar inventive genius with
women. One thing, however, is certain, that the original of
many an invention made with jackknife and pine stick on
winter evenings was watched with interest, and the young in-
ventor's efforts fostered and encouraged, by a sympathetic
mother at the family hearthstone.

The following list of patents was compiled from the records
in the United States Patent Office, at the instigation of the
Woman's Board, as a part of the work in gathering statistics:

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

WOMAN INVENTORS OF CONNECTICUT.

Title of Invention. Date.

327

Curry-comb, Jan. 22, 1861

Combination of sofa

and bathing-tub, May 20, 1862
Door-plate and card

receiver, Sept. 9, 1862

No. Name and Address.

31,199 Sarah Jane Wheeler,

New Britain,
35,289 Sarah A. Baldwin,

Waterbury,
36,388 Sarah A. Baldwin,

Waterbury,

44,039 Evelyn Beecher, Plymouth,
assignor to Henry Beech-
er & Co., Waterbury, Basket,
56,210 Catherine A. Griswold,

Willimantic,
61,825 Catharine A. Griswold,

Willimantic,
83,327 Mrs. Nancy M. Selden,

Chatham,

102,534 Jane E. Oilman, Hartford, Work-holders,
107,479 Jane E. Oilman, Hartford, Combined dress-

bureaus and bath-

Skirt supporting cor-

sets,

Corsets,
Pie-tube,

Aug. 30, 1864
July 10, 1866
Feb. 5, 1867

Oct. 20, 1868
May 3, 1870

tubs,

Sept, 20, 1870

111,429

Mary Ann Boughton,

Modes of forming the

Norwalk,

air chamber in den-

tal plates,

Jan. 31, 1871

112,352

Carrie Jessup,

New Haven,

Culinary vessels,

Mar. 7, 1871

113,842

Mary Ann Boughton,

Bridgeport,

Cooking stoves,

Apr. 18, 1871

116,585

Catharine A. Griswold,

Willimantic,

Corsets,

July 4, 1871

120,995

Mary M. J. O'Sullivan,

New Haven,

Dinner-plate covers,

Nov. 14, 1871

123,287

Emily M. Norton,

Bridgeport,

Step-ladders,

Jan. 30, 1872

128,412

Harriet H. May,

Birmingham,

Bustles,

June 25, 1872

128,813

Charlotte B. Pollock,

Norwich,

Bustles,

July 9, 1872

130,801

Lavinia H. Foy,

New Haven,

Cuff,

Aug. 27, 1872

133,962

Elizabeth Balmforth,

Danbury,

Portable balcony,

Dec. 17, 1872

328

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

No. Fame and Address.

Title of Invention.

Date>

137,340 Elizabeth N. Bradley,

Wall or window

Bridgeport,

washer,

April 1, 1873

137,907 Lavinia H. Foy,

New Haven,

Reversible cuff,

April 15, 1873

145,653 Cornelia Hitchcock, Mill-

dale, assignor to her-

self and William J.

Clark, same place.

Coffee-urns,

Dec. 16, 1873

147,259 Ann Harrison,

East Hampton,

Sleigh-bells,

Feb. 10, 1874

148,477 Mary E. Marcy,

New Haven,

Cosmetic compounds,

Mar. 10,1874

150,777 Elizabeth E. Norton,

Bridgeport,

Skirt elevators,

May 12, 1874

155,823 Sarah W. Blake,

Piano pedal attach-

Waterbury,

ments,

Oct. 13, 1874

161 , 123 Delia Howland and James

W. Howland,

New Haven,

Folding-tables,

Mar. 23, 1875

178,789 Harriet H. May,

Birmingham,

Corsets,

June 13, 1876

191,175 Sarah R. Raffel, Hartford,

Traveling bags,

May 22, 1877

191,787 Eliza L. Whiton,

West Stafford,

Stove polish,

June 12, 1877

197,463 Lavinia H. Foy,

New Haven,

Corsets,

Nov. 27, 1877

200,234 Ursula L. Webster,

Adjustable patterns

New Haven,

for garments,

Feb. 12, 1878

200,384 Lavinia H. Foy,

New Haven,

Corsets,

Feb. 19, 1878

212,343 Catharine A. Adams,

Milford,

Kitchen cabinets,

Feb. 18, 1879

214,247 Lavinia H. Foy,

New Haven,

Corsets,

Apr. 15, 1879

219,796 Evelyn Beecher,

New Haven,

Still-alarms,

Sept. 23, 1879

229,225 Sarah G. Young, Hartford

, Sofa-bed,

June 22, 1880

252,935 Mary E. Field, New Haven

, Corset,

Jan. 81, 1882

264,427 Catharine Ann Adams,

Milford,

Corset bust and clasp

, Sept. 19, 1882

267,242 Annie M. H. Moss, Monroe

, Dust-pan,

Nov. 7, 1882

274,984 Mary E. Smith,

Lamp-supporting

Southbury,

bracket for sewing

machines,

Apr. 3, 1883

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

329

No.

Name and Address.

Title of Invention.

Date.

306,484

Leila C. Harrison,

New Haven,

Hitching device,

Oct.

14, 1884

316,414

Emma J. Swartout,

Machine for sewing

Danbury,

hat-tips,

Apr.

21, 1885

318,776

Mary Me Waters, Bethel,

Corset attachment,

May

26, 1885

328,406

Bridget O'Connor,

Bridgeport,

Shirt,

Feb.

22, 1887

364,792

Evelyn Beecher,

New Haven,

Rotary cutter,

June

14, 1887

384,674

Mary F. Bishop,

Means for operating

Bridgeport,

egg-beaters,

June

19, 1888

396,962

Bela St. John, Farmington,

Abdominal supporter,

Jan.

29, 1889

397,570

Clara M. South worth,

Bridgeport,

Under arm pad,

Feb.

12, 1889

398,511

Eleanor E. Howe,

Bridgeport,

Body brace,

Feb.

26, 1889

404,081

Drusilla M. Fuller,

Device for holding

Terryville,

head gear,

May

28, 1889

420,651

Jennie B. Fowler,

Bridgeport,

Nursing-nipple,

Feb.

4, 1890

420,766

Emma H. Brown,

Wethersfield,

Hook and eye,

Feb.

4, 1890

429,100

Ellie N. Sperry,

Bridgeport,

Check-punch,

May

27, 1890

429,169

Minnie I. Durgy, Sherman,

Skillet,

June

3, 1890

431,153

Mathilde Schott,

New Haven,

Surgical knife,

July

1, 1890

431,325

Marian L. Brewer,

Hartford,

Shutter-fastener,

July

1, 1890

435,635

Mathilde Schott,

New Haven,

Dice and dice box,

Sept.

2, 1890

435,949

Lizzie T. Potter, Hartford,

Belt-fastener,

Sept.

9, 1890

454,477

Sarah K. Hibler, Stamford,

Press board,

June

23, 1891

461,531

LizzietT. Potter, Hartford,

Belt-fastener,

Oct.

20, 1891

462,965

Catherine L. Darby,

Stamford,

Clothing-protector,

Nov.

10, 1891

463,900

Caroline Hyde,

Stonington,

Artificial fruit,

Nov.

24, 1891

468,454

Emma J. Weller,

Waterbury,

Seam-iron,

Feb.

9, 1892

471,926

Emma A. Willard,

Greenwich,

Bodkin,

Mar.

29, 1892

330 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

REISSUE.

No. Name and Address. Title of Invention. Date.

4,427 Catharine Allsop Griswold, Skirt-supporting cor-

Willitnantic, sets, June 20, 1871

5,416 Harriet H. May,

Birmingham, Bustles, May 20, 1873

5,876 Cornelia Hitchcock, Mill-
dale, assignor to herself
and William J. Clark,

same place, Coffee-urns, May 19, 1874

6,448 Lavinia H. Foy,

New Haven, Corsets, May 25, 1875

CHAPTER XXI.
STATISTICS AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS.

Among the requests which came from the National Com-
mission of women to the State Boards none were more frequent
and persistent than those which urged upon us the exhibition
of statistics which should show in round numbers the relations
of women to all labor, whether of the head or of the hand.

AVe were assured that a united canvass embracing " Every
people, every tribe, on this terrestrial ball," which could be
reached, was to be made, and especially valuable would such
statistics become if each State and Territory in our own country
could but secure returns which were accurate enough to be
used as a basis of comparison with past and future like condi-
tions.

The amount of expense, as well as labor involved, together
with the short time allowed us in which to work, made it im-
possible to take up many of the lines of inquiry and research
indicated. A haphazard collection of statistics would prove
useless, extravagant, and misleading. Therefore, the Connec-
ticut Board felt obliged to decline to enter upon any extended
effort* in a field wherein the United States Department of
Labor with trained men and millions at its command could do
so much more thorough work. But when, some months later,
another circular was issued containing questions bearing
directly upon the industrial conditions of women employed
more especially in large manufacturing centers we felt com-
pelled, in answer to this last most urgent appeal, to furnish as
much detailed information as we could secure in the few
months left us for effort.

Connecticut industries had an international reputation. To
have taken no part in a movement which was to reach the
whole civilized world, and which, if the detail asked for was at
all accurate and comprehensive, promised to become of such in-

(331)

332 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

trinsic value, would have been a great omission, and yet, with
the last government report still in the hands of the printer, and
with our State Labor Bureau unable to furnish any of the
particular kind of information asked for, we felt that we had a
most difficult task assigned us. There was but one way to ac-
complish it satisfactorily, and that was to make it a personal
matter upon the part of each member of the board.

An individual canvass of every manufacturing interest was
undertaken. For the largest manufacturing districts we were
so fortunate as to secure, in addition to our own members, the
invaluable help of Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of the National
Commission, to whose untiring zeal we owe much of the com-
pleteness of our returns. The legislature was in session, and
representatives and senators alike did good service in the
cause. The village doctor and the clergyman were often
pressed into service, and it is safe to say that in our search for
information we left no stone unturned. When they were
turned in no other way they were driven over, for when one
follows the railway in Connecticut he finds it in truth a place
of magnificent distances, and often the shortest way to the hill
towns was to drive across country.

Much of the work had to be done in February and March,
and we had ample opportunity to discover that the conditions
which, when the roads in all the colony were bad, gave t^those
in Hartford and its vicinity " a certain evil pre-eminence,"
were in our day by no means confined to that neighborhood.
The reason given by the historian that " the excellence of the
soil was reflected in the bad character of the roads " may be
of lasting comfort to the farmer, but to the collector of statis-
tics, trying to make time on a winter's day, the agricultural
possibilities of the highways often seemed a trifle overdone.

In no part of the work undertaken by the Connecticut
Board did that special characteristic of women which someone
has called " sustained enthusiasm " prove so valuable, as in this
united effort to secure as fully as possible every important de-
tail of the industrial conditions under which the women labored

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 333

who were engaged in gainful occupations in Connecticut. "VYe
felt that if these conditions were better than those pre-
vailing in other places the world should know it. If
they were worse we should know it ourselves, and, therefore,
the entire field was canvassed with such vigor and thoroughness
that the statistical experts employed to collate and report upon
the data secured gave to the Connecticut returns the honor
of first place in value, France, that paradise of statistical fiends,
ranking second.

The material secured, together with various photographs,
were, at the request of the committee in Chicago, left in the
hands of the Commission for more complete tabulation and re-
port, after which they were to be returned to our own labor
bureau in Connecticut. The facts contained were embodied
together with returns from other sources in a volume of statis-
tical and narrative exhibits of great value, prepared at the re-
quest of the Commission, by that eminent sociologist, Dr. E. K.
L. Gould, but since the printing of the final reports by the
Xational Commission is not yet an accomplished fact, some-
what of the ground covered in Connecticut is presented in this
short history, much of it verified and made more complete
through the courtesy of the Hon. Carroll D. "Wright, Chief
of the Government Department of Labor. An outline only is
attempted here. Of the special information obtained regard-
ing the purely industrial class the questions of numbers, of
those owning homes, of the single, married, widowed, and
divorced are alone considered. The whole question of wages
is too involved and many sided, even in Connecticut, where so
much is still done " by the people for the people " to be treated
intelligently by a novice.

However much we may covet for our own small State the
distinction of having the best prevailing conditions for work-
ing women, we cannot hope to alter suddenly the evils spring-
ing from excess of supply over demand, nor can we alter the
fact that the keen competition inseparable from the super-
abundance of untrained labor has endless disadvantages for
women.

334 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The reproduction of the following circulars will explain
the direction of some of our inquiries:

EXTRACT FROM CIRCULAR.

The industrial arts, among all primitive peoples, were almost
exclusively invented and carried on by women.

They originated the art of cooking and the preparation of food,
including the grinding of grain and the making of bread; the curing
of skins and furs and the shaping of them into garments; the in-
vention and use of needles, and the twisting of various fibres into
threads for sewing and knitting; the weaving of textile fabrics; the
use of vegetable dyes; the art of basket-making; the modeling of
clay into jars and vases for domestic use, and also their ornamenta-
tion and decoration.

When these arts became profitable they were appropriated by
men. It is desirable, therefore, that we show the chronological
history of the origin, development, and progress of the industries
carried on by women from the earliest time down to the present day.

BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS,

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION.
Statistics of Woman's Work in the States.

The president of the Board of Lady Managers believes that no
exhibit that can be made by the women of the nation will be of
greater interest or more profitable than a full record of what
women are doing in all industrial lines. Hence, she desires that
the ladies of each State and Territory shall prepare a chart giving
full information as to the work of industrial women.

In order to secure uniformity, we would suggest the following
heads:

Number of wage-earners, or self-supporting women.
" employed in factories, stores, shops, and offices.
" owning and controlling farms.
" engaged in mining.

" engaged in horticulture and floriculture.
" engaged in the professions.
" engaged in domestic service.
" of authors.
" of teachers.

engaged in art work and designing,
engaged in literary work,
engaged in other lines.

If this information could be plainly and beautifully engrossed
upon a large chart and hung upon the walls of each State building,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 335

it would enable us to make a national summary that would not
only be of present value, but would become historical.

The following data show some of the results obtained:

Female population of Connecticut in 1890, . . . 376,720

No. 1. Number of females 10 years and over engaged in

gainful occupations in Connecticut in 1890, . 71,380
Number of females 14 years and over engaged in

gainful occupations in Connecticut in 1890, 1,693

Number of females 15 years and over engaged, in

gainful occupations in Connecticut in 1890, . 69,687

No. 2. Number of women in professions, . . . 4,976

No. 3. Number of women employed in domestic and per-
sonal service, ...... 24,907

No. 4. Number of women employed in manufacturing and

mechanical industries, ..... 35,804

No. 5. Number of women employed in trade and transporta-
tion, 4,926

No. 6. Number of women farmers, planters, and overseers, 683

Farm Ownership.

Number of women owning or occupying farms as heads of

families, 2,248

Number of women as farm tenants, .... 73

Number of women living on owned farms free of incumbrance, 1,762

Number of women living on farms encumbered, . . 413

Home Oionership.

Number of women heads of families, .... 28,923
Number of women heads of families owning home in which

they lived, 15,277

Number of women, heads of families, who were tenants, . 13,646

Number of homes free of encumbrance owned by women, . 10,125

Number of homes encumbered owned by women, . . 5,152

Mining.
Number of women engaged in mining, .... 1

Agriculture and Floriculture.

Farmers, planters, and overseers, ..... 683
Agricultural laborers, ..... 62

Dairy women, ........

Nurseries.

Owned and managed by women, ..... 4

Wages paid women per day, 85 cents.

336 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Seed Farms.

Women employed, . . 85
Wages paid per day, 65 cents.

Floriculture.

Whole number of establishments in Connecticut, . . 120

Whole number owned and managed by women, . . 5

Whole number women employed,

Wages paid women per day,

Total wages per year in Connecticut, . $4,200.00

Professions.

Architects, . 1

Clergy,

Dentists, .

Lawyers, .........

Physicians and surgeons, . . 89
Authors, ... .153

Teachers, ... . 3,891

Professors, .... .14

Artists and teachers of art, . . 187

Designers and draftsmen, .. . 11

Musicians and teachers of music, . . 543
Journalists, . .140

Actresses, ........ 30

Other Lines.

Managers and showmen, ...... 8

Officials of government, ...... 79

Inventors, ... . . . . • 165

Officials of banks and insurance and trust companies, . 4
Manufacturing officials, ....

Bookkeepers and accountants, . . . 705

Clerks and copyists, . 1,247

Stenographers and typewriters, ..... 310

Telephone and telegraph operators, . . . 281

Packers and shippers, . . . . . . . 623

Electric light and power company, employes, . 56

Steam railway employes, ..... 24

Street railway employes, .....

Commercial travelers, ....... 8

Foremen and overseers, ...... 17

Porters and helpers in stores, ... .10

Agents and collectors, ...... 73

Watchman or detective, ......

Messengers and errand girls, ..... 21

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 337

Business.

Wholesale dry goods, . ...

Dry goods, ......

Drugs and chemicals, ....

WTines and liquors, .....

Grocers, . ...

Newspaper sellers, .....

Undertakers, ......

Livery and stable-keepers, ....

Butcher, ......

Teamster, ......

Hucksters and peddlers, ....

Miscellaneous.

Gold and silver workers, ....

176

Lead and zinc workers, ....

Tinners and tin-makers, ....

Tool and cutlery, .....

Leather goods makers,

Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell-hangers, .

Electro platers, .

Engravers, ....

Machinists ......

Painters, glaziers, and varnishers,

Piano and organ-makers and tuners,

Holders, ......

Model and pattern-makers, .

Paper-hangers, ...

Marble and stone-cutters,

Potters, ......

Brick and tile-makers, .

Carpenters and joiners,

Engineer, not locomotive,

Barbers and hairdressers,

Janitors, .......

Saloon-keepers, .

Restaurant-keepers,

Hotel-keepers,

Saleswomen, .....

. 1,333

Dressmakers, milliners, and seamstresses,

. 8,451

Tailoresses, .....

440

Corset-makers, .

. 2,570

Hat and cap-makers, .

. 1,352

Cotton, woolen, and textile mill operatives,

. 13,057

Rubber factory,

. 1,229

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Brass workers, .....
Clock and watch, ....
Iron and steel workers, including molding,
Paper mill operatives, ....
Printers, engravers, and bookbinders,
Paper box-makers, ....
Wooden box-makers, ....
Powder and cartridge-makers,
Housekeepers, .....
Boarding and lodginghouse-keepers,
Nurses and other service,
Servants, . .

Day laborers, .....
Laundresses, .....

1. Farmers, planters, and overseers, .

2. Musicians and teachers of music,

3. Professors and teachers,

4. Hotel and boardinghouse-keepers, .

5. Dressmakers, milliners, and seam-

stresses, .

6. Tailoresses, . . . .

7. Corset-makers, .

8. Textile mill operatives,

9. Rubber factory, .

10. Paper mills, ....

11. Paper box-makers,

12. Stewardesses, .

13. Servants,

532

558
426
646
398

1,064

292

2,264
515

1,110

18,833

565

1,375

Single. Married. Widwd. Divced.

77 65 530 11

459 44 31 8

3,699 102 95 9

64 143 340 18

6,352 1,008 964 127

318 42

2,339 119

11,389 1,180

1,137 49

534 69

1,005 34

1.028 315

431

40
39
20

852

16,270 1,072 1,392

EXTRACT FROM CIRCULAR.

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS.

Not only has woman become an immense, although* generally un-
recognized, factor in the industrial world, but hers being essentially
the arts of peace and progress, her best work is shown in the number-
less charitable, reformatory, educational, and other beneficent in-
stitutions which she has had the courage and the ideality to estab-
lish for the alleviation of suffering, for the correction of many forms
of social injustice and neglect, and for the reformation of long-
established wrongs. These institutions exert a strong and steady
influence for good, an influence which tends to decrease vice, to
make useful citizens of the helpless or depraved, to elevate the
standard of morality, and to increase the sum of human happiness;
thus most effectively supplementing the best efforts and furthering
the highest aims of all government.

All organizations of women must be impressed with the necessity

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 339

of making an effective showing of the noble work which each is
carrying on.

The following circular was issued to secure facts as to
those organizations:

OFFICE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS,
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION.

Your organization will greatly oblige the Board of Lady Managers
of the Columbian Exposition, if you will answer the following ques-
tions, and give any additional data that you deem of value in order
to fully explain the aims, practical workings, or results of your
association. This information is to be inserted in a catalogue of
the organizations conducted by women, for the promotion of char-
itable, philanthropic, intellectual, sanitary, hygienic, industrial, or
social and moral reform movements.

The Board of Lady Managers wishes to make this encyclopedia
the most complete record of woman's work ever given to the public,
and desires to impress every woman that no band of women is too
large or too small to find a place in this historic record. If you will
all help us we shall succeed in making this work a book of reference
for the years to come, and shall be able to show the most wonderful
advancement of women along all philanthropic and charitable lines,
with their industrial and educational advantages. In view of this,
may we ask a prompt and full reply?

1. Name.

2. Date of Organization.

3. Names of Officers.

4. Address of Headquarters and Corresponding Secretary.

5. Number of Charter Members.

6. Present Membership.

7. What are the aims of your Society?

8. Have you any educational features? If so, what are they?

9. Source of income.

10. Annual expenditures.

11. How nearly self-supporting?

12. Remarks.

This special line of work has been placed by the president in care
of the Superintendent of Industrial Department. Direct all letters to

MRS. HELEN M. BARKER. '

340

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

EXTRACT FROM ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS

OF LADY MANAGERS

Name.

Date of or
ganization.

Officers.

Headquarters.

|d
at

Literary and Social.

1 The Thursday Club.

1883

Miss Elizabeth W. Prince,
President.

Hartford,
28 Vernon St.

2 Review Club.

1890

Lottie Manning, President.

Meriden.

3 Conversational Club.

1890

Mrs. J. R. Buck, President.

Hartford.

4 The Friday Club.
5 Woman's Club of Seymour.

1884
1892

Miss Mary Bulkeley, Presi-
dent.
Miss Sara Winthrop Smith,
President.

Hartford.
Seymour.

30
32

6 Thursday Morning Club.

1889

Miss S. J. Roby, President.

Meriden.

7 Monday Afternoon Club.

1886

Miss Palmer, President.

Hartford.

8 Waterbury Women's Club.

1889

Miss E. L. Frisbie, Presi-
dent.

Waterbury.

125

9 The Conversational Club.

1892

Miss Elizabeth R. Abbott,
President.

Waterbury.

10 Willimantic Woman's Club.

11 The Thursday Club.
12 Friday Afternoon Club.
13 Saturday Morning Club.

14 Woman's Work in the
Grange.
15 Algae Reading Circle.

1891

1889
1890
1881
1881
1890

Miss Charrie A. Capen, Pres-
ident.

Willimantic.

South Norwalk.
South Norwalk.

New Haven,
250 Church St.
Southington.

New London, 26
Huntington St.

6
60
27

Miss Edith Woolsey, Pres-
ident.
Miss E. H. Barnes, Vice-
President.
Miss May K. Champion,
President.

16 FortnightlyColumbian His-
tory Club.

1892

Mrs. Emma I. Heath, Pres-
ident.

Danbury, No. 97
Town Hill Av.

17 The English Literature
Club.

Mrs. Curtis H. Bill, Pres-
ident.

Bridgeport.

Industrial.

18 Fair Hat Trimmers' Union.

1885

Mrs. Ellen M. Foote, Pres-
ident.

Danbury.

1,800

19 Hat Trimmers' Mutual Aid
Association.

Mrs. Emma I. Heath, Pres-
ident.

Danbury.

210

20 Hat Trimmers' Association.

1885

Mrs. H. A. Crane, President.

South Norwalk.

400

21 United Workers and Wo-
man's Exchange.

1887

Miss Lewis, President.

Hartford,
49 Pearl St.

700

22 Bridgeport Exchange for
Woman's Work.

1887

Mrs. Wm. Jewett, President.

Bridgeport.

200

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

341

AS COMPILED FOR THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION BY THE BOARD
— CONNECTICUT.

Aims.

Source of
Income.

Annual
Expenses

Remarks.

The intellectual advancement of
its members and the develop-
men of a good literary style.
To promote literary culture.

Improvement in conversation.

Assessments
and fines.

Membership
fees.

Three lectures given during the
year.

Study of history, literature, art,
and music.
Mutual improvement. The ad-
vancement of women in all laud-
able pursuits, etc.

Fees and
fines.
Membership
fees.

$30

Lectures given.

Belongs to the General Federation
of VV omen's Clubs. Has marked
educational features.

Study for mutual improvement.
Study of history — not general, but

fees.
Membership

the selection of certain periods, fees.
Mutual improvement. To doiMembership

good in the community and! fees.

elsewhere.
Education and study of all topics Membership !

of interest to women. fees.

To awaken to thought and action Membership ;

the women of the city, and ere-! fees.

ate an organized center for the

development thereof.
Mental stimulus and conversa- Membership

tional improvement. i fees.

Literary and musical culture. Membership

i fees.
To promote culture and social Membership

intercourse. i fees.

The elevation and education of Membership

the rural community. ; fees.

To keep up. with the learning and Membership

culture of the age by a systematic fees.

and elevated course of reading. \
Literary.

To protect labor.

Dues (self-
supporting).

47 Lectures given.

Three lectures given annually.

250 Belongs to General Federation of
Clubs. Has four departments
of work.

Has studied parliamentary law
for two years. Belongs to Gen-
eral Federation.

Belongs to General Federation of
Clubs.

300 Three hundred and thirty honor-
ary members. Lectures.

Under control of National
Grange.

Main feature — educational.

To aid sick and disabled mem- Membership i

bers with benefits ranging from fees & dues.j

$3 to $5 per week for ten weeks.
In the interest of employer and Dues and

employes. A business organi- assessments.

zation.
To help women to help them-

selves.

To sell the work of women and Subscriptions
assist them to self-helpfulness. &com'sious.i

2,843;Composed of members of Hat
Trimmers' Union and Mutual
Aid Association.

550 Belongs to Knights of Labor.
Death benefit, $100.

396 Started from a fund of $2,300
raised by an entertainment. Be-
longs to Knights of Labor.
3,000 Pay s a funeral benefit of §100.
Does charitable work. Sent
j $100 to Johnstown sufferers.
500 Self-supporting. Has a reading-

Iroom and library, debating clubs,
choral unions, etc.

342

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF

Name.

Date of or-
ganization.

Officers.

Headquarters.

§.&
g%

350
1,100

23 Woman's Exchange.

24 Stamford Exchange for
Woman's Work.
25 Sewing-school.

26 Kitchen Garden.
27 Seaside Institute.

1888
1885

1887

Mrs. Henry A. Whitman,
President.
Mrs. C. F. Soshe, Corre-
sponding Secretary.
Mrs. E. M. Parker, Pres-
ident.
Mrs. H. H. Scribner, Pres-
ident.
Controlled by Trustees.

Hartford.

Stamford.
Bridgeport.
Bridgeport.
Bridgeport.

28 Connecticut Association of
Working Girls' Clubs.

Miss Jarvis, Chairman.

Brooklyn.

29 Warner Club.

1890

Miss Katherine McGrath,
President.

Bridgeport.

30 Enterprise Club.

1888

Miss White, President.

New Haven,
87 Trumbull St.

31 Independence Club.

1891

Miss Dotha Bushnell, Pres-
ident.

New Haven,
944 Chapel St.

32 Perseverence Club.

1888

Miss M. T. Dana, President.

New Haven,
24 Grove St.

33 Hope Club.

1888

Miss Jennie E. Andrews,
President.

Rockville.

34 Young Women's Christian
League.

1882

Miss E. N. Eastman, Pres-
ident.

New Britain.

35 Young Ladies' League of
Meriden.

1890

Mrs. Charles Young, Pres-
ident.

Meriden.

36 City Club.

1885

Mrs. Sidney L. Greer, Sec'y.

Norwich.

37 Greeneville Girls' Club.
(Branch of City Club).

Mrs. Sidney L. Greer, Sec'y.

Norwich.

38 Help Each Other Club.

1889

Miss Mary Dexter,President.

Danielson.

39 Earnest Workers' Club.

1890

Miss C. B. Wheeler, Pres-
ident.

Bridgeport.

40 Young Women's Friendly
League.

1889

Miss I. M. Russell,President,

Waterbury,
43 E. Main St.

180

41 Working Girls' Club.

1891

Miss Annie McElroy, Pres-
ident.

Stamford,
Atlantic Sq.

108

42 Working Girls' Club.

1889

Miss A. J. Dates, President.

New Britain,
280 Arch St.

43 Perseverence Club.

1891

Mrs. Mary E. Bragaw, Pres-
ident.

New London,
Union St.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
CONNECTICUT. - CONTINUED.

343

Aims.

Source of
Income.

Remarks.

To help women to help them- Subscriptions

selves. j &com'sions.

To help women to help them- Subscriptions

selves. &com'sions.

To teach girls sewing and neat- Donations.

ness.
Teaches girls cooking and house- Donations.

work.
For the welfare of women em-

ployes.

To strengthen, knit together,! Club dues,
and protect the interests of the
Clubs.

To become true and noble women. Membership
Mutual enjoyment. dues and eu-

tertainm'ts.

To furnish pleasant rooms where Membership
its members can pass their even- dues and en-
ings. | tertainm'ts.

To furnish pleasant rooms where Membership
its members can pass evenings, dues and en-
j tertainm'ts.

To gain by co-operation, oppor-j Membership
tunities for the general improve-! dues and en-
ment of members. I tertainm'ts.

To provide pleasant rooms where Membership
members can learn all ordinary dues and en-
occupations, tertainm'ts.

To secure by co-operation, means Membership
of self-improvement, recreation,; dues and eu-j
etc. '{ tertaium'ts. j

To benefit self-supporting young; Membership |
women. dues and en-

tertainm'ts.

For the industrial education and Membership
amusement of working girls. dues and en-
tertainm'ts.

For the industrial education and Membership
amusement of working girls.

Mutual improvement.

dues and en-
tertainm'ts.
Membership
dues and eu-
tertainm'ts.
Mutual improvement and social Membership
pleasure. j dues and en-

J tertainm'ts.

To promote the social, mental,
and moral welfare of self-de-

Membership
dues and en-
tertain nn'ts.

pendent girls.
Mutual improvement and friend- Membership

ship. dues and en-

I tertaium'ts.
Mutual improvement and friend- Membership

ship. dues and en-

tertainm'ts.

To provide headquarters for Membership

working girls, and to elevate dues and en-

them morally, socially, and tertainm'ts.

physically.

$1,150 Was a branch of the United
Workers until 1892.

Attendance, 233.
Attendance, 348.

Fine building erected by Warner
Bros. A good library therewith
connected.
Consists of thirteen clubs.

100

160

185

280

Siven rooms rent free in Seaside
Institute. Aims to be self-sup-
porting.

Members are factory employes.
Evening classes. Collecting a
library.

Promotion of higher sort of social
life. Evening classes.

Composed largely of working
classes for intellectual improve-
ment.

Has a library. Evening classes.

Lends a helping hand to oth-
ers. Industrial and intellectual
classes.

Classes in German and short-
hand.

378 Under auspices of the United
Workers.

Under auspices of the United
Workers.

100 Educational and industrial
classes.

Composed of women employes of
Warner Bros. Evening classes.

1,000

1,200

350

Has rooms open every evening
for working-women. Classes.

Members engaged in all occupa-
tions. Industrial and intellect-
ual classes.

Members mostly factory em-
ployes. Evening classes.

25( Educational and industrial
classes.

344 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF

Name.

Date of or-
ganization.

Officers.

Headquarters.

44 Girls' Evening Club.

1891

Mrs. Wilmot, President. Bridgeport.

45 Lend-a-Hand Club.

1889

Mrs. W. C. Lanman, Sec'y. Norwich.

Philanthropic and
Charitable.

46 Girls' Friendly Society.

1885

Mrs. Jacob Knous, Sec'y. Hartford.

47 City Mission Society.

1886

Mrs. George C. Merriam,
President.

Meriden, City
Mission Bldg.

142

48 Women's Christian Asso-
ciation.

1867

Mrs. George Kellogg, Pres-
ident.

Hartford,
58 Church St.

250

49 Conn. Woman's Christian
Temperance Union.
50 Non-partisan Woman's
Christian Temp. Union.
51 Woman's Relief Corps of
Connecticut.
52 Connecticut Indian Asso-
ciation.

1875
1885

1881

Mrs. S. B. Forbes, President.

Mrs. H. W. Howell, Pres-
ident.
Harriet J. Bodge, Depart-
ment President.
Mrs. S. T. Kinney, President.

Hartford.
Putnam.
Hartford.

New Haven,
1162 Chapel St.

4,590
85
2,543

855

53 Hartford Auxiliary of the
American McCall Asso.
54 Woman's Aux. to Young
Men's Christian Asso.
55 The Order of the Eastern
Star.

1887
1892
1874

Mrs. Geo. M. Stone, Pres-
ident.
Mrs. Truman B. Smith, Pres-
ident.
Mrs. Hannah S. Harvey.
Grand Matron.

Hartford.
Southington.

Bridgeport,
42 Madison Av.

100
2,000

56 Woman's Aux. to Young
Men's Christian Asso.
57 Young Women's Christian
Association.

1892
1880

Mrs. H. I. Mygatt, Pres-
ident.
Mrs. J. N. Dana, President.

New Milford.

New Haven,
568 Chapel St.

112

58 Order of the King's Daugh-
ters of Connecticut.

Miss Katharine Gillette,
State Secretary.

New Haven,

9 Eld St.

9,000

59 Good Will Club.

1880

Miss Mary Hall, President.

Hartford.

800

60 Hartford Branch of Wo-
man's Board of Missions.

1870

Mrs. Chas. Jewell,President.

Hartford.

800

61 New Haven Branch of Wo-
man's Board of Missions.

1870

Miss Susan E. Daggett, Pres-
ident.

New Haven,
77 Grove St.

5,000

62 Connecticut Branch Wo-
man's Auxiliary to Board
of Missions (Episcopal).
63 Woman's Centenary Asso-
ciation of Connecticut.

1880
1871

Mrs. Samuel Colt, President.

Miss Ella E. Manning, Pres-
ident.

Hartford.
Stamford.

250

64 Eastern ConnecticutBranch
of Woman's Board of
Missions.
65 Woman's Congregational
Home Missionary Soc.

1868
1885

Miss Emily S. Oilman, Pres-
ident.

Mrs. Jacob A. Biddle, Pres-
ident.

Norwich.

Hartford,
149 High St.

....

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 345

CONNECTICUT. — CONTINUED.

Aims.

Source of
Income.

Remarks.

Mutual improvement and socia- Membership
bility. i dues and en-

tcrtainm'ts.

To help onward and upward, and Membership
to " lend a hand." j dues and en-

tertainm'ts.

To bind young women together Membership

for mutual help, both secular fees.

and religious.
Christian work among the neg- Endowment.

lected classes outside the ordi-
nary ministrations of the church.
To aid young women temporari- Membership

ly, morally, and religiously. fees and

board.
Promotion of temperance and Dues, contri-

prohibition of the liquor traffic, butions, etc.j
Promotion of the cause of tern- Dues, contri-j

perance. butions, etc.

To assist needy Union veterans Per capita

and their families. tax.

To awaken and stimulate public Subscriptions

sentiment to a just government- and contri-

al policy toward the Indians. butions.
To aid the McAll Mission in Membership

Paris, France. fees.

To co-operate in the religious and Membership

secular work of the Y. M. C. A.j fees.
To give practical effect to the Charter mem-

beneficent purposes of Freema- bers and

sonry. dues.

To assist the Association in any Membership i

good work for young men. fees.

To aid self-supporting young wo- Subscriptions

men. and contri-i

butions.

To develop spiritual life. Membership '

fees.

To promote the moral, intellect- Donations.

ual, and physical improvement

of boys.
To send female missionaries to Dues, contri-

foreign lands ; to educate and butious, etc.

Christianize pagans.
To spread a knowledge of the Dues, contri

pure Gospel among women in butions, etc.

heathen lauds.
To aid the work of missionary Voluntary

bishops; to help missionaries— contribu-

home and foreign. tions.

To promote the interests of the Membership

Universalist Church throughout fees.

the world.
Collection of money for mission- Voluntary

ary purposes ; cultivation of contribu-

missionary spirit. ! tions.

To aid ali forms of home mis- Collections

sionary work. j and gifts.

For benefit of working-girls.

Four branches. Under auspices

I of the Protestant Episcopal
I Church.

$2,756 Hon. I. C. Lewis of Meriden pre-
sented the society with a busi-
1 ness block valued" at $70,000.
12,800 Owns property worth $60,000.
! Boarding-home accommodates

sixty inmates.
2,870 One hundred and forty-two local

unions.
175 Scientific temperance instruction.

.... [Forty-three corps in the State.

2,500 Supports mission station and
workers at Fort Hall, Idaho.

800!

325 Meets annually. Has twenty-
I eight subordinate chapters.

.... Evening classes in vocal culture,
stenography, etc.

Classes in book-keeping, litera-
ture, German, etc. Value of
property, $45,000.

300 Three counties organized. Sup-
ports children's ward in hospit-
al, sewing-school, etc.
Owns a building worth more than
$20,000. For boys from 8 to 21
years.

5, 790 Congregational. Eighty-four
auxiliaries

12,160 Congregational. One hundred
and eighty-eight societies in four
counties.

22,700 Educates daughters of clergymen ;
provides scholarships in dioce-
san, Indian, and colored schools.

3,500 Thirty-seven auxiliary societies.

15,OOO.Seventy-six auxiliaries. Congre-
I gational.

346

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS

Name.

Date of or-
ganization.

Officers.

Headquarters.

s-i

136
40

66 Ladles Auxiliary of the
•Young Men's Chr. Asso.
67 Hartford Orphan Asylum.

1888
1833

Mrs. George Van Alstyne,
President.
Mrs. Chas. F. Howard, Pres-
ident.

Norwalk.
Hartford.

68 Widows' Society.

69 Bridgeport Associated
Charities.

1826
1886

Mrs. R. E. Day, President.
Mrs. H. H. Pyle, President.

Hartford, No.140
Washington St.
Bridgeport,
248 Main St.

9
500

70 Union for Home Work.

1872

Mrs. Samuel Colt, President.

Hartford,
239 Market St.

254

71 Catholic Ladies'Benevolent
Association.
72 Larrabee Fund Association.

1884
1864

Mrs. C. O'Neill, President.

Mrs. Jacob Knous, Pres-
ident.

Hartford,
9 Pratt St.
Hartford,
426 Asylum St.

73 Ladies' Aid Society of
Gilead.
74 Ladies'Benevolent Society.

1891
1883

Mrs. J. H. Buell, President.
Mrs. Ed. Bugbee, President.

Gilead.
Wauregan.

24
18

75 United Workers of Nor-
wich.

1876

Miss Maria P. Gilman, Pres-
ident.

Norwich.

1,300

76 Rocknook Children's
Home.
77 Sheltering Arm.

78 Cottage Hospital.

1877
1881

Mrs. Louisa G. Lane, Sec'y.

Mrs. K. H. Leavens, Pres-
ident.
Mrs. H. R. Bond, President.

Norwich.
Norwich.
New London.

....

79 Sisters of Mercy.

1831

Sr. M. Rose Maher, Supe-
rioress.

Hartford.

80 St. Francis Orphan Asylum.

81 The Ezra Chappell Benev-
olent Society.
82 The Lewis Female Cent.
Society.
83 New Haven Orphan Asy-
lum.

1862
1866
1810
1833

Sr. M. Rose Maher, Supe-
rioress.
Mrs. Hannah Chappell, Pres-
ident.
Mrs. Lucretia Perry, Pres-
ident.

Hartford.
New London.
New London.
New Haven,

4
150

610 Elm St.

84 Bridgeport Protestant Or-
phan Asylum.

1867

Mrs. Edw. Sterling, Chair-
man Board of Managers.

Bridgeport.

85 Bridgeport Protestant Wid-
ows' Society.
86 First Church Home for
Aged and Destitute Wo-
men of New Haven.

1849
1871

Mrs. Alex. Wheeler, Pres-
ident.
Miss Henrietta W. Chaplin,
President.

Bridgeport.

New Haven,
125 Wall St.

270
23

87 Ladies' Seaman's Friend
Society.
88 St. John's Sewing Circle.
89 United Workers of New
London.

1845

1890
1892

Mrs. T. W. Robertson, Pres-
ident.
Mrs. John Moran, President.
Miss Alice Chew, President.

New London.

New London.
New London.

36
675

90 Day Nursery.

Miss Helen Wordin. Pres-
ident.

Bridgeport.

....

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
CONNECTICUT. — CONTINUED.

347

Aims.

Source of
Income.

Annual
Expenses.

Remarks.

assist the association in its

$200

Endeavors to make the Assoc'ia-

work among young men.

Care and support of children Invested
needing homes (not of necessity funds and
orphans). ! subscript's.

To relieve aged widows. (Legacies.

To remedy the evil of street beg- Legacies, do-

ging. Investigates the case of nations, etc.j

each applicant.
To care for women and children Membership j

of the poor who are helped by! fees and sub-i

being taught to help themselves, scriptions. '
Charity and benevolence. Membership

dues.
To distribute the income from the

Larrabee fund to lame, deform

ed, or maimed females of the

town of Hartford.
Benevolent purposes. jEntertain-

| ments, etc.
To extend help to the poor of the Fees and

city and vicinity. work.

Promotion of practical benevo- Contributions

lence. j and dona-

tions.

tion rooms attractive.
15,0001

The care of destitute children.

To care for the sick poor.

To provide a home for the sick.

Donations
and board.

Voluntary
gifts. '

Patients pay,
etc.

To acquire all possible perfection City funds
in virtue, and to serve the sick,; and contri-
poor, and ignorant. buttons.

Care and education of orphans, i

To aid the poor of New London. Interest on

fund.
To relieve the necessities of the Bequest, con

3,535 Maintains kitchen garden, sew-
' ing-school, girls' evening clubr
labor bureau, etc.

6,000 Maintains a cooking-school, train-
ing-school for housework,,
creche, and diet-kitchen.

KM')

Beneficiaries receive small quar-
terly allowances. Amount of
fund, $21,000.

60 Helps in mission work.

14,189 Maintains children's home, Shel-
I tering Arm, girls' club, employ-
ment bureau, district and alms-
house visitations, etc.
2,760 Under auspices of United Work-

1 ers.

4,200 Under auspices of United Work-
ers.

200 Five beds. Soon to be supplant-
ed by public hospital.

The care of orphans,half-orphans,
and destitute children.

300 children. Costs about $100
annually for each child.

funds and I
public funds.j
Care and education of orphans. 'Invested

I funds & sub-;
scriptions. I

To aid indigent widows in the Bequests and
home and township. fees.

To provide a comfortable home Donations
for aged and destitute women and board,
belonging to the Center Church!
and sister churches.

To aid destitute seamen and their Investments,
families. etc.

Clothing of the poor. Donat'ns, etc.

To secure united and consecutive Contribu-
efforts in benevolent work| tions, etc.
among the needy.

tributions.

Invested ' 17,000 Accommodates one hundred and
i forty children.

2,645 Forty-eight inmates.
i board of trustees.

Under a

To care for the children of work-
ing-women during the day.

Donations.

3,992The Sterling Home was erected

i by this society in 1884.
Twelve inmates.

sr,

OIK)

Five hundred and fifty-four in at-
tendance.

348 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF

o'f

Headquarters.

Reformatory.

91 The Woman's Aid Society.

92 Home for the Friendless.

Political.

93 Woman's Suffrage Asso.

94 Political Equality Club.

JEsthetic.

95 The Hartford Art Society.

Miscellaneous.

96 Conn. State Board of Lady

Managers.

97 Ladies' Narragansett Cy-
cling Club.

1878

Mrs. Chas. B. Smith. Pres- Hartford.

ident.

1 Pavilion St.

1877

1892

Mrs. Wm. Hilfhouse, Pres- New Haven,
ident.

Mrs. Isabella B. Hooker, Hartford.

President.
Mrs. Wilbur F. Rogers, Pres- Meriden.

ident.

Mrs. Mary B. Cheney, Pres- Hartford, The

ident.

Athenaeum.

Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley Hartford,
and Mrs. Geo. H. Knigbt, Lakeville.
Presidents.

Miss Harriet Scott, Pres- New London,
ident.

350

100

SUMMARY.

Number of societies,
Total membership, .
Total annual expenses,

37,697
$170,790

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 349

CONNECTICUT. -CONTINUED.

Aims.

Source of
Income.

To assist, reclaim, and reform Subscriptions
erring women. To aid friend- and collec-
less women and provide a tern- tions.
porary home for them.

To provide a temporary home for Legacies and
girls who have been led astray ; donations,
to give them employment and:
instruction.

To secure for women full rights

of citizenship.
To secure political equality toMembership

women. fees, etc.

To establish and maintain an
school with a view to practical
training in the various branches.

rt M

Membership
fees, tuition
etc.

To assist the National Commis- State appro-
sion in collecting statistics, and priation,
in preparing: an exhibit of wo- $7,000.
man's work for the Columbian
Exposition.

To promote an interest in cycling Dues and
among women. fines.

Remarks.

1,200 The inmates are fitted to honor-
ably support themselves.

Also provides a home for small
children and infants with their
mothers. Home for old ladies
in connection.

Recently received a gift of $10,000
from Mr. Isaac Lewis, Meriden.

893 Free-hand drawing, painting, me-
chanical and industrial design-
ing and decorative work taught.
Art lectures given to the public.

The resignation of Mrs. Morgan
G. Bulkeley in December, 1892,
made the election of a second
President necessary.

For physical recreation.

The great number of local societies makes it impossible to present them in
detail. In Connecticut they are as follows :

Local Missionary Societies,
Local Unions of W. C. Y. A., .
Corps of Woman's Relief-Corps,
Chapters Order Eastern Star,
Indian Associations,

400
142

CHAPTER XXII.

FINANCIAL WORK OF THE BOARD.

The delightful courage of the man who had the wit to dis-
cover and the frankness to own that " nothing is so fallacious as
figures, except facts," puts him at once upon a footing with
Columbus and other fearless navigators and discoverers.
Using the statement as a text, and a solemn warning as well,
no attempt will be made in this chapter to prove in round num-
bers that the expenditure of the appropriation given the
"Woman's Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut was
the wisest, most conservative, or most far-reaching that could
have been made. At the close of the Board work a detailed
statement and itemized account, arranged in neat columns,
and capable of proving either way, was submitted in due form
to the treasurer of the Men's Board, and, upon being duly ap-
proved and accepted, was promptly filed away for future
reference, since nothing seems more interesting to the anti-
quarian than old accounts. If any one doubts this let him
study the catalogue of any exhibition of Colonial or Revolu-
tionary relics, and he will discover that the Father of his
Country even does not escape having the homely commonplace
of his laundry bills audited and reaudited by successive ad-
miring and curious generations.

For the first time in its history the Congress of the United
States appropriated a definite sum of money to be used exclu-
sively by women for their own interests and advancement.
Probably the same thing was true in the history of States, but
in Connecticut our relations with the Men's Board, to whom
we owed our appropriation, were so simple, straightforward,
and business-like, that it is to be feared we failed to remember
that we worked under unusual conditions. They certainly
failed equally to remind us of the fact.

(350)

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 351

The sum of five, out of the fifty thousand dollars sub-
scribed for Exposition purposes by the citizens of the State, was
placed to our credit upon vote of the commission. An order
upon the treasurer of the general fund, signed by the presi-
dent of the Woman's Board, was sufficient to cause the sum
specified to be placed in the hands of our own treasurer, who, in
turn, paid all bills upon the presentation of vouchers, which
had been properly audited by a committee appointed for that
purpose.

Our method of work was very simple. The State contains
eight counties, and two managers and two alternates were ap-
pointed in each. They, in turn, divided the county into four
divisions, each taking for her field of operation the section
nearest her place of residence, thereby saving all unncessary
expenditure of time and strength, as well as money.

When an unusual amount of work developed in a county,
as, for instance, gaining statistics in a crowded manufacturing
center, we engaged, at a definite salary, the best outside ser-
vice we could secure, to lighten the difficulties encountered.
With one exception, that of our treasurer, whose work was
very exacting, the members of the Woman's Board gave the
most devoted and persistent effort to this common cause liter-
ally " without money and without price."

Unhampered by suggestions or restrictions, and sure of the
most cordial support of the Men's Board, whenever we needed
it, we used the utmost freedom in carrying forward our work
by whatever steps commended themselves as a valuable means
of advancement.

The absolute harmony existing in our organization, whose
members showed the most delightful spirit of enthusiastic co-
operation from first to last, reduced the necessity for general
meetings to the lowest possible number. We had no " chronic
objector " to checkmate our best intentions, and though we
may have lost the inspiration of battle, we gained in time,
money, and enthusiasm by being able to confine our con-

352 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

ferences exclusively to reports, comparisons, and details of
future work.

The following brief outline gives the main channels of ex-
pense, as well as of work followed :

The Children's Building.

The Woman's Dormitory Association.

The entire expense of all exhibits sent out under the direc-
tion of the Board.

Collecting articles of artistic or historic interest for ex-
hibition.

Collecting statistics relating to labor, and to educational,
philanthropic, religious, and social movements.

Collecting and arrangement of an exhibit of literature.

Collecting and printing of a book of short stories, poems,
essays, and other articles.

The decoration and furnishing of a room in the Woman's
Building.

Collecting wood carving for the library in the Woman's
Building.

The direction of the decorations and furnishing of the
Connecticut State Building.

The request for the sum of three hundred dollars as our
share in the funds which was to be used in the construction of a
house for little children upon the Exposition grounds found
immediate response, the members of the Board contributing,
or raising, two hundred and twenty-six of the three hundred
dollars we were asked to guarantee.

The disposal of shares of stock in the Woman's Dormitory
Association also commended itself to us as well worth while.
The various circulars sent us from headquarters, one of which
is reproduced at the end of this chapter, promised a safe, as well
as economical, way in which women of limited means could
avail themselves of the wonderful advantages of the Exposi-
tion. Two hundred and fifty shares of stock were apportioned
to us, an amount nearly doubled later, in answer to eager ap-
plications from women, mainly teachers, who were glad to avail
themselves of what promised to be at least a safe starting point.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 353

The exhibits sent out under the direction and at the ex-
pense of the Board were very few.

A greater expense was incurred in letting both artists and
workers in every field know that the Board was willing to help
them, to the utmost in other ways than in actual exhibits.
There were several reasons for this. Lack of sufficient space
for a successful exhibition of articles was a very important one.
The outlay devoted to gaining statistics was mainly the
traveling expenses of the various members in their personal
canvass. The results more than repaid us for the strenuous
effort required, a history of which would prove a valuable
object lesson in tact, courage, patience, and endurance. The
exhibit of literature was the most costly, as it was the most
valuable and enduring of all our exhibits. The cabinet in
which Mrs. Stowe's books and silver were shown to the public
was only secured after days of fruitless search among the wares
of the best furnishers and decorators in ]STew York. Standing
apart from the general decoration of that most charming room,
the library in the Woman's Building, it had to be in harmony
with its surroundings, besides being perfectly adapted to the
purpose for which it was secured. A beautiful edition of all
Mrs. Stowe's books was especially brought out for us by her
publishers, Hough ton, Mifflin & Co., and besides these we
spared no pains to have our general collection of literature com-
plete.

When we began collecting the work of writers of poems,
short stories, and essays, it was proposed to spend but fifty dol-
lars in the collection, using typewritten copies to insure con-
formity with other work of the same kind exhibited by sister
States, but the work grew and grew, not unlike a modern Jack's
beanstalk, in the hands of the able woman having it in charge,
until a full-fledged book, in an attractive cover, with a frontis-
piece and the best of printer's ink within, claimed the Woman's
Board as godmother.

By gaining a copyright, or giving credit for all the articles
contained, we were able, after presenting the book in directions

354 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

which would enhance its value, to sell copies enough to cover a
large share of the expense we had incurred in its production,
besides adding a unique and valuable feature to our exhibit of
literature.

The six beautifully-carved panels of wood which were used
as a part of the decorations of the library in the "Woman's
Building were nearly all paid for out of the appropriation.
While the decoration and furnishing of the room known as the
Connecticut Room was, and remains, one of the most satis-
factory results of our work as a Board, its influence for the
direct advancement of womankind outlasts, as we hoped it
would, the fleeting enthusiasm of the World's Fair. The col-
lection of rare and historic articles, both for exhibition and for
the furnishing of the Connecticut house, came under the head
of expense of members, since that also was mainly traveling ex-
penses incurred in going from place to place in the search for
what was attractive or appropriate. The actual expense of
furnishing in detail, together with the decorations of the house,
which the Building Committee placed in the hands of a- com-
mittee from the Woman's Board did not, of course, come out
of our appropriation, which was increased by an additional two
thousand dollars when the State assumed the expense of con-
ducting Exposition affairs. This additional sum enabled us
to furnish the Connecticut Room, to print the Board book, and
to gather the industrial statistics asked of us. The sale of the
book, " Selections from the Writings of Connecticut Women,"
paid every expense connected with it except a part of the print-
ing. At the close of the Fair the carved panels, which we sent
to the Woman's Building, were, at the request of the Com-
mittee at headquarters, presented as gifts to the Women's Mem-
orial Building. For the same purpose the Connecticut Board,
in a formal letter to Mrs. Palmer, presented a beautiful copy
of the edition de luxe of the book " Selections from the Writ-
ings of Connecticut Women," also a volume containing early
compositions of Harriet Beecher Stowe, Fanny Fern, and
Lydia H. Sigourney, and other rare books.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 355

That part of the furniture which had been used in the
Connecticut room in the Woman's Building, and which was
suitable for gifts, was purchased by the president for a nominal
sum and presented, in the name of the Board, to various libra-
ries and historical societies.

In the same way a legal transfer was made of the remain-
ing copies of the Board book, which were afterward distributed
to the larger libraries and to those of our own State.

The collection of literature, together with the cabinet
which held Mrs. Stowe's exhibit, was presented to the State
Historical Society.

Very generously, the remainder of the furniture was pur-
chased by ex-Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, for a third of
its original value, the sum fixed upon by the committee in
charge, and placed at the disposal of the members of the Board,
who in turn purchased it for its historical value.

The proceeds from these sales were placed in the hands of
the treasurer of the Men's Board, and the "Woman's Board had
the delightful satisfaction of coming out on the right side of
their balance sheet, with an unexpended sum to their credit.
A general financial report only is herewith presented.

356 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

189

BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS OP CONNECTICUT,

For Traveling Expenses incurred in attending meeting of
at

Dr.

Members and Officers of the Board of Lady Managers will please fill
out the above, giving name and P. O. address, place and date of meeting
attended, and the amount of expenses incurred, and send the same to the
Treasurer,

Mies LUCY P. TROWBRIDGE, 210 Prospect Street, New Haven, Conn.,

who will send check for the amount. The check endorsed by the member,
together with this statement, will be the Treasurer's voucher for the pay-
ment of such expenses.

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

357

358 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT.

In account with Connecticut Board of World's Fair Managers.

Receipts.

Received from Treasurer as per appropriations of main Board, $7,000.00

" Subscriptions to Children's building, . . . 226.00
" " Sales of book "Selections from the Writings of

Connecticut Women," 185.33

" " Sales of furniture Connecticut room, . . 103.00

Total Receipts, . . . - . . $7,464.33

Disbursements.

Paid for collection of books, cabinet, etc., . .< . . $227.65

" " Exhibit of literature for Library in Woman's Building, 609.92

" " List of Women Inventors of Connecticut, . . . 5.00

" " Printing, 25.00

" " Carving panels, framing photos, . . . . . 99.75

" " Painting table top, 100.00

" " Labor in gathering statistics, 895.57

" " Decoration of Connecticut room and furniture, . . 1,633.14

" " Expenses of Board of Managers, 3,091.79

" " Appropriation for Children's building, . . . 300.00

" " Expense of special exhibits, 13.94

Total disbursements, . . . . 7,001.76

Refunded to Treasurer of main Board, . . . 462.57

$7,464.33

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 359

THE WOMAN'S DORMITORY ASSOCIATION

OF THE

COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.
Capital Stock, $150,000.

OFFICERS.

President, MRS. MATILDA B. CARSE.
Secretary, MRS. HELEX M. BARKER.
Treasurer, MR. ELBRIDGE G. KEITH.

DIRECTORS.

MRS. POTTER PALMER, Miss FRANCES WILLARD,

MRS. MATILDA B. CARSE, MRS. MARTHA H. TEN EYCK,

MRS. HELEN M. BARKER, MRS. SOLOMON THATCHER, JR.,

MRS. L. BRACE SHATTUCK, MRS. A. L. CHETLAIN,

MRS. JAMES R. DOOLITTLE, JR., MRS. BEN C. TRUMAN,

MRS. LEANDER STONE, MRS. GEORGE L. DUNLAP,

MRS. CHARLES HENROTIN, MRS. JAMES A. MULLIGAN.

OFFICE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS,
Chicago, 111.

The Board of Lady Managers has been desirous to carry out the
design of Congress in creating it, and the intent of the National
Commission in prescribing its duties. The Commission said, in de-
fining the duties of the Board: "The Board shall have general
charge and management of all interests of women in connection with
the Exposition." In conformity with this, Mrs. Palmer called a
meeting of all the Lady Managers resident in Chicago to consider
what could be done for the benefit of the great army of women that
will visit Chicago during the Fair, especially those known as "in-
dustrial women," " wage earners," and " working girls." It was
felt that after reduced traveling rates had been secured, the next
duty would be to procure for these women good, clean, safe homes
at reasonable rates. Hence, it was resolved to take steps towards
providing such homes. Mrs. Matilda B. Carse was appointed by this
body to look the matter up and report to a second meeting. Mrs.
Carse presented a plan, and, in harmony with her plan, an Associa-
tion has been formed and incorporated, and is now ready for work.
Its directors are well-known and reliable women of Chicago con-
nected with the Board of Lady Managers. The treasurer is one of
Chicago's most prominent bankers.

Our plan, as set forth in the former circular, is to erect buildings
adjacent to the Fair grounds, capable of sheltering 5,000 women,
the rooms to be furnished with comfortable beds and toilet con-

360 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

veniences. These dormitories will be presided over by refined,
motherly women, who will have a watchful care over unprotected
girls who may come singly or in groups.

In order to accomplish all this work we have formed a stock
company, and will soon be ready to issue stock in shares of $10.
These shares will be taken at any dormitory of this association in
payment for lodging bills. Only two persons will be allowed to come
at one time on a single share. These shares will be transferable, and
if the face value is not used by the holder during her stay, it can be
made over to another who can use the balance. After the ten dollars
has been used, the share still stands on our books, credited to the
holder, and she will be entitled to her pro rata share of the profits,
if a surplus remains after the enterprise is closed.

Our rate per day will not exceed forty cents to stockholders, and if
the association finds it can isafely do so, the rate may be put at
thirty-five cents, but this we cannot promise. Each person must
engage her room at least one month before coming, in order to be
sure of accommodation at that time, and, in making application for
stock, must state what month and what part of that month she de-
sires to come.

The association finds it will be necessary to limit the number of
guests to be entertained during each month, hence the first to apply
for stock will have the choice of the month in which they will come,
while those who follow later may be obliged to select another month
when there are vacancies.

Stockholders will be given the preference over others. Non-
holders of stock will be furnished lodgings whenever vacancies exist,
but we may have to charge them a slightly higher rate.

Application for stock can be made and money sent at once, and
as soon as $25,000 is in the bank your certificate will be promptly
forwarded. In the meantime, you will receive an official receipt by
return mail that will insure your safety.

CHAPTER XXIII.
RESOLUTIONS AND LETTERS OF THANKS.

The final meeting of the Woman's Beard of Managers
was held in Hartford, December 18, 1893, with an unusually
full attendance of members. The World's Fair, to which we
had given so many months of thought and work, walking by
faith, had gladdened our sight at last with such a vision of
loveliness that the remembrance of all exactions of time and
strength faded into the background. We were glad and
proud to have been even among the least of those who had con-
tributed to such a marvelous result. We had worked so
unitedly toward a common purpose that we found our-
selves upon the footing of familiar friends, unwilling to go
our separate ways without at least a handshake and an expres-
sion of the hope that we might meet again. The delightful
harmony of our Board had been unbroken from the first meet-
ing to the last, and the resolutions of thanks, some of which ap-
pear in this report, expressed the unanimous feeling of the
members.

We cannot close this report without expressing our individ-
ual and collective thanks to the members of the Men's Board
for the delightful consideration and courtesy which they
showed to us at every opportunity. To the members of the
Building Committee especially, and -to the Treasurer, Mr.
George H. Day, we owe more than can be conveyed in any
formal expression of thanks. Of all the gracious things said
of us nothing touched us so much as the compliment paid the
Board on Connecticut Day by Senator Reed, whose untimely
death came as a personal grief to each of us who had the
privilege of knowing him : " The Pilgrim Fathers did not
begin to be as proud of the Pilgrim Mothers, nor the Revolu-
tionary Fathers of the Revolutionary Mothers, as our Men's
Board are of our Women's Board in Connecticut."
24 (361)

362 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Whatever success came to us in our work is due, next to
the direct personal effort of committees, to that wise, far-see-
ing, foundation work planned and carried out for several
months by Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, our first president. We
all caught her enthusiasm and something of the high standard
she set for our attainment.

Especially was her successor under the greatest personal
obligation to her from the first meeting to the last, for in every
new plan for the furtherance of the Board work her advice and
help were as unfailing as they were valuable.

The following resolution, offered by Mrs. J. G. Gregory
at the final meeting of the Board, December 18, 1893, puts
into formal speech something of the personal feeling of warm
appreciation with which the members of the Board remember
Governor Bulkeley 's unfailing consideration:
WHEEEAS, With the close of the official existence of the Board of
Lady Managers for Connecticut, its members desire to place on
record their appreciation of the generous aid and many thought-
ful services rendered by ex-Governor Bulkeley;
WHEREAS, We owe our existence as a Board to his appointment,
and have availed ourselves of his wise counsel from the com-
mencement, and found in him an ever-ready friend and generous
supporter; and

WHEREAS, We recognize the fact that our success as a Board has
been largely promoted by his unostentatious help,
Resolved, That we express to him our recognition of his kindly
thoughtfulness toward us, and our gratitude for the material heir
which he has given, and assure him that among the many agreeabl*
experiences of our official life, none will be more pleasantly recalled
than those connected -with himself.

Following the suggestion of the National Board, each State
Board adopted a distinctive badge of its own. The Connecti-
cut B^ird were fortunate in having a beautiful adaptation of
tha fecate Seal given them by Mr. Franklin B. Farrel of An-
sonia.

A slender bar of gold, bearing the word " Connecticut "
on blue enamel, held suspended the badge, which followed in
outline, and in most exquisite coloring, the State Seal and its
motto. Nothing that our most famous American silversmith

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 363

sent to the World's Fair was more artistic in its way than the
beautiful Connecticut badge.

The formal thanks of the Board, expressed in the resolution
offered by Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, gives a suggestion of the
very informal amount of genuine pride and pleasure with
which each member of the Board treasured and wore this
charming gift:

Resolved, That we, the members of the Board of Lady Managers
of Connecticut, tender our most sincere thanks to Mr. Franklin B.
Farrel of Ansonia for his gift of the beautiful State badge, which
we highly prize as a souvenir, and are proud to wear for its own
artistic beauty.

At the last general meeting of the National Board of Lady
Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, held Novem-
ber 6, 1893, this resolution, offered by Mrs. Julia B. Shattuck,
was unanimously adopted:

WHEREAS, The work of women in the World's Columbian Exposition
lias been most materially advanced by and through the co-opera-
tion of the women's branch of all State and Territorial World's
Fair Boards, therefore,

Resolved, That the women's branches of these boards be cordially
invited and earnestly requested, to present at as early a date as
possible, full reports of their respective work to the President of
the Board of Lady Managers. And, further,

Resolved, That a special vote of thanks be tendered all State and
Territorial Boards for their valuable assistance, without which the
Boajrd of Lady Managers feels its work could never have assumed
the magnificent proportions of which they are so justly proud.

OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT,
BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION,

November 11, 1893.
My Dear Mrs. Knight:

Your letter of Nov. 6th, accompanying the report of the work of
your Board, was duly received, and I hasten to reply in order to ex-
press my sense of obligation to you, and to the ladies representing
your State, for the co-operatiou which was received In our work.

Even though the work which has been so spread before us for
the past three years has brought no remuneration in dollars and
cents, and has cost each one many days and nights of anxiety and
labor, the result which stands before us to-day certainly compen-
sates for all the expenditure of the past.

364 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The work which has been accomplished by your Board is of In-
estimable value, and I wish to express, personally and in the name
of the Board, our appreciative thanks for the gifts which have been
made to us from your State. The sight of these beautiful objects
in our memorial building will vividly recall the pleasant associations
surrounding them during their installation in the Woman's Build-
ing the past summer.

With renewed expressions of cordial regard, and kindest wishes
for the future, I am, my dear Mrs. Knight, as ever,

Sincerely yours,
BERTHA HONORE PALMER,

Pres't B. L. M.
Mrs. Kate Brannon Knight,

Connecticut Building,

Jackson Park.

The following letter from the secretary of the Board of
Lady Managers, conveying the thanks of the National Board,
and requesting a detailed report of State work, was, in turn,
supplemented by circulars of the most urgent nature, con-
taining lists of questions to be answered and asking for com-
plete statistics and details:

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,

Chicago, January, 1894.
Dear Madam:

In behalf of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's
Columbian Commission, I desire to express to the ladies composing
the State Board of Connecticiit, our sincere appreciation of the
valuable aid given by them to the advancement of women in the
World's Columbian Exposition, and trust the result of their labor
may help enrich the resources of their State and enlarge the op-
portunities of its women.

We would ask that a complete report of the work of your Board
be sent to this office for future reference and record.

Very truly yours,

SUSAN G. COOKE,

Secretary.

A few extracts from one of these circulars will serve to
show the thoroughness with which the historians proposed to
do their work :

In your report please state: —

1. All of the facts concerning the exhibit of women's work from

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 365

your State at the Exposition. You are not limited as to the number
of words.

********

It is very necessary that you make mention, however briefly, of
exhibits in every department of work and every line of work ex-
hibited. You can send the data that you have in hand now. Omit
nothing because your data may be imperfect.

********

You will see the propriety of having Connecticut properly repre-
sented. We want to do justice to your efforts and to those of the
women of your State in the exhibit at the Exposition. Your report
is urgently needed for the history as well as for the digest

I have not mentioned many of the subjects that you should treat
in your report, only those you are most likely to forget

The President of the Women's Board of Connecticut had
already presented at headquarters an outline of the most im-
portant parts of the work done in that State, but recognizing
the value of a national report which should embody compara-
tive results, questions were answered, photographs sent, and
the fullest possible detail was most willingly prepared for
official publication. Besides this history a digest of all re-
ports from States was also in process of preparation at Chicago,
from which it will be seen that the impetus gained during the
existence of the fair, which tempted every one to do even
simple things in a large and effective way, inevitably carried
the zealous collector of data over into the midst of a rather
plentiful harvest.

The results, although specialists had sifted, assorted, and
eliminated a portion of the subject matter, amounted to eight
large packing cases of unedited material, all of which was sent
as a slight token of remembrance to what might well be an
astonished Congress. Evidently, a few other States besides
Connecticut felt somewhat responsible for the World's Fair.

Unfortunately, or otherwise, statistical literature, even of
the most attractive kind, cannot always count a special ap-
propriation for printing among its birthrights.

The Congress of the United States, in some of its work-
ings, is not unlike the mills of the gods. It grinds slowly.
Probably, if some process had been discovered to grind this

366 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

especial grist " exceeding small " before it reached that legis-
lative body, there might have been some hope of speedy pub-
lication. But the whole cannot be printed at present. The
parts, therefore, however valuable they may seem to those
interested, must also wait, as did the official history of the Civil
War, until they are needed for permanent records. Fortu-
nately for the Connecticut data, the State appropriation for
Exposition purposes outlasted the immediate needs of that oc-
casion.

At the last meeting of the Board of World's Fair managers
of Connecticut, a committee was appointed to finish the re-
maining work of both boards. This committee, composed of
the Hon. Leverett Brainard of the National Commission, Mr.
Greorge H. Day, the treasurer of the Board, the Hon. Morris
W. Seymour, counsel for the Board, and Mrs. George H.
Knight, president of the Board of Lady Managers, considered
one of their imperative duties to be the preparation and pub-
lication of a comprehensive history of the methods used and
results obtained in accomplishing the ends for which the Con-
necticut Board was created, namely, " For the purpose of ex-
hibiting the resources, products, and general development of
the State of Connecticut at the World's Columbian Exposition
in 1893."

We had been able to show the world that as a State we had
within our borders the three things which make a nation great
and prosperous, " a fertile soil, busy workshops, and easy con-
veyance for men and goods from place to place." It remained
for us to show to our public-spirited citizens, whose generosity
had made the first steps in Exposition matters possible, that in
bringing about this result it had only been necessary to make
use once more of the familiar pursuits of Connecticut people.

The following letter of thanks sent by the president of
the National Commission to the Woman's Board of Connecti-
cut, closed officially a relationship that had been cordial, har-
monious, and, we trust, mutually beneficial, and though, keep-
ing in mind the progress we were expected to make, we have
done our best, hampered as we are by unavoidable limitations,

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIH. 367

to follow the advice of the ancient philosopher and " look at
things as a man, as a human being, as a citizen, as a mortal."
Still, there is a delightfully familiar and unprogressive satis-
faction in the fact that, after all, in closing- this report, a woman
will have the last word !

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS,

February 14, 1804.
My dear Mrs. Knight:

The World's Columbian Exposition having passed into history
and through its wonderful record become indissolubly associated
with all intellectual and artistic thought and progress, I feel It to
be my duty, as well as my pleasure, to express the deep obligation
under which the Board of Lady Managers rests for the effective
co-operation so cordially given it by the Connecticut State Board.

It is impossible for me to adequately express my appreciation
of the beautiful room furnished by your Board. The decorations of
the walls and ceiling were successful in design and extremely well
executed: the color scheme was most attractive and the furnishing
both charming and appropriate, all of which rendered the Connect-
icut Room one of the most attractive in our Building and a very
creditable exhibit to the young lady who planned it

I must not omit to mention especially the remarkable work ac-
complished by your Board in gathering data of the industrial occu-
pations of the women of joar State. I thoroughly appreciate the
labor involved and the difficulty encountered in securing such a
compi-enensive report. It will be gratifying to you to know that
government statistical experts, who have examined our statistics,
pronounced those sent from Connecticut most complete and valuable.
With renewed thanks for the many kindnesses received from
your Board and for your ready and sympathetic promotion of all
of our plans, believe me to be, my dear Mrs. Knight, with assurance
of high consideration and esteem,

Most cordially yours,
BERTHA HONORS PALMER.

President Board of Lady Managers.

World's Columbian Exposition.
To Mrs. George H. Knight,

President Connecticut State Board,
Lakeville, Conn.

University of California

SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388

kit was borrowed.

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Full text of "Connecticut at the World's fair. Report of the commissioners from Connecticut of the Columbian exhibition of 1893 at Chicago. Also Report of the work of the Board of lady managers of Connecticut"

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