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GENERAL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.
Taken from a miniature in possession of Jefferson K. Clark, Esq , of St. Louis, Mo.

INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES TO ENGLISH'S HISTORY
OF INDIANA

«* CONQUEST OF THE COUNTRY

NORTHWEST OF THE RIVER OHIO
1778 — 1783

AND

LIFE OF
GEN. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK

OVER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS

WITH NUMEROUS SKETCHES OF MEN WHO SERVED UNDER CLARK AND FULL LIST OF

THOSE ALLOTTED LANDS IN CLARK'S GRANT FOR SERVICE IN THE

CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE BRITISH POSTS. SHOWING

EXACT LAND ALLOTTED EACH.

WILLIAM HAYDEN ENGLISH

President Indiana Historical Society

VOLUME II

INDIANAPOLIS, IND., AND KANSAS CITY, MO.

THE BOWEN-MERRILL COMPANY
1897.

WILLIAM HAYDEN ENGLISH

8TRATI0NS

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Vol. II.

Page.

Portrait of George Rogers Clark (Frontispiece Vol. 2) 588

Illustrations (half title) 591

Hamilton and Lamothe Sent in Irons to AVilliamsburg 616

Faosimile Letter of Thomas Jefferson Declining to Release Gover-
nor Hamilton from Captivity 644

Portrait of Little Turtle 695

Signature of John Baley 701

Signature of Richard Harrison 701

Signature of Edward Worthington 701

Signature of Thomas Quick 701

Signature of Robert George 701

Signature of John Gibson 710

Clark's Forces Leaving Pittsburgh, 1781 719

Lochry's Defeat 728

Signature of Phillibert 739

Signature of Pierre Gamelin 739

Signature of L. E. Denline 740

Signature of Le Grand 710

Monument to Fourteen Soldiers Killed by Indians in 1783 751

Death of Colonel John Floyd 752

Fort Nelson 755

Map of Northwest Territory and the Thirteen Original States 767

The Seal of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the

River Ohio 773

Death of Joseph Rogers 773

Map of Northwest Territory with Notes of Some Historical Dates
and Places 776

(593)

594 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Signature of Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia 783

Clark Driving the Indians from Council Chamber 793

Signature of Samuel Hopkins 803

Portrait of John Rice Jones 808

Signature of John Rice Jones , 808

Portrait of General Clark in His Old Age Copied from Oil Paint-
ing IN VlNCENNES UNIVERSITY , 817

Patent Issued by the State of Virginia for the Land in Clark's

Grant 834

Official Map of Clark's Grant 851

Signature of Walker Daniel 855

Signature of William Croghan 856

Signature of John Edwards 856

Signature of John Campbell 856

Signature of James F. Moore 857

Signature of Richard Taylor 857

Signature of Robert Breckenridge 857

Signature of Alexander Breckenridge , 858

Signature of George Rogers Clark (after he was paralyzed) 858

Portrait of Joseph Bartholomew 859

Portrait of Andrew P. Hay 860

Signature of Abram Bowman 862

Ruins of Clark's Old Mill 863

Supposed Chimney of Fort Finney 863

Governor Posey's Old Residence at Jeffersonville 864

Portrait of Marston G. Clark 866

Signature of Marston G. Clark 866

Clark's Residence in Clarksville 868

Sword of General Clark (2 plates) 874, 875

Presentation of Sword to General Clark 885

House Where General Clark Died — Residence of His Sister, Lucy

Croghan 889

Diagram of the Clark Graves 900

Graves of General Clark and Others of the Clark Family, Cave

Hill 902

Clark Statue and Pedestal in Monument Place, Indianapolis 906

Portrait of Jacob Burnett 909

Portrait of Reuben T. Dirrett 911

Portrait of John Fiske 912

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1^95

Page.

Portrait of John B. Dillon 912

Portrait of John Reynolds 912

Portrait of Henry Pirtle 913

Portrait of James A. Garfield 914

Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt 914

Portrait of John W. Daniel 915

Portrait of George F. Hoar 915

Portrait of Lewis Collins 916

Portrait of Lyman P. Draper 916

Portrait of Samuel Merrill 917

Portrait of Burk A. Hinsdale 918

Portrait of Jacob P. Dunn 918

Portrait of John Randolph 918

Portrait of James Parton 919

Portrait of Daniel W. Voorhees 920

Portrait of David Turpie 920

Portrait of John Sherman 921

The Bewi ldered Guide 924

Signature of John Sanders 927

Signature of Daniel Boone 927

Novel Pioneer Money 928

Virginia Currency Payable in Tobacco 930

Signature of Richard Brashear 935

Signature of Buckner Potman 937

Signature of John Paul 941

Signature" of General Charles Scott 948

Signature" of Attorney-General Harry Innes 948

Signature of Honorable J. Brown, of Kentucky 948

Robert J. Todd's Commission as Major 948

Portrait of Levi L. Todd, Senior 950

Portrait of Doctor Robert N. Todd 950

Signature of William Whitley 952

Signature of Abram Chapline 958

Signature of James Bigger 967

Signature of Shadrach Bond, Senior 967

Signature of Valentine T. Dalton '. 967

Signature of Peter Priest , 967

Signature of Isaac Van Metre „ 967

Signature of Isaac Yates 967

596 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Signature op James Whitecotton..., 967

Portrait of George Rogers Clark in His Old Age 968

Portrait of Bland Ballard 973

Bland Ballard's Escape from the Indians 975

Signature of Isaac Bowman 979

Signature of John Bowman 979

Signature of Richard Rue 985

Richard Rue Running the Gauntlet 986

Portrait of Joseph Holman 988

Portrait of George Holman 988

Portrait of Lucy Croghan, Sister of General Clark 990

Portrait of General Clark's Sister, Ann Gwathmey 990

Portrait of Eleanor Elting Temple, General Jonathan Clark's

Daughter 990

Signature of General Jonathan Clark 991

Signature of Sarah Clark 991

Signature of William Aylett Booth 997

Signature of Rebecca Booth 997

Signature of William Booth 997

Portrait of Samuel Gwathmey 997

Signature of John Gwathmey 998

Signature of Captain Edmund Clark ....1001

Portrait of Major George Croghan 1005

Medal Voted to Major Croghan by Congress (two plates) 1005

Croghan Monument, Fremont, Ohio 1007

Signature of Richard Clough Anderson 1008

Signature of Governor Charles.Anderson 1009

Signature of Governor William Clark 1012

Portrait of Governor William Clark 1014

Fac-simile of the Entry of Judge William Clark's Death on the

Records of St. Xavier's Church, Vincennes 1017

Portrait of Jefferson K. Clark, Son of William Clark 1019

Big Knives (Finis) 1019

Clark's Statue, Indianapolis 1021

Contents of
Gbapters

—^-

CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS.

Vol. II.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

AND OTHER BRITISH OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS

SENT TO VIRGINIA AS PRISONERS.

Hamilton's version of their treatment at Vincennes — Who the prisoners were —
Captains Williams and Rogers with twenty -five men convey the prisoners to
Virginia — Instructed by Colonel Clark to see that prisoners be provided with
all necessaries — Hamilton's account of the journey, and description of condi-
tion of the Americans — Governor Henry's letter announcing the capture of
Vincennes — Hamilton put in irons and confined in a dungeon in retaliation
for cruelties inflicted on American prisoners — He bitterly denounces treat-
ment of himself and colleagues — Governor of Virginia acted on advice of
the executive council — He explains and justifies his action — Correspondence
between General Washington and Governor Jefferson on the subject — Se-
verity of treatment finally relaxed — Fac-simile of a letter of Jefferson in re-
lation to Hamilton — Release on parole offered prisoners — Accepted by some —
Declined at first by Hamilton, but finally accepted — Important letters, etc.,
on the subject — Leaves Virginia for New York — Recites troubles encountered
on the way — Reaches British comrades in New York in wretched condition —
Is at last exchanged and sails for England — His subsequent career.. ..605-662

CHAPTER XV.

COLONEL CLARK RETURNS TO THE FALLS OF OHIO— CON-
DITION OF AFFAIRS THERE.

(598)

CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS. 599

in 17S0 — Builds Fort Jefferson a few miles below — Intended for a settlement
and garrison combined — Besieged by Indians — Heroic defense — Captain
George Owens and his descendants — Garrison finally relieved — Indians with-
draw from its vicinity — Perilous journey made by Clark from Fort Jefferson
to Harrisburg — British and Indians invade Kentucky — Clark's campaign
against the Indians at old Chillicothe and Piqua — Distressing particulars of
death of Joseph Rogers — Clark returns to Kentucky — Deplorable condition
of affairs there, at Fort Jefferson and the Illinois — Official letters on the sub-
ject— Sketch of George Slaughter and Silas Harlan — Fort Jefferson finally
abandoned 663-696

CHAPTER XVI.

CONTEMPLATED CAMPAIGN AGAINST DETROIT IN 17S1 —
LOCIIRV'S DEFEAT.

Council of war to consider an expedition against the British at Detroit, or "the
Floridians on the Mississippi" — Early action delayed — Clark visits Virginia
and aids in driving out the British — Secures Governor Jefferson's approval of
an expedition against Detroit — Is commissioned brigadier-general thereof —
Letter from General Washington approving the expedition, promising military
stores and Continental troops — Letters of Jefferson and others on the subject
— Colonel Gibson's regiment promised to Clark — Promises not fulfilled and
expectations not realized — Country weary of war — Troops and army supplies
hard to secure — Draft made but unsatisfactory — Clothing scarce — Paper
money nearly worthless — Letters of Clark upon the discouraging situation —
Bears up bravely under disappointments — Starts from Pittsburgh with but
four hundred of the two thousand men expected — Events of voyage to falls of
the Ohio — Colonel Lochry's command fails to join Clark at the appointed
time and place — Follows on and is disastrously defeated — Distress of Colonel
Clark at the defeat of Lochry and failure of campaign against Detroit —
Colonel Crockett's letter defending Colonel Clark's conduct 697-734

CHAPTER XVII.

BAD CONDITION OF AMERICAN AFFAIRS IN KENTUCKY AND
THE ILLINOIS.

Memorial of the people of Vincennes — Letter of Captain Baley, commandant
of the post there — Colonel John Floyd writes of the situation in Kentucky —

6oO CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS.

Colonel Floyd killed by Indians — Colonel Slaughter and others write gloomily
of the situation — Clark immediately engages in putting matters into better
shape — Ascertains strength of the Kentucky militia — Builds Fort Nelson —
Suggests to the governor of Virginia a system of armed boats on the Ohio
— Uses a gun-boat between the falls and the Licking — Indian depredations
continue — Disastrous battle of Blue Licks in August, 17S2 — Rising of the
people to carry the war into the enemy's country — General Clark marches,
at the head of a thousand men, against the Indian towns on the Little Miami
and destroys them — Indians amazed at unexpected development of the strength
of the Americans and never afterwards invade Kentucky in force — An appro-
priate ending of the successful part of General Clark's military career.

735-76o

CHAPTER XVIII.

ALL PROSPECT OF THE BRITISH CONQUERING THE COLO-
NIES TERMINATES WITH SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS.

Negotiations ended in treat}' of peace of 17S3 — These negotiations called atten-
tion more particularly to the great benefit General Clark's services had been
to the country — He had captured from the enemy a vast territory, and being
in possession it was included in the boundaries of the new government — But
for this the boundary might have been the Ohio river, or the Alleghany
mountains — Importance of the conquest — Triumph of Clark and his sol-
diers— Seal of the Northwest Territory — Importance of that territory.

761-77S

CHAPTER XIX.

CLARK, RELIEVED FROM MILITARY SERVICE, RETIRES DIS-
APPOINTED AND DISTRESSED.

Virginia, exhausted by the war, failed, for a time, to sufficiently provide for Clark's
troops — He is finally retired from service — Letter of governor of Virginia to
Clark — Letter from Clark to the governor, disclosing his financial distress —
Asks, in vain, for a portion of what is due him — Similarity of treatment of
Clark and Vigo — Letter from Vigo to Clark — Comments on the treatment 01
Clark — Retires to Kentucky neglected, disappointed and distressed — Injurious
effect on his health and habits — Remains in comparative obscurity until made
a commissioner in 1785 to treat with certain Indian tribes — Some incidents at
the treat v 770~7lH

CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS. 6oi

CHAPTER XX.

WABASH AND MIAMI INDIANS, ENCOURAGED BY THE BRIT-
ISM, BECOME HOSTILE TO THE AMERICANS— CAM-
PAIGN AGAINST THEM DETERMINED UPON.

General Clark placed in command — The situation communicated to the Gov-
ernor of Virginia by Clark and John May — Officers, Kentucky military dis-
trict, meet in council — Right to impress military supplies declared— Expedi-
tion marches by land to Vincennes — Provisions forwarded by water, delayed
and spoiled — Expedition delayed at Vincennes — March in demoralized con-
dition— A portion revolt before reaching enemy and return — Clark over-
whelmed with grief — French inhabitants no longer friend! v — Clark determines
to garrison Vincennes — Is driven by necessity to impress supplies for his
troops — Takes some Spanish property— Commissary appointed — Regular
accounts kept of property taken — His conduct misrepresented — Virginia and
congress, without waiting for his explanations, condemn it — This action hastv
and inconsiderate — Opinions of disinterested persons — Clark returns to the
falls full of disappointment — Finally meditates an expedition in the interest
of the French against the Spaniards on the Mississippi — Accepts French
commission — Issues a proclamation — Expedition abandoned — Effect of the
movement beneficial in hastening free navigation of the Mississippi — Opinion
of Governor Shelby and others.., 795-S24

CHAPTER XXI.

CLARK'S GRANT— THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE ILLI-
NOIS REGIMENT, AND THE LAND ALLOTTED TO EACH.

825-S60

CHAPTER XXII.

THE LATTER YEARS OF GENERAL CLARK'S LIFE AND HIS

DEATH.

6o2 CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS.

Dies at his sister's house in Kentucky in 1S1S — His will — Controversy in
relation thereto, and other events connected with his illness and death.

861-896

CHAPTER XXIII.

Burial place of George Rogers Clark — Location of the graves of the Clark
family in Cave Hill Cemetery — Inscriptions on the grave-stones — Visit of the
author to these graves — Reflections upon there being no monument to honor
General Clark's memory — Steps taken to secure one in connection with the
great Indiana soldiers' monument at Indianapolis — Successful efforts in that
direction — Description of the monument — Abortive movements of Ken-
tucky and the United States to erect a monument — Opinions of eminent
men of George Rogers Clark and his services to his country S97-922

CHAPTER XXIV.

ADDITIONAL SKETCHES OF MEN WHO SERVED UNDER
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

John Sanders — Major Thomas Quick — Captain Richard Brashear — Lieutenant
Richard Harrison — Lieutenant John Gerault — Lieutenant Michael Perault—
General Robert Todd — Captain Levi Todd — Ebenezer and John Severns —
Edward Bulger — Captain Abram Chapline — James Curry, Levi Teall and
Joseph Anderson — Colonel William Whitley — John Paul — Buckner Pittman.

923-96S

CHAPTER XXV.

SOME HISTORICAL INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH CLARK'S

GRANT.

The region of the falls alwaj's a favorite place of resort — Abundance of fish and
game — Battlefield and burying ground of some unknown race near Clarks-
ville — Ancient stone fortifications at the mouth of Fourteen-mile creek — Other
forts and stations — Bland Ballard's escape — Lieutenant Isaac Bowman —
Richard Rue 969-9SS

CHAPTER XXVI.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

9S9-1019

Conquest of tbe
Hortbweet

Volume II

CHAPTER XIV.

THE CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

AND OTHER BRITISH OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS

SENT TO VIRGINIA AS PRISONERS.

Hamilton's version of their treatment at Vincennes — Who the prisoners were —
Captains Williams and Rogers with twenty-five men convey the prisoners to
Virginia — Instructed by Colonel Clark to see that they are provided with
all necessaries — Hamilton's account of the journey, and description of condi-
tion of the Americans — Governor Henry's letter announcing the capture of
Vincennes — Hamilton put in irons and confined in a dungeon in retaliation
for cruelties inflicted on American prisoners — He bitterly denounces treat-
ment of himself and colleagues — Governor of Virginia acted on advice of
the executive council — He explains and justifies his action — Correspondence
between General Washington and Governor Jefferson on che subject — Se-
verity of treatment finally relaxed — Fac-simile of a letter of Jefferson in re-
lation to Hamilton — Release on parole offered prisoners — Accepted by some —
Declined at first by Hamilton, but finally accepted — Important letters, etc..
on the subject — Leaves Virginia for New York — Recites troubles encountered
on the way- — Reaches British comrades in New York in wretched condition —
Is at last exchanged and sails for England — His subsequent career.

SHE capture of the British boats on the Wabash river,
with all the stores and valuable papers intended for
Hamilton, as narrated in Chapter XII, added to his al-
ready overwhelming humiliation. The night after signing
the agreement to surrender Fort Sackville he says he spent
"in assorting papers and preparing for the disagreeable
ceremony of the next day. Mortification, disappointment
and indignation had their turns." It was but the begin-

(605)

606 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

ning of the unfortunate lieutenant-governor's trials and
sorrows according to the narrative of his numerous and
long-continued troubles as given in his report to his su-
perior officers, to which reference has already been fre-
quently made. There is no doubt this account was col-
ored and in some respects exaggerated to suit his side of
the case, but, at the same time, it is evident that he was
very forcibly made to realize what it is to be in an enemy's
hands as a prisoner of war, towards whom special resent-
ment is felt. He was certainly not allowed to sleep on a
bed of roses.

He realized what was in store for some of his comrades,
and possibly for himself, at the very beginning. "The
evening of the day we capitulated,*' says he, " Colonel
Clark ordered neck-iron fetters and handcuffs to be made
which, in our hearing, he declared were designed for those
officers who had been employed as partisans with the Indians.
I took him aside and reminded him that these prisoners were
prisoners of war included in the capitulation which he had
so lately set his hand to. He said his resolution was formed;
that he had made a vow never to spare man, woman or
child of the Indians, or those who were emploved with
them. I observed to him that these persons, having obeved
my orders, were not to be blamed for the execution of
them; that I had never known that the}- had acted contrarv
to those orders, by encouraging the crueltv of the savages;
on the contrary, and that if he was determined to pass by
the consideration of his faith and that of the public, pledged
for the performance of the articles of capitulation, I desired
he might throw me into prison, or lay me in irons, rather
than the others. He smiled contemptuously, turned away

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 607

and ordered three of these persons to the guard till the
irons should be made. The scalps of the slaughtered In-
dians were hung up by our tents; a young man of the name
of Rainbault was brought into the fort with a halter about
his neck, and only for the interposition of the volunteers
from the Illinois, some of whom were his relations, would
infallibly been hanged without any crime laid to his charge
but his having been with a scouting party. He was half
strangled before he was taken from the tree. Our soldiers
told us that some of the rebels had sworn solemnly to de-
stroy Major Hay and myself the first opportunity. As we
could not guard against any attempt in the situation we
then found ourselves, we thought it best to appear unac-
quainted with any such resolution, but we were twice in
the night obliged to fly for security to Colonel Clark's quar-
ters in the fort, two men that were intoxicated, and whose
names had been given us, attempting to shoot us in our
tent. The attempt was proved but no punishment ensued.
We were kept in the dark as to the day of our departure,
though I had repeatedly asked it, that we might have bread
baked and prepare what was necessary."

He was not kept in suspense as to the time of his depart-
ure very long, for, on the 7th of March, according to Bow-
man's journal, " Captain Williams and Lieutenant Rogers,
with twenty-five men, set off for the falls of Ohio, to
conduct the following prisoners, viz. : Lieutenant-Governor
Henry Hamilton, Major John Hay, Captain William
Lamothe, Monsieur Dejean (grand judge of Detroit) , Lieu-
tenant John Schieffelin, Doctor I. McBeth, Francis Ma-

6o3 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

sonville, Mr. L. F. Bellefeuille (French interpreter) , with
eighteen privates."

Clark's memoir says : "On the 7th of March, Captains
Williams and Rogers set out by water with a part}- of
twenty-five men, to conduct the British officers to Ken-
tucky; and, farther to weaken the prisoners, eighteen priv-
ates were also sent. After their arrival at the falls of the
Ohio, Captain Rogers had instructions to superintend their
route to Williamsburg, to furnish them with all the neces-
sary supplies on their way, and to await the orders of the
governor." By weakening the prisoners, Colonel Clark,
of course, meant to lessen the number he had to look after
and take care of.

These prisoners seem to have been turned over temporar-
ily by Captain Williams to Captain Harrod, presumably at
the falls of the Ohio, who executed the following receipt for
the same: "Received of Captain Williams, the within
mentioned prisoners, in number twenty-six, March the
31st, 1779. Wm. Herrod, captain." In addition to the
names of the eight officers, above mentioned by Bowman,
the list, accompanying the receipt, gives the names of
Sergeant James Parkinson and Corporal Abel Leazenbv,
and sixteen privates, as follows : Robert Bryant, George
Spittal, John Fraser, John Sutherland, Thomas Keppel,
John Wall, Christ Macgra (McCrow), John Brebin (Bre-
bonne) , William Taylor, Patrick Mackinlie, Reuben Yesev.
Amos Ainsley, Benjamin Pickering, John Home, William
Perry and Belser Givine (.?),*

*The given names were not mentioned in the receipt, but have since been
added. The list contains twenty-six names.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 609

Captain John Rogers, a kinsman of Clark, as already
stated, seems to have been charged with the duty of seeing
that the prisoners were conveyed from the falls of the Ohio
to the capital of Virginia. The following instructions were
issued to him by Colonel Clark : " You are to accompany
Captain Williams to the falls of the Ohio and to accompany
the prisoners from thence to Williamsburg. They will be
guarded and conducted by the Kentucky militia. You are
to be careful that they want no necessaries if possible to
procure them. You will draw bills on the treasury for the
expenses of 3'our journey, and render a just account thereof
to His Excellenc}', the governor."

As evidence in contradiction of the charge made by
Hamilton that Clark treated the British prisoners cruelly,
it will be observed that special instructions were given the
officer in charge to "be careful that they want no neces-
saries, if possible to procure them."

The account given by Hamilton of the departure and
journey is that "on the 8th day of March, we were put
into a heavy oak boat, being twenty-seven in number, with
our provision of flour and pork at common rations, and
fourteen gallons of spirits for us, and our guard, which
consisted of twenty-three persons, including two officers.
We had before us three hundred and sixty miles of water
carriage, and eight hundred and forty to march to the
place of our destination, Williamsburg, Virginia. The
10th, in the afternoon, we reached the Ohio, whose waters
were out in an uncommon and astonishing degree. The
depth above the banks eighteen feet, with such a swift
current as made it very fatiguing to row, which we all did,

6lO CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

in turn, while our guards were distributed in four light
boats. At night we were obliged to lie in our boat, making
it fast to a tree, for the flood extended as far in the woods
as the eye could reach. We made a miserable shift with our
mast and oars to throw a cover over head, to keep out the
rain, and lay like swine close jammed together, having
not room to extend ourselves. We presently found the
discipline of our guards such as would have enabled us to
seize their arms and escape to the Natchez. This was agi-
tated among us, but the idea was given up on the per-
suasion that our companions left in the hands of the rebels
at St. Vincennes would be sufferers for it.

"We fell in with four Delaware Indians, who were hunt-
ing, having only their bows and arrows ; our escort obliged
them to accompany us part of the way, but they disappeared
one day, and we were given to understand that they were
quietly knocked in the head.

"Arrived at the falls of the Ohio the 30th of March.
Here we found a number of settlers who live in log houses
in eternal apprehension from the Indians. It is remark-
able that the party from St. Vincennes had been so vigilant
that the news of Fort Sackville falling into our hands the
17th of December was only known on the 27th of March.
Colonel Clark had promised to send fifteen horses to this
place for our use on the march, but that never was per-
formed. He had apprised us that there was but little
chance of escaping with our lives, the people on the frontiers
were so exasperated by the inroads of the Indians, and in
this we found he had told us the truth, being often threat-
ened upon the march and waylaid at different times. Our

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 6 I I

guards, however, behaved very well, protected us and
hunted for us, else we must have starved, for our rations
were long since expended and our allowance of bear's flesh
and Indian meal was frequently very scanty. The people
at the fort are in a wretched state — obliged to enclose their
cattle every night within the fort, and carry their rifle to
the field when the}7 go to plow or cut wood. On our long
march we had frequently hunger and thirst to encounter,
as well as fatigue. At length we gained the settled country,
and at Lynch's ferry, on the James river, were put into
canoes and continued our progress by water."

The news of Clark's wonderful success and the approach
of the British prisoners was now spreading all over the
country, creating great excitement and enthusiasm, espe-
cially in Virginia. Governor Patrick Hemy wrote " in
haste " from Williamsburg to Richard Henry Lee on the
19th of May, that u Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, is a
prisoner, with the judge of that countr}-, several captains,
lieutenants and all the British who accompanied Hamilton
in his conquest of the Wabash. Our brave Colonel Clark
(sent out from our militia) with one hundred Virginians
besieged the governor in a strong fort with several hun-
dreds, and with small arms alone fairly took the whole
corps prisoners and sent them into our interior countrv.
This is a most gallant action, and I trust will secure our
frontiers in great measure. The goods taken b}y Clark
are said to be of immense amount, and I hope will influence
the Indians to espouse our interests. Detroit now totters;
and if Clark had a few of Mcintosh's forces the place
would be ours directly. I've late sent the French there

6 1 2 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

all the state papers, translated into their language, by the
hands of a priest who I believe has been very active. I
can not give you the other particulars of Clark's success,
his messenger to me being killed and the letters being torn
by the Indians.

" Adieu, my dear sir. Ma)7 you continue your labors
for the public good, which has been so much forwarded
b}T you for so long a time.

" Yrs in haste,

" P. Henry.'**

"On the 20th of May," says Hamilton, "being on
shore to get refreshments, we were agreebly surprised to
find ourselves at Brigadier (Alexander) Hamilton's quar-
ters, who endeavored by his kindness and hospitality to
make us forget our hardships. The same evening, halting
at the house of a rebel, Colonel Lewis, we had the good
fortune to see two officers of the convention arm)'. Cap-
tain Freeman, aid-de-camp to General Reidevel (Riedsel),
was so obliging as to be the bearer of a letter to General
Phillips, as also one for your excellency containing the
capitulation and some returns. On the 26th a rebel cap-
tain with a guard marched us from Beaverdam to Rich-
mond, from thence to Chesterfield, where we remained
until the 1 ^th of June ( 1 779) •'',

The time had now arrived when Hamilton and his prin-
cipal officers were subjected to much harsher treatment than
they had before encountered. This proceeded from sev-
eral causes, which, no doubt, seem less forcible to us now
than they did to the Americans of that day. At the time

*Life of Patrick Henry by his grandson, Vol. J. p. 31.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 6 1

of the surrender of Burgoyne many thousand British pris-
oners had been sent into Virginia, where they were treated
with great liberality and kindness, largely on account of
the influence exercised in their behalf by Thomas Jefferson,
afterwards governor of that state, and president of the
United States.

Instead of this clemency inspiring a like liberal treatment
of Americans held as prisoners by the British, it is a matter
of well authenticated history that they were, in many in-
stances, treated with unwonted neglect and cruelty.
Especially was this true of the great number of American
prisoners forced into prison ships in New York harbor,
then in possession of the British, and elsewhere, who were
treated with absolute barbarity. General Heath, in his
memoir, said that the American prisoners in New York
were " crowded in prisons and sugar-houses; they fell sick
and died in the most shocking manner. It was common,
on a morning, for the cartman to come and take away the
bodies for burial by cart loads." Another writer says
"from ten to twenty died daily, and their remains were
thrown into pits without a single rite of burial. In the old
provost, where officers chiefly were incarcerated, so closely
were they packed that when their bones ached at night
from lying on the hard planks, and they wished to turn,
it was done by the word of command, and the whole hu-
man mass turned at once. In Wallabout bay, across the
river, the hulk of the Jersey, an old sixty-four gun ship,
unseaworthy, with masts and rigging gone, was a scene of
human suffering which even now, at the end of a century,
chills the hand that would draw a pen picture, however in-

614 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

adequate. No warmth in winter, no screen from the
scorching summer sun, no physician, no clergyman soothed
or consoled the dying in that center of contagious disease,
which was never cleansed, and constantly replenished with
new victims. It is estimated that eleven thousand of its
dead were buried on the Brooklyn shore. Man}' a New
York citizen tried to alleviate the horrors of the prisons and
prison-ships, for there were several of the latter, but mili-
tary law prevailed; no communication with prisoners was
allowed, and aid conveyed to them by stealth only doomed
the benefactor to a similar fate.11*

The American commissioner of prisons, Elias Boudinot,
it is said, made the astounding statement which seems al-
most incredible, '"that in one prison-ship alone, called the
Jersey, which was anchored near New York, eleven thousand
American prisoners died in eighteen months; almost the
whole of them from the barbarous treatment of being sti-
fled in a crowded hold with infected air, and poisoned with
unwholesome food." Joel Barlow, who was quite promi-
nent in his day, and at one time United States Minister to
France, recorded in his book, called the Columbiad, that
Mr. Boudinot made the above statement to him, and Mr.
Barlow adds, that the cruelties exercised by the British
armies on American prisoners during the first years of the
war were unexampled among civilized nations. f

Of like character were • the atrocities perpetrated upon
American women and children, and unarmed men on the
frontiers, by ungovernable savages, organized, encouraged,

*Mrs. Lamb's History of the City of New York, p. 20S.

1 Barlow's Columbiad, note 37, p. 171, Vol. j, edition of 1S09, Philadelphia.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 615

and rewarded, in some instances, by British officers. Fore-
most among these officers was said to have been Hamilton,
now thrown, by the fortunes of war, into the hands of this
same Thomas Jefferson, who had only a short time before
been chosen governor of Virginia. Smarting under the
apparent ingratitude of the British, and the cruelties in-
flicted on the western frontiers, and on the American pris-
oners in the east, Governor Jefferson decided it to be a duty
he owed his country to treat Hamilton and a few of his
immediate officers with a return of severity; not only be-
cause, as he avers, they deserved it, but also because by
retaliation he hoped to force the British to a greater len-
iency in the treatment of prisoners. His justification of
this action has been fully written by Mr. Jefferson him-
self, and the author prefers in this account to use
mainly the words of the distinguished parties them-
selves.

To that end will first be given the continuation of Gov-
ernor Hamilton's grievances. He says that at Chester-
field an officer met the party, " having a written order
under the hand of the governor of the province, Thomas
Jefferson, for taking me in irons to Williamsburg. I was
accordingly handcuffed, put upon a horse, and, my servant
not being suffered to go with me, my valise was fastened
behind me. Captain Lamothe was ordered to accompany
me, being in like manner handcuffed. The fatigues of
the march heated my blood to a violent degree. I had
several large boils on my legs; my handcuffs were too tight
but were eased at a smith's shop on the road; thus, some-

6l6 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

times riding and sometimes walking, we arrived the
second evening at Williamsburg, having come sixty miles.
We were conducted to the palace where we remained about.
half an hour in the street at the governor's door, in wet
clothes, weary, hungry, and thirsty, but had not even a
cup of water offered us. During this time a considerable
mob gathered about us, which accompanied us to jail. On
our arrival there we were put into a cell, not ten feet square,
where we found five criminals and Mr.Dejean, who was also
handcuffed. This poor man could not refrain from tears
on seeing our equipment. We had the floor for a bed, the
five felons were as happy as rum could make them, and so
we were left to our repose for that night. The next dav
we three were taken out about eleven o clock, and before a
number of people our handcuffs taken off and fetters put
on in exchange. I was honored with the largest, which
weighed eighteen pounds eight ounces."

While the fetters were being put on Hamilton, he em-
braced the occasion to pour out a torrent of abuse of the
Americans, which, while probably natural, was not calcu-
lated to excite sympathy in his behalf, with the men who had
him in charge. ' 'When our fetters were properly fixed, * ' he
continues, "we were remanded to our dungeon from which
the five felons were removed. The light we received was
from a gate, which faced the court of twenty feet square,
with walls thirty feet high. The prison having been built
sixty years, it may be conceived we were subject to one
very offensive inconvenience, in the heat of summer almost
suffocating; our door was onlv opened to give us water.
We were not allowed any candle, and from the first to the

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 619

last of our confinement, we never could find that the gov-
ernor or council had ordered provision of an}' kind to be
made for us except water, with which we were really very
well supplied. The variety of vermin to which we were
a prey, bad air, chagrin, and want of exercise began to
produce their effect on my companions.''

His account shows that, in some respects, the order as to
his treatment was not very rigorously enforced, for he pro-
cured pen, ink and paper from the jailer, and proceeded
to write furiously to the Virginia authorities. These com-
munications, it seems, remained unanswered. Pie com-
plains that the jailer searched his papers, but it appears not
to have been a search of a very rigid character, as he says
he was successful in keeping his journal, and other useful
papers, concealed.

He continues: "August 31st, Major Hay, with the
other prisoners from Chesterfield, arrived at Williams-
burg. The soldiers were confined in the debtor's room, the
officers, five in number, were put into the dungeons with
us, which made the heat intolerable. At eleven at night
we were obliged to alarm the prisoners in the next cell,
who passed the word to the guard for the jailer, our surgeon
being on the point of suffocating, an asthma to which he
was subject having seized him at this time, with that vio-
lence that he lost his pulse for ten minutes. We had tried by
wafting a blanket to draw some air through the gate, but this
was insufficient, and if he had not had presence enough
of mind to open a vein, he would probably have expired,
for the state of the air was such that a candle, with which
we had lately been indulged, would barely live, if held

near the top of the cell. The jailer took Mr. McBeath out
40

62 O CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

and suffered him to sleep in his own room, and I must de-
clare, in justice to him, that in several points he showed
more feeling by far than his emplovers. The door of our
cell continuing shut for several days, the poor prisoners,
young and old, men and women, offered to be locked up and
debarred the use of the court if we might be allowed that
liberty which at length we had.1'

Having now given Hamilton's version of his grievances
let us hear the version of the other side. Governor Jef-
ferson appears not to have acted hastilv in the matter, or
entirely on his own volition. He was advised bv the exec-
utive council of Virginia, and the reason for their action as
set out, at some length, in their proceedings, is here given:

"In Council, June 18, 1779.

"The board proceeded to the consideration of the letters
of Colonel Clark, and other papers relating to Henry
Hamilton, Esq., who has acted for some years past as
lieutenant-governor of the settlement at and about Detroit,
and commandant of the British garrison there, under Sir
Guy Carleton, as governor-in-chief; Philip Dejean, justice
of the peace for Detroit, and William Lamothe, captain of
volunteers, prisoners of war, taken in the county of Illinois.

"The)' find that Governor Hamilton has executed the
task of inciting the Indians to perpetrate their accustomed
cruelties on the citizens of the United States, without dis-
tinction of age, sex or condition, with an eagerness and
avidity which evince that the general nature of his charge
harmonized with his particular disposition. They should
have been satisfied, from the other testimony adduced, that
these enormities were committed by savages acting under

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 62 1

his commission; but the number of proclamations which, at
different times, were left in houses, the inhabitants of which
were killed or carried away by the Indians, one of which
proclamations is in possession of the board, under the hand
and seal of Governor Hamilton, puts this fact beyond a
doubt. At the time of his captivity, it appears he had sent
considerable bodies of Indians against the frontier settle-
ments of these states, and had actually appointed a great
council of Indians to meet him at Tennessee, to concert
the operations of this present campaign.

" They find that his treatment of our citizens and soldiers,
taken and carried within the limits of his command, has
been cruel and inhuman; that in the case of John Dodge,
a citizen of these states, which has been particularly stated
to this board, he loaded him with irons, threw him into a
dungeon, without bedding, without straw, without fire, in
the dead of winter and severe climate of Detroit; that, in
that state, he wasted him with incessant expectations of
death; that when the rigors of his situation had brought
him so low that death seemed likely to withdraw him from
their power, he was taken out and somewhat attended to,
until a little mended, and before he had recovered abilitv
to walk was again returned to his dungeon, in which a
hole was cut seven inches square only, for the admission of
air, and the same load of irons again put on him; that ap-
pearing, a second time, in imminent danger of being lost to
them, he was again taken from his dungeon, in which he
had lain from January till June, with the intermission of a
few weeks only, before mentioned.

622 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

"That Governor Hamilton gave standing rewards for
scalps, but offered none for prisoners, which induced the
Indians, after making their captives carry their baggage
into the neighborhood of the fort, there to put them to
death and carry in their scalps to the governor, who
welcomed their return and success b}" a discharge of cannon.

"That when a prisoner, brought alive, and destined to
death by the Indians, the fire already kindled, and himself
bound to the stake, was dexterously withdrawn, and se-
creted from them by the humanity of a fellow-prisoner, a
large reward was offered for the discovery of the victim,
which having tempted a servant to betray his concealment,
the present prisoner, Dejean, being sent with a party of
soldiers, surrounded the house, took and threw into jail
the unhappy victim and his deliverer, where the former
soon expired under the perpetual assurances of Dejean
that he was again to be restored into the hands of the sav-
ages; and the latter, when enlarged, was bitterly repri-
manded by Governor Hamilton.

" It appears to them that the prisoner Dejean was on all
occasions the willing and cordial instrument of Governor
Hamilton, acting both as judge and keeper of the jails,
and instigating and urging him, by malicious insinuations
and untruths, to increase rather than relax his severities,
heightening the cruelty of his orders by his manner of ex-
ecuting them; offering at one time a reward to one man to
be hangman for another, threatening his life on refusal,
and taking from his prisoners the little property their op-
portunities enabled them to acquire.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 62$

" It appears that the prisoner, Lamothe, was a captain of
the volunteer scalping parties of Indians and whites, who
went from time to time under general orders to spare
neither men, women nor children. From this detail of
circumstances, which arose in a few cases only, coming ac-
cidentally to the knowledge of the board, they think them-
selves authorized by fair deduction to presume what would
be the horrid history of the sufferings of the many who have
expired under their miseries (which, therefore, will remain
forever untold), or who have escaped from them, and are
yet too remote and too much dispersed to bring together
their well-founded accusations against the prisoners.

"'They have seen that the conduct of the British officers,
civil and military, has in the whole course of this war been
savage and unprecedent among civilized nations; that our
officers taken by them have been confined in crowded
jails, loathsome dungeons and prison-ships, loaded with
irons, supplied often with no food, generally with too little
for the sustenance of nature, and that little sometimes un-
sound and unwholesome, whereby such numbers have
perished that captivity and death have with them been
almost synonymous; that they have been transported be-
vond seas, where their fate is out of the reach of our inquiry,
have been compelled to take arms against their country,
and by a refinement in crueltv, to become murderers of
their own brethren.

"Their prisoners with us have, on the other hand, been
treated with humanity and moderation; they have been
fed on all occasions, with wholesome and plentiful food,
suffered to go at large within extensive tracts of country,

624 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTEXANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

treated with liberal hospitality, permitted to live in the fam-
ilies of our citizens, to labor for themselves, to acquire and
enjoy profits, and finally to participate of the principal
benefits of society, privileged from all burdens.

"Reviewing this contrast, which can not be denied bv
our enemies themselves, in a single point, and which has
now been kept up during four years of unremitting war,
a term long enough to produce well-founded despair that
our moderation may ever lead them to the practice of hu-
manity; called on by that justice we owe to those who are
fighting the battles of our countiy, to deal out, at length,
miseries to their enemies, measure for measure, and to
distress the feelings of mankind by exhibiting to them spec-
tacles of severe retaliation, where we had long and vainly
endeavored to introduced an emulation in kindness; hap-
pily possessed, by the fortune of war, of some of those very
individuals who, having distinguished themselves person-
ally in this line of cruel conduct, are fit subjects to begin
on, with the work of retaliation — this board has resolved
to advise the governor, that the said Henry Hamilton,
Philip Dejean and William Lamothe, prisoners of war, be
put in irons, confined in the dungeons of the public jail.
debarred the use of pen, ink and paper, and excluded all
converse except with their keeper. And the governor or-
ders accordingly. Arch. Blair, C. C,"

This action in relation to Hamilton made quite a sensa-
tion, and, as was natural, the Americans generally com-
mended it, and the British condemned it. Letters of
remonstrance were forwarded to Governor Jefferson by the

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 625

British authorities, and to one of these he prepared the
following vigorous, but rather voluminous, reply from Will-
iamsburgh, July 22, 1779, to the governor of Quebec:*

"Your letter on the subject of Lieutenant-Governor
Hamilton's confinement came safely to hand. I shall, with
great cheerfulness, explain to you the reason on which the
advice of council was founded, since, after the satisfaction
of doing what is right, the greatest is that of having what
we do approved by those whose opinions deserve esteem.

"We think ourselves justified in Governor Hamilton's
strict confinement, on the general principle of national
retaliations. To state to you the particular facts of British
cruelty to American prisoners would be to give a melan-
choly history from the capture of Colonel Ethan Allen, at
the beginning of the war, to the present day, a history
which I will avoid, as equallv disagreeable to you and to
me.

"I, with pleasure, do you the justice to say that I believe
those facts to be very much unknown to vou, as Canada
has been the only scene of vour service in America, and in
that quarter we have reason to believe that Sir Guy Carle-
ton, and the other officers commanding there, have treated
our prisoners (since the instance of Colonel Allen) with
considerable lenity. What has been done in England, and
what in New York and Philadelphia, you are probablv
uninformed ; as it would hardly be made the subject of
epistolary correspondence.

* This is the address given in the Virginia State Papers. In the edition of
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, the ad-
dress is, "Sir Guv Carleton, Governor of Canada." Governor of Quebec is
probablv right. See Mr. Brvmner's letter near close of this chapter.

626 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

"I will only observe to you, sir, that the confinement
and treatment of our officers, soldiers and seamen have
been so vigorous and cruel as that a very great proportion
of the whole of those captured in the course of this war,
and carried to Philadelphia while in possession of the British
army, and to New York, have perished miserablv from
that cause only ; and that this fact is as well established with
us as any historical fact which has happened in the course of
the war. A gentleman of this commonwealth in public
office, and of known and established character, who was
taken on sea, carried to New York and exchanged, has
given us lately a particular information of the treatment of
our prisoners there.

li Officers taken by land, it seems, are permitted to go on
parole within certain limits on Long Island, till suggestions
shall be made to their prejudice by some Torv refugee, or
other equally worthless person, when thev are hurried to
the provost in New York, without inquiring 'whether
they be founded upon positive facts, be matter of hearsay,
or taken from the report of interested men." The example
of inquiring into the truth of charges of this nature accord-
ing to legal principles of evidence has surely not been set us
by our enemies. We inquired what these provosts were,
and were told they were the common miserable jails, built
for the confinement of malefactors. Officers and men taken

by sea were kept in prison ships infested with been

on by the crowd* from five to ten a day.

"When therefore we are desired to advert to the possible
consequences of treating prisoners with rigor, I need onlv

*Parts of" one line and all of another at bottom of the page lacking.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 627

ask when did these rigors begin? Not with us, assuredly.
I think you, sir, who have had as good opportunities as
any British officer of learning in what manner we treat
those whom the fortune of war has put into our hands,
can clear us from the charge of rigor, as far as your
knowledge or information has extended.

"I can assert that Governor Hamilton's is the first in-
stance which has occurred in my own country, and if there
has been another in any of the United States, it is unknown
to me. These instances must have been extremely rare, if
they have ever existed at all, or they could not have been
altogether unheard of by me. When a uniform exercise
of kindness to prisoners on our part has been returned by
as uniform severity on the part of our enemies, you must
excuse me for saying it is high time, by other lessons, to
teach respect to the dictates of humanity. In such a case
retaliation becomes an act of benevolence.

" But suppose, sir, we were willing still longer to decline
the drudgery of general retaliation, }*et Governor Hamil-
ton's conduct has been such as to call for exemplary pun-
ishment on him personally. In saying this I have not so
much in view his particular cruelties to our citizens, pris-
oners with him (which, though thev have been great, were
of necessity confined to a small scale), as the general nature
of the service he undertook at Detroit, and the extensive
exercise of cruelties which they involved.

"Those who act together in war are answerable to each
other. No distinction can be made between the principal
and ally by those against whom the war is waged. He
who employs another to do a deed makes the deed his own.

628 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

If he calls in the hand of the assassin or murderer, himself
becomes the assassin or murderer. The known rule of
warfare of the Indian savages is an indiscriminate butchery
of men, women and children. These savages under this
well-known character are employed by the British nation
as allies in the war against the Americans. Governor
Hamilton undertakes to be the conductor of the war. In
the execution of that undertaking, he associates small par-
ties of whites under his immediate command with large
parties of the savages, and sends them to act, sometimes
jointly and sometimes separately, not against our fort or
armies in the field, but the farming settlements on our
frontiers. Governor Hamilton then is himself the butcher
of men, women and children. I will not sav to what
length the fair rules of war would extend the right of pun-
ishment against him; but I am sure that confinement under
its strictest circumstances, as a retaliation for Indian devas-
tation and massacre, must be deemed lenitv.

"I apprehend you had not sufficientlv adverted to the
expression in the advice of the council, when you sup-
pose the proclamation there alluded to to be the one ad-
dressed to the inhabitants of the Illinois, afterwards printed

in the public papers and to be confirmed to contain

denunciations * proclamation there alluded

to, contained nothing more than an invitation to our officers
and soldiers to join the British arms against those whom
he is pleased to call rebels and traitors. In order to intro-
duce these among our people were put into the hands
of the Indians ; and in every house where they murdered or

*T\vo lines at bottom of page gone.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 629

carried away the family they left one of these procla-
mations. Some of them were found sticking in the breasts
of the persons murdered; one, under the hand and seal of
Governor Hamilton, came to our hands. The Indians
being the bearer of the proclamations under the hand and
seal of Governor Hamilton ( no matter what was the sub-
ject of them), there can be no doubt the)' were acting under
his direction, and, as including this proof, the fact was cited
in the advice of the council. But if you will be so good as
to recur to the address of the Illinois, which you refer to,
you will find that though it does not in express terms
threaten vengeance, blood and massacre, yet it proves that
the governor had made for us the most ample provision of
all these calamities.

"He there o-ives in detail the horrid catalogue of savage
nations, extending from south to north, whom he had
leagued with himself to wage combined war on our fron-
tiers • and it is well known that that war would of course
be made up of blood and general massacre of men, women
and children. Other papers of Governor Hamilton have
come to our hands, containing instructions to officers going
out with scalping parties, of Indians and whites, and prov-
ing that that kind of war was waged under his express
orders. Further proof in abundance might be added, but
I suppose the fact too notorious to need them.

" Your letter seems to admit an inference that, what-
ever may have been the general conduct of our enemies
towards their prisoners, or whatever the personal conduct
of Governor Hamilton, yet, as a prisoner by capitulation,
you consider him as privileged from strict confinement. I

63O CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

do not pretend to an intimate knowledge of this subject.
My idea is that the term ' prisoners of war' is a generic
one, the specification of which is, first, prisoners at discre-
tion; and, second, prisoners on convention of capitulation.
Thus, in the debate in the House of Commons of the 27th
November last, on the address, the minister speaking of
General Burgoyne (and in his presence) savs he is a
'prisoner,' and General Burgoyne calls himself a 'prisoner
under the terms of the convention of Saratoga,' intimating
that, though a prisoner, he was a prisoner of particular
species entitled to certain terms. The treatment of the first
class ought to be such as to be approved by the usage of
polished nations; gentle and humane, unless a contrary
conduct in an enemy or individual render a strict treat-
ment necessary. The prisoners of the second class have
nothing to exempt them from a like treatment with those
of the first, except so far as they shall have been able to
make better terms by articles of capitulation. So far then
as these shall have provided for an exemption from strict
treatment, so prisoners on capitulation have a right to be
distinguished from those at discretion. I do not propose

* history furnishes, where certain causes antecedent

thereto, though such instances might be produced from
English history too, and in one case when the king himself
commanded in person. Marshal Boutiers, after the taking
of the Castle of Namur, was arrested and detained a prisoner
of war, by King William, though by an article in the
capitulation it was stipulated that the officers and soldiers
of the garrison in general, and Marshal Boutiers, b^-
^Soine words at bottom of page gone.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 63 1

name, should be at liberty. However, we waive reasoning
on this head, because no article in the capitulation of Gov-
ernor Hamilton is violated by his confinement.

11 Perhaps not having seen the capitulation, vou were led
to suppose it a thing of course that, being able to obtain
terms of surrender, they would first provide for their own
treatment. I enclose you a copy of the capitulation, by
which you will see that the second article declares them
prisoners of war, and nothing is said as to the treat-
ment they were to be entitled to. When Governor Ham-
ilton signs indeed, he adds a flourish, containing the mo-
tives inducing him to capitulate, one of which was con-
fidence in a generous enemy. He should have reflected
that generosity on a large scale would take side against
him. However these were only his private motives and
did not enter into the contract with Colonel Clark.

"Being prisoners of war then, with only such privileges
as their capitulation had provided, and that having pro-
vided nothing on the subject of their treatment, they are
liable to be treated as other prisoners. We have not ex-
tended our order as we might justifiably have done to the
whole of this corps. Governor Hamilton and Captain
Lamothe alone, as leading offenders, are in confinement.
The other officers and men are treated as if they had been
taken in justifiable war; the officers being at large on their
parole, and the men also having their liberty to a certain
extent.

" Dejeanwas not included in the capitulation, being taken
eight days after on the Wabash, 150 miles from St. Vin-
cennes.

632 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

" I hope, sir, that being made more fully acquainted with
the facts on which the advice of council was grounded,
and exercising your own good sense in cool and candid
deliberation on these facts, and the consequences deducted
from them according to the usage and sentiments of civil-
ized nations, you will see the transaction in a very different
light from that in which it appeared at the time of writing
your letter, and ascribe the advice of the council, not to
want of attention to the sacred nature of public conven-
tions, of which I hope we shall never in any circumstances
lose sight, but to a desire of stopping the effusion of ye unof-
fending blood of women and children, and the unjustifi-
able severities exercised on our captive officers and soldiers
in general by proper severities on our part."*

It will be observed that Hamilton and the other British
prisoners, now in " durance vile," had been captured by
Virginia troops, and were being held as prisoners of
that state, under the order of the governor and council.
The relations between the states and the general government
were then chaotic, and in transition, but as the right to so
treat these prisoners was vigorously denied by the British
authorities, in letters of remonstrance to the governor and
otherwise, Governor Jefferson, not being at all familiar
with the technicalities of military affairs, communicated all
the facts to General Washington, the commander-in-chief
of the Continental Army,, for the purpose of advising him
of the situation and eliciting his views, intending to conform

*Virgina State Papers, Vol. 1, pp. 321, 322, ^2^, 324. Writings of Thomas
Jefferson, Vol. 2, pp. 248 to 256, inclusive : Putnam & Sons, 1S93.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 633

his action with whatever advice might be given. The fol-
lowing is the letter, dated Williamsburg, July 17, 1779:

"I, some time ago, enclosed to you a printed copy of
an order of council, by which Governor Hamilton was to
be confined in irons, in close jail, which has occasioned a
letter from General Phillips, of which the enclosed is a copy.

"The general seems to think that a prisoner on capitu-
lation can not be put in close confinement, though his
capitulation should not have provided against it.

"My idea was, that all persons taken in war were to be
deemed prisoners of war. That those who surrender on
capitulation (or convention) are prisoners of war also,
subject to the same treatment with those who surrendered
at discretion, except only so far as the terms of their capitu-
lation or convention shall have guarded them.

"In the capitulation of Governor Hamilton (a copy of
which I enclose) , no stipulation is made as to the treatment
of himself, or those taken with him. The governor, indeed,
when he signs, adds a flourish of reasons inducing him to
capitulate, one of which is the generosity of his enemy.

" Generosity, on a large and comprehensive scale, seemed
to dictate the making a signal example of this gentleman ;
but waiving that, these are only the private motives induc-
ing him to surrender, and do not enter into the contract of
Colonel Clark. I have the highest idea of those contracts
which take place between nation and nation, at war, and
would be the last on earth to do anything in violation of
them.

" I can find nothing in those books usually recurred to
as testimonials of the law and usages of nature and nations,

634 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

which convicts the opinions I have above expressed of
error. Yet there may be such an usage as General Phillips
seems to suppose, though not taken notice of by these
writers.

tkI am obliged to trouble vour excellencv on this occa-
sion, by asking of you information on this point. There
is no other person whose decision will so authoritativelv
decide this doubt in the public mind, and none with which
I am disposed so implicitly to comply. If vou shall be of
opinion that the bare existence of a capitulation, in the case
of Governor Hamilton, privileges him from confinement,
though there be no article to that effect in the capitulation,
justice shall most assuredly be done him.

""The importance of this point, in a public view, and my
own anxiety under a charge of violation of national faith
by the executive of this commonwealth, will, I hope,
apologize for my adding this to the many troubles with
which I know you to be burdened."*

On the 6th of August, 1779, General Washington, then
at West Point, answered Governor Jefferson's letter, saving:

"I have been honored with your letter of the 17th of
July, upon the case of Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton.
This subject, on more mature consideration, appears to be
involved in greater difficulty than I apprehended. When
I first received the proceedings of the council upon it, trans-
mitted in your excellency's letter of the 19th of June, I had
no doubt of the propriety of the treatment decreed against
Mr. Hamilton, as being founded in principles of a just re-

* Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. i. p. ;:q (Published by Taylor &
Maury, 1S53, and referred to hereafter for brevity as Jefferson's Works).

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 635

taliation. But, upon examining the matter more minutely,
and consulting with several intelligent general officers,
it seems to be their opinion, that Mr. Hamilton could not,
according to the usage of war, after his capitulation even
in the manner it was made, be subjected to any uncommon
severity under that idea, and that the capitulation placed
him under a different footing from that of a mere prisoner
at discretion.

"Whether it may be expedient to continue him in his
present confinement from motives of policy, and to satisfy
our people, is a question I can not determine ; but if it should
be, I would take the liberty to suggest, that it may be
proper to publish all the cruelties he has committed or
abetted, in a particular manner, and the evidence in sup-
port of the charges, that the world, holding his conduct in
abhorrence, may feel and approve the justice of his fate.
Indeed, whatever may be the line of conduct towards him,
this may be advisable.

" If, from the considerations I have mentioned, the rigor
of his treatment is mitigated, yet he can not claim of right
upon any ground the extensive indulgence which General
Phillips seems to expect for him • and I should not hesitate
to withhold from him a thousand privileges I might allow
to common prisoners. He certainly merits a discrimina-
tion; and although the practice of war may not justify all
the measures that have been taken against him, he may
unquestionably, without an)- breach of public faith or the
least shadow of imputation, be confined to a room. His
safe custody will be an object of great importance."1 *

*Writings of Washington (Sparks), Vol. 6, p. 315.
41

636 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

It will.be seen from this letter that although General
Washington at first considered the rigorous treatment of
Hamilton entirely proper, and "founded on a just retalia-
tion," he finally came to the conclusion "that the capitula-
tion (as a prisoner of war) placed Hamilton under a
different footing from that of a mere prisoner at discretion.*'
The general could not determine, however, whether it
would be expedient to continue Hamilton's present con-
finement as a matter of policy and to satisfy the wishes of
the Americans, but appears to have thought he deserved
much of the punishment he was receiving, and that "a thou-
sand privileges " which might properly be allowed common
prisoners should be withheld from him. Hamilton's safe
custody was a matter of great importance and he should,
at least, " be confined to a room."

The letter, as a whole, seemed to advise some relaxation
in the severity of the treatment Hamilton had been receiv-
ing, and to this suggestion Governor Jefferson and his
council conformed. The latter took the following action
on the 29th of September:

" The board having been, at no time, unmindful of the
circumstances attending the confinement of Lieutenant-
Governor Hamilton, Captain Lamothe and Philip Dejean,
which the personal cruelties of those men, as well as the
general conduct of the enemy, had constrained them to
advise; wishing and willing to expect that their sufferings
may lead them to the practice of humanity, should any future
turn of fortune in their favor submit to their discretion the
fate of their fellow-creatures; that it may prove an admon-
ition to others, meditating like cruelties, not to rely for i m-

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 6yt

punity in any circumstances of distance or present security,
and that it may induce an enemy to reflect what must be
the painful consequences should a continuation of the same
conduct on their part impel us again to severities, while
such multiplied subjects of retaliation are within our power;
sensible that no impression can be made on the event of
the war, by wreaking vengeance on miserable captives:
that the great cause which has animated the two nations
against each other is not to be decided by unmanly cruel-
ties on wretches who have bowed their necks to the power
of the victor, and by the exercise of honorable valor in
the field, earnestly hoping that the enemy, viewing the
subject in the same light, will be content to abide the event
of that mode of decision, and spare us the pain of a sec-
ond departure from kindness to our captives; confident
that commiseration to our prisoners is the only possible
motive to which can be candidly ascribed in the present
actual circumstances of the war the advice we are now
about to give — the board does advise the governor to send
Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, Captain Lamothe and
Philip Dejean to Hanover Court-House, there to remain at
large, within certain reasonable limits, taking the parole in
the usual manner. The governor orders accordingly.
Ordered that Major John Hay be sent also, under parole,
to the same place.'"'

Governor Jefferson enclosed these orders of council to
General Washington, on the ist of October, and at the
same time answered the general's previous letter as follows:

"On receipt of your letter of August 6th, during my
absence, the council had the irons taken off the prisoners

638 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

of war. When your ^dvice was asked, we meant it should
decide with us ; and, upon my return to Williamsburg, the
matter was taken up and the enclosed advice given. A
parole was formed, of which the enclosed is a copv, and
tendered to the prisoners. Thev objected to that part of it
which restrained them from saying anything to the prejudice
of the United States, and insisted on 'freedom of speech.'
They were, in consequence, remanded to their confinement
in the jail, which must be considered as a voluntary one, until
they can determine with themselves to be inoffensive, in
word as well as deed. A flag sails hence to-morrow to
New York, to negotiate the exchange of some prisoners.
By her, I have written to General Phillips on this subject,
and enclosed to him copies of the within; intending it as an
answer to a letter I received from him on the subject of
Governor Hamilton. ,,'H'

On the next day Governor Jefferson again wrote Gen-
eral Washington, saying:

"Just as the letter accompanying this was going off.
Colonel Mathews arrived on parole from New York, by
the way of headquarters, bringing your excellency's letter
on this subject, with that of the British commissary of
prisoners. The subject is of great importance, and I must,
therefore, reserve myself to answer after further considera-
tion.

"Were I to speak from present impressions, I should
say it was happy for Governor Hamilton that a final deter-
mination of his fate was formed before this new informa-
tion. As the enemy have released Captain Willing from

*JefYerson's Works, Vol. 1, p. 230.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 639

his irons, the executive of this state will be induced, per-
haps, not to alter their former opinion. But it is impossible
that the}" can be serious in attempting to bull}' us in this
manner. We have too many of their subjects in our power,
and too much iron to clothe them with, and I will add, too
much resolution to avail ourselves of both, to fear their pre-
tended retaliation. However, I will do mvself the honor
of forwarding to your excellency the ultimate result of the
council on this subject.

"In consequence of the information in the letter from
the British commissary of prisoners, that no officers of the
Virginia line should be exchanged till Governor Hamilton's
affair should be settled, we have stopped our flag, which
was just hoisting anchor with a load of privates for New
York. I must therefore ask the favor of your excellency
to forward the enclosed by flag, when an opportunity offers,
as I suppose General Phillips will be in New York before
it reaches you."*

On the 8th of the same month Governor Jefferson wrote
still another letter to General Washington:

" In mine of the second of the present month, written in
the instant of Colonel Mathews1 delivery of your letter, I
informed you what had been done on the subject of
Governor Hamilton and his companions, previous to that
moment.

" I now enclose you an advice of council, in consequence
of the letter you were pleased to enclose me, from the
British commissary of prisoners, with one from Lord

*Jefferson's Works, Vol. 1, p. 231.

64O CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

Rawdon; also a copy of my letter to Colonel Mathews, en-
closing, also, the papers therein named.

" The advice of council to allow the enlargement of
prisoners, on their giving a proper parole, has not been
recalled, nor will be, I suppose, unless something on the
part of the enemy should render it necessarv. I rather
expect, however, that they will see it their interest to
discontinue this kind of conduct. I am afraid I shall here-
after, perhaps, be obliged to give your excellence some
trouble in aiding me to obtain information of the future
usage of our prisoners.

"I shall give immediate orders for having in readiness
every engine which the enemy has contrived for the de-
struction of our unhappy citizens, captured by them. The
presentiment of these operations is shocking be}Tond expres-
sion. I pray Heaven to avert them; but nothing in this
world will do it but a proper conduct in the enemy. In
every event, I shall resign myself to the hard necessity
under which I shall act/''35'

The following is the enclosure referred to in the fore-
going letter :

"In Council, October S, 1779.
"The governor is advised to take proper and effectual
measures for knowing, from time to time, the situation and
treatment of our prisoners by the enemy, and to extend to
theirs, with us, a like treatment, in every circumstance :
and, also, to order to a proper station the prison ship
fitted up on recommendation from Congress, for the recep-

■"Jefferson's Works, Vol. i, p. 232.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 64!

tion and confinement of such prisoners of war as shall be
sent to it."

About this time Captain Lamothe and Mr. Dejean, two
of the imprisoned British officers, accepted the parole,
which the)' had at first rejected, probably under the influ-
ence of Hamilton. The latter continued for a long- time
to reject all paroles offered him, apparently without any
very well founded reason. He was, therefore, continued
in close confinement, with Hay and four others who pur-
sued a similar course.

Washington wrote, from his headquarters at West Point,
on the 23d of November, to Jefferson, fullv approving this
action. He said: "The measure of the council in remand-
ing Governor Hamilton and his companions back to con-
finement on their refusing to sign the parole to them, is
perfectly agreeable to the practice of the enemy. The
particular part objected to, I have always understood, enters
into the paroles given by our officers. In regard to your
letter of the 8th, I would hope, with your excellency, that
there will be no necessity for a competition in cruelties with
the enemy. Indeed, it is but justice to observe that of late,
or rather since Sir Henry Clinton has had the command,
the treatment of our prisoners has been more within the
line of humanity, and in general verv different from that
which they experienced under his predecessors. I shall
not fail, however, as a matter of duty, to pa}' proper atten-
tion to such deviations from this conduct as ma}' appear
the result of mere wantonness or cruelty, and have not been
incurred by the irregularities of our prisoners.'1*

^Writings of Washington (Sparks), Vol. 6, p. 407.

6zt2 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

The extreme anxiety which the British authorities man-
ifested for the welfare of Hamilton, and their great desire
to secure his liberty, soon attracted the attention of Ameri-
can prisoners of like rank, and inspired them with hope
that it might lead to their own release by exchange.
Friends of American prisoners, as well as the prisoners
themselves, interceded with Washington and Jefferson to
that end. To an application of that character by "Colonel
Dubuysson, a French officer in the family of Baron De
Kalb," General Washington wrote in replv that kk the state
of Virginia, sensible of the dangerous influence which
Governor Hamilton holds over the Indians, have absolutelv
refused to exchange him on any terms, for the present at
least, and, as I have never deviated from a rule, which I
laid down at the beginning of the war, of exchanging of-
ficers in course, according to the time of their captivity, I
can not, without manifest injury to several gentlemen of
your rank, who have been prisoners for more than three
years, propose your exchange in preference to theirs. I
am glad to find that you seem to be aware of this difficulty
in your letter from Philadelphia. " *

Some time before this Governor Jefferson wrote a letter
to Mrs. Byrd, a member of a well-known Virginia family,
who had apparently written him favoring an exchange of
Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton for Colonel Mathews, in
which he said: "I think he (Hamilton) will not be ex-
changed on an)- terms during the war.'" The following is
a fac-simile of this letter, the original of which is now in
the author's possession:

*Writings of Washington (Sparks), Vol. 7. p. ^40.

4.>l

■^

^,N

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 647

The Colonel Mathews here alluded to is, presumably, the
same referred to in a letter written by General Sullivan in
relation to the battle of Germantown, in which he says:

"A regiment commanded by Colonel Mathews advanced
with rapidity near the town; but not being supported by
some other regiments, who were stopped by a breast-work
near Lucams Mills, the brave colonel, after having per-
formed great feats of braver)-, and being dangerously
wounded in several places, was obliged with about a hun-
dred of his men to surrender." *

Governor Jefferson addressed an important letter to
Colonel Mathews, October 8, 1779, in which he said:

"The proceedings respecting Governor Hamilton and
his companions, previous to your arrival here, you are
acquainted with. For your more precise information, I en-
close you the advice of council of June 16th, of that of
August the 28th, another of September the 19th, on the
parole tendered them the 1st instant, and Governor Hamil-
ton's letter the same day, stating his objections, in which he
persevered; from that time his confinement has become a
voluntary one. You delivered us your letters the next
day, when the post being just setting out, much business
prevented the council from taking them into consideration.
They have this day attended to them, and found their res-
olution expressed in the enclosed advice, bearing date this
day.

"It gives us great pain that any of our countrymen
should be cut off from the society of their friends and ten-
derest connections, while it seems as if it was in our power

*Writings of Washington (Sparks), Vol. 5, p. 463.

648 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

to administer relief. But we trust to their good sense for
discerning, and their spirit for bearing up against, the fal-
lacy of this appearance.

"Governor Hamilton and his companions were impris-
oned and ironed. 1st. In retaliation for cruel treatment of
our captive citizens by the enemy in general. 2d. For the
barbarous species of warfare which himself and his savage
allies carried on in our western frontier. 3d. For particular
acts of barbarity, of which he himself was personally guiltv,
to some of our citizens in his power. An}- one of their
charges was sufficient to justify the measures we took.

"Of the truth of the first, yourselves are witnesses.
Your situation, indeed, seems to have been better since vou
were sent to New York ; but reflect on what vou suffered
before that, and knew others of your countrymen to suffer,
and what you know is now suffered by that more unhappy
part of them who are still confined on board of the prison
ships of the enemy.

" Proofs of the second charge we have under Hamilton's
own hand ; and of the third, as sacred assurances as human
testimony is capable of giving. Humane conduct on our
part was found to produce no effect; the contrary, there-
fore, was to be tried. If it produces a proper lenity to our
citizens in captivity, it will have the effect we meant ; if it
does not, we shall return a severity as terrible as universal.
If the causes of our rigor against Hamilton were founded
in truth, that rigor was just, and would not give right to
the enemy to commence any new hostilities on their part :
and all such new severities are to be considered, not as
retaliation, but as original and unprovoked. If those

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 649

causes were not founded in truth, they should have denied
them.

" If, declining the tribunal of truth and reason, they
choose to pervert this into a contest of cruelty and destruc-
tion, we will contend with them in that line, and measure
out misery to those in our power in that multiplied pro-
portion which the advantage of superior numbers enables
us to do. We shall think it our particular duty, after the
information we gather from the papers which have been
laid before us, to pay very constant attention to your situ-
ation and that of your fellow-prisoners.

"We hope that the prudence of the enemy will be your
protection from injury ; and we are assured that your regard
for the honor of your country would not permit you to
wish we should suffer ourselves to be bullied into an ac-
quiescence, under every insult and cruelty they may choose
to practice, and a fear to retaliate, least you should be made
to experience additional sufferings. Their officers and
soldiers, in our hands, are pledged for your safety; we are
determined to use them as such. Iron will be retaliated
by iron, but a great multiplication on distinguished sub-
jects; prison ships for prison ships, and like for like, in
general.

11 I do not mean by this to cover any officer who has
acted or shall act improperly. They say Captain Willing
was guilty of great cruelties at the Natchez; if so, they do
right in punishing him. I would use any powers I have,
for the punishment of any officer of our own who should
be guilty of excesses unjustifiable under the usages of civ-
ilized nations. However, I do not find myself obliged to

650 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

believe the charge against Captain Willing to be true, on
the affirmation of the British commissary, because in
the next breath he claims no cruelties have as vet been
inflicted on him. Captain Willing has been in irons.

" I beg you to be assured, there is nothing, consistent
with the honor of your country, which we shall not at all
times be ready to do for the relief of yourself and com-
panions in captivity. We know that ardent spirit and
hatred for tyranny, which brought you into your present
situation, will enable you to bear up against it with the
firmness which has distinguished you as a soldier, and to
look forward with pleasure to the day when events shall
take place against which the wounded spirits of vour ene-
mies will find no comfort, even from reflections on the
most refined of the cruelties with which they have glutted
themselves." *

On the 9th of October, 1779, the British soldiers were
transferred from the jail to the barrack, and were allowed
to cut wood both for themselves and the officers in the
prison when cold weather arrived. " Even the American
soldiers on guard," says Hamilton's narrative, "though
miserably bare of clothing themselves, used to spare a part
of their own fuel for the dressing of our victuals." On
Christmas day the British soldiers were marched awav
to King William county. "The weather at this time be-
came so intensely cold that we could not rise from the floor,
but continued day and night in our blankets. The scurvy
began to make its appearance and our legs to swell. The
jailer then concluded we could not survive the severity of

*Jefferson's Works, Vol. i. p. 233.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 65 1

the cold in our present situation, took us to an upper room
in the jail where prisoners had formerly been kept. This,
though it had no windows, but an open grate, was more
tolerable than the dungeon: we could lio-ht a fire in the
chimney and by sacrificing part of our blankets to stop the
grated window and stuff the cracks in the ceiling we made
a shift to endure in the daytime; at night we were remanded
to our dungeon.

"April 1 8th, 1780, Lieutenant Schieffelin made his escape
in company with Monsieur De Rochblave and after great
risks and difficulties got to New York.

"June 1st, Mr. Maisonville destroyed himself.

"August 1st, we were marched from Williamsburg.
Major Ha}^and I sent to the jail at Chesterfield. The sur-
geon and Mr. Bellefeuille to King William Court-House. "

He states that while "at Chesterfield, our confinement
was rendered very tolerable, and several of the military
and others who were convinced of the injustice and illiber-
ally of our treatment, showed by their behavior what
opinion they had of the executive power. In this jail,
Major Hay and I had a very severe, though short, attack of
fever, which was pretty generally felt through the country.
We were well attended. We had liberty to walk about in
the neighborhood of the jail."

He had persistently refused all paroles offered, until in

the fall of 1780, when word was sent him by the British

authorities that he was not likely to be exchanged at all,

unless he accepted the parole. This caused him to accept,

and he signed substantially the same parole which had at

all times been open to him for a year. To some readers
42

652 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

it may look as if from some personal motive of his own he
preferred imprisonment during that period to being re-
leased, as he could have secured his liberty when the parole
was first offered him, on substantially the same terms he
now secured it, but it is more likely he was brought to ac-
cept it by the advice of friends, the irksomeness of long
confinement, and the probability of facilitating an ex-
change. Here is the parole as given by him, and his ac-
count of how he came to sign it:

" On the 23d, Lieutenant-Colonel Towles who had been
a long-time prisoner to the English on Long Island, arrived
at Chesterfield. He had had hopes of procuring an ex-
change, and got permission to come to Virginia to effect it, if
practicable. He brought me letters from my friends at
York, which gave me to understand that, unless I accepted
the parole, there was little probabilitv of my procuring an
exchange. Having therefore written to Brigadier (Alex-
ander) Hamilton to request the continuance of his kindness
to the prisoners now removed to Frederic Town, I, with
Major Hay, accepted the parole, following:

"Lieutenant-Governor Henry Hamilton Parole.

"October 10, 17S0.
"I, Henry Hamilton, lieutenant-governor and superin-
tendent of Detroit, do hereby acknowledge myself a pris-
oner of war to the commonwealth of Virginia, and having
permission from His Excellency Thomas Jefferson, gover-
nor of the said commonwealth, to go to New York, do
pledge my faith and most sacredlv promise upon my parole
of honor, that I will not do, saw write or cause to be done,
said or written, directly or indirectly, in any respect what-

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 653

soever, anything to the prejudice of the United States of
America, or any of them, until I shall be enlarged from my
captivity by exchange, or otherwise, with the consent of
the said governor of Virginia, or his successors, and that I
will return, when required by the said governor or his suc-
cessors, to such place within the commonwealth as he shall
point out, and deliver myself up again to him or the person
acting for or under him.

"In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand
and seal, at Chesterfield, this ioth day of October, 17S0.

"Henry Hamilton, [l. s.]'

It must be admitted that there was a sudden change
about this time in the position of Governor Jefferson as to
holding Hamilton as a prisoner until the close of the war.
It will be seen that he still held that position on the 26th
of September, 1780, when he wrote as follows to General
Washington:

"I was honored yesterday with your favor of the 5th
instant, on the subject of prisoners, and particularly Lieu-
tenant-Governor Hamilton. You are not unapprised of
the influence of this officer with the Indians; his activity
and embittered zeal against us. You also, perhaps, know
how precarious is our tenure of the Illinois country, and
how critical is the situation of the new countries on the
Ohio.

"These circumstances determined us to detain Governor
Hamilton and Major Hay within our power, when we de-
livered up the other prisoners. On a late representation
from the people of Kentucky, by a person sent here from
that country, and expressions of what they had reason to

654 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

apprehend from these two prisoners, in the event of their
liberation, we assured them they would not be parted with,
though we were giving up our other prisoners.

" Lieutenant-Colonel Dubuysson,aid to Baron De Kalb,
lately came here on his parole, with an offer from Lord
Rawdon, to exchange him for Hamilton. Colonel Towles
is now here with a like proposition for himself, from Gen-
eral Phillips, very strongly urged bv the general.

" These, and other overtures, do not lessen the opinion
of the importance of retaining him; and thev have been,
and will be, uniformly rejected. Should the settlement,
indeed, of a cartel become impracticable without the con-
sent of the states to submit their separate prisoners to its
obligation, we will-give up these two prisoners, as we
would anything, rather than be an obstacle to a general
good. But no other circumstance would, I believe, extract
them from us.

"These two gentlemen, with a Lieutenant-Colonel Elli-
good, are the only separate prisoners we have retained,
and the last only on his own request, and not because we
set any store by him.

" There is, indeed, a Lieutenant-Governor Rochblave,
of Kaskaskia, who has broken his parole, and gone to
New York, whom we must shortly trouble your excellency
to demand for us as soon as we can forward to you the
proper documents.

"Since the forty prisoners sent to Winchester, as men-
tioned in my letter of the 9th ultimo, about one hundred
and rift}7 more have been sent thither, some of them taken
by us at sea, others sent on by General Gates.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 655

" The exposed and weak state of our western settle-
ments, and the danger to which they are subject from the
northern Indians, acting under the influence of the Brit-
ish post at Detroit, render it necessary for us to keep from
five to eight hundred men on duty, for their defense. This
is a great and perpetual expense. Could that post be re-
duced and retained, it would cover all the states to the
southeast of it."

Within a month from the time this was written there
seems to have been a change on both sides. Hamilton
had signed the parole he so long refused, and the gov-
ernor had consented that he might go to New York on
parole and join his British comrades. This is the permis-
sion given him by the governor:

"The within mentioned Henry Hamilton, having signed
a parole of which this is a copy, has permission to go to
New York and to remain within such parts of that state as
are in possession of the armies of his Britannic majesty,
until he shall be exchanged, or otherwise liberated with
consent of the governor of Virginia for the time being, or
until he shall be recalled by him.

" Given under my hand and seal of the commonwealth
of Virginia, at Richmond, date within written.

"Th. Jefferson, [l. s.] "

The following is the explanation made , f the matter in
a note Governor Jefferson sent General Washington from
Richmond on the 25th of October:

" I take the liberty of enclosing to you letters from Gov-
ernor Hamilton, for New York. On some representations
received by Colonel Towles, that an indulgence to Gov-

656 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

ernor Hamilton and his companies to go to New York, on
parole, would produce the happiest effect on the situation
of our officers in Long Island, we have given him, Major
Hay, and some of the same party at Winchester, leave to
go there on parole. The two former go by water the lat-
ter by land."*

Washington promptly replied from " Headquarters Pas-
saic Falls," the eighth of the next month, saying: "' I am
glad to hear that you have permitted Governor Hamilton
and Major Hay to go to New York ; while thev remain
there upon parole, they will be less capable of concerting
mischief than in Virginia, and it will deprive the enemy
of a pretext for complaining that they are treated with
rigor."*j*

Released from a dungeon, and all the hardships and
annoyances of being a prisoner in the immediate charge of
his enemies, and clothed with the authority of the governor
to join his comrades in New York, it would seem that
Hamilton ought now to have been out of trouble. But,
according to his account, there was no happiness for him
as long as he remained in this country. " Having accepted
this parole," says he, "we hastened to Williamsburg, on our
way to Hampton, and there were stopped by the lieuten-
ant-governor, who, as General Leslie had just arrived,
thought it not advisable to let us pass, and gave orders for
our being escorted back to Richmond. This treatment I
resented, telling them they might march me back a pris-

*Jefferson's Works, Vol. 1, p. 267.

"■Writings of Washington (Sparks). Vol. 7, p. 291.

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA.

►57

oner, but that this was a step they might judge imprudent
in the present juncture.

"They seemed to think so, for we had liberty to pro-
ceed. As soon as I had given certificates, recommending
to General Leslie such of the inhabitants as had shown an
attachment to government, or had been kind to us in
our distress, we proceeded to York, where some turbulent
people were reminded to set a guard over us and stop our
progress. At length we got to Hampton. This short
journey cost us one thousand pounds, such wras the de-
preciated state of the paper money at that time.

"At Hampton the people were civil to us; furnished us
with a canoe, which to our inexpressible satisfaction put us
on board of His Majesty's sloop Delight, Captain Inglis,
who by his kind reception of us presently recruited our
lowered spirits. We next went to wait on Captain Gray-
ton, commander of the squadron.

"The cartel vessel, which was to have conveyed us from
Hampton to New York, had been taken and the master's
certificate not appearing genuine, he with the vessel were
detained.

' ' I laving paid our respects to General Leslie , who received
us with the greatest politeness, we returned to the Romulus,
Captain Grayton's ship. The cartel master was suffered
to go to Hampton to prepare for his voyage. The stores
which General Leslie and Captain Grayton had most liber-
ally supplied us, were plundered by the Americans on
shore, for we did not choose to risk ourselves out of a
king's ship. At length we set off from the Romulus in
our cartel, a little miserable sloop of thirty-six feet keel,

658 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

for a passage in which we were obliged to pav four hundred
hard dollars. A violent gale of wind obliged us to anchor
off Smith's Islands, where we were very near perishing; our
crew was three hours at work to get the anchor out of the
ground; at last we got in home, leaving one fluke behind,
and to our no small mortification were obliged to put back
to Hampton.

"Here we were on the point of being detained by order
of General Wilson, who had assembled some militia, but
our skipper being desirous to get away, and having
got another anchor, we once more set sail for New York.
A very severe gale of wind took us near the capes of Dela-
ware, when our skipper, not having a log line on board,
laid the vessel to, and we had reason in the morning to
admire our good fortune, for the wind was right on shore,
and it was twelve at night when we la)' to, judging bv the
sun that we were opposite Delaware Bay, as it proved, for
we had driven seven leagues up the bay from the time of
laying to.'',

But the disagreeable journey came to an end at last;
the party landing in New York, as Hamilton, says, "very
squalid spectacles, not having had any sleep for three days
and nights, our clothes ragged, shoes broken, and so altered
in face and figure that our acquaintances could scarcely
recollect us."

Consolation, however, speedilv came from Sir Henrv
Clinton, General Phillips and Lord Rawdon, and finally
an exchange was secured for Hamilton, and he was, at last,
entirely free; but this did not take place until the 4th of
March, 1781. He sailed for England on the 27th of May,

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 659

of that year, but did not arrive there until the 21st of the
next month.

He established himself in St. Jermyns street, London, at
which place, on the 6th of July, he dates his account and
attempted justification of his far-reaching defeat. He hopes
"to be more pitied than blamed," and attributes his over-
throw largely to the treachery of the Canadians, Creoles and
French, and admits that "the difficulties and danger of
Colonel Clark's march from Illinois were such as required
great courage to encounter, and great perseverance to over-
come. In trusting to traitors he was more fortunate than
myself; whether on the whole he was entitled to success is
not for me to determine."

And so ended the long captivity of Lieutenant-Governor
Henry Hamilton and his active connection with the affairs
of the American Revolution. Whatever diverging views
may be taken on the different sides of the Atlantic of his
remarkable career on American soil, patriotic citizens of
the United States must ever rejoice that Clark evidenced
the better and more successful generalship, and forced him
to a complete and full surrender of the vast territory now
so important a part of the American union of states; and
however objectionable he may have been to Americans,
and whatever animosities were naturally and justly aroused
against him because of his course in using the savages
against the unprotected settlements of the frontiers, it can
not be denied that he was at least ever true and loyal to his
king and country.

The author tried in every direction to procure his portrait
for this volume but was not successful in finding: it. Know-

660 CAPTIVITY OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR HAMILTON

ingthe thorough information of Mr. Douglas Brymner, the
custodian of the Canadian archives, upon such subjects,
a letter was addressed to him inquiring as to the existence
of any portrait of Governor Hamilton, and as to his his-
tory after his return to Canada. Mr. Brymner promptly
replied: " I do not know of any portrait of Henry Ham-
ilton. He was lieutenant-governor of Quebec (Canada
was then the province of Quebec) from the 14th Novem-
ber, 1784, till the end of 1785, having only the civil author-
ity, the civil and military having been separated in the
retirement of his predecessor, General Haldimand. On the
13th August, 1785, the secretary of state notified Hamil-
ton that the king had no further need of his services.
On the 20th, Hope was informed that he was to succeed.
Hope's first letter as lieutenant-governor is dated 12th
October, 1785. Hamilton became lieutenant-governor of
Bermuda on the 16th September, 1788, and governor
on the nth January, 1790; he was afterward appointed
governor of Dominica, the date of his appointment being
the 23d of April, 1794. ' Henry Hamilton, Esq., to be
captain-general and governor-in-chief of the Island of
Dominica, vice Orde.' He assumed the duties on the 30th
of November, 1794. The date of his death I have not
ascertained." From other sources the author ascertained
that Hamilton died at Antigua, in September, 1796.

The author also sought the portrait and information as
to Hamilton in England, and through the kindness of
Honorable Thomas F. Bayard, United States ambassador,
and of Benjamin F. Stevens, Esquire, United States gov-
ernment dispatch agent in London, received copies of

AND OTHER BRITISH PRISONERS IN VIRGINIA. 66 1

several valuable papers from the public records there relat-
ing to Hamilton, and also the information that "he was
the fourth son of Gustavus Frederick, seventh Viscount
Boyne." A letter from Mr. Stevens, dated "London,
October 17, 1895, says>" "I am writing to the present Vis-
count Boyne on the possible chance of a portrait of Gov-
ernor Hamilton being preserved in the family. If any
information is obtained I shall have pleasure in repeating it
to you." If received, and in time, the portrait will be in
this volume.

CHAPTER XV.

COLONEL CLARK RETURNS TO THE FALLS OF OHIO— CON-
DITION OF AFFAIRS THERE.

Fort near mouth of Ohio determined upon — Develops his plans in a general
order — Also in a letter to Governor John Todd — Letter of Todd to Governor
Jefferson approving Clark's plans — Clark proceeds to mouth of Ohio early
in 17S0 — Builds Fort Jefferson a few miles below — Intended for a settlement
and garrison combined — Besieged by Indians — Heroic defense — Captain
George Owens and his descendants — Garrison finally relieved — Indians with-
draw from its vicinity — Perilous journey made by Clark from Fort Jefferson
to Harrisburg — British and Indians invade Kentucky — Clark's campaign
against the Indians at old Chillicothe and Piqua — Distressing particulars of
death of Joseph Rogers — Clark returns to Kentucky — Deplorable condition
of affairs there, at Fort Jefferson and the Illinois — Official letters on the sub-
ject— Sketch of George Slaughter and Silas Harlan — Fort Jefferson finally
abandoned — La Balme's defeat.

;HEN Colonel Clark returned to the falls of the
Ohio, at the close of the summer of 1779, he
found that quite an accession had been made to the popu-
lation of that vicinity, and of Kentucky generally, and he
at once took steps to further the public interests in every
possible way. The garrison left on Corn island had already
removed to the main land on the Kentucky side, and a rude
stockade fort had been constructed, probably near where
Twelfth street in Louisville now intersects the river.

He not only devoted himself to matters pertaining to the
defense of the country, but took great interest in promot-

(663)

664 COLONEL CLARK THE FOUNDER OF LOUISVILLE.

ing the welfare of the settlement at the falls of the Ohio,
which his keen foresight realized was destined to develop
into a place of much importance.

He has the honor of being the founder of the important
city of Louisville, which has a justifiable pride in having
such an illustrious founder. A well informed historian of
that city says, " to him belongs the honor of settling our city
as clearly as belongs to him the glory of the capture of Vin-
cennes, Kaskaskia, and Cahokia.,,'H' It was a high com-
pliment to the falls of the Ohio as a 'desirable location that
he started a settlement there and made it his depot of sup-
plies in the spring of 1778, when he had so many other
beautiful and desirable sites on the Ohio to select from, and
that he confirmed his first judgment by returning to it after
the capture of the Wabash and Illinois country from the
British, and established his headquarters permanentlv there,
"as the best place," as he tells us, "of having a general
supervision over the whole." This action, and the security
given by the forts he caused to be built there, attracted the
first settlers, and fixed the future destinv of Louisville. Jef-
fersonville and New Albany. Had he chosen the mouth of
the Kentucky river, as he was urged to do, the first settlers
would have naturally been attracted to that point. Clark
undoubtedly gave the matter much thought, and looked far
into the future in making this selection. He expected two
great cities to arise some da}- at the falls: first Louisville, to
be followed later, as the country became populous, by one
on the other side of the river, which he hoped would bear

* R. T. Durrett in Centenary of Louisville, p. 4::.

PLANS WISELY FOR A GREAT CITY. 665

his name.'55' But, until Virginia made the grant for Clarks-
ville, the planning of what he expected would be a great
city at Louisville absorbed his attention. The wisdom and
far-reaching benefits of the plan he then drew up for the
city is now generally conceded, and where it has been de-
parted from generally deplored. Upon this subject one of
the most competent judges says : "When General George
Rogers Clark returned from the conquest of the Illinois
country in the fall of 1779, and took up his abode in Louis-
ville, he drew a plan of the proposed town of Louisville,
and made a map of the public and private divisions of the
land as he thought they ought to be established. This
map is still preserved, and it shows the wonderful sagacity
of General Clark. From his little room in the fort, at the
foot of Twelfth street, he looked far into the future and
saw the need of public grounds for breathing places when
the city should become populous. His map shows all the
ground between Main street and the river, from First to
Twelfth streets, marked 'public' Also a strip of ground
half a square in width, just south of Jefferson street, run-
ning the whole length of the town, marked 'public' Also
two whole squares, where the court-house now stands,
marked 'public' If this plan of the town had been ac-
cepted by the trustees and adhered to by their successors,
Louisville would be one of the handsomest cities on the

*In view of the progress and development at the falls since 1 77S, what greater
cities may he expected there when another like period shall have passed away.
Possibly the day may yet come when the, now comparatively little, vacant
ground between Jeffersonville, Clarksville and New Albany will all be built up,
and the three places be united in one city. Then, if the name of Clark should be
substituted for the present names, his dream of the future city on the north side
of the river would at last be fully realized.

666 ORIGINAL PLANS OF LOUISVILLE AND JEFFERSONVILLE.

continent to-day. The trustees, however, either for want
of capacity to see the advantages of holding this property
for the public, or from necessity to pay debts against it,
sold all this property, except the court-house square and the
grave-yard. It brought but little when sold. It would be
worth millions now in the shape of park propertv, with a
number of grand old forest trees upon it. This map of
General Clark only extends to Jefferson street, but tradi-
tion says that it was part of his plan to have the strip of
ground it shows south of Jefferson repeated at intervals of
every three squares as the city should enlarge."* It is a
singular coincidence that when William Henry Harrison,
governor of Indiana territory, and Isaac Bowman, one of
Clark's officers, requested President Jefferson to draw the
plan for a town at the falls, to be laid off on land on the
north side of the river, which Bowman had donated, to be
called Jeffersonville, that Mr. Jefferson should have adopted
the same liberal ideas as to public squares and grounds
that had been adopted by General Clark for Louisville, and
that in both instances the plans should have been aban-
doned. Yet such is the fact.

But other points than the falls of the Ohio were also re-
ceiving Colonel Clark's attention.

The establishment of a strong fort near the mouth of
the Ohio had been for some time considered as essential to
American success. Governor Henry, as far back as Janu-
ary, 1778, wrote that it was "in contemplation to establish
a post near the mouth of the Ohio, with cannon to fortify
it." Thomas Jefferson, who succeeded Henry as governor

*R. T. Durrett in Centenary of Louisville, pp. 4^-43-

1'ORT NEAR THE MOUTH OF OHIO CONTEMPLATED. 667

on the 1st of June of that year, renewed the project, and
followed it up, vigorously, until consummated. The object,
in part, was to strengthen the American claim to the country
as far west as the Mississippi, and a line of forts was con-
templated from Fort Jefferson northwardly, towards the
lakes. Colonel Clark warmly approved the building of
the fort near the mouth of the Ohio, and did what he
could to cany it into execution, but it progressed slowly, of
necessity. Some Kentuckians did not seem to favor it be-
cause it would weaken the settlements by drawing off a
portion of the militia much needed nearer home.

Colonel Clark's plan was not only to build and garrison
a fort, but to induce families to settle there by liberal grants
of land. He issued the following order, to that end, to
Captain Silas Martin, soon after his return to the falls:

"September 30, 1779.
UG. R. Clark to Captain Silas Martin, etc., Com-
mander of Militia Headquarters Falls of Ohio:
"By George Rogers Clark, Esq., Colonel of the Illinois

Battalion, Commander-in-Chief of the Virginia Forces

in the AVestern Department, Etc., Etc.

"Whereas a fort is intended immediately to be built near
the mouth of Ohio, and a number of artificers wanting to
carry on the works, as well other inhabitants,

"I do, by the virtue of the power and authority to me
given, authorize you to raise an}' number of persons that
you can get to become settlers at said post, the whole to be
under pay as militia as long as necessary. You are to ren-

668 FORT NEAR THE MOUTH OF OHIO CONTEMPLATED.

dezvous at this place by the first day of December next.
Given from under my hand."

The fall and winter passed without building the fort, but
in March, 1780, Colonel Clark reviewed the situation and
developed his plans in the following letter to Colonel John
Todd, the then governor of the Illinois country: ''By the
account from every post in the Illinois so nearly corres-
ponding, I make no doubt of the English regaining the
interest of many tribes of Indians, and their designs against
the Illinois, perhaps on Governor Hamilton's plan, and
without some speedy check may prove fatal to Kentucky
and the total loss of the western country on the Mississippi.
I am not clear but the Spaniards would fondly suffer their
settlements in the Illinois to fall into ours for the sake of
having the opportunity of retaking both. I doubt they
are too fond (of) territory to think of restoring it again.

"Although there are but few British troops on the lakes
(the) deficiency is fully replaced by the immense quantity
of goods they have, the effects of which among the sav-
ages you well know. Not being apprehensive of a visit,
I make no doubt of their having planned some expedition
of importance against our posts, which, if they gain, may
be attended with greater consequences than I have hinted
at. They have greater opportunities of knowing our situ-
ation than we have of theirs, which you know they could
not deprive us of. You well know the difficulties we have
labored under with our joint efforts to maintain our ground,
and support our interest among the savages in that depart-
ment, and the reason why — which is now greater than
ever as the bad crops and the severity of the winter hath

FORT NEAR THE MOUTH OF OHIO CONTEMPLATED. 669

rendered it impossible for the towns in the Illinois to make
any further supplies until next harvest.

"The troops being entitled to a discharge in a few weeks,
except those that have re-enlisted when joined by Captain
Rogers — when armed will not amount to more than one
hundred and fifty, which is too few, under our present cir-
cumstances, to think of defending the different posts we
now occupy. Letters from His Excellency, and a promis-
ing account from our recruiting officers may, perhaps, soon
alter our apparent circumstances, but, as yet, receiving no
advice from either, already meeting with many disappoint-
ments in my expectations, much to the disadvantage of the
department, a few weeks' hesitation may be productive of
long future disadvantage. I think it best to act as though
we had no expectation of being assisted either with men or
provisions. Your counsel, not only necessarv, but which
you know I prize, is what I want.

''If we were tolerably formidable at any one post that we
could subsist at, it might have a great and good effect. As
I hinted to lay aside all expectations of a re-enforcement, I
see but the one probable method of maintaining our authoritv
in the Illinois, which is this; by immediately evacuating
our present posts, and let our whole force center at or near
the mouth of Ohio, which will be too contemptible to answer
the good effect proposed, without we fall upon some method
to draw off a considerable re-enforcement from Kentuckv
of militia.

"Families would be of the greatest service, as they are
always followed by two or three times their numbers of
young men. They would with their store of provisions be

670 FORT NEAR THE MOUTH OF OHIO CONTEMPLATED.

able to victual great part of our troops in proportion to
their number, which, if only one hundred, by the ensuing
fall would be able to victual a regiment, besides establish-
ing a post that His Excellency is very anxious for, the reason
I imagine we are both acquainted with, and the interests of
all the western country call for.

"One hundred families, their followers, the troops we
have already engaged, those whose time of service is or
shortly will expire, that would remain at the place, when
joined, would be considerable. The report of which by
the time it reached our enemies would be augmented, per-
haps, to treble our numbers, as such intelligence is always
aggravated by the Indians; and I don't doubt but that it
would put a stop for some time to their proceedings, as I
know it would greatly confuse the Indians thev are like to
win from us, as our temporary force, with the French
militia, probably counting the Spaniards, would be too con-
siderable for them to tamper with.

"Our only chance at present to save that country is by
encouraging the families, but I am sensible nothing but
land will do it. I should be exceedingly cautious in doing
anything that would displease government, but their pres-
ent interest, in man)7 respects obvious to us both, call so
loud for it, that I think, sir, that you might even venture to
give a deed for forty or fifty thousand acres of land at said
place, at the price that government may demand for it. It
interferes with no claim of our friendly Indians (and would
be) the greatest barrier to the inhabitants of the Illinois
against the southern Indians — security of the general com-
merce and perhaps the saving of the country to the state.

FORT NEAR THE MOUTH OF OHIO CONTEMPLATED. 67 I

and probably in a few months enable us to act again on
the offensive.

"I should be against suffering families to settle promis-
cuously in any part of the Illinois at present, but the estab-
lishment of the said post is so necessary , and as it can not be
complete without the families, I think it your duty to give
the aforesaid encouragement and such instructions as would
confine the people for some time to a fort. Before you
could consult government it might be too late. Sustenance
for some time will be procured with difficulty.

"I can not think of the consequences of losing possession
of the country without a more determined resolution to
risk every point rather than suffer it, for they, the English,
can not execute any matter of very great importance among
the savages without it. I know your concern to be equal
to mine; if you concur with me in sentiment, let me know
immediately, or such amendment as you might think more
advantageous.'' *

Colonel Todd approved these suggestions, and acted upon
them, as will be seen from his letter to Governor Jefferson,
in which he said: "On consulting with Colonel Clark, we
found it impracticable to maintain so many posts in the
Illinois with so few means and concluded it better to draw
them all to one post. The land at the junction of the Ohio
and Mississippi was judged best situated for the purpose
as it would command the trade on an extensive country
on both sides of each river and might serve as a check to
any encroachments from our present allies, the Spaniards,
whose growing power might justly put us upon our guard

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 1, p. 33S.

672 INDIAN ATTACK UPON ISAAC BOWMAX's PARTY.

and whose fondness for engrossing territory might other-
wise urge them higher up the river upon our side than we
would wish.

"The expenses in erecting this new post and victualing
the men would have been obstacles insurmountable without
a settlement contiguous to the garrison to support it, where
adventurers would assist the soldiers in the heavy work of
building- their fortifications. I therefore granted to a cer-
tain number of families four hundred acres to each family,
at a price to be settled by the general assembly, with com-
missions for civil and military officers, and the necessarv
instructions. Copies of the principal of which I herewith
send you. The other being agreeable to the printed forms
heretofore delivered me by the governor and council.

"Lest the withdrawing our troops from St. Yincennes
might raise suspicions among the citizens, to our disadvan-
tage, I have sent to Major Bosseron, the then district com-
mandant, blank commissions, with powers to raise one
compan}' and put them in possession of the garrison, with
assurances that pay and rations should be allowed them by
the government. When Colonel Clark left the falls, his
officers and men, to the amount of perhaps one hundred
and twenty, were all well clothed except in the article of
linens.

"Mr. Isaac Bowman, with seven or eight men and one
family, set off from Kaskaskias the 15th November last.
in a batteau, attended by another batteau with twelve men
and three or four families in it, bound to the falls of Ohio.
I judged it safer to send to the falls many articles belonging to
the commonwealth by Bowman than to bring them myself

FORT JEFFERSON BUILT NEAR MOUTH OF THE OHIO. 673

by land. Bowman's battean fell into the hands of the
Chickasaw Indians, and the other arrived in March or
April at the French Lick on Cumberland, with the account
that Bowman and all the men except one Riddle ( Ruddell )
were killed and taken. I enclose Your Excellency a list of
such articles as belonged to the state, as well as I can make
out from my detached memorandums. My books and
many necessary papers being also lost. Manjr necessary
articles of intelligence yet remain unmentioned. I will
enjoy no leisure until I shall have fully acquainted Your
Excellency with the situation of the Illinois."" Bowman
was not killed as stated in this letter of Colonel Todd, but
was captured by the Indians, as will be fully related fur-
ther on.

Early in 1780 Colonel Clark, with a small force — from
one hundred and twenty to two hundred men — proceeded
to a place on the Mississippi river called Iron Banks, four
or live miles below the mouth of the Ohio, where they
erected several block-houses and a fort, in what is now
Ballard county, Kentucky, which was called Fort Jeffer-
son, in honor of Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Vir-
ginia. From inadvertence, or cause not now known, the
consent of the Indians had not been obtained for the erec-
tion of the fort, and, as they had not relinquished the land,
it naturally offended them, and led to skirmishes and such
acts of hostility as prevented settlements outside the fort,
and thus defeated the carrying out of an important part
of Colonel Clark's plan of having a self-sustaining settle-
ment and fort combined.

674 INDIANS ATTACK FORT JEFFERSON,

Finally the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians united, and
over one thousand warriors, under the leadership of a
Scotchman, named Colbert, who had obtained, and whose
descendants long held, great power among them, laid siege
to the fort, which had then, from various causes, been re-
duced to a garrison of only about thirty men. Much sick-
ness prevailed in that region, and the Americans were
badly prepared to make resistance ; but, notwithstanding
these disadvantages, they made a most gallant defense.

The Indians continued the siege, in vain, for rive or six
days, which was an unusually long time for Indians to hold
together in such an attempt. Their principal camp was on
an island near the fort and the mouth of Mavfield creek,
now known as Island Number One. The Americans were
reduced to great extremities. There was not only sickness
in the fort, but scarcity of water and food, the latter being
finally reduced to unripe pumpkins. But, worn out as
they were with loss of sleep, and the constant strain of
watching and fighting, day and night, there was no thought
of surrender.

Finally the Indians made a desperate night assault on the
fort, but were entrapped into a position within reach of the
fire of a cannon, or swivel, heavily loaded with rifle and
musket balls. This had been planted by Captain George
Owens in a place unsuspected by the Indians, and was
fired when they were crowded together in close range of
the gun. The carnage was terrific, and the survivors with-
drew in hot haste. Colbert was wounded, and the attack
was not renewed. But the Indians did not retire entirely
from that part of the country until the arrival of Colonel

CAPTAIN GEORGE OWENS. 675

Clark with re-enforcements and provisions, when they gave
up the contest and returned to their respective villages.

CAPTAIN GEORGE OWENS.

Captain George Owens, a native of Pennsylvania, and
the chief actor in this slaughter of the Indians, came to a
sad end a few years later, and the savages had a terrible re-
venge. They captured him near the falls of the Ohio, in
what is now Indiana, as he was hunting, or attempting to
pass between the falls and Vincennes, and, after torturing
him in the most frightful manner, finally burned him to
death at the stake at or near the Wea towns (Ouiatanon) .
It is said he himself had some Indian blood in his veins.
His descendants settled in Scott countv, Indiana. The
author knew them intimately, and when a young man
beard Captain Owens"s sons, George and Thomas, then
old men, speak of these events. Their hatred of the In-
dian race was so vehement that the people of Lexington,
then the county seat of Scott countv, had much difficulty
in keeping them from killing two friendly Indians who
happened at that place half a century after Captain Owens" s
death, and long after the Indian wars in that region were
ended. The author was present and remembers the cir-
cumstances distinctly. Abednego Owens, who died in
Scott county, in 1894, at an advanced age, and Thomas
Owens, who removed to Texas many years before that
date, were grandsons of this historic Captain George Owens,
and there were other grandchildren whose names are not
now remembered.

676 CLARK CROSSES THE WILDERNESS TO HARRODSTOWN,

The author was intrusted' by the family with a number of
papers which had belonged to Captain Owens, and among
them is the following peculiarly worded receipt given bv
John Montgomery, who was a prominent officer in Clark's
Illinois campaigns: "This is to certify that George Owens
and me have settled acumpts and have received full satis-
faction of all demands from the beginning of the world to
this day. I say received of me.

"March 24, 1787. John Montgomery."

But itwasnotthe southern Indians alone that were giving
trouble about the time of the unsuccessful siege of Fort
Jefferson. The northern Indians, as Colonel Clark knew,
were preparing, under British leadership, to attack the
American frontiers; probably in furtherance of Hamilton's
original plan of a united movement, which was expected
to sweep everything before it.

Knowing this, and vigilant ever, he determined to me*t
it by a counter movement against the enemy. To that
end he made his stav short at Fort Jefferson, and started
across the wilderness for Harrodsburg with onlv one o: two
companions. It was an exceedingly fatiguing and perilous
journey on foot, and they had to cross many swollen streams
by swimming, or on rafts made of logs bound together
by grape vines. There were no roads, and the country
was full of roving bands of Indians. To deceive them.
Clark and his companions painted their faces and dressed
like the savages, which artifice came near getting them into
serious trouble, as they finally met a party of whites who
were firing at them before their identity was made known.

DANGEROUS SITUATION OF THE AMERICANS. 677

They lived on buffalo and other game, and finally arrived
at Harrodsburg at a fortunate time for Clark's purposes, as
there was a large assemblage of men, for that period, who
had gathered there to enter lands in the surveyor's office.
Clark took the responsibility of temporarily closing the
office, and proceeded at once to enrolling volunteers, and
was quite successful, although there was some grumbling
among the land speculators at his arbitrarily closing the
land-office. He adopted other necessary, but equally
positive measures, such as sending a small force to a point
on the wilderness road, then the principal outlet from
Kentucky, to turn back or disarm every one trying to leave
the country at this time of peril.

In the spring of 1780 the Americans in the west were in
great danger in several quarters. In addition to the formid-
able invasion of Kentucky by the British and Indians under
Colonel Bird, a movement against Cahokia and St. Louis
was inaugurated by the Illinois river and more western
routes than had before been followed. Of this contemplated
expedition Lieutenant-Governor Sinclair, British command-
ant at Michilimackinac, wrote General Haldimand, the 29th
of May, saying:

"Your Excellency was informed bv my letter of Febru-
ary last, that a party was to leave this place on the 10th
of March to engage the Indians to the westward in an
attack on the Spanish and Illinois country. Seven hun-
dred and fifty men, including traders, servants and Indians,
proceeded with them down the Mississippi for that pur-
pose on the 2d da}* of May.

678 THE SPANISH AND ILLINOIS COUNTRY INVADED.

"During the time necessary for assembling the Indians
at La Prairie du Chien, detachments were made to watch
the river to intercept crafts coming up with provisions and
to seize upon the people working in the lead mines. Both
one and the other were effected without any accident.

"Thirty-six Minomies, at first intended as an escort,
have brought to this place a large, armed boat, loaded at
Pencour, in which were twelve men and a rebel commis-
sary. From the mines they have brought seventeen Span-
ish and rebel prisoners, and stopped fifty tons of lead ore,
and from both they obtained a good supply of provisions.
The chiefs Machiquawish and Wabasha have kindled this
spirit in the western Indians.

"Captain Langlade, with a chosen band of Indians and
Canadians, will join a party assembled at Chicago, to
make his attack by the Illinois river, and another partv are
sent to watch the plains between the Wabash and the Mis-
sissippi.

" I am now in treaty with the Ottawas about furnishing
their quota to cut off the rebels at Post St. Vincents, but
as they are under the management of two chiefs, the one a
drunkard and the other an avaricious trader. I met with
difficulties in bringing it about. Thirty Saguinah warriors
are here in readiness to join them, and the island band can
furnish as many more.

"A part of the Menominis who are come here, some
Puants, Sacks and Rhenards, go away immediately to watch
the lead mines. Orders will be published at the Illinois for
no person to go there who looks for receiving quarter, and
the Indians have orders to give none to any without a British

THE SPANISH AND ILLINOIS COUNTRY INVADED. 679

pass. This requires every attention, and support being of
the utmost consequence."

Some damage was done by the invaders on the Spanish
side of the river, but, in the main, the expedition proved a
failure. An exaggerated account is given in a letter writ-
ten by Sinclair to Ilaldimand on the 8th of July, 1780,
which says :

"I kave the honor to inform Your Excellency that the
two vessels sent into Lake Michigan have returned. They
fortunately carried from this a force sufficient to enable the
party retiring from the Illinois by Chicago to pass with
safety through a band of Indians in the rebel interest and
to embark in security, some in canoes and some on board
the vessels. The others retired in two divisions, one by
the Mississippi with Monsieur Calve, who allowed the
prisoners taken by the Sacks and Outagamies to fall into
the hands of the enemy. The other division penetrated
the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi,
and are arrived here with their prisoners. Two hundred
Illinois cavalry arrived at Chicago five days after the ves-
sels left it. On the 26th of May Mr. Hesse, with the
Winipigoes, Scioux, Ottawa, Ochipwa, Iowa, and a few
of the Outagamies, Sacks, Mascoutins, Kickapous and Pot-
tawatamies.

"Twenty of the volunteer Canadians sent from this, and
a very few of the traders and the servants, made their at-
tack against Pencour and the Cahokias.

"The Winnipigoes had a chief and three men killed,
and four wounded, I fear one of them mortally. They are
the only sufferers.

68o FORMIDABLE INVASION OF KENTUCKY

"The rebels lost an officer and three men killed at the
Cahokias, and five prisoners.

"At Pencour sixty-eight were killed and eighteen blacks
and white people made prisoners, amongst whom sev-
eral good artificers. Many hundreds of cattle were de-
stroyed and forty-three scalps are brought in. There is no
doubt can remain from the concurrent testimony of the
prisoners that the enemy received intelligence of the med-
itated attack against the Illinois, about the time I received
a copy of my Lord George Germain's circular letter/'

Colonel Clark was sent for in great haste to aid in re-
pelling this threatened invasion, but exactly what part he
took in it is not definitely known. There seems to have
been a well-laid plan to attack the Americans simultane-
ously in different places, as at about the time of the inva-
sion of the Illinois country a very formidable raid was
made into Kentucky by a large force of British and In-
dians, principally the latter, under a British officer named
Byrd, which naturally created great excitement and alarm
among the residents of the frontier, and caused some, in
despair, to desire to leave the country. It was, indeed, for
that period, a formidable expedition, and might have proved
far more calamitous to the Kentucky pioneers than it did.
It was not only strong in numbers but in cannon and
munitions of war, which, if properly handled, would un-
doubtedly have been disastrous to the American settlements.
After capturing, by overwhelming force, Ruddell's and
Martin's stations on the 2 id of June, as before related, the
British and Indians, for some cause never explained with
certainty, hastily retired from the country by the same route

CLARK IN TURN INVADES THE ENEMY'S COUNTRY. 68 1

they had come, killing some of the prisoners and taking the
rest, with the plunder of the stations, which the prisoners
were made to cany with them.

Colonel Clark, realizing the bad effect the terror inspired
by this raid was having upon the settlements, vigorously
pushed forward his contemplated expedition into the
enemy's country, not only to punish them, but to restore
confidence to his own people. He selected the mouth of the
Licking river as the place where all his forces were to meet,
and there was a general turn out of all the men capable of
bearing arms in Kentucky, in man)' instances leaving only
the boys, very old men and women to provide food for
themselves and guard the stations. From the interior
came volunteers under such well-known Indian fighters as
Harrod, Kenton and John Floyd. Clark moved the troops
which had been gathered at the falls up the river, some in
skiffs, some on foot, and some on horses marching and
riding along the river bank. It is understood that, besides
ammunition, each man carried a quantity of dried meat
and six quarts of parched corn.

The only mishap to any of the troops while on the way
to the mouth of the Licking was to a small number of men
under Hugh McGary, celebrated alike for his rashness and
his bravery, who were attacked, and roughly handled bv
the Indians on the north bank of the river, probably in t
Indiana, but the exact place is not now known. Several .
were badly wounded.

Clark left the mouth of the Licking for the Indian town
of old Chillicothe with slightly less than a thousand men,
and with one small cannon carried on a pack horse. About

682 INDIANS DEFEATED AND THEIR TOWNS DESTROYED.

forty men were left at the river, as a guard to the boats
and other property, not carried into the interior. Some of
these had been wounded at the time the Indians attacked
the party led by Hugh McGary.

The Indians getting warning of Clark's approach, aban-
doned Chillicothe before his arrival. Fie burned the houses
and pushed on to Piqua, not far distant, where he arrived
on the morning of the 8th of August. Piqua was quite a
town, with log houses stoutly built, and a strong block-
house well constructed for defense. The cabins were gen-
erally surrounded with "truck patches" used for raising
corn, beans, etc. The celebrated Simon Girtv and his
brother, it is said, were there with the Indians, of whom
there were several hundred.

The American forces were divided into four divisions,
Clark taking command of two and Colonel Benjamin Logan
two. The latter was directed to make a detour and attack
the village in the rear, but unfortunately failed to accomplish
it in time to be of service. The fighting was mainly done
by the divisions under Clark and continued, in a skirmishing
way, for the most of the day; the Indians taking advantage
of a grove of bushes and trees in the vicinity, as well as of the
shelter and protection of the block-house and cabins. The
cannon was finally brought into use, in an effective way, and
the Indians successfulh' retreated, taking advantage of a
ravine, and losing altogether only six or eight men, and the
whites seventeen and quite a number wounded. The town was
destroyed and also a large quantity of growing corn. An-
other village was also destroyed and the troops then marched
back to the mouth of the Licking, most of them having

DEATH OF JOSEPH ROGERS. 683

been out about four weeks. The expedition is said to have
been beneficial to the Americans, notwithstanding they had
more men killed than their opponents. It discouraged and
cowed the Indians for a time, coupled with Byrd's singular
retreat from Kentucky only a short time before, and the
rest of the year they remained quiet.

DEATH OF JOSEPH ROGERS.

A most pathetic and tragic event occurred at the time of
the fight at Piqua, which overwhelmed Colonel Clark with
sorrow and regret: Joseph Rogers, a brother of John
Rogers, who commanded The Willing in the campaign
against Vincennes, and a favorite cousin of Colonel Clark,
was a prisoner with the Indians at Piqua. The manner of
his being made a prisoner, and the sad ending of his life,
is thus related by his nephew, Hon. Joseph Rogers Under-
wood, formerly United States Senator from Kentucky, in
a letter to Mrs. B. Kinkead, also a relative, a copy of
which has kindly been furnished the author, and which, as
far as he is aware, has never before been published.

The letter of Senator Underwood says, "there was great

intimacy between the family of my grandfather, George

Rogers, and that of his sister, Ann Clark. After (her son)

George Rogers Clark, had been in Kentucky some time,

he returned to Virginia, and in visiting his relations he

persuaded my uncle, Joseph Rogers, to return with him to

Kentucky." This was the time the governor and council

of Virginia furnished Clark with five hundred pounds of

powder which he undertook to convey to Kentucky for its

defense in 1776, as related in a previous chapter.
44

684 DEATH OF JOSEPH ROGERS.

"On reaching Maysville, then called Limestone," con-
tinues Mr. Underwood, "the powder was hid and the
party started for the settlements around Lexington and
Harrodsburg. General Clark raised a party with means to
transport the powder from its hiding place, and sent my
uncle, Joseph Rogers, his first cousin, with the parts' to
show where the powder was hid. This little band of
pioneers was attacked by Indians on their way to Limestone,
and defeated. Joseph Rogers was made a prisoner by
them, taken to their homes north of the Ohio river, and,
according to their custom, initiated into one of their families,
to become one of them. Of course he was painted and
dressed as an Indian.

"General Clark crossed the Ohio in the summer of 17S0
and on the 8th of August of that year attacked the Indian
village at Piqua. My uncle entered the right with the
Indians, but when the Indians retreated, instead of running
away with them, he ran towards Clark's army, shouting as
he went, 'I am a white man! I am a white man!" But,
unfortunately, he was shot down as he went. The wound
was mortal and he died in a few hours. He desired that
General Clark might be sent to him. The general came
and they had a most affectionate interview, in which Rogers
told him to say to his soldiers that he ( Rogers) hurt none
of them in the right, having purposely overshot them all the
time, and that he had lost his life in his anxiety to join
them."

The unfortunate Joseph Rogers died in the twenty-fifth
year of his age. There was always some doubt whether
he was shot by Clark's men supposing him to be an Indian

BAD CONDITION OF FT. JEFFERSON AND THE ILLINOIS. 687

or by the Indians who saw he was trying to escape from
them. It is to be hoped it was the latter, as there is some-
thing- horrible in the idea that he was killed, even innocently,
by his own friends, to whom he was trying to escape.
Colonel Clark, naturally, would have felt intense sorrow
at the death of any countryman under such circumstances.
What then must have been his feelings when he realized it
was the bright and beloved son of his mother's brother,
whom he had influenced to leave his home in Virginia,
only to find captivity, death and an unknown grave in the
western wilderness.

During the absence of Colonel Clark in Kentucky and
on the Piqua campaign against the Indians affairs were not
going on very well, either in the Illinois country or at Fort
Jefferson. In the former the principal dissatisfaction was
on account of the worthless paper currency forced on the
earlier inhabitants by the "new comers,"" and conflicts of
authority between the old order of things and the military
authorities. The bad condition of affairs is forcibly pre-
sented in the following letter, written from the latter place
on the 1st of August, 1780, by John Dodge, an Indian
agent, to Governor Jefferson: "The few troops that are
now here are too inconsiderable to guard themselves ; nor
are the inhabitants much better, notwithstanding the}' re-
main in great spirits in expectation of relief from govern-
ment, and have with great bravery defeated a very large
party of savages, who made a regular attack on the village
at daybreak on the morning of the 17th ult. Colonel
Clark has divided his few men in the best manner possible,
so as to preserve the country. The apprehension of a large

688 BAD CONDITION OF FT. JEFFERSON AND THE ILLINOIS.

body of the enemy in motion from Detroit towards the
falls of Ohio has called him there with what men he could
well spare from this country, before he had well breathed,
after the fatigues of an expedition up the Mississippi; and
Colonel Crockett, not arriving with either men or pro-
visions, as was expected, has really involved both the troops
and settlers in much distress, and greatlv damped the spirits
of industry in the latter, which till lately was so conspic-
uous.

1,1 I see no other alternative, from the present appearance
of our affairs, but that the few goods I have left, after sup-
plying the troops, must all go for the purchase of provisions
to keep this settlement from breaking up; and how I shall
ever support my credit, or acquit myself of the obliga-
tions I have bound myself under, to those of whom I have
purchases for the troops before the arrival of the goods,
I know not. Our credit is become so weak among the
French inhabitants, our own, and the Spaniards on the
opposite side of the Mississippi, that one dollar's worth of
provisions or other supplies can not be had from them with-
out prompt payment, were it to save the whole country :
by which you will perceive that, without a constant and
full supply of goods in this quarter, to answer the exigen-
cies of government, nothing can ever be well effected but
in a very contracted manner."

Matters grew worse as the fall advanced. On the 24th
of October Captain Robert George, in command at Fort
Jefferson, wrote Colonel Clark, describing the situation
and imploring him to return. "Our present distress."
said he, Wkputs me under the necessity of informing you by

BAD CONDITION OF FT. JEFFERSON AND THE ILLINOIS. 689

express, the absolute necessity of your presence at this
place ; we are reduced to a very small number at present,
occasioned by famine, desertion, and numbers daily dying.
We have but a very small quantity of provisions at pres-
ent. Colonel Montgomery, on his way to New Orleans,
called on us. He says that Captain Dodge has purchased
one thousand bushels of corn and ten thousand pounds of
flour, which is all that is to show from a cargo of eleven
thousand hard dollars' worth of goods sent by Mr. Pollock
to you, together with about five or six thousand dollars'
worth from this place. We are informed they are entirely
expended.

"I expect Captain Philip Barbour up every day with a
quantity of goods for this state, and should be glad of di-
rections from you, that they may not be exhausted in the
manner we have no reason to doubt the first was. It's
rather tedious to mention the conduct at the Illinois since
your departure, as nothing but your presence can rectify it.
If necessity detains you from us, pray send an express as
soon as possible. The inhabitants (are) chiefly gone down
the river, and what there is left is very much distressed.
Lieutenant Clark sets off to Kaskaskia this morning to
know the certainty of the provisions being purchased. It
appears there was a pirogue sent down sometime ago,
loaded with corn and flour, with eight men, who deserted
with it down the river. I doubt the greatest part of this
battalion will sure turn merchants, all for the want of your
presence here, if there is not some steps taken to pre-
vent it.

69O BAD CONDITION OF FT. JEFFERSON AND THE ILLINOIS.

" Lieutenant Dalton is gone down the river with Colonel
Montgomery, in order, if possible, to secure deserters.
Captain Williams has arrived here with Colonel John
Montgomery, and assumed the command, which I refused
to give up, without further orders from you. Major Har-
lan is out hunting, but is at a loss for want of horses. I
sent for all the state horses at Kaskaskia, but it appears
there (are) but few. What's gone with them God knows,
but I believe there will be a very disagreeable account ren-
dered to you of them, as well as many other things, when
called for. The poor, distressed remains of this little
borough joins in prayers for your presence once more at
this place/'

Four days later Captain John Williams wrote him from
the same place that: "On the 23d of this instant I arrived
at this post by order of Colonel John Montgomery, to take
the command, but from the character he at present bears
Captain George did not think proper to give him or any
other person the command at this post until he (is) prop-
erly relieved by your order. I, for my part, seeing times so
precarious, and what might ensue from the least contest or
umbrage between Captain Robert George and myself, am
determined to remain as retired as possible until your ar-
rival here.

"I commanded at Cahokia since the expedition up the
Mississippi, till ordered to this post, and here I found both
the soldiers as well as the inhabitants in the most desolate
situation imaginable; not so much by reason of sickness as
for the want of good provisions. There is a quantity of
provisions purchased at present, but the difficulty we labor

BAD CONDITION OF FT. JEFFERSON AND THE ILLINOIS. 69I

under here is sickness; and lowness of water prevents us
getting any provisions down at this time, by which reason
we are kept constantly starving. As I am convinced before
the reception of this you are satisfied from government in
regard to my majority, I would be glad you would give me
instructions by the first opportunity in what matter to
act," etc.

Captain George continued "to hold the fort," as we find
him writing from there on the i^th of February, 1781, to
Colonel George Slaughter: "I have the honor to acknowl-
edge the receipt of yours of the 23d January last, and am
happy to rind )'ou are so abundant as you express, as out
of your great abundance I shall expect to receive frequent
and large supplies, more especially in the commissary way.
The small supplies you have sent us have been of infinite
services, and if you frequently repeat them they will be of
singular advantage, as we look to vou for it; but those
supplies I beg may be of a better quality than what is yet
come to hand. The beef is really of the poorest kind — ill-
cured, and not half salted. The barrels being bad, the
pickle became wasted, if any had been put on, and though
the meat does not absolutely stink, it wants little of it.

"Major Harlan will give you the news of the place. As
I have to purchase supplies in the Illinois, it draws away
the liquor from me fast; besides I am to send a supply to
the Opost,* and Major Linitot has made a heavy draft on
me for six hogsheads and the half of my ammunition for
the use of the Indian department, and three hogsheads
more to purchase eight months' provisions for twenty-five

*Vincennes.

692 COLONEL GEORGE SLAUGHTER.

men, which I have sent for the protection of the Opost,
under the command of Captain Bayley.

"The credit of the state is so bad that nothing can be had
either there or at Kaskaskia without prompt payment, and
when our little stock is exhausted, I know not what we shall
do except you take some care of us. Send us as much
whisky as you please, as we are forced to expend our
taffia for provisions. The enemy are approaching the Opost,
and fortifying themselves at Miamis, so that the inhabitants
of the Opost have petitioned me (for) an officer and men
to uphold the honor of the state there, which I have com-
plied with. ... I have taken notice of your song and
learned it. It is so good I wish vou had sent more of it.
I am under the necessity of putting a stop to the men's
rations of liquor in order to purchase provisions.''

COLONEL GEORGE SLAUGHTER.

Colonel George Slaughter to whom the foregoing letter
was addressed, and Major Harlan mentioned therein, were
both men of high standing. George Slaughter, the son of
Robert Slaughter, was born in Culpepper county, Virginia,
in 1739. He was in the battle of Point Pleasant, in 1774,
probably in the regiment of his father-in-law. Colonel John
Fields, who was killed in that battle. I Ie came to Kentuckv
after that and raised some corn there, but speedily re-
turned to Virginia and joined the army under Washington,
serving, it is said, as captain in Muhlenburg's celebrated
Eighth Virginia Regiment. He was in the battles of Bran-
dy wine and Germantown in 1777; a colonel of volunteers
in 1778, in Shelby's Chickamauga campaign j at Vincennes

MAJOR SILAS HARLAN. 693

in May, 1779, and at the falls of the Ohio in November of
that year. He was with Clark in the campaign against
Piqua in 1780, and continued in service through 1 781-2.
Returned for a time to Virginia and was a member of the
legislature of that state in 1784. Came west again and
settled, first in Jefferson county, Kentucky, but finally
removed to Charlestown, Indiana, where he continued to
reside until his death, June 17, 1818, leaving his widow,
Mary, but no children. She died at Warsaw, Kentucky,
in extreme old age, and in the receipt of a pension. She
was alive in 1836, at which time she was eighty-five years
of age.

MAJOR SILAS HARLAN.

The Major Harlan referred to in the letter was Silas Har-
lan, after whom one of the counties of Kentucky was named.
''He was born in Berkeley county, Virginia, near the town
of Martinsburg. He came to Kentucky in 1774, and took
a very active part in the battles and skirmishes with the
Indians. He commanded a company of scouts under
General George Rogers Clark in the Illinois campaigns of
1 779? and proved himself a most active, energetic and
efficient officer. General Clark said he was one of the
bravest and most accomplished soldiers that ever fought by
his side. About the year 1778, he built a stockade fort on
Salt river, seven miles above Harrodsburg, which was called
'Harlan's Station.' He was a major at the battle of Blue
Licks, and fell in that memorable contest at the head of
the detachment commanded by him. lie was never mar-
ried. In stature he was about six feet two inches, of fine

694 FORT JEFFERSON ABANDONED.

personal appearance, and was about thirty years old when
he was killed. He was universally regarded as a brave,
generous and active man," *

The sickness which seemed to be so universal at that day
in the locality of Fort Jefferson; the difficulty of keeping
it supplied with provisions, because of the lack of families
in the vicinity to cultivate the soil, and the more urgent
need of troops in other places, finally led to its abandon-
ment. This was probably some time in 1781. Some
eighty-two or three years afterwards, the caving in of the
bank of the Mississippi at or near the site of the fort ex-
posed a long iron cannon which had apparently been buried
when the fort was abandoned. This was found in posses-
sion of the owner of the land, during the Civil War, and
was carried off by a party of Union soldiers, but the author
has been unable to learn what afterwards became of this
interesting relic of old historic Fort Jefferson.

In the fall of 1780 a native of France, named Augustin
Moltin de la Balme, who claimed to have come to America
with Lafayette and to have been a lieutenant-colonel of
cavalry in France and colonel in the continental army, em-
barked in an expedition from the Illinois country against
the British posts on the lakes, f He succeeded in enlisting
forty or fifty followers at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. The
number was slightly increased at Vincennes, but the whole
number at no time exceeded one hundred. Thev suc-
ceeded in getting as far as the present site of Fort Wayne,

* Collinti's Kentucky, Vol. 2, p. 3:0.
■(•Early Chicago and Illinois, p. 337.

LA BALME'S ABORTIVE EXPEDITION. 695

at, or near, which they plundered the traders at the In-
dian villages of their goods, and not only exasperated the
HI Y'l$t$0vk traders, Dut: the Indians as well. The
«f«^^^a^tfS hitter, under the leadership of Little
Mf*v^tej^^i Turtle, the great chief of the Miamis,
^^.ns^^^Pfe watched for a favorable opportunity,
!£^wnlili which they found at night, and not only
W^C -^$9iS defeated, but almost annihilated La
little turtle. Balme's entire party, and thus put an
end to this rash and disastrous undertaking.

A letter to Colonel John Todd, the county lieutenant of
the Illinois country, from his deputy, Richard Winston,
gives some information of La Balme and his movements at
Kaskaskia and Vincennes. The letter is dated Kaskaskia.,
October 21, 1780, and says:

"There passed this way a Frenchman; called himself
Colonel de la Balme; he says, in the American service. I
look upon him to be a malcontent, much disgusted at the
Virginians, yet I must say he (did) some good, he pacified
the Indians. He was received by the inhabitants just as
the Hebrews would receive the Masiah — was conducted
from the post here by a large detachment of the inhabitants
as well as different tribes of Indians. He went from here
against Detroit, being well assured that the Indians were on
his side. Got at this place and the Kahos about fifty vol-
unteers; are to rendezvous at Ouia (Ouiatenon). Captain
Duplasi, from here, went along with him to Philadelphia,
there to lay before the French ambassador all the grievances
this country labors under by the Virginians, which is to be

696 LA BALME'S ABORTIVE EXPEDITION.

strongly backed by Monsieur de la Balme. 'Tis the general
opinion that he will take Baubin, the great partisan at
Miamis, and from thence to Fort Pitt. . . . He passed
about one month here without seeing Colonel Montgomery,
nor did Montgomery see him.7' *

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 1, p. 3S0.

CHAPTER XVI.

CONTEMPLATED CAMPAIGN AGAINST DETROIT IN 17S1 —
LOCHRY'S DEFEAT.

Council of war to consider an expedition against the British at Detroit, or "the
Floridians on the Mississippi" — Early action delayed — Clark visits Virginia
and aids in driving out the British — Secures Governor Jefferson's approval of
an expedition against Detroit — Is commissioned brigadier-general thereof —
Letter from General Washington approving the expedition, promising military
stores and Continental troops — Letters of Jefferson and others on the subject
— Colonel Gibson's regiment promised to Clark — Promises not fulfilled and
expectations not realized — Country wean' of war — Troops and army supplies
hard to secure — Draft made but unsatisfactory — Clothing scarce — Paper
money nearly worthless — Letters of Clark upon the discouraging situation —
Bears up bravely under disappointments — Starts from Pittsburgh with but
four hundred of the two thousand men expected — Events of voyage to falls of
the Ohio — Colonel Lochrv's command fails to join Clark at the appointed
time and place — Follows on and is disastrously defeated — Distress of Colonel
Clark at the defeat of Lochry and failure of campaign against Detroit —
Colonel Crocket's letter defending Colonel Clark's conduct.

^T will be remembered with what concern Colonel Clark
abandoned a campaign against Detroit after the cap-
ture of Vincennes. It was only an abandonment for that
particular time, for it continued to be a chief aim of his '
military life during a long period, and its final failure was ?
one of the chief regrets of his after life. He resumed its
consideration on his return to the falls of the Ohio, and con-
vened a council of war there, in the autumn of that year,
to consider important military questions in connection with
an expedition against the British, either at Detroit or the

(697)

698 COUNCIL OF WAR, NOVEMBER 1 6, I 779.

Floridas, then in British possession. The author has the
original proceedings of that important council, and gives it
here, with a fac-simile of the signatures of the officers who
signed it :

"At a council of war held at the falls of Ohio, this 16th
November, 1779, by order of Colonel George Rogers
Clark, colonel of the Illinois-Virginia regiment, and com-
mander-in-chief of the western department, viz.:

"Present, Captain Robert George, president; Captain
Thomas Quirk, Captain Edward Worthington, Captain
Richard Harrison, Captain John Baily.

"The following propositions being presented from the
colonel to the council, to wit : The gentlemen officers of
the Illinois regiment present are requested to assemble in
council at Bachelor's hall, at twelve o'clock, for the con-
sideration of the following propositions, and give in their
opinions thereon, to wit:

" 1 st. What number of troops would enable us to reduce
Detroit or the Floridians on the Mississippi ?

"2d. How are those troops to be supported with pro-
visions ?

"3d. If those troops are to draw their subsistence from
the Illinois, what would it require annually ?

"4th. If by tobacco lodged in French or Spanish posts,
what quantity would be sufficient ?

"5th. What fortifications necessary for the Illinois, and
where, their strength, etc.?

"6th. What provisions might be furnished by the in-
habitants of the Illinois ?

"Falls, November 16th, 1779.

"(Signed) G. R. Clark.

COUNCIL OF WAR, NOVEMBER 1 6, I 779. 699

"Which propositions being duly considered, the council
came to the following resolves thereon, that is to say :

"In answer to the 1st proposition, 'what number of
troops would enable us to reduce Detroit or the Floridians
on the Mississippi ? ' the council, considering the present
state of Detroit and the well-affected dispositions of the
adjacent inhabitants, do conceive that that post might be
reduced by a few well-disciplined troops, but as these troops
have a long, tedious and fatiguing march all the way
through a hostile country, exposed to frequent interrup-
tions and attacks from the savages, our natural enemy, as
well as man)7 unforeseen accidents, consequently attendant
on long marches, they are unanimously of opinion that not
less than one thousand troops would be requisite for effect-
ing that purpose — which number they conceive would be
amply sufficient, as well as for holding the same.
The reductions of the Floridians on the Mississippi the
council conceived to be by no means either of so difficult
or dangerous a nature as that of Detroit. When they
consider that there are few or no savages to encounter with,
the descent speedy and rapid, without fatiguing the troops,
the inhabitants being finally well affected towards us; the
great probability of the enemy being much weakened for
want of the necessary supplies and re-enforcements. Add
to all, the certainty of war being declared between Spain
and Great Britain, and of the enemy being blocked up or
narrowly watched at Mobile and Pensacola, from whence
all the supplies and re-enforcements, if on the Mississippi,
must come. These considerations induce them to be
unanimously of opinion that the Floridians would become
a safe and easily conquest with five hundred troops, well

JOO COUNCIL OF WAR, NOVEMBER l6, I 779.

disciplined, who would also be sufficient to protect a coun-
try , etc.

"In answer to the second proposition, 'how are those
troops to be supported in provisions ? ' the council are of
opinion that supplies of bread kind can be furnished from
the Illinois country ; but as to the meat species, it must
come from some part of the Ohio or waters east thereof.

"The council are unable to ascertain the sum it would
require annually in case the troops should draw their sub-
sistence from the Illinois as mentioned in the third proposi-
tion, because they do not think the Illinois can furnish a
sufficiency of the meat species, besides the price of pro-
visions, as well as all other necessaries in that country, is so
variable, fluctuating and uncertain.

"The fourth proposition, 'if by tobacco lodged in French
or Spanish ports, what quantity would be sufficient?' has
been answered by the foregoing, as the council know of
no standard price for either tobacco or provisions to make
just calculations.

"To the fifth proposition, 'what fortifications for the
Illinois and where, their strength, etc.?"1 the council (say)
that 'tis their opinion three fortifications are sufficient, viz.:
one at Kahokia, one at Post St. Vincent, one at Auabache,
and one at or near the mouth of the Ohio, in the most
convenient place on the banks of the Mississippi, each
fortification to be one hundred feet square in the clear
within the walls, to be built of earth dug out of an en-
trenchment ten feet deep, with earth thrown upon the inside
of said entrenchment, must form a wall of ten feet high
and eight feet thick, which with the entrenchment, which
will form a wall of twenty feet perpendicular, on the top

COUNCIL OF WAR, NOVEMBER 1 6, I 779.

70I

of which they conceive it necessary there should be a
wooden wall of sawed or hewn timber ten feet high, twelve
inches thick, with bastions at each corner so proportioned
that one shall clear another. The garrison at Kahokia to
consist of one hundred and fifty troops, and the garrison at
Post St. Vincent of one hundred and fifty troops, and the
garrison at or near the mouth of Ohio, two hundred troops.
"The sixth proposition inquires, 'what provisions might
be furnished by the inhabitants of the Illinois?1 to which
the council answer as their unanimous opinion that the
Illinois inhabitants might supply five hundred troops in
provisions of the bread kind yearly, but as to the meat
species they can not conceive that any dependence can be
placed on them for that article."

</^S

$&tiJ^\

The building of Fort Jefferson, its siege by the Indians,
occurrences in the Illinois country, the invasion of Ken-

702 CLARK DEFEATS PARTY OF BRITISH IN VIRGINIA.

tucky by the British and Indians under Byrd, Clark's own
campaign against the Indians at Piqua, and other stirring
events, occurring in rapid succession, delayed action in re-
lation to a campaign against Detroit, but he did not, for a
moment, contemplate giving it up. He realized that further
assistance from the Virginia authorities was absolutelv
necessary, and that personal interviews with them were
essential to success. To that end he repaired to Virginia
towards the close of 17 So.

We know that he was there at the time Virginia was in-
vaded by the British, under Benedict Arnold, and that he
rendered important services in aiding to drive them from
the country. On this subject the life of Patrick Henry, by
his grandson, says: "The enemy's fleet of twenty-seven
sail, having aboard the traitor Arnold, with a force esti-
mated at one thousand men, aided by wind and tide,
ascended the James with slight obstruction, and he reached
Richmond on January 5, 1781. The governor had com-
menced to remove the public property on January 2. The
enemy destroyed the stores that remained, and pushed on
to Westham, seven miles above on the river, where there
was a foundry for casting cannon, and a laboratory; they
burned the public buildings and the stores which had not
been removed. On January 6, Arnold commenced his
retreat, reaching Westover n the next day. By that time
Colonel Nicholas, with three hundred men, was six miles
above him. General Nelson had collected two hundred
at Charles City Court-House, eight miles below; between
two and three hundred men at Petersburg had placed them-
selves under General Smallwood, who happened to be

EXPEDITION AGAINST DETROIT APPROVED. 703

passing through the state, and Baron Steuben and General
Gibson had eighteen hundred men on the south side of the
James hastening to intercept the invaders. At Hood's,
Colonel George Rogers Clark, with an advanced party,
drew some of the British into an ambuscade, killed seven-
teen, and wounded thirteen. This was the only blood
shed."

Colonel Clark had already secured the approval of Gov-
ernor Jefferson to the proposed expedition against Detroit,
as will be seen from a letter Clark wrote him from Rich-
mond, Virginia, on the iSth of January, 1781, in which he
said: "I have examined your proposed instructions. I
don't recollect of anything more that is necessary except
the mode of paying the expenses of the garrison of Detroit,
in case of success, as supporting our credit among strangers
may be attended with great and good consequences, and
my former experiences induce me to wish it to be the case
where I have the honor to command.

"I would also observe to Your Excellency that I could wish
to set out on this expedition free from any reluctance, which
I doubt I can not do without a satisfactory explanation of
the treatment of the Virginia delegates in congress to me,
in objecting to an appointment designed for me, which
Your Excellency can not be a stranger to. I could wish
not to be thought to solicit promotion; and that my duty to
myself did not oblige me to transmit these sentiments to
you. The treatment I have generally met with from this
state hath prejudiced me as far as consistent in her interest
and wish not to be distrusted in the execution of her
orders by any continental colonel who may be in the

704 CLARK IS APPOINTED BRIGADIER-GENERAL.

countries that I have business in, which I doubt will be the
case, although the orders of the commander-in-chief is very
positive.'1 *

What is meant by his reference in this letter to the ob-
jection of the Virginia delegates to an appointment designed
for him is, presumably, explained in a letter of General
Washington to Governor Jefferson next hereafter quoted.
He appears to have wanted some appointment or promotion
on the continental establishment, or some action that would
prevent his being outranked, or interfered with by any
"Continental colonel"' in the same locality, where he might
happen to be. If his desire was to be promoted as an officer
of the state of Virginia he was soon gratified, for three or
four days after this letter was written Governor Jefferson
issued to him a commission as ""brigadier-general of all the
forces to be embodied in an expedition westward of the
Ohio;" a deserved promotion which met with general ap-
proval .

The governor also did everything in his power to facilitate
the expedition. lie had written to General Washington
some time before asking his co-operation, which was cheer-
fully granted, as will be seen by his letter to Governor
Jefferson, dated at "New Windsor, December 28, 1780,"*
in which he said: "Your Excellency's favor of the 13th
reached me this day. I have ever been of opinion, that the
reduction of the post of Detroit would be the only certain
means of giving peace and security to the whole western
frontier, and I have consequently kept my eye upon that
object; but, such has been the reduced state of our conti-

* Virginia State Papers, Vol. I, p. 441.

WASHINGTON PROMISES AID TO THE EXPEDITION. 705

nental force, and such the low ebb of our funds, especially
of late, that I have never had it in ray power to make the
attempt.

"I shall think it a most happy circumstance, should your
state, with the aid of continental stores which you require,
be able to accomplish it. I am so well convinced of the
general public utility with which the expedition, if success-
ful, will be attended, that I do not hesitate a moment in
giving directions to the commandant at Fort Pitt to deliver
to Colonel Clark the articles which you request, or so many
of them as he ma)' be able to furnish. I have also directed
him to form such a detachment of continental troops as he
can safely spare, and put them under the command of
Colonel Clark. There is a continental company of artil-
lery at Fort Pitt, which I have likewise ordered upon the
expedition, should it be prosecuted. The officers of this
company will be competent to the management of the mor-
tar and howitzers.

"I do not know for what particular purpose Colonel
Clark may want the six-pound cannon; but, if he expects
to derive advantage from them in the reduction of works
of an)' strength, he will find himself disappointed. Thev
are not equal to battering a common log block-house, at
the shortest range. This we have found upon experience.
I would, therefore, advise him to consider this point, and
leave them behind, unless he sees a probability of wanting
them in the field. I have enclosed the letter for Colonel
Brodhead commanding at Fort Pitt, which Colonel Clark
may deliver whenever he sees fit. It is possible that some

706 Washington's letter to jefferson.

advantage may arise from keeping the true destination of
the expedition a secret as long as circumstances will admit.
If so, the fewer who are intrusted the better.

"The matter which the house of delegates have referred
to my determination stands thus. A board of general
officers in the year 1778 determined that officers bearing-
continental commissions should take rank of those having
state commissions only while their regiments continued
upon a state establishment; but that, when such regiments
became continental, the officers should be entitled to receive
continental commissions from the date of their state ap-
pointments. Thus, you see, it is not in my power to rec-
ommend them to congress for continental commissions,
while in state regiments, without infringing an established
rule.

"As to the second point, 'whether such officers shall have
promotion in the line, or be confined to the said two regi-
ments,' I think that they had best, for the sake of peace
and harmony, be confined to the two regiments. For
man)' of those officers left the continental line in very low
ranks and obtained very high ranks in that of the state.
This created much uneasiness when the troops came together
in service; and it was with difficulty that mam' of the con-
tinental officers could be made to brook being commanded
by those who had been their inferiors the preceding cam-
paign. I am, therefore, of opinion, that an attempt to
introduce those gentlemen now into the continental line
would create a source of infinite discontent and uneasiness,
more especially as vou have a sufficient number of officers
at home and in captivity (and vacancies ought in justice to

WASHINGTON'S LETTER TO BROADHEAD. 707

be reserved for such of the latter as wish to serve again),
for the quota of continental troops assigned to the state by
the last establishment.11 *

In his letter to Colonel David Broadhead, referred to in
the previous letter, General Washington indorses the expe-
dition to the fullest extent, as he does also Colonel Clark,
although not knowing him personally. lie said: "The
state of Virginia has determined to undertake an expedition
which I have ever had in view, and which I wished to carry
into execution by a continental force; but you are sufficiently
acquainted with the situation of our affairs, both as to men
and supplies, to know that it has been impossible to attempt
it. It is the reduction of the post of Detroit.

"His Excellency Governor Jefferson informs me that he
thinks they shall be able, with the aid of some artillery and
stores already at Fort Pitt, to accomplish this most desirable
object; and that, should they even fail of carrying their
point, much good will result from creating a diversion
and giving the enemy employ in their own country. The
artillery and stores required by Governor Jefferson are four
field-pieces, and sixteen hundred balls suited to them; one
eight-inch howitzer, and three hundred shells suited to it;
two royals; grape-shot; necessary implements and furniture
for the above; five hundred spades; two hundred pick-axes;
one traveling-forge; some boats, should the state not have
enough prepared in time; some ship-carpenter's tools.

"Colonel Clark, who is to command the expedition, will
probably be the bearer of this himself; and you are to de-
liver to him, or his order, at such times as he shall require

* Sparks's Washington, Vol. 7, p. 341.

708 Washington's letter to broadhead.

them, all or so many of the foregoing articles as you shall
have it in your power to furnish. You will likewise direct
the officers with the company of artillery to be ready to
move when Colonel Clark shall call for them; and as it is
my wish to give the enterprise every aid which our small
force can afford, you will be pleased to form such a detach-
ment as you can cafely spare from your own and Gibson's
regiments, and put it under the command of Colonel Clark
also. I should suppose that the detachment can not be
made more than a command for a captain or major at most.
You know the necessity of confining it to a continental
officer of inferior rank to Colonel Clark.

"Your good sense will, I am convinced, make you view
this matter in its true light. The inability of the continent
to undertake the reduction of Detroit, which, while it
continues in possession of the enemy, will be a constant
source of trouble to the whole western frontier, has of neces-
sity imposed the task upon the state of Virginia, and of
consequence makes it expedient to confer the command
upon an officer of that state.

"This being the case, I do not think the charge of the
enterprise could have been committed to better hands than
Colonel Clark's. I have not the pleasure of knowing the
gentleman, but, independently of the proofs he has given
of his activity and address, the unbounded confidence
which I am told the western people repose in him is a
matter of vast importance; as I imagine a considerable part
of his force will consist of volunteers and militia, who are
not to be governed by military laws, but must be held by
the ties of confidence and affection to their leader.

GOVERNOR JEFFERSON S LETTER TO GENERAL CLARK. 709

"I shall conclude with recommending to you, in gen-
eral, to give every countenance and assistance to this en-
terprise, should no circumstances intervene to prevent its
execution. One thing you may rest assured of, and that is,
that, while offensive operations are going forward against
Detroit and the Indians in alliance with the British in that
quarter, your posts with small garrisons in them and proper
vigilance will be perfectly secure. For this reason, and
the expedition depending upon the supplies here required,
I shall expect a punctual compliance with this order, and
am, with real esteem and regard, etc."*

Governor Jefferson followed up General Washington's
efforts in the same quarter, and on the 13th of February,
1 781, wrote General Clark that, "Still having at heart the
success of the expedition at the head of which you are
placed, we have obtained leave from Baron Steuben for
Colonel J. Gibson to attend you as next in command, and,
of course, to succeed to your office in the event of your
death or captivity, which, however disagreeable in con-
templation, yet, as being possible, it is our duty to provide
against. I have added my most pressing request to Colonel
Broadhead that he permit Colonel Gibson's regiment to be
added to your force for the expedition, a request which I
hope will be successful as coinciding with the spirit of Gen-
eral Washington's recommendations. Colonel Gibson is
to go by Baltimore to see the powder conveyed to Fort
Pitt. The articles which were to be sent from this place
to Frederic county were duly forwarded a few days after
you left us."f

* Spark's Washington, Vol. 7, p. 343.
t Virginia State Papers, Vol. I, p. 511.

7IO THE COUNTRY GROWING WEARY OF WAR,

The Colonel Gibson referred to in this letter was Colonel
John Gibson, afterwards the first secretary of Indiana terri-
tory, and for a time acting governor. His selection was

entirely satisfactory to

'^2^2^*^ GeneraI Clark- and a"

that now seemed to be

required was the raising
of two thousand men, which was the number thought to
be necessary to make the expedition a success.

But this was the zenith of his expectations and his pros-
pects, for, notwithstanding the favor shown the enterprise
by Washington and Jefferson, two of the foremost men of
that day, unavoidable difficulties and disappointments be-
gan to appear, and continued to make themselves felt with
crushing pertinacity to the end, and all the facts at com-
mand evidence that this was in no way due to any fault of
his own.

The truth is, the long continuance of the War of the Revo-
lution had brought the people to realize that it was a very
serious matter and military zeal and desire to engage in mili-
tary campaigns had very much abated. This was particu-
larly true in Virginia and Pennsylvania, where the horrors
of the war had been brought within their own state limits,
and it was in the former, mainly, that he expected to raise
his troops. The fighting population felt they were needed
nearer home, and, besides, continental money had become
so worthless that pay was not likely to be at all adequate.

Finally it was undertaken to draft militia for the expedi-
tion, and the following letter, written to Governor Jeffer-
son, February 9, 1 78 1 , by Colonel John Smith, the county

RECRUITING SLOW AND PAPER MONEY DEPRECIATED. 7 I I

lieutenant of Frederic, will show what the result was in
that county :

"The orders for a draught of two hundred and eighty
men from the militia from that country to serve under
Colonel Clark has been executed, so far as to direct the
men to hold themselves in readiness. But the difficulty
will be to compel these men to march, owing to their aver-
sion to this expedition.

"Even should this be accomplished, he can not procure
twenty guns in the country, and without arms they could
do nothing. Colonel Clark has been informed of this dif-
ficulty, and says arms can be procured in Philadelphia.
Major Hunter, the bearer of this, will give further par-
ticulars in regard to the sentiments of the people of the
county." *

The same condition of affairs prevailed in other coun-
ties, and there seemed to be a general feeling of indiffer-
ence, or repugnance, as to going off on such a distant
campaign. Besides, the deplorable financial condition of
Virginia at that time prevented suitable clothing and equip-
ments being promptly furnished the troops when they were
raised. Colonel Joseph Crockett wrote the governor from
Shepardstown, on the 4th of March, that "By orders re-
ceived from Colonel Clark, we have just returned from
Frederic town to this place, in hopes to get the regiment
equipped for the western expedition. I must beg leave
once more to mention to Your Excellency the great dis-
tress the regiment is in for want of clothing, the soldiers
being almost naked for want of linen, and entirely without

* Virginia State Papers, Vol. i, p. 502.

712 CLARK'S APPEAL TO JEFFERSON AND WASHINGTON.

shoes. Colonel Clark informs me he expects a consider-
able quantity of linen at Winchester, of which we shall
have a part. As for shoes, I know not where to apply.

"This will be handed to Your Excellency by Captain
Cherry, paymaster to the western battalion, who will wait
on the treasurer for a sum of money due the officers, agree-
able to a late act of assembly, and also will with cheerful-
ness obey any commands Your Excellency may please to
lay on him, in order to serve the regiment in forwarding
clothing, money, etc."*

The trouble was that when the money did come it was
usually in paper, and of little or no value. Colonel John
Gibson, writing to the governor of Virginia (Nelson) Sep-
tember 1 8, 1 78 1, says: "He had been ordered the winter
before by Governor Jefferson from Richmond to Philadel-
phia, in order to forward a supply of powder to Fort Pitt,
for the expedition under General Clark. The money sent
through Ensign Tannehill to defray the expenses incident
to this duty 'would not pass at any rate' in that country,
and he now returns it by Mr. Boreman, with the request
that it be exchanged, etc."f

General Clark bore up under all these vexations and dis-
appointments with remarkable fortitude. Foiled at one
point he turned hopefully to another and never relaxed his
efforts. The severest blow came in Broadhead's failure to
assign him Colonel Gibson and his regiment as had been re-
quested by Jefferson and Washington. Clark fully realized
the danger of this failure, but did not despair. From Fort

"Virginia Slate Papers, Vol. 1. p. 572.
t Virginia State Papers, Vol, J. p. 4>S.

CLARK S APPEAL TO JEFFERSON AND WASHINGTON. 713

Pitt he wrote earnest appeals to both. On the 20th of
May he wrote this feeling letter to General Washington :
"Reduced to the necessity of taking every step to cany my
point the ensuing campaign. I hope Your Excellency will
excuse me in taking the liberty of troubling you with this
request. The invasion of Virginia put it out of the power
of the governor to furnish me with the number of men pro-
posed for the enterprise to the west, but informed me he
had obtained leave from the Baron Steuben, and agreeable
to your letters, for Colonel John Gibson and regiment and
Heth's company to join my forces, an addition of men with
them the militia we were disappointed of.

"On consulting Colonel Broadhead he could not conceive
he was at liberty to let them go, as }*our instructions were
pointed, respecting the stores and troops to be furnished by
him. From Your Excellency's letters to Colonel Broad-
head I supposed him at liberty to furnish what men he
pleased. Convinced he did not think as I do, or otherwise
he would have had no objections, as he appeared to wish
to give the enterprise every aid in his power.

"The hopes of obtaining a grant of these troops has in-
duced me to address Your Excellency myself, as it is too
late to consult Governor Jefferson farther on the subject,
wishing to set out on the expedition early in June, as our
store of provisions is nearly complete. If our force should
be equal to the task proposed I can not conceive but that
this post with every small garrison even of militia will be
in any danger, as it is attached to a populous countiy, and
during our time in the enemy's (country), Mcintosh and

714 clark's appeal to jeffersox and Washington.

Wheeling will be useless, or might also be garrisoned by
small parties of militia.

"These I know to be Your Excellency's ideas. If you
should approve of the troops in this department joining
our forces, though they are few the acquisition may be at-
tended with great and good consequences, as two hundred
only might turn the scale in our favor.

"The advantages which must derive to the states from
our proving successful is of such importance that I think
(it) deserved greater preparations to insure it. But I have
not yet lost sight of Detroit. Nothing seems to threaten
us but the want of men, but even should (we) be able to
cut our way through the Indians and find that they have
no re-enforcements at Detroit, we ma}' probably have the
assurance to attack it, though our force may be much less
than proposed which was two thousand, as defeating the
Indians with inconsderable loss on our side would almost
insure us success. Should this be the case a valuable peace
will probably ensue.

"But on the contrary, if we fall through in our present
plans and no expedition should take place, it is to be feared
that the consequences will be fatal to the whole frontier, as
every exertion will be made by the British party to harass
them as much as possible — disable them from giving any
succor to our eastern or southern forces. The Indian war
is now more general than ever — any attempt to appease
them will be fruitless. Captain Randolph waits on Your
Excellency for an answer to this letter, which I flatter my-
self you will honor me with immediately. Colonel Gibson
who commands in the absence of Colonel Broadhead will

Clark's appeal to jefferson and Washington. 715

keep the troops in readiness to move at an hour's warning;
conducting myself as though this request was granted, im-
patiently waiting for the happy order." *

Three days later he wrote from "Yahogania C. H." the
following letter to the governor of Virginia: "A few days
past I received dispatches from the Illinois, Kentucky, etc.,
of a late date. I am sorry to inform Your Excellency that
near one hundred thousand pounds of beef at the Kentucky-
is spoilt by the persons engaged to procure it. About the
same quantity on hand excellent good, and two hundred
and fifty head of cattle promised by the inhabitants. The
Indians have done considerable damage there. The enclosed
copies are all that is worth your notice from the Illinois,
but what you already knew of by former letters from that
country.

"You will see the measures that have been taken respect-
ing Shannon and Moor and the issue. Colonel Broadhead
would not agree to suffer Colonel Gibson's regiment to go
on the expedition, as he said he could not answer for it.
I have written to General Washington in consequence as
per enclosed copies. The continental officers and soldiers of
this department to a man (?„re) anxious for the expedition
supposed against the Indians. The country in general
wishing it to take place, but too few think of going, and so
great a contrast between the people of the two states in this
quarter that no method can be taken to force them to war.

"We are taking every step in our power to raise volun-
teers. What number we shall get I can't as yet guess. I
doubt too few. The disappointment of seven hundred men

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. i, p. 108.
46

7 16 col. john gibson's letter to gov. jefferson,

from Berkeley and Hampshire I am afraid is too great a
stroke to recover (from), as in fact the greatest part of this
country is in subordination neither to Pennsvlvania or Vir-
ginia. General Washington informs me that he had re-
ceived information that Colonel Connellv had left New
York with a design to make a diveision in the countries to
be re-enforced by Sir John Johnson in Canada.

"I doubt, sir, we shall as usual be obliged to play a des-
perate game this campaign. If we had the two thousand
men first proposed, such intelligence would give me pleas-
ure. The greatest part of our stores have come to hand,
the remainder I shortly expect. By the greatest exertions
and your timely supplies of money we have the boats and
provisions expected in this quarter nearly completed.

kLI propose to leave this about the 15th of June, if we
can embody a sufficient number of men by that time. I
do not yet despair of seeing the proposed object on toler-
able terms, although our circumstances (are) rather gloomy.
Colonel Crockett and regiment arrived a few davs past who
informed me that a company or two (of) volunteers might
be expected from Frederick and Berkelev. I am sorrv we
are so circumstanced as to be glad to receive them." *

Colonel John Gibson, then in command at Fort Fitt.
offered General Clark every facility in his power, but he
plainly foresaw that he was not likely to secure the number
of men necessary to the success of a campaign against De-
troit, and he foreshadowed as much, on the 30th of May,
in a letter to Governor Jefferson, in which he said:

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 2. p. 116.

FAILURE TO PROCURE TROOPS. 717

"General Clark will write Your Excellency by this oppor-
tunity and I make no doubt give you every information
relative to the intended expedition. I am much afraid he
will not be able to get many of the militia from this quarter,
as I have just heard that three hundred men from the
counties of Monongahela and Ohio have crossed the Ohio
at Wheeling:, and are gone to cut off the Moravian Indian
towns; if so they will hardly turn out on their return.

"Indeed it appears to me they have done this in order
to evade going with General Clark. The Moravians have
always given the most convincing proofs of their attachment
to the cause of America, by always giving intelligence
of every party that came against the frontiers; and on the
late expedition they furnished Colonel Broadhead and his
party with a large quantity of provisions when they were
starving. For the news of this post, permit me to refer
Your Excellency to the bearer, Ensign Tannehill." *

General Clark expected to have left Fort Pitt by the 15th
of June with two thousand men, but the)' could not be
secured, notwithstanding he made the most strenuous efforts
to that end, and delays were unavoidable. The failure to
secure the continental troops, under Gibson, was followed
by the failure to procure seven hundred men expected to be
raised in Hampshire and Berkeley counties, in Virginia,
and those from Frederick dwindled away to only a small
part of the number anticipated. These, and other dis-
appointments and difficulties, delayed his departure, and

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 2, p. 131.

718 CLARK DEPARTS WITH ONLY FOUR HUNDRED MEN

finally he started down the river with only about four hun-
dred, instead of two thousand men, as intended. Some
additional troops were expected to overtake him but never
did, as will be seen later.

Clark was at Wheeling on the 4th of August, on which
day he wrote the following gloomy letter to the governor
of Virginia: "I make no doubt but it was alarming to vou
that I had not left this country. Whoever undertakes to
raise an arm)- in this quarter will find himself disappointed
— except the law was of greater force, and not depending
on the wills of the populace. This country calls aloud for
an expedition, wishing me to put it into execution, but
(the people are) so strangely infatuated that all the methods
I have been able to pursue will not draw them into the
field. We have made draughts to no purpose. Governor
Reed also wrote to them, but to no effect.

"From the time I found I was to be disappointed in the
troops ordered by government I began to suspect the want
of men, which is now the case when everything else is pre-
pared. I could not get Colonel Gibson's regiment, other-
wise I should have been gone long since — had to make up
the deficiency by volunteers, but finding that no arguments
are sufficient, I determined to quit them, leaving no stone
unturned b}- which they might hereafter excuse themselves.
To save the garrison of Pittsburgh from being evacuated, I
have been obliged to spare them a considerable quantity
of flour, but yet have enough to do something clever had I

men

I have relinquished my expectation relative to the plans
heretofore laid, and shall drop down the river with what

DESPONDING LETTER FROM GENERAL CLARK. 72 I

men I have, amounting to about four hundred; consisting
of Crockett's regiment, Craig's artillery, volunteers, etc.
If I find a prospect of completing my forces in any other
country I shall do it, and make my strokes according to
circumstances. If I find it out of my power to do anything
of importance, I shall dispose of the public stores to the
greatest advantage and quit all further thoughts of enter-
prise in this quarter.

"I do not yet condemn myself for undertaking the ex-
pedition against Detroit. I yet think, had I near the num-
ber of men at first proposed, should have carried it. I
may yet make some stroke among the Indians before the
close of the campaign, but at present (that is) really to be
doubted.

" I have been at so much pains to enable us to prosecute
the first plan, that the disappointment is doubly mortify-
ing to me, and I feel for the dreadful consequences that
will ensue throughout the frontier if nothing is done. This
country already begins to suspect it and to invite me to
execute some plans of their own, but I shall no longer
trust them.

" I shall hereafter transmit to Your Excellency copies of
all the public letters sent and received respecting the expe-
dition, by which you will see the very great pains that have
been taken with the inhabitants of this country to little
purpose. The unsettled state of the government is very
hurtful to public measures among them. I have spared to
Colonel Harrison £i 26^81 17s to enable him to go on
with his business, which he is to settle with the auditors.

722 COLONEL LOCHRY STARTS TO JOIN CLARK.

Be pleased to order me credit for it on their books. I
think Colonel Harrison has done himself honor in con-
ducting his business." *

lochry's defeat.

Part of the troops which General Clark expected would
join him at Wheeling, Virginia, where there was then a
fort, called Fort Henry, were recruited largely in West-
moreland count}-, Pennsylvania, by Colonel Archibald
Lochry, the county lieutenant of that county. In the com-
mand of Colonel Lochry were a company of volunteer
riflemen raised by Captain Robert Orr, two companies of
rangers under Captains Samuel Shannon and Thomas
Stockley, and a company of horse under command of Cap-
tain William Campbell; but these companies could not have
been full, as there were but one hundred and seven men in
the party when they passed down the Ohio river.

Colonel Lochry started with his command from Carna-
han's block-house, eleven miles west of Hannastown,
Pennsylvania, late in July or early in August, 1781. to
join General Clark's forces. It is pretty certain that the
date of departure from Carnahan's was not earlier than
the 24th of July, or later than the 3d of August, and all
accounts agree that the party reached Wheeling on the 8th
of the latter month, coming Irs- land as far as Pittsburgh,
and from thence by water.

There had, apparently, been unexpected and unavoid-
able delay, which proved to be most unfortunate, as will
be seen in the sequel. General Clark waited at Wheeling

•""Virginia State Papers, Vol. J. p. 294.

UNFORTUNATE FAILURE TO CONNECT. 723

five days longer than was intended, and, finding further
delay dangerous, as his troops were restless and many
deserting, he left Wheeling the day before the arrival of
Colonel Lochry's party, hearing nothing from them, and
dropped down the river "about twelve hours," leaving
provisions and boats for their use, with directions to follow
him.

But here was another serious delay, for the}' did not
arrive at the place below, to which Clark had gone, until
ten days later, having been detained, mainly, by preparation
of additional boats for the transportation of men and horses.
Again they were one day too late, as General Clark had
departed the day before for the mouth of the Kanawha
river, where he expected to await their arrival, and he left
Lieutenant Creacraft and some men, with a boat, but, un-
fortunately, did not leave ammunition and provisions, of
which the Lochry party were now in great need, although
that fact was probably not known by General Clark.

Misfortunes were still pursuing them. So much dissat-
isfaction had developed among the troops with General
Clark that there was danger of the force being greatly re-
duced by desertions, a party of nineteen having already
deserted, and therefore he decided not to remain at the
mouth of the Kanawha, for the Lochry party to come
up, as he had intended. He left a letter, suspended from
a pole, directing the party to come down the river. But
the river was low, and none of the Lochry party seemed
familiar with the channel, and their supplies having run
short they now felt themselves in such bad condition that
the)7 lost hope of overtaking Clark with their whole force,

724 CAPTURE OF CAPTAIN SHANNONS PARTY.

but decided to send Captain Shannon, with seven men
in a swift moving boat, to overtake him, if possible, and
inform him of the situation.

This, under ordinary circumstances, was a wise deter-
mination, and would doubtless have been successful but for
an overwhelming and unexpected disaster which occurred
to Captain Shannon and most of his men. Thev were
captured by the Indians, and with them a letter to Clark,
disclosing the situation of Lochry's part}-, which before
was unknown to the Indians and their British leaders, who
supposed that Clark and Lochry's forces were coming down
the river together.

This capture was the greatest misfortune that had yet
befallen the Americans. Their weak and divided condi-
tion was now definitely made known to the enemy, who
promptly decided to take advantage of the opportunity.
They had long been advised of the intended expedition
against Detroit, and were watching Clark's voyage down
the river, but overestimated both his force and the number
of his cannon, and, thus far, had made no attack. Xow
they were better informed, and determined, when the right
time came, to attack Lochry's party.

They watched their opportunity, and finally collected,
about eleven miles below the mouth of the great Miami
river, three hundred strong, under able leaders. The cel-
ebrated chief, Brant, is said to have been one of them, but
this is not entirely certain.

The Indians, with their usual cunning, forced and per-
suaded Shannon's party, under promise of release, to station
themselves at a prominent place on the north side of the

LOCHRY S DEFEAT. 725

river to hail the Lochry party as they descended and induce
them to surrender, on the ground that resistance against
such an overwhelming force would result in certain de-
struction, whereas if they surrendered their lives would be
spared. It is said the prisoners (of course with guards near
enough to prevent escape) were stationed at the head of an
island about three miles below a creek flowing into the
Ohio, now the dividing line between Dearborn and Ohio
counties, in the state of Indiana, and called Lochry, as is
also the island, after the unfortunate commander of this
division of the expedition.

The Indians, however, attacked the Lochry party before
reaching this point, probably at or near the mouth of the
creek before referred to, there being some dispute as to the
exact spot where the attack was made. The fighting ap-
pears to have been brought on earlier and a little higher
up than the Indians intended, because of the Americans
having stopped their boats here to take the horses on the
shore to graze, feed for them on the boats being exhausted.

Lieutenant Isaac Anderson, who had command of Cap-
tain Shannon's company, and was taken prisoner, kept a
journal of the campaign, from which the following extracts
are taken:

Augusts, 1 781. Arrived at Wheeling fort, and found
Clark was settled down the river about twelve hours.

August 9th. Colonel Lochry sent a quartermaster and
officer of the horse after him, which overtook him at Mid-
dle island and returned; then started all our foot troops on
seven boats and our horses by land to Grave creek.

l6 LIEUTENANT ANDERSON'S JOURNAL.

August 13th. Moved down to Fishing creek; we took
Lieutenant Baker and sixteen men, deserting from Gen-
eral Clark, and went that da}* to middle of Long Reach,
where we staid that night.

August 15th. To the Three islands, where we found
Major Creacroft waiting on us with a horse-boat. He,
with his guard, six men, started that night after General
Clark.

August 1 6th. Colonel Lochrv detailed Captain Shan-
non with seven men and letter after General Clark, and
moved that day to the Little Kanawha with all our horses
on board the boats.

August 17th. Two men went out to hunt who never
returned to us. We moved that day to Buffalo island.

August iSth. To Cattish island.

August 19th. To Bare Banks.

August 20th. We met with two of Shannon's men.
who told us the)' had put to shore to cook, below the mouth
of the Siotha (Scioto), where Shannon sent them and a
sergeant out to hunt. When thev got about half a mile in
the woods they heard a number of guns tire, which they
supposed to be Indians firing on the rest of the party, and
they immediately took up the river to meet us: but, un-
fortunately, the sergeant's knife dropped on the ground
and it ran directly through his foot, and he died of the
wound in a few minutes. We sailed that night.

August 2 1 st. We moved to Two islands.

August 2 2d. To the Sassafras bottom.

August 23d. Went all day and all night.

LIEUTENANT ANDERSON'S JOURNAL. 727

August 24th. Colonel Lochry ordered the boats to land
on the Indiana shore, about ten miles below the mouth of
the Great Meyamee (Miami) river, to cook provisions and
cut grass for the horses, when we were fired on by a party
of Indians from the bank. We took to our boats, expect-
ing to cross the river, and were fired on by another party
in a number of canoes, and soon we became a prey to
them. They killed the colonel and a number more after
they were prisoners. The number of our killed was about
forty. They marched us that night about eight miles up
the river and encamped.

August 25th. We marched eight miles up the Mey-
amee river and encamped.

August 26th. La}* in camp.

August 27th. The party that took us was joined by one
hundred white men under the command of Captain Thomp-
son and three hundred Indians under the command of Cap-
tain McKee.

August 28th. The whole of the Indians and whites
went down against the settlements of Kentucky, excepting
a sergeant and eighteen men, which were left to take care
of sixteen prisoners and stores that were left there. We
lay there until the 15th of September.

September 15, 1781. We started toward the Shawna
towns on our way to Detroit.

Lieutenant Anderson was first taken to Detroit, then to
Fort Niagara, finally to Montreal, where he escaped, reach-
ing his home in Pennsylvania just one year after his depart-
ure on the unfortunate expedition.

LOCHRY S DEFEAT. 729

The place where the attack on Colonel Lochry"s party
was made was where a sand bar projected far out from the
shore making the river, which was then at a low stage of
water, very narrow at that point. As the Indians knew
perfectly well that they were three times as strong in num-
bers as the party they were going to attack, it is believed
that they had a portion of their force on each side of the river,
so as to take advantage of the advance or retreat of the
Americans in either direction; and the attack was probably
made from both sides, which has led to some confusion as
to where the fight began. The evidence, however, is posi-
tive that the main attack, and the slaughter and capture of
Lochry's party was on the Indiana side, at, or near, the
mouth of Lochry's creek.

General Clark had already passed on down the river in
safety, and was entirely ignorant of the threatened calamity
to Colonel Lochry1s command. It is not likely the latter
had an)T idea the Indians were near in such force, or that
he was in immediate danger. However, as Captain Shan-
non had not returned, it seems somewhat strange that he,
and his command, did not act with greater caution and
make a better defense, but their helpless condition should
be remembered, and that they had no positive evidence of
Indians being in the immediate vicinity.

They were in a strange country, on a part of the river
unknown to them, out of provisions, and almost out of
ammunition. The horses were starving and were landed
at a favorable spot to feed upon the luxuriant grass and pea
vines growing in that locality. The men, too, were greatly
in need of food, and had killed a buffalo, which some of

73© THE DEFEAT OCCASIONS GREAT SORROW.

them were cooking when the Indians rushed upon them
with such impetuosity and overwhelming numbers that all
the Americans were either killed or captured.

This was the sad and deplorable ending of Colonel Loch-
ry's unfortunate expedition, and it was more destructive
and disastrous to the whites than any conflict with the In-
dians that had ever before occurred on what is now Indiana
soil — or probably any that had occurred in the western
country. Forty-one Americans were killed and the rest
taken prisoners. Of the whole number who left Pennsyl-
vania on the expedition only a month before, less than
half returned to their homes. The mournful tidings did
not reach Pennsylvania for several months but when it did
"their misfortunes threw the people of the country into
the greatest consternation and despair, particularlv West-
moreland count}T, Lochry's party being all the best men of
their frontier." *

But it was not in Pennsylvania alone that the sad news
filled the hearts of the people with sorrow. It was mourned
and deplored by sympathizing Americans evervwhere; but
by none more sincerely than by General Clark, and for
many reasons, not the least of which was that it was the
finishing blow that extinguished, forever, all hope of a suc-
cessful campaign against Detroit, which he had so long
and so fondly cherished, as well as all hope of any imme-
diate campaign against the Indians.

His distress was increased by unjust criticism of some of
the people of Pennsvlvania who thought he ought to have
prevented Lochry's defeat, which censure was the out-

*Letter of General Irvine to General Washington.

THE EXPEDITION FAILED FOR LACK OF MEN. 73 1

growth of the strong prejudice and unfriendly feeling exist-
ing between certain parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia at
that period, on account of the disputed boundary line be-
tween the two commonwealths. This condition of affairs had
much to do in preventing General Clark from getting the
men he expected to join him at Pittsburgh. Major Will-
iam Croghan, writing from that place to Colonel William
Davis, speaks of General Clark's departure with only four
hundred men, and says: "The reason so few went with
him from this place is owing to the dispute that subsists
here between the Virginians and Pennsylvanians respecting
the two bounds of the latter. And the general, being a
Virginian, was opposed by the most noted men here of
the Pennsylvania part)7." It should not be forgotten,
however, that the reason assigned by Major Croghan did not
operate in Berkeley, Plampshire and Frederick counties, in
Virginia, where the failure was equally marked and dis-
appointing.

General Clark's conduct in this matter, as well as in the
contemplated expedition against Detroit, appears to need
no defense; but if it did, it is amply given in a letter written
to the governor of Virginia (Harrison) by Colonel Joseph
Crockett, who was in the expedition, and familiar with all
the circumstances. The following: is an extract from this
letter :

"I received Your Excellency's letter of the 16th instant,
the purport of which I am at loss to answer as clearly as I
could wish. As for General Clark's conduct, last cam-
paign whilst I had the honor to serve under his command,

as touching his military character, I can not think he is

73^ COLONEL JOSEPH CROCKETT'S LETTER.

deserving censure; his greatest misfortune and loss of use-
ful operations of this campaign was the want of men,
although the general strained every nerve in his power to
raise a sufficient number to penetrate into the heart of the
enemy's country, and was assisted by a small number of
good men, to complete his laudible design. It appeared
to me to be out of the power of any human existence to
cause a sufficient number to enter the field, or subject those
few that were already there to good order. The general
often told them of the evils that has already (befallen )
them, if that campaign miscarried.

"One place of general rendezvous was Wheeling, where
the general expected to be joined with a thousand militia
from the counties over the mountains; out of which two
hundred and fifty only joined, and the half of them de-
serted, after drawing a quantity of arms, blankets, leggins,
shirts, etc., etc.; the greatest part of those (who) did not
desert threatened mutiny for several davs.

"Nor was this all of the general's disappointment. There
was a certain quota of men to be sent him from the counties
of Berkeley, Frederick and Hampshire, of which he never
received one.

"I know the general is much censured in the neighbor-
hood of Fort Pitt for the loss of Colonel Laugherry's
party, for whom he waited five davs at Wheeling; disap-
pointments being so frequent, he lost all hopes of his
coming, and moved down the river. The colonel, coming
to Wheeling the next day, sent a boat after, with a letter
to the o-eneral that he would be glad if he would wait for

COLONEL JOSEPH CROCKETT S LETTER. 733

him, as he had one hundred and thirty men without pro-
visions.

"The general sent a small boat with ten kegs of flour,
and wrote the colonel he would leave boats enough at a
certain island, under a small guard, for the reception of his
men, with a quantity of flour, ammunition, etc.; to prevent
desertion, he would move slowly down the river. The
unhappy colonel, without proper caution, landed his men at
the mouth of the Miami, at which place was a large num-
ber of Indians, who destroyed the whole of the colonel's
party."

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 3, p. 35S.

CHAPTER XVII.

BAD CONDITION OF AMERICAN AFFAIRS IN KENTUCKY AND
THE ILLINOIS.

Memorial of the people of Vincennes — Letter of Captain Bailey, commandant
of the post there — Colonel John Floyd writes of the situation in Kentucky —
Colonel Floyd killed by Indians — Colonel Slaughter and others write gloomily
of the situation — Clark immediately engages in putting matters into better
shape — Ascertains strength of the Kentucky militia — Builds Fort Nelson —
Suggests to the governor of Virginia a system of armed boats on the Ohio
— Uses a gun-boat between the falls and the Licking — Indian depredations
continue — Disastrous battle of Blue Licks in August, 17S2 — Rising of the
people to carry the war into the enemy's country — General Clark marches,
at the head of a thousand men, against the Indian towns on the Little Miami
and destroys them — Indians amazed at unexpected development of the strength
of the Americans and never afterwards invade Kentucky in force — An appro-
priate ending of the successful part of General Clark's military career.

|ENERAL CLARK arrived at the falls of the Ohio
with his forces the latter part of August, 1781.
Things had gone on badly during his long absence, both
in Kentucky and the Illinois country. There was trouble
in both. Colonel Todd, the civil governor, returned to
Kentucky, leaving the Illinois country to the management
of his lieutenant, Winston, with positive instructions to
avoid coming in conflict with the military authorities. This
was advice thrown away, as disagreements, under the cir-
cumstances, were unavoidable. The military officers had
no money with which to purchase army supplies but the

(735)

736 TROUBLES ON THE WABASH.

worthless continental paper, which the inhabitants refused
to receive, and consequently provisions and other requisite
things were sometimes of necessity taken without compen-
sation and by force. This, of course, produced not only
bad feeling, but conflicts of authority. Finallv Winston
boldly charged some of the leading military officers with
dishonesty and crime, and in turn was imprisoned bv them.

He left a written memorandum of this indignity offered
the civil authority, represented in his person, in which he
records, in very bad English, that on the 29th of April,
1782, at ten o'clock in the morning, he was taken out of
his house "by tyrannic military force without making any
legal application to the civil magistrates." He savs it was
done "by Israel Dodge, on an order given by John Dodge,
in despite of the civil authority," and uon the malicious
accusation of James Williams and Michael Pevante." *

Todd had instructed Winston that "during mv absence
the command will devolve upon 3011 as commander of
Kaskaskia — if Colonel Clark should want anything more
for his expedition, consult the members of the court upon
the best mode of proceeding; if the people will not spare
willingly, if in their power, you must press it, valuing the
property by two men upon oath. Let the military have
no pretext for forcing property. When vou order it. and
the people will not find it, then it will be time for them to
interfere. By all means keep up a good understanding
with Colonel Clark, and the officers. If this is not the
case, you will be unhappy."

*Early Chicago and Illinois, p. 2S9.

CONFLICT BETWEEN CIVIL AND MILITARY OFFICERS. 737

That he disregarded Todd's instructions is not unlikely,
but whether he did or not it is quite certain that he became
"unhappy."

What the outcome was of this imprisonment of the highest
civil magistrate then in that part of the country, "by tyran-
nic military force," he does not record; but, whatever it
was, it doubtless increased the bad feeling already existing
between the American troops and the people. It had been
growing ever since Clark left Vincennes, and even before.

There was now much dissatisfaction and trouble at Vin-
cennes, and on the 30th of June, 1 781 , the principal inhab-
itants set forth their grievances in the following memorial
to the governor of Virginia: "The undersigned have the
honor to present to Your Excellency the very serious griev-
ances to which they have been exposed, since the arrival of
Virginia troops in this country, and especially since Captain
(Colonel) Clark left this town have we experienced most
horrible treatment from a people who professed to be
friends, and who were generously received as such. But
things have totally changed since the departure of that of-
ficer. He left in command Colonel Montgomery, who,
with his officers, have failed to carry out his friendly policy.
We have with promptitude furnished provisions and goods
as far as was in our power. Colonel Clark drew bills on
the treasurer of Virginia, which remain unpaid.

"The accredited officers of finance and others have as-
sured us that continental money was of equal value with
coin, and we accepted the same in good faith. When the
Virginians gave us cause to be supicious of their money,

738 MEMORIAL OF INHABITANTS OF VINCENNES.

we remonstrated with Colonel Clark and the officers of the
garrison, who, notwithstanding this fact, claimed for this
money its value in Spanish coin. Mr. John Todd, in ac-
cord with Captain Leonard Helm, commanding the fort at
this town, has required by public order that this money be
received as of equal value with specie, threatening punish-
ment of all who refused it. As soon as we had furnished
provisions and goods for this money, the Virginians ap-
peared to think they could take by force our property, our
supplies, and even the little we had reserved to keep our-
selves alive.

"Your Excellency must also be informed that, in addi-
tion to these annoyances, they have perpetuated others of
a more serious character, by killing our cattle in the fields
and our hogs in our yards, taking our flour from the mills
and the corn in our garners, with arms in their hands,
threatening all who should resist them, and the destruction
of the fort we built at our own cost. When thev left the
town they carried off the artillery, powder and balls, there-
by depriving us of the only means of defending ourselves
against the fury of the savages, whom thev have excited
against us. This vou perceive is the conduct Virginians
have pursued in this country. Your Excellency may be
assured this is the exact truth, and Mr. Vaucheres is
charged with the duty of representing the matter to Your
Excellency, of demanding the satisfaction due to us as
citizens and friends of the states, and to make adequate
return for the money we have received as of the value of
specie. We beseech Your Excellency to require the troops
to put an end to the troubles they continue to produce.

MEMORIAL OF INHABITANTS OF VINCENNES.

739

We are unwilling longer to submit to the exactions inci-
dent to their lawless proceedings, it being apparent to I lis
Excellency that the Virginians have entirely ruined us
already.

"If it be thus you treat your friends, pray what have you
in reserve for your enemies? We must insist that Your
Excellency put a stop to our misfortunes, and render us
the justice our patience deserves.

"Assuring you of our profound respect, we have the
honor to be, etc."

This memorial was signed by the principal citizens of
Vincennes of French descent, and there was scarcely any
other kind there at that period. Fac-similes of the signa-
tures of two of them, F. Bosseron and J. M. P. Legrace,
have already been given, and they had both rendered im-
portant services to the American cause, as has already been

shown. An-
other signer
was Philli-
bert, a man

of affairs who for a long period, in the absence of a regu-
lar Catholic priest, performed some of the functions of that
office. Then there
was Pierre Gam-
elin, whose fam-
ily, for at least a
generation after-
wards, was distinguished in the history of that locality. He
was one of the men appointed by Colonel John Todd to

74°

THE EARLY JUDGES AT VIXCEXXES.

act as judges in the Illi-
nois country. Bosseron,
Legrace and L. E. Deline,
who was a signer of the
memorial, were also
judges of this court. One
of the judges of the court,
Pierre Queres, did not sign the memorial, and perhaps for
good reason, as he seems to have signed other papers only
by making his mark. Additional signatures to the memo-
rial were Pierre Guerin, P. Mallet, Jean Batiste Yallaite,
Pierre Cournoyer, Dagenet, Ja. Barois, Godefrov Linetot,
Major P. Barron, Israel Ruland, Moses Henry and Gabriel
Legrand. Ru-
land and Henry — *
were presumably
not of French de-
scent. Legrand
was an impor-
tant appendage
of the court, be-
ing both sheriff and clerk. He had been a notary from
1776 to 1778, and Winthrop Sargent, acting governor of
the Northwest Territory, July 31, 1790, wrote General
Washington in relation to land claims about Yincennes.
saying of Legrand's books and papers that "the records
have been so falsified, and there is such gross fraud and
forgery, as to invalidate all evidence and information which
I might otherwise have acquired from the papers."* It

*Laws Colonial Vincennes, p. 108.

QUEER PROCEEDINGS OF A PIONEER COURT. 74 1

will be observed, however, that while the inference is some-
what pointed he does not attribute the frauds and forgeries
to Legrand personally in direct language. The court here
referred to was the first held within the limits of what is
now the state of Indiana after the conquest of the country
from the British, and fac-similes are given in this work of
the signatures of the clerk and all the judges, except the
one who does not seem to have written his name. It is
presumed without evidence to the contrary that this court
in a general way dispensed justice in a simple, informal,
but substantial manner, so as to satisfy the pioneer com-
munity of that day, but the judges assumed the right to
grant public lands, and exercised it to their own advantage
in a way entirely unjustifiable. This can not be better ex-
plained than it was by Judge Law, who lived and died at
Vincennes, and possessed the best opportunity for procuring
accurate information. In his Colonial Vincennes he sa}Ts:
"Todd (then governor of the Illinois and Wabash coun-
try) went to Kaskaskia in 1779, where he issued his proc-
lamation descriptive of the fertility and beauty of the
'Valley of the Wabash,' and strongly intimating that 'au-
thority was meant to be implied' — if not expressly given —
to the governor, by Virginia, to make grants of land. That
the executive authority under Virginia in the northwestern
territory had the same right to make concessions of land
as was claimed by the French and British commandants.
Mr. Le Gras, his substitute at the 'post,' seems to have
had fewer scruples upon the subject of the right than his
superior, Governor Todd. Not only did he exercise the
power of disposing of the public domain, but he delegated

742 QUEER PROCEEDINGS OF A PIONEER COURT.

it to the county court, composed of four judges, organized
under the act of Virginia, and who held their sessions at
Vincennes. The)- did a wholesale business in the way of
disposing of the domain — not only to others, but to them-
selves— not only by the 'arpent,' but bv 'leagues.' The
way it is stated to have been done is this: Three of the
four judges were left on the bench, while one retired. The
court then made a grant of so many 'leagues' of land to
their absent colleague, which was entered of record. He
returned as soon as the grant was recorded, and another of
these 'ermined' gentlemen left the bench while the chief
justice and the other judges made a similar grant to their
absent friend. After the grant was made and duly re-
corded, he returned, the third departed, and a similar record
was made for his benefit; and so with the fourth. In this
wholesale transfer of the public land, if continued, Vir-
ginia would have had but a small donation to make her
sister states of the confederacy, when she gave up the em-
pire she held in the northwestern territory " for the common
benefit.' Governor Sargent complains of their wholesale
plunder of the public domain, in his letter to General
Washington in 1790, and among the documents accom-
panying that letter is the answer of the judges to his
inquiry, 'by what right these concessions were made,' and
is as follows:

" ' To the Honorable Winthrop Sargent^ Esquire^ Secre-
tary in and for the Territory of the United States
Northwest of the River Ohio, and Vested with all
Powers of Governor and Commander-in-Chief;
"'Sir — As you have given orders to the magistrates
who formerly composed the court of the district of Vin-

EXPLANATION OF THE JUDGES. 743

cennes, under the jurisdiction of Virginia, to give you their
reasons for having taken upon them to grant concessions
for the lands within the district, in obedience thereto, we
beg leave to inform you that their principal reason is, that
since the establishment of the country the commandants
have always appeared to be vested with powers to give
land. Their founder, Mr. Vincennes, began to give con-
cessions, and all his successors have given lands and lots.
Mr. Le Gras was appointed commandant of 'Post Vin-
cennes' by the lieutenant of the county and commander-
in-chief, John Todd, who was in the year 1779 sent by the
state of Virginia for to regulate the government of the coun-
try, and who substituted Mr. Le Gras with his power. In
his absence Mr. Le Gras, who was then commandant, as-
sumed that he had in quality of commandant authority to
give lands according to the ancient usages of other com-
manders, and he verbally informed the court of 'Post Vin-
cennes,' that when they would judge it proper to give lands
or lots to those who should come into the country to set-
tle, or otherwise, they might do it, and that he gave them
permission so to do. These are the reasons tha^: we acted
on, and, if we have done more than we ought, it was on
account of the little knowledge which we had of public
affairs. (Signed)

" 'F. Bosseron.

" 'L. E. Delink.

" 'Pierre Gamelin.

" 'Pierre Querez, his x mark.
" 'Post Vincennes, July 3, 1790.'

744 A CURIOUS LAND GRANT.

"The following is a translation of one of these grants
issued by ' Legrand, Greffier de la Cour" to Henry Coop-
rider, but is written 'Coupraiter' by the clerk:

" 'The court, knowing the power given to them by "Sig-
nor John Todd, colonel and civil grand justice of the
United States,'1 after having examined and duly deliberated
on the absolute necessity, not only to the "city of Yin-
cennes" but to the whole country, that the lands here-
abouts should be settled, for the supply and commerce of
the "county of Illinois and Vincennes,"' and seeing the great
quantity of land uncultivated, which has never been settled
nor granted to any one, the court, by virtue of the powers
given to them, the Signor Le Gras, colonel commandant,
and president of said court, has responded favorablv to the
written request of "Henry Coupraiter" and directed me,
"Gabriel LeGrand, clerk of the court,'" to grant and accord
to said Coupraiter four hundred arpents of land, bounded,
etc. He, the said Henry Coupraiter, submitting to all
regulations made between a potentate and subject.'

These grants occasioned a good deal of trouble and loss
to purchasers, but the claims were sold and traded at merely
nominal rates and were never confirmed by the government.

The sentiments expressed by the judges and other signers
of the memorial to the governor of Virginia were doubtless
the general sentiment of the community, and it can not but
be admitted that there was just ground for their complaint.

The before-mentioned Colonel Legrace wrote the gov-
ernor of Virginia, May 22, 17S0, that

"The inhabitants of St. Vincennes and the country of
the Illinois, ignorant of the act of congress, have sold their

COLONEL LEGRACE'S LETTER OF COMPLAINT. 745

harvest to the army of Colonel Roger Clark, and have re-
ceived in payment piastres of the continent, * upon the
footing and for the value of the Spanish piastres. f Persons
in authority (by your orders) have circulated them as such,
and have assured us authentically that there would be
nothing- lost. They have even passed counterfeits. In the
position of magistrate of this district my duty and benevo-
lence prompt me to beg you to take pity upon a people
who, by this loss, rind themselves reduced to the most
urgent necessities. In addition to this, there has been pub-
lished at St. Vincennes an order, by command of Colonel
Jean Todd, to oblige the residents to receive this money as
Spanish piastres, and many have been imprisoned for hav-
ing refused. Some time later the before-mentioned Colonel
John Todd required me, as it appears from his letter, to
stop the circulation, in view of the quantity of counterfeit
orders that many are circulating, which I have done, to
avoid confusion, without lessening (or preventing) the
value of the goods. Earnestly hoping that the states will
pay this money according to the denomination, I have the
honor, etc." J

That the native inhabitants of the Wabash and Illinois
country were mistreated there can be no question. They
were not only neglected by the government, but positively
imposed upon in many ways. The complaints made about
worthless paper money being forced upon them was strictly
true. It was not only forced by the army officers, but by

*That is continental paper money.

t Coin.

t Foot note Early Chicago and Illinois, p. 328.

746 VIRGINIA FINANCIAL LEGISLATION.

the government, for in March, 1781, Virginia went into
the forcing business generally, by passing a law '"That all the
paper bills of credit which hath been emitted or shall here-
after be emitted by congress, and all bills of credit which
have been heretofore emitted by this state, also all bills of
credit that the governor with advice of council hath been
empowered to emit, as well as all such bills as shall be
emitted by any act or vote of this present session of assembly,
shall to all intents and purposes be a legal tender in dis-
charge of all debts and contracts whatsoever, except specific
contracts, expressing the contrary." *

The value of the paper thus made a legal tender is shown
by another law of the Virginia legislature, also passed in
1 781, fixing a "scale of depreciation" for it, as compared
with silver and gold, in settlement of debts created at the
following periods: Close of year 1777, two and a half for
one; close of 1778, six for one; close of 1779, fortv for one;
close of 1780, seventy-five for one, and at the close of 1781,
one thousand for one; so that at the time of the memorial of
the inhabitants of Vincennes, and of Colonel Legrace's
letter, "the piastres of the continent"' forced on these poor
and confiding people, for propertv taken, under the assur-
ance they were as good as coin, proved utterly worthless,
and it is no wonder that for these and many other wrongs
they felt deeply aggrieved. They had been true friends of
the Americans when their friendship was of vital importance
and had received onlv neglect and injury in return.

On the 6th of August, Captain John Balev, commandant
of the garrison at Vincennes, wrote from that place giving

*Hening's Statutes, Vol. 10, p. 39S.

CAPTAIN BALEY STATES THE SITUATION. 747

an account of a recent attack upon a party of Americans,
in which quite a number were killed, wounded or captured,
and also explaining the deplorable conditions of affairs.
"I am sorry," said he, ""to inform you of the following
news. The boat commanded by Captain Coulson, started
from this the nth Jul)7, was defeated within seventy-rive
miles of the falls of Ohio. The captain was killed and three
of his men; several others wounded; the remainder of the
company came back and gave me the unhappy news. They
retreated to the mouth of Wabache, left the boat and came
by land, the enemy being close in the rear of them. Four
days ago I received news from Detroit that they were much
annoyed by the Americans coming against them, also that
they were weak — about one hundred men. Provisions
scarce and dear, and goods plenty. The Indians greatly
exasperated against them not meeting with the treatment
as they had formerly done.

"Sir, I must inform you once more that I can not keep
garrison any longer, without some speedy relief from you.
My men have been fifteen days upon half allowance; there
is plenty of provisions here but no credit. I can not press,
being the weakest party. Some of the gentlemen would
help us, but their credit is as bad as ours, therefore, if you
have not provisions, send us whisky, which will answer as
good an end. I hope if my express gets in you will not
detain him. Pray use the Indian well, having no other to
send. I expect his return in twelve days from the date,
and for some one man to come with him to this post. It
appears that the communications is to stop between Canada
48

14.8 THE PEOPLE HAVE CONFIDENCE IN CLARK.

and Detroit, from the commencement of this year, by ac-
counts from thence. " *

It is certainly creditable to General Clark's course and
management that during the time he was in the Illinois
and Wabash country no such unfortunate state of affairs
existed as described in these letters. He always arranged
to take care of his soldiers without offending or coming
in conflict with the inhabitants. As already stated, the
principal cause of the troubles referred to in these letters
grew out of the military chest being only provided with de-
preciated, in fact worthless, continental paper, which the
inhabitants knew nothing about and refused to take in ex-
change for supplies the troops were compelled to have, and
which they therefore, from necessity, were driven to take
by force. Trouble and conflict were, of course, unavoid-
able under such circumstances.

Trouble equally disquieting, but of a different character,
also existed on the south side of the Ohio.

The settlements in Kentucky were kept in a constant
state of alarm by the Indians, instigated by the British, and
sometimes led by white men. Besides, there was a great
scarcity of provisions, as well as of ammunition, both being
indispensable in their isolated and unprotected situation.
Colonel John Floyd laid the condition of affairs in Kentucky,
and especially in Jefferson county, before the governor of
Virginia, in April, by letter. He said : "We are all obliged
to live in forts in this country, and notwithstanding all the
caution that we use, forty-seven of the inhabitants have
been killed and taken by the savages, besides a number

*Virgini;i State Papers, Vol. -. p. 338.

CONDITION OF AFFAIRS IN KENTUCKY. 749

wounded since January last. Amongst the last is Major
William Lynn.

"Whole families are destroyed without regard to age or
sex. Infants are torn from their mothers' arms and their
brains dashed out against trees, as they are necessarily
moving from one fort to another for safety or convenience.
Not a week passes and some weeks scarcely a day without
some of our distressed inhabitants feeling the fatal effects
of the infernal rage and fury of these execrable hell-hounds.

""Our garrisons are dispersed over an extensive country,
and a large proportion of the inhabitants are helpless indigent
widows and orphans, who have lost their husbands and
fathers by savage hands, and left among strangers, without
the most common necessaries of life. Of those who have
escaped, many have lost all their stock, and have not an)7
land of their own, nor wherewithal to purchase. Our
dependence to support our families is upon getting wild
meat and this is procured with great difficulty and danger;
and should it fall to the lot of some in this county who are
thus situated to serve as regular soldiers according to law,
their families must inevitably starve.

"Our garrison at the falls is made sufficient to stand an
attack with light cannon, but our numbers which will risk
themselves in it will by no means be sufficient to defend it
from an army which we are frequently threatened with
from Detroit. Our inhabitants being so dispersed that they
could not be collected to any one place in the country in
less than fifteen days.

"The confidence the people here have in General Clark's
vigilance; his enterprising spirit and other military virtues,

75O COLONEL JOHN FLOYD'S LETTER.

together with their inability to remove, have been barely
sufficient to keep this country from being left entirely deso-
late. Major Slaughter, at the falls of Ohio, has about five
hundred pounds of powder and lead in proportion, which
is all the public ammunition in this country; none of that
delivered to Colonel Bowman last winter having been
sent me, and there is very little in the country of private
property.

"There is not at this time, I am informed and believe,
more than fifty thousand pounds of beef in this county,
Fayette and Lincoln; upwards of one hundred thousand
weight of that laid up in this county being entirely rotten
and lost. Corn is plenty in Lincoln and Fayette but there
is no flour in any of these counties. The men you order
for General Clark's expedition will be raised without much
difficulty, notwithstanding all the disadvantages the county
is under. The canoes also shall be read)- in time, though
one-fourth of the militia must guard while they are on hand.
Salt may be had here sufficient for an army of two thousand
men six months and perhaps more."" *

Little did Colonel Floyd think at the time of writing
the foregoing letter that he would be dangerously wounded,
a few months later, by these same Indians, and in two
years would be in his grave from injuries received at their
hands. Yet such was his unfortunate fate.

"In (September) 1781, hearing of the disaster to the
settlers at 'Squire Boone's Station (near Shelbyville) while
removing for safety to the stronger settlements on Beargrass,
Colonel Floyd collected twenty-rive men, and with noble

* Virginia State Papers. Vol. J, p. 4S.

FIGHT WITH THE INDIANS.

promptitude hurried to relieve the whites and chastise the
Indians. He fell into an ambuscade — in spite of the pre-
caution of dividing his force, and marching- with great care
— and was defeated by a body of two hundred Indians,
losing half his men, although but nine or ten Indians were
killed. While himself retreating on foot, closely pursued
by Indians, and much exhausted, Captain Samuel Wells
(who had retained his horse), dismounted and gave it to
Floyd, and ran by his side to support him. This magna-
nimity was greatly enhanced because of previously personal
hostility between those officers — which was thus canceled
forever; the)' lived and died friends." *

In Jefferson county, Kentucky, on the turnpike road be-
tween Middletown and
Simpsonsville stands the
monument here shown
which bears the follow-
ing inscription, viz.:

'"'Erected by the com-
monwealth of Kentucky
to the memory of four-
teen brave soldiers who
fell under Captain John
Floyd in a contest with
the Indians in 1783."
"On April 12, 1783,

Monument Erected by State of Kentucky Colonel Flovd and his
To Fourteen Soldiers Who Fell J

Under Capt. John Floyd. brother Charles, not

suspecting any ambush or danger from the Indians — for

^Collins's Kentucky.

752

DEATH OF COLONEL JOHN FLOYD.

there had recently been serious trouble with them, and
they were supposed to have retreated to a safe distance —
were riding together, some miles from Floyd station, when
the)' were fired upon, and the former mortally wounded.
lie was dressed in his wedding coat of scarlet cloth, and
was thus a prominent mark. His brother, abandoning his
own horse, which
was wounded,
sprang up behind
his saddle, and,
putting his arms
around the col-
onel, took the
reins and rode off
with the wounded
man to his home,
where he died in
a few hours. Col. r)EATH 0F COLONEL John FLOYD.

Floyd had a remarkable horse that he usually road which
he claimed had the singular instinct of knowing when In-
dians were near, and always gave to the rider the sign of
their presence. He remarked to his brother Charles, "it I
had been riding Pompey, to-day, this would not have hap-
pened.'1 *

Another writer describes the terrible condition of affairs
along the border lines, in 17S1, in these words:

"The frontiers of this county along the Ohio river is two
hundred and seventy-seven miles, by computation, and the
inhabitants greatly dispersed and cooped up in small forts

''Collins's Kentucky

AFFAIRS ALONG THE BORDER LINES. 753

without any ammunition. Eighty-four of the inhabitants
of this count)7 have been killed and captured since last
spring, and many more wounded. We are now so weak-
ened in the most exposed parts of the county, by having
so man)- men killed, and others removing to Lincoln for
safety, that when any murder is done we can not pursue
the enemy without leaving the little garrisons quite defense-
less. The most distressed widows and orphans, perhaps
in the world, make up a great part of our inhabitants."

Three days after the commandant of the garrison at Vin-
cennes wrote the letter already quoted, stating that he could
not hold that garrison longer without speedy relief, Colonel
George Slaughter wrote substantially the same thing as to
the garrison at the falls of the Ohio, where he was in com-
mand. He said :

"The situation of my little corps at this place at present
is truly deplorable ; destitute of clothing, victuals and
money, the commissaries have furnished them with little
or no provisions these three months past, don't give them-
selves the least concern about it, and, unless unexpected
and immediate supplies of clothing and provisions are ob-
tained, I shall evacuate this post. We are neglected in
every respect — no dispatches from government or General
Clark for such a length of time that patience is almost at
an end. In short, sir, the service must be painful and disa-
greeable to any man of sensibility.'"*

On General Clark's return to the west, he at once de-
voted himself to ascertaining the true condition of affairs,

* Virginia State Papers, Vol. 2, p. 306.

754 COUNCIL OF MILITARY OFFICERS AT LOUISVILLE.

with a view of bettering them as rapidly as possible. But
it was a difficult undertaking, and required time to secure
favorable results. He called the military officers within
reach to meet him in consultation at the falls of the Ohio
early in September, shortly after his return to that place.
It was found that the militia strength of the three counties,
Jefferson, Lincoln and Fayette, into which Kentucky was
then divided, amounted to only seven hundred and sixty
men, but this did not include the regular soldiers brought
down the river by Clark or those in the several stations.
The council thought two-thirds of the militia could be
spared to go with General Clark on an expedition, but
rather advised against its being undertaken just then,
deeming the establishment of garrisons on the Ohio more
important.

The council favored locating a strong fort at the mouth
of the Kentucky river, but General Clark thought the falls
of the Ohio a better location. His preference prevailed
and a stronger fort was finally built on the Kentucky side
at that point than had been there before, and was called
Fort Nelson, after a governor of Virginia. When the people
who were left on Corn island by Colonel Clark removed
to the main land on the Kentuckv shore, in the winter of
1778-9 and the following spring, a small fort was erected
near the mouth of Beargrass creek. Another fort was erect-
ed at the foot of what is now Twelfth street in the city of
Louisville, and this was the principal point around which
the first settlements were made. This fort was quite large
for the period, being one hundred and fifty by two hun-
dred feet, and it continued in use until Fort Nelson was

FORT NELSON.

755

built in 1782, between Sixth and Eighth streets, north of
Main.

Collins's History of Kentucky says that "Seventh street
passed through the foot-gate, opposite the headquarters of
General George Rogers Clark. The fort contained about
an acre of ground, and was surrounded by a ditch eight
feet deep and ten feet wide, intersected in the middle by a
row of stump pickets. This ditch was surmounted by a

breast-work of
log pens, filled
with earth ob-
tained from
the ditch, with
pickets ten feet
high planted
on the top of
the breast-
work. Next to the river, pickets were deemed sufficient,
aided by the long slope of the bank. In 1844, in exca-
vating for a cellar, on the north side on Main street,
opposite the Louisville Hotel, the remains of the timbers
forming the base of General Clark's block-house were dis-
covered. It appears from this that the south facade of
the fort was on Main, extending from Sixth to Seventh
streets as far as the northeast corner of the tobacco ware-
house— with its pickets extending eastward, so as to enclose
a never-ending spring of water, which may yet be seen
about one hundred and ninety feet from Main and a little
west of Fifth street; this spring has been neglected for
many years and fallen into disuse." It was probably the

FORT NELSON.

756 GUN-BOATS ON THE OHIO PROPOSED.

only fort in the far west, except Fort Chartres. strong
enough to be cannon-proof, and it seems to have been
fairly well provided with munitions of war for that dav
and that remote point. An inventory, quoted in "The
Centenary of Louisville," shows a pretty good stock on
hand in 1783, such as four cannon, eight swivels, and a
general assortment of shells, balls, grape shot, and other
corresponding war material.

A long letter from Colonel John Todd to the Governor
of Virginia, in October, 1781, shows that he and Colonel
Ben Logan opposed locating the fort at the falls or calling
on the militia to aid in its construction. * It was constructed
under General Clark's auspices, however, notwithstanding
this opposition, and the result demonstrated the excellence
of his judgment in the matter, for it proved so formidable
that the enemy never dared to attack it. There was about
this time a good deal of jealousy between the militia and
the regular troops.

General Clark wrote the governor of Virginia on the
7th of March, 1782, pointing out the value of armed boats
in preventing incursions of hostile Indians on the south
side of the Ohio. With a reasonable number of these,
properly manned and equipped, he thought there would
be no apprehension of serious damage being done to the
Kentucky country. lie represented that no vessel the
enemy could bring across the portage from the lakes could
compete with such boats as he suggested, and he asked for
them, or means to construct them.

"•"Virginia State Papers, Vol. 2, p. 562.

THE FIRST GUN-BOAT ABOVE THE FALLS. 757

The following extract from the war records gives an
amusing but all-sufficient explanation of the reason why
General Clark did not get the boats; and it also shows the
kind of difficulties he had to encounter: "War Office,
April 22, 1782. Colonel Davies informs the executive that
Major Harding is willing to supply boats on the Ohio for
General Clark if the money can be furnished to pay for
them. The governor replies from the council chamber,
'I am sorry to inform vou that we have but four shillings
in the treasury, and no means of getting any more.' "*

Disappointed, as he had often been before, in receiving
the means necessary to execute desirable plans, he ac-
quiesced cheerfully, and did the next best thing, which was
to construct a gun-boat himself, mounted with cannon,
which aided in keeping off the Indians, by patroling the
river from the falls to where Cincinnati is now situated.
This was a novel achievement for that day, especially in
western waters, but it rendered good service, bearing effi-
cient testimony as to Clark's fertility of resources.

The fall, winter and early spring passed without the oc-
currence of any event of special interest, but in May, 1782,
twenty-five Indians attacked Estill's station in Kentucky,
and after killing one American and taking another prisoner
retired, but were followed by about an equal number of
white men. A fierce fight ensued, in which Captain Estill
and eight of his men were killed and four wounded. The
Indians lost about the same number.

In the following August several hundred Indians, headed
by Simon Girty and other white men, made an attack on

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 3, p. 133.

758 INDIANS INVADE KENTUCKY.

Bryant's station, and continued it for several days, but onlv
succeeded in killing four men and wounding: three, whereas
their own loss was four or five times that number. On the
fourth day they withdrew from the vicinity. The Kentuck-
ians speedily assembled, one hundred and eighty-two in
number, under the leadership of some of their most promi-
nent citizens, and pursued the Indians, overtaking them
near the lower Blue Licks, when a battle ensued, which,
although fought with great impetuosity and braverv by the
whites, was particularly destructive to them — especiallv in
prominent officers. Among the distinguished men killed
was Colonel John Todd, the senior commanding officer on
the occasion, and the lieutenant-commandant of the Illinois
country as before stated. The result was exceedinglv dis-
astrous, over one-third of the whole command having been
killed, and they among the bravest of the brave. Among
the officers killed was also Major Harlan who had served
with General Clark in the Illinois campaign.*

The whole country was aroused to action by this disas-
ter, and General Clark at once assumed the command of
the forces, now gathering in all directions, with Colonels
Floyd and Logan to assist him. The falls of the Ohio
and Bryant's station were selected as the places for the
troops to meet, from which points they moved forward as
mounted riflemen, a thousand strong, to the mouth of the
Licking, where they remained some time perfecting their
organization.

From thence they marched earlv in November, 17S2.
against the leading Indian towns, on the Miami river.

•Virginia State Papers, Vol. :, p. s"--

INDIAN TOWNS ON THE MIAMI DESTROYED. 759

north of the Ohio, but the enemy fled on their approach,
and left them nothing to do but destroy the villages and pro-
visions, which they did thoroughly at Chillicothe, Pickawa,
Wilston, and other places. Ten Indians were killed, seven
taken prisoners, and two white captives recovered; but
this was of little consequence, in breaking the spirit of the
Indians and preventing future depredations, in comparison
to the destruction of their homes and their food supplies. It
was at a season of the year when such a loss was particu-
larly distressing, and Clark literally took away or destroyed
everything of value in a wide scope of country. Their
women and children were left without shelter, or food, in
the face of the storms of winter, and this brought them to
effectually realize that they had nothing to gain by contin-
uing the contest with the Americans.

"We surprised the principal Shawanee town," says
General Clark, "on the evening of the ioth (of Novem-
ber), immediately detaching strong parties to different
quarters. In a few hours two-thirds of the town was laid
in ashes, and everything they were possessed of destroyed,
except such articles as might be useful to the troops. The
enemy had no time to secrete any part of their property
which was in the town.

"The British trading-post at the head of the Miami and
carrying-place to the waters of the lake shared the same
fate, at the hands of a party of one hundred and fifty horse,
commanded by Colonel Benjamin Logan. The property
destroyed was of great amount, and the quantitv of pro-
visions burned surpassed all idea we had of the Indian
stores.

760 ENDS FORMIDABLE INDIAN RAIDS ACROSS THE OHIO.

"The loss of the enemy was ten scalps, seven prisoners,
and two whites retaken. Ours was one killed and one
wounded. After lying part of four days in their towns,
and finding all attempts to bring the enemy to a general
action fruitless, we retired, as the season was far advanced
and the weather threatening. " *

The wholesale destruction of the provisions and homes
of the Indians by General Clark's forces on this occasion,
coupled with their display of numbers and anxiety to fight,
so soon after the disaster of Blue Licks, had great influ-
ence in keeping the Indians quiet for a considerable time.

They were content, thereafter, to remain on the northern
side of the Ohio, and this expedition ended forever all for-
midable Indian invasions of Kentucky. That this desirable
result should follow and date from a campaign conducted
b}' George Rogers Clark was a fit ending of the successful
portion of his military life, and will ever stand, creditably
linked with his other notable achievements.

* Clark's letter to governor of Virginia, November ^7, 17S:!.

CHAPTER XVIII.

ALL PROSPECT OF THE BRITISH CONQUERING THE COLO-
NIES TERMINATES WITH SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS.

Negotiations ended in treaty of peace of 17S3 — These negotiations called atten-
tion more particularly to the great benefit General Clark's services had been
to the country — He had captured from the enemy a vast territory, and being
in possession it was included in the boundaries of the new government — But
for this the boundary might have been the Ohio river, or the Alleghany
mountains— Importance of the conquest — Triumph of Clark and his sol-
diers— Seal of the Northwest Territory — Importance of that territory.

f)T is quite probable that one reason, and perhaps the
principal reason, why formidable expeditions were
not made against the frontier settlements after the cam-
paign of General Clark against the Indians in November,
1782, referred to in the last chapter, was because for some
time thereafter they were not instigated, led and supported
by the British.

All their hopes of conquering the so-called ""rebels"
vanished with the capitulation of Cornwallis at Yorktown,
Virginia, on the 19th of October, 1781. From that time
on it was evident to all thinking people that the Ameri-
cans would be successful, and the British authorities recog-
nized the, to them, humiliating fact, by signing provisional
articles of peace with the United States, November 30,
1782, a few weeks after this campaign of General Clark.

(761)

762 value of clark's services realized.

A cessation of hostilities was agreed to at Versailles,
France, January 20, 1783, and a proclamation of the fact
was made by congress, April nth of that year. The for-
mal and definitive treaty of peace was concluded at Paris,
September 3, 1783, and ratified by congress January 14.
1784.

It was when the terms of this treaty came to be con-
sidered, and the northern and western boundary of the
United States debated, that the general public began more
fully to realize the important services General Clark had
rendered the country. When the boundary was finally
established, it was plainly seen he had provided the means
of securing for the country a territory which was, in itself,
an empire in extent and material resources. But for his
services, and that of the little band of soldiers composing
his Illinois regiment, the boundary of the United States
on the northwest might have been the crest of the Alle-
gheny mountains, or the southeast bank of the Ohio river.

The claim is not made for General Clark that there
were no other grounds, and no other agencies, favorino-
the boundaries as finally established, but the paramount
agency, however, was the fact that the Illinois and Wabash
country had been captured from the British by Clark, held
in continuous possession thereafter, and was in actual pos-
session at the time the treaty was made; and but for these
circumstances the territory, in all probability, would not
have been included within the boundaries of the United
States.

The American commissioners, John Adams, John Jay
and Benjamin Franklin, were hampered in negotiating the

UNSATISFACTORY POSITION OF FRANCE AND SPAIN. 763

terms of the treaty by an unwise restriction imposed by
their own government, in effect that the}' were to under-
take nothing, in the negotiations for peace, without the
knowledge and concurrence of the king of France, which
restriction they finally disregarded, much to the benefit of
the United States.

It required no profound statesmanship, or knowledge of
human nature, to understand that France had been in-
fluenced in joining in the war quite as much, and per-
haps more, from interested motives, to humble and cripple
England, her ancient rival and enemy, as to build up a
great republic in America. As against England, both
France and Spain, from these local and selfish considera-
tions, were for the new American government, but they
were for themselves first of all.

They were both more than willing to see the boundarv
of the United States contracted in the north and west, and
hence the great importance of the fact that the Americans,
as a result of Clark's achievements, were then in actual
possession of the Illinois and Wabash country. If the in-
vasion by Clark had not been made, and the British had
remained in actual possession during the war, is it at all
likely this territory would have been given to the Americans
by the treaty? The author believes, as already foreshad-
owed, that it was the well-established uti possidetis — state
of actual present possession — that prevailed, much more
than the vague and shadowy claims based upon ancient
charters, or any other pretension.

The old charter grants to the colonies, reading "from

sea to sea," were issued at a time when comparatively'
49

764 THE CONTROLLING ELEMENT WAS POSSESSION.

nothing was known of the wilderness to the north or west,
or of the sea beyond, and, while technically England had
ceded proprietary rights over the whole country covered
by the grants, that cession was not sufficient of itself to
be a controlling factor in securing the boundary, although
its justice could not consistently be disputed by England.
If the charter grants had a controlling influence, why did
the United States boundary stop at the lakes and the
Mississippi? Why did it not extend from ''sea to sea," so
as to include the same territory covered by a literal con-
tinuation of these pretentious grants? The country was
never reduced by the Americans to peaceable possession
beyond the Ohio, or to any other kind of possession, for
that matter, other than the military occupancy of Clark and
his soldiers, when they wrested the Illinois and Wabash
country from the British and held it, in connection with
civil officers appointed by Virginia, not so much by char-
ter rights, or any other claim, as by force of arms, and so
continued to the time of making the treaty of peace.

It was enough to know that the Spaniards were in pos-
session of the country west of the Mississippi, and the
Americans of the country on the east, to fix that part of
this river as the western boundary of the United States.
Of course every possible phase of claim was presented and
urged, in the exhaustive discussion which took place be-
tween the contracting parties, but a review of the lengthy
debate and negotiation is not necessary here and docs not
fall within the scope of this work.

General Clark's possession of the Illinois and Wabash
country was not only good as against the British, but also

TREATY DEMONSTRATES VALUE OF CLARIS SERVICES. 765

against the Spaniards, and there is scarcely a doubt that the
latter would have seized the French towns, and occupied
the territory, if it had not already been in actual American
possession. The Spaniards did make a raid, to that end,
in the winter of 1780-81, and captured St. Joseph on the
east shore of Lake Michigan, but they made no attempt to
hold the country. It was a raid, and nothing more.

The result of the treaty was a great triumph for the
United States, not only in securing independence and re-
taining the country held in actual possession when the war
began, but in retaining also the territory taken possession
of during the war. It was a vindication of the foresight of
Thomas Jefferson, who said, from the beginning, that
Clark's expedition into the Illinois and Wabash country
"would, if successful, have an important bearing ultimately
in establishing our northwestern boundary;" and it was by
his wise statesmanship that a vast territory west of the
Mississippi was subsequently acquired, and its value demon-
strated b}' an exploration through the then wilderness to
the Pacific ocean, conducted, with marked ability, by Merri-
wether Lewis and the distinguished William Clark, youngest
brother of General George Rogers Clark.

It was especially a triumph for General Clark, although he
was at that time not enjoying any benefits from these im-
portant and far-reaching achievements, as will presently be
shown; and it was none the less a great and Important tri-
umph because it was accomplished with but few men and
meagre resources, and without the shedding of much blood.

Measured by the standard of great results, the map of
the magnificent territory, acquired mainly through his

766 VALUE OF THE COUNTRY ACQUIRED.

agency, speaks louder in behalf of General Clark and his
little army, than any words of praise. Without intending
the slightest disparagement to the other states, it may
truthfully be said that to take from the map of the Amer-
ican Union the states created out of the old Northwest
Territory conquered from the British would be to strike out
the very heart of the republic. Without this acquisition,
what might have been the destiny of the great countrv to
the south and west — between it and the Pacific ocean —
now forming so important a part of the United States
with such magnificent prospects for the future? Look at the
vast proportions of the old Northwest Territory. Compare
it with the territory now embraced within the boundaries
of the original thirteen states or that of Great Britain and
Ireland combined, or with France or German}-. Contem-
plate its mighty rivers, and its wonderful fresh water lakes;
its genial climate, productive soil, immense prairies, great
forests of valuable timber; its coal, iron, copper, lead,
building stone, minerals, salt, oil, and natural gas. Where
can be found so large a country with so little worthless
land, or better provided with all the material elements of
prosperity? And where may be seen a country that has
advanced more rapidly, not only in material prosperity,
but in the higher lines of an enlightened, progressive and
refined civilization?

Such is the country embraced within the boundaries of
the historic "Territory of the United States Northwest of
the River Ohio," acquired in the manner related in these
volumes, and out of which has sprung the great states of

$IZI or THE OLD N.W. TERRITORY and-'
THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN STATER

768 WISE PROVISIONS OF THE ORDINANCE OF I 7S7.

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and, in part,
Minnesota.

In the political organization of this vast territorv under
the ordinance of 1 787 will be found some of the wisest
provisions ever incorporated in a territorial government, and
from which has resulted great benefits to all the people of
the United States, and, to some extent, the whole human
family. For example, the following far-reaching articles
of " compact between the original states and the people
and states of said territory" :

"Article 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peace-
able and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account
of his mode of worship or religious sentiments in the said
territory.

"Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territorv shall
always be entitled to the benefits of the writ of habeas
corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate repre-
sentation of the people in the legislature, and of judicial
proceedings according to the course of the common law.
All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offenses,
where the proof shall be evident or the presumption great.
All fines shall be moderate, and no cruel or unusual pun-
ishment shall be inflicted. No man shall be deprived of
his liberty or property but by the judgment of his peers.
or the law of the land, and should the public exigencies
make it necessary, for the common preservation, to take
any person's property, or to demand his particular services,
full compensation shall be made for the same. And. in
the just preservation of rights and property, it is under-
stood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or

WISE PROVISIONS OF THE ORDINANCE OF I 787. 769

have force in the said territor}-, that shall, in an)- manner
whatever, interfere with, or affect, private contracts or
engagements, bona fide and without fraud, previously
formed.

"Art. 3. Religion, morality and knowledge, being
necessary to good government and the happiness of man-
kind, schools and the means of education shall forever be
encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be ob-
served towards the Indians; their lands and property shall
never be taken from them without their consent; and in their
property rights, and liberty, they never shall be invaded or
disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by
congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall
from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being
done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with
them.

"Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the pun-
ishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted.' '

A history of "The Territory of the United States North-
west of the River Ohio" does not fall within the scope of
the author's present volumes, but it ma)" be of some in-
terest to give here some account of an investigation made
as to the official seal of the territory.

"The Seal of the Territory of the U. S., N. W. of
the River Ohio."

Great difficulty was experienced in procuring a full and
clear impression of this seal. Various impressions were

77'

SEAL OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY

found upon official documents, but unfortunately some part
was indistinct in all of them. In this condition of un-
certainty recourse was had to the department of state, at
Washington, through the kind intervention of President
Harrison, and his private secretarv, Mr. Halford. The au-
thor enclosed a sketch of the seal, as far as he was able to
decipher it, which was returned with the following letter:

"Department of State,
"Washington, September 14, 1891.
"77^ Honorable William H. English, Indianapolis, Ind. :

"Sir — At the request of Mr. Halford, whose letter of
the 1st instant to me is enclosed, I have pleasure in inform-
ing- you that the seal of the Northwest Territory found among
the papers of that territory in this department gives only
the following inscription in addition to that read by you:

" ' ' Meliorem lapsa locavit?

"The words have been inserted in your pencil sketch of
the seal herewith returned.

"I am, sir, your obedient servant,
"William F. Wharton, Acting Secretary."'

"(Enclosed: Mr. Halford to Mr. Wharton, September
1, 1 89 1. Pencil sketch of the seal of the Northwest Terri-
tory)."

A more formal drawing of the seal, including the Latin
inscription mentioned in Mr. Wharton's letter, was for-
warded the department, which elicited the following reply
on the 15th of October following: " Referring to your
letter to Mr. Wharton of the 30th ultimo, I have to re-
turn herewith enclosed the drawing of the seal of the
Northwest Territory transmitted In- you and to send you

SEAL OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 I

an imperfect reproduction of the seal from which the size
of the type, the location of the inscription, and the char-
acter of the lines can be determined, with the exact size
of the seal. As it is impossible to make an exact repro-
duction of the seal, I will have sent }'Ou, as soon as they
can be obtained, photographs of different impressions of
the seal, which will show the only things omitted from your
drawing, a coiled snake in the foreground and two boats in
the middle distance. I am, sir, your obedient servant,
"John II. Haswell, Acting Chief Clerk."

The photographs referred to were subsequently received
with a letter, which said: "In reply to your letter of the
1 ith instant, I have to enclose herewith certain photographs
of the seal of the Northwest Territory, which I trust will be
of some assistance to }*ou. There is no perfect impression
of the seal among the papers in the department.

"I am, sir, 3'our obedient servant,

"Sevellon A. Brown, Chief Clerk.'7

There were enclosed in this letter no less than six of these
photographs of seals on official documents, and presumably
the most perfect there, one being that "affixed to the
journal for July, 1790." In some of the photographs the
seal was represented actual size, in others enlarged so as to
better develop the inscription, the department evidently
rendering every possible assistance in securing a correct
impression.

In addition to the six photographs there was enclosed an
impression made by rubbing with a pencil, and on this was
indorsed as follows: "a lead pencil rubbing of the seal of
the Northwest Territory made from an impression of the seal

772 SEAL OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

on a paper in the department of state." Below the im-
pression was written: "Note. — This shows both bounding
lines of the seal to be beaded. It will give proper size of
type and position of sun."

As this correspondence disclosed that the department had
possession of "the journal for July, 1790," the author in-
ferred that the entire executive journal of the Northwest Ter-
ritory was there, and that an examination of the earlier
record might disclose the action designating what the seal
should be, or for making the die, and that possiblv not only
the order for making it, but the die itself might be found.

lie, therefore, ventured to ask the department, as the time

approached for this work to go to press, to make a thorough

search for this information also, which was promptly done,

but without success, as will be seen by the following letter:

"Department of State,

"Washington, August 9, 1895.
11 Honorable William II. English , President of the In-
diana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana :

"Sir — I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
of the 3d instant. In regard to the seal of the Northwest
Territory: The impression of which vou have photographs
is affixed to the certified copy of the executive journal of
the territory, sent at different times and in separate parts
to Charles Thomson, as secretary of congress, by Win-
throp Sargent. Sargent transmitted to Thomson copies of
the acts or proceedings of the legislative body of the terri-
tory also, but these do not bear the impression of the seal.
After the establishment of the Federal government such
documents were addressed to the president.

MEANING OF INSCRIPTIONS ON THE SEAL.

773

"Concerning the order for the seal or for making the
die, the department regrets that it can not help you. Ex-
amination of the journal, and of other possible sources of
information on this point does not disclose the authority
for the seal, nor any order for making the die. The earliest
mention of use of the seal is in St. Clair's proclamation of
July 26, 17S8. Could not Marietta college aid you in this
search? The impression here is that the seal must have
been fully discussed there, particularly at the time of the
Marietta centennial.

" In the course of these examinations attention has been
drawn to certain manuscripts relating to Indiana's history,
and a list is enclosed of such as are at present known to
exist, which may be of service to you, should the papers
enumerated not have been brought to your notice before.
"I am, sir, your obedient servant,

"Alvey A. Adee, Acting Secretary."
Following this suggestion a letter of inquiry was ad-
dressed "'The President of Marietta College, Marietta,

Ohio,', but no reply has been
received, and no information
on the subject was found in the
official published proceedings
of the Marietta centennial.

The impression of the seal
here given is the result of the
information furnished by the
state department, as well as
the author's careful investigation of every other source of
information available, and is believed to be entirely re-

774 EXPRESSIVE MEANING OF THE SEAL S INSCRIPTION,

liable. Nothing has been found showing the descriptive
official record of the seal, the order for making the die. or
what became of the die itself. It is hoped that this publi-
cation may call such attention to the subject as will lead to
the discovery of this additional information if it be in exist-
ence.

The impression of this and the other seals given in the
frontispiece of the first volume of this work are. of course,
facsimiles, reduced in size, but that of "The Seal of the
Territory of the U. S., N.W. of the River Ohio," on the
preceding page, is believed to be an exact reproduction,
in every respect, of the original seal.

It is naturally difficult to place any design in so small a
compass that would have great significance, but a stud}- of
this historic seal will show that it is far from being destitute
of appropriate and expressive meaning. The coiled snake
in the foreground and the boats in the middle distance; the
rising sun; the forest tree felled by the ax and cut into
logs, succeeded by, apparently, an apple tree laden with
fruit; the latin inscription Li Meliorem Japsa locavit" all
combine to forcibly express the idea that a wild and savage
condition is to be superseded by a higher and better civil-
ization. The wilderness and its dangerous denizens of
reptiles, Indians and wild beasts, are to disappear before
the ax and rifle of the ever-advancing western pioneer,
with his fruits, his harvests, his boats, his commerce, and
his restless and aggressive civilization.

"Mel lore in lafsa locavit!"

"lie has planted a better than the fallen."

HONORS DUE THE CONQUERORS OF THE NORTHWEST. 775

And for all he has subdued and destroyed, he has bet-
tered humanity beyond expression by what he has sub-
stituted, for where in the world's history can be found
progress and development surpassing that which has taken
place in the country northwest of the river Ohio since the
adoption of this seal, and what may fairly be anticipated
of it when another like period shall be numbered with the
past? In the light of these grand results, much is due the
memory of the men who so materially contributed to it by
the reduction of the British posts northwest of the Ohio
river as related in these volumes, and especially to George
Rogers Clark, who certainly originated, planned, and exe-
cuted the successful expedition. That he shed but little
blood in its accomplishment, and had but few men, and
but meagre resources, is to his credit rather than his dis-
paragement.

If there be any inclined to think lightly of these cam-
paigns which resulted in " the Conquest of the Northwest,"
because few men were engaged and few lives sacrificed,
they should remember that to win victories and accomplish
great results with but little sacrifice of life shows the very
highest order of ability and good generalship; and, as to
numbers, that Xerxes and his arm}7 of two and a half
million Persians do not occupy as high a place in history
as the little band of Greeks who fought for their country
at Thermopylae.

CHAPTER XIX.

CLARK, RELIEVED FROM MILITARY SERVICE, RETIRES DIS-
APPOINTED AND DISTRESSED.

Virginia, exhausted by the war, failed, for a time, to sufficiently provide for Clark's
troops — He is finally retired from service— Letter of governor of Virginia to
Clark — Letter from Clark to the governor, disclosing his financial distress —
Asks, in vain, for a portion of what is due him — Similarity of treatment of
Clark and Vigo — Letter from Vigo to Clark — Comments on the treatment of
Clark — Retires to Kentucky neglected, disappointed and distressed — Injurious
effect on his health and habits — Important letters to his brother Jonathan —
Remains in comparative obscurity until made a commissioner in 17S5 to
treat with certain Indian tribes — Some incidents attending the treaty.

HE general assembly of Virginia proposed by act of
fi|| January 2, 1 781 , to cede to congress, for the benefit
of the United States, all her claim to lands northwest of the
Ohio river on certain conditions. Congress did not accept
these conditions until September 13, 1783, and the transfer
was not formally made until March 1 , 1 784; still it was pretty
well understood from the time of the proposed cession at
the beginning of 1781 that the transfer would, in some way
or other, be consummated. From that time, consequently,
if not before, Virginia realized that she had no special and
separate interest in maintaining, at her own cost entirely,
possession of the country northwest of the Ohio which the
troops under Clark had conquered. Whether this had
anything to do with the failure of Virginia to promptly
furnish Clark the amount of money and supplies needed to
prosecute his later campaigns can not be positively stated.

50 (779)

780 CLARK REQUESTS TO BE RELIEVED FROM SERVICE.

It probably was from inability only, but it is nevertheless
true that there was great neglect of the western troops in
General Clark's department, and it is clue to the truth of
history that the fact of his want of means and proper army
supplies should be known.

December 11, 1 78 1 , Robert Todd, a captain in his
regiment, and acting paymaster, and subsequentlv a brig-
adier-general in Wayne's campaign, plainlv stated the
deplorable condition of affairs in a letter to the governor of
Virginia. lie said: "As an officer in Clark's regiment
and paymaster of late, it becomes a part of my duty to
represent the wretched situation of the few troops remain-
ing westward. Many of them have been in the service for
two years past and have never received a shoe, stocking or
hat, and none of them any pay. What other clothing not
here mentioned, received at Fort Jefferson, are now worn
out. Their being in this condition may perhaps be in some
measure owing to bad economy in the application of the
public clothing, which I think would not be improper to
inquire into. Whatever dispositions Your Excellencv
should please to make, whether kept where they are or re-
moved, clothing will be absolutely necessary. Without it,
no great service can be expected from them." *

The lack of supplies and efficient government support
extended into 1782, and from this, or some other cause.
Clark wrote a letter to the governor asking to be relieved
from service in that department. This letter was evidently
not favorably considered, if received, as the request was cer-
tainly not granted. Some supplies were furnished late in

* Virginia State Papers, Vol. 2, p. 651,

FAILURE TO FURNISH NECESSARY SUPPLIES. 78 1

the summer, just in time to save the remnant of the army
from desertion, at least so wrote Clark from Kentucky, in
October. He said, "I had the pleasure of receiving- your
letter by Major Walls and Mr. Karney the 30th of July
past, at which time the gentlemen arrived with the stores
all safe, surmounting uncommon difficulties. They just
arrived in time to save what few troops was remaining, for
desertion was so common and impossible to prevent that
I believe, in a few weeks more, scarcely any would have
been left. I have endeavored, as far as in my power, to
comply with the orders of government that you enclosed
to me (see the enclosed) . I could have wished to be pres-
ent at the meeting of the officers you mentioned. I have
received but a faint information of their report.

"As for dissipation and . . . prevailing in Colonel
Slaughter's corps, however agreeable such conduct might
have been to their sentiments, I believe they seldom had
the means in their power, for they were generally in a
starving situation. Colonel Slaughter suffering his garrison
to be ridiculed by the inhabitants of the town occasioned
disorder among the whole. Nothing would excuse him on
this point but his dependence on such a set of people for
everything he could get to subsist on.11 *

The supplies referred to in the foregoing letter were soon
exhausted and the troops again in a suffering condition. In
the following February, a meeting of officers was held at
Fort Nelson to consider the situation. "The officers, after
consultation and mature deliberation, find that the garrison
in its present situation is by no means equal to the impor-

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 3, p. 347.

782 COUNCIL OF OFFICERS AT FORT NELSON.

tance of the place; that there is not above one-third of the
men necessary for its defense, and in a short time the
unavoidable casualties will reduce the number to not more
than twenty or thirty men; that there is not more than
three months' flour in store, not one pound of meat, and no
possibility of procuring a sufficiency by the usual method of
hunting; that there is not a sufficiency of lead to defend
the garrison twenty-four hours in case of an assault — some
parts of the fortifications going to wreck, and not men to
make the necessary repairs. Also that the men appear to
be on the verge of mutiny in consequence of having served
so long without receiving pay and other necessaries, and no
prospect for an alteration for the better." *

This narrative of the bad condition of affairs in General
Clark's department at this period as to army supplies is not
made to reflect on the Virginia authorities, for that com-
monwealth had been thoroughly exhausted by the long
struggle of the Revolutionary War, and besides, the west-
ern territory was far away, and had drifted into a transi-
tional and uncertain status; but the truth of history requires
that the many difficulties he had to encounter should be
fully stated. On one occasion — the contemplated ex-
pedition against Detroit — it was his misfortune to have
means, without sufficient men; but generally his great need
was current money and army supplies.

General Clark, who had so materially contributed to the
acquisition of the vast territory northwest of the Ohio river,
was a Virginia officer only, and, unfortunately, held no
position in the organization created by congress, known as

•Virginia State Papers, Vol. 3. p. 437.

GENERAL CLARK RELIEVED FROM SERVICE. 783

the Continental Army. It was also evident, after the cap-
ture of Cornwallis, October 19, 1 78 1 , that the war with
England was virtually ended, as it was soon in fact, for
hostilities were suspended the next year, and treaty of peace
signed a year later.

Under these circumstances, and with her resources entirely
exhausted, the executive of Virginia determined to reduce
her separate military organizations, and, accordingly, Gen-
eral Clark was relieved of his command, July 2, 1783.

The disagreeable duty

^V^ls? tf^t^r of informing General
Clark of this action de-
volved on Benjamin Harrison, then governor of Virginia,
which he did in these words: "The conclusion of the
war, and the distressed situation of the state, with respect
to its finances, call on us to adopt the most prudent
economy. It is for this reason alone I have come to a
determination to give over all thoughts for the present of
carrying an offensive war against the Indians, but before I
take leave of you, I feel myself called upon, in the most
forcible manner, to return you my thanks, and those of my
council, for the very great and singular services you have
rendered your country, in wresting so great and valuable a
territory out of the hands of the British enemy, repelling
the attacks of their savage allies, and carrying on a success-
ful war in the heart of their country. This tribute of praise
and thanks, so justly due, I am happy to communicate to
you as the united voice of the executive." *

* Dillon's History of Indiana, p. 179.

784 HIS DISTRESSED CONDITION.

This was a sugar-coated pill, but a very bitter one, no
doubt, to Clark, in his then distressed condition. Nor was
it calculated, in the least, to relieve him from the financial
embarrassment from which he was suffering, to say noth-
ing of the humiliation of being thus unceremoniouslv dis-
missed from a public service with which he had so long
and so prominently been associated.

At the very time this crushing blow was inflicted by
Virginia, upon her son, who had won for her a vast terri-
tory, and for himself imperishable renown, he was in dire
distress for even the common decencies and necessaries of
life. In 1783, the exact time not being known, "the con-
queror of the British forces at Kaskaskia and at Vincennes
made a long and lonesome journey, in a condition of pov-
erty, from the west, through the wilderness, to Richmond,
Virginia." On his arrival at that place, in his forlorn and
pitiable situation he addressed, on the 27th of May, the
following touching appeal to the governor of Virginia:

"Sir — Nothing but necessitv could induce me to make
the following request to Your Excellency, which is to grant
me a small sum of money on account; as I can assure you,
sir, that I am exceedingly distressed for the want of neces-
sary clothing, etc., and don"t know of an}' channel through
which I could procure any except of the executive. The
state, I believe, will fall considerably in my debt. Any
supplies which Your Excellency favors me with might be
deducted out of my accounts.

"I have the honor to be Your Excellency's obedient
servant, G. R. Clark.

"His Excellency, Governor Harrison." *

* Virginia State Papers, Vol. 3, p. 4S7.

SIMILARITY IN THE NEGLECT OF CLARK AND VIGO. 785

And the state did "fall" in his "debt," for on an adjust-
ment of his accounts over fifty years after he was retired
from the service, and some twenty years after he was in his
grave, over thirty thousand dollars were allowed the adminis-
trator of his estate. This was largely absorbed in fees, and
the distribution of the balance was made the subject of long
litigation among the collateral heirs, he having neither wife
nor children. A small pension (four hundred dollars per
year) was granted him, at last, by Virginia, but this was
nearly twenty years after his dismissal from her service,
and when he was a paralyzed and helpless cripple, and
only five or six years before his death.

The reader who remembers the closing years of the life
of Francis Vigo, as already given in these pages, his pov-
erty by reason of the neglect of government to pay what
was justly due him, and its payment long after his death to
the administrator and not to a descendant, can not fail to
recognize the close resemblance between his case and that
of General Clark. The greatest sympathy and closest
friendship existed between these old compatriots until the
last da}"S of their lives. Letters passed between them when
both were old and feeble, and Clark, stricken with paralysis,
was lingering upon the very verge of the grave. A letter
is here given from Clark, in replv to one received from
Vigo, which, as will be seen, is sad and touching in the
extreme:

"Locust Grove, Near Louisville,

"August 1, 181 1.

"Dear Sir — A letter from a man who has alwavs occu-
pied a distinguished place in my affection and esteem must

786 TOUCHING LETTER FROM CLARK TO VIGO.

insure the warmest and most cordial reception — an affec-
tion, the result not so much of being associates in the placid
stream of tranquillity and the benign sunshine of peace, as
companions amidst the din of war and those struggles when
the indefatigable exertion of every muscle and nerve was
demanded. But may it be enough to remark, that while
the one is the effect of j-our uniformly discreet and
irreproachable conduct in the intricate path of civil and
domestic life, the other is wrought by a strong sense of
that gratitude due from your adopted country, having myself
both witnessed and experienced the signal advantages
flowing to our common country from your inestimable con-
duct, and what is more enhancing to such services, having
rendered them at a time when the cloud on which our fate
hung assumed the most menacing aspect.

"When I contemplate the glowing affection with which
your letter is fraught, and only the revival of such vou in
past times, ah ! better times, troublous as they were, were
wont to evince for me, I am so filled with correspondent
feelings that I am at a loss for words to express them.
I low happy would I be could these sentiments of entreaty
to a trustful Providence, in the conclusive part of your letter,
for a serene and happy evening be realized. But that
Providence, submitting as I do with manly patience to his
decrees, has long since denied me that boon. lie has cut
asunder the life's tenderest string.

"With sentiments of the warmest regard. I remain,

-George R. Clark. " *

*This letter was doubtless dictated by Clark, but hardly written by him, as
he was then paralyzed.

HIS DISTRESSED CONDITION.

787

For less services than George Rogers Clark rendered his
country, men of inferior merit have been ennobled by other
governments and granted great pensions and vast estates;
but Clark, a poor voung man when he entered the public
service, not only made nothing out of his position, but ex-
pended all he had, and involved himself in debt, in forward-
ing the interests of his government, which indebtedness
caused him great trouble and loss. Fie had not, in his life,
even the half-pay, or five years" full pay in lieu of it, which
was granted to all the officers of the continental army. He
was on the Virginia establishment only, and Virginia turned
him adrift, poor and in distress, with absolutely nothing but
the vague promise of a few thousand acres of land, in the
future, out of the almost innumerable millions he had con-
quered .

From this period of sore trouble and bitter disappoint-
ment aggravated by bodily pains, incurred by exposure in
the field, dates the use of liquor to excess by General Clark.
As far as the author's knowledge extends there is not an
instance to be found where he used liquor to that extent
before this time; a fact which should be remembered in
charity, when considering the only weakness of this neg-
ected old soldier's life. Nor will it be forgotten that the
habit of drinking, in those days, was almost universal,
especially in the army.

General Clark made no complaint before the public, but
that he keenly felt the ingratitude and neglect of his gov-
ernment, and the injustice which had been done him,
especially in the failure to pay what was justly his due,
there can be no question. He confided his feelings more

788 LETTERS WRITTEN BY CLARK TO HIS BROTHER.

freely to General Jonathan Clark, his elder brother, than
to any one else, and in a letter, which he doubtless never
expected would meet any other than his brother's eye, he
said of his claim against the government, that ""it is as just
as the book we swear by," and he proceeded in bitter and
forcible language to express what were undoubtedlv his
real feelings.

This important letter is now before the author, through
the kindness of Temple Bodlev, Esquire, a descendant of
General Jonathan Clark, and is now given to the public
for the first time. It is directed to his brother at Spottsvl-
vania, Virginia, the date being Beargrass, Ma)' 11, 1792,
and is as follows:

" Dear Brother — Since my last to vou nothing uncom-
mon hath happened among us. The Indians are spread-
ing fire and the tomahawk through the frontiers without
much resistance, and I believe will continue to do so, for I
see very little probability of their being opposed in force —
at least until next fall, if then. From observations on the
whole of their conduct for several years past, as far as I
could penetrate into it, I am, as well as many others, led
to believe that those at the helm of affairs on vour side of
the mountains either know nothing about the business or
wish to prolong the war, except they are deceived by their
servants on this side of the world. Various are the ideas
of the most knowing men in Indian affairs on those points.
It is a pit)' that the blood and treasure of the people should
be so lavished, when one campaign, properly directed,
would put a final end to the war; and a well-directed line

LETTERS WRITTEN BY CLARK TO HIS BROTHER.

789

of conduct, after such event should take place, might es-
tablish harmony between us and the Indians that might
exist for many years. Two armies hath already been de-
feated, and I doubt (not) the third will share the same
fate, if the greatest precaution is not made use of. We are
suing the Indians for peace. This convinces them that we
are beat and cowed, and, of course, will cause nations not
yet at war to join the confederacy, and, if they treat at all,
their demands will be so great that it will be as dishonor-
able for the states to grant as it is for them. I wrote you
on the subject of Lanetot's(?) bill. It was settled in
Shannon's account when he was on the assembly, which
may appear in the auditor's office, and a bill passed the
house for the settlement of those accounts; the bill I have
seen myself. This I have from Captain Shannon, who
hath been in the woods surveying all this spring, but is to
meet me next court on that and other business. If you
should be at Richmond, pray examine, and perhaps the
matter may be easily settled, as I don't know where the
doubt lies. It is as just as the book we swear by. As to
the flour account, it is a shame among other things. 1
never could, until the time I did it, get this business ar-
ranged so as to lay it before the assemblv with the same
propriety, and to say it ought to have been done sooner
is ominous. Why did they not do me the justice at first and
enable me to pay for, and take up, those accounts sooner?
IJiave given the United States half the territory thev pos-
sess, and for them to suffer me to remain in povertv, in
consequence of it, will not redound much to their honor
hereafter, when the most minute movement of mine, from

79© CLARK NOT ADEQUATELY REWARDED.

first to last, is already committed to paper. I am more
capable of negotiations and the military life now than ever,
because I have until the present day studied it. Suppose
my principles would permit me to change sides, don't you
think the continent would have cause to tremble? *

ktI shall follow your advice and present another memorial
this fall — am now making preparations for it. If I meet
with another rebuff I must rest contented with it. be in-
dustrious, and look out further for my future bread. All
the trouble you are at in superintending my business will
be gratefully acknowledged by your affectionate brother,

"G. R. Clark.

"All friends near are well, except my father, who has a
pain in the knee, but is getting better. The whole present
compliments to }-our family and friends."

Ten years later he was still struggling on in povertv, with
his claim against the government remaining unpaid. Then
he wrote another letter to the same brother, saving, in bit-
terness and despair, "I have lost all prospect of getting
my just claims from Virginia. I content mvself by view-
ing their f course with contempt.' '

For some time after George Rogers Clark's dismissal
from service by Virginia he remained in comparative ob-
scurity, giving some attention, however, to the allotment
of the land in the Illinois Grant among his soldiers, as will
be hereafter shown; but in January, 17S5, Clark, Richard

* General Clark wrote so carelessly at times that it is not certain whether lie
meant should he change sides now, or had changed sides during the war in
which he was so important a factor. It is more reasonable to suppose he meant
the latter.

t A word here between "their" and "course" is illegible.

CLARK APPOINTED TO TREAT WITH THE INDIANS. 79 1

Butler and Arthur Lee were the United States commis-
sioners who executed an important treaty at Fort Mcin-
tosh with the Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa
Indians.

It is said in Dawson's life of "William Henry Harrison
that, "at a treaty held at Fort Mcintosh, on the Ohio,
in the year 1785, Buckongehelas, then the chief warrior
(of the Delawares), was present. After the sachems,
or peace chiefs, had addressed the commissioners of the
United States, who were George Rogers Clark, Arthur
Lee and Richard Butler, whom he did not deign to no-
tice, approaching General Clark, and taking him by the
hand, he thus addressed him: 'I thank the great spirit for
having this day brought together two such great warriors
as Buckongehelas and General Clark.' " This may have
been a display of too much vanity on the part of this brave,
but somewhat self-exalting Indian, but the same author
says: " This man possessed all the qualifications of a
hero; no Christian knight was ever more scrupulous in
performing all his engagements than the renowned Buck-
ongehelas."

On the 31st of the next January, General Clark, Richard
Butler and Samuel H. Parsons, acted as United States
commissioners in negotiating a treaty with the Shawnees.
At this treaty an incident occurred showing Clark's fearless
character, and that he knew how to manage the Indians.
The event is thus related, in the Western Sim of Vincennes,
October 21, 1820, and seems to have been copied from an
article in the National Gazette, written by an old arm}' of-
ficer: "The Indians came into the treaty at Fort Wash-

792 INCIDENT AT A TREATY WITH THE INDIANS.

ington in the most friendly manner, except the Shawnees,
the most conceited and most warlike of the aborigines; the
first in a battle, the last at a treaty. Three hundred of
their finest warriors, set off in all their paint and feathers,
filed into the council house. Their number and demeanor,
so unusual at an occasion of this sort, was altogether un-
expected and suspicious. The United States stockade
mustered seventy men.

"In the center of the hall, at a little table, sat the com-
missioners, General Clark, the indefatigable scourge of
these very marauders, General Richard Butler, and the
Hon. Mr. Parsons. There was present, also, a Captain
Denny, who, I believe, is still alive and can attest the storv.
On the part of the Indians an old council sachem and a war
chief took the lead; the latter, a tall raw-boned fellow with
an impudent and villainous look, made a boisterous speech,
which operated effectually on the passions of the Indians,
who set up a prodigious whoop at every pause. He con-
cluded by presenting a black and white wampum, to signify
they were prepared for either event, peace or war. Clark
exhibited the same unalterable and careless countenance
he had shown during the whole scene, his head leaning on
his left hand, and his elbow resting on the table; he raised
his little cane and pushed the wampum off the table, with
very little ceremony. Every Indian at the same moment
started from his seat with one of those sudden, simultaneous
and peculiar savage sounds, which startle and disconcert
the stoutest heart, and can neither be described nor for-
gotten. Parsons, more civil than military, in his habits
was poorly fit for an emergency that would probably have

794 INCIDENT AT A TREATY WITH THE INDIANS.

embarrassed even the hero of Saratoga, the brother and
father of soldiers. At this juncture Clark rose — the scru-
tinizing eye cowered at his glance. lie stamped his foot on
the prostrate and insulted symbol, and ordered them to
leave the hall. They did so apparently involuntarilv. Thev
were heard all that night debating in the bushes near the
fort. The raw-boned chief was for war, the old sachems
for peace; the latter prevailed, and the next morning they
came back and sued for peace."

Some unimportant errors may have crept into this ex-
tract, but the incident, no doubt, occurred, substantially,
as stated. These treaties would have been of great impor-
tance, if they had been faithfully executed by the Indians, as
they clearly defined the territories to be occupied by them,
and provided against trespassing thereon by the whites, be-
sides containing other salutary provisions. But unfortu-
nately, they were not lived up to in good faith, and there is
some reason to doubt whether even those who signed the
treaties intended to execute them faithfully. Neither was
there unanimity among Indians of the same tribe, as there
was a large and restless war party in each, bent on adven-
ture and mischief, and these denied that they were bound
by the treaties. In fact there was reason to suspect that
the Indians signing them were actuated more by a de-
sire to have a good time attending the councils and re-
ceiving presents, than to secure permanent peace. The
cessation of hostilities, which for a time existed after the
close of the Revolutionarv War, was more in the nature of
a suspension than an actual ending of the contest.

CHAPTER XX.*

WABASH AND MIAMI INDIANS, ENCOURAGED BY THE BRIT-
ISH, BECOME HOSTILE TO THE AMERICANS— CAM-
PAIGN AGAINST THEM DETERMINED UPON.

General Clark placed in command — The situation communicated to the Gov-
ernor of Virginia by Clark and John May — Officers, Kentucky military dis-
trict, meet in council — Right to impress military supplies declared — Expedi-
tion marches by land to Vincennes — Provisions forwarded by water, delayed
and spoiled — Expedition delayed at Vincennes — March in demoralized con-
dition— A portion revolt before reaching enemy and return — Clark over-
whelmed with grief — French inhabitants no longer friendly — Clark determines
to garrison Vincennes— Is driven by necessity to impress supplies for his
troops-^Takes some Spanish property— Commissary appointed — Regular
accounts kept of property taken — His conduct misrepresented — Virginia and
congress, without waiting for his explanations, condemn it — This action hasty
and inconsiderate^Opinions of disinterested persons— Clark returns to the
falls full of disappointment — Finally meditates an expedition in the interest
of the French against the Spaniards on the Mississippi — Accepts French
commission— Issues a proclamation— Expedition abandoned — Effect of the
movement beneficial in hastening free navigation of the Mississippi — Opinion
of Governor Shelby and others.

TIE Wabash and Miami Indians were not included in
the treaties referred to in the last chapter, and had
grown to be very unfriendly to the Americans. Likewise
the French inhabitants of the towns, as already shown, had
become exasperated against them because of shameful
neglect by the government, and impositions to which they

* Reference to Chapter XX in the first volume should read Chapter XXI.
51 (795)

796 DISSATISFACTION IX THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY.

had been subjeeted, particularly in the taking army sup-
plies without just compensation. But there were numerous
other causes conspiring to produce dissatisfaction; and the
old sympathy between the French and Indians was revived
and strengthened.

Strongest of all was the powerful influence of British
officers who still remained in possession of Detroit and
other military posts, within the boundary of the United
States, in flagrant violation of the treaty of peace, and
who did all they could, short of actual participation them-
selves, to induce the Indians to unfriendly acts against
the Americans; not by movements in large force, but bv
small parties who kept the white settlements on, or near,
the frontiers in a constant state of alarm and danger. This
was true of all the frontier line, but particularly of Ken-
tucky, where the people, weary with waiting for the United
States to enforce remedial measures, finally took the matter
in hand themselves.

In determining upon a military leader, in this crisis, the
people naturally, in view of the past, turned to General
Clark as the most desirable man. He had, in May, 1 7S6,
written about the situation of affairs to his old friend
Patrick Henry, who had again become governor of Vir-
ginia.

wtI make no doubt," said he, "you have long since had
a full account of the late Indian treaties at the mouth of
Miami. What future effect they may have on the nations
treated with is impossible to tell, but some good conse-
quences have already appeared in the peaceable behavior
of some of those Indians. Notwithstanding, I don't think

clark's letter to Patrick henry. 797

that this country, even in its infant state, bore so gloomy
an aspect as it does at present.

"The loss of Colonel Christian, whom the inhabitants
had great future hopes in, hath caused general uneasiness;
add to this the certainty of a war already commenced and
earl)' this spring declared by the Wabash Indians in general,
amounting in the whole, to upwards of fifteen hundred war-
riors, encouraged by the British traders from Detroit, and
their own inclination. When you take a view of our situa-
tion, circumstanced as we are, no prospect of support, at
best, for several months, so formidable and blood}- an
enemy to encounter, much irregularity in the country — no
power to order the militia out of the state for its protection,
and before the assembly meets, or any assistance can be
got from congress on your making application to them for
it, I doubt great part of these beautiful settlements will be
laid waste, without protected by volunteers penetrating into
the heart of the enemy's country. Nothing else will do.

"Scouts and forts on the frontiers answer but little pur-
pose and in the end cost more than an army that would do
the business effectually at once. Was a sufficient force to
appear in their countrv, after a general action, which I
think should take place, they would sue for peace, and agree
to an}7 terms you pleased, to save their countrv from total
destruction.

"Such an example would have a great and good im-
pression on these Indians, already treated with, as fear
would cause them to be peaceable, when presents make
them believe we are afraid of them, and rather an encour-
agement for them to make war upon us when they get poor.

798 JOHN MAY'S LETTER TO GOVERNOR HENRY.

This is a notorious truth, well known by these that are
acquainted with their dispositions. A few days ago, an
engagement happened near St. Vincents, on the Wabash,
in which twelve of the Indians lay (dead) on the field and a
number wounded."

Another letter, written to the governor in the following
July, by John May, states the condition of affairs, and the
opinion entertained of General Clark by the people, so fullv
that it is given here in full: "The very interesting intelli-
gence," said he, "which we have lately received from Post
St. Vincent, induces me once more to trouble Your Excel-
lency. The Americans living there have been very much
distressed by the Indians ever since last winter, and have
every reason to believe that they were encouraged to con-
tinue hostilities by the French inhabitants, who have not
only refused the Americans an}' assistance, but would not
suffer them to make use of the cannon, which were left there
for their defense, at a fort which thev were obliged to build;
and when they, the French, were written to on the subject
by General Clark, the)7 returned for answer that thev had
nothing to do with the United States, but considered them-
selves as British subjects and should obev no other power.

"I understand that there are British traders among them
who keep up this idea, and as congress seems to have to-
tally neglected them, it is not to be wondered at if thev
should still think themselves under the British government,
especially when they see that the several British posts, which
they were told were to be delivered up to the Americans,
are still in the possession of the British.

JOHN MAY'S LETTER TO GOVERNOR HENRY. 799

"The Americans have been lately attacked by the In-
dians, but repulsed them, whereupon Colonel Le Gras, or
Legrow, for I don't recollect how he spelt his name,
issued his proclamation, ordered all the Americans to move
away immediately: They are now closely confined within
their fort or houses, and have every reason to expect the
French will assist the Indians against them, and are under
the most dreadful apprehensions of being totally cut off.
The Wabache Indians are all at war with us, and most of
the Shawnees, and put to death in a most cruel manner all
the prisoners who are so unfortunate as to fall into their
hands.

"Since Colonel Logan wrote to you in April, there have
been a great many murders committed, and we, every two
or three days, hear of new murders. There are now let-
ters here from Post St. Vincent requesting in the most
moving terms that assistance ma}- be sent to the Ameri-
cans, to enable them to move away, and offering to give up
every shilling's worth of property they possess in order to
defray the expenses of moving them.

"There had a part}- of militia, amounting to one hun-
dred and thirty men, marched a few days before this intel-
ligence came to hand, to attack a party of Indians, who
were encamped on the other side of the Ohio, some dis-
tance below the falls, but upon General Clark's receiving
this letter, he sent expresses after them and requested them
to proceed immediately to this post.

"This country had determined to cany on a volunteer
campaign against the Indians in August next, but your in-

SOO COUNCIL OF OFFICERS OF THE DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY.

structions have changed the plan, and they are now prepar-
ing for a regular campaign.

"I find it is the unanimous opinion of the inhabitants of
this country that General Clark is the properest person to
take command here, and notwithstanding the opinion
which prevails below, of his not being capable of attending
to business, I am of the same opinion with the rest of this
country. I have been with him frequently and find him as
capable of business as ever, and should an expedition be
carried on against the Indians I think his name alone would
be worth half a regiment of men.

"It is not expected that the troops will be ready to march
before the first of September, as the council of officers will
not be held till the 2d of August. . . . Colonel Logan
is acquainted with the contents of this letter, and has au-
thorized me to say that in case a general officer should be
appointed, he thinks General Clark's abilities and exDeri-
ence entitle him to the appointment.'' *

The council of officers of the district of Kentucky, re-
ferred to in this letter, was held at Ilarrodsburg, at the time
mentioned, when it was decided to make a campaign, under
General Clark, against the hostile Indians on the Wabash,
without waiting longer for the general government to act,
as the latter had strangely neglected to give the western
frontiers, especially the settlements northwest of the Ohio,
proper protection. Patrick Henry, the governor of Vir-
ginia, approved of this action, f .V foot note in Butler's
Kentucky, p. 1^4, edition of 1834, indicates that the expe-

*Life of Patrick Henry, by his grandson, Vol. 3, p. ^69.

r Winning of the West, Vol. }. p. 83, and authorities there cited.

CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE INDIANS DETERMINED ON. 8oi

dition was inaugurated at a meeting of the inhabitants of
the district of Kentucky, at Danville, some time in 1786,
and confirmed by the military officers of the district on the
2d of August of that year. The note is important as show-
ing the source from which General Clark derived his author-
ity, and that it was the opinion of the highest legal author-
ities of Kentucky that the field officers had a legal right to
impress all supplies needed. It says: "This expedition
was prepared in conformity to resolutions of the inhabitants
of the district assembled at Danville sometime in 1786; the
month is not mentioned in the proceedings; they are signed
by William Kenned}-, as chairman. These resolutions,
together with an order of the executive of Virginia, were
acted on by the military officers of the district, who met at
Harrodsburg, on the 2d of August, 1786. These gentle-
men, among other resolutions, adopted one appointing
'General George Rogers Clark to act as general officer, and
have the command and direction of the arm)' at this time,
ordered in offensive operations against our enemy, the In-
dians.'

"The doubts which were entertained about the legality
of impressments for provisions, etc., were submitted by the
officers to Judges Muter and Wallace, and the attorney-
general, Innes. These officers certified it as their opinion
' that the executive have delegated to the field-officers of
this district all their power"1 in regard to impressments,
'and that they have a right to impress, if necessary, all
supplies for the use of the militia that may be called into
service.' The opinion is directed to Colonel Benjamin
Logan, as president of the board of officers."*

*See the opinion in full in the Appendix.

8o2 TROOPS RESTLESS AND UNDISCIPLINED.

The militia were to assemble at the falls of the Ohio by
the ioth of September, mounted or on foot, as they pleased.
They came straggling in during the month under circum-
stances not at all favorable to the establishment of good
discipline.

There was, in fact, no time to efficiently organize and
discipline the troops, as they were moved forward from the
falls the latter part of that month, across the wilderness to
Vincennes. There were between ten hundred and twelve
hundred men, brave, but self-willed and independent of
restraint, with many disturbing elements among them.

Bad luck seemed to fasten on the expedition from the
beginning. The provisions and most of the army supplies
were forwarded from the falls to Vincennes by water, and
were expected to arrive by the time the troops reached
there; but it was a sultry season, with water probably low,
and the boats did not arrive until nine days after the sol-
diers, and then it was found that a large part of the
provisions were spoiled. The further delay at Vincennes
was unfortunate, as discontent arose and factions were
formed during the inactivity, which became disastrous in
the end.

A considerable number of the inhabitants of Vincennes
joined the Kentucky troops when they marched up the
Wabash in October, with a view of attacking the Indians,
particularly those in the vicinity of Ouiatenon. The In-
dians obtained information of the intended movement and
prepared to ambuscade the Americans at a favorable point
on the contemplated line of march, in the defiles of Pine
creek. Those, however, in the region about the mouth

PART OF THE TROOPS REBEL AND RETURN HOME. 803

of the Vermilion river deserted their villages as the troops
approached that neighborhood, and, in the meantime, the
fatigue of the march, lack of provisions, and an absurd ru-
mor that Clark had given the Indians an option to make
peace without fighting if they wished, all added to the de-
plorable insubordination, disorganization and bad feeling,
which had been growing from the beginning.

At this point several hundred of the troops resisted the
commands, entreaties, and even tears, of General Clark,
and marched off in the direction of home. This was an
open and disgraceful revolt, but there was so much disaf-
fection and dissatisfaction, generally, that he decided it best
not to attempt to enforce obedience; and as there was, in
addition, a distressing lack of provisions, nothing was left
for him to do but to return to Vincennes, overwhelmed
with sorrow and humiliation, at a result which it was not
possible for him, under the circumstances, to prevent.

There are, however, those who attribute the result to the
unfortunate habit of drinking to excess, which had grown
upon him since he was retired from the service of Virginia in
1 783, but it should not be forgotten that the very same result
happened to General Hopkins, who undertook to lead the
same kind of troops against the same Indians, in the same

, Illinois country, twenty-

/s*i^ s*x }*ears afterwards, and

*V~ ff he was never even ac-

cused of drinking to excess. Such results, some times,
spring from jealous)' and rivalry between officers and com-
panies, and a variety of causes, that, unexpectedly, arise
in such combinations as to be irresistible. The result

804 INTERESTS AT VINCENNES NEED PROTECTION.

was, no doubt, occasioned by such causes, in both these
instances, and not because of lack of bravery in the troops,
or lack of ability in the commanding officers.

To form a correct estimate of the transactions of this
period, with which General Clark was connected, the de-
plorable condition of the Wabash and Illinois country at
this time, as already stated, should not be disregarded. The
little protection which Virginia had given to the people
there practically ceased when that state determined to cede
her claim to this territory to the general government; and
the latter, up to that period, had, strangely, neglected to
extend governmental, or other adequate protection, over
them.

The sympathy and aid extended to the Americans by
the French and Creole inhabitants, at the time of the
original conquest by Clark, had been rewarded by neglect,
pecuniary loss and oppression, which, naturally, produced
resentment, and now the}* were anything but friends.
The American government had apparently forsaken them
without any fault of their own, and, in spite of their earn-
est appeals for help, and they were left, as far as the govern-
ment was concerned, in almost a state of anarchy.

So far had this estrangement gone that Americans not
having special permit from the Creole court to remain were
ordered to leave Vincennes, and there had been almost,
if not quite, actual collision, and a dangerous disposi-
tion manifested by a part of these inhabitants to join the
Indians and British against the Americans. There had
been several conflicts with the Indians in the vicinity, in
which there was loss of life on both sides, and the condi-

GARRISON ESTABLISHED AT VINCENNES. 805

tion of affairs was so unfavorable to the Americans that
they were in danger of being all killed or driven out of
the country. Of all men Clark was best suited to recon-
cile the unfortunate differences which had arisen during his
long absence from the country, between the French and
American inhabitants, and it is a notable and creditable
fact, that both sides appealed to him as a mediator in
whom they had entire confidence.

Realizing the dangerous situation, with that quick percep-
tion which always characterized him, he promptly deter-
mined to check the growing evil, and to do a great service to
his country, by placing an adequate garrison of American sol-
diers at Vincennes, and again establishing law, order and good
feeling over the Wabash and Illinois country, as had always
existed before when he commanded there. lie also de-
signed to hold the neighboring Indians in check, and, if
possible, establish friendly treaty relations with them. To
this end, on his return to Vincennes from the unfortunate
campaign against the Indians, he enlisted from the soldiers
who had remained faithful one hundred and forty men.

It is true he did this without the direct authority of the
government, much in the same spirit that General Jackson
established martial law in New Orleans, and his action,
like Jackson's, caused many bitter criticisms to be leveled
against him. It was a case of emergency, and to have
waited until he could communicate with the distant gov-
ernment and procure technical authority would not have
afforded the remedy the circumstances required.

In fact it would have been out of the question, as it
probably would have required a year to accomplish it, if

8o6 CLARK TAKES THE RESPONSIBILITY

it could have been done at all. As evidence of the then
imperfect intercourse between the east and the west, it may
be mentioned that "the preliminary articles of peace be-
tween the United States and Great Britain, which had
been signed on the 30th of November, 1782, were not
known in Kentucky until the spring of 1783.""* The
facilities of intercommunication were but little if anv better
in 1786.

There were no very close obligatory relations at that
period between a commander in the western wilderness
and the distant home government; all the surroundings
necessitated large discretionary powers, which Governor
Patrick Henry clearly comprehended, when he wrote to
Colonel Clark, in December, 1778, and reminded him that
emergencies might arise where the government could not be
consulted, and wisely said, "general discretionary powers,
therefore, are given you to act for the best in all cases where
these instructions are silent and the law has made no pro-
visions/1 General Clark had several times taken such
responsibilities, and the result had always proven the cor-
rectness of his action. On this occasion he appears to have
done that which he thought was right and best under the
circumstances, again taking the responsibility, courageously
and without hesitation, for which, to say the least, consid-
ered from any point of view, he deserved much better
treatment than he received.

lie did, however, consult such persons in authority as
were within consulting distance, who were supposed to
be entitled to give advice in the premises, lie appropri-

* Butler's Kentucky and Marshall's Kentucky.

FIELD OFFICERS CONCUR IN CLARK'S ACTION. So)

ately called together for consultation the field-officers in
this expedition. They met in council while at Vincennes
in October and "unanimously agreed that a garrison at that
place would be of essential service to the district of Ken-
tucky, and that supplies might be had in the district more
than sufficient for their support, by impressment, or other-
wise, under the direction of a commissar)- to be appointed
for that purpose, pursuant to the authority vested in the
field-officers of the district by the executive of Virginia."

Nothing to the contrary appearing it is to be presumed
that these field-officers were competent to form a correct
judgment when the)' joined General Clark in advising the
establishment of a garrison at Vincennes. ThaL its estab-
lishment was intended for the public good has been gen-
erally conceded, and, whether regular in every respect ?r
not, it was believed a wise thing for the country, at the
time, and was cordially approved by the great mass of the
western people.

There remains nothing to base criticism upon except that
the command, being wholly destitute of money, provisions
and army supplies, were forced, by necessity, to make im-
pressments; in doing which, among others, they took the
property of one Bazadone, who claimed to be a Spanish
merchant doing business at Vincennes. Impressments for
army use were not so unusual at that period, and had
frequently been resorted to against the French inhabit-
ants, and it is said that property was impressed in Ken-
tucky, before the troops crossed the Ohio, which, although
causing some slight dissatisfaction at the time, good judges
considered legal and justifiable.

PROPERTY TAKEN FOR PUBLIC USE.

Armies, it must be admitted, are generally not over-nice
about taking what they actually need, if unable to supply
themselves otherwise, and a prudent and considerate com-
mander would hardly allow his men to starve with supplies
within reach. lie would naturally be expected to take
them, with the intention that substantial justice would be
done afterwards, and he would probably not devote much
time considering the question of ownership. Governor
Patrick Henry, in the letter to Clark last quoted, said,
"there is a cargo of goods at a Spanish post near you be-
longing either to the continent or the state. Rather than
let your troops be naked, you are to take a supply for them
out of these goods. But this not to be done but in case of
absolute necessity. Let an exact account be kept of what
is used and let :ne receive it."

That is exactly what Clark did, on this occasion, and he
did nothing more. The cases were substantiallv the same,
except that some of the goods taken were claimed to be-
long to a Spanish merchant doing business in Vincennes.
The supplies thus taken were for the public service, being-
receipted for, and accounted for, by a duly appointed com-
missary of the garrison, John
Rice Jones, a man of great
ability and high character, who
faithfully and efficiently served
the people in many honorable
positions afterwards, both in
Indiana and Missouri, and left
a long line of worthy descend-
ants, who also have rilled hon-

clark's action unjustly criticised. 809

orable positions — one of them, Honorable George W.
Jones, still living (1895) — an old acquaintance of the
author, and a native of Indiana, having long served in the
senate of the United States. Mr. John J. Craig was also
appointed a commissary.

For the reason that a considerable amount of the prop-
erty impressed belonged to Bazadone, who claimed to be a
Spanish subject, and because the western people at that
time were extremely bitter against the Spaniards on account
of being denied free navigation of the Mississippi, and there
was a possibility of war on that account, which was not fa-
vored by a portion of the people of the east, an outcry was
raised in that section, and a portion of the west, against
Clark's action, and he was charged with intending to make
war on the Spaniards, without authority.

Irresponsible and anonymous scribblers have always been
found to attack the prominent and successful military men
of this country from Washington to Grant, and it is not
surprising that General Clark should have shared the same
fate. It is surprising, however, and, in the author's judg-
ment, to be regretted, that a paper, without name of writer
or receiver, apparently an extract from a private letter
written by one citizen to another, and not for publication,
assailing General Clark in the most violent terms, should
have found a place in such a publication as the "Calen-
dar of Virginia State Papers/'1 As far as appears it was
not a state paper, or connected with a state paper. In
what sense was this attack, of a nameless person, upon
the private character of this renowned son of Virginia,
worthy of a place among her published archives? If it

8lO LETTER WITHOUT A NAME OUT OF PLACE.

had the responsibility of a name the name should have
been given if it was to be put with the official state papers,
otherwise it should have been consigned to the waste basket,
and not handed down to posterity, through this official
medium, to smirch the name and fame of a man who acted
such a conspicuous part in the histor}T of that state. And
this is said without claiming that General Clark was
entirely blameless in the matter referred to.

The publication in this official and public manner having
already been done, the injury will not be added to by referring
to it here . The paper as it there appears is stated to have been
extracted from a letter "written December 12, 1786," from
a gentleman in Kentucky to his friend in Philadelphia,
neither name given, saying: "Clark is playing hell. He
is raising a regiment of his own, and has one hundred and
forty men stationed at Opost, already, now under the com-
mand of Dalton. Seized on a Spanish boat with twenty
thousand dollars, or rather seized three stores at Opost
worth this sum, and the boat which brought them up. J.
R. Jones, commissary-general, gets a large share of the
plunder, and has his family at Opost. Piatt comes in for
snacks. He brought the baggage and a thousand pounds of
small furs at the falls the day I left it. Plunder all . . .
means to go to congress to get the regiment put upon the
establishment. He is the third captain. The furs, he tells
his associates, are necessarv to bear his expenses; but he
don't return. I laid a plan to get the whole seized and
secured for the owners, and Bullett and Anderson will ex-
ecute it. Clark is eternally drunk, and yet full of design.
I told him he would be hanged, lie laughed and said he

COUNCIL OF VIRGINIA AND CONGRESS DISAPPROVE. Oil

could take refuge among the Indians. A stroke is medi-
tated against St. Louis and the Natchez."*

The council of Virginia, without waiting to hear any
explanation from General Clark, disavowed, not only his
acts in impressing the "alleged" Spanish property, but
"the existence of a power derived from them to the said
Clark to raise recruits, appoint officers, or impress provis-
ions." They also proceeded to immediately apologize,
in advance, to his "Catholic Majesty, the king of Spain,"
because this son of Virginia, who had done so much for
her in former service, impressed a few thousand dollars'
worth of Bazadone's property, to keep the suffering soldiers
from want.

These hastily adopted resolutions of the council were for-
warded to the delegates in congress, and congress capped
the climax by adopting a resolution "for dispossessing a
body of men who had, in a lawless and unauthorized
manner, taken possession of Post Vincennes in defiance of
the proclamation and authority of the United States."
Thus, it will be seen, that congress was anxious to con-
ciliate "His Catholic Majesty, the king of Spain, " as
well as "His Christian Majesty, the king of France,"
notwithstanding both had favored leaving the country Clark
had conquered from the British out of the boundaries of the
United States, at the time of making the treat)- of peace
with Great Britain. However, this action of the two kings
had been really facilitated by congress, as that body had
instructed the American peace commissioners "to make
the most candid and confidential communications upon all

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 4, p. 202.

12 CONGRESS APPARENTLY NOT FREE FROM ERROR.

subjects to the ministers of our generous ally, the king
of France; to undertake nothing in the negotiations for
peace or truce without their knowledge and concurrence."
Fortunately for their country the commissioners took the
responsibility of acting "in defiance" of these instruc-
tions, and secured the great northwestern territory to the
United States.

Whatever the causes producing it, this action of congress
seems to have been most unwise, as was also the further
action, instructing the American commissioners to yield to
his "Catholic Majesty" all American right to the free navi-
gation of the Mississippi river, and of the majority of still
another congress favoring or consenting to a suspension of
that right for twenty-five or thirty years. Congress, thus
appearing not to be wholly free from error themselves,
might have exercised a little more charity for the mistakes
of others, especially of a man who had done so much for
their country, and who apparently supposed at the time
that he was acting in the interests of the people. lie was.
at least, entitled to a hearing before being subjected to the
imputations implied in these hasty resolves. The charge
that George Rogers Clark made mistakes may be well found-
ed, but in the estimation of many the}' were incomparably
less mischievous than these of congress, and posterity will
not fail to recognize that his deeds resulted in much greater
benefit to the country than the deeds of the men who harsh-
ly judged and traduced him.

General Clark naturally felt deeply aggrieved over this
action of congress and the Virginia council, and earnestly
maintaining that his conduct was entirely justifiable wrote to

REPORT OF THE KENTUCKY COMMITTEE. 813

the governor of Virginia in December, 1786, demanding a
court of inquiry. It does not appear, however, that any
was ever held. In the same letter he explains that mature
reflection satisfied him that, after the retreat, there was
more necessity than ever to do something to protect Ameri-
can interests in the Illinois country, and on that account
he had recruited a number of troops for one year, fortified
Vincennes, and, in the course of four weeks, brought the
whole of the Wabash Indians to his own terms. He add-
ed that, "the grand treaty would have been held this
fall if we had known what articles to have agreed to; for
the want of that knowledge from congress it's put off un-
til the last of April next, to be held at St. Vincent, and is
thought, by the best judges, that the greatest body of In-
dians that ever appeared together in that quarter will be
embodied. Now what will be done in this case it is im-
possible for me to determine. If it is prosecuted, there
must be a support of men, money and provisions. What
the different Indian nations and myself have agreed to is
to rest quiet until that time, when it is expected a final
peace will take place.1' *

Several disinterested persons, competent to judge cor-
rectly, and near enough to understand the situation, gave
accounts of the matter from actual knowledge and examina-
tion, but only two of these can be given here from lack of
space. It will be seen that these accounts differ materiallv
from the statements on which some of the charges against
Clark were founded.

* Virginia State Papers, Vol. 4, p. 213.

8 14 REPORT OF THE KENTUCKY COMMITTEE.

A committee was appointed, in Kentucky, presumably
by one of the several constitutional conventions held about
that time, to make a full investigation "respecting the es-
tablishment of the corps at Post Vincennes, of the seizure
of Spanish property made at that place, and such other
matters as they might think necessary." This committee
made the following report :*

"They find by inquiry, from General Clark and sundry
papers submitted by him to their inspection, that a board
of field-officers, composed from the corps employed on the
late Wabash expedition, did, in council held at Post Vin-
cennes, the 8th of October, i 786, unanimously agree that
a garrison at that place would be of essential service to the
district of Kentucky, and that supplies might be had in the
district more than sufficient for their support, by impress-
ment or otherwise, under the direction of a commissary, to
be appointed for this purpose, pursuant to the authority
vested in the field-officers of the district by the executive of
Virginia. The same board appointed "Sir. John Craig, Jr.,
a commissary of purchase, and resolved that one field-
officer and two hundred and fifty men, exclusive of the
company of artillery, to be commanded by Captain Valen-
tine Thomas Dalton, be recruited to garrison Post Vin-
cennes. That Colonel John Holder be appointed to com-
mand the troops in this service.

"In consequence of these measures, it appears to your
committee that a body of men have been enlisted, and are
now recruiting for one year; that General Clark hath taken

* Dillon's History of Indiana, p. 199.

COLONEL BENJAMIN LOGAN'S EXPEDITION. 815

the supreme direction of the corps, but by what authority
doth not appear; and that the corps hath been further of-
ficered by appointments made by General Clark, who
acknowledges that the seizure of the Spanish property was
made by his order for the sole purpose of clothing and
subsisting the troops; and that the goods seized were ap-
propriated in this way. That John Rice Jones, who acts
as commissary to the garrison, had passed receipts for the
articles taken.

"The general alleges that the troops were raised for the
security of the district; that he considers them subject to
the direction of this committee, who may discharge them,
if they think proper, but conceives this measure ma)' pre-
vent the proposed treaty, and involve this country in a
bloody war. He denies any intention of depredating on
the Spanish possessions or property at the Illinois, and de-
clares that he never saw the intercepted letter from Thomas
Green. That he understood Green's object was to estab-
lish a settlement at or near the Gaso river, under the au-
thority of the state of Georgia; that his view was, by
encouraging the settlement, to obtain a small grant of land;
and that he had no idea of molesting the Spaniards, or of
attending Green in person.

"He informed the committee that the garrison now at Post
Vincennes is about one hundred strong, and that the mer-
chants at the Illinois had determined to support it, for which
purpose they had sent for the commissary, Jones, to re-
ceive provisions. That Major Bosseron was sent to the
Illinois to advise the settlers there of certain seizures made
at Natchez, of American property, by the Spanish com-

8l6 COLONEL BENJAMIN LOGAN'S EXPEDITION,

mandant, and to recommend it to them to conciliate the
minds of the Indians, and be prepared to retaliate any
outrage the Spaniards might commit on their property;
but by no means to commence hostilities.

"Thomas Todd, Clerk Committee."'

Colonel Benjamin Logan, president of the board of
officers at the Danville meeting at the time the campaign
against the Indians was determined upon, led a branch of
the expedition against the Indians at the Shawnee towns
early in October, which was fortunately more successful
than the main expedition. He led nearly eight hundred
men, and met but little resistance, the principal Indians
having gone to oppose Clark's troops. He, however, de-
stroyed the cabins, corn and other provisions, killing ten
of the savages and taking about thirty prisoners. The
campaign lasted only a few weeks.

Colonel Logan was a man of much experience in these
matters and familiar with all the circumstances of Clark's
campaign. He wrote a letter to the governor of Virginia
December 13, 1786, in which he said: "I have had the
opportunity to be in company with General Clark since his
return from the expedition on the north side of the Ohio
river. lie informs me he has agreed with the chiefs of
the western tribes that hostilities should cease until the hrst
day of April next, at which time he had appointed to hold
a treat}' with the nations of the Opost, and that he had
ordered an officer to recruit two hundred and fifty men.
which orders were nearly complied with. Those men were
to keep possession of an American garrison at that place.

CLARK SOURED AND DISAPPOINTED. 8iy

and to keep the Indians in terror until a treaty. These
proceedings, I think, (were) wise and prudent."*

The severity of the blows, that followed the failure of the
campaign against the Wabash Indians, added to his previous
dismissal from the service of Virginia three years before,
told upon General Clark now with terrible effect. What-
ever else may be said he had served his country faithfully
and well, and had rendered valuable services, but every-
thing seemed now to have turned against him. He felt
that he was not only neglected, misunderstood and mis-
represented, but treated with positive injustice.

He now, more frequently than ever, endeavored to drown
his disappointments and sorrows in drink, and at last, even

__ his countenance took on a sterner and

/ \ more forbidding look than it wore in his

younger and brighter days. This is
shown in his portrait taken at this pe-
riod, now in the Vincennes University,
and reproduced here. He was so thor-
oughly soured and disgusted with it all
george r. clark. that, it is said, he at one time meditated
removing from the country, and applied for a grant of land
in the Spanish territory, with a view of establishing a
colony there; but this was probably no more than an angry
impulse which he never really intended to carry out. But
there is no doubt he was deeply piqued at the neglect and
bad treatment which he felt that he had unjustly received.
In a letter written Judge Innes of Kentucky, March 7,
1 79 1, Mr. Jefferson, then secretary of state, said, "'Will it

*Virginia State Papers, Vol. 4, p. 202.

8l8 ISSUES A PROCLAMATION.

not be possible for you to bring General Clark forward? I
know the greatness of his mind, and am the more mortified
at the cause which obscures it. Had not this unhappily
taken place, there was nothing he might not have hoped;
could it be surmounted, his lost ground might yet be recov-
ered. No man alive rated him higher than I did and would
again, were he to become again what I knew him. 'We
are made to hope he is engaged in writing the account of
his expeditions north of Ohio. They will be valuable
morsels of history, and will justify to the world those who
have told them how great he was.' "

He never recovered from these blows, or regained a
prominent military position. The nearest he came to it
was in 1793 when he accepted from agents of the French
government, then in the United States, a commission,
with the high sounding title of "major-general in the
armies of France and commander-in-chief of the revolution-
ary legions on the Mississippi." The acceptance of this
commission was the greatest mistake of his career. Always
before he had been an officer of his own country, and his
sword had only been drawn in behalf of his own country-
men.

The ostensible object, as far as Clark was concerned,
was to lead a force of two thousand men, in the name of
the French republic, against New Orleans and the Spanish
possessions on the lower Mississippi, with a view of revolu-
tionizing the Spanish control and government of that region.
It is not for a moment reasonable to believe that Clark
meant that it should work any injury to his own country,
but thought it would open the Mississippi river to American

ISSUES A PROCLAMATION. 819

use which had so long been denied by the selfishness and
injustice of Spain. In fact opening the Mississippi to trade
was one of the main objects contemplated, as will be seen
from the "proposals" for volunteers issued by General Clark
which is given here entire. It is as follows:

" GEORGE R. CLARK, ESQUIRE,

"Major-general in the armies of France and commander-
in-chief of the French Revolutionary Legion
on the Mississippi river.

' ' Proposals
"For raising volunteers for the reduction of the Spanish
posts on the Mississippi, for opening the trade of the
said river and giving freedom to all its inhabitants, etc.
"All persons serving the expedition to be entitled to one
thousand acres of land. Those that engage for one year will
be entitled to two thousand acres^if they served two years
or during the present war with France thev will have three
thousand acres, of any unappropriated land that may be
conquered — the officers in proportion; pay, etc., as other
French troops. All lawful plunder to be equally divided
agreeable to the custom of war. All necessaries will be
provided for the enterprise, and every precaution taken to
cause the return of those who wish to quit the service, as
comfortable as possible, and a reasonable number of days
allowed them to return, at the expiration of which time
their pay will cease. All persons will be commissioned
agreeable to the number of men they bring into the field.

820 FREE NAVIGATION OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEMANDED.

Those that serve the expedition will have their choice of
receiving their land, or one dollar per day.

' ' [A copy . ] G . R. Clark . ' ' *

The revolution in France had made an entire change in
the relations existing between that country and Spain.
Then the governments were friendly, now thev were hostile.
Genet, the minister of the French republic to the Amer-
ican government, presuming upon the universality of rev-
olutionary ideas at that time, as well as the previous
friendship between France and the voung republic, as-
sumed a tone and an attitude justly offensive to the gen-
eral government of the United States.

As between France and Spain the sympathy of the Ameri-
cans was generally with the former, not onlv because of
the old friendly associations, but because of republican ideas
then developing in France, the objectionable features of
which were not yet known and understood in America; but
the strongest reason of all was the dislike of Spain, because
of her long and persistent denial of the free navigation of
the Mississippi to the Americans.

The Mississippi river was then the onlv practical route for
the products of the west to rind a market, and the free navi-
gation of that river was a matter of paramount necessity to
the western people. As a natural result their dislike of
Spain was almost universal, at the time of this movement
of General Clark. The failure of the general government
to secure free navigation to the sea led some to believe
the government indifferent to the essential interests of the

*Copied into the Kentucky Gazette of February S. 1704. from "the Centinel
of the Northwestern Territory, Cincinnati, January j^. 1794."

GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY'S OPINION. Si I

west, to such an extent as to cause them to contemplate an
independent western- state, or some new combination that
would secure free trade on that river.

The general feeling against Spain and sympathy with
France, for the reasons stated, induced the people to look
on Clark's movement with indulgence, notwithstanding it
was a technical violation of international law, and severely
condemned by the general government, which had re-
quested Isaac Shelby, the governor of Kentucky, to stop
the expedition. Governor Shelby, like most Kentuckians,
however, was in evident sympathy with General Clark,
and he answered the request January 13, 1794, as follows:

" I have great doubts, even if they attempt to cany this
plan into execution, provided they manage their business
with prudence, whether there is any legal authority to re-
strain or to punish them, at least before they have actually
accomplished if. For, if it is lawful for any one citizen of
the state to leave it, it is equally so for any number of them
to do it. It is also lawful for them to cany any quantity
of provisions, arms and ammunition. And if the act is
lawful in itself, there is nothing but the particular intention
with which it is done that can possibly make it unlawful;
but I know of no law which inflicts a punishment on in-
tention only, or any criterion by which to decide what
would be a sufficient evidence of that intention, even if it
was a proper subject for legal censure. ... I shall
also feel but little inclination to take an active part in pun-
ishing or restraining any of my fellow-citizens for a sup-
posed intention only, to gratify the fears of the minister of
a prince who openly withholds from us an invaluable right,

82 2 EXPEDITION ABANDONED.

and who secretly instigates against us a most savage and
cruel enemy."

On the ^th of June, 1794, congress enacted an addi-
tional law, intended to prevent such an expedition as the
one contemplated by General Clark. The necessitv of
this new legislation, Governor Shelbv claimed, proved
the correctness of his position, "and that, until the passage
of that law, the offense had not been declared, nor the
punishment defined." The governor was also of opinion
that the movement proved beneficial to the countrv, in
showing the authorities of the general government that the
people of the west were dissatisfied and terribly in earnest
in determining to have the Mississippi opened for com-
merce and trade. It was regarded as fair warning that
they intended to have it, no matter at what cost, and it no
doubt spurred on the authorities to more speedy and effec-
tive measures to secure it.

Assurances, quietly given, that earnest efforts were now
being made in that direction, doubtless proved quite as ef-
fectual as anything else in causing the expedition to be
abandoned. It is gratifying to believe that, after all, this
contemplated expedition of General Clark, unauthorized
by government, and irregular as it was, proved a benefit to
his country. This was the common belief of the leading
men of the west at that time, as well as of Governor
Shelby.

The general government, rinding that the governor
would not interfere, issued a proclamation on the 24th of
March following, declaring the proposed movement un-
lawful, and followed it up by ordering General Wayne to

BENEFICIAL RESULTS. 823

establish a force at Fort Massac, if needed, to prevent the
expedition going down the river. It was not necessar}7,
however; for, in addition to the reason already given, the
sober second thought, coupled with the recall of Genet to
France, and this action of the general government, caused
the expedition to be abandoned. This was the last effort
of General Clark's military career, and the last mention of
him in connection with any military enterprise, contem-
plated or otherwise.

That Spain deserved little consideration from the gov-
ernment of the United States is shown by the fact that
for years her emissaries intrigued to induce the western
people to inaugurate a separate government, using large
sums of money to that end, and offering the much-
coveted free navigation of the Mississippi, and other valu-
able rewards. Fortunately for the republic, these efforts
were not successful, and the free navigation was at last
nominally secured by treaty in October, 1795, but never
completely and satisfactorily so until the purchase of
Louisiana by the United States in 1803.

CHAPTER XXI.

CLARK'S GRANT— THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE

ILLINOIS REGIMENT, AND THE LAND

ALLOTTED TO EACH.

i)T will be remembered that at the time the Illinois
campaign was inaugurated, George Wythe, George
Mason and Thomas Jefferson wrote a joint letter to George
Rogers Clark, congratulating him upon his appointment to
conduct so important an enterprise, and most heartily wish-
ing him success. The letter then gave him this assurance :
"We have no doubt that some further rewards in lands in
the country will be given to the volunteers who shall en-
gage in this service in addition to the usual pay, if they are
so fortunate as to succeed. We think it just and reason-
able that each volunteer, entering as a common soldier in
this expedition, should be allowed three hundred acres of
land and the officers in the usual proportion, out of the
lands which may be conquered in the country now in pos-
session of the Indians, so as not to interfere with the claims
of any friendly Indians, or any people willing to become
subjects of this commonwealth ; and for this we think you
may safely confide in the justice and generosity of the Vir-
ginia assembly." A fac-simile of this historic letter, dated
January 3, 1778, has already been given in a previous

(825)

826 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT

chapter, and these gentlemen, no doubt, exercised all their
influence to carry out the assurances then given.

On the 2d of January, 1 781 , the general assembly of
Virginia adopted a resolution providing that, ""as Colonel
George Rogers Clark planned and executed the secret ex-
pedition by which the British posts were reduced, and was
promised if the enterprise succeeded a liberal gratuity in
lands in that country for the officers and soldiers who first
marched thither with him, that a quantity of land not ex-
ceeding one hundred and fifty thousand acres be allowed
and granted to the said officers and soldiers, and the other
officers and soldiers that have been since incorporated into
the said regiment, to be laid off in one tract, the length of
which not to exceed double the breadth, in such place on
the northwest side of the Ohio as the majority of the of-
ficers shall choose, and to be afterwards divided among the
said officers and soldiers in due proportion according to
the laws of Virginia." *

In 1783 another act was passed by Virginia, "for locat-
ing and surveying the one hundred and fifty thousand acres
of land granted by a resolution of assembly to Colonel
George Rogers Clark, and the officers and soldiers who
assisted in the reduction of the British posts in the Illinois:

"Be it enacted by the Generat Assembly ', That William
Fleming, John Edwards, John Campbell, Walker Daniel,
gentlemen, and George Rogers Clark, John Montgomery,
Abraham Chaplin, John Bailev, Robert Todd, and William
Clark, officers in the Illinois regiment, shall be and thev
are hereby constituted a board of commissioners, and that

*1 Iening, 10, 565.

TO THE ILLINOIS REGIMENT. 827

they, or the major part of them, shall settle and determine
the claims to land under the said resolution. That the re-
spective claimants shall give in their claims to the said com-
missioners on or before the first da)- of April, one thousand
seven hundred and eighty-four; and, if approved and al-
lowed, shall pay down to the said commissioners one dollar
for every hundred acres of such claim, to enable them to
survey and apportion the said lands. The said commis-
sioners shall appoint a principal surveyor who shall have
power to appoint his deputies, to be approved by the said
commissioners, and to contract with him for his fees. That
from and after the said first day of April, one thousand
seven hundred and eighty-four, the said commissioners, or
the major part of them, shall proceed with the surveyor to
lay off the said one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land
on the northwest side of the Ohio river, the length of which
shall not exceed double the breadth; and, after laying out
one thousand acres at the most convenient place therein for
a town, shall proceed to lay out and survey the residue, and
divide the same by fair and equal lot among the claimants;
but no lot or survey shall exceed five hundred acres. That
the said commissioners, in their apportionments of the said
land, shall govern themselves by the allowances made by
law to the officers and soldiers in the Continental army.
That the said commissioners shall, as soon as may be, after
the said one hundred and forty-nine thousand acres shall
be surveyed, cause a plat thereof, certified on oath, to be
returned to the register's office, and thereupon a patent
shall issue to the said commissioners or the survivors of

them, who shall hold the same in trust for the respective

828 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRAN1

claimants; and they, or the major part of them, shall there-
after, upon application, execute good and sufficient deeds
for conveying the several portions of land to the said officer?
and soldiers.'1 *

The land was selected on the north side of the Ohio river,
extending from below the falls, a little below Silver creek,
up the river to the upper end of Eighteen Mile Island. It
is situated in Clark, Floyd and Scott counties, Indiana, but
mainly in the first named county. It was, in early times,
generally called "Illinois Grant," but now, more frequently,
"Clark's Grant," or, simply, "TheGrant.*' The locationof
the land was vested by the law "in a majority of the offi-
cers," but the tract selected was always a favorite localitv
with General Clark, and his choice was adopted bv common
consent.

William Clark was appointed principal surveyor of the
grant, and he proceeded with a corps of four assistant sur-
veyors, Edmund Rogers, David Steel, Peter Catlett and
Burwell Jackson, to lay it off into tracts, intended, gener-
ally to contain five hundred acres each, but some of the
surveys were very carelessly made. The errors, however,
were almost invariably on the side of the soldier, as the
tracts often over-ran in quantity, and but seldom if ever fell
below it.

Historians have been bothered a good deal to identify
this William Clark. Some have supposed he was the Will-
iam Clark, brother of General George Rogers Clark, who
afterwards became very prominent in connection with Mer-
riweather Lewis, in making the first exploration to the
Pacific, under the auspices of President Jefferson; others

*Blackford's Indiana Reports, Vol. i, Appendix.

TO THE ILLINOIS REGIMENT. 829

have supposed he was the William Clark who was one of
the first United States judges of Indiana Territory. He
was neither. He was the William Clark heretofore re-
ferred to as the son of Benjamin Clark, and was the
brother of Marston Green Clark, and cousin of George
Rogers Clark. He was decidedly a man of affairs and of
fine ability. He probably had mote to do in formulating
the boundaries and allotting the lands in Clark's Grant
than any other one person. The official plat was his work,
and, besides being principal surve}Tor, he was one of the
commissioners, and sometimes clerk of the board. He was,
in fact, the general utility man of the concern, and acquired
a considerable estate in lands. His will has never been
published as far as the author has been able to learn, and is
given here in full, as it throws considerable light upon the
members of his branch of the Clark family. He died in
November, or early in December, 1791.

The Will of William Clark, the Surveyor.

"In the name of God, amen. I, William Clark, of Jef-
ferson county, and District of Kentucky, late of Clarksville,
being of perfect memory and knowing the uncertainty of
this life, do make and declare this to be my last will and
testament in the manner following. First desiring that my
body ma)' be decently interred at the discretion of my execu-
tors hereafter named. And as for my temporal estate after
all my just debts are paid, I give, bequeath and dispose of
in the following manner:

"It is my will and desire that the bond payable to Will-
iam Croghan may be discharged by a certificate now in my

830 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT

possession, the residue of said certificate to be applied as
far as it will go to the discharge of a bond given to Richard
Morris, and that the balance of said bond be discharged bv
my executors in the most speedy manner they may devise:

"It is my will and desire and I do hereby give my lov-
ing brother Marston Greene Clark a tract containing two
hundred and fifty acres of land in Jefferson county and
lying on Bear Grass, to him, the said Marston Green, his
heirs and assigns.

" It is my will and desire, and I do herebv give to my
loving brother Benjamin Wilson Clark and my loving sis-
ter Lucy Pool a tract containing nine hundred and thirty
acres of land, to them and their heirs and assigns, lying in
the lands given by the state of Virginia to the officers and
soldiers of the Virginia state line, it being a part of my
claim for military services performed the last war, to be
equally divided in quantity and quality. And if my brother
Benjamin Wilson and sister Lucy can not agree on a divis-
ion my executors are to have a division made for thern.

" It is my will and desire, and I do herebv give to my
loving brothers Jonathan and Everard Clark, to them, their
heirs and assigns, a tract containing one thousand acres of
land lying on Russell's creek including a noted burning-
spring, to be equally divided as above.

" It is my will and desire, and I do herebv give to mv
loving brother Benjamin Wilson Clark one tract containing
four hundred acres in the Illinois Grant, it being part of
number thirty-one, to him, his heirs and assigns.

" It is my will and desire, and I do hereby give to my
loving brother Jonathan Clark, to him, his heirs and as-

TO THE ILLINOIS REGIMENT. 531

signs, one tract containing live hundred acres in the Illinois
Grant, number twenty-four. It is my will and desire, and
I do hereby give to my loving brother Everard Clark, to
him, his heirs and assigns a tract containing five hundred
acres of land in the Illinois Grant, number ninety-six. It
is my will and desire, and I do hereby give to my loving
sister Lucy Pool, to her, her heirs and assigns, one tract
containing five hundred acres of land in the Illinois Grant,
number one hundred and sixty.

" It is my will and desire, and I do hereby give to my
loving brother Marston Green Clark all my wearing ap-
parel, a cow and calf, a sorrel mare, my desk, after my
executors shall have finished the business of my estate • also
my lots and houses in the town of Clarksville I lend him
for the term of three years from the date of my decease,
and if either of my brothers or sister comes to this coun-
try to live, within the space of three years after nry de-
cease, then he or she so coining shall have the lots and
houses aforesaid, but if neither of them comes in that time
then the lots, etc., are to remain the property of Marston
Green Clark, to him, his heirs and assigns. Also I give to
said Marston Green Clark one negro man, Lewis, for seven
years, at the expiration of which time it is my wish said
negro Lewis shall be liberated. It is my will and desire
after my decease that my executors present my friend and
relation Mrs. Elizabeth Anderson with my watch, as a
memorial of my esteem and regard.

" It is my wish and desire that the remainder of my estate,
viz.: Five hundred acres of land in the Illinois Grant num-
ber two hundred and seventy-two, two hundred acres in

832 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT

said grant at the forks of Silver creek, the remainder of
my military warrant, seven hundred and thirtv-three and
two-third acres, together with my gun, mv surveyor's in-
struments, my gray horse, saddle and bridle, be disposed
of at the discretion of my executors and the money arising
from such sale to be applied to the pavment of the bond
payable to Richard Morris, and the overplus, if any, be
equally divided amongst the above legatees, Marston Green
Clark only excepted.

"Lastly, it is my will and desire, and I do herebv ap-
point my trusty friends, Richard Clough Anderson, "Will-
iam Croghan and Richard Terrell, executors of this, my
last will and testament, hereby revoking all other wills.
Signed this eleventh day of November, one thousand seven
hundred and ninety-one."

This will was proven December 6, 1791, in Jefferson
county, Kentucky, by the oaths of John Clark, George R.
Clark and James CFallon, witnesses thereto, and ordered
to be recorded.

The Virginia law vested in the same commissioners one
thousand acres of land to be platted into half acre lots, with
convenient streets, for a town, to be called Clarksville.
This was laid off just above where Silver creek empties into
the Ohio at the falls, as will hereafter be more particularly
shown, with other proceedings in relation to said town.
After deducting the town site, one hundred and forty-nine
thousand acres remained to be divided between "'the offi-
cers and soldiers who assisted in the reduction of the British
posts in the Illinois," and, after it was surveyed, a patent

TO THE ILLINOIS REGIMENT. 833

was issued for the land, December 14, 1786, a fac-simile of
which, reduced one-half in size, is given in this chapter.
The original of this important document is on parchment,
with holes eaten in it by mice, or insects, as shown in the
fac-simile.

The board met at Louisville, in 1784, for the purpose of
allotting the land, and on the 3d of August of that year
came to the following important conclusions as to the class
of officers and soldiers entitled to share in the same, namely:
"That all officers and soldiers who marched and continued
in service till the reduction of the British posts on the north-
west side of the Ohio, that all who eno-aged and enlisted in
the Illinois regiment afterwards, and served during the war,
or three years, are entitled to a share of the grant under the
resolution and act of assembly, and that those soldiers who
have enlisted in said regiment since the 2d day of January,
1 781, for three years, or during the war, are not entitled,
as there seems to be no provisions made under the resolu-
tion for those who should thereafter be incorporated in the
said regiment; that the officers of the regiment are en-
titled to a share of the land in proportion to the commis-
sions they respectively held on the said 2d day of January,
1 781, and not in proportion to the commissions they have
since held in consequence of promotions, and that therefore
officers commissioned since that period are not entitled at
all; and that those soldiers who enlisted to serve twelve
months after their arrival at Kaskaskia, agreeable to an act
of assembly of the fall session of 1778, for the protection
and defense of the Illinois country, who did not re-enlist in
the regiment, are not included in said resolution; that

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PAC-SIMILE, reduced one-half, of 1 J, gJ

VIRGINIA PATENT FOR LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT, INDIANA v

jBtd'NOTE.— This facsimile occupies two pages. See opposite page.

0-*-j0Ctt&i*CJl

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FAC=SIMILE, reduced one-half, of

VIRGINIA PATENT FOR LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT, INDIANA

j^y-NOTE.— This fac=simile occupies two pages. See opposite page.

836 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT

those officers who were commissioned under said act and
resigned before the expiration of the twelve months are not
entitled; last that those who continued during the year and
then retired, not having a command, are entitled."

At a meeting of the commissioners, October 10, 1787,
the scope of the order was enlarged so as to include "the
officers and soldiers who were left at the falls by order of
Colonel Clark, when the detachment were ^oing against
the Illinois, be allowed quota of land in the grant."

In view of the way the troops were raised, the irregu-
larity of the terms of service, and there being different
campaigns, with not the same soldiers in each, it was a
difficult and delicate matter to determine, exactlv, who
"assisted in the reduction of the British posts in the Illinois."
or what officers and soldiers were entitled to the share in
the land under the law.

The commissioners, however, after long and careful in-
vestigation decided who were entitled, and the quantity of
land that should be allotted to each; but, in the meantime,
many of the land claims had been sold and transferred by
the persons designated, and deeds for the land, in such cases,
did not issue in their names, but in the names of the per-
sons then owning the claims.

In consequence of this, and the mixing in of the names
of persons who only served under Clark in his subsequent
campaigns against the Indians, a correct list of the officers
and soldiers of the Illinois Regiment who "assisted in the
reduction of the British posts," and were allotted land
under the law, has never before been published. At least
the author, after the most diligent search, has never been

TO THE ILLINOIS REGIMENT. 837

able to find any such list, although he has found several
which were clearly misleading and erroneous.

The following roll was made with great care and labor,
tracing the title of every tract of land back to the person
who served for it. It is confidently believed that it is cor-
rect, and that it is the only full and complete list of those
who were allotted land in the Illinois Grant, for services un-
der General Clark, ever published. It is quite certain no
one is on the list who did not serve, and it is not likely
that many, if any, entitled to land, failed to receive it,
either in person or by his heirs or assigns. While omis-
sions are possible, they are not at all probable. The board
of commissioners were prominent and honorable men, and
it was continued in existence, by subsequent legislation, for
at least sixty-five years, so that all having proper claims
had abundance of time in which to apply.

It will be seen by reference to the roll that opposite the
name of each person is given the quantity of land allotted
to him, with its descriptive numbers, so that the reader, by
referring to the fac-simile of the original plat, which imme-
diately follows the list, can see the exact location of the
land ; or, by giving the number of any tract, it can, in like
manner, be learned who served for it. For example, if it
is desired to learn what land was allotted to the celebrated
Simon Kenton, a reference to the list and map will show
that it was "letter E, tract 198." Or if the reader wishes
to know who served for number one, the tract on which
the city of Jeffersonville is situated, a similar reference will
show it was Lieutenant Isaac Bowman. And so on as to
any tract or person.

838 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT

It will be impossible for the general reader to compre-
hend the great labor involved in making this list. It was
equivalent to making three hundred partial abstracts of
title, — aggravated by the fact that the certificate of claim
was often assigned before the issuance of the patent, and
that the patent frequently issued in the name of the as-
signee, and not of the soldier. The work is entirely orig-
inal, and it is hoped its value will compensate for the labor
required in its preparation.

roll of officers and soldiers who were allotted
land in clark's grant (indiana) for services un-
der george rogers clark, "in the reduction of
the british posts in the illinois." with the
quantity, and descriptive numbers, of the land
received by each.

Officers.

Clark, George Rogers, Brigadier-General — Nos. 27, 56,

62, 84, 165, 168, 185, 208, 212, 223, 227, 229, 242, 285,

288, 297; 4 acres in 74, and 45 acres in 141. Total,

8,049 acres.*
Montgomery, John, Lieutenant-Colonel — Nos. 35, 40, 51,

143, 167, 202, 239, 270, 283 and B. 141, 351 acres.

Total, 4,851 acres.
Bowman, Joseph, Major — Nos. 5, 49, 97, 125, 140, 186,

x93? 237? and B. 32, 312 acres. Total, 4,312 acres.
Lynn, William, Major — Nos. 12, 93, 105, 132, 181, 217,

218, 291, and B. 216, 312 acres. Total, 4,312 acres.
Quick, Thomas, Major — Nos. 21, 70, 163, 204, 215, 233,

265, 284, and B. 276, 312 acres. Total, 4,312 acres.

Captains.

Note. — All captains were allotted 3,234 acres each.

Bailey, John — Nos. 16, 22, 24, 81, 225, 226 and A. 194,
234 acres.

*Each number contains 500 acres unless otherwise indicated. Where a letter
precedes a number it indicates that tract is subdivided and the subdivisions lettered.

84O ROLL OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS

Brashear, Richard — Nos. 68, in, 112, 114, 134, 236, and

B. 194, 234 acres.
George, Robert — Nos. 17, 137, 146, 159, 172, 275, A. 149,

234 acres.
Harrod, William — Nos. 91, 99, 164, 234, 261, 264, A. 148.
Helm, Leonard — Nos. 66, 147, 201, 266, 269, 279, 149.
Kellar, Abraham — Nos. 71, 120, 156, 173, 238,295,6. 148.
McCarty, Richard — Nos. 63, 80, 90, 228, 251, 259, A. 190.
Rodgers, John — Nos. 11, 72, 207, 235, 282, 296, A. 248.
Ruddell, Isaac — Nos. 14, 34, 77, 1 10, 153, 179, and B. 190.
Shelby, James- — Nos. 42, 43, 88, 89, 95, 249, and B. 248.
Taylor, Isaac — Nos. 109, 129, 144, 151, 253,293, 101.
Todd, Robert — Nos. 3, 36, 48, 55, 122, 203, and A. 246.
Williams, John — Nos. 9, 75, 11^, 152, 166, 240, and 101.
Worthington, Edward — Nos. 33, 67, 69, 131, 176, 199,

and B. 246.

Lieutenants.

Note. — All lieutenants were allotted 2,156 acres each.

Bowman, Isaac — Nos. i, 158, 213, 289, and A. 32.
Calvit, Joseph — Nos. 41, 50, 61, 161, and A. 216.
Carney, Martin — Nos. 38, 192, 2^0, 263, and C. 1^4.
Chapline, Abraham — Nos. 145, 180, 222, 267, and A. 276.
Clark, Richard — Nos. 15, 18, 191, 274, and part 160.
Clark, William — Nos. 96, 103, 272, 287, and part 160.
Dalton, Valentine Thomas — Nos. 76, 104, 206, 247, C. 155.
Davis, James — Nos. 3c), 136, 187, 2^7, and B. 1^4.
Floyd, Henry — Nos. 65, 107, 230, 280, and .V. 154.
Gerault, John — Nos. 82, 117, 175, 189, and A. 133.
Harrison, Richard — Xos. 102. 135, 139, 183, and B. 133.

ALLOTTED LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 84 1

Merriweather, James — Nos. 26, 92, 150, 214, and A. 106.
Montgomery, James — Nos. 6, 83, 127, 252, and C. 133.
Perault, Michael — Nos. 23, 78, 256, 277, and C. 106.
Robertson, James — Nos. 25, 200, 260, 294, and B. 106.
Slaughter, Lawrence — Nos. 8, 58, 157, 221, and A. 271.
Swan, John — Nos. 37, 98, 100, 209, and B. 156.
Todd, Levi — Nos. 29, 46, 87, 290, and C. 271.
Williams, Jarrott — Nos. 197, 241, 258, 268, and part 160.
Wilson, Thomas — Nos. 10, 45, 47, 298, and A. 169.

Ensign.

Vanmeter, Jacob — Nos. 7, 64, 182, 232 and 156 acres in
B. 155. Total, 2,156 acres.

Cornet.

Thurston, John — Nos. 53, 244, 27S, 292, and 156 acres in
A. 155. Total, 2,156 acres.

Sergeants.

Note. — All sergeants were allotted 216 acres each.

Brand, John — 16 acres in 169 and 200 acres in D. and E. 130.
Brown, James — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in D. and E. 273.
Crump, William — 16 acres in 169 and 200 acres in A. 184.
Dewit, Henry — 16 acres in 196 and 200 acres in 121.
Elms, William — 16 acres in 169 and 200 acres in 108.
Irby, James (or Irley) — i6acres in 169, 200 in A. andB. 138.
Kellar, Isaac — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in C. and D. 245.
Key, Thomas — 16 acres in 194 and 200 in B. and E. 245.
Merriweather, William — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in 4.
Miles, Michael — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in A. and B. 85.

842 ROLL OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS

Moore, John — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in A. and B. 126.
Morgan, Charles — 16 acres in 196 and 200 acres in 17S.
Oreer, John — 16 acres in 160, 100 in C. 211 and 100 in 31.
Parker, Edward — 16 acres in 169 and 200 acres in part 4.
Patterson, Robert — i6acres in 169 and2oo in D.and E. 1 77.
Pittman,Buckner — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in D.and E. 171.
Prichard, William — 16 acres in i69and 200 in C.and D. 124.
Rubey, William — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in C. and D. 1 iS.
Strode, Sam — 16 acres in 169 and 200 acres in 19.
Treat, Beverly — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in A. and B. 142.
Vaughan, John — 16 acres in 196 and 200 acres in 178.
Walker, John — 16 acres in 169 and 200 in A. and B. 130.
Williams, John — 16 acres in 169 and 200 acres in B. and
E. 124.

Privates.

Note. — All privates were allotted 10S acres each.

Allen, David — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 188.
Anderson, Joseph — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. 178.
Ash, John — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in 19.
Asher, William — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. ^9.
Baile)", David — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in B. 19^.
Barnet, Robert — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. 162.
Batten, Thomas — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 273.
Baxter, James — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. 273.
Buckle)-, William — 8 acres in 2 10 and 100 acres in D. 102.
Bell, William — 8 acres in part 210 and 100 acres in 184.
Bell, Sam — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 162.
Bentley, James — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 1S4.
Bentley, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 184.

ALLOTTED LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 84/

Bethe}', Elisha — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in E. 108.
Biggar, James — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in 262.
Bilderback, Charles — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in D. 85.
Blackford, Samuel — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 20.
Blankenship, Henry — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in B.

162.
Booton, Travis — 8 acres in 248 and 100 acres in C. 85.
Booton, William — 8 acres in 248, and 100 acres in B. 44.
Bowen, Ebenezer — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 128.
Boyles, John — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. 60.
Bryant, James — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres 188.
Bulger, Edward — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 195.
Burk, Nicholas — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in 113.
Bush, William — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 219.
Cameron, Angus — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. 281.
Camp, Reuben — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 86.
Campbell, John — 8 acres in 248 and 100 acres in D. 60.
Camper, Moses— 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in E. 52.
Camper, Tilman — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. 52.
Conore, Andrew — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 170.
Chapman, William — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 205.
Chenowith, Richard — 8 acres in 101 and 100 acres in C. 30.
Clark, Andrew — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 231.
Clark, George — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in E. 205.
Clifton, Thomas — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 188.
Cofer, William — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in B. 286.
Choheren, Dennis — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. 231.
Copland, Cornelius — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 60.
Consule, Harman — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in C. 205.
Cowan, John — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 231.

844 ROLL OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS

Cox, Richard — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in B. 59.
Cozer, Jacob (or Coger) — 8 acres in 210 and 100 in B. 20^.
Cozer, Peter (or Coger) — 8 acres in 210 and 100 in B. ^2.
Craze, Noah — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in A. 52.
Crosley, William — 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in D. 52.
Curry, James — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in D. 20^.
Curtis, Rice — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in B. 60.
Davies, Asael — 8 acres in 246 and 100 acres in C. 220.
Davis, Robert — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in E. ^9.
Dawson, James — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in 113.
Doherty, Frederick — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in A. 220.
Doherty, Neal — 8 acres in 101 and 100 acres in D. 30.
Doran, Patrick — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in E. 220.
Dudley, Amistead — 8 acres in 210 and 100 acres in E. 60.
Duff, John — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in 86.
Elms, James — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in D. 220.
Elms, John — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in A. ^9.
Evans, Charles — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in B. 220.
Faris, Isaac — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in B. 94.
Fear, Edmund — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in C. 73.
Finley, Samuel — 8 acres in t,2 and 100 acres in D. 30.
Finn, James — 8 acres in t,2 and 100 acres in E. 94.
Flanaghan, Dominick — 8 acres in 141 and 100 in A. 73.
Floyd, Isham — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 188.
Foster, William — 8 acres in t,2 and 100 acres in A. 30.
Freeman, William — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres inE. 73.
Flogget, William — 8 acres in ^2 and 100 acres in 121.
Frost, Stephen — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in B. 73.
Funk, Henry — 8 acres in 141 and 100 acres in D. 73.
Garrot, Robert — 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in C. 224.

ALLOTTED LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 845

Gaskins, Thomas — 8 acres in 276 and 100 acres in B. 273.
Gagnia (or Gassnia) , Lewis — 8 acres in 196 and 100 in 113.
Gaylor, Gasper — 8 acres in 194 and 100 acres in D. 224.
Gilmore, George — 8 acres in 276 and 100 acres in C. 94.
Glass, Michael — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 121.
Glenn, David — 8 acres in 216 and 100 acres in 20.
Godfrey, Francis — 8 acres in 276 and 100 acres in A. 94.
Goodwin, William — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 262.
Gray, George — 8 acres in 216 and 100 acres in E. 224.
Greathouse, William — 8 acres in 216 and 100 in B. 224.
Green, John — 8 acres in 276 and 100 acres in D. 94.
Grimes, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in A. 124.
Guthrie, William — 8 acres in 216 and 100 acres in A. 281.
Gwin, William — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 224.
Hacker, John — 8 acres in 148 and 100 acres in B. 28.
Hammet, James — 8 acres in 133 and 100 acres in E. 138.
Hardin, Francis — 8 acres in 133 and 100 acres in D. 138.
Harland, Silas — 8 acres in 190 and 100 acres in D. 13.
Harris, James — 8 acres in 190 and 100 acres in D. 28.
Harris, John Maline — 8 acres in 106 and 100 acres in E. 128.
Harris, Samuel, Sr. — 8 acres in 106 and 100 acres in D. 128.
Harris, Samuel, Jr. — 8 acres in 106 and 100 acres in C. 128.
Hatten, Christopher — 8 acres in 148 and 100 acres in A. 28.
Hayes, Thomas — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 188.
Henry, David — 8 acres in 154 and 100 acres in A. 57..
Henry, Hugh — 8 acres in 154 and 100 acres in B. 57.
Henry, Isaac — 8 acres in 154 and 100 acres in A. 13.
Henry, John — 8 acres in 154 and 100 acres in B. 13.
Higgins, Barney — 8 acres in 190 and 100 acres in D. 57.
Holms, James — 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in E. 13.

846 ROLL OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS

Honaker, Henry — 8 acres in 133 and 100 acres in C. ;;.
Honaker, Peter — 8 acres in 133 and 100 acres in E. 57.
Hooper, Thomas — 8 acres in 149 and 100 acres in part 19.
House, Andrew — 8 acres in 148 and 100 acres in E. 28.
Hughes, John — 8 acres in 148 and 100 acres in C. 28.
Ilumphris, Samuel — 8 acres in 190 and 100 acres in C. 13.
Isaacs, John — 8 acres in 271 and 100 acres in B. 123.
James, Abraham — 8 acres in 15c; and 100 acres in D. 198.
January, James — 8 acres in 271 and 100 acres in C. 198.
Jarrald, James — 8 acres in 1^5 and 100 acres in B. 128.
Johnson, John — 8 acres in 271 and 100 acres in E. 170.
Johnston, Edward — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in part 113.
Jones, Charles — 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in A. 198.
Jones, David — 8 acres in 271 and 100 acres in C. 138.
Jones, John — 8 acres in 194 and 100 acres in B. 198.
Jones, Mathew — 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in C. 170.
Joynes, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 219.
Kendall, Benjamin — 8 acres in 155 and 100 acres in 24;,.
Kendall, William — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in D. 44.
Kenton, Simon — 8 acres in 155 and 100 acres in E. 198.
Key, George — 8 acres in 246 and 100 acres in C. 79.
Leare, William — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in A. 54.
Lemon, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in A. 119.
Levingston, George — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in S6.
Lindsay, Arthur — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in D. 79.
Lockart (or Lockett) , Pleasant — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres

in D. 54.
Lovell, Richard — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 219.
Lunsford, George — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 86.
Lunsford, Mason — 8 acres in 246 and 100 acres in E. 44.

ALLOTTED LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 847

Lunsford, Moses — 8 acres in 246 and 100 acres in E. 119.
Lusado, Abraham — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in A. 79.
Lutterell, Richard — 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in B. 79.
Lines, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in C. 119.
Lyne, Joseph — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in E. 79.
McBride, Isaac — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 130.
McDermet, Francis — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in B. 54.
McDonald, David — 8 acres in 248 and 100 acres in A. 211.
McGar (orGann), John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in2i9.
Mclntire, Alexander — 8 acres in lor and 100 acres inC. 130.
McManus, George — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 286.
McManus, John, Sr. — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 286.
McManus, John, Jr. — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in C. 286.
McMullen, Samuel — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in A. 254.
McNutt, James — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in E. 126.
Mayfield, Micajah — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in D. 184.
Mahoney, Florence — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres inE. 281.
Manifee, Jonas— 8 acres in 106 and 100 acres in E. 2^4.
Marr, Patrick — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 219.
Martin, Charles — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 254.
Mershorn, Nathaniel — 8 acres in 74 and 100 in C. 254.
Millar, Abraham — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in C. 54.
Montgomery, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 231.
Monroe, James — 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in D. 2^4.
Moore, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in C. 126.
Moore, Thomas — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in A. 123.
Murphy, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 86.
Murry, Edward — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in E. 54.
Myers, William — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in D. 126.
Nelson, Enoch Gerrard — 8 acres in 74 and 100 in E. 85.

848 ROLL OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS

Newton, Peter — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 20.
Oakley, John — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in 4.
O'Harrow, Michael — 8 acres in 149 and 100 in B. 211.
Oreer, Daniel — 8 acres in 160 and 100 acres in 31.
Oreer, Jesse — 8 acres in 160 and 100 acres in 31.
Oreer, William — 4 acres in 210, 4 in 196 and 100 in 31.
Osburn, Ebenezer — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 211.
Oundsley, Charles — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 211.
Pagan, David — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 19.
Paintree, John — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 177.
Patten, James — 8 acres in 101 and 100 acres in B. 30.
Paid, John — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in 123.
Peters, John — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 281.
Phelphs, Josiah — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 177.
Pickens, Samuel — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in 121.
Piner, Jesse — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 171.
Prather, Henry — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in C. 171.
Priest, Peter — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 171.
Pruitt, Josiah — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 170.
Purcell, William — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 123.
Pulford, John — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 3 1 .
Ramse)', James — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 119.
Ray, William — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 11S.
Rube)T, William — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 118.
Ruddle, Cornelius — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 118.
Rulison, William — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in C. 177.
Ross, Joseph — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 113.
Sartine, John — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 1 16,
Sartine, Page — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in C. it 6.
Saunders, John — 8 acres in 74 and too acres in A. 174.

ALLOTTED LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 849

Severns, Ebenezer — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 174.
Severns, John — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 195.
Shepard, George — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 116.
Shepard, Peter — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 195.
Sitzer, John — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 2.
Sitzer, Michael — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 2.
Simpson, Thomas — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 59.
Slack, William — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 174.
Smith, George — 8 acres in 149 and 100 acres in A. 2.
Smith, William — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in C. 44.
Sworden, Jonathan — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 116.
Snow, George — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in C. 174.
Spear, Jacob — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 174.
Spilman, Francis — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 2.
Spilman, James — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 262.
Stevens, Shep — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 108.
Stephenson, Samuel — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 286.
Swan, William — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 44.
Swearingen, Van — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 116.
Talley, John — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 142.
Taylor, Abraham — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in C. 142.
Teall, Levi — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 170.
Thompson, William — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in 262.
Thornton, Joseph — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in C. 2.
Tygert, Daniel (or Lygert) — 8 acres in 196, 100 in 108.
Taylor, William, (or Tyler) — 8 acres in 74, 100 in E. 142.
Vance, Hanley — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 243.
Vanmeter, Isaac — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in C. 243.
Venshioner, George — 8 acres in 74 and 100 in B. 119.
Walker, Thomas — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 210.

85O ROLL OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS

Watkins, Samuel — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 243.
Walen, Barney — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 25^.
Welch, Dominque — 8 acres in 149 and 100 acres in B. 255.
White, Layton — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in D. 255.
White, Randall — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in E. 195.
Whitecotton, James — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in 123.
Whitley, William — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in 262.
Whitehead, Robert — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 20.
Whitehead, William — 8 acres in 196 and 100 acres in 20.
Wilson, Edward — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in A. 255.
Williams, Daniel — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in E. 243.
Witt, Robert — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 243.
Wood, James — 8 acres in 169 and 100 acres in C. 255.
Yates, Isaac — 8 acres in 74 and 100 acres in B. 210.
Zockledge, William (orZackledge) — Sin 210. iooinE. 162.

Recapitulation :

/ 1 Brigadier-General - 8,049 acres-

1 Lieutenant-Colonel - 4*8;, 1 acres.

3 Majors (4,312 acres each) - - 12,936 acres.

14 Captains (3,234 acres each) - 4^,276 acres.

20 Lieutenants (2,156 acres each) - - 43.120 acres.

23 Sergeants (216 acres each) - - 4.968 acres.

1 Ensign - - - - - -2,156 acres.

1 Cornet - - - - - 2,1^6 acres.

236 Privates (108 acres each) - 25,488 acres.

300 Men - 149,000 acres.

^^"NOTE.— This fac-simile occupies two pages. See opposite page.

(reduced in size one half)

OF THE

OFFICIAL PLAT

CLARKS GRANT

(INDIANA.)

SOMETIMES CALLED
THE

ILLINOIS GRANT.

O R 1 G I NAL PLAT CERTI F J ED TO BY

WmCLARK, SURVEYOR,
AND PROBABLY MADE IN 1783

R • rS f* P

FAC=SIMILE (Reduced in size one=half)

OF THE

Official Plat

CLARK'S GRANT.

gT^-NOTE.— This fac-simile occupies two pag-es. See opposite pag-e

THE COMMISSIONERS 855

It will be observed that the quantity of land allotted the
private soldiers was only one hundred and eight acres each.
It should have been no less than "three hundred," which
was the quantity those great statesmen Jefferson, Wythe,
and Mason mentioned in their joint letter to Clark at the
inception of the campaign, as being "just and reasonable,"
and what they were likely to receive if it proved successful.
There was certainly an implied moral obligation created
by that letter which everybody ought to have respected;
but even without it "three hundred acres" to each of the
men, who aided so materially in acquiring a territorial em-
pire, would have been little enough. More land should have
been included in the grant, but even as it was, a division
of the one hundred and forty-nine thousand acres, which
gave one hundred twenty-three thousand five hundred
and twelve acres to sixty-four officers, and only twenty-five
thousand four hundred and eighty-eight acres to two hun-
dred and thirty-six privates, does not seem to have been
exactly as equitable as it should have been.

As the men who acted as commissioners in the allotment
of the land in Clark's Grant were generally men of historic
character, it may not be without interest to briefly mention
who they were, or at least those who, from time to time,
acted as chairmen of the board.

In the ear-
ly meetings
of the com-
missioners who were selected to divide and allot this land.
Walker Daniel, a native of Virginia, who had emigrated,

^^ Ajr£^i^cc^_;

856

WHO ALLOTTED THE LAND.

only a few years before, to what was then Lincoln county,
Kentucky, seems to have been chairman of the board.
He was an enterprising business man, a lawyer, and pro-
prietor, or one of the proprietors, of the town of Danville.
The minutes of the board show that he was killed by the
Indians sometime between August 7th and 16th, 1784, and
part of the papers of the board could not be found for some
time after his death, and some were probably never found.

At a meeting August 16, 1784,
a brother-in-law of General Clark
was selected to succeed Daniel as
commissioner. A sketch of Major Croghan will appear
further on. He was at one time chairman of the board.

w h o succeeded
rjy <s * - - - 1—*%?*'*™^ ts^ <^oy Walker Daniel as
chairman, is presumably the John Edwards who was in the
United States Senate, from Kentucky, 1792-5, and who
before that was several times a member of the state legis-
lature from Bourbon county, and of several conventions,
including the one held to ratify the federal constitution;
and he was also one of the commissioners to locate the seat
of government of Kentucky. He was a native of Virginia.

Louisville, and became quite wealthy

who succeeded
E d w aids, w a s
one of the orig-
inal proprietors
of the city of
Was an Irishman

THE COMMISSIONERS 857

by birth, and a man of much force of character. Was a
member of the legislature, and of the convention of 1792,
which formed the constitution of Kentucky, and died with-
out issue.

After Campbell came James F. Moore, Alexander Breck-
enridge, Richard Taylor, and Robert Breckenridge, with
William Clark serving as chairman at one session only.*

(J had been a soldier

L^&^^e^ ^ ^^^^>^~ZjP under Clark and was

QL — 7^ y_j*- -jU- ^ also a member of

the Kentucky house of representatives, from Jefferson
county in 1793, and of the senate in 1808.

/-"""^N was a native of Virginia

r/L — jr~~^ / anc^ removed to Kentucky

*»» • • <^a^?r\ in , 7g5 _ He was a soldier

y in the War of the Revolu-

tion, holding- the rank of lieutenant-colonel at its close.
He also rendered important services in campaigns against
the Indians; held several responsible positions in civil life,
and had the further distinction of being the father of
General Zachary Taylor, the twelfth president of the United
States.

was a member of the
/'C* /l£#£^(&£<^ legislature of Ken-
tucky from Jefferson county, 1792-6, and speaker of the

*Andrew Heth and Richard Terrell acted as commissioners for a time to fill
vacancies.

858

WHO ALLOTTED THE LAND.

house of representatives several times. He held many
other responsible public positions. It may fairly be inferred
that he was a kind-hearted man from a provision in his
will in which he sets his slaves, "Isaac, old George, and
Polly free."

(^/Z&/T /~%£^c^£44>z&!ate€> and Robert were broth-
ers. The author found
the will of the latter recorded in Will Book Xo. I, Jeffer-
son county, Kentucky, page no. It is dated May 16.
1797, and probated June, 1801, and bequeaths to his
brother Robert 3,000 acres of land on northwest side of
the Ohio river, between the Miami and Sciota, being the
land granted for services in "last war" — one-third thereof
to be retained by his said brother Robert for his services in
locating the land and the other two-thirds to be divided
equally between the three sons of the testator, viz.: James,
Robert, and Henry Brown Breckenridge, and also to said
sons a thousand acres, part of same warrant, "located on
the Ohio opposite the mouth of the Saline."

General George Rogers Clark acted as chairman of the
board at various times, and seems to have been an attend-
ant of the sessions, with but few exceptions, from the be-
ginning in 1784, down to March 14, 1S10, when he signed
the minutes for the last time.
This was after he had been
stricken with paralysis and
was scarcely able to write his name, as shown by the fac-

THE COMMISSIONERS 859

simile of his signature here given.* Although he did not
die for eight years afterwards, he lingered in a compara-
tively helpless condition for some time, and finally became
entirely so, as will be related further on.

This brings the record down to 1820, by which time nearly
all the business had been transacted, but the commission was
kept alive by appropriate legislation. The meetings thus far
had been held at Louisville, but none was held there after-
wards. The next meeting was held at Jeffersonville,
August 20, 1825, but there was scarcely anything done at
that, or subsequent meetings, only a few being held. The
commissioners were new but very substantial men, and all, or
nearly all, Indianians, viz.: James Beggs, Benjamin Fer-
guson, Stephen Hutchins, Orlando Raymond, John D.
Shryer, Samuel McCampbell, David W. Dailey, Alexander
Mars, and Christopher Cole.

General Joseph Bartholomew, who
was wounded at the battle of Tippe-
canoe, and otherwise distinguished in
Indiana history, was chairman in
1825. A county in Indiana bears
his name. He was in early days a
member of the legislature of that
state, serving both in the house of
representatives and senate. The original of the portrait
here given was furnished the author by his son, W. M.
Bartholomew, of Dakota, in 1888.

*This and the other fac-similes of signatures in this chapter, with the excep-
tion of Walker Daniel, were taken from the original proceedings of the board.

86o

WHO ALLOTTED THE LAND.

In 1846, Doctor Andrew P. Hay, at
one time a member of the Indiana Legis-
lature, was chairman, and he was the last
as far as the author is informed. Dr. I lay
left descendants who are prominent citi-
zens of Indiana. He was at one time re-
ceiver of the United States land office at
Jeffersonville. His sister Ann was the first wife of Jona-
than Jennings, the first governor of Indiana.

The full proceedings of this important board, never before
published, will be found in the appendix to this volume.

There will also be found in the appendix lists of persons
who served under General Clark in some of his campaigns,
but who were not allotted land in Clark's Grant; no such
claim to accuracy, however, can be made for these rolls, as
can justly be made for the one in this chapter of the officers
and soldiers who were allotted land in Clark's Grant, for
services in reducing the British posts as provided by the
law of Virginia. The service rendered by those mentioned
in the list in the appendix was mostly against the Indians,
and although not falling within the provisions of this law was
undoubtedly of great benefit to the country. The)- each
and all deserve to be gratefully remembered.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE LATTER YEARS OF GENERAL CLARK'S LIFE AND HIS

DEATH.

Clarksville, Indiana, and vicinity — George Rogers Clark's connection therewith
— Is stricken with paralysis at that place — Amputation of his leg — Virginia
presents him a sword and pension — The subject of sword presentations to
him considered — He lingers long in a feeble, and finally helpless, condition —
Dies at his sister's house in Kentucky in 1S1S — His will — Controversy in
relation thereto, and other events connected with his illness and death.

<jT will be remembered that the law of Virginia granting
* '"'' land to the officers and soldiers of the Illinois regi-
ment provided that one thousand of the one hundred and
fifty thousand acres should be set apart for a town. The
commissioners appointed by the law, at their meeting,
August 4, 1784, "ordered that John Campbell, George R.
Clark, and John Bailey, or any two, with the surveyor, fix
on the most convenient place in the grant for the town and
lay off the one thousand acres appropriated for the purpose
and also draw up and report a plan for the same." The place
selected was opposite the lower part of the Ohio falls, above
the mouth of Silver creek. The law, most appropriate-
ly, required the town to be called Clarksville, but simply
"Clark" without the "ville" would have been more fitting.
Great expectations were formed as to the future of the
place. It was near the foot of the falls, at the head of an

(861)

862 CLARKSVILLE.

immensely long line of deep-water navigation, and at a
time that transportation by water was the best method
known, and it was confidently believed that it was des-
tined to become a great city. General Clark was. of course,
much interested in it, and its expected future prosperitv was
another of the bright dreams of his life which was never
to be realized. Coupled with the distribution of the land
in Clark's Grant, it, however, gave him emplovment for
many years. Thus, being occupied was in itself a great
solace and comfort to his restless spirit.

One of the greatest needs of the time and place was a
mill, and one was constructed under the auspices of General
Clark. At one of the earliest meetings of the commissioners
of the town an order was made, that: ""Leave is given Gen-
eral Clark to erect the mill he is now building on a branch
above the lots already laid off in Clarksville, and if com-
pleted and of public utility the right of the soil to so much
land as shall be deemed sufficient for the water shall be
confided to him." The mill was built and remained in
existence a long time. The author has now in his possession
an original letter

written by Colonel %m^^/ ^^ Cy^^cUy^U^Z^

A b r a h a m Bow- C — '

man, October 10, 1784, from Lincoln county, Kentucky,
to his brother Isaac, in Virginia, in which he relates, among
other interesting items of western news, that "General
Clark has laid off a town (Clarksville) on the other side
of the Ohio, opposite the falls, at the mouth of Silver
creek, and is building a saw and grist mill there." * The

*This was the Abraham Bowman who was colonel of the celebrated Eighth
Virginia German Regiment after Colonel Muhlenburg was promoted to he a
general in the continental service.

HISTORIC REMAINS IN AND ABOUT CLARKSVILLE .

863

RUIN AT CLARKSVILLE.

letter also says, "twenty or
thirty families have moved
there already." Many
years ago J. Gardner, Es-
quire, of Bedford, Indiana,
made a drawing of an old
ruin in the locality, which
was supposed to be the re-
mains of this old mill. It is
reproduced here by his per-
mission.

About the same time, the
same gentleman made a

sketch of an old stone chimney
standing, solitary and alone,
above Clarksville, near the head
of the falls, in what is now the
lower part of the city of Jeffer-
sonville. It is believed this was a
part of old Fort Finney which
was constructed in that locality
about 1785, and named after an
officer of the regular army of that igj
name, but the name was after-
wards changed to Fort Steuben.
Colonel John W. Ray, of In-
dianapolis, who went to Jeffer-
sonville a boy, in 1836, informed
the author that the site of this
old fort was the play ground for the boys of the vicinity about

OLD CHIMNEY WHICH FORMERLY
STOOD IN LOWER PART OF JEF-

FERSONVILLE SUPPOSED TO

BE PART OF OLD FORT STEUBEN.

864

HOUSE LONG OCCUPIED BY GOVERNOR POSEY.

that time, and that he found buttons, buckles, bullets and
other military relics in the locality. His step-father, Samuel
Patterson, made brick on a portion of the site, and the
relics were mostly found when the ground was dug up for
brick-making purposes. Such quantities were found as
to indicate that they were part of a stock intended for trade
with the Indians.

In the same locality stood, within the recollection of the
author, the house occupied by General Thomas Posey,

GOVERNOR POSEY S RESIDENCE.

while governor of Indiana territory for several years pre-
ceding the organization of the state government in 1S16.
It was the grand mansion of the place at that day, but dis-
appeared probably a third of a century ago. Colonel Ray

EXPECTATIONS AS TO CLARKSVILLE NOT REALIZED. 865

and the author both recognize the cut here given as a cor-
rect representation of the old historic residence of the last
governor of Indiana territory; a man who acted well his
part in both war and peace, and about whose life lingers
much interesting romance, which will probably never be
fully unveiled.

The law creating Clarksville required that the lots should
be sold from time to time at public auction, "the purchasers
respectively to hold their said lots subject to the condition
of building on each a dwelling-house twenty feet by
eighteen, at least, with a brick or stone chimney, to be
finished within three years from day of sale."" A failure
to build forfeited the lots, and the trustees were to use the
money derived from the sales "in such manner as they
may judge most beneficial for the inhabitants of the said
town." The preliminaries were all of the most favorable
character, but the town would not and did not prosper for
all that, and the grant and matters connected with it have
been a source of much vexatious litigation.* There were
about twenty houses in the place in 1797, and it made but
slight progress afterwards.

General Clark_was a_citizen of Clarksville man)/ years,
and took an active part in elections and public affairs, but,
being a bachelor, he^diyided fiis time between the Indiana
and Kentucky sides of the river, most of his relatives re-
siding in and about Louisville. William Clark, the sur-

* A remarkable decision of the supreme court of Indiana, where the subject
of Clarksville and Clark's Grant was fully considered, will be found in Black-
ford's Reports, Vol. , pp. 160-161, first edition. An extract from it is given in
the appendix, from which it would seem that Virginia held the right to legislate
in relation to the lands i" these places in certain cases even afte'- the admission
of Indiana as a state.

866 GENERAL CLARK A CITIZEN OF INDIANA.

veyor, resided on the Indiana side for a time, as did also
his brothers, Evard and Marston G. The latter was a
judge and member of the legislature in Indiana, and died
in that state. All three were cousins of
General Clark. The author has before
him the original tally sheets of the vote
taken at Jeffersonville, Indiana territory,
September n, 1804, on the question of
; whether the people desired the territory to
be advanced to the legislative form of gov-
marston g. clark. ernment> Thirty-five voted for it and thir-
teen against it. In the latter list the names of George R.
Clark and Evard Clark appear. The full list, showing-
how every man voted on this question in Indiana terri-
tory, will be given in a subsequent volume. It was carried
by a small majority on a very light vote. At that time the
viva voce system of voting prevailed and the tall)' sheets
show not only the name of the voter, but how he voted.

Josiah Espy, who published a journal of western travel,
visited Clarksville and General Clark in 180^, and this is
what he says about them: "At the lower end of the falls
is the deserted village of Clarksburgh (Clarksville), in
which General Clark himself resides. I had the pleasure
of seeing this celebrated warrior at his lonelv cottage seat-
ed on Clark's Point.

"This point is situated at the upper end of the village and
opposite the lower rapid, commanding a full anil delightful
view of the falls, particularly the zigzag channel which is
only navigated at low water. The general has not taken
much pains to improve this commanding and beautiful spot.

JOSIAH ESPY'S VISIT TO GENERAL CLARK IN 1805. 867

having only raised a small cabin, but it is capable of being-
made one of the handsomest seats in the world.

"General Clark has now become frail and rather helpless,
but there are the remains of great dignity and manliness in
his countenance, person and deportment, and I was struck
on seeing him with, perhaps, a fancied likeness to the great
and immortal Washington. Immediately above Clark's
point it is said the canal is to return to the river, making
a distance of about two miles." "There appears to be
no doubt," adds Mr. Espy, "but that this canal will be
opened."

Mr. Espy was not alone in entertaining the belief that a
canal would be made on the Indiana side of the Ohio, but
unfortunately it was not constructed, and since the decrease
of water in the river, and the advent of railroads, its impor-
tance has greatly lessened. For a long time, however, it was
an all-absorbing question at the falls, and, to some extent,
in the Ohio valley generally.

The "lonely cottage situated on Clark's Point," where
Mr. Espy saw General Clark in 1805, was an old-fashioned
log^house, located near the river. It remained there for about
fifty years, and was then taken down, or, as another account
says, was destroyed by the ground caving into the river.
The spot where the house stood is said to have been about
opposite the middle of Rock island. The logs of which
it was constructed were made to a smooth surface either bv
being hewed to a line by the ax, or sawed with a whip-
saw, most likely the former. The view was, no doubt,
very fine, but the roar of the water passing over the falls

868

GENERAL CLARK'S COTTAGE AT CLARKSVILLE.

must have been annoying, and the mist and fogs from the
river sometimes unpleasant.

In this humble, isolated home, the sturdy old soldier
spent man}7 weary and lonesome days and nights, at the

RESIDENCE OF GENERAL CLARK AT CLARKSVILLE.

very period of his life when he most needed the tender care
and solace of pleasant companionship. Female companion-
ship he had none,* and the men who were about Clarks-

* In his researches the author has found no evidence that General Clark was
ever engaged in any affair of the heart. The nearest to it is a tradition that he
was for a time fascinated with a Spanish lady in St. Louis who afterwards took
the veil in a Catholic institution in New Orleans, greatly to the disturbance of
his peace of mind. It is only tradition, however, and very vague at that. His
four sisters all married, as did his brothers Jonathan and William; but the
brothers Edmund, John, Richard and George Rogers, seem to have remained
single.

IS STRICKEN WITH PARALYSIS. 869

ville at that time were generally of the free and easy sort,
and a good deal given to dissipation. In fact the habit of
drinking was general, everywhere, in that day, and it must
be admitted that General Clark, at this period, indulged
in it to an extent that was wholly unjustifiable. lie had
greatly impaired his health by exposures in his military
campaigns, and this was now being aggravated by dissipa-
tion, and living about the falls, which was notoriously un-
healthy in early times.

The heaviest blow came at last, with terrible effect. A party
of acquaintances from Kentucky made him a visit on a hunt-
ing excursion, and, after spending some time with him
in a jovial way, departed on their hunt, leaving him
alone in his humble cabin. Some time after their de-
parture he was stricken with paralysis and fell to the floor
helpless, and, for a time, unconscious, without any one
present to assist him. lie fell in front of the old-fashioned
log fire-place, in such a way as to burn one of his legs,
which brought him to consciousness, but he never re-
covered from this stroke of paralysis. lie lived, however,
about ten years after it, but in a helpless condition, and the
burn on his leg finally turned into erysipelas, which made
its amputation an absolute necessity.

General Clark bore up, for a time, under this terrible
infliction with remarkable firmness and bravery. The am-
putation was performed by Dr. Ferguson amid surround-
ings that are probably without a parallel.

His namesake, Colonel George Rogers Clark Floyd,
afterwards distinguished at the battle of Tippecanoe, and
the son of Colonel John Floyd, herein before mentioned,

870 AMPUTATION OF HIS LEG.

caused drums and fifes to be played during the operation,
in compliance with the request of General Clark to that ef-
fect, and the brave old soldier kept time to the music with
his fingers. It should be remembered that this was before
the advent of anaesthetics. Finally the music stopped, and
he asked, "Well, is it off?" He was answered that it
was, and the dissevered limb was shown him, which is said
to have been the left leg.

The incident of the playing of the drum and fife during
the operation is well authenticated. George Rogers Clark
Sullivan, who was honorably identified with Indiana his-
tory during the territorial period, and left a long line of
prominent descendants, one of whom is Mr. Cauthorn of
Vincennes, several times mentioned in this work, was with
General Clark at the time, and remained with him several
months afterwards. On the 24th of April, 1809, voung
Sullivan wrote a letter from Louisville to Mr. John CFal-
lon, a young nephew of General Clark, in which he said:

"Your uncle George is with us and in high spirits, and
the wound healed up. I have staid with him every night
since he has been in town, that is about five weeks. I
never knew a man in my life to stand it so well as he, and
the day it was taken off he sent for the drummer and fifer
to come and play. Flovd then took the hint and had all
the men placed around the house with two drums and two
fifes, and played for about two hours, and his leg was
taken off in the meantime. In the evening they returned
and played for about an hour, and then ten at night four
elegant violins, two drums and two fifes marched around
the house for about an hour, playing elegant marches."

THE QUESTION OF THE SWORDS. 87 I

But General Clark's elated spirits were probably assumed;
certainly they were of short duration. His paralysis re-
mained and never after left him. About this there can
be no question. It was even established in a court, by the
testimony of many witnesses, as will be shown later on,
He was now without money or resources and utterly help-
less.

THE QUESTION OF THE SWORDS.

It is a singular fact that two swords were presented to
George Rogers Clark by the state of Virginia, and there
have been numerous traditions upon the subject, and much
uncertainty and conflict of statements, especially as to what
became of the swords. Why should Virginia present General
Clark with two swords, and why should there be any mystery
or uncertainty as to what became of them? The author
has investigated the matter as thoroughly as he could, and
trusts he has succeeded in clearing up some of the mystery,
and at least has been successful in finding one of the sup-
posed lost or destroyed swords. It was in California, in
the possession of Mrs. Rodgers,* a descendant of the
sister of George Rogers Clark, at whose house he died.
In this he was materially aided by William Hancock Clark,
Esquire, of Detroit, Michigan. A picture of this sword has
already been given at the close of Chapter XIII of this
work, and two larger pictures of a portion of it are given
here, for the purpose of showing the inscriptions on its
sides.

* Mrs. Serena Livingston Rodgers, wife of Augustus F. Rodgers of the United
States coast survey department, and grandson of Commodore Rodgers of the
U. S. Navy.

1 SWORD PRESENTED TO GENERAL CLARK
By the State of Virginia.

SWORD PRESENTED TO GENERAL CLARK.

(Reverse Side).

874 TRADITIONS ABOUT THE DESTRUCTION OF A SWORD.

But while the discovery of this sword seems to overthrow
some traditions and clear up some mysteries, it, at the same
time, raises some other questions which remain to be con-
sidered. The tradition is universal in the Clark family,
as the author knows by direct inquiry, that at some time or
other General Clark, feeling deeply aggrieved at what he
considered bad treatment by Virginia, destroved a sword
that state had given him, but as to which sword it was, or
when, or how destroyed, it varies and is uncertain.

Outside of the family the matter has been related in differ-
ent ways, but all ending in the statement that he destroved
a sword. The sketch of General Clark, in Appleton's
American Biography, understood to have been written by
Lyman Draper, Esquire, says, 'he felt keenly what he
considered the ingratitude of the republic in leaving him in
poverty and obscurity, and when the state of Virginia sent
him a sword he received the compliments of the committee
in gloom}7 silence. Then he exclaimed, 'when Virginia
needed a sword, I gave her one. She sends me now a tow
I want bread!' He thrust the sword into the ground and
broke it with his crutch."*

Another version is that he said, "Damn the sword! I had
enough of that — a purse well rilled would have done me
some service."

It will be observed that it is not definitely stated in either
case when this occurred, or which sword was destroved.
although from the reference to his being in poverty, and
breaking the sword with his crutch, it would naturally be
inferred that it was the second sword, which was not pre-

*Vol. 1, p. 6J7.

THE FIRST SWORD PRESENTED. 875

sented until 1812. The finding of the sword that is pict-
ured here would, at first glance, seem to confirm this
view, as it bears an inscription referring to 1779, but
does it?

Let us examine the subject further: Vincennes was cap-
tured on the 2^th of February, 1779, and on the 12th of
the ensuing June the legislature of Virginia ordered that
the governor be requested to transmit to Colonel George
Rogers Clark, by the hands of Captain Rogers, "an ele-
gant sword, in testimony of the merit of his services/1
A copy of a portion of this law will be found on page 404
of this work, and the letter of Lieutenant-Governor John
Page, accompanying the sword, will now be given:

"Williamsburg, in Council, September 4, 1779.
^Lieutenant-Colonel George Rogers Clark:

"Sir — I have the honor to inform you, that by Captain
Rogers I have sent the sword, which was purchased by the
governor, to be presented to you by order of the general
assembly, as a proof of their approbation of your great and
good conduct, and gallant behavior. I heartily wish a
better could have been procured, but it was thought the
best that could be purchased, and was bought of a gentle-
man who had used it but a little, and judged it to be elegant
and costly. I sincerely congratulate you on your successes,
and wish you a continuation of them, and a happy return
to your friends and country; and am, sir, with great regard,
your most obedient servant,

"John Page, Lieutenant-Governor."

It will be seen from this letter that the first sword was
not made especially for George Rogers Clark, but had
S6

876 WHICH SWORD WAS DESTROYED.

been "bought of a gentleman who had used it but a lit-
tle." It was, therefore, a second-hand sword and, although
"elegant and costly," as the lieutenant-governor says, he
took care to add, " I heartily wish a better could have been
procured;" and no doubt Clark was not enthused with the
idea that a second-hand sword was exactly the thing for
Virginia to give a man who had done so much for the state.
In all probability Virginia came to the same conclusion
thirty-three years later, and made reparation by sending
him a new sword, manufactured expressly for him at the
armory of the state, with all the engraving and ornamen-
tation suitable to the period of his great achievements, as
contemplated in the law of 1779. It is not likelv Vir-
ginia stopped to inquire whether the second-hand sword
had been destroyed by Clark in a fit of anger, or would
have treasured it against him if she had known it to be
true. Nor is it presumable that the first sword, not made
for Clark at all, but bought from a gentleman who had
already used it as stated, contained such engraving and
ornamentation as is on the sword reproduced in these vol-
umes. And, lastly, it seems most probable that the sword
now in existence, and pictured here, is tlic sword ordered
by the act of the Virginia Legislature of 181 2, and that
its engraving and ornamentation was made to correspond
with the period of the Jirst sword, and as a substitute for it.
That law provided that,

"Whereas, The General Assemblv of Virginia have ever
entertained the highest respect for the unsullied integrity,
the valor, the military enterprise and skill of General
George Rogers Clark, to whom, and to his gallant regi-
ment (aided by the justice of their cause and the favor of

LAW PROVIDING FOR THE SECOND SWORD. 877

heaven), the state of Virginia was indebted for the exten-
sion of her boundaries from the Atlantic to the Mississippi;
and, whereas, the general assembly have been informed
that the hand of misfortune has overtaken this veteran
chief, and that he, whose name was once a host, filling his
friends with confidence and his foes with dismay, is now
himself a victim of age and of disease, and a dependent on
the bounty of his relatives:

ktBe it therefore enacted, That the governor of this com-
monwealth shall be and is hereby authorized and requested
to have manufactured, at the armory of this state, a sword,
with suitable devices engraved thereon, and to cause the
same to be presented to General George Rogers Clark, ac-
companied with an expression of the gratitude and friendly
condolence of the general assembly of Virginia.

"And be it further enacted, That General George Rog-
ers Clark shall be and is hereby placed on the list of pen-
sioners, and that he shall be entitled to receive annually
from the public treasury one-half of the full pay which he
received as colonel of the Illinois regiment; that is, imme-
diately after the passage of this act, the sum of four hun-
dred dollars, and annually thereafter, on the first day of
January of every year, the sum of four hundred dollars;
and the auditor of public accounts is required to issue his
warrants therefor, payable out of any money in the treas-
ury. This act shall be in force from the passage thereof.

"February 20, 181 2,"

Some further interesting details in relation to the origin
and passage of the bill directing the presentation of the
second sword to General Clark are found in a letter from

878 LETTER FROM THE AUTHOR OF THE LAW.

Hon. Charles F. Mercer, the member who introduced it,
to a friend in Kentucky. It is particularly valuable in
showing that the sword then ordered "was intended to re-
place the sword which had been given to him by this state
many years ago, and which, under an impression that Vir-
ginia had treated him with injustice, he had proudlv broken
and thrown away." This additional evidence would seem
to be decisive as to the matter in question. The following
is the letter in full:

"Richmond, Virginia, February 21, 181 2.
" 'Joseph II. Hawkins, Esq., Lexington^ Ay.:

"I have it in my power to communicate to you one of
the most interesting events which has occurred to me in
the course of my short public life. Our legislature ad-
journed this morning, and, in doing so, terminated the
longest session which we have had since the foundation of
the commonwealth. Yesterday I asked leave to bring in
a bill, to be entitled a bill concerning General George Rog-
ers Clark. My object was to secure to him the half pav
of a colonel for the residue of his life, and to replace the
sword which had been given to him by this state many
years ago, and which, under an impression that Virginia
had treated him with injustice, he had proudly broken and
thrown away. Notwithstanding the nature of my request.
the lateness of the session, the prejudices always operating
against appropriations of money, the speed with which the
law must be hurried through the two houses if it passed at
all, I had the happiness to secure its passage through both
branches of the legislature on the same daw It was en-
rolled last night, and subscribed by our speakers to-day, I

LETTER FROM THE AUTHOR OF THE LAW. 879

am sure this event will give you some part of the satisfaction
which I have enjoyed, and I therefore communicate it to you.
I have just enclosed to Major Croghan a copy of the law for
General Clark. It announces to him that he is entitled to
draw from our treasury, when he pleases, the sum of four
hundred dollars; and on the first day of January, ever
after, a like amount. It apprises him of the high sense
which his native state entertains of his integrity as a man,
and his undaunted courage and consummate skill and ad-
dress as a soldier; and it informs him that the governor of
this commonwealth will have manufactured, at the armory
of Virginia, a sword, with suitable devices engraved upon
it, and, when completed, will cause it to be presented to
him, with an expression of the condolence of the general
assembly of Virginia for his misfortunes, and their grati-
tude for his meritorious services. I hope what I have done
will meet with his approbation. I should not have delayed
it till so late a period of the session, but the calamity which
I have before mentioned, and other business, either en-
grossed my time for the last fortnight or incapacitated my
mind for any exertion, until yesterday; and I could not
but resolve to avail myself of the only opportunity I might
ever have, of being instrumental in the accomplishment of
so signal an act of justice. That General Clark's feelings
might not be hurt by the failure of such an effort in his be-
half, I implored the house to den)7 me leave to bring in the
bill which I read, on the motion, unless it would agree
afterwards to pass it. Accordingly, on ever}- question to
which it gave rise we had a majority, after the leave was

>0 GOVERNOR BARBOUR INFORMS GENERAL CLARK.

granted, of more than two-thirds of all the members pres-
ent.

"I could not forbear communicating to you what has
interested me so much, as even to withdraw my imagina-
tion from the grave of my poor brother.

""Sincerely yours, C. F. Mercer."'

This action of the Virginia assembly was communicated
to General Clark by James Barbour, governor of that state,
in the following eloquent and appropriate letter:

"Council Chamber, Richmond, October 29, 181 2.

"Sir — The representatives of the good people of Vir-
ginia, convened in general assembly, duly appreciating the
gallant achievements during the Revolutionarv War of
yourself, and the brave regiment under your command, by
which a vast extension of her empire was effected, have
assigned to me the pleasant duty of announcing to you the
sentiments of exalted respect they cherish for you, and the
gratitude they feel at the recollection of your unsullied in-
tegrity, valor, enterprise and skill. Having learned with
sincere regret that you have been doomed to drink the cup
of misfortune, they have requested me to tender you their
friendly condolence. Permit me, sir, to mingle with the
discharge of my official duty an expression of my own
feelings.

"The history of the Revolution has always engaged my
deepest attention. I have dwelt with rapture upon the dis-
tinguished part you acted in that great drama, being
always convinced that it only wanted the adventitious aid
of numbers to make it amongst the most splendid exam-
ples of skill and courage which any age or country has

GOVERNOR BARBOUR NOTIFIES GENERAL CLARK. 88 1

produced. I feel a conspicuous pride at the recollection
that the name of Clark is compatriot with my own. I, too,
most sincerely sympathize with )-ou in your adverse fate,
and deeply deplore that the evening of your life, whose
morning was so brilliant, should be clouded with misfor-
tune. The general assembly of Virginia have placed
among their archives a monument of their gratitude for
your services, and, as a small tribute of respect, have di-
rected that a sword should be made in our manufactor}-,
with devices emblematic of your actions, and have also di-
rected that four hundred dollars should be immediately
paid, as also an annual sum to the same amount. I lament
exceedingly that any delay should have occurred in this
communication. You will readily believe me when I as-
sure you it arose from the tardiness of the mechanic em-
ployed in completing the sword. It is now finished and is
sent herewith. I shall take pleasure in obeying your com-
mands as to the transmission of the money to which 3-011
are entitled. You will have the goodness to acknowledge
the receipt of this as soon as your convenience will per-
mit. I am, sir, with sentiments of high respect,

"Your obedient servant, James Barbour.

"General George Rogers Clark, Louisville, Kentucky.

"N. B. — Having been disappointed in the conveyance
calculated upon, for the present the sword will be retained
for a new opportunity, or until I receive your commands.

"J. B."*

* Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia,
1S12, p. 30.

>2 MAJOR CROGHAN REPLIES FOR GENERAL CLARK.

After General Clark was stricken with paralysis he was
taken to the residence of his sister, Mrs. Croghan, in Ken-
tucky, near Louisville, where he remained the rest of his
life. When Mr. Barbour's letter arrived General Clark
was too much disabled to answer it in person, and it was
replied to by his brother-in-law, Major William Croghan,
from "near Louisville, Kentuckv, December 15, 181 2,"" as
follows :

"Sir — General George Rogers Clark, by a paralytic
stroke he received about three years ago, being deprived of
the use of his right side, and unable to write, requests I
would inform Your Excellencv that by the last mail he re-
ceived your very flattering letter of the 29th of October,
where you do him the honor of approving in the highest
manner his conduct as an officer in the service of the state
of Virginia during the Revolutionarv War. This letter of
yours, with the very honorable manner his name is men-
tioned by the general assembly in their law of last session,
have engraved on his breast sentiments of the highest re-
spect and gratitude. Flattering, indeed, he says, it is to
him to find that his exertions, when doing his dutv. should-
meet the approbation of so respectable a body of his fel-
low-citizens as Your Excellencv and the general assem-
bly of Virginia. The general flatters himself that a con-
veyance will soon offer, by which the sword, voted to him.
by the general assembly, may be forwarded. Should he
hear of any person coming from Virginia to this state. Ik-
says he will get them to apply for it. lie is much obliged
by your polite offer of transmitting to him the money the
assembly voted him last session, and savs he will probably

GENERAL CLARK APPARENTLY NOT DISPLEASED. 883

take the liberty of troubling you. The general requests
me to make a tender to you of his thanks for your very
polite and friendly attention to him. I am, with great re-
spect, Your Excellency's most obedient servant,

"W. Croghan."*

This letter of Major Croghan shows conclusively that
General Clark was gratified at the action of the Virginia
legislature, and that the traditions which attribute to him
the destruction of the sword presented at that time are not
well founded. It is much more likely* that he destroyed
the first sword presented him— that is the second-handed one
— at about the time he was living on the charity of his rela-
tives, sick and suffering; when, after long years of fruit-
less appeals for a settlement of his account against Virginia,
he wrote his brother, "that it was as just as the book we
swear b}T," but, at last, gave up in despair all hope of col-
lecting it, saying he must look somewhere else for bread.

It is said that the second sword was presented by General
C. F. Mercer," the gentleman who had introduced the
measure in the Virginia legislature, and that he made the
presentation in a graceful way with some complimentary
remarks befitting the occasion. General Clark was then old
and decrepit, one leg gone, the other paralyzed, and all the
energy and ambition of his younger days had departed.
Earthly honors could be of little moment to him then, as
he sat there in his invalid chair and listened to the polished
Virginian's eloquent words. He took the beautiful un-
sheathed sword, and holding it before him on his two open

* Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia, 1S13,
p. 101.

S84 HOW HE RECEIVED THE SWORD.

hands, looked at it long and earnestly. Doubtless at the
moment his memory dwelt upon the glories of Kaskaskia
and Vincennes, and it is not likely he either broke the
sword or received it with insulting or bitter words.

It is much more probable that another version of the pre-
sentation is true, and that he simply said, in a feeble voice,
broken by tears, "you have made aver)' handsome address,
and the sword is very handsome, too. When Virginia
needed a sword, I gave her one. I am too old and infirm.
as you see, to ever use a sword again, but I am glad that
my old mother state has not entirely forgotten me. and I
thank her for the honor and you for your kindness and
friendly words."

HIS DEATH.

887

At this time, however, General Clark was in such a fee-
ble and failing condition that the honors of the world had,
largely, if not entirely, lost their value to him. He was
a paralyzed, and, already, partially dead man; and in
that helpless and hopeless condition he lingered on until
the final end came on Friday morning, February 13, 18 18,
when he died at the house of his sister, Mrs. Lucy Croghan,

THE HOUSE WHERE GENERAL CLARK DIED.

at Locust Grove, near Louisville, which had been his home
since his terrible affliction. The house is still standing
in a fair state of preservation, and a picture of it, from a
photograph, is here given.

The death of General Clark, although not unexpected, cast
a gloom over the whole community, and steps were promptly
taken at Louisville to honor his memory by general attend-

888 HIS DEATH.

ance and suitable ceremony at his funeral. The newspapers
of the day paid glowing tributes to his merit and gave
voice to the general grief of the public at his loss. Extracts
from only two of these notices will be given here. The
Western Courier of Louisville, in its first issue after his
death, said:

"We are called upon to record the death of another
Revolutionary hero!

"General George Rogers Clark, with whose name should
ever be associated the worth of philanthropv, the virtue of
patriotism, the adroitness and humanity of a general, is
no more! He expired on Friday last at his late residence
at Locust Grove, in his sixty-sixth year.

"Were we able to represent the hero as he really was,
could we make known to his countrymen the dangers, the
difficulties he underwent, as a sacrifice for the blessings we
now enjoy, what a monument of unerring gratitude would
raise to his memory! Could they in any degree be familiar
with the scenes of heroism and generalship which charac-
terized him on his military campaigns in the west, the
finger of justice would point to him as second only in skill
and value of achievement to our immortal Washington.

"Honored at an early period in our history with the
command of an army, destined to operate against the
British and savage allies, then the sole occupants of these
( now) western states, undismayed by the dangers and dif-
ficulties that frowned upon him, as he and his little band
gallantly sallied forth, he is to be seen at one period hum-
bling the pride of Britain, by subduing her disciplined
armies, at another routing the fiercer savages from their

NEWSPAPER NOTICES OF HIS DEATH. 889

haunts, preparing the fertile regions of the west for the
residence of a population who were proud of him as a
countryman, and were ready to improve upon a purchase
with which his gallantry had blessed them.

''The legislature of his native state testified by sev-
eral acts their high admiration for him. Fie was pre-
sented by them, on two different occasions, with an ele-
gant sword, and on the last occasion were pleased to add:
'The legislature of Virginia have ever entertained the
highest respect for the unsullied integrity, the valor, the
military enterprise and skill of General George Rogers
Clark, to whom and to his gallant regiment (aided bv
the justice of the cause and the favor of heaven) the state
of Virginia was indebted for the extension of her bounda-
ries from the Atlantic to the Mississippi.' But enough;
let the historian perform his part, and we will have the
greater cause, in consideration of his character, to boast of
our being Americans."

The Kentucky Reporter of February 25, 1S1S, an-
nounced his death as follows:

"How are the mighty fallen.

"At the shrine of grief we must once more offer up our
sad devotion! It becomes our painful duty to record the
death of the father of the western country, the illustrious
General . George Rogers Clark. Fie expired at his resi-
dence, at Locust Grove, on Friday, the 13th instant, in the
sixty-sixth year of his age.

"Could our feeble talents enable us to delineate the dis-
tinguished acts of patriotism, of valor, and philanthropy,

89O NEWSPAPER NOTICES OF HIS DEATH.

that characterized the existence of this illustrious chief,
what a spectacle would we present to the admiring world.
While banqueting in the sunshine of wealth and political
glory, can we be unmindful that these are the proud tro-
phies bequeathed us by the toils and valor of this illustri-
ous man? Early in life he embarked in the cause of his
country. This western country was the great theatre of
his actions. Bold and enterprising, he was not to be dis-
mayed by the dangers and difficulties that threatened him,
by a force in numbers far his superior, and removed to a
region never before trodden by a civilized American. He
estimated the value of its favorable result; he relied on his
skill and courage; he knew the fidelitv of his little band of
associates, and for him it was enough. With this little band
of Spartans he is seen piercing the gloom of the seques-
tered forests, illuminating them in quick succession with the
splendor of his victories, and earlv inviting his countrvmen
to a residence his courage and skill had purchased for
them. The fall of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Yincennes, etc.,
will ever remain a monument of his skill and courage.

"The exalted standing he enjoved in the estimation of
the citizens of this town was realized in the grief they dis-
played on hearing of his death, and the exertions they
made to honor the recollection of this distinguished man."

The court of chancerv, which was then in session, par-
ticipating in the general grief, adjourned; and the follow-
ing resolutions were adopted by the bar:

' Louisville, Friday morning, February 13, 1S1S.

'The melancholv intelligence of the death of the illustri-
ous and ever-to-be-lamented General George Rogers Clark,

LOUISVILLE COURT PASSES RESOLUTIONS. 891

having been announced, the court of chancery immediately
adjourned for the day; and the members of the bar, hav-
ing convened, adopted the following resolutions:

'Resolved, That the members of the bar will attend the
interment of General Clark.

'Resolved, That John Rowan, Esq., one of the mem-
bers of the bar, be and is hereby requested to deliver a
funeral oration at the place of interment.

'Resolved, That the members of the bar, as a testi-
mony of their respect for the memory of General Clark,
will wear crape on the left arm for thirty days.

'Resolved, That James D. Breckinridge and Frederick
W. S. Grayson wait on Major William Croghan, com-
municate the foregoing resolutions to him, and request his
approbation thereof. Worden Pope, Chairman.

'Minor Sturgus, Secretary.'

Notwithstanding the disagreeableness of the day of his
interment, the crowd that assembled to pay this last tribute
to his remains was very great. It was a source of melan-
choly gratification to those present to see mingling with the
crowd a few of his old Revolutionary associates.

General Clark was buried on Sunday the 18th of February.
We learn from the papers of the day that "the Reverend
Mr. Banks officiated in his professional capacity by offering
up an appropriate prayer to the throne of grace, and was
succeeded by the Honorable John Rowan, in a pathetic and
impressive eulogy on the character of the ever-memorable
hero. The peal of artillery announced the commencement
of the procession which was to escort the remains of this

renowned warrior to his last abode. Minute guns were

892 THE FUNERAL.

tired during the ceremony, and until the mound of earth
was raised upon that form which was once the shield of his
country and the terror of her foes.'1

It is sad to lift the veil covering General Clark's deplor-
able condition after the paralytic stroke but the requirements
of the truth of history make it necessarv, at least to a cer-
tain extent. After that affliction he was never again sound
in body, nor did he entirely retain his usual vigor of mind.
On the latter point Samuel Gwathmey, who was a member
of the legislative council of Indiana territory, and other-
wise prominently connected with the early historv of both
Indiana territory and Kentuckv, testified that k'he fre-
quently saw General Clark both before and after this afflic-
tion of paralysis, and after said affliction his mind was
impaired and memory defective." Mrs. Clark, another
witness in the same case, testified that she knew General
Clark "well and intimately, for many years before his death,
and that, after he was stricken with paralvsis, his bodilv
inrirmities and afflictions had been so great, and bore so
heavily upon his mind, and had so impaired his faculties, as
to Hinder him almost a child. His afflictions also rendered
him incapable of moving about. . „ . His speech also
became much impaired, so much so that his most familiar

frends could scarcely and with difhcultv understand him."

Testimony of other witnesses was of like import.

So great was the wreck of this once powerful bodv and

mind that for years before his death he could not even write

his name. It will be seen from the following paper. pur-
Ms
porting to be his will, that it is signed "G. R. X Clark."

mark

WILL OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. 893

It is dated November 5, 181 5, two or three years before
his death, and about the same time Major Croghan answered
John Barbour's letter, for General Clark, because the gen-
eral was then unable to write himself, showing, conclusively,
that, for many years before his death, he was in a decrepit
and helpless condition.

THE WILL OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

On the 15th of November, 181 5, a paper was drawn up
which was intended to bequeath a part of the property of
George Rogers Clark to certain of his relatives. As this
document was afterwards considered and its validity deter-
mined b}* the court of chancery, it is copied here in full:

"I, George Rogers Clark, of Jefferson county, of the
state of Kentucky, being of sound mind, do constitute and
make this my last will and testament.

■"Item. I do by these presents give and bequeath unto
my friend William Croghan, Senior, three thousand six
hundred acres of land situate, lying and being in the county
of Bracken, on Locust creek, it. being a part of a survey of
eight thousand acres surveyed in the name of G. R. Clark
and John Crittenden the 13th of June, 1797, on a treasury
warrant No. 15,147. Also three thousand nine hundred
and twenty acres below Mayfield creek on the Mississippi,
which I claim on an entry made in Lincoln office the 24th
November, 1781, to him and his heirs and assigns forever.

"Item. I give and bequeath unto my brother William
Clark all the lands and claims which I may own or be
entitled to northwest of the Ohio river, to him and his heirs
and assigrhs forever.

894 WILL OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

"Item. I give and bequeath to my nephews, John O'Fai-
Ion and Benjamin O'Fallon, my fifteen hundred acre claim
of land, part of warrant No. 2,292, allowed me for military
services and entered 10th of April, 1785, on Clark river, a
branch of Tennessee, said to include a silver mine; also six
hundred acres of land, a part of a fifteen hundred acre sur-
vey on Cumberland river, at the mouth of Little river, in
equal proportions to them and their heirs and assigns for-
ever.

"Item. I give and bequeath to my brother William
Clark, my friend Major William Croghan, Owen Gwath-
mey, and Davis Fitzhugh, my claim to the locator's fees or
part of an entry of one hundred and one thousand acres
made by me in the surveyor's office of Lincoln county,
which lands are situated between Tennessee river and the
River Mississippi. Also all my lands and claims of every
description not otherwise disposed of, to them and their
heirs and assigns forever.

"In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and
affixed my seal, this fifth day of November, 181 5.

his

"G. R. X Clark, [seal.]

mark

"Signed, sealed and acknowledged in the presence of
Joel Carpenter, John Croghan, Wm. Christy.
"State of Kentucky:

"At a county court held for Jefferson county, in the state
aforesaid, at the court-house in the city of Louisville, on the
fourth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and
thirty, the foregoing instrument of writing purporting to be
the last will and testament of George Rogers Clark, de~

AMICABLE SUIT TO TEST VALIDITY OF THE WILL. 895

ceased, late of said said county was produced in court and
proved b)T the oath of John Croghan,a subscribing witness
thereto, and established by the said court to be the last will
and testament of the said George Rogers Clark and was
ordered to be recorded and is recorded. And on the motion
of George Woolfolk, who made oath according to law, ad-
ministration of the estate of said Clark with his said will
annexed was granted by said court to the said Woolfolk,
whereupon he gave bond with George C. Gwathney and
Samuel Gwathney, his securities, in the penalty of thirty-
two thousand dollars, payable to the commonwealth of
Kentucky and with the condition thereto annexed required
by law. Teste: Worden Pope, Clerk.

"Attest: Geo. II. Webb, Clerk.

"[A copy.] By G. C. Roberts, Deputy Clerk.

"August 10, 1894."

This will was probably not written by a person learned in
the law. It did not cover all the estate, but made specific
bequests of certain land claims, and was silent as to his per-
sonal property, which, in the absence of any provisions on
the subject (if the will would stand at all), would be left to
be divided among all his legal heirs, according to the law
of descents of the state. It is possible, but not probable,
that it was thought at the time that he had no other estate
than that specifically disposed of by this document. His
brother, General William Clark, and other of the principal
heirs, understood it as only intending to dispose of the land
claims specifically mentioned in it.

That there was doubt about its validity as a will, and its
legal effect, may be inferred from the fact that it was not

896 DECIDED TO BE INVALID AND SET ASIDE.

presented and proved in court until October 14, 1830,
nearly thirteen years after General Clark's death; but, as
there was no contest, it was recorded as a matter of course.
In the meantime it had become known that large sums,
which General Clark always claimed Virginia owed him.
but which she failed to pay in his life-time when he was in
financial as well as physical distress, might now be collected
by the representatives of his estate. It was a similar case
to that of the claim of Colonel Francis Vigo, referred to in
a previous chapter.

There was now a pressing necessity that it should be
judicially determined how this money should be divided so
as to do substantial justice between the legal heirs of Gen-
eral Clark, and, to that end, in May, 1835, a siut was
brought in the Louisville Chancer)- Court, asking judgment
of the court as to whether the paper, purporting to be the
will, was a legal will or not, and, if found not to be that it
be set aside, and the estate divided among the legal heirs as
though it had never existed. It was, in the main, an
amicable suit made necessarv by the particular conditions
which had arisen. The great number of the heirs, and
the complications which arose bv deaths, marriages, and
intervening interests, kept the matter in court a great many
years. Finally, at the November term, 1851, the court, on
the rinding of the jury, set aside the alleged will: all of
which is more fully set forth in the proceedings, which
will be found in the appendix. These proceedings contain
much valuable information as to General Clark's life and
condition after he was stricken with paralysis, and as to
who were his legal heirs. The author is under the im-
pression that they have never before been published.

CHAPTER XXIII.

{if ENERAL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK was buried

JpK; Sunday, February 15, 1818, in a private burying
ground at Locust Grove, the country seat of his brother-
in-law and sister, Mr. and Mrs. Croghan, situ?ted a few
miles above Louisville. His body reposed in this beauti-
ful but secluded spot for over half a century, when his rela-
tives determined to remove it to the great public cemetery
which had been established nearer the city, known as Cave
Hill.

Suitable preparations were made for the delicate and in-
teresting event, and on the 29th of October, 1869, it was
carried into successful execution. It was not done, how-
ever, without some difficulty in finding the bod)' at once,
as the author was informed by Colonel Reuben T. Dur-

(897)

898 REMOVAL OF GENERAL CLARK'S REMAINS.

rett, of Louisville, who was present on the solemn occasion.
The grave had neither monument nor head-stone to identify
it. If there ever had been anything to mark the grave it
had disappeared in the long lapse of years, and other graves
had accumulated in the immediate localitv where his was
supposed to be.

The fact that he had lost a leg, and had been buried in
military clothes, made easier what otherwise might have
been a difficult or impossible undertaking. It proved per-
plexing enough, even with these unusual means of identifica-
tion. A grave was opened, and, as the body was reached,
all present were filled with respectful expectation, but it
proved not to be the remains of George Rogers Clark.
Grave after grave proved alike disappointing, and those
engaged in the work were about despairing of success
when the ninth grave was opened, and the light once more
fell upon all that remained of the body of the conqueror of
Kaskaskia and Vincennes.

The military buttons and absence of the left leg above
the knee made the identity absolutely certain, but there
was nothing of the body left but the skeleton and hair, the
latter being of reddish gray, which, it was thought, might
have been partly stained by the earth or decaying coffin.
The remains were removed to the beautiful Cave Hill
Cemetery in October, 1869, and reinterred without cere-
mony in ground gently sloping to the north, near a prom-
inent drive, section P, lot number 245.

At the same time, or about the same time, the bodies of
his brothers, General Jonathan Clark and Captain Ed-

PLACED IN CAVE HILL CEMETERY. 899

mund Clark, and some other members of the family, were
removed from other burying grounds and placed by his side.

While the removal of the remains of General George
R.ogers Clark to the great repository of the dead of the
city of Louisville was proper, there is something sad in
contemplating its separation from the bodies of his kindred
at Locust Grove, where it had so long reposed, and es-
pecially from that of his sister, at whose home he died, and
where he lived many years before his death. The house
is still standing as it was at that day, and a picture of it,
from a photograph, has been given in a previous chapter.

The author was told that the bodies of Mrs. Croghan
and other members of the family still remain at Locust
Grove, but whether from preference of the surviving rela-
tives, or because the graves or the bodies could not be
identified, he was not informed.

These latter reasons are understood to have prevented
the removal of the bodies of George Rogers Clark's father
and mother from Mulberry Hill, and they are still reposing
on a beautiful elevation of the old homestead, from which
the city of Louisville can be seen.

Several other members of the Clark family are buried in
the immediate vicinity of the grave of General George Rog-
ers Clark in Cave Hill Cemetery, and a picture from a
photograph of the locality is here given — also a rough dia-
gram of the location of the graves, each grave being indi-
cated by a number.

The six graves are marked with head-stones of the usual

9oo

THE CLARK GRAVES.

size and construction, being about two and one-half feet

high. The}- bear, re-
spectively, the following-
inscriptions:

Grave Xo. i — Gener-
al George Rogers Clark.
Z Born O. S. November

EUPHORBIA

10"

ALLEY

ti>*'

Died Febru-

ary i 2 , i 8 i

Grave Xo. i — Cap-
tain Edmund Clark .
Born September 2 5 .
1762. Died 181 7.
Grave Xo. 3 — General
Jonathan Clark. Born O.
S. August 1, 1750. Died
November 25 , 1 8 1 1 .

Grave X o . 4 — S a r a h
II i t e , wife of Jonathan
Clark. BornMav n, 1 75S.
Died October, 1S1S.

Grave Xo. 5 — John Hite
Clark. Born September 29, 1785. Died spring of 1820.
Grave No. 6 — IsaacClark. Born October 6, 1 787. Died
February 27, 1868.

In the square marked 7 stands a family monument of

General Jonathan Clark. It is of medium size, of reddish

Scotch granite, and inscribed on the several sides as follows:

South side — In memory of General Jonathan Clan; and

his wife Sarah I lite.

Lot No. 245, Section P.

NO. OF

Grave

Name of Deceased.

Gen'l Geo. Rogers Clark.

Capt. Edmund Clark.

Gen'l Jonathan Clark.

Mrs. Sarah Hite Clark.

John Hite Clark.

Isaac Clark.

Gen'l Jonathan Clark's

family monument.

THE CLARK GRAVES. 903

East side — William Clark. Born November 13, 1795.
Died February 3, 1879. Francis T. Clark. Born July 4,
1807. Died September 10, 1852.

North side — Eleanor E. Temple, John II. Clark, Isaac
Clark, Ann Pearce, William Clark, George W. Clark,
children of Jonathan and Sarah Clark, erected by Isaac
Clark.

The west side has no inscription.

Some distance east of General George Rogers Clark's
grave are two graves with head-stones, marked "William
Clark and F. T. Clark." ' *

The author spent several hours, of a bright afternoon in
the fall of 1891, in this beautiful cemetery; but, with all its
attractions, found no spot in it so full of interest as the
humble grave of George Rogers Clark, who rendered his
country great service, without adequate reward while living,
or a monument to mark his grave when dead, although it
is in sight of the city he founded, and the territory he
conquered from a foreign foe. There was nothing but a
little head-stone, costing less than one hundred dollars, to
mark the last resting place of the man who had so largely
contributed to the conquest of the great territory northwest
of the Ohio.

Recalling the generosity of Kentucky in building a monu-
ment to Boone, the thought naturally followed as to why
Clark had not been similarly recognized by that state;
but reflection brought the realization that this was an ob-

* Immediately north of these graves, the drive-way only intervening, the
author found the grave of Lovel H. Rousseau, another general connected with
Indiana history, he having been a member of the legislature of that state several
years.

904 MOVEMENT FOR A STATUE OF CLARK AT INDIANAPOLIS,

ligation resting quite as much on Indiana as Kentucky.
The principal event of his military life, the capture of Yin-
cennes, occurred on Indiana soil; he had for a time been
one of her citizens, and her territory -was composed entirely
of country which he captured from the British. The au-
thor as an Indianian felt that Indiana should, at least, do
her share in honoring the memory of General George
Rogers Clark.

Fortunately, the state of Indiana, at that time, was en-
gaged in the construction, at the center of its capital city, of
one of the finest military monuments in the world, and the
author determined to make an effort to secure, in connec-
tion with it, the erection of a bronze statue of General
Clark, as a representative soldier of the Revolutionary War
period, in connection with similar statues of three other
representative men of other important military epochs, as
hereafter explained.

The movement was inaugurated February 25, 1S92, the
one hundred and thirteenth anniversary of the capture of
Fort Sackville, in an address by the author before the In-
diana Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.
Some extracts from this address and the proceedings which
led to the success of the movement will be found in the
appendix. The statue of General Clark, a picture of which
will be seen on the opposite page, was placed on its pedes-
tal February 25, 1:895.

The artist, J. II. Mahoney, Esq., "represents Clark at
the supreme moment, when all the lire, energy and pa-
triotism of his stern and earnest nature was aroused to ac-
complish his purpose.

I.S./IAL

gtJlJNYRY

3M THS ?iJHh£H

,5^99 9

THE GEORGE ROGERS PT amr 3m

Monument Place T™ V STATUE

THE INDIANA STATUE OF GENERAL CLARK. 907

"Stepping rapidly forward and upward from the last
flooded prairie that he had to cross to reach Vincennes,
his sword drawn and grasped firmly in his right hand, his
left arm and hand flung up with a beckoning gesture, call-
ing and urging his followers up and on to victory; the
head turned to left, looking in the direction of his soldiers;
a face full of courage and determination is turned back-
ward, and, looking downward, hurries on the forward
movement of the figure.

''The face is a thin, determined aquiline visage, express-
ing a vehement will that drags onward whatever it seizes
upon.

"The event and the action are well depicted: the figure
is that of a typical pioneer soldier of the colonial period,
the uniform and accessories being simple and realistic.
The figure itself is full of life, action and movement, and
its attitude is suggestive of leadership."

The statue is of standard bronze; its height is eight feet
three inches to top of hat, and is mounted on a pedestal
twelve feet high.

A bronze plate, donated by the author to the state, is
set into the face of the pedestal and bears the inscription
in large raised letters:

General

George Rogers Clark,

Conqueror

of the Country

Northwest of the River Ohio

From the British,

1778-9.

908 FAILURE OF OTHER ATTEMPTS TO ERECT A STATUE.

The legislature of Kentucky many years ago provided
for the removal of General Clark's body to the capital of
that state, and for the erection of a monument there to his
memory, but it was not carried into execution because, as
understood, of the unwillingness of the family to have the
remains removed to that place.

With all the profuse expenditure by congress for the
?f adornment of Washington City and the capitol building
with paintings and statues of historic characters, one will
look in vain for Clark, Bowman, Vigo, Gibault, or any
one else, as far as can here be recalled, that would be es-
pecially commemorative of the acquisition of the territory
northwest of the Ohio river, which was certainlv one of the
most important events which has occurred in the historv
of the country.

In 1888, when the attention of the country was specially
called to the great value of the acquisition of the Northwest
Territory by the centennial celebration at Marietta, Ohio,
in July of that year, the senate of the United States, appar-
ently inspired by the occasion, passed a bill, while the cele-
bration was in progress, which provided, "That, in recog-
nition of the eminent services to his country of General
George Rogers Clark in the occupation and conquest of the
northwestern territory during the Revolutionary War. the
sum of twenty-five thousand dollars be, and the same is
hereby, appropriated out of any money in the treasury not
otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of erecting in the
city of Louisville, in the state of Kentucky, a monument
to his memory, to be expended under the direction and
control of the secretary of war. And said monument shall

WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK. 909

be located on a suitable site in said city; said site and the
title thereto to be approved by the secretary of war."

This meritorious bill went to the house and was referred
to the committee on the library, and reported back favor-
able on the 24th of the month, and was then referred to
the committee of the whole. The centennial celebration
had adjourned five days before, and the patriotic impulse
which seemed to move congress for a time apparently sub-
sided, as the bill, it appears, has never been heard of
since.*

The favorable estimate placed upon George Rogers Clark
and his services by Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and
other of the leading men who were contemporary with
him, has already been stated, and a few opinions of men of
high character of later periods will now be given, showing
that the favorable impressions have been strengthened with
time, and indicating that which will stand as the verdict of
history.

Judge Jacob Burnett, in his notes of "The Early Settle-
ment of the Northwest Territory," re-
lates that he visited General Clark in
the latter part of December, 1779, at
Locust Grove, Kentucky, and that at
that time the general's health was
much impaired, "but his majestic per-
son, strong features and dignified de-
portment gave evidence of an intelli-
gent, resolute mind. He had the
jacob burnett. appearance of a man born to com-

mand and fitted by nature for his destiny. There was a

* Vol. 19 Cong. Record, Pt. 7, 1st Sess. 50th Congress.

9IO WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK.

gravity and solemnity in his demeanor resembling that
which so eminently distinguished 'the venerated father of
his country.' A person familiar with the lives and charac-
ter of the military veterans of Rome, in the days of her
greatest power, might readily have selected this remark-
able man as a specimen of the model he had formed of
them in his own mind; but he was rapidlv falling a victim
to his extreme sensibility, and to the ingratitude of his
native state, under whose banner he had fought bravely
and with great success.

"The time will certainty come," adds Judge Burnett,
"when the enlightened and magnanimous citizens of Louis-
ville will remember the debt of gratitude they owe the
memory of that distinguished man. He was the leader of
the pioneers who made the first lodgment on the site now
covered by their rich and splendid city. He was its pro-
tector during the years of its infancy and in the period of
its greatest danger. Yet the traveler who has read of his
achievements, admired his character, and visited the thea-
tre of his brilliant deeds, discovers nothing indicating the
place where his remains are deposited, and where he can
go and pay a tribute of respect to the memory of the de-
parted and gallant hero."

Colonel Reuben T. Durrett, in the "Centenary of Louis-
ville," said of Clark: "He was a man of quick perception
strong mind, unmeasured courage and untiring energy;
and his capture of the British posts in the Illinois country,
with an inadequate number of undisciplined troops, ranks
him among the first captains of his age. None but a mili-
tary genius of the first order could have planned and exe-

WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL, CLARK. 9 II

cuted the capture of Vincennes in the winter of 1779. It
required a bold and comprehensive military mind to see
and determine that, unless he should capture Governor
Hamilton at Vincennes during the winter of 1779, that
same Governor Hamilton would capture him at Kaskaskia
so soon as the spring opened. Having reached his conclu-
sion, neither the drowned lands of Illinois, over which he
had to march one hundred and sixty miles from Kaskaskia
to Vincennes, nor the disparity of numbers could swerve
him from his purpose. He and his soldiers had to wade
through overflowed lands breast-deep and swim rivers
raging with icy waters until they reached their object. It
was one of the boldest, most trying, most difficult and most
hazardous expeditions ever undertaken and pushed to a
successful conclusion. Louisvillians are justly proud to be
of a city which can assign its origin to
such a hero. . . . He was not only
the founder of the city of Louisville, but
his victorious arms conquered that vast
territory out of which the great states of
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wis-
consin, and that part of Minnesota on
this side of the Mississippi, were made.
reuben t. durrett. His wonderful insight into Indian char-
acter won hostile tribes to the Revolutionarv cause, in spite
of the lavish gifts of the British; and, if his splendid mili-
tary genius had had the support it deserved, his victories
on this side of the Alleghanies would have shortened the
War of the Revolution. . . . The time must come
when a grateful people will recognize his glorious deeds by
erecting to his memory a monument worthv of his fame."

912 WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK.

John B. Dillon, the father of Indiana history, savs of
ggl Clark's campaign that '"with respect to
the magnitude of its design, the valor
and perseverance with which it was car-
ried on, and the momentous results
which were produced by it, the expedi-
tion stands without a parallel in the
early annals of the Mississippi."

"His life and services," says Gov-
ernor John Reynolds of Illinois, "stands
unrivaled in the west during the Revo-
lution, and will be handed down to
the latest posterity with great honor
and glory. He may with propriety
be styled the Western Washington ;
and, as such, should have a monument
erected in the west, to express the grati-
tude of the people for his distinguish-
ed and efficient services in defending
the Mississippi valley in the Revolu-
tion,

JOHN B. DILLON.

1-) %

IHN REYNOLD >

John Fisk, in his American Revolution, says: "In the
gallery of our national heroes, George
Rogers Clark deserves a conspicuous
and honorable place. It was due to his
boldness and sagacity that, when our
commissioners at Paris, in 178:2, were
engaged in their difficult and delicate
work of thwarting our not too friendly
French ally, while arranging terms of
John fisk. peace with the British enemy, the forti-

Historical Magazine, 1S57, Vol. 1, p. 170.

•

WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK. 913

fied posts on the Mississippi and the Wabash were held by
American garrisons. Possession is said to be nine points
in the law, and, while Spain and France were intriguing to
keep us out of the Mississippi valley, we were in posses-
sion of it. The military enterprise of Clark was crowned
by the diplomacy of Jay."

Judge Henry Pirtle, of Kentucky, says in the Ohio Valley \
Historical Series No. 3: "September 3, 1783, the definite I
treaty of peace and boundary between the United States
and England was signed at Paris by Hartley for Eng-
land, and Adams, Franklin and Jay
for the United States. Surely all that
had followed the campaign of Colo-
nel Clark had been well debated and
considered, and but for our holding
the country under military and civil
rule, as much a part of the United
States as any other portion of its ter-
ritory, we would have had our boun-
dary, not the east bank of the Mis-
sissippi, but the east bank of the
Ohio, or the ridge of the Alleghanies. In contemplat-
ing the depth of our gratitude, let us think whether New
Orleans and St. Louis, and all the great country of Louisi-
ana, would, in any reasonable probability, have been pur-
chased of the first consul, and come to us through Mr.
Jefferson, but for this campaign of Clark. No, certainly
not. This magnificent country, made of this and other
purchases, now extending as one with us to the north Pa-'
cine, might to this hour have been broken from us at the
mountain's summit or the river's shore."

HENRY PIRTLE.

914 WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

In that interesting and valuable work recently issued,
called "The Winning of the West,1' Mr. Roosevelt, the
author, says: "Much credit belongs to Clark's men, but
most belongs to their leader. The boldness of his plan

and the resolute skill with which he _ .

followed it out, his perseverance y
through the intense hardships of the
midwinter march, the address with
which he kept the French and In-
dians neutral, and the masterful way
in which he controlled his own troops,
together with the ability and courage
he displayed in the actual attack,
combined to make his feat the most
memorable of all the deeds done
west of the Alleghanies in the Revolution arv War. It was
likewise the most important in its results, for, had he been
defeated, we would not onlv have lost the Illinois, but in
all probability Kentucky also."

J James A. Garfield, the twentieth president of the United
-, States, said of General Clark, in a
public address: "The cession of that
great territory northwest of the Ohio
river, under the treaty of 1783, be-
tween Great Britain and the United
States, was due, mainly, to the fore-
sight, to the courage, and the endur-
ance of one man, who never received
from his country any adequate recog-
ames a. garfield. nition for his orreat services. That

man was George Rogers Clark."

WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK. 915

"There was no hero of the Revolution,1'' said the Hon.

John \V. Daniel, in a speech in the United States senate,

"who did a cleaner or better
piece of work than George Rog-
ers Clark; and there is none who
can stand by him, or be men-
tioned on the same page with
him, who has been so much neg-
lected.'1 The same speaker said
of him, in an address at the Ma-
rietta Centennial: "No monu-
joHx w. daniel. ment to him has been erected;

no biography of him has as yet been written; but his merit

is universally acknowledged by those who have studied his

achievements.1'

United States Senator George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts,

said, in favorably reporting a bill

to the United States senate for a

monument in honor of General

Clark, "It is enough to say that

by one of the most daring and

gallant exploits in our military

history, where General Clark not

only risked his life to capture a

superior British force intrenched

in a strong fortification, but also

took the responsibility of raising upon the country the sup-
plies needed for his expedition, our boundary as against

the British possessions in this country was made the lakes

instead of the Ohio river."

91 6 WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK.

LEWIS COLLIN:

"He knew," says Collins's History of Kentucky, "when
to be mild and conciliating — when to be
stern and uncompromising. The tact
and promptitude with which he adapted
his conduct to the exigency of the oc-
casion has become proverbial. His ad-
dress was wonderful — the fertility of his
resources inexhaustible.1 '

Lyman C. Draper in "Appleton's
Cyclopedia of American History," says
''Clark was tall and commanding, brave
and full of resources, possessing the affection and con-
fidence of his men. All that rich domain northwest of
the Ohio was secured to the republic, at
the peace of 1783, in consequence of his
prowess."

John Law, an eminent Indiana jurist,
statesman and historian, whose portrait
is in a previous chapter, says, in his
colonial history of Vincennes, ""It was a
conquest made under the most trying and
adverse circumstances, and with a skill
and bravery unsurpassed in the most glorious triumphs of
the Revolution. I refer to the conquest of 'Post Vincennes,'
and the capture of Hamilton and his troops on the memo-
rable 24th of February, 1779, by General George Rogers
Clark. To him, in my opinion, considering the results of
that conquest, the vast addition of territory acquired by it,
and the incalculable advantages to the people who now
occupy it, and to the country at large, the United States.

LYMAN C. DRAPER.

WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK. 917

are more indebted than to any other general of the Revo-
lution— Washington alone excepted."

Honorable Samuel Merrill, Senior, long prominently
connected with early Indiana history, said:
"There are few names among the soldiers
of the Revolution, so fertile in heroes, that,
for meritorious and arduous services, can
claim to be preferred to that of George
Rogers Clark. Others were placed in more
conspicuous situations, and they did not fail
to perform brilliant achievements. Their SAMUEL merrill.
friends, the public and history gave them full credit, and a
grateful country remembered and repaid their services with
offices and honors. But the theatre of General Clark's ex-
ploits was then a distant and unknown region. Other
exciting occurrences at the time occupied the public mind,
and as he was never disposed to be the herald of his own
fame, so, though he gained an empire for his country,
without any other resources than his own great mind, his
merits are even now but imperfectly understood and appre-
ciated. He had sacrificed his private fortune for the public
good, and as his services were too great to be repaid, they
could not well be acknowledged, and therefore the remnant
of his life was spent in poverty. In a new country, rapidlv
improving, and amid the hurry and bustle of care and busi-
ness, when merit and service did not claim their reward,
they were sure to be neglected. These circumstances are
mentioned, not as an apology, but in explanation why the
memory of General Clark has not been honored as it de-
serves. He has long since gone where neither the praise

91S WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK.

nor censure of this world is of any value; but the present
generation owe it to themselves and to those who attempt
to serve them, that well-deserved honor, however long- de-
layed, should at last be rewarded."1

Professor Burke A. Hinsdale in his historv of the old

northwest truly says that ' * it would
not be easy to find in our historv
a case of an officer accomplishing
results that were so great and far-
reaching with so small a force.
Clark's later life is little to his
credit, but it should not be for-
gotten that he rendered the
,:,,,;:■,.; American cause and civilization

a very great service."

Jacob P. Dunn, the author of one of the latest and best
histories of Indiana, published in the
American Commonwealth series,
under the title of ""Indiana, a Re-
demption from Slavery," says it
was "a most memorable campaign,
by which the northwest was
brought into the possession of the
I Americans, and
secured to the

Union, in the con- JACOB PIATT DUNN-

duct of which General Clark had fairly
earned the title of 'the Hannibal of the
West,"1 and which was afterwards be-
john Randolph, stowed upon him by that eccentric gen-
ius, John Randolph, of Roanoke.**

WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK. 919

James Partem, in his life of Thomas Jefferson, said:
; 'Virginia had in the field, at that time, two eminent heroes;
\one so known to all mankind that he need not be named;
the other now almost fallen out of memory; one at the head
of the armies in America, the other in the far west, twelve
hundred miles from the capital of Virginia, with a band of one
hundred and fifty kindred spirits, holding back by the force
of his single will the Indians from the frontier of his native
state. George Rogers Clark was the name of this other
hero. He was a native of Jefferson's own county of Albe-
marle, 'Our Colonel Clark,' he calls him, a neighbor of the
governor; not twenty-six years old when
Governor Henry sent him into the
wilderness in the spring of 1778, to
protect the border. This hero is not
as famous as Leonidas or Hannibal only
because he has not had such historians
as they. But he defended the western
homes of Virginia precisely as Hannibal :

would have done." ... In sum- ~ i~~ 1 — ^■■—^

ming up Clark's campaign, which re- james parton.

suited in the capture of Kaskaskia on the Mississippi and
the Post of Vincennes, Parton says further: "It was Clark's
audacity, fortitude and skill that won his victory, which in
its consequences was one of the most important of the war;
for besides relieving the whole frontier of apprehension
from the Indians, it confirmed Virginia's claim to the
country, and had its due weight in the final negotiations. In
short, George Rogers Clark was lord of the west, vice Henry
Hamilton, deposed, and sent as a prisoner of war, with his
chief officers, to the governor of Virginia.'1

920 WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK.

D. W. VOORHEES.

"For this great and measureless em-
pire that came to us in the northwest,
we are indebted, in my judgment, to
George Rogers Clark alone" said the
eloquent Senator Daniel W. Voorhees,
of Indiana, on the floor of the United
States senate.

In an address delivered by U. S. Sen-
ator David Turpie of Indiana, in Nov., 1889, he said: "Gen.
George Rogers Clark ranks second onlv
to Washington among the great soldiers
and statesmen of our Revolutionary area.
Indiana, the scene of his exploits and
labors, may vie with the other states as
the theatre of historic action and interest.
During the contest for independence and
years before its close, Clark had added to the dominion of
the United States an area almost as large as the organized
portion of the original thirteen colonies. Bunker Hill,
Saratoga and Yorktown were notable victories but their
effects were immeasurably enhanced by the capture of Kas-
kaskia and Vincennes. The conquest of Clark touched and
included the region of the great lakes as well as the rivers,
and laid the foundation of the vast empire of the new and
further west which we have since acquired.

"One very marked trait of his character was modesty.
In his case the deed speaks for the man, the rest is silence.
A silence which can hardly be broken with adequate words
of admiration for the singular wisdom, valor and fortitude
that achieved for us the conquest and possession of the
northwestern territory."

DAVID TURPIE.

WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK. 92 I

John Sherman, a distinguished senator of the United
States, paid a high tribute to General Clark, both on the
floor of the senate and in an address
before the Northwest Centennial at
Marietta, in iSSS. Here are a few
brief and eloquent extracts: "He
was a great Virginian, and among
the illustrious names that have been
furnished by that magnificent state
to the history of our country there is
no one among them all who will have
a greater or a more poetic renown

JOHN SHERMAN. . „ ~ „,. , ,,

than George Rogers Clark. . .
"This typical hero and founder of five great states was as
distinguished in the neglect and injustice done him by his
countrymen as in the brilliancy and importance of his serv-
ice to his country. His native state was unable to pay the
drafts drawn by their order for supplies. They were pro-
tested and the private property of Colonel Clark was sold
to partially pay for public supplies, and impoverished and
ruined by his spirited achievements he lived and died a
dependent . . . My countrymen, there ought to be a
feeling of gratitude to a hero like Clark that would cover
his grave with monuments and preserve his memory in
story and song."

Scharf's History of St. Louis City and County says: "He

prevented Spain and Great Britain from making a partition

between them of all the country west of the Alleghanies.

( He rescued Kentucky from the Indians. He took Kas-

kaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes, forcing the British frontier

92 2 WHAT EMINENT MEN HAVE SAID OF GENERAL CLARK.

-Yback to Mackinac, Detroit and the lakes. He planted the
first American fort on the Mississippi, founded Louisville,
and by the sheer force of the terror his prowess, military
genius and stern character inspired among them compelled
the Indians of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to withdraw from
their alliance with the English in Canada. In some respects
he was the greatest general produced during the Revolu-
tionary War, achieving the most positive results with the
slenderest means, and always able to invent and apply new
and original methods to novel and unexpected contingencies.
His marches have never been excelled, either by Frederick
the Great, Napoleon, or 'Stonewall' Jackson, and no man
ever had so much power over the Indians — a power due
chiefly to personal presence and knowledge of Indian
character, and one which, on these great and critical occa-
sions, enabled him to save armies and prevent wars and
\ massacres."

This chapter could be enlarged with numerous similar
quotations but it is deemed unnecessary, as the judgment of
those most competent to determine seems to be incorporated
in the extracts here given.

CHAPTER XXIV.

ADDITIONAL SKETCHES OF MEN WHO SERVED UNDER
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

John Sanders— Major Thomas Quick — Captain Richard Brashear — Lieutenant
Richard Harrison — Lieutenant John Gerault — Lieutenant Michael Perault—
General Robert Todd — Captain Levi Todd — Ebenezer and John Severns —
Edward Bulger— Captain Abram Chaplain — James Currv, Levi Teall and
Joseph Anderson — Colonel William Whitley — John Paul — Buckner Pittman.

JOHN SANDERS.

It will be remembered that when George Rogers Clark
was about to leave the Ohio river on his march across the
wilderness to attack Kaskaskia, he happened to meet a
party of friendly hunters familiar with that place, and em-
ployed one of them, John Sanders by name, to act as guide.
There were no established roads at that day, and the coun-
try was entirely wild and unsettled; but Sanders claimed
to know the way, and Clark, after consultation with his
officers, employed him. All went smoothly, for a time,
but the third dav, when far out in the wilderness, poor
Sanders became confused, then bewildered, and finally
entirely lost. His condition was much aggravated by
the distrust which speedily arose among Clark's men, some
of whom boldly declared that they believed him to be a
spy, and that he was purposely misleading them. It was
a very serious and alarming condition for Clark's forces to
be in, and Clark told Sanders, frankly, that he would cer-
tainly be killed if he did not prove himself innocent by
59 (923)

JOHN SANDERS, THE BEWILDERED GUIDE. 925

speedily finding the way. Sanders held up, under the
trying circumstances, as best he could, and at last recog-
nized some natural objects which enabled him to get in the
proper route again. He not only proved faithful as a guide,
but throughout the campaign; and he became so much at-
tached to Colonel Clark that when that officer returned to
the falls of the Ohio, and made his headquarters there,
Sanders settled there also, and soon became, in his peculiar
lines, quite a man of business for that day. In other times,
and with other surroundings, with his peculiar attributes, he
probably would have become a merchant prince, or a great
banker. There was much originality and enterprise in his
undertakings, and some of them were so novel as to be in-
teresting, aside from their connection with Colonel Clark's
military operations. At that da)' it was an exceedingly diffi-
cult thing to supply the soldiers with meats, the chief reliance
being game, and as the game grew scarcer and wilder the
difficulty increased and became quite a serious matter. In
this dilemma Sanders, ever fruitful of expedients, contracted
with his old commander, Clark, and another, to establish
a hunting agency "for the purpose of procuring beef (pre-
sumably buffalo), bear meat, bear's oil and venison hams,
and for curing them, " etc. The original of this curious
contract is in possession of Colonel Durrett, of Louisville,
who has kindly permitted it to be copied into this work:

"Articles of agreement entered into this 18th day of
October, 1784, between General George Rogers Clark and
Alex. Skinnor, physician, on the one, and John Saunders
of the other part, all of Jefferson county, in the state of
Virginia, and county of Kentucky, witnesseth that the said

gzG sanders's curious contract with general .clark.

General G. Rogers Clark and Alexander Skinnor are to
furnish on their part three men and one pack-horse, with
salt and ammunition for the purpose of making a hunt,
procuring beef, bear meat, bear's oil and venison hams,
and curing them in a proper manner of keeping sound and
fit for use during the winter and spring. That the said
Sanders on his part is, as a hunter, to use every possible
means to procure the said meats, etc., by pitching upon
good hunting grounds and being assiduously industrious,
and the said Saunders is to see that the meat is properlv
salted at the camp and send it from time to time to the falls
of the Ohio. The bear's oil properly cured and the hams
properlv dried, the meat to be delivered to the said Skin-
nor at the falls of the Ohio — to be disposed of, or put in
bulk or dried as may be most convenient. The said Saun-
ders, in consideration of this duly and faithfully to be per-
formed, is to be entitled to one-third of all the meat and oil
so to be procured, which third part shall either be sold when
a market offers on its arrival at the falls or preserved
with the rest, he paying his proportion of any further cur-
ing that may be necessary when it arrives at the falls, or it
shall be delivered to his order at the aforesaid falls. The
said Saunders further to assist in building such boat or boats
as are necessary for the business, and to furnish one pack-
horse and engages not to spend his time in procuring and
curing skins unnecessarily. But such as he may procure
without any interruption to the other business he is to have
clear to himself. To the just and faithful performance of
the above from the ist of November, 17S4, to the middle
of January, 1785, if the hunting season should continue so

SANDERS S CURIOUS CONTRACT WITH GENERAL CLARK. 927

long. The parties aforesaid jointly and severally bind
themselves in the penalty of one hundred pounds. In wit-
ness whereof they have hereunto set their hands and seals
the day and year above written.

"G. R. Clark. [seal.]
"Alex. Skinnor. [seal.]
"John Sanders, [seal.]

"Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of Benjamin
Roberts, Daniel Rhoads."

/? This fac-simile of the

•y c "\ signature of Sanders

*S. '^ *-^-U/?j[ was taken from his sig-
nature to the foregoing contract.

Sanders executed other interesting papers, and a fac-
simile is here given

of one he executed tj " /) c"/v^' ^ „

to the celebrated - ' rj u v

pioneer Daniel Boone, whose signature is on the back of
the certificate.

The original of this specimen of earl}- pioneer currency,
for it was used as money, is also in possession of Colonel
Durrett, who explains it, and Sanders's banking house,
and system of banking, in this interesting way:

"A crude kind of banking was conducted in Louisville
in early times by a man named John Sanders. In the
spring flood of 1780 a large flat-boat was floated to a lot on
the northeast corner of Main and Third streets. Sanders
made the boat fast to a tree, and when the water subsided
it rested on dry land. Sanders then put a roof on the boat,
and prepared it with doors and windows for a kind of

. /~-»

<vvr'

**^

•xJ

-Q

,->

> >>

" £

o +*-»

* Q,

+> zz:

A CURIOUS PIONEER BANK. 929

warehouse, which he called his kkeep.' Here he would
receive the skins of fur-bearing animals from the pioneers,
and issue receipts for them, which we would call certificates
of deposit. These certificates circulated as a kind of cur-
rency, and really did the work of modern bank notes. As
the skins would accumulate the stock was depleted by
traders, who readily bought them, or they were sent to the
markets of the east or south as opportunity offered. When
the skins for which a certificate had been issued were sold,
the certificate was called in and paid off. The skins of the
beavers were the favorites, and these animals were abun-
dant in the neighborhood of the falls for many years. The
remains of their work in enlarging some ponds and diminish-
ing others, and in making dams across Beargrass and
other creeks are still visible in the neighborhood of Louis-
ville. A beaver skin was the unit of value in those early
times, just as a silver dollar is now. A horse, a cow or anj--
thing for sale was worth so much in beaver skins, and so
understood by everybody."

Colonel Durrett might have added that while the skin
of the beaver was the standard of value at that day and
place, the skins of other fur-bearing animals of less value
were also used for making change and other commercial
purposes, and the respective values were thoroughly estab-
lished by custom.

It is not likely either that Sanders confined his dealings
to the skins of fur-bearing animals, as the skins of other
animals had an established value and were in considerable
demand. In connection with these subjects it may be
mentioned that Virginia issued bills payable in tobacco about

* @HQx

4^#o^)^

-^O^

VIRGINIA ISSUES BILLS PAYABLE IN TOBACCO. 93 I

this period and they were very much better than continental
and other paper forced on the people as money in those
days. Some of these obligations to pav tobacco were issued
to her soldiers and a fac-simile of one is here given.

But fur-bearing and other skins were plentier about
"the Falls" in those days than tobacco, and quite as con-
venient and more useful to the human family. As to metal
coins there were comparatively none, and Sanders appears
to have done the best he could, in his day and generation,
"to relieve the stringency," and promote business by pro-
viding a circulating medium of exchange.

But Sanders's system, like some other banking systems,
had radical defects. The security for the paper issued was
left in "the keep" of the banker — not with some safe and
disinterested third party. It was not always redeemable
on presentation, and as it was based solely upon the skins
of wild animals, presumably including "wild cats," the
author fears that, after all, it will have to be classed as a
"wild-cat" institution. In this connection it may be pos-
sible that banking on skins of wild animals originated the
saying about "wild-cat banking." If not, what did origi-
nate it ?

The use of skins for currency, or paper payable in them,
was not confined to the locality of the falls of the Ohio.
The value of property was, more or less, estimated in those
of wild animals in all the frontier country in early times, and
it was not confined to fur-bearing animals. Other skins
were also current, especially deer skins, which were largely
used for moccasins, breeches and hunting shirts. In some
parts of the country a deer skin was the equivalent of a

932 DEER SKINS USED AS MONEY.

dollar, and this kind of currency was generally used in
trades with the Indians. An agreement to pay "ten bucks*'
meant the skins of ten male deer, of "ten does,*' the skins
of ten female deer. Notes and obligations were sometimes
given payable in that way. Here is a specimen of one given
by Colonel John Gibson, when he was in command of
Fort Laurens in 1779, several years before Sanders estab-
lished his "keep," or bank, at Louisville, viz.:

"I do certify that I am indebted to the bearer, Captain
Johnny, seven bucks and one doe, for the use of the states,
this 12th April, 1779. Signed, Samuel Sample, assistant
quartermaster. The above is due to him for pork, for the
use of the garrison at Fort Laurens. (Signed) John Gib-
son, Colonel."

This was the same Colonel John Gibson previously men-
tioned as having been for man)- years secretary of Indiana
territory, and at one time acting governor.

"Deer skins, well dressed and fitted for the purpose of
making breeches," were receivable for certain taxes in
Kentuclvy in John Sanders's day, as also in some other
parts of Virginia under a law of that state passed in 17S2,
from which the language above quoted is taken.

Another law passed the next year provided that taxes
might be paid at certain places in "skins of deer in the
hair, well skinned, cleaned and trimmed, restricted to the
seasons of red, blue and short gray, delivered at the houses
provided for that purpose, at the said towns of Staunton.
Winchester, Louisville, and at the stone house in the
county of Botetourt, at the price of one shilling and eight

DEER SKINS RECEIVABLE FOR TAXES. 933

pence for gray skins, and two shillings per pound for red
and blue skins." *

In the pioneer days business was largely transacted by
barter, and as an evidence of the enormous quantity of
skins of wild animals used in commerce in the Ohio valley
at this period, the following item from the Pittsburg
Gazette of the 26th of August, 1786, is quoted: "From
the 6th of July last to the 10th instant (a period of thirty-
five days) the following peltry was bought up by one trader
in this place, and mostly paid for in whisky and flour:
Three thousand one hundred and seventy-three summer
deer skins, seventy-four fall deer skins, forty-eight fawn
skins, ninety-four bear skins, thirty-seven elk skins, eighty-
four beaver skins, three hundred and eighty-seven rac-
coon skins, twenty-nine fox skins, fourteen marten skins,
fifteen wild cat skins, seventeen wolf skins, sixteen pan-
ther skins, and sixty-seven pair of moccasins."

MAJOR THOMAS QUICK.

When Major Bowman died, Captain Thomas Quick
seems to have been promoted to be a major. He was
originally a sergeant in Captain William Harrod's corn-
pan}*, and rendered some military service on the frontiers
before and after the Illinois campaign. He was a brave,
fine-looking Irishman, and died in Louisville, Kentucky,
in the fall of 1803. A fac-simile of his signature will be
found elsewhere in this volume. The name is sometimes
printed Quirk, and is so used in an interesting account of
a transaction between him and Captain Leonard Helm, in

* Hening's Statutes. Vol. n. pp. 66, 300.

934 SKETCH OF MAJOR THOMAS QLTCK.

which he exchanged one hundred and sixteen thousand six
hundred and sixty-six dollars and sixty-six and two-thirds
cents in continental bills to Helm for fourteen hundred acres
of land. A law suit grew out of the trade, wherein the court
decided the continental bills worthless and set aside the
sale "for want of consideration," and the heirs of Helm
recovered the land. The account referred to is in the ad-
dress of Colonel R. T. Durrett before the Kentucky Bank-
ers' Association in 1892, and was given as an example of
how the paper money of the Revolution affected persons
in Kentucky. It is copied here as illustrative of one of
the greatest difficulties General Clark had to encounter in
all his campaigns. It should constantly be borne in mind
by every one desiring to comprehend the true situation of
General Clark that the money he had to use was depre-
ciated, and finally became entirely worthless. Colonel Dur-
rett said: "As an example of how this paper money of
the Revolution affected persons in Kentucky, the case of
Captain Leonard Helm may be cited. Helm was the
brave officer who, with a single private, stood with lighted
torch over a loaded cannon at the entrance to the fort at
Vincennes, in 1779, and defied the army of Governor
Hamilton until he was assured that he could surrender the
fort with honor. He owned fourteen hundred acres of
land on Jessamine creek in the heart of the blue-grass re-
gion. In 1 78 1, when paper money had declined as a thou-
sand to one, Captain Thomas Quirk, another brave soldier,
offered Helm thirty-rive thousand pounds of it for his four-
teen hundred acres of land. Helm, who believed that his
country would come out right in the war, and make good

SKETCH OF CAPTAIN RICHARD BRASHEAR. 935

the depreciated money, accepted the offer. It was too large
a sum to be refused. It was one hundred and sixteen thou-
sand six hundred and sixty-six dollars and sixty-six and
two-thirds cents. Helm died soon after the sale, and
Quirk sued his heirs for the land. Our court of appeals
set aside the sale, for want of consideration, and left Quirk
with his big roll of continental bills, and Helm's children
with the land." Captain Quick was allotted four thousand
three hundred and twelve acres of land in Clark's Grant
for his services in the Illinois campaign, being Nos. 21, 70,
163, 204, 215, 233, 265, 2S4 and B 276.

CAPTAIN RICHARD BRASHEAR

Was also originally of Captain Will-
7(2^C iam Harrod's company, and probably
from Pennsylvania. He is said to
have married a Miss Brocus at Kaskaskia in 17S2, was in
Kentucky in 1785; then drifted south, remaining about
Natchez for a time, and finally to southern Mississippi,
where he died about 1822. The fac-simile of his signa-
ture here given was taken from his receipt for three thou-
sand two hundred and thirty-four acres of land allotted to
him in Clark's Grant for his services, being for tracts num-
bered 68, in, 112, 114, 134, 236, each for five hundred
acres, and B 194 for two hundred and thirty-four acres.

LIEUTENANT RICHARD HARRISON

Was from Virginia, and from Caroline, the countv of the
Clarks. He was a member of the council of war held at the
falls of the Ohio, and the report has his bold signature, a fac-

936 LIEUTENANTS HARRISON AND GERAULT.

simile of which appears in Chapter XVI. lie, like many
other of Clark's men, finally followed the river south and.
after spending some time at Natchez, is said to have finally
located in Jefferson countv, Mississippi, where he died in
old age, leaving three sons and two daughters. He was
allotted two thousand one hundred and fifty-six acres of
land in Clark's Grant for his services in the Illinois cam-
paign, being Nos. 102, 135, 139, 183 and B 133.

LIEUTENANT JOHN GERAULT

Was born in London, England, Februarv 24, 1755, his
parents having gone there from France to escape religious
persecution. When grown he sailed from Liverpool to
America, with his elder brother, who died on shipboard
with the small-pox, with which he was also attacked, but
recovered. Remaining in business as a book-keeper in
New York for a time, he finally drifted to Kaskaskia where
he joined Clark's forces early in December, 1778, and con-
tinued in service until the summer of 1 7S2. Was promoted
to be a captain in 17S1, and was a commissary at Fort Nel-
son. He was a man of fair education, and speaking both
French and Spanish was very useful to Colonel Clark in
man)7 ways. He, too, went to Natchez, where he became
clerk of the court in 1794. He held many important of-
fices afterwards in Adams and Pickering counties, Missis-
sippi, down to 1809. lie left a large family of sons and
daughters. lie was allotted two thousand one hundred
and fiftv-six acres of land in Clark's Grant, for his serv-
ices in the Illinois campaign, being Nos. 82, 117. 175.
189 and A 133. Charlestown, long the countv seat of

MICHAEL PERAULT AND BUCKNER PITTMAN. 937

Clark county, and place of residence of many prominent
people, is located on tract No. 117.

LIEUTENANT MICHAEL PERAULT

Lived at one time at or near Cahokia and was a lieutenant
in Captain McCarty's company in the expedition against
Fort Sackville. He was probably a Canadian. Moved
to Louisville a few years later, where he died, leaving a
widow and son. lie received two thousand one hundred
and fifty-six acres of land in Clark's Grant, for his services
in the Illinois campaign, being Nos. 23, 78, 256, 277 and
C 106.

BUCKNER PITTMAN,

Who received one hundred and eight acres of land in
Clark's Grant, for services in the Illinois campaigns, and

whose signature is here re-
S ^/- /Z)'/^—— produced, probably settled

at, or in the neighborhood
of, the falls of the Ohio, after the war. lie is presumably
the same Buckner Pittman who purchased five half-acre
lots (Nos. 17, 18, 19 and 20), at the original sale of lots
in Louisville. They were situated somewhere between
Jefferson and Main and First and Twelfth streets, and cost
£6 5s. per lot.* He was also the purchaser of another lot
at the same time.

JAMES CURRY, LEVI TEALL, DAVID PAGAN AND JOSEPH AN-
DERSON

Were all soldiers in the Illinois campaign, and were al-
lotted land in Clark's Grant for their services. They were

* Centenary of Louisville.

938 PRIVATES CURRY, TEALL, PAGAX AND ANDERSON.

so much pleased with the country about Kaskaskia that
they settled in that vicinity and remained there the rest of
their lives. They are all mentioned in the following ac-
count given by Governor Reynolds of a thrilling event
which occurred in that neighborhood:

"It was in this settlement, in the early part of the spring
of 1788, that a most singular battle and siege occurred.
David Pagan, one of Clark's men, had made a house two
miles from Kaskaskia, on the east side of the river, and
had finished it in a strong and substantial manner, so as to
withstand an Indian attack. Levi Teel and James Curry,
also two of Clark's soldiers, had been out hunting on the
east side of the river and had encamped in this house for
the night. The door of the house had three bars across it
to secure it against Indian assault, and in the door was r
hole cut for the cat to go in and out. Towards day Curry
informed Teel that there were Indians about the house, and
that they must fix up their guns for defense. Teel was
rather inclined to open the door and give up as prisoners,
while Curry would not listen to it at all. Teel went to the
door to either open it or to make discoveries, and stood
with his foot near the cat hole. The Indians outside stuck
a spear through his foot and fastened him to the floor. The
Indians, in their war expeditions, always carry spears with
them. By a kind of instinct, Teel put his hand to the
spear to draw it out of his foot, and other spears were stuck
in his hand. They cut and mangled his hand in a shock-
ing manner, so that he was not only nailed to the floor of
the house, but his hands were rendered useless.

PRIVATES CURRY, TEALL, PAGAN AND ANDERSON. 939

"It was ascertained afterwards that it was the Pianke-
shaw Indians, and there were sixteen in the band. Curry
was an extraordinary man: brave to desperation and inured
to broil and feats of battle until he was always cool and
prepared. He jumped up in the loft of the house to drive
the enemy off before Teel would open the door, and by a
small crevice in the roof he put his gun out and shot into
the crowed of Indians. He shot three times with great
rapidity, for fear Teel would open the door. It was dis-
covered afterward from the Indians that Curry had killed
three warriors. He then got down to see what Teel was
about and found him transfixed to the floor, as above
stated. He then got up again in the loft and tumbled the
whole roof, weight-poles and all, down on the Indians
standing at the door with spears in their hands. It will be
recollected that in olden times the roofs of cabins were
made with weight-poles on the boards to keep them down.
The pioneers used no nails as they do at this day. The
roof, falling on the enemy, killed the chief, and the others
ran off. Day was breaking, which assisted also to disperse
the Indians. Curry took both guns and made Teel walk,
although he was almost exhausted on account of the loss
of blood. They had a hill to walk up at the start, which
fatigued Teel, and he gave out before they reached Kas-
kaskia, although they had only two miles to travel. Curry
left Teel and went to Kaskaskia for help, and at last saved
himself and comrade from death.

"To my own knowledge, the houses in times of Indian
wars were fixed so the roofs could be thrown down on the
60

94-0 PRIVATES CURRY, TEALL, PAGAN AND ANDERSON.

enemy, and sometimes large, round timbers were laid on
the tops of the houses on purpose to roll off on the Indians
below.

"■James Curry came with Clark in 1778, and was an
active and daring soldier in the capture of Forts Gage and
Sackville. He was large, strong and active, and was
always foremost on the list of those who contended for the
prizes in foot-races, leaping, wrestling, etc. He was a simi-
lar character to the celebrated Thomas Higgins of modern
pioneer memoiy. In all desperate and hazardous services
Clark chose him first to act in these perils and dangers.

"The citizens of Illinois of olden times were compelled
to hunt for a support. Curry and Joseph Anderson, who
afterwards lived and died on Nine-mile creek, Randolph
county, were out hunting, and the Indians killed Curry, as
it was supposed; as he went out to hunt from their camp
and never returned. Thus was the closing scene of one of
the brave and patriotic heroes, the noble-hearted James
Curry, whose services were so conspicuous in the conquest
of Illinois. Not only a burial was denied to this gallant
soldier, but his remains are mingled with the mother-earth.
so that even the place of his death is not known.**

James Curry was allotted one hundred acres in letter D,
tract No. 20^, and eight acres in No. 210.

Levi Teall, one hundred acres, "B, No. 170, and eight
acres in No. 74."

David Pagan, one hundred acres, part of No. 19, and
eight acres, part of No. 196.

Joseph Anderson, one hundred acres, "C, No. 17S, and
eight acres in No. 210."

COLONEL JOHN PAUL. 94 1

*C fl&^i^O

COLONEL JOHN PAUL.

Among the pioneers of the west who served under George
Rogers Clark in the capture of the British posts northwest
of the Ohio, and became
prominent in earl)' In-
diana history, the name -nfflrmwHTllW "■
of Colonel John Paul may be mentioned. He was born in
Germantown, Pennsylvania, November 12, 1758; was the
son of Michael Paul and Ann Parker. They were married
in Germantown in 1 75 1 . Michael Paul was born in Holland.
In 1776 he went from Germantown to Red Stone, now
Brownsville, Pennsylvania, thence to Virginia, and in 1781
to Hardin county, Kentucky. Ann Parker, his wife, was
born in Germantown in 1724, and died in Hardin count}7,
Kentucky, in 1 8 1 3 , aged eighty-nine years. They had seven
children, the fourth of whom was John Paul, the subject of
this sketch. A gentleman conversant with Colonel Paul's
history wrote the author that "in 1794 Colonel Paul mar-
ried Sarah T. Grover at Danville, Kentucky. She was
born near Baltimore, Maryland, March 21, 1775, and with
her parents removed in 1780 to Kentucky. They had
four children, the eldest dying quite young. Ann Parker
Paul was born in Hardin county,- Kentucky, in March,
1 779? Jonn Peter Paul in Green county, Ohio, December
23, 1800. Ann Parker Paul married William Hendricks,
the second governor of Indiana and for several years
United States senator, and died at Madison, September 12,
1887. Sarah Grover Paul, the youngest daughter, was
born March 21, 1802, in Green county, Ohio, and died at

942 COLONEL JOHN PAUL.

Madison, September 14, 1877. She married Dr. Robert
Cravens in 1818. Dr. Cravens died at Madison. Sep-
tember 15, 1 821; his widow married Dr. Samuel M. Goosh,
and for her third husband Reverend Benjamin C. Steven-
son, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. John Peter Paul
died near Corydon, Indiana, in 1835, while engaged on
a surveying expedition. Mrs. Paul, the mother, died in
Madison on the 8th day of May, 1866, in the ninety-sec-
ond year of her age. Colonel Paul was the first clerk of
Hardin county, Kentucky; afterwards removed to Green
count)*, Ohio; was the first clerk of that countv. also a
member, in 1802, of the constitutional convention of that
state, and was the proprietor and laid out the now city of
Xenia, where he resided for a few years afterward. Xot be-
ing altogether satisfied with his location, he attended the sale
of lands in Indiana territory, in 1807, and purchased the
land upon which New Albany stands. The following
spring visited his new purchase with a view of erecting a
house there, but on reaching it found heavy fogs over-
shadowing it, and being full}- persuaded that the falls of
the Ohio were in part responsible for this fact, and think-
ing it probable that the locality would not be a very healthy
one, sold the lands and prospected up the Ohio to where
Madison now stands, and regarding it as the most health-
ful locality, concluded to purchase there. In the following
spring he attended the sale of lands at Jeffersonville, and
purchased the land in and about where Madison now
stands, and here he at once made his home, which has ever
since been the home of his family and descendants. He
was the first representative in the territorial assembly from

COLONEL JOHN PAUL. 943

this part of Clark count}-, now Jefferson. He laid out
and was the proprietor of Madison; was the first clerk
and recorder of the county for several years. He named
the county in honor of one president of the United States,
and the town after another. He was a member of the
convention that framed the first constitution of Indiana,
and represented Switzerland and Jefferson counties in the
senate, and was elected its president. On the 6th day of
June, 1830, he departed this life, leaving surviving him his
widow, one son and two daughter, all of whom have since
followed him to the other side. Colonel Paul was a man
of energy, and enterprise and thrift, and successful in ac-
cumulating a handsome competence which he left to his
family. Of kindly disposition, he was fond of children and
of active and energetic men. In the early days his house
was the home of all strangers who visited Madison, and
the success of his wife in making these feel at home was
evidenced by their reluctance in parting with her kind hos-
pitality and the good things she had always on hand to
anticipate their comfort and pleasure. Hospitality in those
days was not only a delightful virtue, but was also an ev-
ery-day accomplishment, without which the true-hearted
pioneer would not be the loving character which we know
he was. In his benefactions he was always liberal and
gave to every enterprise with a willing hand. He and his
estimable wife were the foster parents of several children,
whom they maintained and educated until marriage, or
other circumstances, made them self-supporting and inde-
pendent. His tenants, the renters of his farms, never had
cause to complain that he was exacting or unjust when

944 EDWARD BULGER.

sickness or failure of crops promised to make their rent a
burden upon them. In stature Colonel Paul was full six
feet, of large frame, without any surplus flesh; muscular,
strong-nerved and tireless. Horseback was his favorite
exercise, as it was in those early days when there were no
roads, but bridle-paths the only means of travel and loco-
motion. The horse and rider were fast friends, neither
would desert the other, and the horse was always chosen
for his speed, endurance and beauty. The horse, the dog
and the rifle were the indispensable friends of the pioneer,
and he was equally skilled in the use and control of each.
He was in later life a member of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, and so remained till his death. In business he
was prudent and careful; in the social circle he was pleas-
ant and popular; in the family he loved and was beloved,
lie was in everything a true pioneer, simple in his manner
unostentatious in his intercourse with others, respectful to
those with whom he differed, but always true to the prin-
ciples which he entertained. He was an affectionate hus-
band, a loving father, a kind neighbor, a safe counselor,
a faithful public servant, and an honest man.'1

EDWARD BULGER

Was a private in Captain Joseph Bowman's company in
the Illinois campaign. This fact is shown by the original
pay-roll of Captain Bowman's company at present in the
author's possession. lie is also on the roll of persons
allotted land in Clark's Grant, for services in that campaign.
He was allotted one hundred and eight acres, viz.: ioo in
tract "A" 195, and S acres in 210.

EDWARD BULGER. 945

He was an ensign in Captain William Harrod's company
in 1780, and seems to have always been ready for service
when needed.

He was in Colonel John Bowman's expedition, and in
General Clark's first expedition against the Indians in Ohio.
He; died at last in the public service, having been mortally
wounded in the battle of the Blue Licks in 1782, at which
time he seems to have been a major.

He was one of the earliest explorers of Kentucky and
probably went there with Hite, Bowman and others in the
spring of 177s or before. At all events it appears from
Collins's Kentucky History that he was there with that
party in June of that year.

"On the north side of Barren river," says that work,
"about a quarter of a mile above the old Vanmeter ferry,
and three miles from Bowling Green, some beech trees are
still standing which indicate the camping ground, in June,
1775, of an exploring party of thirteen, from the new settle-
ments at Harrodstown (now Harrodsburg) and Harrod's
Station (both in now Mercer county). Of these, eight
became prominent in the settlement and wars of central
Kentucky, and one as a surveyor. One H. Skaggs had
been with the 'Long Hunters' in 1770, to the southeast of
this. These were probably the first white visitors to this,
Warren, county — who remained as long as ten days.

"One tree has engraven on its bark, on the north side,
the names of the thirteen persons. The letters were hand-
somely cut with some instrument adapted to the purpose.
The highest name is about nine feet from the ground, the
lowest four feet. They stand in the following order, be-

946 EDWARD BULGER.

ginning with the uppermost and descending to the lowest
to wit: J. Newell (or Neaville), E. Bulger, I. Hite, V
Harman, J. Jackman, W. Buchanan, A. Bowman, J
Drake, N. Nail, H. Skaggs, J. Bowman, Tho. Slaughter
J. Todd. The date is thus given: '1775, June Th. 13.
The apparent age of the marks corresponds with the date.
About five steps south of the above-named tree, and near
the verge of the river bank, stands a beech, marked on the
north side with the name of 'Win. Buchanan," and dated
'June 14, 1775.' On the south side of the same tree, there
is the name of 'J. Todd,' dated 'June 17, 1775.' About
twenty steps north of the first tree, there stands a third
beech, with the names of I. Drake and Isaac Hite engraved,
and each with the date '15 June, 1775.' Above the names
the date 'June 23, 1775.' The names and dates of this
tree seem to be as old as any, but made with a different
instrument from that which cut the names on the first tree,
and they are not so well executed. These dates, from the
13th to the 23d, prove that the party encamped at that
place ten days. About fifty yards up the river from the
first-named tree, there stands a beech with a name now
illegible, cut in the bark over the date 1779. On the same
tree, the name of H. Lynch is carved over the date 1796.
"AVhere are now these pioneers? They have ceased to
follow the deer, the elk, the bear, the buffalo and beaver,
which were then abundant in this region; and their children
are hunters no more. The animals which their fathers
pursued have become extinct. The wilderness thev traversed
now blooms with the arts and refinements of civilized life."

GENERAL ROBERT TODD. 947

GENERAL ROBERT TODD.

Robert Todd, a captain under George Rogers Clark in
the Illinois campaign, was a native of Pennsylvania, but
removed to Virginia when quite young, where he had rela-
tives. From thence he went, in the spring of 1776, to what
is now known as Kentucky, where he continued to reside
until his death, about the year 1820, at his residence in the
citv of Lexington. He was a participant in public affairs
there from the time of his arrival.

He was in McClellan's Station, at Royal Spring, where
Georgetown, Kentucky, is now situated, when it was at-
tacked by Indians, and was badly wounded. This was in
December following his arrival; so he had a practical ex-
perience in Indian warfare from the beginning. This
experience continued to the close of the important cam-
paign of General Anthony Wayne, in 1794, in which Ro-
bert Todd was a distinguished brigadier-general.

He also rendered efficient services in previous expedi-
tions against the Indians under General Charles Scott. Of
these important campaigns General Todd kept a diary, the
original of which is now in the possession of the author.
It has never been published, but will be given in whole, or
in part, when these campaigns come to be narrated. At
the same place will be found the fragment of an account
written by General Todd, in 1803, of some events which
occurred in Kentucky shortly after his arrival there in 1776,
with a fac-simile of a portion of it, to which his signature
is attached.

«
Q
O
H

■s ^

fc. %

GENERAL ROBERT TODD. 949

General Todd was distinguished in civil as well as mili-
tary affairs. He was at one time a delegate from Ken-
tucky county to the Virginia legislature, and also a delegate
to at least one of the conventions called to adopt a consti-
tution for Kentucky. He represented Fayette county in
the first senate of that state after her admission to the
Union, and was a circuit judge for many years. He was
also one of the commissioners selected to divide the land
in Clark's Grant among those who had served in the cam-
paign against the British at Kaskaskia and Vincennes, and
he was one of the original trustees of the town of Clarks-
ville. He was likewise one of the commissioners who
located the capital of Kentucky at Frankfort, and it is stated,
as an evidence of his nice sense of honor, that when the
vote was a tie between Frankfort and Lexington he voted
for Frankfort, because he owned a thousand acres of land
near Lexington, and did not wish to seem to be governed
by selfish considerations.

He had six children, all of whom were respected and
prominent in their respective localities. 1 1 is daughter
Mary married Doctor Witherspoon, and Eliza married
General William O. Butler, of Kentuckv, with whom the
author had the pleasure of a personal acquaintance. He
was truly one of "nature's noblemen," and was loved and
esteemed by all who knew him. He was a member of con-
gress, major-general in the Mexican War, and on the
Democratic presidential ticket for vice-president in 1848
with General Cass.

The four sons of General Robert Todd were John, Da-
vid, Levi L., and Thomas J. The first two lived and died

95°

GENERAL ROBERT TODD'S DESCENDANTS.

in Kentucky, but the other two removed to Marion county,
Indiana, about 1834, where they became leading citizens
and died in old age, leaving numerous respected descend-
ants, to one of whom, Dr. Levi Luther Todd, named after
his father, the writer is greatly indebted for much valuable
information about the family and early historical events
with which they were prominently and honorably con-
nected.

The father of this Dr. Todd, who bore exactlv the same
name, was a member of the Indiana state senate in 185 1-2,
and judge of the common pleas court of
Marion county for several years. The
author met him in honorable rivalry for
the position of secretary of the conven-
tion which formed the constitution of
Indiana in iS^o— 1, and can knowingly
bear witness to his many good qualities.
His son, Robert X. Todd, now deceased,
was also a distinguished citizen and physician of Indianapo-
lis, and represented Marion count}' in
the house of representatives in 1857.

To go back another generation to the
children of General Robert Todd, his
youngest son, Thomas J. Todd, was
also a member of the Indiana legis-
lature, representing Marion county in
the senate from 1843 to 1846; so that it
will be seen that this distinguished family were largely
transplanted from Kentucky to Indiana. The Todds

LEVI L. TODD, SR.

DR. ROUERT X. TODD.

GENERAL LEVI TODD. 95 1

about Madison, Indiana, are descendants of Owen Todd,
a brother of General Robert Todd.*

The wife of President Lincoln, it will be remembered,
was a granddaughter of General Todd's brother Levi.

GENERAL LEVI TODD

"Was a lieutenant under George Rogers Clark in the ex-
pedition which captured Kaskaskia, in 1778, and he
returned with the detachment which took the British com-
mander, M. Rochblave, a prisoner to Virginia. He never
returned to Illinois, but spent the balance of his life at Lex-
ington, Kentucky, where he filled many important positions
of trust and confidence. General Levi Todd is best known
in Illinois by his descendants. His daughter Hannah was
married to Rev. Robert Stuart, a distinguished Presby-
terian divine, and a former professor of languages in Tran-
sylvania University. From this union sprang Hon. John
T. Stuart, a distinguished member of the Springfield, Illi-
nois, bar, the preceptor and afterwards the law partner of
Abraham Lincoln.

"General Todd's son, Robert S., was the father of Mrs.
Ninian W. Edwards, Mrs. Dr. William S. Wallace, Mrs.
C. M. Smith and Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, all of whom
have lived in this state for many years, and those of the
number yet living still reside in Springfield. Dr. John
Todd, brother to these, emigrated to Edwardsville in 18 17,
and afterwards, in 1827, to Springfield. The numerous
descendants of Dr. Todd and his sisters rank among the

*A portrait of Thomas J. Todd, and a further sketch of General Robert Todd
and his Indiana descendants, will be in a subsequent volume.

95- COLONEL WILLIAM WHITLEY.

best people, socially and intellectual!}', about the state capi-
tal. One of them, Robert Todd Lincoln, being at the
present time (1887) secretary of war. — J. H. G." *

Lieutenant Levi Todd was allotted two thousand one
hundred and fifty-six acres of land in Clark's Grant on ac-
count of his services in the Illinois campaign, viz.: tracts
29, 46, 87, 290, and "C" in 271.

COLONEL WILLIAM WHITLEY,

Who has the honor of having two counties named after
him, one in Indiana and one in Kentucky, was not onlv
a gallant soldier under George Rogers Clark in the Illinois
campaign, but he was an Indian fighter in the early pioneer
days, ranking with Kenton and Boone; and he lost his life
leading the famous charge of the heroic forlorn hope at the
bloody battle of the Thames, October g, 18 13.

Here is a fac-simile of his receipt for one hundred acres
of the one hundred and eight acres of land allotted him in
Clark's Grant, for his services, as a private, in the Illinois
campaign:

/#£ '<^*£^-^+ 'X^Sc-#--x-^ t-^V^CtJ ^/<£Z^K^?-^*

Eight acres of the land were in tract No. 74 and one
hundred acres in tract No. 262.

After the Illinois campaign was over he settled in Lincoln
count)-, Kentucky, and. in 1786, built what is claimed to

::' Reynolds's Pioneer History of Illinois, 2d edition, p. 145. foot note.

COLONEL WILLIAM WHITLEY. 953

have been the first brick house in Kentucky. It was located
about five miles west of Crab Orchard. It was two stories
high, the windows being high from the ground to prevent
the Indians from firing through, and the window-glass was
brought from Virginia in boxes on pack-horses. The house
was profusely ornamented for that pioneer period, and
whisky, even then, seemed to be an important commodity
in Kentucky, as he, it is said, exchanged a farm, near his
residence, for the whisky consumed by the numerous work-
men in constructing it. He was a member of the house of
representatives from Lincoln county, in 1797.

"William Whitley," says Collins's Kentucky, "was one
of the most distinguished of those early pioneers whose
adventurous exploits have shed a coloring of romance over
the early history of Kentucky. He was born on the 14th of
August, 1749, in that part of Virginia then called Augusta,
and which afterwards furnished territory for Rockbridge
county. Unknown to early fame, he grew to manhood in
the laborious occupation of tilling his native soil, in which
his corporeal powers were fully developed, with but little
mental cultivation. He possessed, however, the spirit of
enterprise, and the love of independence. In 177s? hav-
ing married Esther Fuller, and commenced housekeeping
in a small way, with health and labor to season his bread,
he said to his wife he heard a fine report of Kentucky,
. and he thought they could get their living there with less
hard work. 'Then Billy, if I was you I would go and
see,' was the reply. In two days he was on his way, with
ax and plow, and gun and kettle. And she is the woman
who afterwards collected his warriors to pursue the Indians.

954

COLONEL WILLIAM WHITLEY.

"Whitley set out for Kentucky, accompanied by his
brother-in-law George Clark; in the wilderness they met
with several others, who joined them.

"We are not in possession of materials for a detailed
narrative of Whitley s adventures after his arrival in Ken-
tuck)-, and shall have to give only such desultory facts as we
have been enabled to collect.

"In the year 1785, the camp of an emigrant by the name
of McClure was assaulted in the night by Indians, near
the head of Skagg's creek, in Lincoln county, and six whites
killed and scalped.

"Mrs. McClure ran into the woods with her four chil-
dren, and could have made her escape with three, if she
had abandoned the fourth; this, an infant in her arms, cried
aloud, and thereby gave the savages notice where they were.
She heard them coming; the night, the grass, and the
bushes, offered her concealment without the infant, but she
was a mother, and determined to die with it; the like feel-
ing prevented her from telling her three eldest to flv and
hide. She feared they would be lost if the}' left her side:
she hoped they would not be killed if they remained. In
the meantime the Indians arrived, and extinguished both
fears and hopes in the blood of the three children. The
youngest and the mother they made captives. She was
taken back to camp, where there was plenty of provisions,
and compelled to cook for her captors. In the morning
they compelled her to mount an unbroken horse and
accompany them on their return home.

"Intelligence of this sad catastrophe being conveyed to
Whitley's Station, he was not at home. A messenger.

COLONEL WILLIAM WHITLEY. 955

however, was dispatched after him by Mrs. Whitley, who
at the same time sent others to warn and collect his com-
pany. On his return he found twenty-one men collected
to receive his orders. With these he directed his course to
the war-path, intending to intercept the Indians return-
ing home. Fortunately, they had stopped to divide their
plunder; and Whitley succeeded in gaining the path in
advance of them. He immediately saw that they had not
passed and prepared for their arrival. His men, being con-
cealed in a favorable position, had not waited long before
the enemy appeared, dressed in their spoils. As they ap-
proached, they were met by a deadly fire from the con-
cealed whites, which killed two, wounded two others and
dispersed the rest. Mrs. McClure, her child and a negro
woman were rescued, and the six scalps taken by the In-
dians at the camp recovered.

"Ten days after this event, a Mr. Moore, and his party,
also emigrants, were defeated two or three miles from
Raccoon creek, on the same road. In this attack, the In-
dians killed nine persons and scattered the rest. Upon
the receipt of the news, Captain WThitley raised thirty men,
and under similar impression as before, that thev would
return home, marched to intercept them. On the sixth
day, in a cane-brake, he met the enemy, with whom he
found himself face to face, before he received any intima-
tion of their proximity. He instantly ordered ten of his
men to the right, as many to the left, and the others to dis-
mount on the spot with him. The Indians, twenty in
number, were mounted on good horses, and well dressed
61

956 COLONEL WILLIAM WHITLEY

in the plundered clothes. Being in the usual Indian file,
and still pressing from the rear when the front made a halt,
they were brought into full view; but they no sooner dis-
covered the whites than they sprang from their horses and
took to their heels. In the pursuit, three Indians were
killed; eight scalps retaken; and twenty-eight horses, fifty
pounds in cash, and a quantity of clothes and household
furniture captured. Captain Whitley accompanied Bow-
man and Clark in their respective expeditions against the
Indians.

"In the years 1792, 1793 and 1794 the southern Indians
gave great annoyance to the inhabitants of the southern and
southeastern portions of the state. Their hostile incursions
were principally directed against the frontiers of Lincoln
county, where the)' made frequent inroads upon what were
called the outside settlements, in the neighborhood of Crab
Orchard, and Logan's and McKinney's Stations. Their
depredations became, at length, so frequent, that Colonel
Whitley determined to take vengeance and deprived them
of the means of future annoyance; and, with this view,
conceived the project of conducting an expedition against
their towns on the south side of the Tennessee river.

"In the summer of 1794 he wrote to Major Orr, of Ten-
nessee, informing him of his design, and inviting the major
to join him with as large a force as he could raise. Major
Orr promptly complied; and the two corps, which rendez-
voused at Nashville, numbered between rive and seven
hundred men. The expedition is known in history as the
'Nickajack Expedition," that being the name of the princi-
pal town against which its operations were directed. The

COLONEL WILLIAM WHITLEY. 957

march was conducted with such secrecy and dispatch that
the enemy were taken completely by surprise. In the
battle which ensued, they were defeated with great slaughter,
their towns burned and crops destroyed. This was the last
hostile expedition in which Whitley was engaged during
the war.

"Very soon after the general peace, he went to some of
the southern Indian towns to reclaim some negroes, that
had been taken in the contest, when he was put under
more apprehension than he had been at an}' time during
the war. A half-breed, by the name of Jack Taylor, who
spoke English, and acted as interpreter, if he did not intend
to procure Whitley's death, at least determined to intimidate
him. The Indians being assembled, as soon as Whitley
had declared the purpose of his visit, Taylor told him he
could not get the negroes; and taking a bell that was at
hand, tied it to his waist, then, seizing and rattling a drum,
raised the war-whoop. Whitley afterwards said, when
telling the story, 'I thought the times were squally; I looked
at Otter Lifter; he had told me I should not be killed — his
countenance remained unchanged. I thought him a man
of honor, and kept my own.' At this time the Indians
gathered about him armed, but fired their guns in the air,
to his great relief. Whitley finally succeeded in regaining
his negroes and returned home. Some time after the affair
of the negroes, he again visited the Cherokees and was
everywhere received in the most friendly manner.

"In the year 1813, being then in the sixty-fifth year of
his age, he volunteered with the Kentucky militia, under

958 CAPTAIN ABRAM CHAPLINE.

Governor Shelby, and fell in the decisive and victorious
battle of the Thames on the 5th of October.

"Colonel Whitley was a man above the ordinary size, of
great muscular power and capable of enduring- great fatigue
and privation. His courage as a soldier was unquestion-
able, having been foremost in seventeen battles with the
Indians, and one with a more civilized foe. In the battle
of the Thames he fell at the first fire. On the night before
the battle he occupied the same tent with his old neighbor
and friend — to whom he told his presentiment that he would
be killed in the coming engagement, and urged him, but
in vain, to have his scalp taken back to his wife, Esther, in
Kentucky. The Forlorn Hope spoken of above was com-
posed of twenty men. The command was given bv Colonel
Johnson to his old friend Colonel William Whitlev, who
thus addressed his Spartan band: 'Boys, we have been
selected to second our colonel in the charge; act well your
part; recollect the watch-word — victory or death!" Fif-
teen were killed in the charge or died of wounds."

ABRAM CHAPLINE

Was an ensign in Captain Joseph Bowman's company in
the Illinois campaign, and was a lieutenant in Colonel John

Bowman's expedition
•:^ *^-t^_ against the Indians in

the Ohio country. lie
was also a captain at
Fort Nelson in 1783, and an aid to General George Rogers
Clark in the unfortunate campaign against the Wabash In-
dians in 1786.

CAPTAIN ABRAM CHAPLINE. 959

He often declared that General Clark was so chagrined
at the mutinous conduct of the soldiers on that campaign
that he came near shooting himself.

Chapline had seen some military service before the Illi-
nois campaign, and was probably at the battle of Point
Pleasant in 1774.

He was prominent in affairs at llarrodstown in its early
settlement. He was there at the temporary breaking up
of the settlement at that place, "Jul)' 10, 1774, when the
Indians fired upon a party of five of them (the settlers) at
Fontainebleau (or Fountain Blue), a large spring three
miles below Harrodstown (where corn had already been
planted). They (the Indians) instantly killed Jared Cowan
while engaged in drying some papers in the sun. Jacob
Sandusky and two others, not knowing but that the others
had been killed, escaped through the woods, to the Cum-
berland river, and thence went by canoe to New Orleans.
The remaining men fled to Harrodstown and gave the
alarm. Captains Harrod and Chapline and a strong party
went down and buried Jared Cowan and secured his pa-
pers, then collected up their scattered men and returned to
Virginia by the Cumberland Gap.'1*

He was one of the original board of commissioners to
allot the land in Clark's Grant among those who served in
the Illinois campaign.

He settled in Mercer county, Kentucky, and was long a
prominent and influential citizen there — representing that
county in the house of representatives in 1807, and in the
senate in 1808-9, and 1814 to 1817.

*Collins's Kentucky.

960 EBENEZER AND JOHN SEVERNS.

He left descendants, who, like himself, were prominent
and respected.

For his services in the Illinois campaign he was allotted
as a lieutenant two thousand one hundred and fifty-six
acres of land in Clark's Grant, Indiana, being tracts num-
bered 14c;, 180, 222, 267, each for five hundred acres, and
one hundred and fifty-six acres in tract A, Xo. 276.

EBENEZER AND JOHN SEVERNS.

Ebenezer and John Severns, presumablv brothers, were
both soldiers in the Illinois campaign, and were allotted
lands for their services. They probably came to the Ken-
tucky country as early as 1773, and were consequentlv
among the earliest emigrants. The)' came with Bullitt.
I lite, Harrod and others, surve}Tors, and their assistants,
and were engaged in that kind of work in the summer of
that year, and for several years afterwards.

"In the fall of 177^ David Williams conducted Nathan-
iel Randolph, Peter Higgins and Robert Shanklin from
Ilarrodsburg to the country between Hinkston and Stoner.
In the summer previous, he was on the Middle Fork, or
Gist's (since known as Stoner's) creek, with Thomas Gist,
James Douglass (the surveyor), James Harrod, Sigismund
Stratton, Daniel Hollenback, John Severns, Ebenezer Sev-
erns, Wabash, and others. These were engaged in

surveying." *

"1775. This historic year," savs the author of Falls
Cities, "so rife with important events at the east, prelud-
ing the war for American independence, was comparatively

*Collins's Kentucky, Vol. J. p. }.:<>.

EBENEZER AND JOHN SEVERNS. 961

quiet in the valley of the Ohio. In this region the daunt-
less surveyors were still pushing their way through the
tangled wildwood, leading the van of empire. Many of
their movements, and perhaps of their surveys, remain un-
known to this day; but, from depositions taken long after-
wards, one may learn of a party at work in the middle of
December on Harrod's creek, consisting of Abraham and
Isaac Hite, Moses Thompson, Joseph Bowman, Nathaniel
Randolph, Peter Casey and Ebenezer Severns, who were
surveying."

Their headquarters seems to have been at or about Ilar-
rodsburg for some time before the Illinois campaign.

The subsequent history of the Severns the writer has not
been able to learn.

Ebenezer Severns was alloted for his services in the Illi-
nois campaign one hundred acres of land in Clark's Grant
in D No. 174 and eight acres in No. 74, and John Sev-
erns one hundred acres in No. 95 and eight acres in 196.

CORNET JOHN THRUSTON

Was allotted two thousand one hundred and fifty-six acres
of land in Clark's Grant for his services as a ""cornet" in
the Illinois regiment, a cavalry office now but rarely, if
ever, used.

He was of a distinguished Virginia family, tracing their
ancestry back to Bristol, England. He was the oldest son
of Reverend Charles Mynn Thruston and Mary Buckner,
daughter of Colonel Samuel Buckner, all of Gloucester
county, Virginia. His brother, Judge Buckner Thruston,
was at one time United States senator from Kentucky,

C)Gz CORNET JOHN THRUSTON,

and his brother, Charles Mynn Thruston, Junior, was
the second husband of Frances, General George Rogers
Clark's youngest sister.

Rev. Charles M. Thruston, Senior, removed to Frederick
county, Virginia, and settled near Winchester. His second
wife was a Miss Alexander, by whom he had several children.

This Charles Mynn Thruston, Senior, and John Mc-
Donald, Edmund Taylor, John Smith, Charles Smith.
John Hite and Isaac Hite were members of the first jus-
tice's court of Frederick count)', Virginia, that convened
after the colony had thrown off British rule. It organized
at Winchester under "the Honorable the Convention of
the Commonwealth of Virginia," August 6, 1776, and.
all the above being present (except Charles Smith), pro-
ceeded to take the oath of allegiance to the new govern-
ment. Charles Smith was absent on account of illness,
and at the meeting one month later a certificate of his
death was filed. "Isaac Hite and Charles Mvnn Thruston
administered the oath to John I lite, who took and sub-
scribed the same, and then the said John Hite administered
the said oath to all the aforesaid members."" * Norris's
"History of the Shenandoah Valley" (page 136), from
which these court proceedings are quoted, after giving the
names of the additional and minor court officers, savs :
"These are the old patriots who stepped up in those trying
times and showed their colors." The justices in those

* Isaac and John Hite were sons of Jost Mite, who settled the first colonv in
the country west of the Blue Ridge mountains. Charles Smith was an officer
witli Washington at Great Meadows, and married the daughter of John Hite,
and their daughter married Philip Eastin, a lieutenant in the War of the Revolu-
tion, who was the grandfather of the author of this work.

CORNET JOHN THRUSTON. 963

days were the important and controlling officers of a coun-
ty, and these gentlemen had up to this time been members
of the court under the "Sovereign Lord, George III."
Under the new order of things Lord Fairfax, president of
the court, refused to take the oath, as did William Booth;
while Warner Washington, Jr., after he "did swear in,
did not chuse to act." Isaac Zane appeared at the Sep-
tember meeting and took the oath, but Thomas Bryan
Martin * "never did swear in to the said commission," ac-
cording to the ancient records of the court.

Cornet John Thruston was born August iS, 1761, and
soon after the campaign against the British posts ended
settled on a beautiful tract of land on Beargrass creek, a
few miles from Louisville, Kentucky, containing a thousand
acres, where he continued to reside until his death, Febru-
ary 19, 1802, his health having been much impaired by
exposure in the campaigns against the British. He was
highly respected and was one of the judges of the court
of common pleas at the time of his death. He married
his cousin, Elizabeth Thruston Whiting, by whom he had
a large family of children, as follows:

1. Mary Buckner, born August 14, 1783; married Peter
Jan nay, of Lexington, Kentucky.

2. Elizabeth Taylor, born February 13, 1785; married
Worden Pope, of Louisville, Kentucky, September 11,
1804.

* Thomas Bryan Martin and George Washington were together elected mem-
bers of the house of burgesses from Frederick county in 175S. He was a nephew
and heir of Lord Fairfax, and one of the executors of his vast estate. Martins-
burg, West Virginia, is named in his honor.

964 CORNET JOHN THRUSTON.

3. Thomas Whiting, born November 6, 1786; married
Mary Dorsey Luckto, August 30, 1808.

4. Sarah, born November 8, 1788; died earl}-.

5. Catherine, born September 17, 1790; married Saul
N. Luckto.

6. George Mynn, born Februarv 26, 1793; married
Eliza Lydnor Cosby, oldest child of Judge Fortunatus
Cosby, of Louisville.

7. Fanny Badella, born March 7, 1795; married, first,
Colonel Elias Rector and, second, General Trigg.

8. Alfred, born April 16, 1797; never married.

9. Lucius Falkland, born July iS, 1799; never married.

10. Algernon Sidney, born May 19, 1S01; married
Harriet Jacques, of Texas, December 19, 1S46.

These were all people of excellent standing, and their
numerous descendants are distributed over several states.
many of them occupying prominent positions.

The information in this sketch as to the family of Cornet
John Thruston is largelv derived from his grandson. Dr.
John Thruston, of Louisville, Kentuckv.

JOHN DOYLE OR DOYAL.

The name "John Dovle11 is found on the roll of persons
who served under George Rogers Clark, but not on the
roll of persons allotted lands for service in the Illinois cam-
paign. There were probably two persons of the same
name who served under him. Reynolds's Pioneer History
of Illinois savs:

"John Doyle was a soldier in the expedition under Colo-
nel Clark in the year 1778, and soon after the campaign

JOHN DOYLE. 965

settled in Illinois. Doyle had a family and resided in or
near Kaskaskia. He was something of a scholar, and
taught school. He spoke French and Indian, and was
frequently employed as an interpreter of those languages
into the English. He was unambitious and lived and died
without much wealth. He was considered an honest man,
and was always respected while alive — as he is now when
dead — as one of the brave men who assisted Colonel Clark
in the conquest of Illinois. " *

But it is asserted that another John Doyle served under
Clark and lived and died in Kentucky. The name of the
last mentioned appears to be now spelled Doyal3 by his
descendants, and the following account of him is from a
letter written by his grandson, Judge Samuel H. Doyal, of
Frankfort, Indiana, as follows:

"Your kind letter requesting a brief sketch of my grand-
father, John Doyle, who served with Clark in the Illinois
campaign, received, and in reply will say, that my grand-
father joined Clark's command when a very young man.
He was born in Albemarle county, Virginia, September
20, 1760, and, after serving to the close of Clark's famous
campaign in the west, he returned to his home near Char-
lottesville, Virginia, re-entered the service as a private and
served until the close of the Revolutionary War.

"In the spring of 1782 he enlisted as a private in that
ill-fated expedition against the Sandusky Indians that was
commanded by Colonel William Crawford. He shared
the hardships of this campaign and was one of the fortunate
ones that returned home. In 1786 he emigrated to Ken-

* Edition of 18^2, p. no.

966 JOHN DOYLE.

tucky and located near Limestone, now Maysville, and
soon became the friend and associate of Simon Kenton,
whom he afterwards joined in some raids against the In-
dians. Later, and before the power of the hostile Indians
was broken by General Wayne, he was employed three
years as captain of the scouts or spies, as they were called,
to patrol the Ohio river on the Kentucky side from Mays-
ville to the mouth of the Sciota river. This work was
perilous and he had many thrilling adventures.

"In 1790 he raised a company, was chosen captain, and
joined, with many other Kentucky troops, General Ilar-
mer in his campaign against the Indians. In 1794 he
again entered the service as captain under the leadership of
General Charles Scott, of Kentucky, who joined General
Wayne in his campaign against the Indians, and took part
August 20, 1794, in the battle of Fallen Timbers. At the
close of this service he adopted the life of a farmer and set-
tled in what became Lewis county, Kentucky, a county
taken off of Mason on the east. Upon the formation of
this county he was appointed the first justice of the peace,
and for more than twenty years he held that office, and
presided over the council of magistrates, that met at the
county seat at stated times and transacted the countv busi-
ness. In 1813 he became so incensed at General Hull's
surrender that he again enlisted as a soldier under General
Isaac Shelby, who joined General Harrison's army, and,
as a private, was present and took part October 5, 1813,
in the battle of the Thames. This ended his services as a
soldier. He often said to his children that he was at the
beu'innini>" and ending of the Indian wars of the northwest.

JOHN DOYLE. 967

He was a strong, vigorous man, seldom ever siek, and in
all his soldier life was never wounded. lie died near
Vanceburg, Kentucky, in May, 1847, lacking but a few
months of eighty-seven years of age. He often said that
General George Rogers Clark was the ablest general that
ever appeared in the west, and that he accomplished more
with a small body of men than any other officer of his
time. I heard the story of the Illinois campaign from his
own lips two years before his death. His admiration for
Clark was unbounded."

Fac-similes of signatures of seven persons not sketched
who performed military service under George Rogers Clark.

O-^^t-Z^S

GENERAL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

From an oil painting in possession of Colonel Reuben
T. Durrett, of Louisville, Kentucky.

CHAPTER XXV.

SOME HISTORICAL INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH CLARK'S

GRANT.

The region of the falls always a favorite place of resort — Abundance of fish and
game — Battlefield and burying ground of some unknown race near Clarks-
ville — Ancient stone fortifications at the mouth of Fourteen-mile creek — Other
forts and stations — Bland Ballard's escape — Lieutenant Isaac Bowman —
Richard Rue.

|1|HE grant of lands opposite the falls of the Ohio on the

lis Indiana side of the river, known in early times as the
Illinois Grant, but in modern times more generally as Clark's
Grant, because donated to George Rogers Clark's soldiers,
has always been regarded as historic ground of peculiar
interest.

That it was devoted to this patriotic purpose would, of
itself, forever blend it with the interesting story of the ac-
quisition by the United States of the great country known
as the "Territory Northwest of the River Ohio" — one of
the most important events in its history.

Even before the advent of the first white visitors, in
modern times, the rapids of the river and its other natural
and attractive features, including the abundance of game,
made it always a favorite resort of the Indians. It must
have been so, indeed, at a period earlier than there are any
existing records or traditions of, for some of the most re-

(969)

970 ANCIENT TRADITIONS RELATING TO CLARK'S GRANT.

markable prehistoric ruins in this country are to be found
within the boundaries of Clark's Grant.

On the river, near the lower "line of the grant," the
earliest white visitors found an immense burying ground of
some unknown race.

Dr. McMurtrie, in his Sketches of Louisville, says:
"About the time General Clark first visited this country
an old Indian is said to have assured him that there was a
tradition to this effect: that there had formerly existed a
race of Indians whose complexion was much lighter than
that of the other natives, which caused them to be known
by the name of the White Indians* that bloody wars had
always been waged between the two, but that at last the
black Indians got the better of the others in a great battle
fought at Clarksville, wherein all the latter were assem-
bled; that the remnant of their army took refuge in Sandy
island, whither their successful and implacable enemies fol-
lowed and put every individual to death. How true this
may be I know not, but appearances are strongly in its fa-
vor. A large field a little below Clarksville contains im-
mense quantities of human bones, whose decomposed state
and the regular manner in which they are scattered, as
well as the circumstance of their being covered with an al-
luvial deposition of earth six or seven feet deep, evidently
prove that it was not a regular burial-place, but a field of
battle in some former century."

Professor William W. Borden, of the Indiana geolog-
ical bureau, who has lived in the neighborhood all his life,
says that "during high water large masses of the bank are
undermined and topple into the river, exposing the skele-
tons, which lie about two feet below the surface."

RUINS OF AN UNKNOWN FORT. 97 I

Overlooking the Ohio river just above the mouth of
Fourteen-mile creek the first white visitors found the ruins
of an immense stone fort, with all the requirements and
surroundings of a fortification of the most formidable
character. It is believed to have been the work of some
forgotten race, as the oldest Indians in the earliest times
knew nothing of its origin. Fourteen-mile creek is so
called because it empties into the Ohio fourteen miles above
the falls, and the ruins are situated upon a very high point
overlooking the river and the country for a great distance.
It is on tract No. 76 of Clark's Grant. A full descrip-
tion of these interesting remains will be found in the Indiana
Geological Survey above quoted from. Professor E. T.
Cox, ex-state geologist, a gentleman of learning and obser-
vation, speaks of this ruined fort as one of the most remark-
able stone fortifications which ever came under his notice;
and of the country generally, he says: "This seems to have
been eminently fitted to the habits and wants of the mound-
building race. Here we find some of the most interesting
works which are left as monuments of their skill and industry.
From the great fortified town at the mouth of Fourteen-
mile creek to the fortifications at Wiggin's Point on Big
creek, a distance of about thirty miles, there appears to be
a line of antiquities that mark the dwelling places of inter-
mediate colonies, and these, when pushed to extremes by
an invading foe, may have sought protection in the strong-
holds at either end of the line.

"At this place I have frequently found human bones
protruding from the bank. The skeletons are enclosed by
pieces of slate placed on edge. They are buried in a sit-
62

972 TRACES OF AN UNKNOWN PEOPLE.

ting posture, and are covered with shells and fragments of
pottery." The same gentleman says of the region of
Clark's Grant, generally, that "almost every elevation of
the low lands, or peaks of the knobs, show some evidence
of having been occupied by a prehistoric people.
The margin of the streams appears to have been the favorite
camping ground of this wonderful race, and upon nearlv
every rise of ground in the neighborhood one found unique
relics, illustrating their habits and modes of living." Pro-
fessor Cox, while state geologist, made a careful survey
and description of the region of Clark's Grant, with Pro-
fessor Borden as assistant, and in his official report for
1873 said, that "at Clarksville, just below the falls of the
Ohio river, in Clark county, there is a shell heap extending
for a mile or more up and down the river. This localitv
must have been a favorite place of resort — an ancient Long
Branch, where it was possible to find enjovment and pass
a pleasant summer catching fish at the foot of the falls,
where they congregated at certain seasons of the year in
such vast numbers as to become an easy prey to the bone-
hooks and spears used for their capture bv these prehistoric
people."

Near the upper line of Clark's Grant, and a few miles
above the ruins at the mouth of Fourteen-mile creek, the
river is very shallow at a point now called "the Grassy
Flats," and it was consequently an important crossing place
for Indians between the rich hunting grounds of Indiana and
Kentucky, and in later times was useful to them in certain
seasons for making raids on the white settlers in Kentucky.
To place a check upon this a station was established on the

MAJOR BLAND W. BALLARD.

973

Indiana side, known as Armstrong's Station, of which more
will be said elsewhere. This was one of the earliest white
settlements in Indiana other than those made by the French.
After the white people began to settle about the falls of the
Ohio there were man}- outrages perpetrated by the Indians
within the limits of Clark's Grant, and man)' exciting in-
cidents occurred there, a few of which it may be interesting
to relate. Clark's soldiers, it will be seen, were generally
involved in them.

VIATOR BLAND W. BALLARD.

The name of Bland W. Ballard is not on the roll of

persons who received land for
services in the Illinois cam-
paign, but he was undoubt-
edly in service under General
George Rogers Clark in sev-
eral campaigns after the lat-
ter returned to the falls of the
Ohio and established his
headquarters there. Ballard
was often emploved as a
scout, or spy, and in that ca-
pacity experienced many ex-
citing and dangerous adven-
tures. One of these occurred in Clark's Grant, and is
worth relating.

On one occasion when he was scouting on the northern
side of the river he was captured by five Indians a few
miles above the falls and carried back into the wilderness

ELAND \V. BALLARD.

974 BALLARD CAPTURED BY THE INDIANS.

some twenty miles to an Indian encampment. The In-
dians happened to be in a frolicsome mood about the time
of his arrival, having been lucky in securing plunder, in-
cluding, probably, a little fire-water.

At all events, they got to playing games, and running
races. Finally a match was made for a foot-race between
two old Indians, which occasioned much excitement and
amusement. This was the day after Ballard's capture.
The Indians were also engaged in horse racing, but the
foot-race between the two old warriors was to be the grand
climax of the occasion.

Ballard, although strictly under guard, apparently joined
in the merriment with as much zest as the rest, but he was
secretly watching for an opportunity to escape. A chance
opportunity soon presented itself, although a dangerous
one. The Indians had some fine horses they had stolen
from Kentucky, and Ballard had cast his eve on a particu-
larly fleet-looking animal standing not far away.

When the old warriors started on their foot-race the ex-
citement of the Indians mounted to the highest pitch, and
Ballard's guards, with the rest, pushed a little ahead of
him to watch the contest and see the outcome. This was
the opportunity he wanted, and, dangerous as it was, he
embraced it. With a bound he reached the horse, sprang
upon his back with the agility of a circus rider, and in a
moment was making for the river with marvelous rapidity.
The Indians had been so completely engrossed by the foot-
race, and were so dazed by the boldness and audacity of the
act, that he had obtained a good start before they mounted

bland ballard's escape from the Indians.

BLAND BALLARD S ESCAPE.

their horses and start-
ed in pursuit of him.
Then, indeed, began
a ride for life. The
famous rides of John
Gilpin and Tarn O"-
Shanter were small
affairs in comparison
to it. Well did poor
Ballard realize his
d anger. He knew
that recapture meant certain death, and he pushed his
horse to the very utmost of its capacity.

He had not misjudged the speed and bottom of the gal-
lant animal, for although he was still insight of the yelling
savages when they started, he gradually widened the dis-
tance between them, and finally was entirely out of sight.
He did not know this to a certainty, however, and urged
the horse on at its utmost speed, expecting every moment
to hear the discharge of the guns of the pursuers, but at
last the poor animal fell, completelv exhausted. Ballard
left the horse to its fate, and ran en towards the river,
which was but a few miles distant. Reaching it he found,
or rolled, a couple of logs in the water, and hastily bound
them together with a grape vine. Mounting this impro-
vised raft, he paddled, for dear life, towards the Kentucky
shore which he reached, at last, but almost dead from the
strain, excitement and fatigue through which he had passed.
Thus ended the most thrilling individual ride ever made
across the territory embraced in Clark's Grant. A ride

976 INDIANS ATTACK THE BALLARD RESIDENCE.

was made across southern Indiana on a larger scale during
the War of the Rebellion, known as ''Morgan's raid,"
which skirted along the northern border of Clark's Grant, as
the author can testify, being an interested observer on that
exciting occasion.

In the spring of 1783, Ballard and his wife were in an
ungarrisoned and almost unoccupied fort in Shelby county,
Kentucky, and his father and family were, at the time,
occupying a cabin near the fort. One of the sons, who went
out of the house in the morning with an ax to cut fire-wood,
was suddenly shot at and killed. The door of the cabin was
shut and fastened before the Indians could reach it, and
Bland, who happened to be the only Indian lighter in the
fort, hearing the shots rushed towards the cabin keeping
himself out of view, and managed to shoot two of the party
of Indians who were trying to get in by the front door.
The other savages ran around the house and with the ax
of the dead son broke in the door on the opposite side.
Old man Ballard, who was also named Bland, his wife,
and several children in the cabin were all ruthlessly stricken
down by the remaining five Indians who instantly fled with
the scalps of the victims as their trophies, but not without
losing one more of their number by a shot from the cour-
ageous Bland as they hastily departed. He could not,
however, attempt to pursue them under the circumstances.
Repairing at once to the cabin, the bodies of all the inmates
were found to be lifeless and mutilated, except one little
girl — a half-sister — who had been scalped and left for dead,
but who revived and had strength enough remaining te
crawl under the puncheon floor. But notwithstanding this

OTHER ADVENTURES OF MAJOR BALLARD. 977

fearful ordeal she finally recovered and lived to become
the mother of a large family of children.

A witness to these horrid butcheries of his own kindred,
no wonder Major Ballard became the inveterate foe of the
Indian race. This account of the massacre of these mem-
bers of the Ballard family was given to the author by R.
C. Ballard Thruston, Esquire, who is a member of the
family, and he received it from sources understood to be en-
tirely authentic and reliable.

Bland Ballard was engaged in many other adventures
with the Indians, and in one, which occurred a few miles
below the falls, he succeeded in killing three as they were
attempting to cross to the Kentucky side in a canoe, not
knowing that he was concealed in some willow bushes within
shooting distance. General Clark warmly commended his
bravery and adroit management on this occasion, besides
rewarding him with presents, one of which is mentioned in
the accounts of the time as "a linen shirt," from which it
may be inferred that that article was then a scarcity and
highly prized. He was captain of a company in the war of
181 2, and was wounded and taken prisoner in Canada, but
this time he was too far away from home to make another
horse-back ride, for "life and liberty7," even if he had the
opportunity.

When the author was about eighteen years old, and, no
doubt, much fuller of political zeal than knowledge, he was
one of a considerable number who went across the Ohio
river, in the presidential canvass of 1840, to a big political
barbecue at West Port, Kentucky — a kind of interstate
"grand rally" of the Democratic party — which it was vainly

978 ELAND BALLARD AT A BARBECUE.

hoped might revolutionize things in favor of the Democrats,
or, at least, prevent the Whigs from revolutionizing them.
Thomas J. Henly, soon after elected to congress, and some
other "big guns," were of the Indiana party, and made
speeches, but the guns of the greatest execution and the
largest caliber — the Krups and the Gatlings, so to speak —
were furnished by Kentucky, and were such well-known
speakers as James Guthrie and Pilcher, a very popular and
witty speaker, who later changed his political associations.

At this barbecue, "where pigs were roasted whole and
beef by the quarter," the big crowd was expected bv steam-
boat from Louisville, and the expectation was fullv realized.
It came, and with it some famous Kentuckv pioneers, the
most prominent being Major Bland Ballard, the hero of
the foregoing story, who speedily became the hero of the
barbecue also, for the crowd followed and loudlv applauded
him, and "the boys" were as much excited as during a
circus parade. He was old, probablv eighty,* but active
and agile for his age, and had the picturesque dress of the
early pioneer period, including the leather hunting shirt.

This was not the only leather hunting shirt the author
saw worn during "the hard cider and log cabin" campaign
of 1840. At that time the venerable Marston G. Clark,
cousin of George Rogers Clark, lived in southern Indiana.
He was a tall, fine-looking man, and when dressed in his
frontier costume, which included a becoming leather hunt-
ing shirt with long fringes, he was a splendid specimen of
the early pioneer. lie was a great friend of Willian Henry
Harrison and the Whigs often played him and his taking
costume as a trump card at their political meetings in that

* Major Bland \V. Ballard died in Shelby county, Kentucky, September 5,
1853 — aged ninety-two years. His remains are interred in the state cemetery at
Frankfort.

PRESIDENTIAL CANVASS OF 184O. 979

region. An immense Whig barbecue was to come off near
the falls of the Ohio, some ten or fifteen miles distant, and
great preparations were made for the event in Clark's
neighborhood. An enormous canoe fifty feet long was
mounted on wheels and filled with pretty girls to wave
"Tippecanoe and Tyler too'"' banners, and sing that "Lit-
tle Van is a used-up man" and other popular campaign
songs of the day. It was drawn by fifty-two oxen, making
a line a hundred yards long. Such was the enthusiasm
produced by this immense and unusual outfit that when it
moved forward with Clark in command in his leather hunt-
ing shirt, it carried with it not only all the Whigs, but
nearly the entire population along the route as well, much
to the disgust and discomfiture of the Democratic leaders.

LIEUTENANT ISAAC BOWMAN.

Some account of the ancestors and relatives of Isaac
Bowman has already been given in previous chapters. The
/2^/f /) stone house in which he was

*A>a^& /??trt<SV>%As^ born, April 24, 1757, is still
standing in a fair state of preservation (1895), anc^ *s
situated on Cedar creek, near Strasburg, Virginia. He
inherited the house from his father, George Bowman.

His brothers, Colonel Abraham Bowman, Major Joseph
Bowman and Colonel John Bowman were among the
earliest visitors to Kentucky.
The latter was the first county
lieutenant of Kentucky, and thus virtually the first governor,
but this was, of course, before the organization of the state.
Isaac probably went with his brothers or a little later. The

980 LIEUTENANT ISAAC BOWMAN.

Bowmans and their kinsman, Isaac Hite, were of the party
of thirteen whose names were cut on a beech tree in
Warren county, Kentucky, in 1775, an account of which
has already been given. * The Bowmans and Hites had
large property interests in what is now Mercer county, and
elsewhere, in Kentucky, a little later on, but Isaac was not
a party, presumably on account of not then being of age.

Isaac Bowman was five years younger than his brother
Joseph. Both were officers under General George Rogers
Clark in the Illinois campaigns of 1778-9; and Joseph, who
was second in command at the capture of Fort Sackville,
died in the fort, and was buried in Vincennes.

Isaac was a lieutenant and quartermaster, and was one
of the party who returned to Virginia in the summer of
1778, in charge of Rochblave, the captured commandant
of Kaskaskia. He was the bearer of letters to his relatives
in Virginia, written by his brother Joseph, giving an account
of the expedition up to that time. These important letters
are given in full elsewhere in this work. How long he
remained in Virginia is not known, but that he rejoined the
army in the Illinois, and was there in 1779, is certain.
He was probably at the capture of Vincennes, and at the
funeral of his brother there in August, 1779. The original
account of the expenses of his brother's funeral, which he
paid, is now in the possession of the author.

In the fall of that year, he started on an expedition
which proved very disastrous. It is thus referred to in a
letter of John Todd, then the county lieutenant of the Illi-
nois country, to Thomas Jefferson, governor of Virginia.
The letter is dated June 2, 1780, and savs: "Mr. Isaac

*Isaac, third nephew of Isaac Hite Sr., referred to elsewhere.

LIEUTENANT ISAAC BOWMAN. 98 1

Bowman, with seven or eight men and one family, set
off from Kaskaskia the 15th November last in a batteau,
attended by another batteau with twelve men and three or
four families in it bound to the falls of Ohio. I judged
it safer to send to the falls many articles belonging to the
commonwealth, by Bowman, then to bring them myself
by land. Bowman's batteau fell into the hands of Chick-
saw Indians and the other arrived in March or April at the
French Lick on Cumberland, with the account that Bow-
man and all the men except one Riddle (Ruddle) were
killed and taken.

"I enclose Your Excellency a list of such articles as be-
longed to the state, as well as I can make out from my
detached memorandums, my books and many necessary
papers being also lost."

It was long supposed, as stated in Governor Todd's letter,
that Lieutenant Bowman was dead. It turned out, how-
ever, that he was not killed, but captured by the Indians,
and experienced the most thrilling adventures during his
captivity, and the traditions on the subject among his de-
scendants are uniform and positive. He was at first treated
with great severity, being wounded several times, and sub-
jected to every torture, short of death, that the cruel savages
could devise.

But there came a time when there was an entire change
in their conduct towards him, and finally a chief took a
fancy to and adopted him and selected him for a son-in-law.
While there is no evidence that connects Lieutenant Bow-
man with the circumstance, it is a singular coincidence that
when Lewis and Clark made their expedition through the

982 LIEUTENANT ISAAC BOWMAN.

wilderness to the Pacific, in 1804, they came across an In-
dian woman in the far west with the name "J. Bowman"
tattooed on her arm.*

Through the intervention of an Indian trader, possibly a
Spaniard, he escaped from the Indian country, and we hear
of him next in the island of Cuba, whither it is possible he
had gone with his rescuer. Another account is that his
release was secured by a trader named Turnbull, a part of
the consideration being a keg of rum, and that he remained
in this trader's service until he had fully recompensed him
for his outlay; then he returned to Virginia from Cuba,
to the great surprise and joy of his numerous relatives and
friends. Certain it is that he reached his old home in safety
and was a prosperous and prominent citizen there the rest
of his life.

lie was twice married and left a numerous family of
children, as follows: Philip, Abraham, Catharine and Susan
by the first wife, Elizabeth Gatewood. Joseph, John.
Eliza, Isaac, George, Robert, Mary, Washington and Re-
becca, by the second wife, Mary Chinn.

In the allotment of land in Clark's Grant among those
who had served in the Illinois campaign, Lieutenant Bow-
man was particularly fortunate. He was allotted tracts
Nos. 1, ic;8, 213, 289, each for five hundred acres, and
one hundred and fifty-six acres in No. 32, amounting in
all to two thousand one hundred and fiftv-six acres.

Tract No. 1 was on the river immediately opposite
Louisville, and in 1802 the citv of Teffersonville was laid
off on it, and made the countv seat of Clark county, which

*Coue's Lewis and Clark, Vol. 2. p, ",~~ .

LIEUTENANT ISAAC BOWMAN. 983

had been created the year before. He donated the ground
for the town site or for a portion of it.

John Gwathme}', who had married a relative of Bow-
man's, was his agent in looking after these lands, in plat-
ting Jeffersonville, selling the lots, and in various other
matters connected therewith, now of considerable local in-
terest from an historical standpoint.

Gwathmey was a fluent and prolific writer and explained
all his transactions fully in letters to Bowman, which have
been placed at the service of the author, and will be more
or less used in speaking of the settlement of Jeffersonville
and the early history of Clark county in a subsequent
volume. There is much in the letters in reference to a canal,
then expected to be made on the Indiana side of the river,
about a mineral spring on Bowman's land back of Jeffer-
sonville, and other matters of interest relating to affairs in
that locality at that early day.

The author happens to be quite familiar with the five-
hundred-acre tract No. 289, which was one of the tracts
allotted Bowman. It is situated in that part of Clark's
Grant which is in Scott county, and was known in early
times as '"the Burnt Cabin Tract," from the fact that a
cabin that was built on it and occupied in the pioneer
period was partially destroyed by fire. The place was
then abandoned and not occupied again for a period of fiftv
years or more, and the clearing around the house became
a dense thicket of bushes and briers, which made, with the
ruins of the cabin, a romantic picture of desolation.

The man who settled it must have been a "pioneer''' in-
deed, as there was not at that time another house in the

984 LIEUTENANT ISAAC BOWMAN.

neighborhood. It was a ruin and a dense thicket as far back
as 1850, and is vividly recalled as then being a weird and
desolate-looking place. As to who had ventured to occupy
this cabin in the wilderness, or what became of them, the
oldest, then, inhabitant of the sparselv settled neighborhood,
knew nothing, and as now recalled, for a long time, even
the ownership of the land was unknown. It was in this
neglected condition in 1852, when the author ascertained
the owners to be Michael M. Clark and wife, of Wash-
ington City, from whom he purchased it, and their quaint
old-fashioned deed, with its historic recitals, is recorded in
the recorder's office of Scott countv, in Book "M," pages

57^-3-4-

Another of Bowman's tracts of some celebritv was Xo.
158, on Fourteen-mile creek, on which was a salt spring
supposed to be of great value, and which proved a source of
considerable litigation both in the Kentucky and Indiana
courts. There was a great scarcity of salt in early days in
this part of the country, and it was supposed could be made
here to advantage, but the expectations were never realized.

Lieutenant Bowman died in the year 1826, at his home
in Virginia, leaving behind him an honorable record as a
man and a citizen. lie has numerous respected descendants
in various parts of the country. I lis eldest son, Philip,
located in Switzerland countv, Indiana, where he left a
large family; and the venerable and respected widow of his
son and namesake, Isaac, is still living on the old home-
stead in Virginia. Her maiden name was Eleanor Briscoe
I lite, so that both herself and husband were direct descend-
ants of the celebrated Jost I lite, who founded the first col-

RICHARD RUE. 985

ony that settled the Shenandoah Valley. Notwithstanding
her eighty-two years, her bright mind is still strong and
vigorous, and the author who is greatly indebted to her for
kindly assistance in his researches as to the Bowman family
has found her to be a most capable and interesting corre-
spondent, possessing a rare fund of valuable information
as to early Virginia history. A like tribute is due Mrs.
Mary D. Bowman, of Harrodsburg, Kentucky, widow of
Professor John B. Bowman, who turned overall her hus-
band's historic family papers for the use of the author.

RICHARD RUE

Is not on the roll of persons receiving land in Clark's Grant,
for services in the Illinois regiment, but it is known he served

yn under the general,

y J yy/ P r ° b a b 1 y after

^cJL***/ C/l^OL^ Clark's return to the
falls, from the following certificate of Levi Todd, one of
Clark's officers:

"Fayette County, July 29, 17 84.
"I do certify that Robert Patterson served as a sergeant.
That James January, James McNut, George Gray, Elisha
Bathe)T, Richard Rue, John Severns, Arthur Lindsay and
Samuel McMullan, served as soldiers under me (and were
afterwards added to Captain Helm's company) in an expe-
dition commanded by Colonel George Rogers Clark against
the Illinois in the year 1778, and continued in that service
until the reduction of the different posts in that country.
"Given under my hand, Levi Todd."

986

RICHARD RUE.

™]

All of the above received land in Clark's Grant except
Richard Rue. It is possible he was entitled to land and
did not claim it, but it is more likely he was not in service
the requisite time to be entitled to land in that grant; but
that he served under Clark, in some of his campaigns, is
certain, as there is not only the evidence of the above cer-
tificate, but his name is on the roll of Clark's soldiers which
will be found in the appendix to this volume. When a
young man he and several others, including George IIol-
man, who subsequently became his brother-in-law, were
captured by the Indians on the Kentucky side, and carried
across the river to the Indian towns on the Wabash,
Maumee and Auglaise, where the)- were at first treated

with great
severity and
made to r u n
the gauntlet
several times.
This was a
species of sav-
age amuse-
ment where the
prisoner was
forced to run
between two

lines of Indians, each being privileged to strike him one blow
if he could as he ran through. Thev did not, however,
strike with deadly weapons, but generally with switches or
clubs, and the)7 always had suitable arrangements to prevent
the escape of the prisoner. One of the party, Ilinton by

\/k //netri

RICHARD RUE RUNNING THE GAUNTLET

RICHARD RUE. 987

name, who had a wife and children, attempted to escape,
from love of them as he said, but unfortunately the Indians
recaptured him and burned him to death at the stake, liter-
all)' roasting him alive, which awful event the other prison-
ers were compelled to witness, being told "that is the way
Indians serve run-away prisoners." Both Rue and IIol-
man were at one time on the point of being burned at the
stake and barely escaped that dreadful fate by some of the
Indians relenting and interfering in their behalf. They
were carried from village to village and finally to Detroit,
where Rue and several of the partyT escaped, and had the
good fortune to reach the falls of the Ohio twenty days
thereafter, having been in captivity several years. Sup-
posing Rue to be dead, administration had been begun
on his estate, which consisted mainly of a lot in Louisville.
Holman again came near losing his life because of the ex-
asperation at the escape of Rue and the other prisoners,
and he saw them burn to death Richard Hoagland, another
white prisoner. But he managed at last to get himself
ransomed and returned to his home after three and a half
years of terrible captivity-. * He soon joined Rue and the
two removed to Indiana territory in iSoc;, and settled on
the same section of land in what is now Wayne county,
about two miles south of Richmond, where they remained
the rest of their lives and were among the most prominent
and respected citizens of that locality. Rue represented
that county in the territorial legislature and died about 1S44.
leaving many- descendants.

*A full and very interesting account of the captivity of Rue and Holman has
been published by Sandford C. Cox, one of Rue's descendants.

988

RICHARD RUE.

George Holman, Rue's companion in captivity, lived to

the remarkable age of one hundred,

not dying until 1859. He also left

numerous descendants some of whom

became prominently identified with

the history of the state, particularly

Joseph Holman, a son of George,

and William J. Ilolman, a grandson,

Joseph was a member of the conven-
tion of 1816, which framed the first
constitution of Indiana, and he was the
last of that distinguished bodv to die.
The author when young frequentlv met
him and derived much interesting his-
torical information from him. Another
son, Washington, was a member of the
Indiana legislature from Miami countv.

GEORGE HOLMAN.

JOSEPH HOLMAN.

CHAPTER XXVI.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

Ji#f0NATIIAX CLARK, the oldest brother of the chil-
JUA- dren of John Clark and Ann Rogers, was born in
Albemarle county, Virginia, August i, 17^0 (old style),
lie received a fair English education,
a . , and, in time, became a lawyer, and a
aSL/~aAA-J successful man of business. He was
the prudent, practical business man
of the elder portion of the numerous
children of John Clark, as his brother
William was of the younger.

When quite young he spent some time in the office of the
clerk of Spottsylvania county, Virginia, as deputy clerk, in
which capacity he added much to his stock of information
about practical affairs.

In 1772 he removed to Woodstock, in the countv then
called Dunmore, but which was afterwards changed to
Shenandoah, and was very soon taken into public favor by
being selected, with the celebrated Peter Muhlenberg, to
serve as delegate from the county in an important conven-
tion held at Richmond in the interests of the colonies.

About this time trouble began between the patriotic citi-
zens of Virginia, and the royal governor, Lord Dunmore,

(990

992 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

which culminated in the latter seizing the public powder
belonging to the colony without authority. This led to an
uprising of the sturdy colonists to regain possession of the
powder, by force if necessary, and young Clark marched
towards Williamsburgh, the then capital, as lieutenant of
an independent company of riflemen for that purpose.

Clark's company returned home, however, without blood-
shed, and he and Muhlenberg were again sent as dele-
gates to the convention which met at Richmond in Decem-
ber, 1775.

In the spring of 1776, Clark was promoted to the cap-
taincy of a company (commissioned March 4), which
advanced from Woodstock to Portsmouth, and was engaged
in several skirmishes with the adherents of the royal gov-
ernor, Dunmore, who, in the meantime, had tied the capital
and taken refuge on an English ship.

Early in the following summer, Clark marched with
Muhlenberg's regiment and other troops to Charleston,
South Carolina, at which place they arrived on the 24th of
June, and were at once involved in the important military
movements then going on at that place and vicinity. He
continued there until in August when he was ordered fur-
ther south, and at Savannah was seized with dangerous
illness which so prostrated him that, for a long time, he
was unable to perform military service, and returned home
on furlough in the autumn of that year. When about re-
covered from this long protracted sickness in the spring of
1777, he had the misfortune to be taken down with the
small-pox, which again disabled him for a considerable
period.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. 993

As soon as his health permitted, he returned to the army
under Washington, then at Bound Brook encampment,
and with the Eighth Virginia Regiment, in the brigade of
General Charles Scott, participated in the battles of Brandy-
wine and Germantown, and aided in breaking the British
right wing in the latter battle.

He was also in the battle of Monmouth in 1778, and in
1779 served with great distinction in the surprise of the
enemy at Paulus Hook, on which important occasion he
was second in command, having been previously promoted
to be a major by congress.

One hundred and fifty-nine of the enemy were captured
in this affair, with a loss to the Americans of only two killed
and three wounded. So important was the result that Gen-
eral Washington hastened to communicate it to congress in
a manner highly complimentary. He said "that a remark-
able degree of prudence, address, enterprise and bravery
was displayed on the occasion, which does the highest
honor to all the officers and men engaged in it, and that
the situation of the fort rendered the attempt critical and
the success brilliant." Congress returned thanks and or-
dered a gold medal to be made in honor of the event, and
fifteen thousand dollars to be distributed among the rank
and file who participated in the enterprise.

Major Clark was highly complimented in letters from
Lord Sterling and other officers, and in November follow-
ing congress promoted him to be a lieutenant-colonel, to
date from the previous May.

In the following- winter Clark and the Virginia regiment
to which he belonged, together with other troops, marched

994 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

through terrible hardships to the south, reaching Charleston
in the last of March, 1780, where they encountered still fur-
ther trials and sufferings, until finally, on the 12th of May,
the American army, then under command of General Lin-
coln, was compelled to surrender to the enemy. Colonel
Clark was held a prisoner in Charleston until the spring
of 1 78 1, when he was paroled and returned to Virginia, but
he was not formally exchanged until after the surrender of
Cornwallis.

Abraham Bowman was the colonel of the eighth Vir-
ginia regiment of which Clark was the lieutenant-colonel,
and he was also the first cousin of an attractive young lady
residing in Frederick county, Virginia, named Sarah Hite.
She was the daughter of Isaac Hite, Sr., and granddaughter
of Jost Hite, and her brother Isaac Hite, Jr., was likewise a
major in the Revolutionary army.

The friendship existing between the two comrades-in-
arms led to an acquaintance between Colonel Clark and
Miss Hite, which resulted in their marriage February 13,
1782. He settled for a time in Spottsylvania county, and
was commissioned a major-general of the Virginia militia
in 1793.

But his thoughts now turned to the great west, and in
1802 he joined his distinguished brother, George Rogers
Clark at the falls of the Ohio, settling finally at Trough
Spring, near Louisville. Here he devoted himself to busi-
ness with great success, accumulating a large fortune in
real estate as well as personal property. The inventory of
the latter, returned by Abraham I lite, his wife's cousin.
and John II. Clark, his son, his administrators, covers

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. 995

eleven pages of book of inventories No. 2, Jefferson coun-
ty, Kentucky. A glance over the long list shows that fifty-
six of his slaves were mentioned by name. The following
notice of General Jonathan Clark's death appeared in the
Western Sun , published at Vincennes, December 14, 181 1 :
"Another Revolutionary hero is gone — Died at his seat near
Louisville, Kentucky, on Monday, the 25th ult. (Novem-
ber, 1S11), General Jonathan Clark — He supped with his
family on the 24th, retired at his accustomed hour to- rest,
and in the morning wras found numbered with the dead."

The marriage of Jonathan Clark and Sarah Hite was a
happy one in every respect. She was the younger by some
eight }rears and survived him about that time. They are
resting side by side in Cave Hill Cemetery, and the fr.mil)'
monument and the inscriptions thereon have already been
described in a pievious chapter. A list of their descendants
was kindly furnished by one of them, Miss Ann J. Bodley,
of Louisville, Kentucky, will be found near the close of
the appendix.

The following is an extract from an interesting notice of
the death of General Jonathan Clark, which appeared in a
leading newspaper of that time:

REPOSITORY OF DEATH.

Died,

At his seat, on Monday, the 25th ult. (November, 181 1),
General Jonathan Clark, aged sixty-one — one of the heroes
who participated in the dangers of his country in those
days when she struggled for her birthright amongst the

996 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

nations of the earth. He supped with his family on the
evening of the 24th, retired at his accustomed hour to rest,
and in the morning was found numbered with the dead.
His death may be considered as truly enviable, for it was
free from every species of pain or those agonizing feelings
that so often attend the last hours of our existence. (Here
follows a brief narrative of the leading events in his life,
which are omitted, as they have already been given. )

On the religious character of General Clark it will not
be necessary to enlarge. The principles of piety and vir-
tue were early instilled by a strict education; nor do they
appear ever to have lost their influence upon the general
conduct of his life. He was too great a lover of truth not
to make religion the object of his serious inquiry. The
result of his investigation was a full conviction of the di-
vine origin of the Gospel, and the nature of it to be such
as demanded his warmest acceptance. In his person he
was tall and well-proportioned; in his manners easy, uni-
form and engaging, and in his conversation, oftentimes,
sprightly — always agreeable.

Thus has a fond wife been bereft of an affectionate and
loving husband, children of a tender father, and societv of
a valuable member.

December 6, 181 1.

A pleasing form, a generous, gentle heart;
A good companion, honest without art;
Just in his dealings, faithful to his friend,
Belov'd through life, lamented in the end.
Reader attend, and copy if you can
The noblest work of God — an honest man.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. 997

ANN CLARK GWATHMEY,

Whose portrait will be found in the frontispiece to this
chapter, was the eldest sister of General George Rogers
Clark. She was born in Virginia and became the wife of
Owen Gwathmey in about the eighteenth year of her age.
He was for a short time a soldier in the Revolutionary
War, but removed west soon after and settled at, or near,
Louisville, where he became a successful business man.
The}' raised a large family of children, and among their
descendants will be found the names of several persons of
f . - distinction. It is notable

'"Zw/*^ '^<?ZZc that three of their chil-

Vf ■^^m ■■■M^^^fca^__ dren,viz.: John, Samuel
and Ann, married three of the children of Colonel Will-
iam Aylett Booth and his (\~rf * j /fV? -v^
wife, Rebecca Kite, viz.: /< t^ltCO/ /Jewtfh,
Ann, Mary and William. The mother was a sister
/fasr^f^, -^JL °f General Jonathan Clark's

/yTjyo 'pts^a: wife.

Samuel Gwathmey, the husband of Mary Booth, was
one of the trustees who laid off the town of Jeffersonville
-\ in 1802, and was long a resident of that
j place, and intimately connected with early
Indiana history. He was appointed clerk
of Clark county, Indiana territory, in
1 80 1 and treasurer in 1802. lie was a
member of the first legislative council of
Indiana territory, and further mention

SAMUEL GWATHMEY. .... , r i • • ,1 .•

will be made of him in that connection.

99§ BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

He held a number of offices, and on one occasion, at least,
held two at the same time, which caused a curious question
to arise, as to whether he could properly be the custodian
of his own bond. He referred the matter to General John
Gibson, the secretary of the territory, in an interesting let-
ter, now before the author, and its tone clearly shows the
nice sense of honor and propriety of the man.

He was an Episcopalian in religion, a man of high char-
acter, fine business qualifications, and was long the presi-
dent of a bank in Louisville. He was the first register of
the land office at Jeffersonville, and held it until he was
removed by General Jackson for political reasons. He
was the owner of slaves in Indiana during the territorial
period. He had five children, Marie, William. Balor
H., Rebecca and Mary Eliza. Rebecca became the wife of
Henry Tyler and mother of Henry S. Tyler, at present
mayor of Louisville (1895). Samuel Gwathmev died in
1850, in the seventy-second year of his age.

John Gwathmev, the other son, was also a man of fine

business quali-
// /? Ky^ ,<? ^ /? fications a n d

,/"^ ' cx-^^z~^t^7 tnc autnor nas

~- J *^ sion many of

his letters, some of them of historic interest in relation to
early events about the falls, and especially about Jefferson-
ville and other parts of Clark's Grant.

JOHN CLARK.

The son of John Clark and Ann Rogers, was born in
Albemarle county, Virginia, September 15, 1757. and

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. 999

when his eldest brother vacated his position of deputy clerk
of Dun more county, in 1776, John was given the place.
He was then quite young, but had already been assisting his
brother in the office for some time and was familiar with
the duties.

He left the position, however, in August, 1777, when
he was appointed a lieutenant in the Fourth Virginia Regi-
ment. The next month after Lieutenant Clark entered the
service he participated in the battle of Brandywine, and in
the next month after that was in the battle of Germantown,
so that it was warm work for him from the beginning. In the
latter battle the division of the army to which he belonged
broke the British right wing and captured a considerable
number of prisoners, but subsequently was forced to re-
treat; and, being surrounded, a portion was in turn cap-
tured, including Lieutenant Clark, Colonel George Math-
ews and other Virginians. This Colonel Mathews is the
same person mentioned in the fac-simile letter of Mr. Jef-
ferson given in Chapter XIV. The capture proved a sad
affair, indeed, to Lieutenant Clark, as he was kept a pris-
oner a long time and subjected to such neglect and harsh
treatment that it brought on a disease which occasioned his
death. He was held as a prisoner at first in Philadelphia,
then in possession of the British, and for a time was kept
in what was called the "New Jail." In the summer of
1778 he was removed to Long Island and kept there, or in
the neighborhood, several years, and finally was confined
in one of those loathsome prison-ships, which, to the dis-
grace of the British authorities, caused the death of an im-
mense number of American prisoners by barbarous treat-

IOOO BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

ment, as shown in Chapter XIV. Poor Clark was one of
the victims, and, although he did not die in the prison, yet
when he was at last exchanged in 1782, he returned to his
father's home in Caroline county, Virginia, a physical
wreck from consumption, brought on by the treatment he
had received while a prisoner. In the hope of averting the
terrible disease he went to the West Indies, but it was in
vain, as he was too far gone for anything to save him. He
came back without material improvement, and his relatives
and friends, with great grief, saw him gradually waste
away, until he died at his father's house in 1784, in the
twenty-seventh year of his age. The death, under such
circumstances, of this bright and promising young man, not
only occasioned much sorrow in the community, but greatly
added to the indignation felt at the time towards the British
for their cruel treatment of American prisoners.

RICHARD CLARK

Joined his brother George Rogers Clark at Kaskaskia in
March, 1779. He was then in his nineteenth year, having
been born in Caroline county, Virginia, in 1 760. He served
for a short time as a volunteer in Captain Robert Todd's
company and was commissioned a lieutenant in June, 1 779.
He was one of the part)' that marched to the relief of Ca-
hokia, in 1780, and also was in the campaign against the
Indians about Peoria. He was stationed for some time at
Fort Jefferson, but went to the falls of the Ohio in the
summer of 1781 , and the next year was with his brother
in the campaign against the Indians. Lieutenant Richard
Clark was allotted two thousand one hundred and fifty-six

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. IOOI

acres of land in Clark's Grant, Indiana, for his services in the
Illinois campaign, being Nos. 15, 18, 191, 274 and part 160.
He lost his life in March, 1784, probably on Indiana soil.
He started to make a journey on horse-back from the falls
of the Ohio to Vincennes or possibly Kaskaskia. The
strange part of the story is that he undertook this long and
dangerous journey alone. There is but little wonder that
he lost his life in the effort. The particulars are not
known, but the probabilities are that he was drowned in
trying to cross some stream. His horse, saddle-bags and
some other things were found on the bank of the White
river which is pretty clear evidence that he was not killed
by the Indians as they would have taken the horse.
The family long entertained the hope that he might not be
dead, and the mystery and uncertainty added greatly to
their distress. There is another tradition which names the
Little Wabash as the river where his horse was found, but
this is not probable as it is not likely he was aiming to go
further than Vincennes.

CAPTAIN EDMUND CLARK,

Who is buried by the side of his distinguished brothers,
General George Rogers Clark and General Jonathan Clark,

in the Cave 1 1 ill
Cemetery at
Louisville, was
born in Virginia,
September 25, 1762. At the time that state was exerting
every energy to raise troops for the relief of Charleston,
Edmund Clark, then under eighteen years of age and at

1002 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

school, was appointed a lieutenant in the Eighth Virginia
Regiment of the continental army. This was the celebrated
German regiment raised by Colonel Muhlenberg, and after
his promotion to be a general it was commanded by Colonel
Abraham Bowman, a brother of Joseph and Isaac Bowman,
who were prominent officers in George Rogers Clark's
Illinois campaign. The Eighth Virginia was distinguished
in the war, but the extent of young Edmund Clark's partici-
pation is not clearly known. It is said that he was held a
prisoner by the British for a time, and that he was not ex-
changed until the close of 1782. When the war was over
he returned to Caroline, his native county in Virginia, and
engaged in business for several years. lie was tendered a
commission as captain in January, 1799, by President
Adams, at the time some trouble was expected with France
and served for some time, but it was found not to be as
serious as was anticipated, and the troops were disbanded.
He emigrated to Jefferson county, Kentuckv, soon after
this, where he remained with his many relatives already
there, until his death, on the 1 ith of March, 1S15. Like his
brother George, he never married.

The inventory of the personal propertv of Captain Ed-
mund Clark was filed May 8, 181^, in Jefferson county,
Kentucky, by D. Fitzhugh, administrator of his estate.
and was appraised at a total of $2,641.25. Book 2, pp.
136, 137-

LUCY CLARK CROGHAX.

Lucy Clark, whose portrait will be found in the frontis-
piece to this chapter, was the second daughter of John and
Ann Rogers Clark, and was born in Caroline county, \ ir-

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. IOO3

ginia, September 15, 1767. She was the wife of William
Croghan, who came to America from Ireland when quite
young. lie was the nephew of the celebrated George
Croghan, who was long in the employ of the British as In-
dian agent under Sir William Johnson. Unlike his uncle,
William Croghan took sides with the Americans and joined,
with a company, the army of Washington, in the region
of Pittsburgh. lie was assigned to Colonel Weedon's
Virginia regiment, shortly after the battle of Long Island,
and continued in active service for 3rears.

He was promoted to be a major in 1778, and was as-
signed to Colonel John Neville's Fourth Virginia Regiment
and participated in the battle of Monmouth. lie marched
with the Virginia troops to Charleston, South Carolina,
where the wmole American army at that place was com-
pelled to surrender to the enemy. In 1781 he was paroled
and returned to Virginia, in company with his friend, Col-
onel Jonathan Clark, and for a time was the guest of
Colonel Clark's father at the family residence, in Caroline
county. The transition from the exposures and hardships
of army and prison life to the comforts and enjoyments of
this hospitable Virginia home was doubtless most enjoyable,
and all the more so, as he was brought into agreeable
female society from which he had been long deprived. One
of these young ladies was Miss Lucy Clark, the young
and attractive daughter of the host, and it is not at all sur-
prising that an attachment sprung up between them, which
ended in their marriage a few years later. John Clark, her
64

1004 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

father, removed with his family to the falls of the Ohio in
1 784, and as Miss Lucy was there, Major Croghan came also
in due season, and they were married soon after, and finallv
settled at Locust Grove, a few miles above Louisville,
where they continued to reside the rest of their lives. lie
died in September, 1822, in the seventieth year of his
age, and she in April, 183S, in her seventy-first year. *
General George Rog-ers Clark died at their house where he
had lived many years. Major Croghan witnessed the sur-
render of Cornwallis at Yorktown, but took no part, as he
was under parole. lie was a delegate from Jefferson county
to the Kentucky conventions in 17S9 and 1790, and he was
one of the commissioners to divide the land in Clark's
Grant.

The children of Lucy Clark and William Croghan, her
husband, were six sons and two daughters, named as fol-
lows: John, George, Charles, Nicholas, William, Ed-
mund, Ann and Eliza.

Charles and Nicholas were twins.

Eliza married George Hancock, and Ann married Gen-
eral Thomas Jessup, adjutant-general U. S. A.

John was a prominent physician and long resided at the
old family homestead where he was noted for hospitality
and his care of historical family papers.

-"January 12, 1S30. Lucy Croghan. sister of George Rogers Clark, made a
will devising to her daughter Serina E. Croghan and her granddaughter An-
gelick Croghan the "land the south of Tennessee" which had belonged to her
brother George Rogers Clark, also tee-simple of certain property in Louisville,
Kentucky, to her grandchildren, George and John Croghan. Will probated
June 1, 1S40. (Records of Jefferson count v, Kentucky.)

BROTHERS AND SISTER? OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. IOO^

George married Miss Livingston and greatly distin-
guished himself as
a soldier at Tippe-
canoe in i S i r , in
the War of 1812,
and in the Mexican
War. He was a
major at the time
of his successful de-
fense of Fort Steph-
enson at Lower
Sandusky, in the
War of 181 2, and
won great fame for
his gal la ntry on
that occasion. He
was then barely

twenty-one years of age. Congress presented him a medal,

a picture of which is given here.

General William Henry Harrison, in his official report

GEORGE CROGHAN.

IOo6 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

of this affair says: "It will not be among the least of Gen-
eral Proctor's mortifications that he has been baffled by a
youth who has just passed his twenty-first year. He is,
however, a hero worthy of his gallant uncle, General
George R. Clark."

"The brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel was immediately
conferred on Major Croghan by the President of the United
States for his gallant conduct, and the ladies of Chillicothe
presented him an elegant sword, accompanied by a suitable
address." *

A fine monument has been erected on the site of Fort
Stephenson at Fremont, Ohio, in honor of Major Cro-
ghairs gallantry in holding the fort. A picture of it will
be found on the next page.

ELIZABETH CLARK ANDERSON.

Elizabeth, daughter of John Clark and Ann Rogers Clark,
was born in Caroline county, Virginia, February 11, 1768.
She married Richard Clough Anderson, also a native of
Virginia, about the year 1787. He entered the Revolu-
tionary army, the head of a company, at the beginning of
the war, and served in Colonel Parker's regiment, during
the winter campaigns of 1776-7, in New Jersey, being at
Trenton and Princeton. lie participated in the battles of
Brandywine and Germantown in 1777, and the next year
was commissioned a major. lie was also in the battle of
Monmouth. I lis regiment wentsouth in thesummer of 1 779
and he was wounded in the assault made on Savannah
from which he never entirely recovered. Parker, the colonel

*McAfee History or the War of 1812.

MONUMENT TO MAJOR GEORGE CROGHAN,

Fremont, Ohio.

IOo8 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

of the regiment, was killed at the siege of Charleston.
Samuel Hopkins succeeded him as colonel, and Major
Anderson was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel. This is
the same Samuel Hopkins who subsequently conducted two
expeditions against the Indians northwest of the Ohio river.
Colonel Anderson was taken prisoner at Charleston, but
finally succeeded in securing an exchange and served until
the close of the war. He was appointed principal surveyor
of the lands granted by the state of Virginia to the soldiers
of the continental line by the act of December, 17S3. He
opened his headquarters at Louisville, Kentucky, in July,
1784, and was a representative from Jefferson county to
the conventions at Danville in 1784 and 1788.

Colonel Anderson was twice married. His first wife,
Elizabeth Clark, died in 1 79^ , having been the mother
of four children; a son, named after his father, and three
daughters, Ann, Cecelia and Elizabeth.

The second wife was Sarah Marshall, also of the Clark
family,* and they had seven sons and five daughters, viz.:
Fann}T, Larz, Robert, William, Mary, Louisa, John R.,
Hugh, Charles, Lucelia, Matthew, and Sarah. Colonel
Anderson died October 16, 1826, at Soldiers" Retreat. Jeffer-
son county, Kentucky. Richard Clough Anderson, Junior,
the son of the first /?/y s2> S /

marriage, was born in ^/Z^^^^^^xi 0 «-<^* <2<^ t7<^L-
1788, and was a member of congress from Kentucky from
1817 to 182 1. After that he represented the United States
as minister to Colombia, in which country he lost his wife,

*A descendant of the daughter of Jonathan Clark, Senior, who married Tor-
ciuil McLeod.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. IOO9

who was his cousin Elizabeth, daughter of Owen and Ann
Clark Gwathmey, and it is notable that Elizabeth, his sister,
married his wife's brother, Isaac R. Gwathmey. The next
year after his wife's death, which was in 1825, he died
of yellow fever, on his way to Panama, as a representative
of the United States to a congress of American nations.
He is represented as a gentleman of fine abilitv and un-
blemished character. Of the children of the second mar-
riage Colonel Robert Anderson was the renowned hero of
Fort Sumter in the Civil War, whose history is so gener-
ally known that it need not be repeated here, and Larz and
Charles were prominent citizens and politicians in Ohio, the

latter being lieutenant-governor of that state in 1864 and
subsequently governor by reason of the death of Governor
Brough.* In fact they were all people of high standing,
as were also the children of the first marriage.

FRANCES ELEANOR CLARK

Was the youngest sister of General George Rogers Clark,
and all the traditions unite in declaring her to have been
beautiful and accomplished. An interesting romance in
relation to her marriages and life is told as part of these

♦Governor Charles Anderson here referred to subsequently removed to Ken-
tucky and died at his residence there a short time before the publication of this
volume, and a letter written by him to the author in relation to this sketch, his
daughter (Catherine states, was the last he ever wrote.

IOIO BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

traditions, but will not be related here as it does not fall
within the line of this work. She was born in Caroline
county, Virginia, January 20, 1773, was married three
times, and had two children by each marriage. Her first
husband was Doctor James O"1 Fallon, a finely educated
Irishman, who came to America shortly before the Revo-
lutionary War and soon became an active participant on
the side of the colonies. He was an officer during the war,
at one time in command of a company, but was employed
most of the time as one of the directors of the hospital de-
partment.

The two children of Frances Eleanor Clark and Doctor
O1 Fallon were sons named John and Benjamin. Before
John was twenty years old he was in military service under
General William Henry Harrison and was wounded in the
Tippecanoe battle. lie also served with distinction in the
war of 1 81 2.

The second husband of Frances Eleanor Clark was
Charles Mynn Thruston, of the distinguished family of that
name mentioned in a previous chapter. From this marriage
resulted two children, Charles William, and Ann Clark,
and from these have sprung a long line of descendants, many
of them of prominence. Upon the death of Charles Mynn
Thruston the widow married her cousin Dennis Fitzhugh,
of the well known Virginia family of that name, and from
this marriage there was a soil and daughter named Clark
and Lucy. Surviving all her husbands, this youngest sister
of George Rogers Clark died in St. Louis, in June, 1825,
at the house of her son, Colonel John CT Fallon.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. IOI I

A remarkable number of persons, bearing the names of
prominent families, can be mentioned among the descend-
ants of this estimable lady, such as the O'Fallons, Thrustons,
Fitzhughs, Churchills, Ballards, Farrars, Popes, Kennetts,
Polks, Hargraves, Burns, Potters, Belchers, Ilousers,
Keeses and Peppers, as will be seen by reference to the
genealogical list in the appendix.

GOVERNOR WILLIAM CLARK.

William Clark, the youngest brother of George Rogers
Clark, was born in Caroline county, Virginia, August i,
1770. He came west with his father and mother in 1784,
and joined his brother and other relatives at the falls of the
Ohio. His home was in this vicinity until his departure
on the celebrated exploring expedition, led by him and
Meriwether Lewis, across the countrv to the Pacific ocean
in 1804-^, under the auspices of President Jefferson. The
distinguished military history of his family naturally drew
his attention to military matters from his earl)- boyhood,
and when he was only nineteen years old he marched
against the Indians northwest of the Ohio river in an ex-
pedition led by Colonel John Hardin. In 1790 he was
sent on a mission to the Creek and Cherokee Indians,
and in 1791 he served as an ensign and acting lieutenant
with the expeditions under Generals Scott and Wilkinson
against the Indians on the Wabash. General Washington
commissioned him a first lieutenant in the fourth sub. legion
under General Wayne in March, 1793.

He entered active service at once, aiding in constructing
forts on the line proposed to be followed into the Indian

1012 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

country, and in the latter part of the year he was dis-
patched on an expedition up the Wabash to Vincennes,
which lasted several months, his boat being blocked by ice
at one time for a period of twenty days.

He returned to Fort Washington, where Cincinnati is
now situated, in the spring of 1794, having had several
skirmishes with the Indians. He was next assigned the
duty of escorting a large quantity of clothing and pro-
visions to Fort Greenville. It required seven hundred
pack-horses to cany the goods, and Lieutenant Clark had
eighty men under his command on the journey. While
on the way the advance guard of the party was attacked
by Indians and five of the whites killed. Lieutenant Clark,
who was with the main body of the troops, advanced rap-
idly upon the Indians, when the)7 retreated with som? loss.
lie was thanked for his good conduct by General Wayne.

He distinguished himself at the successful action of Au-
gust 20, 1794, when in command of a company of rifle-
men he drove a portion of the enemy on the left several
miles, killing a number of Indians and Canadians. In

1 79^ he was dispatched
on a military mission to
N e w M a d rid. on the
Mississippi river. lie resigned his commission in 170(1. and
for a time retired from the army, because of bad health.

For the next seven or eight years he was most of the
time about the falls of the Ohio, either with his parents
and relatives on the Kentucky side, or with his brother,
General George Rogers Clark, at Clarksville, on the Indiana
side. It is stated in Dr. Cone's valuable edition of the his-

GOVERNOR WILLIAM CLARK,

Op Lewis <fc Clark's Expedition to the Pacific,

Youngest brother of Gen. George Rogers Clark.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. IOI5

tory of Lewis and Clark's expedition that a commission was
issued to him, January 8, 1790, by Arthur St. Clair, "gov-
ernor of the territory of the United States northwest of the
river Ohio," as "a captain of militia in the town and vicin-
ity of Clarksville." If this was the William Clark now
being considered, he was evidently residing in Indiana at
that time, and this commission is in possession of his de-
scendants.

But there were three William Clarks connected with In-
diana history in the pioneer period, and this has been the
cause of confusion and historical mistakes. William Clark,
the subject of the present sketch, long survived the oth-
ers, and from that cause, as well as the prominence he
subsequently attained, matters pertaining to the other two
have, more or less, been attributed to him. In other words,
he has to some extent absorbed the others, and some have
spoken of him as the surveyor-in-chief of Clark's Grant,
and some as being the William Clark who was made judge
of Indiana territory in 1801.

Even so high an authority as "Appleton's Encyclopedia
of American Biography," a work of great value and gen-
eral accuracy, states, on page 631 of volume 1, under the
head of "■William Clark, Jurist," that "President Adams
appointed him in 1800 chief-justice of the territory of Indi-
ana, and he was afterward commissioned as the second
governor of the territory of Missouri." Governor William
Clark, of Missouri, died and was buried at St. Louis, Sep-
tember 1, 1838, and William Clark, the judge of Indiana
territory, never was governor of Missouri territory , and
died and was buried at Vincennes, November 12, 1802, as

IOIO BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

will be seen from the fac-simile of the entry of his death
in the records of St. Xavier's Church, which is reproduced
on next page.

A further sketch of Judge William Clark will be given
in a subsequent volume.

William Clark, the surveyor-in-chief of Clark's Grant,
and one of the trustees of Clarksville. who spent much of his
time at that place, a sketch of whom has already been given,
was not the William Clark who was governor of Missouri
territory, but his cousin.

William Clark, the subject of this sketch, joined Captain
Meriwether Lewis in conducting an expedition through
the unexplored wilderness to the Pacific ocean in 1803, as
already stated.*

Captain Lewis had been the private secretarv of Presi-
dent Jefferson, and the expedition was undertaken at his
request. The winter of 1803 was spent at the mouth of
the Missouri river, and the party set out on the journey,
from that point, earl}- in the spring of 1JS04, numbering
forty-three men. The long journey through to the Pacific
and return was of great importance to the country, and
thrillingly interesting. It is too well known, however, to
be dwelt upon here. Some time after his return in Sep-

*The perfect confidence President Jefferson had in the heads of this expedi-
tion is shown in a remarkable letter of credit which he issued, a fac-simile of
which is at I his writing before the author, and not reproduced here because of lack
of space. In it he savs: "I hereby authorize you to draw on the secretaries of
state, of the treasury, of war, and of the navv of the United States, according
as von may find your draughts will be most negotiable, for the purpose of ob-
taining money or necessaries for yourself or your men; and I solemnly pledge
the faith of the United States that these draughts shall be paid punctually at the
date they arc made payable." It will be observed that there was a striking evi-
dence of trust in those given charge of the undertaking.

S » H- ! 'v f f

0
5:

IOl8 BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

tember, 1806, he visited Washington and, no doubt, the
place of his former residence in Virginia at the same time.
At or near Fincastle, in that state, on the ^th of January,
1808, he married Miss Julia Hancock, who died June 27,
1820; and on the 28th of November, 182 1, he married Mrs.
Harriet Kennerly Radford, who died December 2^, 1831.

Some time after his return from the Pacific, Captain
Clark was appointed to the then important position of In-
dian agent at St. Louis, a place for which he possessed
superior qualifications by reason of his acquaintance with
the western Indian tribes, and intimate knowledge of the
Indian character. He was later also made a brigadier-gen-
eral of that territory, and in 181 3 was made its governor.

In the War of 181 2 he was offered a commission as
brigadier-general in the regular army, but did not ac-
cept it, believing that he could be of more advantage in
his position of governor and Indian agent in influencing the
Indian tribes to neutrality, and there is no doubt but his
services in this direction were highly beneficial.

He was appointed superintendent of Indian affairs by
President Monroe in 1822, and secured many important
treaties with western Indian tribes.

S. ( Translation oj facsimile ■which appears on preceding page.)

William Clark.

In the year 1S02, on the 12th of November, the body of William Clark, one
of the judges of the supreme court of the territory of Indiana, was interred in
the cemetery of this church. He died the day before, and although having re-
ligious convictions, the last progress of his sickness was so rapid that time was
not left him to receive the Christian sacraments. An enlightened judge, firm,
and incorruptible, he has taken with him the just regrets of all good people.
Vincennes, 12th November, 1S02. T. Sr. Rivets,

Mission.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

IOI9

Governor William Clark died in St. Louis, September 1 ,
1838, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, universally esteemed
by all who knew him. The highest
respect was paid to his memory. He

•%.-

was buried with distinguished honors

at a beautiful place he had himself se-
lected near St. Louis, being the family
cemetery on the plantation of his kins-
'^^^a^ fefel man, General John O' Fallon.

"" { The only child now living (1895),

L5^k— — =^— =1 of any of the brothers or sisters of

TEFFERSOX K. CLARK. r^ , ~ , n ^, , . ^

General George Rogers Clark, is Gov-
ernor Clark's son Jefferson K. Clark, of St. Louis, whose
portrait is here given and who has freely contributed to the
material used in this work.

6.S

APPENDIX

TO VOL. II.

CLARK'S STATUE,
In Monument Place, Indianapolis

ORIGIN OF GENERAL CLARK'S STATUE AT
INDIANAPOLIS.

(Indianapolis Journal, Sunday, March 3, 1S95.)

FOUR WAR STATUES— IDEA FIRST BROACHED BY WILLIAM
H. ENGLISH— HE NAMED ALL BUT THE ONE TO REP-
RESENT THE MEXICAN WAR PERIOD IN
AN ADDRESS IN 1S92.

As the statue of George Rogers Clark recently erected in Monu-
ment Place is attracting a good deal of attention, and is generally
spoken of with commendation, it may be of interest to give some ac-
count of its origin. The first formal movement in favor of the con-
struction of the statue of Clark and other representative men of the
principal war periods on Monument Place was made by Hon. William
H. English in an address before the- Indiana Society of the Sons of
the American Revolution, February 25, 1892, being the anniversary
of Clark's capture of Vincennes from the British in 1779. This was
evidently a carefully prepared address, full of historical reminiscence,
and an earnest appeal for the construction of these statues. Mr.
English began the address with some general remarks upon the sol-
diers' monument, which are worth reproducing. He said:

"The object of the Society of the Sons of the American Revolu-
tion is not alone to cherish the memories of honored ancestors who
periled their lives for the independence and union of these states, but
it extends, alike, to all who have fought in its defense or for its pres-
ervation. Its purpose is to foster a love of our country, and respect
and admiration for the men, of all wars, who have stood in its defense
in times of danger. It was in this broad, patriotic spirit, no doubt,
that Indiana was inspired to cause to be erected, in the center of her

(1023)

1024 ORIGIN OF GEN. CLARK'S STATUE AT INDIANAPOLIS.

capital city, a great monument that should stand for ages as a testi-
monial in honor of the soldiers and sailors connected with her his-
tory.

"It was an undertaking worthy of any people, and especially no-
ticeable and commendable in a young community, organized as a ter-
ritory only ninety-two years ago, and existing as a state but a few
months over seventy-five years. It was the dawning of a new era
with a people but recently emerged from the hardships and privations
of pioneer life. It was a bold, forward movement into the light of
the grand and beautiful, of the most cultured and advanced civiliza-
tion of the world. It was all the more encouraging because it was an
indication of an awakening of state pride, where, before, it is to be
feared, there was a sad deficiency. If this monument is completed,
in the style it should be, with grounds, streets and approaches im-
proved to harmonize with it, as they should be, we shall have here a
great Indiana work of art, as an exponent of her military history,
which may truly be regarded as a thing of beautv and a jov forever.
It will go down the ages, growing in favor as the irresistible years
sweep by and all who are now living have returned to dust. It will
not only tend to inspire the present and future generations of Indiani-
ans with patriotism and state pride, but it will in time be visited and
admired by a multitude of strangers, thus causing the state to be more
favorably and generally known in other countries.

"But the monument is not yet completed. In fact, a great deal
remains to be done to make it what it should be. The stone shaft
alone is nearing completion. It is grand and beautiful, and, I pre-
sume, faultless in construction. But, grand and beautiful as it is, it
would not alone make a distinctive Indiana monument such as it
should be. It would answer just as well for a Maine or a California
monument if set down in either of those states. For that matter it
would do just as well for a foreign country, if placed there. The
important thing, then, to consider is the work which yet remains to
be done. We must look to the bronze groups, the statu arv and other
ornamentations, yet to be added, for any local identity or special ill vis-

ORIGIN OF GEN. CLARK'S STATUE AT INDIANAPOLIS. IO25

tration of Indiana military history. It is here we shall find deficiencies
or the crowning glory of this great work. And, oh, what a sad mis-
fortune it would be to have mistakes made at this vital point!

"Let us examine what the commissioners are proposing to do in
this regard, and what they outline the monument is to be when com-
pleted."

Mr. English then proceeded to describe the ornamentation of the
monument and grounds as then determined upon, and what would be
the effect if there were no changes and additions to the plans as they
then stood. He continued:

"The commissioners are to be commended for saying, as they have,
in one place, that they want this to be an American monument. It
should be more. It should be an Indiana monument, commemorating
the great military events connected with her history. If it does not
do this, a fearful mistake will have been made. It will not do it if
nothing else is done but to finish it as it is now planned. Nothing of
that kind will be specially commemorated but the Mexican and Civil
Wars. I submit to you that it would be unjust and a grave mistake
to send Indiana down to posterity, so far as her great military monu-
ment can do it, as having no military history worth remembering,
except as connected with the Mexican and Civil Wars. Indiana is not
barren of great military events before that period, and of at least two
her people are justly proud. It is not at all likely they expected these
events would be ignored in the construction of this monument — that
it would commemorate no event prior to 1S46. They did not expect
it would cover a few years only, or from the state organization only,
but from the beginning of Indiana history, just as any historian would
have to do to give a satisfactory account. They remember that in
the darkest period of the War of the Revolution one of the most im-
portant and far-reaching events of that war took place within the
present boundaries of Indiana.

"It was then a part of the British dominions, but by the brave and
adroit management of George Rogers Clark and his little army, it was
taken from them by the capture of Fort Sackville, at Vincennes. The

1026 ORIGIN OF GEX. CLARK'S STATUE AT INDIANAPOLIS.

formal surrender took place February 25, 1779 — one hundred and
thirteen years ago this day. The British flag was taken down the
night of the 24th, and at 10 o'clock the next morning the American
flag was run up. Never, from that glorious hour, thank God! has
that flag been lowered to an enemy on Indiana soil.

"Can it be possible that such an event as this is to be entirelv ig-
nored in the construction of a monument intended to honor and per-
petuate Indiana military history ? Why, the verv ground on which
this monument stands was acquired by reason 01 tnat great event The
land given Clark and his brave soldiers as some recompense for their
great services is Indiana land, situated in Clark, Floyd and Scott
counties, and Clark himself was long a citizen of Indiana, residing in
Clarksville, Clark countv, as I have positive evidence to show. He
built a house and erected mills there, and was an active participant
in county affairs. I have the original poll-book of an election held
in that county in the first decade of Indiana territory, when the vot-
ing was done by word of mouth. The election referred to was one
which had an important bearing in shaping Indiana affairs, and the
poll-book, of course, shows how Clark voted. I shall not prodnce it
now or explain further here, but hope to give to the public before the
close of the present year, not onlv that, but much other original mat-
ter relating to Clark and his great campaign which has never vet been
published.

"My only object now is to point out that Clark, at one time, was a
citizen of Indiana. That his great campaign is one of the most im-
portant and well-known military events in her history, and should not
be entirely ignored in the construction of this monument. That it
was a campaign of vast importance is not my judgment alone. So
far as I know it is the judgment of all who have written upon the sub-
ject. As the wonderful development of the great northwest, which
he enabled this country to acquire, becomes more manifest, it will be
still more appreciated. John B. Dillon, the father of Indiana history,
says of Clark's campaign that 'with respect to the magnitude of its
design, the valor and perseverance with which it was carried on. and

ORIGIN OF GEN. CLARK7 S STATUE AT INDIANAPOLIS. IO27

the momentous results which were produced by it, the exjDedition
stands without a parallel in the early annals of the Mississippi.'*

"But I pass on to another great historical epoch intimately con-
nected with Indiana's history, viz., the wars of 1S11 and 1812 with
the Indians and the British. William Henry Harrison, the then gov-
ernor of Indiana, was the hero in both. * * * *

''Do you think there should be no recognition of the capture of
Vincennes and the battle of Tippecanoe ? Is there a fair man or
woman in the state who thinks they ought to be ignored? I should be
sorry to think there is one. I speak for the brave and patriotic dead.
I ask that Clark's capture of Vincennes and Harrison's battle of
Tippecanoe shall be recognized and commemorated in some suitable
way in connection with the erection of this great Indiana monument.
There were striking situations in both that could have been made
thrillingly interesting in the hands of competent sculptors, and would
have made appropriate and expressive adornments ; but in view of
the large groups, of a general character, already ordered, I do not
know that anything in that direction could now be done. Some suit-
able inscriptions, however, or other proper recognition in appropriate
places on the face of the monument, could yet be made at compara-
tively little cost. Of course it should be done.

"There is also another thing can yet be done that I think is of the
greatest possible importance, and to which I now respectfully solicit
your earnest attention. In my opinion it would prove to be a most
expressive, popular and realistic illustration of the four greatest ep-
ochs in the military history of Indiana. These I consider to be the
capture of Vincennes, the battle of Tippecanoe, the Mexican War,
the Civil War. I would commemorate each of these great epochs by
a bronze statue of the principal actor in each. I would place these
statues a suitable distance from the shaft of the monument, low
enough down to be plainly seen — one on each side of the shaft, fac-
ing out, east, west, north and south.

* Other opinions quoted have already been given in Chapter XXIII.

1028 ORIGIN OF GEN. CLARK'S STATUE AT INDIANAPOLIS.

"The cost of these additions would not, probably, be over half the
cost of the groups of peace and war. George Rogers Clark and
William Henry Harrison should be two of these representative men.
I am told there would be trouble in determining who would be the
representative man for the epoch of the Civil War. I don't think so.
Indiana's great military war governor, Oliver P. Morton, should be
the man. No doubt about that at all. Morton's statue is already
made, and a better could not be made. It is of proper size, a good
likeness, and every way creditable. Let it be properly mounted
under the shadow of the shaft of Indiana's great military monument,
and there let it stand for ages in his honor, and as emblematic of the
great war in which he bore so conspicuous a part. And let Clark
and Harrison, and whoever is the representative of the Mexican War,
stand in the same way, as emblematic of the great military events
with which they were connected."

Mr. English's address was formally indorsed by the Society of the
Sons of the American Revolution, and on motion of Merrill Moores
a committee of five was appointed, with Mr. English as chairman, to
follow up the movement.

Subsequent to this action of the society, the Grand Army of the
Republic, at its annual meeting held at Fort Wayne, April 6 anil 7.
1S92, adopted unanimously resolutions approving the suggestion
made in said address that the four most prominent epochs in Indiana
military history be commemorated by a statue of the principal repre-
sentative man of each epoch.

In the spring of 1S93 Air. English became one of the monument
commissioners, which enabled him to carry his ideas into successful
execution. The result was the construction, by J. II. Mahonev, of
the beautiful statue of George Rogers Clark, and he is also to be the
sculptor of a statue of William Henry Harrison. Mr. Mahonev is a
citizen of Indianapolis, and his work thus far indicates that he is
likely to occupy a high position in his profession.

LETTER OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK

IN RELATION TO INDIAN TROUBLES IN THE UPPER OHIO
VALLEY IN 1773-4, INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF CAP-
TAIN CRESAP AND THE INDIAN CHIEF LOGAN.

Department of State, Washington, October 29, 1895.
Honorable William H. English :

Sir — I send herewith copy of a letter from George Rogers Clark to
Dr. Samuel Brown, dated June 17, 1798, found in the Jefferson Paj:>ers,
and for which you asked in your letter of the 22d instant.

I am, sir, your obedient servant, W. W. Rockhile,

Third Assistant Secretary.

[Jefferson Papers, Series 5, Vol. 1.]

June 17, 179S.
Sir — Your letter was handed to me by Mr. Thruston. The matter
therein contained was new to me. I find myself hurt that Mr. Jeffer-
son should have been attacked with so much virulence on a subject
which I know he was not the author of, but except a few mistakes of
names of persons and places, the story is substantially true. I was of
the first and last of the active officers who bore the weight of that
war, and on perusing some old papers of that date I find some memoirs,
but independent of them I have a perfect recollection of every trans-
action relative to Logan's story. The conduct of Cresap I am per-
fectly acquainted with. He was not the author of that murder, but a
family of the name of Greathouse. But some transactions that hap-
pened under the conduct of Captain Cresap a few days previous to
the murder of Logan's family gave him sufficient ground to suppose
that it was Cresap who had done him the injury. But to enable you
fully to understand the subject of your inquiry, I shall relate the inci-
dents that gave rise to Logan's suspicion, and will enable Mr. Jeffer-
son to do justice to himself and the Cresap family by being made fully
acquainted with facts.

(1029)

1030 clark's letter concerning cresap and logan

Kentucky was explored in 1773; a resolution was formed to make
settlements in the spring following, and the mouth of the Little Kana-
wha was appointed the place of general rendezvous in order to descend
the river from thence in a body. Early in the spring the Indians had
done some mischief. Reports from their towns were alarming, which
caused many to decline meeting and only eightv or ninetv men assembled
at the place of rendezvous, where we lay some days; a small party of
hunters which lay about ten miles below us were fired on by the Indians,
whom the hunters beat off and returned to our camp. This and many
other circumstances led us to believe that the Indians were determined to
make war; the whole of our party was exasperated, and resolved not
to be disappointed in their project of forming a settlement in Ken-
tucky, as we had every necessary store that could be thought of. An
Indian town called Horse-Head Bottom on the Siotho and nearest its
mouth lay most in our way. We resolved to cross the countrv and sur-
prise it. Who was to command was the question. There were but
few among us who had experience in Indian warfare, and thev were
such as we did not choose to be commanded by. We knew of Captain
Cresap being on the river about fifteen miles above with some hands
settling a new plantation, and intending to follow us to Kentuckv as
soon as he had fixed his people ; we also knew that he had had experi-
ence in a former war. It was proposed and unanimously agreed on
to send for him to command the party. A messenger was dispatched
and in half an hour returned with Cresap. He had heard of our reso-
lution by some of his hunters who had fallen in with those from our
camp, and had set out to come to us. We now thought our little army
(as we called it) complete, and the destruction of the Indian town
inevitable. A council was called and to our astonishment our intended
general was the person who dissuaded us from the enterprise, alleg-
ing that appearances were suspicious, but that there was no certainty
of a war; that if we made the attempt proposed he hail no doubt of
success, but that a war :it any rate would be the result: that we should
be blamed for it and perhaps justly; but that if we were determined
to execute the plan, he would lav aside all considerations, send for his

CLARK S LETTER CONCERNING CRESAP AND LOGAN. IO3I

people and share our fortunes. He was then asked what measure he
would recommend to us. His answer was that we should return to
Wheeling, a convenient post to obtain intelligence of what was going
forward ; that a few weeks would determine the matter, and as it was
early in the spring, if we should find that the Indians were not hostilely
disposed, we should have full time to prosecute our intended settle-
ments in Kentucky. This measure was adopted and in two hours the
whole party was under way. As we ascended the river we met Kill-
buck, and Indian chief (Delaware), with a small party. We had a
long conference, but obtained very little satisfaction from him. It was
observed that Cresap did not attend this conference, but kept on the
opposite side of the river. He said that he was afraid to trust himself
with the Indians ; that Killbuck had frequently attempted to waylay
and kill his father and that he was doubtful that he should (be~) tempted
to put Killbuck to death. On our arrival at Wheeling, the whole
country being pretty well settled thereabouts, the inhabitants appeared
to be much alarmed, and fled to our camp from every direction. We
offered to cover their neighborhood with scouts until we could obtain
further information, if they would return to their plantations; but
nothing we could say would prevail. By this time we got to be a for-
midable party, as all the hunters and men without families, etc., in
that quarter joined us. Our arrival at Wheeling was soon known at
Pittsburgh, the whole of that country at that time being under the
jurisdiction of Virginia. Doctor Connelly had been appointed by
Dunmore, captain commandant of the district then called West
Augusta. He, Connelly, hearing of us, sent a message addressed to
the party, informing us that a war was to be apprehended, and request-
ing that we would keep our position for a few days ; that messengers
had been sent to the Indian towns whose return he daily expected, and
the doubt respecting a war with the Indians would then be cleared up.
The answer we returned was that we had no inclination to decamp
for some time, and during our stay we should be careful that the
enemy should not harass the neighborhood. But before this answer
could reach Pittsburgh, he had sent a second express addressed

1032 clark's letter concerning cresap and logan.

to Captain Cresap as the most influential man amongst us, inform-
ing him that the messengers had returned from the Indian town and
that a war was inevitable and begged him to use his influence
with the party to get them to cover the country until the inhabit-
ants could fortify themselves.

The time of the reception of this letter was the epoch of open
hostilities with the Indians. The war post was planted ; a council
called and the letter read and the ceremonies used by the Indians on
so important an occasion acted, and war was formally declared.

1 . The same evening two scalps were brought into camp.

2. The following day some canoes of Indians were discovered de-
scending the river, taking advantage of an island to cover themselves
from our view. They were chased by our men fifteen miles down
the river; they were forced ashore and a battle ensued. A few
were wounded on both sides, and we got one scalp only. On ex-
amining their canoes we found a considerable quantity of ammuni-
tion and other warlike stores. On our return to camp a resolution
was formed to march next day and attack Logan's camp on the Ohio,
about thirty miles above Wheeling. We actually marched about five
miles and halted to take some refreshment; here the impropriety
of executing the proposed enterprise was argued. The conversa-
tion was brought forward by Cresap himself. It was generally
agreed that those Indians had no hostile intentions, as it was a hunting
camp composed of men, women and children, with all their stuff with
them. This we knew, as I myself and others then present had been
at their camp about four weeks before that time on our way down
from Pittsburgh. In short every person present, particularly Cresap
(upon reflection), was opposed to the projected measure. We re-
turned, and on the same evening decamped and took the road to
Redstone.

3. It was two days after this that Logan's family was killed, and
from the manner in which it was done it was viewed as a horrid
murder by the whole country. From Logan's hearing that Cresap
was at the head of this party at Wheeling, it was no wonder that he
considered Cresap as the author of his family's destruction.

clark's letter concerning cresap and logan. 1033

Since the receipt of your letter I have procured the notes on Virginia.
They are now before me. The action was more barbarous than
therein related by Mr. Jefferson. Those Indians used to visit and re-
ceive visits from the neighboring whites on the opposite shore. They
were on a visit at Greathouse's at the time they were massacred by
those people and their associates. The war now raged with all its
savage fury until the following fall, when a treaty of peace (was)
held at Dunmore's camp, within five miles of Chillicothe, the Indian
capital on the Siotho. Logan did not appear. I was acquainted
with him and wished to be informed of the reason of his absence by
one of the interpreters. The answer he gave to my inquiry was "that
he was like a mad dog ; that his bristles had been up, were not yet quite
fallen, but that the good talks now going forward might allay them."
Logan's speech to Dunmore now came forward, as related by Mr.
Jefferson, and was generally believed and indeed not doubted to have
been genuine and declared by Logan. The army knew it was wrong
so far as it respected Cresap, and afforded an opportunity of rallying
that gentleman on the subject. I discovered that Cresap was dis-
pleased, and told him that he must be a very great man that the In-
dians shouldered him with everything that had happened. He smiled
and said that he had a great mind to tomahawk Greathouse about the
matter. What is here related is fact. I was intimate with Cresap,
and better acquainted with Logan at that time than with any other
Indian in the western country, and had a knowledge of the conduct
of both parties. Logan is the author of (the} speech as related by
Mr. Jefferson, and Cresap's conduct was such as I have herein related.
I have gone through a relation of every circumstance that had any
connection with the information you desire and hope it will be satis-
factory to yourself and Mr. Jefferson.

I am your most obedient servant, G. R. Clark.

Doctor Samuel Brown.

[Indorsed:] General Clark's letter to Sam Brown on the subject
of Logan's speech.

"A PAY-ROLL OF CAPTAIN JOSEPH BOWMAN'S

COMPANY

FROM THE 24TH DAY OF JANUARY, 177S. UNDER THE COM-
MAND OF COLONEL G. ROGERS CLARK."

(From a manuscript showing great age, found with the Bowman papers, purport-
ing to be a copy of the pay-roll of Joseph Bowman's company. It is now in
possession of the author and has never before been published.)

When
listed.

When
dis-
charged.

Miles to
jo home.

fRations

due the

men.

Captain Joseph Bowman

First Lieutenant Isaac Bowman..
Second Lieut. Abraham Kellar...

Daniel Dust, sergeant

Isaac Kellar, sergeant j "

Promoted Jacob Speers, sergeant.! July

Michael Setser Feb

Abraham Miller ' "

William Slack

Ligey Huste, ")

Thomas Perrey, (

Robert McClanihan,
Barney Master, J

John Setser

John Ben tier

Henry Honaker ,

Frederick Honaker

Henry Funk

George Livistone

Henry Chrism an

Samuel Stroud

Edward Bulger ,

A b r m . James

Alexander Mclntire

Philip Orben

Thomas Clifton

William Berrev

Barnabay Walters

William McGumrey

Jacob Cogar

Peter Cogar

177S.
Jan- 23

Deserted

Feb. 8

Aug. 18
8
8
8

1200
1200
1 100
700
1 100
1 150
1200
1200
1200

436

258

316

105

1200

700

1200

jlHegi

ble.

1 100

1 150

*There are some letters and check marks in this column, but the edge of the
paper has so broken off they can not be deciphered.
fSpelled "Rashings" in the roll.

(I034)

PAY-ROLL OF CAPTAIN JOSEPH BOWMAN'S COMPANY. IO35

(continued.)

Jacob Speers

Thos. H. Vance

James Bentlev

George Millar, deserted

Patrick Doran

Henry Traylar

Isaac McBride

Edward Murrey

Tos Simson

Philip Long

George King

Joseph Pangrass

Francis Pangrass

Michael Pangrass ,

Charles McClock

Nathan Cartmill, 1
James Gouday,
Samuel Dust,
William Berrey,
Zebeniah Lee,

When
listed.

Mar.
Apr.

May

Jan. 2S
Deserted

When
dis-
charged.

Jul.v 4
Aug. S

Miles to
<_ro home.

1 150
1 150
1200

1200

1200
1200
1 100
1 1 00
1 100
600
600

Rations

due the
men.

-7

36
31
36
36
36
6

In justice to the memory of those marked " deserted " on this roll, it should
be remembered that these volunteer soldiers were enlisted under peculiar cir-
cumstances, as related in the body of this work. It was given out publicly, as a
matter of policy, that the troops were wanted for a differant service than they
really were, and when the real object became known, some felt they had been
deceived and simply declined to serve, without becoming deserters in the sense
that word would now imply.

RETURN OF THE MILITIA OF POST VIN-

CENNES,

WHO WERE IN PAY OF THE REBELS, AS ALSO OF THOSE

WHO BORE COMMISSIONS AND WERE ENROLLED

WITHOUT PAY, AND WHO LAID DOWN THEIR

ARMS THE 17TH OF DECEMBER, 177S.

Commissioned Offi

cers.

■g

-5

el
0

■3

bo
—
u

-6

Enrolled with Officers who bore

Without Commissions

216

Officers Who Were on Pay :

T. Baptiste Cardinal. "1 ^

^ L . D J- Captains.

r rancois rsosseron. J x

Timothe Monbrun. 1 T .

at- u 1 T3 i- 4... > Lieutenants.

Michel Brouliette. J

T. B. Yauchese Laiennesse. "1 ^

tvt- 1 -d ». r Lnsisrns.

JNicolas Berot. J *

Hypolite Baulon. Indian Interpreter.

Henry Hamilton*.
Lieutenant-Governor and Superintendent.
Indorsed: "Return of militia at Post Vincennes, 24th Decem-
ber, 177S, enclosed in Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton's letter of iSth
December. Marked, Detroit, No. 25.
Canadian Archives, Series B, Vol. 1::, p. 234.

ACT ORGANIZING THE COUNTY OF ILLINOIS.

An Act for establishing the county of Illinois, and for the more
effectual protection and defense thereof, reciting that,
Whereas, By a successful expedition carried on by the Virginia
militia, on the western side of the Ohio river, several of the British
posts within the territory of this commonwealth, in the country ad-
jacent to the river Mississippi, have been reduced and the inhabitants
have acknowledged themselves citizens thereof, and taken the oath of
fidelity to the same, and the good faith and safety of the common-
wealth require that the said citizens should be supported and protected
bv speedy and effectual reinforcements, which will be the best means
of preventing the inroads and depredations of the Indians upon the
inhabitants to the westward of the Allegheny mountains ; and,

Whereas, From their remote situation, it may at this time be
difficult, if not impracticable, to govern them by the present laws of
this commonwealth until proper information, by intercourse with
their fellow-citizens, on the east side of the Ohio, shall have familiar-
ized them to the same, and it is therefore expedient that some tempo-
rary form of government adapted to their circumstances should, in
the meantime, be established.

Be it enacted by the General Assembly, That all the citizens of this
commonwealth who are already settled, or shall hereafter settle on the
western side of the Ohio aforesaid, shall be included in a distinct
county, which shall be called Illinois county ; and that the governor of
this commonwealth, with the advice of the council, may appoint a
county lieutenant or commandant-in-chief in that county, during pleas-

(io37)

1038 ACT ORGANIZING THE COUNTY OF ILLINOIS.

ure, who shall appoint and commission so many deputy commandants,

militia officers and commissaries, as he shall think proper in the differ-
ent districts, during pleasure, all of whom, hefore thev enter into
office, shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth and the
oath of office, according to the form of their own religion, which the
inhabitants shall fully, and to all intents and purposes, enjoy together
with all their civil right and property.

And all civil offices to which the said inhabitants have been
accustomed, necessary for the preservation of peace and the adminis-
tration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the citizens in their
respective districts, to be convened for that purpose by the county
lieutenant or commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by
the said county lieutenant or commandant-in-chief, and be paid for
their services in the same manner as such expenses have been hereto-
fore borne, levied and paid in that county ; which said civil officers,
after taking the oaths as before prescribed, shall exercise their sev-
eral jurisdictions and conduct themselves agreeable to the laws, which
the present settlers are now accustomed to.

And on any criminal prosecution, where the offender shall be ad-
judged guilty, it shall and may be lawful for the county lieutenant or
commandant-in-chief to pardon his or her offense, except in cases of
murder and treason ; and in such cases he may respite execution from
time to time, until the sense of the governor in the first instance, and
of the general assembly in the case of treason, is obtained. But
where any officers, directed to be appointed by this act, are such as the
inhabitants have been unused to, it shall and may be lawful for the
governor, with the advice of the council, to draw a warrant or war-
rants on the treasury of this commonwealth, for the payment of the
salaries of such officers, so as the sum or sums drawn for do not ex-
ceed the sum of five hundred pounds, anything herein to the contrary
notwithstanding.

And for the protection and defense of the said county and its inhab-
itants,

Be it enacted, That it shall ami may be lawful for the governor,

ACT ORGANIZING THE COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. 1039

with the advice of the council, forthwith to order, raise and levy,
either bv voluntary enlistments, or detachments from the militia, five
hundred men, with proper officers, to march immediately into the
said county of Illinois, to garrison such forts or stations already taken,
or which it may be proper to take there or elsewhere, for protecting
the said county and for keeping up our communication with them,
and also with the Spanish settlements, as he, with the advice afore-
said, shall direct. And the said governor, with the advice of the
council, shall, from time to time, until farther provision shall be made
for the same by the general assembly, continue to relieve the said
volunteers or militia, by other enlistments or detachments, as herein-
before directed, and to issue warrants on the treasurer of this com-
monwealth for all charges and expenses accruing thereon, which the
said treasurer is hereby required to pay accordingly.

And be it further enacted, That it shall and may be lawfvd for the
governor, with the advice of the council, to take such measures as
they shall judge most expedient, or the necessity of the case requires,
for supplying the said inhabitants, as well as our friendly Indians in
those parts, with goods and other necessaries, either bv opening a
communication and trade with New Orleans, or otherwise, and to ap-
point proper persons for managing and conducting the same on be-
half of the commonwealth.

Provided, That any of the said inhabitants may likewise carry on
such trade on their own accounts, notwithstanding.

This act shall continue and be in force, from and after the passing
of the same, for and during the term of twelve months, and from
thence to the end of the next session of assembly, and no longer.

This act was extended by subsequent legislation.*

* Henino's Statutes of Virginia.

GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST THE STATE OF

VIRGINIA.

The State of Virginia

To Brigadier-General G. 7?. Clark,

Dr.

For sundry payments, expenses, and other disbursements by him made, in behalf of the
said State and Illinois Department, viz.:

1778
March

*:jii

April

May

July

August 1

Nov.

March 10

May

To a treat at rendezvous

Paid an express from the mouth of Muddy creek

For flour for Captain Helm's company

Ten men, for bringing boats from Wheeling to Redstone. . .

For a treat to Captain Helm's company

For a treat to Captain Bowman's company

For 66 yards linen for boat covers

For repairing boats

John Maxwell, for 12,189 pounds flour in barrels

Jacob Bousman, for 130 ferriages

For 4 pair handcuffs

Francis Charleville, for 10 beeves

Charles Charleville, for 150 pounds gunpowder

For rum, per Captain Worthington's receipt

For 142 pounds gunpowder

Mr. Murray, for rum for use of the troops

For sundry ferriages to the Spanish side, per certifieate . . .

For 14 pounds bacon, at 50 cents per pound

For a boat, per Major Bowman's certificate

Pelouri for storage and cartage of merchandise, at Missere. in
the Spanish country

$13 20
3 60

5 20
237 00

6 60
5 00

$273 60

213 40

16 60

1.351 20

10 80

10 00

237 60

24S 00

$2,087 60

19 00

340 00

29 40
4 00
7 00

30 00

36 oo

$465 40

*The figures immediately following dates are supposed to be numbers of vouchers.

(IO40)

GENERAL CLARK S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA. 104 1

May

An armorer for 37 days' work, at 8 livres per day

A carpenter for 38 days' work at Fort Clarke

For repairing the garrison at Kaskaskia

For 20 pounds powder, at $2 per pound

For 50 pounds lead, at 50 cents per pound

For 100 flints

For 15 flour barrels

For 40 pounds lead

For 70 pounds powder

For 1 grappling iron (say boat anchor)

Different ferriages over the Mississippi

Mr. Labadie for 1,000 pounds lead

3 men employed by William Swan for repairs at Fort Clarke.
Sergeant James Espy, as per receipt on his pay-roll

John Landers for services, per receipt

For transporting troops to the Cherokee fort

For a horse furnished Mr. Gibaultfor his services to St. Vincent

Doctor Laff ont, for like services

Charles Charleville, for 56 gallons taffia, delivered to Indians
at sundry councils and treaties, at 4 per gallon

Charles Charleville, for 13 quarts liquor, for like purposes. . . .

Charles Charleville, for a horse

Charles Charleville, for J2 gallon taffia delivered the fatigue
party for raising a boat

Mr. Gratoit, f or 182 pounds gunpowder

Mr. Gratoit, for }£ gallon rum for fatigue party loading boats. .

Mr. Gratoit, for cartage of gunpowder

Mr. Gibault, for a colt lost while his mare was in public serv-
ice

Captain John Williams, his pay abstract

Captain Joneast, for sundries furnished the troops, per his ac-
count rendered at Fort Clarke

Captain Edward Worthington, his pay abstract

Captain Richard McCarty, his pay abstract

Captain Richard McCarty, for his volunteer company

Lieutenant Perault, for his pay abstract

.$59 20
01 60
25 80
40 00
25 00
2 00
15 00

$228 60
20 00

140 00
30 00
10 00

250 00
28 40
50 00

$528 40

31 00
352 00
60 00
60 00

224 00
19 40
40 80

3 00

112 00

3 40

1 60

7 00
5,128 00

$6,642 20

600 00

2,547 80

1,248 40

726 40

516 00

1042 GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA.

Captain Joseph Bowman, for his pay abstract

Captain Abm. Keller, for his pay abstract

Major Joseph Bowman, for his pay abstract

For two days' work

Lieutenant John Girault, in part of his recruiting account,
per his receipt thereon

For sundry necessaries for the hospital

For 205 pounds flour, at 8 dollars per hundred, delivered Cap-
tain Shelby

Captain Francis Charleville, for his pay abstract

For sundry necessaries for use of the hospital

Lieutenant John Bailey, expenses on recruiting 21 men, per

receipt

An express from St. Vincent to the Vermillion towns

Mons. Antoine Gamelin, Indian agent, for sundry expenses

while he was treating with the Ouabache Indians

For sundry necessaries for use of the hospital at Fort Clarke .
Charles Charleville, for '2l.g cwt. flour, at $S per cwt

Two men for three days, and search after public horses

For 2 gallons taffia for Kaskaskia Indians

For 4 loads wood

For 20 pounds gunpowder

For 100 flints

For 50 pounds lead

An express to Kahokia

A coxswain for 70 days' service on board the Willing batteau
on the expedition to Post Vincent

Joseph Menafield for 45 day's work at Fort Clarke

An armorer for repairing arms at Fort Clarke

For 232 picketf. at 1 livre each

Captain Leonard Helm, in part of his pay abstract transmitted
to government, as per his receipt thereon

Captain Joseph Bowman, in part of his pay abstract trans-
mitted to government, as per his receipt thereon

Captain Wm, Harrod, in part of his pay abstract transmitted
to government, as per his receipt thereon

$1,703 40

1,855 00

442 80

2 GO

900 00
28 00

16 20

323 20

$10,895 80
37 00

IIS 00
20 00

1,143 20
45 00
17 00

$1,380 20
9 00
12 00
4 SO
40 00

a 00
20 00
10 oc

$97 so

(0 00
45 00
24 00
40 40

GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA.

I(H3

May

Captain John Montgomery, in part of his pay abstract trans

$2,161 80

$5,557 40

July

Charles Caderon, for provisions and other necessaries fur-
nished Captain Bowman's company on their march to Illi-

76 CO

M. Bolseyfor lcwt. gunpowder, perreceipt of Captain Bowman

100 00

For horse hire, as per receipt of Captain Bowman

8 40

Sept.

?fi

115 40

Lacroix's account for provisions, per certificate of Major Bow-

254 60

Thomas Brady's account for rations, pe • certificate of Major

560 60

Oct.

Lacroix's account, per certificate of Major Bowman (Indian

43 40

Sept.

359 60

Richard McCarty's account, per certificate of Major Bowman.

76 80

8 00

$1,603 40

Monsieur Lavasseur, per certificate of Major Bowman

2 40

For stone, wood, etc., per certificate of Major Bowman

3 60

For stone, wood, etc., per certificate of Major Bowman

7 60

For stone, wood, etc., per certificate of Major Bowman

3 80

Dec.

Lacroix's two accounts for provisions, per certificate of Major

470 40

1779

Jan.

Monsieur Cotineau for rum for volunteers and Indians, per

3 20

$491 00

99
100

At Prairie de Roche, per certificate of Captain Bowman

Expenses at St. Philip's to St. Pierre, per certificate of Major

20 80

101

10 60

3 60

102

Expenses at Kaskaskia, per Captain Bowman's certificate

88 00

103

Monsieur Barbee's account, certified by Captain McCarty

20 20

$143 20

May

104

Lacroix's provision account, certified by Major Bowman

708 40

105

Lacroix's provision account, certified by Major Bowman

159 20

106

For horse hire and loss of saddle, per certificate of Major Bow-

8 40

1044 GENERAL CLARK S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA.

May 22

107

For horse hire and loss of saddle, per certificate of Major Bow-

man

JS 60

108

For horse hire and loss of saddle, per certificate oi Major Bow-

109

8 00

For provisions at Kaskaskia, per certificate of Major Bowman.

145 20

110

30 00

1191

12 00

113

Mr. Barbineau, for 1,000 pounds flour and 600 pounds Indian

72 00

114

Mr. Barbineau, for 1,000 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel

•,

60 00

115
116

Rago Bauvais, for 291 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Murray
Mr. Charleville, for 2,205 pounds flour and 2,059 pounds In-

17 40

$1,229 20

dian meal and 50 loads hay, per receipt of Daniel Murray.

406 20

117

1 20

118

For corn, per receipt of Daniel Murray

6 00

119

Mr. Plassy, for 200 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Murray.

12 00

120

Mr. Barbineau, for 200 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel

12 00

121

Mr. Barbineau, for 200 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel

12 00

(

19?

6 00

193

6 00

194

12 00

125

Mr. Barbineau, for 100 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel

24 00

126

Mr. Barbineau, for 200 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel

12 00

127

Mr. Barbineau, for 100 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel

6 00

128

Rago Bauvais, for 49 pounds (lour, per receipt of Daniel Murray

3 00

129

Mr. Plassy, for 100 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Murray.

6 00

130

Rago Bauvais, for 250 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Mur-

15 00

131

Rago Bauvais, 100 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Murray

6 00

132

Mr. Bienvenue, for 4,000 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel

240 00

133

Mr. Plassy, for 29 pounds buffalo beef, per receipt of Daniel

2 00

$7S7 40

GENERAL CLARK S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA. 1045

May 22

134

Cerre, for 80 pounds meal, per receipt of Daniel Murray

$2 40

135

Cerre, for 542 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Murray

32 60

136

Cerre, for 19,824 pounds beef, per receipt of Daniel Murray

1,982 40

137

Cerre, for 100 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Murray

6 00

138

Cerre, for 400 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Murray

24 00

139

Cerre, for 405 pounds buffalo beef, per receipt of Daniel Mur-

ray

20 40

140

Cerre, for 1,784 pounds flour, per receipt of Daniel Murray ....

107 00

141

Cerre, 446 pounds Indian meal, per receipt of Daniel Murray.

13 40

142

Cerre, for one canoe, per receipt of Daniel Murray

10 00

143

Cerre, for cartage, 1 day, per receipt of Daniel Murray

2 00

$2,200 20

144

For Daniel Murray's certificate to Bienvenue

5 00

145

For 5,424 pounds buffalo beef, per Daniel Murray 's certificate .

325 60

146

429 00

Jan. 11

147

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date

1 80

148

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date for, wood

36 00

149

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for provisions

132 00

$929 40

150

4 00

151

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for wood

2 00

152

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for provisions

138 00

153

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for provisions

77 40

154

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for 1,000 pounds flour.

60 00

155

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for 5,580 pounds flour.

445 60

156

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for 600 pounds In-

157

dian meal

18 00

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for 119 loads wood.. .

119 00

158

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for 725 pounds pork..

58 00

159

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for wood

1 60

160

For Daniel Murray's receipt of this date, for 33 loads wood. . .

33 00

Feb. 3

161

For Daniel Murray's receipt to Mr. Plassy

167 00

162

For Daniel Murray's receipt to Mr. Plassy, for provisions . .

12 00

163

For Daniel Murray's receipt for 1 hogshead taflia

140 60

164
165

For Daniel Murray's certificate for provisions

12 00

1778.
July 28

For 6 days' board for an Indian interpreter

6 00

Sept. 24

166

J. B. Lacroix for sundry expenses treating with the Indians
between 1st of August and this date, per his account ren-

dered

205 80

$1,500 00

1046 GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA.

Sept. 28

Thomas Brady's two accounts for sundry Indian expenses, as
certified by Major Bowman

Monsieur Lacroix's account for sundry Indian expenses, per
certificate of Major Bowman

Moses Henry for his account of sundry Indian expenses, per
certificate of Captain Helm

Moses Henry for his account of sundry Indian expenses, per
order of Captain Helm

An account certified by Captain Bowman

Mr. Danis, his wages as Indian interpreter from Kaskaskia to
Wian, under Captain Helm, and for horse hire, etc., etc. . .

Monsieur Lacroix's sundry expenses while treating with dif-
ferent nations of Indians, as per account.

For goods furnished to Indians, as per certificate of Captain
Bowman

For rum to Indians at sundry times

For rum, goods, etc., to Indians

For 5 bottles rum to Indians

For rum at a treaty in November

Mons. Deneau, for a trip to the Chipra nation, as Indian agent

For 2 bottles of rum for Indians

For 4 pair shoes for Indians

For 13 shirts for Indians

For 10 pair shoes for Indians

For 3 quarts taffia for Indians

For 1 quart taffia for Indians

For sundry expenses at a treaty at Post St. Vincent, iu Febru-
ary, 1779

For taffia at sundry times for Indians

Captain Helm's order in favor of Mr. Hubberdeau, for sundry
expenses

Mr. Gilbault'sand Lafont's expenses at taking possession of
Post St. Vincent, in 1778

Captain Helm's order in favor of John Lourse

J. M. P. Legras' account for sundries furnished, per Captain
Helm's certificate

Captain Helm's order iu favor of Charles Amoneau, for sun-
dries furnished the troops

$210 40

60 00
144 40

118 20
21 40
156 00
7 40
6 00
12 00

$1,248 00

240 00
6 00
12 00
43 40
30 00
12 00
4 00

47 00
60 00

657 00
128 00

1,681 20

GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA,

1047

Sept.

28' 104
195

Captain Helm's draft in favor of John Lourse, for sundries. . .

Captain Helm's draft in favor of F. Boseron, for sundries

Captain Helm's draft in favor of Pierre Cornia, for sundries.

Quartermaster Rogers' certificate in favor of Mr. Renault, for

sundries

Captain Helm's orderin favor of Jean Vauehers, for sundries.
Captain Helm's order in favor of Mr. Renault, for sundries... .
Captain Helm's order in favor of John Gilbert, for sundries. -
Captain Helm's order in favor of Mr. Lafontaine, for sundries.

Captain Helm's order in favor of the bearer for sundries

Lieutenant Richard Brashear's order in favor of Cripeau, for

sundries

Captain Helm's order of January last, in favor of Cripeau, for

sundries

Captain Helm's order in favor of Mr. Roberdeau, for sundries
Captain Helm's order in favor of Mr. Roberdeau, for sundries
Captain Helm's order in favor of Mr. Roberdeau, for sundries
Captain Helm's order in favor of Francois Boseron, for sun-
dries

Mich. Antia, for sundry services, etc

A blacksmith's bill of this date, for sundry iron work

A carpenter's account for work and repairs at Fort Clarke ....

Mons. Cerre's account for provisions, etc., furnished the troops
at Fort Clarke, between 7th last July and this date, per his
account rendered

James Manafee, for 12 cords wood

Armstead Dudley, for 8 days' work

James Graham, for 10 days' work

For Paul Kennedy's bonds for different public services, per
his account 2, 951, 2, 6

Daniel Murray, for 24 bushels salt, at $6 per bushel

Daniel Murray, for casks and cooperage

Mr. Plassy, for pitch and oakum

For casks, by order of Captain Harrod

For 151 2 bushels salt, per Captain Harrod's order

For 63 bushels salt and 2 casks, per Captain Harrod's order. .

?171 oe
500 00
5C0 00

S'4,346 60

123 00

921 00
114 20
279 60
300 00
103 80

625 80

46 00

178 60

643 80

$8,980 80

30 00

53 SS

48 60

2,862 60

12 00

4 00

5 0C

$3,023 0C

590 20

144 00

6 00

9 60

- 13 40

77 4C

401 4C

1048 GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA.

Sept. 28

For 61J< bushels salt, per Captain Harrod's order

For 9J2 bushels salt, per Captain Harrod's order

For 102) £ pounds gunpowder, per Captain Harrod's order.

For 185) 2 pounds lead, per Captain Harrod's order

For repairing Captain Harrod's boat

1778.
Omitted

For 2 hogshead taffia, as per receipt of Captain George

— Bartlet Scarey, for going express from St. Vincent to

the falls

Herman Consler, as express from Kaskaskia to Urnburg*

For sundry attendance and necessaries furnished for the sick

at the falls of the Ohio

Edward Murray, as express from Kaskaskia to the falls of the

Ohio

Boston Damewood, for taking up a boat anchor

To cash, of the recalled emissions now returned, per receipt

of George Brooke

To cash paid Jacob Lacourse for a hogshead of taffia

Paid Captain Helm's 3 sundry drafts on me of the 24th of
October, 1778, viz:

t in favor of Cripeau for

1 in favor of Chapoton for .

1 in favor of J. M. Legrass (of the 29th) for

Paid Mr. Barbeau for lodging the Chippewas when coming to
treat

J. R. Hanson, for his account of sundries for the friendly In
dians

Beaussere, the tailor, per certificate of Major Bowman

Ahavmand, at Caho.per certificate of Major Bowman, for sun-
dries for the sick

Kenell for makiug flags for Indians, per certificate of Major
Bowman

Major Bowman's draft on me for furniture

Richard McCarty, for sundries, per his account by Major Bow-
man

Jos. Brown, for 793 pounds beef for the troops, per Ms receipt

Sundry expenses, as per voucher

1370 GO

47 40

307 40

185 60

6 00

$2,159 00
400 00

75 00

1,000 00

100 00
100 00

16,271 00
600 00

$18,865 80

14S 40
211 00
760 SO

124 60
14S 00

22 60
4">4 60

139 00
160 00
109 00

*Probably should be Williamsburg (Wmsburg).

GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA. 1049

Nov.

Major Smith, for support of the Kentucky volunteers, per re-
ceipt

William Helm, for bacon, as per receipt

Joseph Andrews, for rum for Indians, per certificate of Captain

Helm

T. Brady, for provisions furnished at Fort Clarke

For sundries for use of the hospital, per Dr. Rey

Antoine Bienvenue, for provisions furnished at Fort Clarke.. .
Charles Charleville, per receipt, for sundries

Charles Charleville, per receipt.

Brasseau, for his account

J. B. Lacroix, per receipt

1779.
Aug. 25

29 270
1271
272
273
274
275

1779.
Oct. 29

For a horse and furniture, per order of Moses Henry

John Hargis, on part of his contract for beef

For 1 gallon taffia, as treat to Colonel Rogers' men after their

defeat

of Captain Linclot's volunteers, 8 months' pay

I.Ioses Henry, per his 3 accounts

Captain Quirk,* sundries for use of his company, per receipt.

Captain Helm, in part of his accounts, per receipt

Captain Worthington, for use of his company, per receipt

Advanced Henry Crutcher, a reduced commissary, in part of
his services before he was reduced (book debt)

Advanced Captain Richard McCarty, deceased, in part of his
pay for recruiting and other necessary purposes (book ac-
count)

Advanced Captain Abraham Kellar, in part of his pay for re
cruiting and other necessary purposes (book account). . .

Paid Lieutenant Penault, in part of his recruiting account,
per receipt thereon

Advanced Doctor Ray, for use of the hospital (book account)

Advanced Captain Evans, for use of his company (book ac-
count)

Advanced Captain J. Shelby, for use of his company (book
account)

$500 00

$2,843 40
7 00

209 00
777 40
35 00
264 00
428 40

$1,762 SO

22 20

3 00

614 60

$639 80
80 00
200 00

SO 00
177 00
1,315 00
148 (0
354 00
916 60

24 or,

$3,294 60

600 00
150 00

'It is difficult to make out whether this name is Quirk or Quick — most likely the latter.

1050 GENERAL, CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA.

Oct.

282

284
285

June

286

287

May

288

June

289

Nov.

290

Dee.

1780
Jan.

13
15
16

17
18

Feb.

March 12

22
1

Advanced Captain Isaac Taylpr, for the use of his company

(book account) $118 00

Ji.SSl 40
Cash paid J. M. Simmons for copying my public account, per

receipt 100 00

Paid William Shannon's 54 drafts on me in favor of sundry
persons, for public services, etc , as will appear by his ac-
count, 34,206 livres 6,841 20

William Shannon's draft on the treasurer in favor of Mons.

Cerre (No. 120) 875 00

William Shannon's draft on the treasurer in favor of Charles

Charleville (No. 132) 1,095 60

William Shannon's draft on me (No. 65) 32 00

William Shannon's draft on me (102) 461 20

William Shannon's sundry small drafts on me, per his receipt 33 SO

William Shannon's draft on the treasurer, in favor of M. Mc-

Carty (No. 115) 73 00

William Shannon's draft on the treasurer, in favor of N. Ran-
dolph (No. 170)

Captain Dodge, for 1 pirogue

Swan for iron

For a large copper kettle

For wood for barracks

Expenses in making 42 bushels salt at Bullet's Lick, per ac-
count of Richard Chenoweth

For tallow

For fuel

McGee, for his work, per certificate, in lieu of 9 yards cloth. . .

For 8 bushels corn

For wood for barracks, $100 ; do., $18

For beef

Jesse Rood, for hauling fuel

Express for St. Vincent

For wood

For cutting and hauling fuel

For repairing barracks

Silas Harlan, for 16 bushels corn, delivered to Captain Bailey

for recruits

John Briscoe, Jr., for casks, per certificate

$19,126 SO
365 00

80 00
130 00

20 00

1,788 00

179 00

10 00

562 00

320 00
118 00
50 00
50 00
50 00
60 00
50 00
150 00

300 00
45 00

GENERAL CLARK S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA. IO^I

March

24
25

26
27

April

Sept.

Oct.

1781.
Feb.

March

May

June

July

Levin Powell, for an iron chain and grate, per certificate

Levin Powell, for a batteau, appraised at £2,000

Levin Powell, for expounds powder; 1134 pounds lead, and

200 flints for whisky for the troops

For whisky for the troops

Thomas Vickroy, for a bag, per certificate

John Donne's account for provisions, etc

Thomas Vickroy, for paper, per certificate

Anthony Rolins, for 1631 i pounds flour

Sept.

Omitted

1780.
Aug. 8

Nov.

Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Crocket, per receipt

Isaac Fisher, for expenses as express to Holdston ...

Coleman and Hill, as express from the falls to Fort Pitt

Hardy Hill, for 16 bushels corn, per receipt

Ensign Tannehill, for his expenses as express from Richmond
to Fort Pitt

William Harrison, in full of his account, per receipt, £15,156.14

William Harrison, Benjamin Harrison's expenses, per ac-
count

William Harrison, in behalf of the government, per receipt,
Penn. cur. — specie; £126,582.6 (this accounted for in ac-
count), £18 9 6% ...

John Gibson, merchant, for goods he furnished Colonel Gib
son, for use of Indians on account of United States, per
his receipt £72 2 4

Daniel McKinney's account of smith work

Captain Isaac Craig's account of expenses from Fort Pitt to
Philadelphia, per receipt

Captain Isaac Craig, in part of his expenses at Philadelphia
and returning, wagon hire, etc., per receipt

Captain Craig, balance of said account £36 14 0

To cash paid Henry Hoglan, express

Paid Butler and Hart, for going express

Edward Murdock, as spy

Thomas Phelp's account for provisions

John Allan, in part for a rifle-gun for John Baptist, the Indian
chief

46 For subsistence for wounded soldiers .

47 For liquor for soldiers on command .

48 For whisky for soldiers at Baker's . . .

$306 00
6,666 6G?a

884 00
798 00
70 00
40,104 10%
136 00
817 50

17,050 00
1,000 00
6,200 00
1,620 00

4,650 00
50,522 33l3

436 66=3

421,941 00

7,303 00

1,100 00
7,041 GG?3
4,800 00
29,475 00

900 00

80 00
315 00

200 00

1052 GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA.

Nov.

1781.
Feb. 10

My expenses at Hog's, per voucher

Express to the county lieutenant of Berkley

For 10 quires paper

For 3 pairs stockings for soldiers

Expenses at Winchester, at Edmondson's, including £120 10

for N. Randolph, per receipt

John Gibson, for sundries furnished at Fort Pitt, per account

£1.302 7 9^

Captain Robert George, in part of his recruiting account, as

per his receipt thereon

Captain Robert George, in part of his pay abstract, as per his

receipt

Colonel John Montgomery, in part of his pay, per receipt

Major Thomas Quirk, as per receipt on his pay-roll

Captain Richard Brashear, in part of his recruiting account,

as per his receipt thereon

Captain John Williams, in part of his pay, as per receipt on

his pay-roll

Martin Carney, quartermaster, in part of his pay, per his re-
ceipt on his pay-roll .

Jacob Pyatt, per order of Captain John Rogers, for provisions,

per voucher

Captain John Bailey, in part of his account for recruiting, as

per receipt thereon

John Donne, in part of his pay, per receipt

Advanced Joseph Lindsay, per receipt, for purchases in the

commissary department '.

Advanced Leonard Helm, superintendent, in part of his pay.

per his receipt

Advanced Captain Worthington, iu part pay of his receipt,

entered in account

Advanced Nat. Randolph, for public purposes, per receipt. . . .
Advanced Wm. Shannon, per his receipt, for public purposes
Advanced John Donne, per receipt on his pay account (see

voucher No. 64), £9 12s 6d. Total of amount represented

in pounds, etc., £1,439 6s I3.,d

To balance on this account at your credit in new account,
£17 4s 7>4d plus £1,439 6s l^d = £1,456 10s 9d

?10,026 ro
500 Of)
4.50 0')

4,941 «%

4,427 00

3,800 00

107,329 00

4,769 1C%

2,771 00

16.0S7 00
4,5S4 00

1,500 00

8.8PS SSJ .,
115,266 61"'-' 3
1,119,558 00

J2.177.916 16-.,

88,476 S?''i
$2,201,392 8G.'3

GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA. 1053

The State of Virginia

To Brigadier-General G. JR. Clark,

Cr.

For sundry payments, expenses and other disbursements by him made, in behalf of the
said State and Illinois Department, viz. :

177,
July

Aug.

Oct.

Nov.

1778

Nov.

Dec.

By my draft of this date on Oliver Pollock, payable to-

Laffont

C. Charleville

Rapicault

Hulberdeaux

Cerre

Laulpe

Datchurut

Ant. Morain

Fagott

C. Charleville

Laffont

Rapicault

Datchurut

Picard

Dan Murray.
Laffont

Madr. Bently

Duplasi

Motard

By draft of this date on Oliver Pollock, payable to-

A. Chouteau

Duplasi

Pierre Cornia

Bosseron

Valle

Cerre

James Perault.

Vigo

Rapicault

Datchurut

$285 20
208 00
516 20
239 80

1,273 00
337 00
738 60
111 00

1,100 00

2,789 00
657 00
229 80
146 00
$8,630 60
144 00
660 00
544 60
116 00
116 00
670 80

1,156 60

431 80
1,680 00
124 20
500 00
500 00

$6,886 40
551 00
800 00
920 20
8,716 40
823 00
2,591 00

1054 general clark's account against Virginia.

Dec. 17

18
10
19
19

19
19
19

177
Jan.

April 30

May 17
20
20

July 1
August 7
May 21
22
22
22
22
25
26

32 Deloncr

33 Vigo

34 ^uralde

35 Motard

35 J. P. Lerrault

Vazquer
Duplasi .
Sarpy . . .

Dan Murray

Datchurut

Captain Janis

Risharry

Rapicault

Vigo

Chas. Charleville
Plassy

48 Rapicault

49 Bosseron

50 Laulpe

51 Lafontaine . .

52 Pierre Godin .

F. Trotter

Godin

By my draft on the treasurer of Virginia in favor of-

J. M. P. Legras

Bently

Hubberdeau

John Girault

Marie Menaze

Charleville

F. Charleville

Antoine Pettice

Rapicault

By my draft on Oliver Pollock, in favor of —
A. Bien venue

$521 00

921 CO

225 20

1,040 00

1,357 20

$18,466 00

1,022 40

1,000 00

964 60

$2,987 00

192 00

2,234 60

600 00

440 00

1,456 60

1,452 00

1,752 00

1,565 40

7S4 40

625 00

$11,102 00
519 00
5T9 60
613 16
220 20
381 40

8,950 60
1.S51 00
900 00
1,140 SO
Ml 00
432 60
800 00
800 00
408 00

400 00

813,307 t>0

GENERAL CLARK7S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA. 1055

1 65

2 66

1779.
June

August 3 75

Dec. 14

1780.
Jan.. 18

March 28

By my draft on the treasurer of Virginia in favor of-

Lovis Le Compt

Pierre Boneux

M. Poure

By my draft on the treasurer of Virginia in favor of-

Gratiot (say Feran)

R. McCarty

McCrae & Co

Vigo

Arhavmand

J. B. Lacroix

Rapicault

Antoine Gamelin

By cash received from government, in January, 1778, £1,200
Virginia currency

By cash received from government, in May, 1779, per Lieuten-
ant-Colonel Montgomery, £9,400 Virginia currency

By bill on the treasury in favor of —

Colonel John Todd

Thomas Phelps

Henry Smith

Richard Chinoworth

Evan Hinton

James Batey

Marsham Brashear

Peter Sturgus

Henry Holdman

Henry French

(Note— The first of these bills in Legross, the second set in
Wm. Nathan's possession.)

William Pope

Thomas Phelps

Squire Boon

Evan Hinton

Charles Mija Thurston £1,000 00 0

Simon Tripolet 2,568 09 6

Charles West 573 17 6

John Smith 746 13 6

.$800 00
480 00
483 00

1,427 80
2,716 00
137 00
298 00
303 80
447 80
607 00
1,143 20

31,333 40
844,178 00

10,013 00
2,666 66%
5,417 50
1,193 00
1,333 33%
1,333 33%

1,333 33%

600 00

2,000 00

533 66%

1,333 33%

500 00

1056 GENERAL CLARK'S ACCOUNT AGAINST VIRGINIA.

March 2S

Charles Dean £2S8 00 0

£9,948 08 6

$33,161 33J6

April 25

1781.

3.333 33^3

By cash, £405,000, equal to

1,350,000 00

By 13 bills of $750 each, drawn on the treasurer for the re-

cruiting service, dated February 9 and March 1, 'SO

6,750 00

July 27

By my bill on treasurer in favor of John Gibson, merchant,
Penn. cur. specie £1,419 16 9

Oct. 15

By my bill on treasurer in favor of Captain Isaac Craig, £36 14

By cash received of Captain Cherry last June, 1781 £200 000

666,666 6623
*$2,201,392 831-3

♦Reports Committee 30 Congress, Report H. R. No. 216.

Note. — It should be understood that the amount stated in this account is often ex-
pressed in paper money at par, but which was, in fact, under par, and finally became
worthless.

LT.-GOV. HAMILTON'S DISBURSEMENTS DURING
HIS CAPTIVITY.

Account of Cash disbursed by Henry Hamilton, Esqr., Lieutenant-
Governor and Superintendent of Detroit for His Majesty* s Serv-
ice between the 24th of February, 177Q, and the 24th of May,
1781, as also of the Sills drawn and Money received by him.

Sterling.

1779, October 19th— To cash paid Philip Dejean on account of his
pay

February, 1780, 21th— Do paid Jacob Schieffelln his pay as Lieut, and
writer to the Indian Department from 15th Sept., 1778, to this
date, Inclusive

May 24th— Do paid Francois Maisonvillo as boat master on acct. of
pay

June 6th— Do paid Patrick McKlndley of Capt. Lamothe's company
468 days' pay from the 24th Feby., 1779, to the 6th June, 1780, S
2s 4d per day

July— Do paid for clothing and liquor for the prisoners of war

December 6th— Do paid John Hay at sundry times his pay from 15th
Sept., 1778, to the 24th December, 1780, being 831 days at 15s per
day as major of the Detroit V. militia and 10s per day and £40
per year as deputy agent of Indian affairs

Do paid do 200 days Bat & Forage from 15th Sept., 1778, to the 1st
April , 1779

Do paid Capt. Guillaume Lamothe 668 days' pay ffl 10s per day from
25th February, 1779, to 24th December, 1780

Do paid do 200 days Bat. & Forage as above

Do paid John McBeath as surgeon from the 15th Sept., 1778, to the
24th Dec. , 1780, 831 days' pay at 9s 4d per day

Do paid do 200 days Bat & Forage as above...

Do paid Antolne Bellefeuille as interpreter from 15th Sept. , 1778, to
the 4th December, 1780—831 days' pay IS) 4s 8d per day

Do paid do 200 days Bat & Forage as above

Do paid Amos Ainsley as master carpenter from 15th Sept., 1778, to
the 15th of February, 1780— being 509 days & 7s per day

1781, March 5th— Do paid James Parkinson as sergeant major from
24th February, 1779, to this date, being 739 days at 2s 4d per day.

(io57)

387
25

IV2

[o^8

lt.-gov. Hamilton's disbursements.

Sterling.

October 21— Do one bill on David Geddes, Esqr., favor of Robt.
Khun for £7311, Virginia inoney, at $80 for one

December 29— By cash received from Ills Excellency, Sir Henry
Clinton, by warrant

1781, April 10th— Do a set of (4) bills on Ills Excellency, General Hal-
dlmand, In favorof David Geddes, Esqr

By cash received from His Excellency, Sir Henry Clinton, by war-
rant of the 6th of April

Do paid William Taylor of Capt. Lamothe's company 739 days' pay
from the 24th of February, 1-779, to this date, Inclusive at 2s
4d per day

Do paid John Brebane of Capt. Lamothe's company 1739 days' pay
from the 24th of February, 1779, to this date, Inclusive, <h 2s 4d
per day

Do paid a detachment of the King's or 8th regiment at different
times, as per certified account

April 24th— Do paid Major Hay his pay as above, from 25th Decem-
ber, 1780, to the 24th May, 1781, both days Included

Do paid Capt. Lamothe as above, from 25th December, 17S0, to the
24th May, 1781, Inclusive

Do paid Dr. McBeath as above, from 25th December, 1780, to the
24th May, 1781, Inclusive

Do paid Mr. Bellefeullle, as above, from 25th December, 1780, to the
24th May, 1781, Inclusive

1779, June 19— By a set of (6) bills on His Excellency, General Hal-
dlmand, commander-in-chief In Canada, In favor of Col. Joslah
Barker.

August 17th— Do (6) bills on — do In favor of Samuel Beale

October 5th— Do (4) bills on —do In favor of David Geddes , Esqr.

1780, Feby . 8— Do (3) bills on do In favor of John *Hay

April 19— Do on — In favorof Jacob Schelffelln

8
10
9

41,
4

16
10

Sterling £ 4G83

(Errors excepted.) [*Jehu?]

Henrt Hamilton,
Lieutenant -Governor of Detroit.
Endorsed:— Account of disbursements, etc., by Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton
between the 24th Feby. , 1779, and the 2ith May, 17S1.
(B 123, p. 39.]

THE RIGHT TO IMPRESS IN THE CAMPAIGN

OF 1786.

"The executive board of Virginia had convened in May, 1.786,
and on the 15th had ordered a convention of the field officers of the
Kentucky militia, to take measures for the protection of the frontier.
The field officers assembled, determined on an expedition, and chose
Clark to command them ; but there had been no provision for supply-
ing the troops, and nothing could be done without supplies. The
question then arose whether the Virginia authorities intended them to
use their discretion on this subject, and in order to get a reliable legal
opinion they laid Governor Henry's letter, the militia laws of Vir-
ginia, and the sixth article of confederation, before the attorney-gen-
eral and supreme judges of Kentucky, who, after consultation, reported
as follows :

"We are of opinion that the executive have delegated all their power
under the said law and article of confederation, so far as they relate
to invasions, insurrections and impressments, to the field officers of
that district, and that the officers, in consequence thereof, have a right
to impress, if necessary, all supplies for the use of the militia, that
may be called into service by their orders under the said order of
council.

"Geo. Muter,
"Caleb Wallace,
"Harry Innis." *

* Dunn's History of Indiana, pp. 170, 171, where the subject is fully and fairly
considered.

(io59)

OFFICERS AND PRIVATES

WHO SERVED IN SOME OF THE CAMPAIGNS OF GEORGE
ROGERS CLARK, BUT WHO WERE NOT ALLOTTED LAND
IN CLARK'S GRANT AND WHOSE NAMES ARE CONSE-
QUENTLY NOT ON THE ROLL IN THE TWENTY-FIRST
CHAPTER OF THIS WORK.

OFFICERS.

MAJOR.

Slaughter, George.

BRIGADIER-MAJOR.

Crittenden, John.

SURGEON.

Ray, Andrew.

CAPTAINS.

Evans, Jesse.
Fields, Benjamin.
Mark, Thomas.
Roberts, Benjamin.

LIEUTENANTS.

Crockett, Anthony.
Ramsey, Joseph.
Ravenscroft, Thomas.
Roberts, John.
Roberts, William.

Saunders, Joseph.
Slaughter, James.
Slaughter, Joseph.

ENSIGNS.

Greene, Robert.
Kincaid, Joseph.

SERGEANTS.

Allen, Samuel.

Andree, Jean.

Ballard, Bland.

Ballard. Proctor.

Biron, J. B.

Blearn, David.

Bolton, Daniel.

Bond, Shadrach or Bland.

Breeden, John.

Brossard, Pierre.

Brown, Collin.

Burne, Pierre.

Campbell, George.

Carbine, Henry.

Clark, Adams.

( 1060)

CLARK'S OFFICERS AND PRIVATES

1061

Decker, Jacob, died.
Denton, Thomas.
Drumgold, James.
Durst, Daniel.
Fever, William.
Frazier, Abraham.
Garrett, John.
Goodloe, Henry.
Haut, Henry, killed.
Hazard, John.
Hicks, David.
Jamieson, Thomas.
La Venture, J.
Mason, Charles.
Mathews, Edward.
Murony, William.
Murray, Thomas.
Portwood, Page.
Piere, William.
Ranger, J. B.
Rector, John.
Rice, John.
Richards, Lewis.
Roberts, Benjamin.
Robertson, John.
Rodgers, David.
Ross, James.
Ross, John.
Roy, Julien.
Rubido, Francis, died.
Ryan, Andrew.
Ryan Lazerus.
Slaughter, John.
Stephenson, John.
Villiers, Francis, killed.
Walker, John.
White, Randolph.
Wilson, John.
Workman, Conrad.
Young, John.

CORPORALS.

Ballard, James.

Blein, Pierre.

Bowen, William.

Cameron, James.

Hawkins, Samuel.

Hain, William.

Sills, Samuel.

Crutcher, Henry, vol. andq. m.

DRUMMER.

Lovell, Richard.

FIFERS.

Conley, Thomas.
Poores, Archer.

GUNNERS.

Harrison, James.
Leney, Thomas.
Mulby, William.
Smith, Josiah.

MATROSS.

Hopkins, Richard.
Hupp, Phillip.

PRIVATES.

Abbott, William, Sr.
Abbott, William, Jr
Adams, Francis.
Allen, Isaac.
Allen, John, Sr.
Allen, John, Jr.
Allery, Joseph.
Alonton, Jacob.
Anderson, John.

io6:

NOT ALLOTTED LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

Antier, Francis.

Apperson, Richard.

Asher, Bartlett.

Back, John.

Ballard, Bland William.

Ballenger, Larkin.

Barber, John.

Barnv, William (or Barry).

Bender, John.

Bender, Lewis, died.

Bender, Robert.

Berard, .

Berry, William.

Bigraw, Alexander.

Bingamore, Adam.

Binkley, William.

Bird, Samuel.

Blair, John.

Blancher, Pierre.

Blearn, David.

Bollinger. James.

Boss, David (or Bass).

Bouche, John.

Bowman, Christian.

Brazer, Peter.

Breeden, Richard.

Brenton, Thomas (or Benton).

Bressie, Richard.

Brown, Asher.

Brown, Calvin.

Brown, John.

Brown, Lewis.

Brown, Low.

Brush, Thomas.

Bulcher, Gasper (or Butcher).

Burbridge, John, died.

Burbridge. William, died.

Burk, George.

Burney, Simon (or Burnley).

Bush, John (or Brush).

Bush. Drewrv (or Brush).

Buskey, Francis.

Burris. John.

Butler. John.

Butts, William (prisoner).

Cabbage. Joseph.

Cabbassie. B.

Calvin, Daniel.

Campo, Lewis.

Campo, Michael.

Chambers. Ellick.

Chapman, Edward.

Chapman. Richard.

Chick, William, killed.

Clark. John.

Clairmount, Michael.

Cochran, Edward.

Cochran, George.

Codes, Andrew.

Coffee, Samuel.

Compera. Francis.

Compera, Lewis.

Conn, John.

Conrov. Patrick.

Contraw. Francis.

Convance, Paul.

Cooper, Joseph.

Cooper, Ramsey.

Coontz. Christopher.

Corder. James (or Cordew.)

Corneilla, Patrick.

Corus, John (or Corns).

Coste, J. B. De.

Cowan, Andrew.

Cowan, Mason.

Cowen, Dennis.

Cowdrv. John.

Cowgill, Daniel.

Cox, James.

Crane, John. St

CLARK S OFFICERS AND PRIVATES

1063

Crawley, John.

Cure, Jean Baptist.

Damewood, Boston.

Dardy, Baptiste.

Dardy, John.

Darnell Cornelius.

Davis, Joseph.

Day, William.

Dean, James, died.

Deer and, P.

Denerchelle, Lewis (or Druie-

chelle).
Detering, Jacob.
Doherty, Edward.
Doherty, Frederick.
Doherty, John.
Dolphin, Peter.
Doud, Rodger.
Donovan, John.
Donow, Joseph.
Doyle, John.
Dulhoneau, Pierre.
Duncan, Archibald.
Duncan, Benjamin.
Duncan, Charles.
Duncan, David.
Duncan, Joseph.
Duncan, Nimrod.
Duncan, Samuel.
Durrett, James.
Durrett, William.
Dusablong, B.
Duselle, Mons.
Eastis, James.
English. Robert.
Evans, Stanhope.
Fache, Lewis (or Foche).
Field, Daniel, died.
Farers, John.
Field, Lewis, prisoner.

Foster, Henry.

Freeman, Peter.

Gagnia, Jacque.

Gains, William (or Garner).

Gains, John.

Gallagan, Owen.

Garuldon, Baptist (or Gauch-

don).
George, John.
Germain, J. B.
Gibbons, Samuel.
Guion, S. Frederick.
Gognia, Pierre.
Gomier, Abraham (orGaunia)
Goodwin, Amos.
Goodwin, Edward.
Gordon, John.
Graham, James.
Gratiol, Jean (or Gratiott).
Green, James, died.
Greenwood, Daniel.
Grolet, Francis, Sen.
Grolet, Francis, Jr.
Grimshire, John.
Guess, John (or Gist).
Hall, William.
Hart, Miles.
Hawley, Richard.
Hays, James.
Head, James.
Hendrix, Andrew.
Heyworth, Berrv ( or Hey-

wood).
Hicks, Mordica, died.
Hico, Peter, Sen.
Hico, Peter, Jr.
Hildebrand, James.
Hite, George.
Hobbs, James.
Holler, Francis.

1064

NOT ALLOTTED LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

Hollis, Joshua.

Horn, Christopher.

Horn, Jeremiah.

Horton, Adin (or Aaron).

Houndsler, Charles.

Howell, Peter.

Howell, William.

Huffman, Jacob.

Irby, David.

Jewell, Charles.

Jewell, John.

Jones, Edward.

Johnston, Samuel.

Kemp, Reuben.

Kennedy, David.

Kerr, William.

Kidd, Robert.

Kina, Christopher.

Kincade, James.

King, George.

King, Nicholas.

Kirk, Thomas.

Kirkley, James.

La Belle, Charles.

La Casse, Jacque.

Lafaro, Francis.

Lafaston, Francis.

Laform, John.

Lafour, Pierre (or Laflour).

Lamarch, Beauvard.

Lam arch, J. B.

Lamarch, Lewis.

La Paint, Lewis.

Larose, Francis.

Lasant, Joseph.

Lasley, John.

Laubrau, .

Laughlin, Peter.
Lavigm, Joseph.
Laviolette. Baptist.

Laviolette, Louis.
L'Enfant, Francis.
Lenay , John.
Lenav, Thomas, killed.
Lewis, Benjamin.
Lewis, James.
Lockhart. Archibald.
Logan, Hugh.
Long, William.
Lunsfcrd, Anthony.
Lyon, Jacob.
McClain, Thomas.
McClure, Patrick.
McDaniel. Thomas.
McDonald. James.
McDonald. Thomas.
McGuire, John.
Mcintosh, James.
McKin, James.
McKinnev. John.
McLockland. Charles.
McMichaels, John.
McMickle, John.
McMullen. James.
McQuiddy. Thomas.
Maid, Ebenezer, killed.
Mailone, J. B.
Maisonville, Mons., De.
Malheff, Joseph.
Malbroff, Joseph.
Marsh. John.
Marshall. William.
Martin. Elijah.
Martin. Joseph.
Martin. Pierre.
Martin. Solomon.
Maurisette, M.
Mayfield, Elijah.
Mayfield. Isaac.
Mayfield, Tames.

CLARK S OFFICERS AND PRIVATES

1065

Meadows, Josiah.
Miller, John.

Milton, Daniel (or Wilton.)
Missie, Bernard.
Montgomery, Edward.
Montgomery. William.
Moran, Peter (or Mauron).
Monet, J. B.
Morris, Jacob.
Morris, James, died.
Morris, William.
Mumnailly, Joseph.
Munrony, Sylvester.
Munam, Joseph.

Mustache, .

Nave, Conrad (or Nan).

Nash, Francis.

Neal, John.

Nelson, John.

Nelson, Moses.

Nobbs, Mark.

Oates, Samuel.

O'Fin, James.

Oliver, John.

Oliver, Lewis.

Oliver, Turner.

Owdidd, Lewis (or Ordett).

Paguin, Francis.

Parault, Peter.

Parisiewne, Baptist.

Patterson, John.

Patterson, William.

Panther, Joseph.

Payne, Adam.

Payne, William.

Pellot, Charles.

Penett, Joshua, or M. Peepin.

Peltier, Joseph.

Pepin, John, killed.

Philips, Henry.

Porter, Ebenezer.

Potter, James.

Potter, William.

Powell, Micajah.

Puncrass, Francis.

Pun crass, Joseph.

Rabey, Cader.

Randall, Robert.

Richards, Dick.

Riley, Patrick.

Rubido, James (or Rubideau).

Ruschan, Francis.

Russell, Benjamin.

Rutherford, Larkin.

Roberts, Elias.

Roberts, Joseph.

Robinson, Richard.

Rodgers, Joseph.

Savage, Bryan.

Savage, Dominick.

Scates, David.

Searay, John (or Searcy).

Seare, William.

Sennilt, Richard.

Severage, John (or Severns).

Shannon, William.

Shank, Jacob.

Shank, John.

Sharlock, James (or Sherlock).

Shoemaker, Leonard.

Ship, William.

Siburn, Christopher.

Sigonier, Francis.

Slaughter, George .

Smith, David.

Smith, Josepn.

Smith, Randal.

Smithers, John (or Smothers).

Smock, Henrv.

Snellock, Thomas.

io66

NOT ALLOTTED LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

Sowers, Frederick.
Spencer, John.
St. Mary, Baptiste.
St. Michaels,

Stoball, Thomas.
Taylor, Benjamin.
Taylor, Edward.
Taylor, James.
Taylor, Thomas.
Teliaferro, Richard C.
Thomas, Edward.
Thompson, James.
Thorinigton, Joseph.
Til lis. Griffin.
Toley, Daniel.
Tranthan, Martin.
Triplett, Pettis,
Turpen, Richard, killed.
Turtle, Nicholas.
Underhill, James.
Veale, Peter.
Villard, Isaac.
Vonshiner, Thomas.
Waddengton, John.
Waggoner, Peter, died.
Wallace, David.
Walters, Lewis.
Ward, Thomas.
Ward, Lewis.
Wemate, J. B.
West, John.
Wethers, Benjamin.
Wheat, Jacob.
Wheel, Jacob.
Wheeler, John.
Whitacre, David.
White, William.
Whitten, Daniel.

Wilkinson, William.
Williams, George.
Williams, Zachariah.
Wilton, Daniel.
Winsor. Christopher.
Wood, Charles.
Wray, Thomas.
Wright, William (or Weight).
Zimmerman. Frederick.

OFFICERS OF CROCK
ETT'S REGIMENT.

LIEUTEXAXT-COLOXEL,

Crockett. Joseph.

MAJOR.

Walz, George.

SURGEON.

Greer, Charles.

CAPTAINS.

Chapman. John, killed.
Cherry, William.
Curnev, John.
Kinlev. Benjamin, died.
Moore, Peter.
Tipton. Abraham.
Young, Thomas.

Daring. Henry.
Green, Samuel Ball.
McGovock. Hugh.

CLARK S OFFICERS AND PRIVATES.

I067

It has already been stated in the body of this work that the list
therein given of officers and soldiers who were allotted lands in Clark's
Grant, for service in reducing the British posts, is believed to be
correct, but that no such claim for accuracy is made for the list of
those who served in other campaigns and were not allotted lands in
Clark's Grant. In fact, taking into consideration the number of
General Clark's campaigns against the Indians and the number of
men who participated in them, it is very probable that the names of
some of them are not in the above list. Of this class may be given
the following names mentioned in Reynold's Pioneer History of Illi-
nois as having served under George Rogers Clark:

Atcheson, George.
Bisrgrs, William.

Dodge, .

Garrison, James.

Groots, .

Jarrot, Nicholas.

McDonough, Stace.
Moore, James.
Piggot, James.
Seybold, Robert.
Wadde, David.

ALLOTMENT OF LANDS IN CLARK'S GRANT.

COPY OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMISSION FOR AD-
JUSTING THE CLAIMS OF THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF
THE ILLINOIS REGIMENT TO THE LANDS GIVEN THEM UN-
DER A RESOLUTION OF JANUARY 2, 17S1, AGREEABLE TO
ACT OF ASSEMBLY PASSED OCTOBER SESSION, 17S3, BY
THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA.

Louisville, Aug. 2. 17S4.
Commissioners met according to adjournment. Present — Walker
Daniel, George R. Glark, John Montgomery, John Bailev. Robert
Todd and William Clarke, Gent. Commissioners ordered that the
board adjourn till to-morrow morning.

(Signed) W. Daniels, Chairman.

Aug. 3d. The board met according to adjournment. Present —
the same members as yesterday, and also Ab. Chapline, Gent.

On motion the board came to the following resolutions : That all
officers and soldiers who marched and continued in service till the re-
duction of the British posts on the northwest side of the Ohio, that
all who engaged and enlisted in the Illinois regiment afterward ami
served during the war. or three years, are entitled to a share of the
grant under the resolution and act of assembly, and that those sol-
diers who have enlisted in said regiment since the 2d day of January,
17S1, for three years, or during the war. are not entitled, as there
seems to be no provisions made under the resolution for those who
should thereafter be incorporated in the said regiment : that the offi-

(106S)

ALLOTMENT OF LANDS IN CLARK7S GRANT.

1069

cers of the regiment are entitled to a share of the land in proportion
to the commissions they respectively held on the said 2d day of Janu-
ary, 1781, and not in proportion to the commissions they have since
held in consequence of promotions, and that, therefore, officers com-
missioned since that period are not entitled at all ; and that those sol-
diers who enlisted to serve twelve months after their arrival at Kas-
kaskia, agreeable to an act of assembly of the fall session, 177S, for
the protection and defense of the Illinois county, who did not re-enlist
in the regiment, are not included in said resolution ; that those officers
who were commissioned under said act and resigned before the ex-
piration of the twelve months are not entitled ; last, that those who
continued during the year and then retired, not having a command,
are entitled. Adjourned.

Aug. 4th. The same members as yesterday.

The following claims were taken up and allowed and disallowed as
they are marked, to wit:*

*Geo. R. Clark, Brig. Gen.
*John Montgomery, Lt.-Colo.
*Joseph Bowman, Major.
*Thomas Quick, Major.
*Walker Daniels, Major.

James Shelby, Capt.

John Bailey, Capt.

Rich'd Brashear, Capt.

Rob't George, Capt.

Rich'd McCarty, Capt.
*Abraham Kellar, Capt.
*Edw'd Worth ington, Capt.
*Wm. Harrod, Capt.

Wm. Lynn, not allowed.
*Isaac Ruddle, same.
*Levi Todd, Lieutenant.
*Jas. Davis, Lieut.

John Swan, Lt.
*Henry Floyd, Lt.
*Rich'd Harrison, Lt.
*Jas. Robertson, Lt.

* Abraham Chapline, Lt.
*John Perault, Lt.
*Michael Perault, Lt.
*Jos. Calvert, Lt.

Jas. Montgomery, Lt.
*Isaac Bowman, Lt.
*Jarrott Williams, Lt.
*Rich'd Clark, Lt.
*Wm. Clark, Lt.
*Thos. Wilson, Lt.
*Val. Dalton. Lt.

* Jacob Vanmeter, Ens.
*Lawson Slaugter, Ens.

*Those marked with an asterisk (*) were allowed, but subsequent proceed-
ings of the board show that the action at this meeting as to the allowance of
claims was not final.

1070

ALLOTMENT OF LANDS IN CLARK'S GRANT

Isaac Kellar.

* Andrew Clark, sol'd.
*Wm. Whitehead, do.

Rob't Whitehead, do.

Boston Damewood, not all'd.

Wm, Crosby, same.
*Peter Newton, sol'd.

Nich's Tuttle, not allow'd.
*John Grimes, sol'd.

Francis Grolet, not al.

Francis Grolet, Jr., not al.

Hugh Logan, same.

John Dodge, same.

Isreal Dodge, same.
*John Vaughn, Sergt.
*Ber Trent, do.

John Tewell, not al.
*Levi Teall, soldier.
*Francis Godfrey, do.

Mat Brock, not all'd.
*Edw'd Murray, sold.

Jas. Jerrald, not all'd.

Francis Hardin, same.

Larkin Ballink, do.

Wm. Kerr, do.
*Henry Dewitt, Sergt.
*Wm. Crump, do.
*John Moore, do.
*Edw'd Johnston, sold.

Ch's Evans, do.

Geo. Hait, not allowed.

And Ray, same.

Val Dalton, not all'd as an
adj't.

Jas. Sherlock, not all'd.

John Dougherty, do.

Ch's McLocklin, do.

* Jessie Piner, sold.
*Jas. Brown, Sergt.
*Wm. Elms, do.

*Joseph Ross, sold.

*Chs. Ormsley. do.

*Jas. Hillebrand or Dawson, do

*Jas. Elms, do.

*Dan Tygert, do.

Rich'd Breeden. not al.
*John Cowan, sold.
*Wm. Pritchett, Sergt.
*Wm. Pureed . sold.
*Pet Priest, do.
*Geo. Veuchionn. do.
*And. Conore, do.
*Josiah Prewit. do.
*Buckner Pitman, Sergt.
*Ab. Miller, sold.
*Nat Jones, do.

Christo Coontes. not al'd.
*Isham Floyd, sold.

John Lines, soldier.

Sam Blackford, do.

Laton White, do.

Abraham Lusado. do.

Wm. Ray, do.

Jas. Harris, do.

Thurman Consulv. do.

John Duff. do.

Jas. Curry, do.

Shep. Stephens, do.

Ebend. Bowen, not all'd.

Wm. Swan. sold.

Simon Kenton, do.

John Saunders, do.

Geo. Clark, do.

Wm. Whitley, tic

David Glenn, do.

Silas Harlin. do.

John Severns, do.

Ebenezer Severns. do.

Wm. Oreer, do.

Jas. Inley. Sergt.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK7 S GRANT.

1071

Dan Durst, not all'd.
Wm. Rubey, Sergt.
Pat Doran, sold.
Wm. Greathouse, do.
Chas. Bilterback, do.
Robt. Patterson, Sergt.
Tilman Camper, sold.
Jas. Monroe, do.
Chas. Jones, do.
Benj. Kendall, do.
Robt. GaiTott, do.
John Oreer, Sergt.
Dan Oreer, sold.
Jesse Oreer, do.
Sam Humphries, do.
Eben Mead, not all'd.
Dorn Flanaghan, sold.
Jonas Meniper, do.
John Talley, do.
Dan Tally, not all'd.
Wm. Tackledge, sold.
Jas. Kincaid, not all'd.
John Sartine, sold.
::'Henry French, not all'd.
Peter Locklin, do.
John McGuire, do.
John Leslie, do.
Lough Brown, do.
Hugh Logan, do.
David Bailey, sold.
Sam Butcher, not all'd.
Isaac Henry, sold.
Henry Hatton, not all'd.
John Isaac, sold.
Jas. Finn, sold.
Wm. Chapman, do.
David Rodgers, not all'd.
Sam Bvrd, do.
Jas. Bigger, sold.
Jas. McKinne, not all'd.

Gasper Butcher, do.

Step Ray, do.

Cornelius Copland, sold.

Wm. Shannon's pet. rejected,

Benj. Lynn, not all'd.

Sam Moore, same.

Henry Honacker, sold.

P. Honacker, do.

Hanley Vance, do.

John Williams, Capt.

Geo. Walls, not allowed.
*Rob't Todd, Capt.

Leon'd Helms, Capt.

Isaac Taylor, same.

Jesse Evans, not allowed.
*John Rodgers, Capt.
*Jas. Merriweather, Lt.
*John Thruston, Cornet.
*John Joines, soldier.
*Jas Baxter, sol'd.
*John Johnson, do.
*Wm. Bell, do.
*Rich'd Lovell, do.
*Sam Watkins, do.

Lewis Gay nice, do.

John Lemon, do.

Thos. Gaskins, do.

Moses Lunsford, do.

Wm. Smith, do.
*Mich. Millar, not all'd.
*Rob't Witt, soldiers.
*Nich's Burk, do.
*Wm. Bush, do.
*Micajah Mayfield, do.
*Thos. Hooper, do.
*John Montgomery.
*Francis McDermed, sol'd.
*Edw'd Parker, Sergeant.
*Pet Shepherd, soldier.
*Wm. Thompson, do.

1072

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

*Geo. Shepherd, do.
*Randall White, do.

Geo. Lunsford, do.

Mason Lunsford, do.
*Isaac Yates, soldier.
*Geo. Livingston, same.
*Reuben Camp, do.
*John Pulford, do.
*Jas. Bryant, do.
*Page Sartia, do.
*John Nelson, not allowed.

Enoch Nelson, sol'd.
* Jonathan Sworden, do.

*William Rullison, do.
*Christ. Hatten, do.

James Dean, not all'd.
*Geo. Gilmore. sol'd.

Lewis Brown, not all'd.
*Jos. Thornton, sold.
*Daniel Williams, do.
*David Allen, do.

Moses Nelson, not all'd.
Aug. 5th.
*Dennis Cockran, sold.

David Jones, subst. for John
Nelson.

Commissioners of military stores and of provisions not allowed.
Martin Carney, not allowed as a Lt. nor as a W. Master.

"John McGar, sold.
*Johri Oakley, do.
*John Haiken, do.

Jas. Ramsey, do.

John Leverege, not all'd.

Armd Dudlev. sold.
Edw'd Mathews, not all'd.
Chas. Morgan, do.
Wm. Freeman, sold.
John Ash, do.

Those Continentals who came up with Captain George and nc\ er
re-enlisted in the Illinois Resr't are not allowed.

John Williams, Sergt.
Thos. Moore, sold.
John Moore, do.
Wm. Tyler, do.
James Lynes, do.
John Greene, do.
Wm. Myers, do.
John Paul. do.
John Hughes, do.
Isaac Vanmetere, do.
Andrew House, do.
Ebenezer Osbourne, do.
Thos. Batten, do.
Stephen Frost, do.

Van Swearenger, do.
Jas. January, soldier.
Jas. McNutt, do.
Geo. Grew do.
Elisha Bethev. do.
Rich'd Reu. not all'd
Arthur Lindsev. sold.
Sam McMullen, do.
Edw'd Wilson, do.
Sam Stroud. Sergt.
Barney Watem, sold.
Henry Funk. do.
Jacob Coger, do.
Peter Coger, do.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

1073

Jas. Bentley, do.
John Bently, do.
Edw'd Fear, do.
Wm. Slack, do.
Asael Davis, do.
John Boyles, do.
Jos. Ramsey, do.
Thos. Clifton, do.
^Israel Dodge, not all'd.
Rich'd Lutterell, sold.
Wm. Crosley, soldier.
Jas. Wood, do.
Jas. Holms, do.
Jos. Anderson, do.
Moses Camper, do.
Isaac F arris, sold.
John Henry, do.
Hugh Henry, do.
David Henry, do.
Edw'd Bulger, do.
Ab. James, do.
Henry Prather, do.
Jacob Spear, do.

Ab. Taylor, do.

Sam Bell, do.

Mos. Nelson, not all'd.

Edw'd Taylor, do.

Jas. Whitecotton, sold.

Christo. Horn, not al'd.

Rich'd Sinnett, do.

Noah Craine, sold.

Geo. Campbell, not al'd.

Sam Pickens, sold.

John Peartree, do.

John Read, not al'd.

Chas. Margan, do.

Wm. Ruby, Jun., do. all'd.

Corn Ruddle, do.

Pleast. Lockhart, do.

Josiah Phelps, do.

Wm. Buckley, do.

Wm. B. Smith, not al'd.

Turner Oliver, do.

Dan Whitten, do.

Jos. Henter's pet. rejected.

Capt. Rodgers has the list of his sergeants and soldiers and will
five a copy.
Soldiers during: the war entitled to a double share Aug'. 6th.

The commissioners direct certificates to be issued in the following
mode, to wit: To a brigadier-general, 7,500; to a lieutenant-colonel,
4,500; to a major, 4,000; to a captain, 3,000; to a subaltern, 2,000;
to a sergeant, 200, and to a private, 100 acres of land, which, on a
calculation, is supposed to leave 19,500 acres of land as a residuum,
subject to be granted to future claimants that shall appear entitled and
to have labored under legal disability to have brought in their claims
and to the further directions of the commissioners, and in case of a
future division among the claimants the lands are to be apportioned
according to the preceding regulations. The agent is ordered to make

1074 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

out certificates, etc., to be signed by the chairman, delivered to the
surveyor, who is to advertise and distribute them among those enti-
tled, taking a receipt therefor, and receiving a dollar per hundred
acres.

Aug. 7th. The surveyor is directed to deliver the certificates of
claim to the persons entitled, but if a purchaser produces an assign-
ment or obligation for the conveyance, he is directed to deliver the
certificates to such purchaser, taking his receipt therefor.

Ordered, that John Campbell, George R. Clark, John Bailev. or
any two, with the surveyor, fix on the most convenient place in the
grant for the town and lay off the 1,000 acres appropriated for the
purpose, and also draw up and report a plan for the same.

Leave is given General Clark to erect the mill he is now building
on a branch above the lots already laid off in Clarksville. and. if com-
pleted and of public utility, the right of the soil to so much land as
shall be deemed sufficient for the water shall be confided to him.

The twelve lots already occupied shall be confirmed to the claim-
ants upon their building houses, actually residing themselves on the lots
for twelve months, or settling others thereon, and complying with the
directions of the act for saving the lots in Clarksville, agreeable to a
promise of a majority of the commissioners heretofore made, and
twelve other lots to be laid off adjoining and back of those alreadv
laid off shall be appropriated in the same manner, provided thev are
settled in two months from this date.

On reconsidering Martin Darnev's claim, it is the opinion of the
board that he is entitled to a lieutenant's quota in the Illinois Grant.
Pat Kennedy's petition rejected.

Adjourned to the first Monday in October next.

Signed, by order of the board,

Walker Daniel. Chairman.

Louisville, Aug. 7, 17S4:

A copy, but not examined.

Test: W.Daniels.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 1075

Louisville, August r6, 17S4.

At a meeting of the commissioners in consequence of the death of
Mr. Walker Daniels, Gent., present — John Campbell, G. R. Clark,
John Montgomery, John Bailey, Ab. Chapline and W. Clark, Gent.,
commissioners.

Ordered that,

Whereas, The original proceedings of the board being lost when
Mr. Walker Daniel was killed, the foregoing copy to be ratified and
confirmed ; but, if the original should be obtained, then they are to
be in force.

Ordered, that General Clark make out and sign certificates and de-
liver them to the surveyor, who is to distribute them according to the
former resolutions. The board pi-oceeded to the election of another
commissioner in the room of Mr. W. Daniel, when Wm. Croghan,
Gent., was elected.

Resolved, That General Clark take into his care the proceedings
and other papers belonging to the commissioners, and them safely
keep for the use of the parties concerned.

Adjourned till the first Monday in October next, unless the chair-
man shall find it necessary to call a meeting sooner.

John Campbell, Chairman.

At a meeting of the board of commissioner for appointing the
lands granted to the Illinois regiment, etc., at Louisville, July 6,
1 7S5, present, John Edwards, John Campbell, Abraham Chapline,
John Bailey, Robert Todd and William Clark, commissioners. Cap-
tain Rodgers produced a list of his company, which had before been
allowed their claims by a board that sat in August last, but their
names had been lost or mislaid, which said claims are confirmed by
the present board: William Merriweather, sergeant, Thomas Kev,
sergeant; Geo. Key, Geo. Snow, David Pagan, Henrv Blankenship,
Dominack Welsh, Gasper Galer, Robert Barnet, Frank Spilman,
James Spilman, Travis Booton, William Booton, Wm. Leare, Will-
iam Kendall, William Froggart, William Givin, William Goodwin,

1076 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

John Campbell, Charles Martin, Barney Higgins, Fred Dohartv.
Nathaniel Mershon, David McDonald, James Hammit, John Jones,
John Murphv, Michael Glass, Michael Oharow, Rice Curtis and
Geo. Smith, soldiers.

On motion made in behalf of Thomas Hays, the board think him
entitled to a soldier's part of land in the Illinois Grant. Also Francis
Hardin, also Patrick Man?, also Charles Morgan as a sergeant, also
John Setzer and Michael Setzer as soldiers.

Adjourned till to-morrow morning.

Johx Edwards. Chairman.

July 7, 17S5. The board met according to adjournment. Mem-
bers the same as yesterday. The board entered into the following
resolutions :

That a majority of the surviving commissioners mentioned in the
act should, at any time, compose a board and do business.

On motion made in behalf of Michael Miles, are of opinion that
he is entitled to a sergeant's quota of land in the Illinois Grant. On
motion made, the board came to the -following resolution :

That the lots be drawn in the name of the assignee as far as thev
can be known and made appear, but when doubt arises, thev may be
classed according to the request of those who claim by assignment
and drawn in the name of the original proprietor.

On motion made in behalf of the heirs of Major William Lynn,
deceased, who marched to the Illinois under Colonel Geo. R. Clark,
and acted as a major at the reduction of the posts therein.

Resolved, That the heirs of the soldier William Lynn, deceased,
be entitled to receive a major's quota of land in the Illinois Grant.

Adjourned till to-morrow morning.

John Edwards. Chairman.

July S, 178^. The board met according to adjournment. Mem-
bers the same as yesterday. On motion made, the board came to the
following resolution :

That they have no power to decide in any matter of controversy
between claimants claiming as heirs at law.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT. 1077

Resolved, This board have a right to judge and determine to whom
they shall grant a deed when two or more persons claim the same by
assignment or conveyance from the original proprietor.

Resolved, That this board will not proceed in such judgment and
determination in the absence of the parties, unless it is proved to them
they have been summoned and do not appear.

Resolved, That when any dispute between claimants should be be-
fore the board unfit for issue, for want of necessary vouchers, that the
preference in classing the so disputed claim should be determined by
lot.

Resolved, That Thomas Walker be allowed a soldier's claim in the
Illinois Grant.

Resolved, That the commissioners' certificate now produced to the
board by assignees be returned to them, but first marked in whose
name they were classed, and in case the assignment or assignments
are on the back of the certificates, then to be retained by the board
and another given to the last assignee expressing therein their origi-
nal owner and every assignee named and quantity of land.

Adjourned till to-morrow. JOHX Edwards, Chairman.

July 9, 17S5. The board met according to adjournment. Mem-
bers present the same as yesterday.

A memorial of John Rodgers, captain of cavalry, respecting a
grant made to Walker Daniel by a former board as a major to Illinois
regiment, to which he objects, and affirms he, the said Daniel, had
no right or pretensions, having never served in that regiment.

Resolved, The consideration of the said memorial be postponed
till the next meeting of the board, and that a summons issue citing
Robert Daniel, heir at law to the said Walker, to appear at that time.

Resolved, That the plot of the 149,000 acres of land granted to the
Illinois regiment be proved by the oath of Mr. William Clark, the
surveyor, and that it be transmitted to the register's office in Rich-
mond bv Colonel Richard Clough Anderson.

1078 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

A draught of a petition to the assembly from this board agreed
upon and ordered to be signed by the chairman.

Adjourned to the first Wednesday in August.

Johx Edwards, Chairman.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners for appointing the
lands granted to the Illinois regiment at Louisville, the 9th December,
1 7S5 , present, George R. Clark, Ab. Chapline, Robert Todd, John
Bailey and William Clark, commissioners.

Resolved, That the further consideration of Captain Rodgers' me-
morial respecting the claim of Walker Daniel, deceased, be postponed
till the next sitting of the board, and that the board now proceed to
draw the lottery for all claims that appear reasonable and are allowed.

Adjourned till to-morrow morning.

Dec. 10, 17S5. The board met according to adjournment, mem-
bers the same as yesterday.

A number of assignments and conveyances being produced, the
board proceeded to class them in the name of the assignees and direct
that title papers be kept with the board.

Adjourned till Monday next.

Dec. 1 2th. The board met according to adjournment. Members
the same as yesterday. The surveyor produced a general plat of the
surveys contained in the I. grant, which was approved by the com-
missioners.

Capt. Ab. Hite and Mr. E. Rodgers, at the request of the board,
attended and drew the classes and numbers and Messrs. Walter Davis
and William Croghan acted as clerks in taking down the names of
the respective claimants and numbers they drew.

Resolved, That the surveyor be directed to issue plats and certifi-
cates of surveys to the different claimants on their paving the fees and
expenses due thereon, as also the dollar per hundred acres directed to
be paid by law, to be appointed toward defraying the expenses of ad-
justing the claims, surveying and apportioning the grants, etc.

Adjourned till the first Wednesday in March next.

G. R. Clark.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 1079

Louisville, 13th December, 17S5.

At a meeting of the trustees for the town of Clarksville, present,
General Clark, Captain Chapline, Captain Bailey, Captain Todd and
William Clark.

Resolved, That the surveyor be directed to lay off forty lots in the
town of Clarksville, above Mill creek, adjacent to those already laid
off below, to be sold the first Wednesday in March next, and that
they be advertised in the adjacent counties, directed by law.

Resolved, That all the lots now occupied be confirmed to the claim-
ants on their complying with terms prescribed by the trustees to those
who took possession of and settled on the first lots.

Resolved, That the lots to be laid off be sold for cash and that
William Clark, G. R. Clark and Captain Chapline, or any two of
them, be appointed to superintend the sales, and that the money aris-
ing from such sales be lodged in the hands of W. Clark, who shall be
liable for the same when called for by the board.

The board proceeded to the election of trustees in the room of
Walker Daniel, deceased, and John Montgomery, removed, when
William Croghan and Richard Terrell, Gent., were elected.

Adjourned till the first Wednesday in March next.

G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of trustees for the town of Clarksville on Tuesday,
the 9th of May, 17S6, present, George R. Clark, Ab. Chapline,
William Clark, William Croghan and Richard Terrell, Gent.

Resolved, That a further sale of lots in the town of Clarksville be
held in said town the first Tuesday in August next, for cash, and that
the sale be immediately advertised in the adjacent counties by the
chairman.

Adjourned till the first Tuesday in August next.

G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the commissioners for apportioning the lands
granted to the Illinois regiment, etc., at Louisville, the 5th day of
September, 1787, present, John Campbell. George Rogers Clark.

ioSo ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

Richard Taylor, Alexander Breckenridge, William Croghan, Andrew
Heth and William Clark, Gent., commissioners.

Resolved, That two meetings of the board be held at this place for
the purpose of receiving and determining on such claims as have not
yet been given in agreeable to the direction of an act of last session of
assembly ; the first of said meetings to be the second Monday in Oc-
tober and next, and the other the 31st day of December following,
being the last day fixed by law for receiving claims, and that a copv
of this resolution be advertised in the "Kentucky Gazette" for three
weeks successively.

Adjourned till the second Monday in October next.

Johx* Campbell. Chairman.

Monday, Sth of October, 1787. The following members of the
commissioners met according to adjournment, viz. : G. R. Clark.
William Clark and William Croghan, and adjourned till to-morrow
morning. G. R. Clark.

Louisville, 9th October. 17S7.
The following members of the commission met according to ad-
journment, viz. : John Campbell, William Clark, Richard Tavlor.
William Croghan, and adjourned till to-morrow, twelve o'clock.

Johx Campbell.

Wednesday, October 10th. The board met according to adjourn-
ment; present, John Campbell, George R. Clark, Richard Tavlor.
James F. Moore, Alexander Breckenridge. William Croghan. Rob-
ert Breckenridge and William Clark, Gent., commissioners.

Resolved, That the officers and soldiers who were left at the falls
by order of Colonel Clark, when the detachment were going against
the Illinois, be allowed quota of land in the grant.

James .Sherlock's claim disallowed. Alexander Mclntire allowed
as a private. Isaac Riddle (Ruddle) allowed as a captain. William
Foster and Samuel F inly allowed as privates; also Tames Patton.
Richard Chenoweth and Neal Doherty and Isaac McBride.

Adjourned till the Jist of December next. foHN CAMPBELL.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. ioSl

At a meeting of the board of commissioners for apportioning the
lands granted to the Illinois regiment, at Louisville, the 31st of De-
cember, 17S7, present, George R. Clark, Ab. Chapline, Richard
Taylor, William Croghan, Richard Terrell, Alexander Breckenridge
and William Clark, Gent., commissioners.

Resolved, That Florence Mahony, Eben Bowen. private, John
Brand, sergeant, Angus Cameron, private ; (absent, R Taylor; pres-
ent, J. F. Moore) and William Guthrie, private, also, Sam Harris and
John Peties, be allowed quotas of land. Present, John Campbell,
Gent. Samuel Harris, Sen., allowed as a private.

Resolved, That such claims as may be offered to any of the mem-
bers of the board this evening be received this evening and deter-
mined at a future meeting.

Adjourned till nine o'clock to-morrow. JOHNT Campbell.

January 1st, 17SS. The board met according to adjournment.
Present, George R. Clark, Ab. Chapline, Alexander Breckenridge,
Richard Terrell, William Croghan, Richard Taylor and William
Clark. The following claims given in yesterdav were taken up and
determined on, as follows: George McAIaness, John McManess and
John McManess, Sen., allowed as privates; also, James Jarrold,
Samuel Stephenson, John Maline Harris, William Coger, William
Asher and Richard Cox, privates ; John Walker, sergeant. Absent,
A. Breckenridge ; present, J. F. Moore, Gent. Thomas Simpson
allowed as a soldier; also, J. Elms and Robert Davis as soldiers.
William Shannon not allowed.

Resolved, unanimously, That all claims heretofore adjusted and
allowed by a former board be confirmed as they stand, drawn in the
lottery, except the claim of Walker Daniel, which is rejected, and
the claim of Martin Carney, which is to be reconsidered.

Adjourned till to-morrow, nine o'clock. G. R. Clark.

Wednesday, 2d January. The following members met, viz. :
George R. Clark, Ab. Chapline, Richard Terrell, William Croghan
and William Clark, commissioners, and adjourned till to-morrow,
nine o'clock. G. R. Clark.

[o82 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IX CLARK S GRANT.

Friday, 4th January. At a meeting of the board of commission-
ers at Louisville, present, John Campbell, G. R. Clark. Ab. Chap-
line, Richard Terrell, Alexander Breckenridge, Andrew Heth, Will-
iam Croghan and William Clark, Gent., commissioners.

The board proceeded to reconsider the claim of Martin Carnev and
determined that the said claim be confirmed. Absent, John Camp-
bell.

The board then proceeded and drew the lottery for such claims as
have been lately allowed and were not in the lottery drawn by a for-
mer board.

Resolved, Whereas, there appears to be a residuum of io.Soo
acres of land, that a future division take place and the said residuum
be apportioned agreeable to this former regulation of the board.

Resolved, That the dollar per 100 acres paid for certificates be ap-
portioned toward defraying the expenses of the original survey pro-
visions, paying chain carriers, choppers, hunters, etc., etc., the bal-
ance, if any, applied as part of the surveyor's fee.

Resolved, That three meetings of the board be held at this place
for the purpose of executing deeds, the first meeting to be the 20th of
February next, the second the first Tuesday in April, and the third
meeting the 17th of July, and that public notice be given of those
meetings in order that the claimants may take out their plats and ap-
ply for deeds.

Adjourned till the 20th of February next.

G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the board of trustees for the town of Clarksville.
at Louisville, the 5th of January, 17SS, present, George R. Clark.
Abraham Chapline, Richard Terrell, William Croghan and William
Clark.

Resolved, That a number of lots in the town of Clarksville be sold
at public auction at this place on the first Tuesday in March next, be-
ing Jefferson court day, and that the time and place of sale be adver-
tised at the court-houses of the adjacent counties.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. io8^

At a meeting of the commissioners for apportioning the lands
granted to the Illinois regiment, at Louisville, the 20th February, 1788,
present, G. R. Clark, James F. Moore, Richard Taylor, William
Croghan, Alexander Breckenridge, Andrew Heth and William Clark,
Gent., commissioners.

Resolved, Whereas satisfactory proof is made to this board of
Jacob Bowman being heir at law of Joseph* Bowman, deceased, that
deeds for the lands allowed said Joseph be issued in the name of
said Jacob.

Resolved, That claimants of choices of lots in the Illinois Grant be
notified by advertisement to apply and make their respective choices
in rotation on or before the 17th of July next, and in case of failure,
the commissioners will proceed to ballot for them in order that the
subsequent choices may be made by such as are entitled and apply.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the commissioners for apportioning the lands
granted to the Illinois regiment, etc., at Louisville, the 4th of April,
17S8, present, Wm. Clark, Alexander Breckenridge, Robert Breck-
enridge, Richard Taylor, Wm. Croghan, Jas. F. Moore and Rich-
ard Terrell, Gent., commissioners.

Adjourned till Tuesday next, 9 o'clock.

Wm. Clark, Chairman.

Louisville, Tuesday, the Sth of April, 17SS.

The board met according to adjournment ; present, Geo. R. Clark,
Wm. Clark, Richard Taylor, Alexander Breckenridge, Robert Breck-
enridge, Wm. Croghan and Richard Terrell, Gent.

Resolved, That Wm. Clark be appointed to receive the money
payable to the register of the land office, as may arise from the exe-
cution of deeds.

The following deeds were presented to the board and executed, viz. :
To John Moyland, Adam Hoops and Abner Martin Dunn, Nos. 27,

*This is Jacob in the manuscript, but evidently a mistake of the clerk or

copyist. .
69

1084 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

132, 151, 217, 21S, 105, 253, 265, 287, 284 and 291, of 500 acres
each ; to Adam Hoops, No. 242 ; to Isaac Bowman, his four surveys
of 500 acres — Nos. 1, 158, 213 and 289.

Resolved, When sufficient proof is produced to the board that
Win. Croghan hath purchased the several claims in 500 acres — No.
4 — the surveyor be therefore directed to make out a plat of said tract
in Croghan's name.

Adjourned till to-morrow, 3 o'clock. G. R. Clark.

Wednesday, the 9th April, 178S. The board met according to ad-
journment ; present, same as yesterday. The board proceeded to
apportion, by lottery, a number of claims in the residuum of lands,
and then adjourned till Friday, the 18th inst. G. R. Clark.

Friday, the iSth April, 17SS. The board met according to ad-
journment; members same as before, also James Francis Moore.
Gent. The board proceeded and drew the lottery for the balance of
the residuum of lands.

Resolved, When James Francis Moore hath produced to the
board a sufficient assignment from David Glenn for his claims in ^00
acres — No. 20 — the balance being already vested in said Moore, that
the surveyor be directed to make out the plat in Moore's name.

The following deeds were presented and executed bv the board,
viz.: To Wm. Croghan, No. 4 and No. 113, ^00 acres each: to
Wm. Vanlear, assignee of Montgomery, No. 167, 202, 239. 270 and
283, 500 acres each.

Adjourned till the 17th of July next. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the trustees for the town of Clarksville, at Louis-
ville, the 5th of June, 17SS, present, John Campbell. Geo. R. Clark.
Wm. Clark, Richard Terrell and William Croghan. Gent.

On motion made by Mr. Terrell to appoint a trustee in the
room of Colonel Robert Todd, who had authorized him to inform the
board he could not attend, and requested another to be appointed in
his stead.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 1085

Resolved, That Mr. Andrew Heth be appointed a trustee for the
town of Clarksville in the room of Colonel Robert Todd.

Resolved, That the clerk be directed to write to Colonel Fleming,
Colonel Edwards, Messrs. John Baleys and Ab. Chapline, request-
ing them to inform the board whether they can attend the business as
trustees of the town of Clarksville or not; if not, to signify their
resignation in order that others may be appointed in their stead.

Resolved, That the lots laid out above the mouth of Mill creek, in
the town of Clarksville, be sold in said town agreeable to law, for
cash, on Saturday, the 9th of August, next ; that the same be adver-
tised at the court-houses of the adjacent counties ; and that William
Clark, Richard Terrell and Andrew Heth, or any two of them,
superintend the sales in case the board should not meet at that time.

Resolved, That Mr. Wm. Clark be appointed clerk to the board of
trustees ; that he be directed to provide a book and transcribe therein
the proceedings of the board, which have hitherto been kept on de-
tached papers, and that the proceedings so transcribed be examined
by the board at their next sitting.

Adjourned till Monday next. John Campbell.

At a meeting of the commissioners for appointing the lands
granted to the Illinois regiment, on Thursday, the 17th day of July,
17S8, present, Geo. R. Clark, Richard Terrell, Richard Taylor,
James F. Moore, Andrew Heth, William Croghan and Ab. Chap-
line and Alexander Breckenridge, John Campbell, Gent., produced
to the board a conveyance from John Bailey in favor of Michael
Hillingas and John Dunlap for (500) five hundred acres of land, the
choices of three tracts of that size, and claim No. 16 as the choice.
The question being put, it was determined that said Hilligas and
Dunlap are entitled to said tract of land, and that a deed issued
accordingly. Present, John Campbell and William Clark.

The following deeds were presented to the board and executed,
viz. : To Richard Terrell, No. 6 ; to Hector Moore Wright, assignee
of James Francis Moore, No. 20.

1086 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

Resolved, That further time be allowed the different claimants to
apply and take out their deeds till the first Tuesday in April next.

Resolved, That Richard Taylor and Ab. Chapline. Gent., be ap-
pointed to examine the deeds to be presented to the board and sign
such as are found to be truly made out. Adjourned till nine o'clock
to-morrow. John Campbell.

Friday, 18th July, 17SS. The board met according to adjourn-
ment. Present, Abraham Chapline, William Clark, Richard Tay-
lor, James Francis Moore, William Croghan, Andrew Heth. Alex-
ander Breckenridge and R. Terrell.

The following deeds were presented and executed, yiz. : To Ab.
Chapline, No. 222 ; to Croghan, assignee, No. 145 and 1S0 in one
deed ; to Richard Terrell, assignee, No. 9 ; to Terrell and Elie Will-
iams, No. iS7 ; to R. Terrell, assignee, No. 115; to Terrell and Elie
Williams, assignee, No. S and 58 ; to R. Terrell, assignee. No. 262 :
to R. Terrell and Elie Williams, assignee. No. 221 ; to John Mayfield.
Adam Hoops and Abner Martin Dunn, assignee, 101 ; to Jacob
Bowman, heir at law, No. 125, 49, 237, 5 and 97; to Isaac Ruddle.
No. no, 153, 34, 14, 77 and 149; to William Croghan and Gab.
Madison, assignee, No. 267. (Present, General Clark). To Richard
Terrell, assignee, No. 83, 127, 252 and 83 ; to John Shelby, heir at
law of James Shelby, No. 42, 43. 249. 95, SS and S9 : to Robert
George, No. 17, 1 ^9, 137, 149 and 275; to William Leas, assignee
of R. George, No. 172; to William Clark, No. 96 and 272 : to Pat
Joyes, assignee, No. 75 and 109. Present, John Campbell, Gent. :
absent, G. R. Clark.

Adjourned till five o'clock to-morrow morning.

John Campbell.

Saturday, 19th July, 17S8. The board met according to adjourn-
ment. Present, John Campbell, Ab. Chapline. William Clark.
Richard Taylor. Andrew Heth, James F. Moore, Alexander Breck-
enridge and Richard Terrell, Gent.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 10S7

The following deeds, being produced to the board, were executed,
viz. : To Nathaniel Parker, assignee, No. 225 and 33.

Richard Jones Waters appeared before the board and claimed a title
to the land allowed William Smith, which was drawn for in the name
of Daniel Brodhead, as assignee of Smith. On motion, the board
determined that the matter shall be taken up and revised.

Mr. Mich. Campbell produced to the board two convevances
from John Montgomery for five hundred acres each, one in favor of
said Campbell, the other in the name of James Watt, and claimed
the land accordingly. The claim being contested by Mr. Brecken-
ridge, on account of his having sold 3,600 acres of such land as at-
torney of said Montgomery. The papers being produced, the board
determined that the conveyances of Breckenridge take preference.

John Harrison and William Sullivan applied to the board for the
third and fourth choice tracts of Major Quick's claim by virtue of
assignments for such choices. Said Harrison chose No. 71 and Sulli-
van No. 70. Those choices were contested by G. R. Clark. The
question being put, the board determined in favor of the claimants
and order that deeds issue accordingly. A deed issued to Mich.
Hilligas and John Dunlap, assignees of John Bailev, for No. 16.

The title of 500 acres of land being contested between Mich.
Campbell and William Croghan, both having assignments from Col-
onel John Montgomery, the board determined that Croghan' s assign-
ments take preference.

Deed issued to Benjamin Sebastian, Alexander Scot Bullett and
Elie Williams, assignees, for No. 23, 78, 277, 40, 122 and 36, in one
deed; to Mich. Campbell, assignee of Montgomery, No. 35. Absent,
John Campbell, Gent.

An order omitted to be entered yesterday is ordered to be inserted
here, viz. :

William Croghan, applying for Chapline's third choices, and no
person appearing to make the second, the board proceeded to ballot
therefor, when No. 222 was drawn; this choice, as appears, ought to
have been made bv Joel Rease. Two deeds issued to William Van-

ioSS ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

lear, assignee of Montgomery, by Alexander Breckenridge. his attor-
ney, one for No. 143, the other for No. 51.

Resolved, In the division of 500 acres surveys, among sergeants,
soldiers, etc., that the plats be divided into five equal tracts, and any
claimants, applying to the surveyor after the first dav of November
next, may ballot with him for his part and have the same laid off.
But in case of a claim or claims for more than 100 acres, the great-
est claim shall have preference of choice in order that he may be able
to obtain his proportion together in one tract, and his choice shall be so
made and in such manner as to leave other claims entire and undi-
vided.

Resolved, That the foregoing resolution be advertised bv the sur-
veyor immediately, in order that those concerned may attend at the
proper time to fix their claims.

Adjourned till the first Tuesday in November next.

Abraham Chapllxe.

Tuesday, 4th Nov., 17SS. The board met according to adjourn-
ment. Present, John Campbell, Geo. R. Clark, Wm. Clark. YVm.
Croghan, Richard Terrell, Andrew Heth and James Francis Moore.
Gent.

The board proceeded to apportion, bv lot, the claims of the ser-
geants, soldiers, etc., and determine in what manner the 500-acre
tracts shall be divided among them.

Adjourned till to-morrow, 9 o'clock. John Campbell.

Wednesday, 5th Nov., 17SS. The board met according to ad-
journment. Present, Geo. R. Clark. William Clark, Richard Ter-
rell, Andrew Heth, Wm. Croghan, James Francis Moore and Alex-
ander Breckenridge, Gent. On motion made, the board proceeded to
point out and determine in what manner the 500-acre lots are to be
divided among those who hold unequal quantities, in such tracts
agreeable to a plan produced by the surveyor and approved bv the
board.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 10S9

The following deeds being presented and executed by the board,
viz. : To Nat. Parker, assignee No. 233 ; to Levi Todd, Nos. 29, 46,
87 and 290; to William Vanlear,' assignee No. 247.

Adjourned till the first Tuesday in January next.

G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the commissioners agreeable to adjournment, at
Louisville, the 7th April, 17S9, present, John Campbell, Geo. R.
Clark, William Clark, Richard Terrell, William Croghan, Andrew
Heth and Alexander Breckenridge, gentlemen.

Adjourned till to-morrow, 8 o'clock. John Campbell.

AprilS, 1789. The board met according to adjournment. Present,
John Campbell, Geo. R. Clark, Wm. Clark, Richard Terrell, Wm.
Croghan, Andrew Heth and Alexander Breckenridge, John Bayleys
and James F. Moore, Gent.

Resolved, Whereas William Clark produced to this board assign-
ments for the claims of Wm. Orear, John Orear, Daniel Orear and
Jesse Orear, that plats and certificates of said lands issue in the
name of Clark. That plats, etc., for the claims of Wm. Cosby and
Moses Camper in No. 52, issue in the name of Richard Terrell, he
appearing to be assignee of Ben Pope, who was assignee of the
original claimants ; also for the claims of Richard Lutrell and Charles
Jones upon the same principle.

Richard Terrell and G. R. Clark each produced an assignment for
the claim of said David Henry, that in favor of Terrell being eldest,
to have preference. Deeds executed in favor of Wm. Croghan,
assignee for No. 69 and 15. Absent, John Campbell, Gent., and R.
Terrell.

Mr. Wm. Easten produce assignments for the several claims in
No. 170. Ordered, therefore, that a plat issue in the name of the
assignee.

A deed executed in favor of L. Protzman, F. Rolmer and Morgan,
assignee of V. T. Dalton, for No. 76; to Wm. Harrod, for No.
91, 99, 164, 234, 261 and 264; to Michael Lacaassigne, assignee of

1090

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IX CLARK'S GRANT.

Lynn, for No. 12 ; to John Holker, assignee for Xo. 22, 188. 191.
197, 204, 212, 215, 219, 226, 227, 229, 241 and 297: to Moore and
Rhea, assignee for Xo. 258, 268, 274, 285 and 28S : to Geo. R.
Clark, assignee of J. Hoker, for Xo. iS, and to same for Xo. 62 and
84 in his own right, and to same as assignee of Quick for Xo. 163 :
to Richard Terrell, assignee for Xo. 129, 203, 206. 104. 1S4 and 144 :
to Jas. Overton, Jr., assignee of Lynn for Xo. 93; to R. T. Waters,
assignee of Smith, for 100 acres, part of Xo. 2. Present. R. Ter-
rel, who signed the before-mentioned deeds in favor of General Clark.
Other deeds, being presented, were executed for Geo. R. Clark, viz. :
For 223 and 56 in his own right, and for 100 acres, part of Xo. 2S.
as assignee of Robert, assignee of Harris; also three others. 100
acres each part of Xo. 30, as assignee of the claims of Patton.Dohertv
and Chenowith.

Adjourned till 3 o'clock. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the board on Tuesday, the 9th April. 17S9. present.
John Campbell, Wm. Clark, Alex. Breckenridge, Jas. F. Moore.
Wm. Croghan, Richard Terrell and Andrew Heth, Gent.

The following deeds executed by the board, viz. : To John Holker.
assignee for No. 45, 29S and 1S1 ; to Michael Lacaassigne. assignee
for No. 10 and for 100 acres, part of No. 13 A. and to R. I. Waters.
assignee for 400 acres, part of No. 19, B, C, D and E. (Present. Geo.
R.Clark.) Deeds executed for Wm. Clark, assignee of John Balevs.
for Xo. 24, and as assignee of sundries for 400 acres, part of Xo.
31, A, B, C and D.

James Francis Moore produced to the board an assignment for the
claim of Mason Lunsford. Ordered, therefore, that a plat and list
of survey issue in the name of said Moore, notwithstanding any
former order of the board.

Resolved, That the time for taking out deeds be prolonged to the
first dav of September.

Adjourned to the third Monday in May, but in case a board should
not meet at that time, then to the 4th of July. John Campbell.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 1091

At a meeting of the commissioners for appointing the lands granted
to the Illinois regiment, etc., at Louisville, the 2d of June, 17S9,
present, G. R. Clark, Alexander Breckenridge, James F. Moore,
Richard Terrell, Richard Taylor, William Croghan and William
Clark, Gent. Deeds executed for Jacob Bowman, heir of Joseph
Bowman, deceased, for No. 140, 186 and 193.

Mr. William Croghan produced to the board assignments for the
claims of Samuel Harris, Samuel Harris, Jr., and John Mahn Harris,
John Sertain and Page Sertain, and 156 acres, part of James Merri-
weather's claim. Ordered, therefore, that the surveyor be directed to
issue plats and certificates for said lands in the name of said Croghan.

Adjourned till the 4th of July. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the commissioners at Louisville, the 7th July,
17S9, present, George Rogers Clark, Alexander Breckenridge, Rich-
ard Taylor, James F. Moore, William Croghan, Richard Terrell and
William Clark.

Deeds executed in favor John Rodgers, for 1 .334 acres, Nos. 1 1, 72 ;
234 acres, part of No. 24S. (Present, Robert Breckenridge.)

Deeds issued in favor Christo. Greenup, assignee, for 100 acres,
part of No. 54 B, and 100 acres, part of No. 73 A; to Isaac Ruddle
for 234 acres of No. 190; to Nat Parker for 300 acres, part of No.
123; to William Croghan, a deed for 844 acres, viz.: 200 acres in
No. 116, 300 in No. 128, and 344 in No. 106, and another deed for
300 acres, part of 195 C, D and E ; to William Clark, for 200 acres,
the claims of John Brand, part of No. 130, and one other deed for
500 acres, No. 160. (Present, John Campbell, Gent.) Deeds to
Richard Terrell, assignee of Harland, for 100 acres part No. 13 ; also
assignee of Lutrell 100 acres, part of No. 79 ; also for 200 acres, part
of No. 52, the claims of Camper and Cosby ; also for 200 acres, part
of 12, the claims of Prichard. Deeds to John Thruston for all his
claims, and deed to John Rodgers, No. 235, 2S2 and 29. (Absent,
John Campbell.) Deed to Mr. Lacaassigne for 100 acres, part of
No. 60, Copland's claim. To John Holker, assignee, for No. 103.
To B. Tarascon, for No. 152 and 240, and for 100 acres, part of No.

1092 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

94, Isaac Faris's claims. To R. Terrell, three deeds. 100 acres
each, viz.: A No. 57, E No. 118, and C No. 142. To William
Buckley, 200 acres, part of No. 162. including his own and Zeck-
ledge's claims. Deeds issued to the heirs of Richard McCartv for
the whole of said McCarty's claim. To Ab. Hite. Jr.. assignee, for
312 acres, part of No. 32. To Isaac Bowman, for his balance of 156
acres, part of No. 32. A deed issued to Thomas Thornburg, as-
signee, for the claim of Samuel Humphries, the assignment contain-
ing other matters of consequence to Thornburg, he is permitted to
retain the same in his hands.

Adjourned till five o'clock. G. R. Clark.

The board met pursuant to adjournment. Present. John Camp-
bell, George R. Clark, William Clark, William Croghan, Richard
Terrell, Richard Taylor and James Francis Moore.

Deed executed in favor William Sullivan, assignee, for No. 70:
do. to George Wilson, assignee, for No. 207 ; to Basil Prather. as-
signee, for No. 6S, 112 and 114.

Adjourned till ten o'clock to-morrow. John Campbell.

At a meeting of the following members of the board of commis-
sioners, at Louisville, the 31st August, 17S9, viz. : George R. Clark.
Alexander Breckenridge, Robert Breckenridge, Richard Terrell.
William Croghan, William Clark and John Campbell.

Deed signed in favor Tarascon brothers, assignees, for 200 acres
James Irby's claim, B. Tarascon for Lemon's claim and 120 acres,
part of No. 196; to John Holker, assignee, for 400 acres, part of No.
81, 400 acres, part of No. 17S, and 200, the right of M. Miles in
No. 85. One other deed to same for No. 136 and 1S7. To John
Lewis, assignee, for No. 47, 2^7, 100 acres Watkins' claim in No.
243, 100 George Sheppard's claim in No. 116. 100 do. William Ty-
ler's claim in No. 142, all in one deed. To Robert Todd, for No. 3:
to Francis Spilman, 100 acres D in No. 2: to Sergeant John Moore,
for 200 acres in No. 126. his own claim : to Moses Lumsford. his own
claim, 100 acres; to John Swan, heir, for his four surveys. ^00 acres.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT. IO93

and one other deed for his balance of 156 acres; to Richard Terrell,
assignee, for No. 39; to Robert K. Moore, assignee, a deed for
312 acres, part of No. 216, 100 acres, Oreer's right in No. 211, Charles
Jones' right in No. 19S. 100 acres, the right of William Guthrie in
No. 281, 100 acres, the right of John Peters in No. 2S1 — in all, 712
acres. To William Croghan, for 200 acres, the right of Jonas Alan-
ifee, Florence Mahoney ; to Pat Doran, for his claim, 100 acres; to
Phil Walker, assignee of John Walker, sergeant, for 200 acres, part
of 130; to James F. Moore, assignee of Mason Lunsford, for 100
acres, part of No. 44; to Robert George, for 234 acres, part of No.
149; to Jacob Reagan, assignee of Edward Worthington, for No.
67 ; to John Rogers, assignee, for 300 acres, viz. : The claim of
John Campbell in No. 60, the claim of William Booton, 100 acres,
in No. 44, and the claim of John Jones, 100 acres, in No. 19S ; one
other deed for 200 acres, viz. : 100 acres, the claim of Fred Doherty
in No. 220 and 100; do. the right of William Gynn in No. 224; one
other deed for 300 acres, viz. : 200 acres, the right of Thomas Kev
in No. 245, and 100 acres, the right of Michael Oharrow in No. 211 ;
to George Rogers, for 100 acres, the right of Dom. Welch in No.
255; to David McDonald, 100 acres in No. 211 ; to Travis Booton,

acres, his own right in No. S5 ; to Adam Hoops, assignee, for

500 acres, No. 121 ; to Walter C. Davis, 500 acres, No. S6 ; to John
Lewis, assignee, for 500 acres, No. 263 ; to Richard Terrell, assignee,
for 100 acres, the right of Robert Garrott in No. 224; to same, for
100 acres, the right of James Monroe in No. 254 ; one other deed to
same for 100 acres, the right of James Wood in No. 25 ; to John
Moyland, for 500 acres. No. 16S; John Moyland and Pat Joyce, 500
acres, viz. : 140 to Moyland, the balance to Joves, No. 20S ; to John
Moyland, assignee, for 500 acres. No. iS^ ; to Pat Joyes, assignee,
500 acres, No. 165, and one other deed for 234 acres, the balance of
Bailey's claim; also, one other deed for ^00 acres, No. 256; to
Jacob Reagan, 156 acres, Carney's balance in No. 154; to John
Girault, five deeds for his whole claim ; William Harrod, for his

1094 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

balance, 234 acres; John Shelby, for his balance, 234; to William
Easton, assignee, for 500 acres, No. 170.

Adjourned till to-morrow, ten o'clock. JOHX Campbell.

Thursday, the 1st of September, 17S9. The board met pursuant
to adjournment. Members same as yesterday.

The following deeds presented to the board and executed, viz. : To
James Davis, for balance of his claims, 156 acres; to Isaac Ander-
son, assignee, for 500 acres, No. 192 ; to John Harrison, assignee,
for 500 acres, No. 21; to Robert Todd, for 500 acres. No. 55: to
George Sheppard, assignee, for 100 acres, the claim of D. Bailev in
No. 195 ; to Richard Terrell and Benjamin Sebastian, for 400 acres,
part of No. 108, surveyed in the name of A. S. Bullett. viz. : two-
thirds to Terrell, the balance to Sebastian; to Richard Terrell, for
100 acres in No. 13, the claim of J. Holms; to George R. Clark, for
100 acres, part of No. 57, the claim of Hugh Henry; to John Har-
rison, assignee, for 351 acres, the balance of Montgomery claim ; to
John Moyland, Adam Hoops and Abner M. Dunn, assignees, a deed
for 1,500 acres, viz.: No. 131, 250 and 293: to Adam Hoops, as-
signee, for 500 acres, No. 166; to Basil Prather, assignee, from deeds
for balance of Brashear's claim, viz.; No. 111, 134 and 236. 500
acres each, and 234 acres, part of No. 194; to Adam Hoops and William
McPherson, assignees, jointly, 500 acres, No. 4$.

Adjourned. Johx Campbell.

At a meeting of the commissioners for apportioning the lands
granted to the Illinois regiment at the falls of Ohio, the 6th July,
1791, present, John Campbell, William Clark and James F. Moore.
Gent.

Mr. Joseph Calvit produced to the board a deed for his proportion
of land in the Illinois Grant, amounting to 2.156 acres, viz. : No. 4.1.
50, 61, 161, and 156 acres, part of No. 2 16. The board having ex-
amined the deed, etc., executed the same. Johx Campbell.

At a meeting of the following members of the board of commis-
sioners at Louisville, the 7th December, 1791. to wit: Tames F.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. IO95

Moore, Richard Taylor, Alexander Breckenridge and Richard Ter-
rell. Ordered, that Richard Terrell be appointed clerk and surveyor
to the board, in the room of William Clark, deceased, and that he
take possession of the records, books and papers accordingly.

Deed issued to Michael Lacaassigne, assignee of Michael Sitzer and
John Sitzer, for 200 acres in No. 2, being B and E.

Adjourned. James F. Moore.

At a meeting of the commissioners for apportioning the lands
granted to the Illinois regiment at the falls of Ohio, the Sth day of
January, 1792, present, Alexander Breckenridge, Richard Taylor,
Robert Breckenridge and Richard Terrell, Gent.

Deeds issued to James Merriweather for No. 26, 92, 150 and 214,
for 500 acres each; also to Levi Todd 156 acres, part of No. 271 ; to
Edward Douse, assignee Daniel Brodhead, assignee Buckner Pitt-
man, for 200 acres, part of No. 171 and E; also to Thomas Wilson,
lieutenant, for 156 acres, part of No. 169 A ; also to John Moore for
100 acres, C part of No. 126.

Adjourned. Alexander Breckenridge.

At a meeting of the commissioners for apportioning the lands
granted to the Illinois regiment at Louisville, the 6th March, 1792,
present, John Campbell, Richard Taylor, Alexander Breckenridge
and Richard Terrell, Gent.

Deed issued to Samuel Oldhorn, assignee of Jacob Vanmeter. for
No. 7, 500 acres. Deed issued to Jacob Vanmeter for No. 64, 1S7,
232, 500 acres each, amounting to 1,500 acres. Deed issued to Ja-
cob Vanmeter for 156 acres, being B part of No. 155.

Adjourned. John Campbell.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners, at Louisville, the 3d
day of April, 1792, present, G. R. Clark, Richard Terrell and Wm.
Croghan, Gent. Deed issued to Wm. Vanlear, assignee of Edward
Worthington, for No. 176, containing 500 acres.

G. R. Clark.

1096 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IX CLARK S GRANT.

At a meeting of the board*of commissioners, at Louisville, the 17th
day of May, 1792, present, Geo. R. Clark, Robert Breckenridge,
Alexander Breckenridge and William Croghan, Gent. Deed issued
to Richard Terrell, assignee of Pleasent Lockhart, for 100 acres,
part of lot No. 54, and to Peter Priest, for 100 acres, part of lot Xo.
571. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners for appointing the
lands granted to the Illinois regiment, at Louisville. May 23. 1792,
present, John Campbell, Alexander Breckenridge and Wm. Crog-
han, Gent.

Deeds issued to Henry Floyd, Jr., assignee of Henrv Flovd, for
Nos. 65 and 107, in one deed, and to Henrv Flovd. for Xos. 230 and
280, also in one deed. John Campbell.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners for apportioning the
lands granted the Illinois regiment, at Louisville, May 28, 1792, pres-
ent, John Campbell, Geo. R. Clark, Alexander Breckenridge and
Richard Taylor, Gent.

A deed issued to William Croghan, assignee of Henrv Flovd. for
156 acres of lands, part of a 500-acre survey, Xo. 1^4.

John Campbell.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant,
at Louisville, the 7th day of March. 1797. present, George R. Clark.
Alexander Breckenridge, Richard Taylor, Robert Breckenridge and
William Croghan, Gent.

Deeds issued to the heir at law of Abraham Kellar. deceased, for
the following six tracts of lands of ^00 acres each, viz.: Xo. 71.
Xo. 120, No. 156, Xo. 173, Xo. 238, Xo. 29^. and for 234 acres,
part of a 300-acre survey — Xo. 148 being the letter B.

G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners for the Illinois Grant.
at Louisville, the 2d day of May, 1797. present. Richard Taylor. Alex-
ander Breckenridge, William Croghan and Richard Terrell. Gent.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. IO97

Deed issued to John Armstrong for 100 acres No. 57, letter D,
allowed Barney Higgans and conveyed by assignment produced.

Deed issued to Samuel Applegate for 100 acres allowed Stephen
Frost, of No. 73, letter B, conveyed by assignment produced.

Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners for the Illinois Grant,
at Louisville, the 4th dav of January, 1797, present, Richard Taylor,
Robert Breckenridge, William Croghan, James F. Moore and Rich-
ard Terrell, Gent.

Deed issued to Abraham Chapline for ^00 acres, No. 199, al-
lowed Edward Worthington and conveyed by assignment produced ;
deed issued to Elizabeth Morgan, devisee of David Morgan, deceased,
for 100 acres, part of No. 220, letter D, allowed James Elms and
conveyed by assignments. Deed issued to Thomas Mollay for 100
acres, part of No. 286, letter D, allowed John McMannass, Sen., con-
veyed by assignment, produced. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners for the Illinois Grant,
at Captain Richard Terrell's office, the 14th day of October, 1797,
present, Richard Taylor, William Croghan, Richard Terrell, Gent.
Deed issued to James Ramsey for 100 acres, part of No. 119, letter
A. Deed issued to William Swan, assignee of Abraham Lusader,
for 100 acres, part of No. 79, letter A, conveyed by assignment, pro-
duced. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners for the Illinois Grant,
at Major William Croghan' s, the 15th day of November, 1797, pres-
ent, Richard Taylor, William Croghan aud Richard Terrell, Gent.
Deed issued to Tilman Camper for 100 acres, letter C, part No. 52.
A deed issued to Robert George, assignee of Abraham Chapline, for
156 acres, part of No. 276, letter A, conveyed by assignment, pro-
duced.

Deed issued to Abraham Lucas, assignee of Henry Frank, for 100
acres, part of No. 73, letter D, conveyed by assignment, produced.

IO98 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK 's GRANT.

Deed issued to Jesse Rowland, assignee of Layton White, for 100
acres, part of No. 255, letter D, conveyed by assignment, produced.

Deeds issued to John Isaacs for 100 acres, part of No. 123, letter
B. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners, at Louisville, the 5th
day of December, 1797, present, Richard Taylor, Alexander Breck-
enridge, William Croghan and Richard Terrell, Gent.

Deed issued to William Croghan, assignee, for the following claims,
to wit: Of Samuel Finley, 100 acres, letter D, part of No. 30; John
Boyles, 100 acres, letter C, part of Xo. 60; Armstead Dudley, 100
acres, letter E, part of No. 60; Van Swearingen, 100 acres, letter
B, part of No. 116; George Venshioner, 100 acres, letter B. part of
No. 119; Ebenezer Bowen, 100 acres, letter A, part of No. 12S:
and of James Jerrold, 100 acres, letter B, part of No. 12S.

Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners at Louisville, the 9th
day of December, 1797, present, James F. Moore. Richard Taylor,
Alexander Breckenridge and Richard Terrell, gentlemen.

Deed issued to Richard Terrell, assignee, for 234 acres, part of
No. 246, A. Deed issued to Richard Terrell, assignee, for 100 acres,
part of No. 81, B. Deed issued to Richard Terrell, assignee, for 100
acres, part of No. 162, B. Deed issued to Richard Terrell, assignee,
for 100 acres, part of No. 79, C. Deed issued to Richard Terrell,
assignee, for 100 acres, part of No. 174, A. Deed issued to Richard
Terrell, assignee, for 100 acres, part of No. 2S6, C. Deed issued to
Richard Terrell, assignee, for 100 acres, part of No. 2S6, A. Deed
issued to James Guthrie, assignee, for 100 acres, part of No. 211. E.

Tames F. Moore.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners at Louisville, the second
day of January, 179S, present, Alexander Breckenridge. Robert
Breckenridge, William Croghan and Richard Terrell, gentlemen.

Deed issued to George Huckleberv. assignee of Richard Harrison,
for 500 acres, No. 135, by assignment produced.

Alexander Breckenridge.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK 's GRANT. IO99

At a meeting of a board of commissioners at Louisville, the 1st
day of June, 179S, present, George R. Clark, Richard Taylor, Will-
iam Croghan and Richard Terrell, gentlemen.

Deed issued to Adam Brenton, assignee of Isaac Vanmeter, for 100
acres, part of No. 243, letter C.

Deed issued to Robert Biggs, assignee of John Baldwin, assignee
of William Montgomery, heir of James, for 156 acres, part of No.
133, letter C.

Deed issued to the heir of Isaac Hite, assignee of Isaac Kellar, for
200 acres, part of No. 245, letters C and D.

Deed issued to Richard Terrell, assignee, for roo acres, part of
No. 59, letter B, and for 152 acres, part of No. 196, letter H.

G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners at Louisville, the 6th
day of August, 179S, present, Alexander Breckenridge, Robert
Breckenridge, Richard Taylor, Richard Terrell and William Crog-
han, gentlemen.

Deeds issued to James Gordon Heron, for three tracts of 500 acres
each, to wit: No. 102, 139 and 183, as assignee of Richard Harrison.
Two hundred acres deeded to William Croghan, assignee of Cox and
Fenwick, assignee of Daniel Brodhead, assignee, etc.
William Smith, C, No. 44.

C and D g&~ ,

.William Kendall, D, No. 44.

A. Breckenridge.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners, at Louisville, the 6th
of November, 179S, present, Alexander Breckenridge, William Crog-
han and Richard Terrell, Gent.

Deeds to Martin Adams, assignee of James Merriweather, assignee
of Rice Curtis, for 100 acres, part of No. 60, letter B.

A. Breckenridge.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners, at Major William

Croghan's, the 27th day of February, 1799, present, Richard Taylor,

William Croghan and Richard Terrell, gentlemen.
70

IIOO ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

Deeds issued to Aquilla Rogers, assignee for 200 acres, part of No.
231, letters D and E, by assignment produced. Deed issued to Dan-
iel Covert for 100 acres, part of No. 177, letter B, by assignment
produced. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners, at Louisville, the 4th
day of June, 1799. present, Alexander Breckenridge, Robert Brecken-
ridge, Wm. Croghan and Richard Terrell, Gent.

Deeds issued to James Hughs, assignee of Joseph Anderson, for
100 acres, letter C, part of No. 17S. A. Breckenridge.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners, at Louisville, the 21st
day of February, 1S01, present, Richard Tavlor, James F. Moore.
Richard Terrell and Wm. Croghan, gentlemen.

James F. Moore made oath before the board that he knew Wm.
Myers, and knew of no other heir that he had, but Catherine, his
sister, married to Henry Thomas, and believes her to be his only
heir. Adam Brenton also made oath before the board that he long
knew Wm. Mvers and his family, and he knew not of any other heir
he had, except his sister, Catherine, the wife of Henry Thomas, and
believes her to be his only heir.

Deed issued to Adam Brenton for 100 acres, letter C. No. 220.
and also for 100 acres, letter C, 171, by assignments.

Deed issued to Francis McGuire for 100 acres, letter B. No. 171.
by assignment.

Deed issued to Isaiah Long for 100 acres, letter D. No. 174. by
assignment. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners, at Jacob Owens', on
Bear Grass, the 23d day of February, 1S01. present, Richard Taylor.
James F. Moore and Richard Terrell, gentlemen.

Deed issued to Jacob Crumb, assignee of Peter, alias Frederick
Honaker, for 100 acres of land, part of No. 57, known by the let-
ter E. Richard Taylor.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners, at Major William
Croghan's, on Bear Grass, the 17th day of January, 1S02, present,
Richard Taylor, William Croghan and Richard Terrell, gentlemen.

A deed issued to Christopher McCullough, assignee of Patrick
Joyes, assignee of John Williams, for 200 acres of land, part of No.
124, B and E. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners, at Louisville, the 2d
day of August, 1802, present, Richard Taylor, Robert Breckenridge,
William Croghan and Richard Terrell, gentlemen.

Deed issued to Adam Shell for 100 acres, part of No. 273, letter
B, assignee of Thomas Gaskins.

Deed to Jacob Key Kendall for 100 acres, part of No. 116, letter
E, assignee of Querten Swoodin, heir of Jonathan.

Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners, at Richard Terrell's,
the 12th of August, 1S02, present, Richard Taylor, William Crog-
han and Richard Terrell, Gent.

On the application of John Thornton and producing proof that he
is heir at law to Joseph Thornton, a deed issued to him for 100 acres,
part of No. 2, letter C, the original plat being lost or mislaid by
Michael Lacaassigne, to whom it was delivered.

Richard Taylor.

Proceedings of the commissioners of the Illinois Grant commenced
the 28th October, 1S02.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners for the Illinois Grant,
at the house of Major John Harrison, in Louisville, on Thursday,
the 28th day of October, 1S02, present, George Rogers Clark, Rich-
ard Taylor and William Croghan, Gent.

Resolved, That Marston Greene Clarke be appointed surveyor of
the Illinois Grant, in the room of Captain Richard Terrell, deceased.

Resolved, That Captain William Clark be appointed clerk of the
commissioners, in the room of Richard Terrell, deceased.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IX CLARK'S GRANT.

Resolved, That Major William Croghan be authorized to apply to
and receive from the administrator of Captain Terrell, deceased, all
the papers belonging to the board of commissioners and that he deliver
to the surveyor the record book of the surveys and the remainder of
the papers to deliver to Captain William Clark, clerk of the commis-
sioners.

Resolved ', That the board do adjourn. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, in
Louisville, the 22d April, 1S03, present, George Rogers Clark, Rich-
ard Taylor and William Croghan, Gent.

The following deeds were issued for lands within the said grant,
viz. : One hundred acres to Phillip Fulkerson, assignee of John
Cowen, designated by letter A, in No. 231 ; 100 acres to Val Stoner,
assignee of John Brenton, assignee of Harrison, assignee of J.
Brooks, assignee of Charles Ownsby, as designated bv letter D, Xo.
2ir ; 100 acres to the heirs of Richard Terrell, assignee of Daniel
Brodhead, assignee of Edward Mathews as attorneys in fact for
Charles Belderbeck, designated, by letter D, Xo. 85.

One hundred to Geo. Shake, assignee of Richard Terrell, assignee
of John Ray, heir at law to William Ray, as designated bv letter B,
in Xo. 11S; 100 acres to Aaron Moore, heir of William Moore, de-
ceased, assignee of James Murray, heir at law to Edward Murray,
as designated by letter E, Xo. ^4; to John Harrison, assignee of
George Lewis, assignee of George Clark, for 100 acres, letter E,
part of Xo. 205 ; to John Harrison, assignee of George Lewis,
assignee of Simon Kenton, for 100 acres, letter E, part of Xo. 19S.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark, Chairman.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, at
Major William Croghan's, the 20th of July, 1S03. present. George
Rogers Clark, Richard Taylor and William Croghan, gentlemen.

The following deeds were issued for lands within the said grant.
viz. : One hundred acres to Elizabeth Tallev. heir at law to John
Tallev, deceased, designated by letter D, part of Xo. 142 : 100 acres

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

to John Blackburn, assignee of David Morgan, assignee ( and
attorney in fact), of Peter Cogen, as designated by letter B, part of
No. 52 ; 100 acres to said John Blackburn, assignee of David Mor-
gan, assignee (and attorney in fact), of Jacob Cogen, designated by
letter B, in part of No. 205.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, at
Louisville, the 6th day of June, 1S04, present, James F. Moore,
William Croghan and Richard Taylor.

Deed issued to Abraham Meresham, heir at law to Nathaniel Mere-
sham, for letter C of 100 acres in the Illinois Grant, in No. 254.

Board adjourned. James F. Moore.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant,
the 2d day of July, 1804, present, Robert Breckenridge, James F.
Moore, Richard Taylor, Gent.

A deed issued to John Bottorff, assignee of John McDonald, as-
signee of Lampson Gray, who was assignee of James Godfrey, for
100 acres, letter A, in No. 94, in the Illinois Grant.

James F. Moore.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, at
Louisville, on the nth day of October, 1805, present, Richard
Taylor, William Croghan and Robert Breckenridge.

A deed issued to Fulton Lindsey, assignee of Robert Patterson,
who is assignee of James Gray, heir at law to George Gray, for 100
acres, letter E, in No. 224, in said grant.

Deed issued to Hugh Espey as assignee of William Griffin, who is
assignee of Samuel Henry, heir at law to John Henry, deceased, for
100 acres in the said grant, being letter B, in No. 13.

Adjourned. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
Saturday, the 23d of November, 180^, present, George R. Clark,
Richard Taylor and William Croghan.

II04 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK7S GRANT.

A deed issued to James Gilmore, assignee of Noah Crocz, for ioo
acres of land in the Illinois Grant, letter A, in Xo. 52. Also to John
Berry, assignee of Solomon Walker, who was assignee of Rohert
Davis, for 100 acres of land, letter E, in Xo. 59.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, at
Louisville, on the 20th March, 1S06, present, George Rogers Clark,
William Croghan, Richard Taylor.

Deed issued to William Robey, assignee of William Robey.
Thomas Robey and John Robey, heirs at law of William Robev, de-
ceased, for 100 acres, known by letter A, in Lot Xo. 11S. Also deed
issued to the same as heir at law to William Rubey, deceased, for 200
acres, letters C and D, in lot Xo. 11S.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 4th day of May, 1S06, present, George R. Clark, Richard Tay-
lor and William Croghan.

Deed issued to John Berry, assignee of John Harris, who was as-
signee of George Gilmore, for 100 acres, being letter C in Xo. 94.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, at
Louisville, on the 2Sth June, 1S06, present, George R. Clark. Will-
iam Croghan and Richard Taylor.

A deed issued to William Brenton, assignee of William Clark, for
45 acres, letter A, in Xo. 141, in Illinois Grant.

A deed issued to John McLonev, assignee for 200 acres of land,
letters A and B, the claim of Beverlv Trent, Xo. (142).

A deed issued Adam Brenton, assignee for 100 acres, letter E. in
Xo. 79.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, at
Louisville, on the 29th of September, 1S06, present. Geo. R. Clark.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

William Croghan, Robert Breckenridge and Richard Taylor, gentle-
men.

William Ferguson and John Berry laid before the board an assign-
ment from James Robertson to David Frazier, and from said Frazier
to the said Ferguson and Berry, and prayed the board to grant them
a deed for said Robertson's claim in the said grant. And Robert A.
New, as agent for the heirs and representatives of the said Robert,
prayed the board to suspend the issuing of the deeds for said claim,
suggesting that fraud had been committed on the part of the said
Berry and Ferguson in producing and authenticating said assign-
ment. It is ordered that a further time, until the first Monday in
April next, be given the parties to establish their claims, at which
time the board will determine on the same.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
Thursday, the 30th day of June, 1S08, present, Robert Breckenridge,
William Croghan and Richard Taylor, commissioners.

Deed issued to Robert Whitehill, Jr., for 100 acres of land, letter
C, in No. 28 ; granted to John Hughes, deceased, and assigned by
Tames Hughes as the heir at law to said John Hughes, deceased, to
said Robert Whitehill.

(Signed) Robert Breckenridge

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 3d day of August, 1S0S, present, James F. Moore, William Crog-
han and Robert Breckenridge, commissioners.

A deed issued to William Cornell, assignee of Jonah Phelps, for
100 acres of land in the Illinois Grant, letter A, in No. 177.

Robert Breckenridge.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant at
the house of John Gwathmy, agreeable to public notice, on Thurs-
day, the 1st day of September, 1S08, present, Richard Taylor, Will-
iam Croghan and Robert Breckenridge, commissioners, a deed issued
to Benjamin Brewer, assignee of Steth. Daniel, assignee of Jerry Har-

Uo6 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

rison, assignee of Michael Graves, who was assignee of James Brown,
for 200 acres of land, being letters D and E in No. 273, the claims
of the said James Brown.

A deed issued to William Asher, assignee of Bartlett Asher. who
is heir at law to William Asher, deceased, for 100 acres, letter C.
in No. 59.

The commissioners having examined the papers laid before them
by the representatives of Richard Terrell, and those laid before them
by Jacob Peck, it appears from said papers that in the original plat
of the survey there is an assignment made by Henrv Thomas, as-
signee, to Andrew Crockett, to which assignment there is no date,
and on the said plat of survey is an assignment from Frederick Ed-
wards, as agent of Andrew Crockett, to Richard Terrell, bearing
date the 2ist day of April, 179S. That on the part of Jacob Peck is
an assignment of the said Henry Thomas to said Jacob Peck on the
certificate of George R. Clark to John Lines, who served for the claim
now in question, dated the 24th day of November. 1794.

The commissioners, having considered said claims, are of opinion
that the claim of Jacob Peck is better than that of the representatives
of Richard Terrell, inasmuch as the date of the assignment to Peck
is j;>rior to the date of that from Edwards, as agent for Crockett, to
Richard Terrell.

It is ordered that a deed issue to the said Jacob Peck for the said
claims of Henry Thomas as assignee of John Lyne (Lines), which
claim is 100 acres of land, letter C, in No. 119.

Resolved, That the board adjourn until Saturday, the 29th day of
October next. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant,
agreeable to adjournment at the last meeting, on the 29th day of Oc-
tober, 180S, present, George Rogers Clark, William Croghan and
Richard Taylor, Gent. A deed issued to John Crum. assignee of
William King, assignee of Henrv Ilonakcr. for 100 acres of land,
letter C in No. ^7. A deed issued to William Goodwin, assignee of
David Jones, for 100 acres, letter C in No. 138. A deed issued to

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT. 1107

James McKinney, assignee of John Lang, assignee of Isaac Yates,
for 100 acres, letter B in No. 210.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, at
Louisville, on the 3d day of December, 1S0S, present, George Rogers
Clark, Robert Breckenridge, Richard Taylor, James F. Moore and
William Croghan.

The board having met on this day for the purpose of determining
on the contest between the heirs of James Robertson and John Berry
and Ferguson and Philip Barbor, heir and representative of Phil. Bar-
bour, deceased, but, no person appearing on the part of said Berry
and Ferguson to advocate their claim, the board think it not most
proper to suspend the investigation of said claims until Tuesday
morning next, for which purpose a board will be formed on said day.,
at the school-house, near Colonel Taylor's. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of the commissioners of the Illinois Grant, agreeably
to the adjournment of the 3d instant, present, George Rogers Clark,
James Francis Moore, William Croghan, Richard Taylor and Rob-
ert Breckenridge.

The commissioners having examined the papers adduced by Messrs.
John Berry and William Ferguson, and the heirs of James Robertson
deceased, and of Philip Barber, heir at law to Philip Barber, de-
ceased (and having examined Aaron Prather touching the claim of
the above-named Berry and Ferguson), all of whom have prayed the
commissioners to grant them deeds for the lands in the Illinois Grant
allowed to James Robertson for military services, are of opinion that
it is proved by the testimony of said Prather that the assignment of
the said Berry and Ferguson from said James Robertson was fraudu-
lently procured, as appears from the deposition of Aaron Prather.

It is ordered that deeds issue to the (legal heirs, representatives,
devisee or devisees) of the said James Robeitson for all the lands in
the said grant allowed to him by the board of commissioners.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

I ioS ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant,
at Louisville, on the nth clay of May, 1809, present, William Crog-
han, Robert Breckenridge, Richard Taylor and James F. Moore.

A deed issued to Lucy Sullivan, Daniel Sullivan. William Sullivan.
Rebecca Sullivan and Sophia Sullivan, heirs of William Sullivan,
deceased, as assignee of Marston G. Clark, assignee of John Pul-
ford, for 100 acres, being letter E, in No. 31 (thirty-one).

A deed issued to Adam Brenton, assignee of David Millhanks and
Annie, his wife, for letter E, in No. 38, of 100 acres.

Adjourned. Robert Breckenridge.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant,
on Friday, 22d of SejDtember, 1809, present, George Rogers Clark.
William Croghan and Richard Taylor.

A deed issued to John Corkey Owings, assignee of Robert Patter-
son, for 200 acres of land, being letter D and E. in No. 177.

Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 27th day of November, 1S09, present, Geo. R. Clark. James F.
Moore, William Croghan, Richard Taylor and Robert Breckenridge.

Philip Barbour, Jr., petitioned this board to grant him a deed for
the lands, lying in the Illinois Grant, of which James Robertson, late
lieutenant in the Illinois regiment, died possessed, and produced
to the board an authenticated copy of the last will and testament of
the said James Robertson and other testimonials to establish his claim.

Robert A. New, as attorney for Jeremiah Turpin. who intermar-
ried with Ann Robertson, the daughter of John Robertson, heir at
law to said James Robertson and who is assignee of Wattball Robert-
son. Henry Turpin and Elizabeth Turpin, Eleazer Cheatham, Mar-
tha Cheatham, John Robertson, Richard Robertson, William Robert-
son, Jr., and others, who claim to be the heirs and representatives of
said James RoJjertson, deceased, which, being considered of bv the
board, it is ordered that deeds do issue to the said Philip Barbour. Jr..
heir at law to Philip Barbour, deceased, who was devisee of said

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK7S GRANT. I 109

James Robertson, for lots No. 25, of 500 acres; No. 200, of 500
acres; No. 206, of 500 acres, and No. 294, of 500, and for letter B,
of 156 acres, part of No. 106, which lands were granted to said
Robertson as lieutenant in said regiment. The said deeds to be made
with the following condition, to wit:

" Saving to the said Jeremiah Turpin such title as he maybe able to
establish either in a court of equity or law, to said lands as represen-
tation aforesaid.''

It is also ordered that the order made for granting the before-
mentioned lands to the "legal heirs, representatives, devisee or devisees
of said Robertson," in the month of December last, be rescribed.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 23d day of January, 1S10, present, George R. Clark, William
Croghan, Richard Taylor, a deed issued to John R. Nugent, assignee
of Thomas Consola, heir at law to Hannah Consola, for 100 acres,
being letter C, in No. 205.

Adjourned. G. R. Clark.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 14th day of March, 1S10, present, George R. Clark, Richard
Tavlor and William Croghan.

Resolved, That the 500-acre survey, No. 74 (seventy-four), be laid
off into 100-acre lots, and that the said 100 acres be, each of them,
distinguished on the map by letters A, B, C, D and E, in the same
manner as is distinguished in lot No. 73, and that the surveyor of
Clark county be requested to lav off the said lots accordingly and re-
turn a plat of survey to the next meeting of the board.

Resolved, also, That on the application of any individual to the
board and producing assignments from persons owning eight-acre lots
in said No. 74, to the amount of 100 acres, the board will proceed to
ballot and make a deed for the letter drawn accordingly.

G. R. Clark.

I no ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, at
Louisville, on the 17th day of May, 1810, present. William Croghan.
Robert Breckenridge and Richard Taylor, commissioners.

A deed issued to James Cratcher, assignee of Nathaniel Gains and
Ingrey, his wife, formerly Ingery House, heiress of Andrew House,
for 100 acres, being letter E in Xo. 28.

Adjourned. W. Croghax.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 12th of November, 1S10. present, Robert Breckenridge. William
Croghan and Richard Taylor.

Evan Shelby, surveyor of Clark county, Indiana territory, pursuant
to a former resolution of this board, has surveyed lot No. 74, in the
Illinois Grant, and laid the same out into five equal lots, distinguished
by letters A, B, C, D and E. Ordered, that the same be recorded.

George Huckleberry having produced assignments to the board for
twenty claims of eight acres each, in said number, which the board
consider sufficiently authenticated, and the said Huckleberry, by Evan
Shelby, having proceeded to ballot for the same, drew the said 160
acres out of letters C and D.

Resolved, That the commissioners will make a deed of conveyance
to the said Huckleberry, his heirs or assigns, for the said 160 acres,
to include letter C and the remainder in letter D, adjoining the same,
or that the commissioners will convey the whole of the said two let-
ters when the said Huckleberry shall produce assignments for the
forty acres which shall be considered sufficiently authenticated by the
commissioners. Ordered, that the said Huckleberry be authorized to
take possession of the said 160 acres whenever he shall think proper
so to do.

Ordered, that the board do adjourn. R. Breckexridge.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 22d of January, 1S11, present Robert Breckenridge. Will Crog-
han and R. Taylor.

George Huckleberry, Jr., having produced to the board five other
assignments for eight-acre lots in lot No. 74. a deed issuetl to the said

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT

George Huckleberry for 200 acres of land, being letters C and D in
said No. 74, heretofore drawn by said Huckleberry, and being each
of the residuary claims of Van Swearengen, Florence Mahoney,
John Tally, Peter Priest, Jacob Spears, Nathaniel Mershon, William
Whitly, James Whitecotton, Ebenezer Osborn, William Ray, George
Vensioner, Michael and John Setzer, John and Page Sarten, Charles
Onsley, Isaac Vanmeter, Josiah Phelps, Isaac Yates, Henry Vance,
John Paul, William Thompson, Barney Waters, George Shepherd
and Samuel WTatkins.

Adjourned. R. Breckexridge.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 1st day of February, 1813, present, George R. Clark, Richard
Taylor and William Croghan.

A deed issued to Isaac McBride for 100 acres, letter D, in No. 2S1.

Adjourned. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 4th day of August, 1S13, present, Robert Breckenridge, Richard
Taylor and William Croghan.

Ordered that a deed issue to William Wilson, assignee of James
Beggs, assignee of Henly Vance, for 100 acres in the Illinois Grant,
letter D, in No. 243.

Ordered that a deed issue to James Biggs, assignee of Fulton Lind-
sey, assignee of the heirs of Arthur Lindsey, for 100 acres, letter D,
in No. 79.

Adjourned. Robert Breckenridge.

The fees paid for plats taken out of the office whilst the papers
were in my possession were paid to Major Croghan, executor of
William Clark, deceased, Nov. 11, 1S15.

Samuel Gwathmey.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 9th day of August, 1S15, present, Richard Taylor, William Crog-
han and Robert Breckenridge, gentlemen.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

A deed issued to Robert Cornell, assignee of Thomas Key. assignee
of Gasper Gaylor, for ioo acres, letter D, No. 224.

Ordered that a deed issue to William Goodwin, assignee of John
Jackson, assignee of Mary and Jane Vaughan. assignee of Garrard
Enoch Nelson, by power of attorney (or letter to Tames Patton). for
two undivided third parts of 100-acre tract, letter E. No. 85.

A deed issued to Philip Daily, assignee of Original Young,
assignee of Aaron Moore, assignee of Christopher Greenup, assignee
of Elisha Freeman, heir at law to William Freeman for 100 acres,
letter E, No. 73.

Adjourned. Richard Taylor.

At a meeting of a board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant, on
the 2d day of September, 1S1 5 , present, Richard Taylor. Win. Crog-
han and Robert Breckenridge, Gent.

A deed issued to Abram Appier, assignee of William Cawillfax.
assignee of Richard Cox, for 100 acres of land in the Illinois Grant,
part of a tract of 500 acres, No. 59, letter D, which deed bears date
August 14, last. Richard Taylor.

On the 14th of December, 1S16, William Croghan. Richard Taylor
and Robert Breckenridge, commissioners of the Illinois Grant, made
a deed to Aaron Prather, assignee of Edmund Fear, for 100 acres of
land in the Illinois Grant, being the letter C, part of the ^oo-acre
survey No. 73. W. Croghax.

On the 20th of December, 1S16, William Croghan. Richard Taylor
and Robert Breckenridge, commissioners of the Illinois Grant, made
a deed to Absalom Parker, assignee of Thomas Allen, who was
assignee of Wm. Slack, for 100 acres of land in the Illinois Grant,
letter E, part of the 500-acre survey No. 174. W. Croghax.

On the 19th of February, 1S1S, Mr. John Sullivan, guardian of the
heir of William Sullivan, deceased, produced to the commissioners
of the Illinois Grant, viz. : Robert Breckenridge, William Croghan
and Richard Taylor, an assignment from Samuel Stephenson, form-

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK'S GRANT.

erly a soldier in the Illinois regiment, to the said William Sullivan
for the land which he is entitled to for his services in the said regi-
ment, upon which assignment the said commissioners granted a deed
for ioo acres of land lying in the said grant lettered E, No. 2S6, to
Daniel P. Sullivan, William, Sophia and Rebecca, heirs of the said
Wm. Sullivan, deceased. W. Croghan.

At a meeting of a board of the commissioners of the Illinois Grant,
on the 3d day of June, 1S19, present, William Croghan, Richard
Taylor, Robert Breckenridge, Gent. A deed from the said commis-
sioners to Thomas Joyes, for 156 acres of land in the Grant, assignee
of the heirs and devisees of Valentine T. Dalton, which is known in
the plan of said grant by the number, 155, letter C.

A deed from the commissioners to James Ross, assignee of James
Scott, who was assignee of James January, the original claimants for
100 acres of land in the Illinois Grant, part of No. 198, letter C,
granted the 7th day of Julv, 1S19, by Richard Taylor, William Cro-
ghan and Robert Breckenridge, Esquires.

November 25, 1819. A deed from Richard Tavlor, Robert Breck-
enridge and William Croghan, commissioners, etc., to Aaron Moore,
assignee of Jacob Miller, heir at law of Abraham Miller, deceased,
for 100 acres of land in the Illinois Grant, part of No. 54, letter C ;
also a deed to the said Moore for 100 acres as assignee of William
Lear, part of No. 54, letter A.

March 21, 1820. The commissioners of the Illinois Grant (to wit,
William Croghan, Richard Tavlor and Robert Breckenridge, Gents.),
on the application of Thomas Joyes, who produced satisfactory pa-
pers in evidence of his right, granted a deed for two tracts of land of
500 acres each, and distinguished on the map of said grant bv their
numbers, 16S and 185, to the said Joyes as the grantee of Robert
Walsh and Anna Maria Walsh, his wife, the sole heir of Jasper
Moyland, deceased, and Samuel Fox and Maria Fox, his wife, and
William Lansdale and Elizabeth Lansdale, his wife ; the said Maria
Fox and Elizabeth Lansdale being the only heirs of Stephen Moy-
land, deceased, and the said Jasper and Stephen Movland being the

1 1 14 ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

only heirs of John Moyland, deceased, to whom a deed had been ex-
ecuted by a former board of commissioners for the said two tracts of
500 acres of land each, as assignee of General G. R. Clark, which
deed is represented to be lost or mislaid, and therefore the said heirs
and legal representatives of the said John Moyland have conveved the
said land to said Thomas Joyes, and by their attornev, Robert Wick-
liffe, have authorized and requested the renewal of the deed accord-
ingly. Robert Breckexridge.

Louisville. June 1. 1S20.

The undersigned, one of the commissioners for settling the claims to
lands in the Illinois Grant and granting deeds for the same, having ex-
amined the following residuary soldiers' claims and the assignments
thereof to George Huckleberry, which are found to be correct, viz. :
Daniel Williams, James Ramsey, Jesse Piner, Isaac McBride, G. E.
Nelson, Ebenezer Severns, Jonathan Sworden, Will Ruby, Robert
Witt, Francis Spilman, Henry Prather, John McManness, Sen., for
eight acres each, and John Thompson, heir at law to Joseph Thorn-
ton, deceased, for eight acres, four acres of which are appropriated to
make the quantity of 100 acres; and the said George Huckleberrv.
by Evan Shelby, proceeded to ballot for one of the unappropriated
lots of the survev for 500 acres, which is distinguished in the map of
said grant by its number, 74. When he drew the lot, letter E. for
which a deed may issue upon his procuring an additional claim regu-
larly assigned, for so much as will complete the 100 acres, and in the
meantime the said Huckleberry may enter upon and take possession
of the same.

March — , 182 1, the said Huckleberrv produced the above claim
of John Thornton, heir, etc. Deed issued accordingly.

Rorert Breckexridge.

Deed signed by R. Breckenridge in favor of William Goodwin for
one-third part of letter E, No. 85, and delivered to Evan Shelby for
the signatures of the other commissioners, William Croghan and
Richard Taylor, Esquires.

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IN CLARK S GRANT.

Also, a deed in favor of William Morgan, assignee of R. Witt,
for ioo acres, letter B, part of No. 243, and a deed to Reece Williams,
heir at law of Daniel Williams, for 100 acres, letter E, part of No.
243, which deeds were signed by R. Breckenridge and delivered by
him to Evan Shelby to obtain the signatures of the other commission-
ers, William Croghan and Richard Taylor, Esquires.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant,
at Charlestown, on the 20th day of August, 1S25, for the purpose of
creating deeds, etc., present, Joseph Bartholomew, James Beggs,
Andrew P. Hay, Benjamin Ferguson and Stephen Hutchings, Gent.
Joseph Bartholomew was appointed chairman of the board and John
Douthatt the clerk of the same.

Ordered that the board of commissioners adjourn until the 15th day
of October. Joseph Bartholomew, Chairman.

At a meeting of the commissioners of the Illinois Grant, according
to adjournment, in Charlestown, on the 15th day of October, 1825,
present, Joseph Bartholomew, James Beggs, Benjamin Ferguson,
Orlando Raymond and Stephen Hutchings, Gent. Andrew P. Hay
present.

Ordered, that a deed issue to Henry Renacking, assignee of Shad-
rach G. Moore, assignee of William Coll, assignee of Benjamin
Brown, assignee of Alexander Mclntire, for 100 acres of land in No.
130, letter C.

Ordered, that deed issue to Joseph Coombs, assignee of Isaac
Greathouse, assignee of H. Greathouse and Isaac Greathouse, heir
at law of William Greathouse, deceased, 100 acres of land in No.
224 and letter B.

Ordered that deed issue to Shem Hostedler, assignee of Daniel
Bower, assignee of Elizabeth Alexander, heir at law of James Alex-
ander, deceased, assignee of Andrew Spear, assignee of Isaac Samp-
son, assignee of Thomas Short, who was assignee of Robert
Barnett for 100 acres of land in No. 162 and letter C.
7i

ALLOTMENT OF LAND IX CLARK S GRANT.

Ordered, that the clerk of this board receive two dollars for each deed
which is executed by the board of commissioners of the Illinois Grant.

Ordered, that deed issue to James Curry, assignee of Jacob Teeple,
assignee of James Drake, assignee of Robert A. New. assignee of
James Ferguson, assignee of Evan Shelby, assignee of Jacob Spear,
for ioo acres of land in No. 174 and letter B.

The board adjourned. Joseph Bartholomew.

At a meeting of the board of commissioners of the Illinois regi-
ment, according to adjournment, in Charlestown. the 27th dav of
November, A. D. 1S46, present, Andrew P. Hay, Alexander Mars,
Samuel McCampbell, David W. Dailev and Christopher Cole. Gent.,
the board unanimously appointed Andrew P. Hay president of the
board of commissioners, and also unanimously appointed Joseph
Bower clerk of said board, in place of John Douthitt. Esq.. former
clerk, who has heretofore resigned his said office as clerk aforesaid.

The board proceeded to investigate the claims of the heirs of John
Hacker, and the heirs of Christopher Ilatten. After due considera-
tion, was continued until the next meeting of the board on the 1st
Monday in December next, 1S46, to which time the board adjourned.

Andrew P. Hay, Pies. B.

On the 7th day of December, 1S46, the following gentlemen, com-
missioners, met pursuant to adjournment, to wit: A. P. Hay, presi-
dent, John D. Shryer, Samuel McCampbell, and not being a major-
ity sufficient to act, the board adjourned until convened at some future
day.

Then on the 3d day of April, 1S47, the board met pursuant to ad-
journment. Present, Hon. A. P. Hay, president. Samuel McCamp-
bell, David W. Dailev, Alexander Mars and Christopher Cole.

Ordered that a deed issue to George A. Ilatten and Ann E. Ilatten.
sole heirs at law of Christopher Ilatten. for 100 acres of land in No.
28, letter A, of the Illinois Grant.

The board adjourned until convened at some future dav.

Examined, Andrew P. Hay, P. B. C.

ALPHABETICAL LIST

OF THOSE ORIGINAL CLAIMANTS WHO SOLD THEIR RIGHTS
AS APPEARED BY ASSIGNMENTS, ETC., PRODUCED TO THE
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS PREVIOUS TO THE 13TH OF
DECEMBER, 1785, WITH THE NAMES OF THE SEVERAL
ASSIGNEES TO WHOM THE SAME RIGHT PASSED, AS THEY
STAND ARRANGED.

Original Claimants. Assignees.

Allan, David, private James Sherlock, Bartho.Tardivcan*(whole claim)

John Holker, 100 acres.
Ash, Reubin, heir of John

Ash, private Burwell Jackson, Richard Jones Waters, 100 acres.

Blackford, Joseph, heir of

Sam, private James Francis Moore, whole claim.

Bryant, James, private B. Tardivcan, whole claim, J. Holker, 100 acres.

Bush, William, private James Sherlock, Bartho. Tardivcan, whole claim,

John Holker, 100 acres.

Bailey, John, captain John Holker, 1,400 acres.

Bailey, John, captain Joyes and Hoops, 500 acres.

Burk, Nicholas, private..... Daniel Brodhead, Nat. Neilson, 100 acres.

Bentley, John, private,

heir of James, private Samuel Shackleford, Daniel Brodhead, whole

claim, Richard Terrell, 200 acres.

Bell, William, private Daniel Brodhead, Richard Terrell, 100 acres.

Biggar, James, private Alexander Scot Bullett, 100 acres.

Clifton, Baldwin, heir of

Thomas, private. Joseph Saunders, Bartho. Tardivcan, whole

claim, John Holker, 100 acres.

Clark, Richard, lieutenant ...L. Martin, B. Tardivcan, J. Holker, 1,000 acres.

Clark, Richard, lieutenant... ., ...Bartho. Tardivcan, John Holker, 566% acres.

Clark, Richard, lieutenant D. Brodhead, J. R. Jones, J. Holker, 433I3 acres.

Crump, William, sergeant D. Brodhead, whole claim, R.Terrell, 200 acres.

Clark, Andrew, private D. Brodhead, whole claim, R. Terrell, 100 acres.

* Probably Tarsacon.

(1117)

IllS CLAIMS SOLD BEFORE DEEDS ISSUED.

Camp, Reuben, private D. Brodhead, whole claim, W.Davis, ioo acres.

Dewit, Henry, sergeant Robert Todd, William Croghan, Benjamin Se-
bastian, 224 acres, Adam Hoops. 200 acres.

Dalton, Thomas, lieutenant Daniel Brodhead, Richard Terrell, 500 acres.

Duff, John, private Daniel Broadhead, Walter Davies, 100 acres.

Dawson, James, private Geo. Owen, D. Brodhead. X. Xeilson. 100 acres.

Elms, William, sergeant Richard Breashear, William Pope, Alexander S.

Bullett, 200 acres.

Froggat, William, private Benjamin Sebastian, Adam Hoops, 100 acres.

Floyd, Isham, private B. Tardivcan, whole claim, J. Holker, 100 acres.

Glass, Michael, private John Rogers, Benjamin Sebastian, whole claim,

Adam Hoops, 100 acres.

Grimes, John, private William Fleming, whole claim.

Gagnia, Louis, private ....D. Broadhead, whole claim, X. Xelson, 100 acres.

Goodwin, William, private........ Walter Davis, Alexander S. Bullett, whole claim.

Hays, Thomas, private Buckner Pittman, Bartho. Tardivcan, whole

claim, John Holker, 100 acres.

Hooper, Thomas, private Jonas Scoggin, John Cowgill, Richard Jones

Waters, 100 acres.

Joynes, John, private B. Tardivcan, whole claim, J. Holker, 100 acres.

Johnston, Edward, private D. Brodhead, whole claim, X. Xeilson, 100 acres.

Kendall, William, private Daniel Brodhead, whole claim.

Lyne, John, private Henry Thomas, whole claim.

Lovell, Richard, private Samuel Watkins, Joseph Sprigg, Bartho. Tardiv-
can, whole claim, John Holker, 100 acres.

Lemon, John, private Bartholomew Tardivcan, whole claim.

Livingston, George, private D. Brodhead, whole claim, W. Davis, 100 acres.

Lunsford, George, private D. Brodhead, whole claim, W. Davis, 100 acres.

Montgomery, William,

heir of James, lieutenant Richard Terrell, 2,000 acres.

Marr, Patrick, private Buckner Pittman, Bartho. Tardivcan, whole

claim, John Holker, 100 acres.

Morgan, Charles, sergeant Buckner Pittman, Bartho. Tardivcan, whole

claim, John Holker, 200 acres.

McGarr, John, private B. Tardivcan, whole claim, J. Holker, 100 acres.

Moore, Thomas, private James Coburn, whole claim.

Murphy, John, private John McCumprey, Daniel Brodhead, whole

claim, Walter Davis, 100 acres.

Merriwether, Wm., sergeant Maurice Xagle, 200 acres.

Maficld, Micajah, private D. Brodhead, whole claim. R. Terrell. 100 acres.

CLAIMS SOLD BEFORE DEEDS ISSUED. I I 19

Montgomery, John, private D. Brodhead, whole claim, R.Terrell, 100 acres.

Newton, Peter, private James Francis Moore, whole claim.

Prichard, William, sergeant William Johnston, 200 acres.

Pagan, David, private William Wickoff, whole claim.

Perault, Michael, lieutenant William Croghan, whole claim.

Paul, John, private.... Nat. Parker, 100 acres.

Peersley, William, private Alexander Skinner, Nat. Parker, whole claim.

Pickens, Samuel, private Benjamin Sebastian, Adam Hoops.

Quick, Thomas, major George Rogers Clark, whole claim.

Ross, Joseph, private Susana Merideth, Daniel Brodhead, whole claim,

Nat. Neilson, 100 acres.

Slaughter, Thomas, heir of

Lawrence, Ensign George Slaughter, whole claim, John Holker,

Alexander Scot Bullett, 2,000 acres.

Stephenson, Stephen, private. ..Richard Brashear, whole claim, William Pope,

Alexander Scot Bullett, 100 acres.

Strode, Samuel, sergeant Richard Jones Waters, 200 acres.

Severns, John, private D. Brodhead, whole claim, N. Neilson, 100 acres.

Sheppard, Peter, private George Sheppard, Daniel Brodhead, whole

claim, Nat. Neilson, 100 acres.

Smith, William, private Daniel Brodhead, whole claim.

Spilman, James, private Henry Thomas, William Croghan, Walter Da-
vies, Alexander Scot Bullett, whole claim.

Tigard, Daniel, private Richard Breashear, whole claim, William Pope,

Alexander S. Bullett, 100 acres.

Taylor, Isaac, captain.. Thomas Quick, William Adams, Daniel Brod-
head, whole claim, Richard Terrell, 3,000 acres.

Thompson, William, private Lewis Dickson, Alexander S. Bullett, 100 acres.

Vaughan, John, sergeant B. Tardivcan, whole claim, J. Holker, 200 acres.

Whitehead, William, private James Francis Moore, whole claim.

Whitehead, Robert, private James Francis Moore, whole claim.

William, Jarred, lieutenant Bartho. Tardivcan, John Holker, (three separate

assignments), 2,000 acres.

Whitecotton, James, private Sam Watkins, J. Davies, Nat. Parker, 100 acres.

White, Randall, private Frederick Rath, Daniel Brodhead, whole claim,

Nat. Neilson, 100 acres.

Whitley, William, private William Croghan, Alex. Scot Bullett, 100 acres.

Zickledge, William, private Joseph Shaw, William Beckley, whole claim.

CLARKSVILLE AND CLARK'S GRANT.

EXTRACT FROM A DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF
INDIANA MADE IN MAY, 1822, IN RELATION TO CLARKS-
VILLE AND CLARK'S GRANT, REPORTED IN THE
FIRST EDITION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF
BLACKFORD'S REPORTS, PAGES 160, 161.

Prior to the year of 1 7S3, the state of Virginia had the sovereignty
of all the territory now included in the states of Ohio. Indiana, and
Illinois. By her act of cession to the United States in 17S3, and her
deed in conformity thereto, she transferred all her territory northwest
of the Ohio river saving and excepting certain reserves. Among
others she reserved a tract granted by her to the officers and soldiers
of the Illinois regiment containing one hundred and fifty thousand
acres, now known by the name of the Illinois Grant, with the express
stipulation that the said tract should be divided among the said officers
and soldiers in due proportion, according to the laws of Virginia. The
power of legislation may cease, and the operation and obligation of
the laws remain ; such is the case generally in conquered and ceded
countries; such is the case in all the new states of this Union. (4
Cranch, 384.) But the compact, in this case, seems to intend some-
thing more than a stipulation for a continuance of the operation of
laws already in existence. The state of Virginia and the United States
were two sovereigns, treating for a cession of territory. Virginia had
made a grant of land to the officers and soldiers of the Illinois regiment
for military services. In her act of cession she reserves this grant,
and stipulates for a continuance of her right of legislation, so far as it
should be found necessary to carry it into complete effect. That this
was the light in which the compact was understood by the contracting

1 120

CLARKSVILI.E AND CLARK'S GRANT.

parties appears evident, not only from the compact itself, but also from
the subsequent conduct of both parties. The right of soil remained
in Virginia. Virginia claimed the right of legislation long after this
compact, and did actually legislate on the subject of these lands in the
years 1786 and 1796. The United States acquiesced in the right
claimed and exercised by Virginia. Congress has never attempted to
make any regulation respecting the lands in this grant ; nor have the
United States, in any instance, claimed the right to legislate on the
jubject, or in any manner to interfere with Virginia respecting the
primary disposal of the soil. If this is a fair construction of the com-
pact, Vh'ginia retained and still retains the sole and exclusive right of
legislation, so far as respects the transfer from the government to
individual claimants of the legal title to lands in the Illinois Grant;
and, with respect to these lands, the acts of the general assembly of
Virginia have the same force and authority as the acts of congress
have with respect to the other lands in these states. As respects the
primary disposal of the soil, Virginia has a right to legislate for one
part of the state, and the United States for the other part. The acts
of both are equally obligatory, and are p.esumed to be equally within
the knowledge of our courts and judges, as forming a part of the law
of the land.

1 122 CLARKSVILLE AND CLARK'S GRANT.

LOCATION OF TOWNS IN CLARK'S GRANT, SHOWING NUMBER

OF THE TRACT, WHERE LOCATED AND NAME OF THE

SOLDIER TO WHOM SAME WAS ALLOTTED.

Charlestown, 117, Lieutenant John Gerault.

Charlestown Landing, 56, General George Rogers Clark.

Hamburg, 10S, Sergeant William Elms, and others.

Henryville, 254-5, Private James Monroe, and others.

Herculaneum, 57, Private David Henry, and others.

Hibernia, 105, Major William Lynn.

Jeffersonville, No. 1, Lieutenant Isaac Bowman.

Marysville, 248, Private Travis Booton, and others.

Memphis, 203, Captain Robert Todd.

New Market, 196, Sergeant John Vaughan, and others.

Otisco, 210, Private John Biggar, and others.

Petersburgh, 130, Private Isaac McBride, and others.

Port Fulton, 2, Private Francis Spilman, and others.

Sellersburgh, 110, Captain Isaac Ruddle.

Springville, 94, Private Isaac Faris, and others.

Utica, 16, Captain John Bailey; 17, Captain Robert George.

Watson, 36, Captain Robert Todd.

Clarksville opposite the falls between Jeffersonville and New Albany.

Stone Fort Mound Builders, 76, Lieutenant Valentine Dalton.

PROCEEDINGS

IN THE LOUISVILLE, KY, CHANCERY COURT IN THE MAT-
TER OF THE LEGALITY OF AN ALLEGED WILL OF GEORGE
ROGERS CLARK.

A bill in chancery was tiled in said court on the 6th of
May, 1835, as follows:

To the Ho7iorable George M. Bibb, Chancellor of the Louisville
Chancery Court:

Humbly complaining, your orators, Isaac Clark, George Clark,
William Clark, Benjamin Temple and Eleanor, his wife, who was
Eleanor Clark; Henry W. Vick and Sarah, his wife; William F.
Bullock and Mary, his wife; William Bodley and Ellen, his wife;
Edmund Pearce, Martha Pearce, Jonathan Pearce, Eliza Pearce and
James Anne Pearce, the said Martha, Jonathan, Eliza and James
Anne, who are infants, bv their next friend, William F. Bullock;
Elizabeth Gwathmey, Anne C. Logan, Cecilia Anderson, Anderson
Miller, Jr., and Elizabeth C, his wife; Annita G. Anderson, who is
an infant, by George C. Gwathmey, her next friend, and George C.
Gwathmey, administrator of the estate of Richard C. Anderson. Jr..
deceased, would respectfully represent to Your Honor that heretofore,
to vyit: on the — day of February, 1S1S, George Rogers Clark
departed this life, and that on the 4th day of October, 1S30, at a
county court held for Jefferson county, in the state of Kentucky, an
instrument of writing purporting to be the last will of the said George
Rogers Clark was produced and then and there established by the
said court to be the last will and testament of the said George, and
administration of the estate of the said George, with the will an-

(1123)

1 1 24 LITIGATION IN RELATION TO

nexed, was granted to a certain George Woolfolk. They file here-
with as an exhibit and pray to be made a part hereof a certified copy
of the said supposed will and order of the county court establishing
the same, marked A. They further state that at the time of the death
of the said George his heirs at law consisted of his brother, General
William Clark, of Saint Louis, Missouri; Frances Fitzhugh. wife
of Dennis Fitzhugh, one of the devisees in the said supposed will.
the said Frances being one of the sisters of the said George : Lucv
Croghan, wife of William Croghan, Sen., another devisee in the said
will, the said Lucy being another sister of the said George ; and your
orators, the said Isaac, George, William, Eleanor Temple, wife of
the said Benjamin Temple, and Anne Pearce, wife of James A.
Pearce, and John H. Clark — the said Isaac, George, William. John.
Eleanor and Anne being the children and heirs of Jonathan Clark,
another brother of the said George, and who died before the said
George ; and your orators, the said Anne C. Logan, who was the
wife of John Logan, now deceased, and Elizabeth C. Gwathmevwas
the wife of Isaac Gwathmey. now deceased, Cecilia Anderson and
Richard C. Anderson. Jr. — the said Anne. Elizabeth. Cecilia and
Richard being the children and heirs at law of Elizabeth C. Ander-
son, wife of Richard C. Anderson, Sen., the said Elizabeth being a
sister of the said George and having departed this life before the said
George, and Anne Gwathmey, wife of Owen Gwathmev. another of
the said devisees, the said Anne being a sister of the said George.

Your orators further show that the said Dennis Fitzhugh and Fran-
ces have departed this life since the death of the said George, the said
Frances having survived her said husband : that the said Dennis left
two children, his heirs at law. to wit: Clark Fitzhugh and Lucv
Anne Fitzhugh, the said Lucv Anne having intermarried with a cer-
tain Henry S. Coxe, and since died, leaving no child : that the said
Clark and Lucy Anne, and Charles W. Thruston and Anne C. Far-
rar, wife of Bernard Fariar. and Benjamin O'Fallen and John O'Fal-
len were the children and heirs at law of the said Frances: that the
said William Croghan, Sen., has departed this life since the death of

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERAL CLARK.

the said George, leaving as his children and heirs at law John Crog-
han, William Croghan, George Croghan, Charles Croghan, Anne Jes-
sup, wife of Thomas S. Jessup, and Eliza Hancock, wife of George
Hancock, the said Charles and Eliza having, since the death of the
said William, departed this life without issue, leaving their brothers,
the said John, William, George, and sister Anne, their heirs; that the
said Jonathan Clark departed this life before his brother, the said
George, leaving as his children and heirs at law your orators, Isaac,
George, William and Eleanor Temple, John H. Clark and Ann
Pearce, wife of James A. Pearce, the said John having since died
without issue, and the said Ann, wrho survived her husband, the said
James, having also departed this life, leaving as her children and heirs
at law your orators, the said Sarah, wife of Henry W. Vick, Mary,
wife of William F. Bullock, Ellen, wife of William S. Bodley, Ed-
mund, Martha, James, Anne, Jonathan. Eliza Pearce, your orator,
the said Isaac, having administered upon the estate of the said John.
That the said Owen and Anne Gwathmey have also departed this life
since the death of the said George, leaving as their heirs at law John
Gwathmey, Temple Gwathmey, Samuel Gwathmey, Isaac R.
Gwathmey, your orator, the said George C. Gwathmev, Diana M.
Bullitt, wife of Thomas Bullitt, now deceased, Elizabeth C. Ander-
son, wife of Richard C. Anderson, Jr., Frances Jones, Lucy Priest,
wife of Peter Priest, and Catharine Woolfolk, wife of George Wool-
folk, the said John Gwathmey having, after the death of the said
Anne and before the death of the said Owen, departed this life, leav-
ing as his children and heirs at law Owen and William, Eleanor and
Matilda Gwathmey, all of whom are now alive, no person having
ever administered upon the estate of the said John, the said Isaac hav-
ing also departed this life, leaving as his children and heirs at law
Benjamin, Richard, Anne, Eliza and Maria Louisa Gwathmey, all
of whom are now alive, your orator, the said George C. Gwathmey,
having administered upon the estate of the said George, and your or-
atrix, the said Elizabeth C. Gwathmey, wife of the said Isaac, having
survived the said Isaac, the said Elizabeth C. Anderson having, after

LITIGATION IX RELATION TO

the death of the said Anne and before the death of the said Owen.
departed this life, leaving as her children and heirs at law your ora-
tors, the said Elizabeth C. Miller, wife of Anderson Miller. Jr.. An-
nita G. Anderson and Lonis Arthur Anderson, the said Louis having
departed this life since the death of his said mother without issue, the
said Richard C. Anderson, Jr., having also departed this life since
the death of his said wife, your orator, the said George C. Gwath-
mey, having administered upon his estate.

That the said Elizabeth C. Anderson, wife of Richard C. Anderson,
Sr. . departed this life before his brother, the said George, leaving as
his heirs your orators, the said Anne C. Logan, wife of John Logan,
now deceased, Elizabeth C. Gwathmey, wife of Isaac R. Gwathmev,
also deceased, Cecilia and Richard C. Anderson. Jr.. and the said
Richard C. Anderson, Jr., having, since the death of the said
George, departed this life, leaving as his children and heirs at law
your orators, the said Elizabeth C. Miller, wife of the said Anderson
Miller, Jr., Annita G. Anderson and Louis Arthur Anderson, who
has, as above stated, died without issue, the said George C. Gwath-
mey, one of your orators having administered upon the estate of the
Richard C. Anderson, Jr. Your orators further show that the said
George Rogers Clark died seized in his own right of the real estate
in the said supposed will described, as well as of other real estate
not therein named, and entitled to a large amount of money due from
the state of Virginia for services rendered to the said state as an
officer in the settlement of Kentucky and its conquest from the
Indians, and other important services rendered by the said George, as
well as for large advances made on account of the said state: and
that the said George Woolfolk has received, as administrator of the
estate of the said George from the said state of Virginia and other
sources, between $35,000 and $26,000, leaving an unsatisfied balance
in favor of the said George against the said state of Virginia of about
$20,000, which is now in course of adjustment, and will, as they
understand, in all probability, be soon received by the said George
Woolfolk as administrator.

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERAL CLARK.

I 127

Your orators further charge that some years before the death of the
said George Rogers Clark, he had been, and, at the time of the
execution of the said supposed will, was afflicted with paralysis pro-
duced from apoplexy, whereby he was deprived of the use of his
limbs and his mental facidties weakened and deranged ; and that the
supposed will was drawn up by some of the persons in attendance
upon the said George with a view merely of gratifying the wishes of
the said George in making some disposition of his estate, with a be-
lief that it would tend to relieve his mind from the excitements under
which it labored, and was not considered by any of the persons pres-
ent as a valid will but only designed, as above stated, and your ora-
tors charge that the said supposed will is not the will of the said
George Rogers Clark.

Your orators would further show that all the real estate of which
the said George died seized has been divided among his heirs as
though he had died intestate, the said supposed will, although in the
possession of General William Clark from the death of the said
George till its probate, being always regarded by him and all the
other devisees as invalid, having been executed at a time and under
circumstances which rendered the said George incompetent to make
disposition of his estate.

Your orators would further show that the said George Woolfolk
has distributed four-sixths of the money thus received, as above
shown, among Lucy Croghan, William Clark, the heirs and personal
representatives of Owen and Anne Gwathmey, and Dennis and
Frances Fitzhugh, reserving in his hands two-sixths of the same,
amounting to near $7,000, to be paid to the heirs and personal repre-
sentatives of Jonathan Clark and Elizabeth C. Anderson, if the said
supposed will shall be set aside, which appropriation of the said
money has been assented to by nearly all the heirs of the said George
Rogers Clark, but has not been made because of the great number of
the heirs, it being thereby sufficient to obtain their assent and the
infancy and coverture of others.

I 128 LITIGATION IN RELATION TO

Your orators make William Clark, Lucv Croghan. John Croghan.
William Croghan, George Croghan, Thomas S. Jessup and Anne,
his wife; John O'Fallen, Benjamin O'Fallen, Charles W. Thruston,
Bernard Farrar and Anne C. Farrar, his wife ; Clark Fitzhugh and
Henry S. Coxe, Temple Gwathmey, Samuel Gwathmev. Diana M.
Bullitt, Frances Jones, Peter Priest and Lucy, his wife ; George
Woolfolk, administrator as aforesaid, and George Woolfolk, and
Catharine, his wife ; Owen Gwathmey, William Gwathmev, Eleanor
Gwathmey and Matilda Gwathmey, children and heirs of John
Gwathmey, deceased ; Benjamin Gwathmev, Richard Gwathmev.
Anne Eliza Gwathmey and Maria Louisa Gwathmey, children and
heirs at law of Isaac Gwathmey, deceased, defendants hereto, and
pray the commonwealth writ of Spa against them and that thev may
answer the allegations hereof. Your orators pray that an issue mav
be directed to try whether the said pretended will is the will of the
said George Rogers Clark or not, and that, if it shall be found not
to be the will of the said George Rogers Clark, then the same mav
be set aside, and distribution and division of his estate among vour
orators and the defendants hereto, the heirs of the said George Rog-
ers Clark, as though the pretended will had never existed, and that
all such other and further relief may be granted to vour orators as the
equity of their case may authorize, and they, as in duty bound, will
ever pray, etc. Bullock & Miller. P. Q.

To this bill of complaint, Governor William Clark, of
Missouri, the youngest brother of General George Rogers
Clark, responded, under oath, May 5, 1S37, substantially
as follows:

The answer of William Clark to a bill filed against him and others
in the Louisville Chancery Court by the heirs of Jonathan Clark, de-
ceased, and others. This respondent, now and at all times reserving
to himself the benefit of all just exceptions to said answer, for answer
thereto saith : That it is true the execution of the will referred to was.
under the circumstances, referred to ami sot forth in complainant's bill.

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERAL CLARK. 1 1 29

This respondent wrote the will of the said George R. Clark, referred to
by complainant, at the desire of said George, and he will state that the
[some words illegible] to the execution of the said writing, on the
part of the said George, was that he might will his claim against the
state of Virginia for locating 101,000 acres of land on the Mississippi,
in behalf of the state of Virginia, and two or three tracts of land to
Major Croghan, and it was not contemplated or spoken of that any
claim, except as above stated, should pass by said writing. The said
George always expressing himself as having been badly treated by
the state of Virginia in refusing to liquidate his accounts upon princi-
ples of justice, it pressed upon his mind and rendered him, on this
subject, verv much dissatisfied. It harassed his mind, which was
thought to add to his unhappy affliction, and the execution of this
writing was hoped would give some relief to his situation.

This respondent does not claim, and will not receive, but one-sixth
of whatever may be coming from the said L. W. Woolfolk, adminis-
trator of said G. R. Clark. This respondent having fully answered,
prays to be dismissed, etc. William Clark.

September 8, 1S37. Attorneys Pirtle and Speed suggest that El-
eanor Gwathmey, of full age, has intermarried with Walter Bement
since commencement of the suit ; also Alatilda Gwathmey, of full
age, has intermarried with Joseph S. Bates, and Martha Pearce has
intermarried with Robert C. Stanard, and asking that said husbands
be made parties.

November 3, 1837. C. W. Thruston answered that he was en-
tirely willing that such a decree should be made in the case as just-
ice and equity might seem to demand.

Up to this period, the proceedings seem to have been
of an entirely amicable character, but the status was
slightly changed on the 12th of January, 1838, by the
appearance of a new party in court with the following
petition:

113° LITIGATION IN RELATION TO

To the Honorable the Chancellor of the Louisville Chancery Court :

The petition of James D. Breckenridge, executor and trustee, and
Mrs. Maria Breckenridge, devisee in trust of General R. O. Breck-
enridge.

Your petitioners state that on the 5th November. 1S15. Gen. Geo.
R. Clark made his last will, in which he devised to Major "William
Croghan 3,600 acres of land in Bracken county; also 3.922 acres
below Mayfield creek on the Mississippi, and to his brother. Will
Clark, all his lands and land claims northwest of the Ohio river, and
to his nephews, John and Benjamin O'Fallon. 1.500 acres on Clark
river, a branch of Tennessee. Also, 1,500 acres on Cumberland
river, at the mouth of Little river.

He devised to his brother, William Clark, his friends. Major Will
Croghan, Owen Gwathmey and Dennis Fitzhugh. his claim to the
locator's fees or part of an entry of about 100 and 1 .000 acres made
by him in the surveyor's office in Lincoln county, which lands are sit-
uated between Tennessee river and the river Mississippi. Also, all
his land and claims of every description not otherwise disposed of to
them and their heirs and assigns forever. This will was admitted to
record in Jefferson county where Clark died, in October. 1S30. Gen-
eral Clark having died many years before.

In 1S16 Owen Gwathmey, one of the devisees in the said will, for
a valuable consideration, assigned to his son. John Gwathmey, a cer-
tain part of the land and money devised to him by General Clark, and
in 1S19 the said assignment was transferred to Ra. Breckenridge. de-
ceased. Owen and John Gwathmey are both dead, the former in-
testate, leaving several children and no administrator on his estate.
George Woolfolk administered upon the estate of General Clark, with
the will annexed.

Your petitioners have brought their suit in this honorable court to
recover such land and money as said Breckenridge's estate mav be
entitled to under the will and assignments aforesaid.

Some time since Isaac Clark, etc.. instituted their suit in this hon-
orable court against General Will Clark, etc.. amongst other thing-.

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERAL CLARK.

to set aside the will. Should the will of General Clark be set aside,
Owen Gwathmey would be entitled to no part of the estate, though
all his children as nephews and nieces of General Clark would.

Your petitioners are apprehensive that sufficient vigilance may not
be used to sustain and support the said will by testimony, etc. Your
petitioners pray that the plaintiffs in said suit may be compelled to
make them defendants in said suit to set aside the said will.

J. D. Breckexridge.

And on the 26th of the next April, an amended bill
was filed by the plaintiffs as follows:

The amended bill of Isaac Clark and others to their original bill
exhibited in the Louisville Chancery Court against William Clark
and others :

Your orators, in obedience to Your Honor's order, amend their bill
herein and make James D. Breckenridge and Maria Breckenridge
parties hereto. They state that the land alluded to in the contract
mentioned in the petition is the same mentioned in the pretended will
cf said General G. R. Clark, called "My claim to the locator's fees,
or part of an entry of about one hundred and one thousand acres
made by me in the surveyor's office of Lincoln county, which lands
are situated between Tennessee river and the river Mississippi," and
is not the land immediately below the mouth of the Tennessee river
or that land mentioned in the petition, but this land lies about forty
miles below the mouth of the Tennessee river, has never been carried
into grant, and never can be, as thev suppose.

They say it is true that General G. R. Clark did contract, a great
many years ago, to sell to Humphrey Marshall this tract of land im-
mediately at and below the mouth of the Tennessee river, granted in
1795, and containing together 73.362 acres; but this contract was
canceled long since by agreement between General William Clark, to
"whom said land was conveyed by said G. R. Clark in 1S03, and said
Marshall, and no money was ever paid by said Marshall to any one
on account of his contract for the purchase of said land, nor was any

1 132 LITIGATION IN RELATION TO

judgment ever recovered or any decree made against him for any
money in respect to said contract, and this contract was the onlv one
ever made by said G. R. Clark with said Marshall. There never
was any contract or agreement between said G. R. Clark and said
Owen Gwathmey, by which said Gwathmey was entitled, as is recited
in said agreement with said John Gwathmey, but said provision afore-
said in the will of said Clark no doubt alluded to in said writing, and
the land therein mentioned never was contracted to be sold to said
Marshall.

They charge that the said contract was champertous, at anv rate,
and void.

They report and charge that the said George Rogers Clark, at the
time when the said pretended will was executed, had been struck with
paralysis, and was so affected thereby, and by age and disease gener-
ally, that he was not of sound mind, and was not capable of making
a will, etc.

They pray as in their original bill, etc. Pirtle.

May 17, 1839. General Thomas S. Jessup and Ann H.. his wife,
answered through Judge Pirtle that they do not personallv know
whether General George Rogers Clark was at the time of executing his
alleged will capable of making a will or not; and that they rely
upon the answer of General William Clark filed in the case, and
accept his statements as a part of their answer, etc.

Feb. 21, 1S40. James D. Breckenridge and Maria Breckenridge
answered the complaint denying that said George Rogers Clark was
at the time of making said will of unsound mind. They charged
that said will was duly made, and that said Clark was capable at the
time of making it, and of sound mind and memory ; and that said
will was a valid testamentary act made in due form of law.

Loughborough & Field, Attorneys.

On the 24th of February, 1846, Samuel Gwathmey deposed that
from the time General George Roarers Clark was afflicted with

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERAL CLARK. I 133

paralysis, up to the time of his death, he was not at any time within
that period competent to make a will, as he believes. Deponent
can not speak of particular dates ; he does not know when the
will was made, and if made within that period deponent does not
think he was competent in mind to make said will. Deponent
states that he was so well satisfied of said Clark's incompetency to
make his will, that he would receive only his share in one-sixth of
certain moneys collected for said Clark's estate, when, by the will,
he was entitled to receive a share in one-fourth of said moneys. He
frequently saw General Clark both before and after his affliction of
paralysis, and after said affliction his mind was impaired and memory
defective so as to render him incompetent to make a will as before
stated.

Mrs. Amelia Clark* testified, June 25, 1847, that her husband and
herself were well and intimately acquainted with General George
Rogers Clark for many years before his death — there were, perhaps,
but few who knew him better than deponent did in his several rela-
tions. For a long time (many years) before his death, he had been
laboring under great bodily afflictions — he was paralyzed — his bodilv
afflictions and habits together had greatly shattered and impaired his
intellect, and his speech also became much impaired, so much so that
his most familiar friends and acquaintances could scarcely, and with
difficulty, understand him. Deponent thinks he was from these
causes incompetent at the time to make a valid will. Deponent saw
General Clark both before and after the date of the will, though
more frequently before ; she thinks it was a year before his death that
she did not see him, but at and before his will was made his bodilv
infirmities and afflictions had been so great and bore so heavilv upon
his mind and had so impaired his faculties as to render him almost a
child. His afflictions also rendered him incapable of moving about.

March 30, 1849. William Clark states, by Pirtle & Smith, his
attorneys, that, as administrator de bonis non of George Rogers Clark,

* Seems to have been signed Cornelia H. Clark, but is Amelia in body and
officer's certificate.

1 1 34 LITIGATION IN RELATION TO

he has now in his hands $6,347.90. which he received from the state
of Virginia on account of moneys which the state had assumed to pay
his representatives for services during the revolution, but which she
had formerly refused to pay as early as the year 1790. and to which
he did not allude in his will, as he had, long before the will was writ-
ten, given up all expectation of obtaining any money for his services
from Virginia, and, but for the act of Congress of 1832, no money
ever wrould have been paid or any debt acknowledged. The said
claims in his will allude to claims connected with lands. States he is
ready to pay this money over to representatives of said General Clark
as may be entitled to it, the complainants not having received the
money derived from the United States or Virginia and said Woolfolk's
estate being insolvent.

September 20, 1850. Complainants state that since filing of bill
and amendments defendant, George Croghan, has departed this life
intestate, leaving Serena Croghan, his widow, and George Crog-
han, Angelica Croghan (now Wvatt) and Serena Croghan. an
infant, his children and heirs, and that no administration has been
granted on his estate, ; further state that Ann Jessup has

departed this life, leaving Lucy Ann Jessup, Mary Jessup (now
Blair), intermarried with James Blair, and Isaac Jessup, William
Jessup, Charles Jessup and Julia — said Ann. William. Charles and
Julia being infants — her children and heirs ; further state that Samuel
Gwathmey has died intestate, leaving Polly Gwathmev, his widow,
and Baylor Gwathmey and Rebecca Gwathmey (now Tyler), inter-
married with Henry Tyler, his children and heirs, and no administra-
tion has been granted of his estate, ; further state that
John Croghan has died, leaving a last will, which has been dulv
proved and execution thereof committed to George C. Gwathmev.
one of the executors therein named, with the complainant, William
F. Bullock and Joseph R. Underwood, to whom the estate of the said
John Croghan was devised by said Will in trust for the heirs of the
said George Croghan and Ann Jessup ; further state that defendant.
George C. Gwathmey has also died, leaving a will, which has been

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERA^ ULARK. 1 1 35

proved and execution committed to Joshua F. Bullitt, one of the ex-
ecutors therein, devising his estate to his children, Alfred Gwathmey,
Ellen Gwathmey, Louisa Gwathmey and John Gwathmey — Louisa
and John being infants — ask that guardians be appointed for said in-
fants and that all the parties named be made parties to the suit and
required to answer.

September 20, 1850. Death of complainant Sarah Vick was sug-
gested, and revivor asked in name of her children, viz. : Henry G.
Vick, Ann P. Vick, Mary Vick and George R. C. Vick, by their
father, Henry W. Vick.

Thomas P. Smith, commissioner of the court, reported that the
deposition of J. B. Gwathmey showed that prior to the year 1S40,
George Woolfolk, as administrator of the estate of George Rogers
Clark, received about $25,000 and distributed the same to all the
heirs of said Clark in the proportions to which they were respectively
entitled as heirs by the law of descents, except to the representatives
of Jonathan Clark, deceased, and Elizabeth Anderson, deceased, a
brother and sister of said General George Rogers Clark ; there being
six heirs, the four who received their portions of said $25,000 re-
ceived about $4,000 each. It will therefore require about $8,000 to
equalize the heirs of said Jonathan Clark and Elizabeth Anderson
with the others.

The question of fact was finally submitted to a jury, who

returned a verdict "that the writing purporting to be the

will of General Clark is not his will,'1'' whereupon the court

entered the following decree:

State of Kentucky, Louisville Chancery Court,

24TH November, 1S51.
Isaac Clark, Etc., Complainants,

vs. In Chancery.

William Clark's Heirs, Etc., Defendants.

General George Rogers Clark, in 1S15, executed a writing pur-
porting to be his last will, and died in 1S20.* The complainants bring

*Mistake. He died in 1S1S.

I 1 36 LITIGATION IN RELATION TO

this suit for the purpose of vacating the will and for distribution of
the estate. George Woolfolk was appointed administrator, with the
will annexed, and received about twenty-five thousand dollars assets
of the estate. Of this sum he paid four-sixths to the devisees, who
constituted four-sixths of his heirs at law.

No part of this fund has been paid to the representatives of his
sister, Mrs. Anderson, or his brother, Jonathan Clark. A verdict has
been rendered in this case by a jury upon an issue out of chancerv to
try the validity of the will, "that the writing purporting to be the will
of General Clark is not his will," and it is now ordered and decreed
that said writing be set aside and annulled.

After the death of George Woolfolk, William Clark was appointed
administrator of the estate and has received and paid into court the
sum of $6,485.43. It is now ordered and decreed that the costs of
this suit be paid out of the sum so paid by William Clark, and that
the residue be paid to the representatives of Jonathan Clark and
Mrs. Anderson — that is, that one-half be paid to the representatives
of Jonathan Clark and the other half to the representatives of Mrs.
Anderson.

To George W. Clark, William Clark, Isaac Clark and to Eleanor
Temple one-fifth of one-half each ; to Edward Peace {Edmund
Pearce), Jonathan Peace (Pcarce), William F. Bullock and wife,
William Bodley and wife, Robert C. Stanard and wife, George B.
Kinkead and wife, Henry C. Brudle (Pi/idc//) and wife and to Henry
W. Veech ( Vick~), in right of his deceased wife, Sarah Veech ( Vick).,
one-eighth of one-fifth of one-half each — the said Bullock and wife,
Bodley and wife, Stanard and wife, Kinkead and wife. Brudel (P/v-
delT)* and wife and Sarah Veach's ( Vick's) representatives to re-
ceive but six shares or portions. The other half of said sum is decreed
to the representatives of Mrs. Anderson — that is. to Elizabeth Gwath-
mey, Ann C. Logan and Cecilia Anderson, one-fourth of one-half
each, and to S. M. Flournoy and Aeminta Gray, one-eighth of one-
half each, the share or portion of Aeminta Gray to be paid for her
to John T. Gray, her guardian.

* The number of clerical mistakes in the record of this decree seems to be
remarkable.

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERAL CLARK. I 137

It is ordered that this controversy as to any money which may have
been received by Woolfolk, as administrator aforesaid, be reserved
for further order and decree ; and the complainants may have execu-
tion of this decree forthwith.

A copy. Attest: Ch. I. Clark.

State of Kentucky :

At a county court held for Jefferson county, at the court-house in
the city of Louisville, on the 12th day of April, 1S52, the foregoing
instrument of writing, purporting to be a certified copy of a decree of
the Louisville chancery court, rendered on 24th November, 185 1, set-
ting aside and annulling the writing bearing date in 1S15 and purport-
ing to be the will of George Rogers Clark, was this day produced in
court and ordered to be recorded and is recorded in my office as clerk
of said court. Attest: Curran Pope, Clerk.

On the 22d of April, 18^3, Robert O. Woolfolk, exec-
utor of George Woolfolk, filed the following under oath:

Respondent, Robert O. Woolfolk, admits that he is the sole surviv-
ing executor of George Woolfolk, deceased, who was administrator
of General George Rogers Clark, deceased.

Respondent admits the receipt of assets from his said testator suffi-
cient, as he believes, to pay the amount of any decree that may be
rendered against him in this case.

Respondent states that one Levi Jones, administrator of one John
Halker, obtained a decree in the Louisville Chancery Court in case
No. 999, against said George Woolfolk, administrator of said G. R.
Clark, on the 25th June, 1S39, for $3,333-33. with six per cent, in-
terest from July 6, 1S02. subject to a credit of $1,157 on I3tn ^e~
cember, 182 1 ; said decree and the said suit are referred to as part
hereof. On the 3d July, 1S39, said George Woolfolk gave his indi-
vidual notes, with George C. Gwathmev surety, to said Halker's ad-
ministrator, for $5,000 in full satisfaction of said decree, as shown
by the receipt of W. Browne, attorney for said Halker's administra-
tor, filed in said suit No. 994. and referred to as part hereof.

1 138 LITIGATION IX RELATION TO

Respondent further states that when said G. R. Clark died he was
regarded as insolvent; he left no property, nor claims for money or
property, respondent believes, except a claim of long standing against
the commonwealth of Virginia for services as a general in the Vir-
ginia State Line in the Revolutionary War. and for moneys advanced
by him for said commonwealth in said service.

Said George Woolfolk was a lawyer, and at the request of the
heirs of said G. R. Clark, or some of them, he became the adminis-
trator of said Clark in Virginia as well as in Kentucky, for the pur-
pose of prosecuting said claims against the commonwealth of Vir-
ginia, and under an agreement that he should have for his services a
contingent fee equal to one-fourth the sum that might be recovered.

Respondent believes and charges that the said George Woolfolk
had a written contract to that effect, which was destroyed by fire,
with most of said George Woolfolk's papers, some time before his
death. Respondent does not know whether he will be able to prove
said contract; but he states that it has been usual and customary
throughout the western country, for persons employing attorneys to
prosecute such claims, to allow contingent fees equal to from one-
fifth to one-half of the sum recovered. Respondent states that said
George Woolfolk went three times to Richmond, Va., and Washing-
ton City, and spent about six months on one occasion, and from
three to four months on each of the others, in attending to the prose-
cution of said claims, and was at considerable expense in paying
counsel fees, traveling expenses, etc., all of which he was obliged to
pay out of his own funds, having received no funds from the said es-
tate until the money referred to in complainant's original bill was
received by him. That money was made out of the aforesaid claims,
respondent believes, and charges that one-fourth of said sum would
be a reasonable fee to allow said George Woolfolk for his expenses,
trouble, and risk of loss in prosecuting said claims.

The receipts of the heirs to whom said Geo. Woolfolk paid four-
sixths of the money received by him. as stated in the original bill of
complaints, having been destroyed by fire, respondent can not state

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERAL CLARK. 1 1 39

how much was paid to them, but he believes that said Geo. Woolfolk
retained twenty-five per cent, of said four-sixths for his fee for col-
lecting same, expecting to make a like deduction from the other two-
sixths when the same should be distributed.

After receiving the money mentioned in complainant's original
bill, said Geo. Woolfolk brought suit in chancery in the Henrico
circuit court against the state of Virginia claiming a large balance as
administrator of said G. R. Clark, and employed Chapman Johnson,
of Richmond, Va., to attend to the same, and as respondent believes
paid him a fee therefor, but how much he can not state, as the said
Johnson's receipt, if he gave any, has been destroyed by fire or lost.

Respondent, after his father's death, went to Richmond, Va., at
the request of said Johnson to see about said suit and about having
administration de bonis non taken out for the purpose of prosecuting
said suit, and it cost respondent some $200. After consultation with
said Johnson it was concluded that his son, G. N. Johnson, should
administer; he did so, and the sum of $6,347.90 received by Wm.
Clark, administrator de bonis non of said G. R. Clark, as stated in
an amended bill in this case, was made out of the state of Virginia
by said suit and by said G. N. Johnson, administrator de bonis non,
in the state of Virginia. Respondent supposes and asks that some
allowance should be made to him on account of said Geo. Woolfolk's
expenses and services therein.

Respondent further states that said Geo. Woolfolk paid to Mrs. Ann
C. Logan, one of the plaintiffs, the sum of $275 as shown by her re-
ceipt herewith filed, and bearing date 13th January, 1838.

Respondent claims credit for the $^,000 paid to Halker's adminis-
trator, the $27^ paid to Mrs. Logan, and claims compensation for the
collection of the money undistributed bv said Geo. Woolfolk and for
the prosecution of the aforesaid suit in the Henrico circuit court, and
is ready to pay any balance that may be found due to plaintiffs, but
he denies that plaintiffs are entitled to interest as prayed for by them.

Bullitt & Smith, P. D.

1 140

LITIGATION IN RELATION TO

November 20, 1S65. William Clark, administrator de bonis non
of George Rogers Clark, deceased, petitions the court for an order
allowing him to receive $3,000 in compromise of the claims herein
against the estate of George Woolfolk, deceased. He states that it
appears that said George Woolfolk, as administrator, collected on
a claim in Virginia $25,000 or $26,000, and paid four shares out
of six, retaining twenty-five per cent, for his repeated visits to Vir-
ginia, and realizing a contested and complicated claim against the
government; that the $5,000 retained for the complainants (the other
heirs) was paid in compromise of a judgment of Holker for a much
larger amount, and that this left but $1,250 of the $25,000 in his
hands. He states that the parties are so numerous and scattered that
a regular revivor, etc., would occasion heavy loss, and he deems it
best to accept the $3,000 offered by Robert O. Woolfolk, executor of
George Woolfolk, deceased, in full satisfaction. He asks leave to
compromise and give a full release to Woolfolk on these terms.

Bodlev. Attornev.

On the same date the last-mentioned petition was tiled
the following order was made :

Isaac Clark and Others, Plaintiffs, !

Against > Order.

William Clark and Others, Defendants. J

William Clark, administrator de bonis non of George Rogers
Clark, deceased, this day filed his petition asking to be permitted to
accept the offer of Robert O. Woolfolk to compromise the claims
herein in behalf of said G. R. Clark's estate, against the estate of
George Woolfolk, deceased, by receiving the sum of $3,000 in full
satisfaction of the claims in this suit against said Woolfolk. Where-
upon it is ordered, that said compromise be approved, and the said
William Clark is authorized to make release of said claims accord-

ALLEGED WILL OF GENERAL CLARK. 1 141

ingly for said sum of $3,000 (and on motion of W. S. Bodley, attor-
ney for the plaintiffs, this suit is dismissed) .
See order book No. 60, page 445.

Note. — All the entries in this case are not included in the foregoing proceed-
ings, but enough to show the material action taken, and all that is of historical
importance. It is possible the copyist has made mistakes in not giving correct-
ly some of the names mentioned.

I I42 DESCENDANTS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK S

DESCENDANTS OF GEN. JONATHAN CLARK
AND SARAH HITE.

The star (*) indicates that the person was dead in 1S95.

CHILDREN.

1. Eleanor Eltinge,* married Rev. Benjamin Temple.*

2. John Hite, died unmarried.

3. Isaac, died unmarried.

4. Mary, died in childhood.

5. Ann,* married James Anderson Pearce.*

6. William.* married Frances Ann Tompkins.*

7. George Washington,* married Martha Price.

GRANDCHILDREN.
Children of Eleanor Eltinge Clark and Rev. Benjamin Temple.

1. Mary,* married Henry Winbourn,* Mississippi.

2. Sarah, widow of Lewis Lee, lives in Louisville, Kv.

3. Eleanor,* married Josiah Newman,* Mississippi.

4. Clark,* married Frances Brashear.*

5. Robert*, married Anne C. Mills,* Hernando, Mississippi.

6. John B.,* married Susan M. Bibb,* Mary Falls,* Blandina Broadhead.

7. Rev. James N., married first Margaret A. McMahon,* second Narcissa

H. Barksdale,* lives at Paducah, Ky.

8. Elizabeth Ann, married Rev. George Beckett, New York Citv.

9. Lucy Croghan, married Judge R. C. Bowling,* Russelville, Ky.
10. Julia Clark ;* 11, George William*

Children of Ann Clark and James Anderson Pearce, Louisville. Kentucky.

1. Sarah,* married Henry W. Vick * (a cotton planter), Vicksburg, Miss.

2. Edmund* (fanner), married Myra Steele,* second Mrs. Mary Grinnell.*

3. Mary,* married William F. Bullock* (lawyer), Louisville, Ky.

4. Ellen,* widow of William S. Bodley * (lawyer), Louisville. Ky.

5. Martha,* widow of Robert C. Stanard * (lawyer), Washington, D. C.

6. Jonathan* (farmer), married Francena Low,* Spottsylvania county, Ya.

7. Eliza, widow of George B. Kinkead * (lawyer), Lexington. Kv.

5. James Ann, widow of Henry C. Pindell * (lawyer), Louisville. Ky.

Children of William Clark* and Frances Ann Tompkins* Louisville. Ky.

1. Frances Ann,* married first, Samuel Lawson,* second, Mr. Biddle.*

2. Jonathan *(doctor), married Emma Noble, Paducah, Ky.

3. Ellen, married Newton E. Milton, Memphis, Tenn.

4. Mary, married Dr. George E. Cooke.*

v Katherine,* married W. H. Churchill,* Louisville, Ky.

6. Eugenia; 7, Eliza; S, William (married Annie Bailey,* Louisville, Ky.N

Children of George W. Clark* and Martha Price* Fayette County. Kentucky.

1. Sarah, married Shepherd Rogers,* Clark county. Ky.

2. Ann,* married William Bell,* no children, Lexington, Kv.

3. Elizabeth,* married John McMurtry,* Lexington. Kv.

4. Julia, married Joseph R. Gross,* Fayette county. Ky.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS. II43

GREAT GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of Mary Temple and Henry K. Winbourn.

1, Benjamin;* 2, Ann Mary;* 3, William;* 4, Ellen;* 5, John;* 6, Sarah;*
7, Victoria;* 8, James;* 9, Lucy Cook; 10, Columbia; 11, Alexander.* Vic-
toria, married Horace Smith. She died and he married her sister, Columbia.
William, married Sarah Miller;* Lucy, married Roland J. Cook.

Children of Eleanor Temple and Josiah Neivman, Mississippi .

1, Harriet,* married Mr. Cocke;* 2, Lucy, married Mr. Cocke* (brothers);
3, Josiah.*

Children of Clark Temple* and Frances Brashear*

1, Benjamin;* 2, Mary Ellen;* 3, Dr. James R.; 4, Walter; 5, Camilla,*
married Edward Stevenson;* James R., married first, Miss Kirby, second, Miss
McCoy.

Children of Robert Temple and Anne C. Mills.

1, Betty B.; 2, Eleanor C.;* 3, Fanny M.; 4, Annie M.;* 5, William
Robert ;* 6, James Edward ; 7, George Rogers Clark ;* 8, Sue B.; 9, Lem-
uel B. ; 10, Louisa B.;* Fanny M., married Clarence C. Ward.

Children of John B. Temple* and Blandina Brodhead (his Third Wife).

1, Eleanor;* 2, Mary, married R. Alexander Robinson, Jr., Louisville.
3. Blandina, married Dr. Wm. M. Griffiths,* Louisville; 4, Annie.

Children of Rev. fames N. Temple and his First Wife, Margaret A . McMahon *
1, Frances Carter;* 2, Sally Lee, married Francis N. Gardner.

Children of fames JV. Temple's Second Wife, JVarcissa H. Barksdalc*

Some died in infancv, and four daughters survived her.

1, Robertine, has since died, unmarried; 2, Eleanor Eltinge, married Dr.
Charles H. Brother; 3, Willie, Paducah, Ky.; 4, Susan Polk.

Children of Elizabeth Ann Temple and Rev. George Beckett.
They lost three and their fourth, John Temple Beckett, lives in N. York City.

Children of Lucy Croghan Temple and fudge R. C. Bozvling.

1. James R., married Emma Walters.

2. Temple,* left children, two sons and a daughter.

3. Ella, married Judge Umphrey McThus.

4. Elizabeth;* ^, Annie, married Rev. G. W. Eichelberger, Adnirville, Ken-
tucky; 6, Lulah (married George Holeman, Adairville, Kentucky).

Children of Sarah Pearce* Vicksburg, Miss., and Henry W. Vich* (a cotton

planter).

1, James Pearce;* 2, Henry Gray;*' 3, Ann Pearce;*' 4, Susan;'* 5, Mary;
6, George Rogers Clark.* Mary married Dr. Alonzo J. Phelps.

Children of Edmund Pearce* and his First Wife, Myra Steele.

1, James Anderson;* 2, Amelia Neville,* married George Weissinger; 3,
Richard Steele;* 4, John C, married Susannah Steele.* Louisville, Ky.

I 144 DESCENDANTS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK'S

Children of Mary Pearce * and Judge Williatn F. Bullock*

i, Ann;* 2, Edmund;* 3, William F.,* (married Ella Ballard, Louisville,

Ky.); 4, Alfred Carr;* 5, Mary;* 6, Sarah;* 7. Edmund;* 8. Pearce (married

Penelope Lowry, Shelby county, Kentucky); 9, Henry;* 10, Wallace (married
Nellie Rogers, New York state).

Children of Ellen Pearce* and Judge William S. Bodley*

1, Hugh Shiell; 3, Ann James; 4, Elizabeth;* 5, Martha Stanard; 6,
Pearce; 7, Harry Innes;* 8, William Stewart; 9, Temple; 10, Stanard;* 11, El-
len Pearce* Pearce married Mary McHenry ;* Temple married Edith Fosdick.

Child of Jonathan Pearce and Francena Lon.'.
George Low, who married Indiana Bourges.

Children of Eliza Pearce and George B. Kinkead. Lexington, Ky.

1. Stanard, married Katharine Carneal,* Ashland, Ky.

,t\ n t 1 • j ( i- Annie Dodge,* / „ , , • xt -v

2. (Dr.) John, married - —,. TT .ft [■ Poughkeensie, N . Y.
v ' •> ' (2. Ease Hamilton, J & r 1

3. Ellen*

4. James Pearce. *

5. Annie, married Rev. Dr. Ben B. Warfield, Princeton College. New Jersey.

6. Henry, married Edith Hamilton, Lexington, Kv.

7. Margaret, married Rev. John Fox, Brooklyn, N. Y.

8. William, married Sarah Shipman, Galveston, Texas.

9. Mary; 10, Frank;* 1 1, Churchill;* 12, Jimmie Pindell (James Ann); 13.
Eliza Pearce.

Children of Frances Attn Clark* and Her First Husband, Samuel Lawson*
1, Charles; 2, Fannie* (married Mr. Burks).

Children of Jonathan Clark* and Emma ^Yoble.
1, Fannie; 2, Edmund; 3, Emma; 4, , dead.

Children of Ellen Clark and Newton E. Milton.

1, Mary Louisa,* married Karl Junglbuth, Louisville, Ky.

2, Charles, J., married Lucy Loring, St. Louis, Mo; 3, Frank, St. Louis, Mo.

Children of Mar y Clark and George E. Cooke.
1, Fannie;* 2, George*

Children of IVilliam Clark and Annie Bailey.*
1, Katharine; 2, Louise; 3, William Rogers;* 4. Annie Winford.*

Children of Sarah Clark and Shepherd Rogers * Lexington, h'v.

1, Martha C, married James N. Embry, Waxahachie, Texas; 2, Fanny Clark;
3, Laura; 4, Jerry E., married Nettie Howell, Lexington, Ky.

Children of Elizabeth Clark* and John McMurtrv. Lexington. Ky.

1, George (married Sadie E. McMurty); 2. John; 3, Elizabeth, married
Philip Bird; 4. Edmund; 5, Julia, married Mr. Bryson; 6, Annie, married Mr.
Watkins; 7, Eleanor; 8, Isaac.

Children of Julia Clark and Joseph R. Gross. Fayette County. Ky.
1, Edward T.; 2, Joseph; 3, Mattie C. (married S. St. McCann); 4. George C.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS. 1 145

GREAT-GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of William Winbourn* and His First Wife, Sarah Miller*

1, Mary E., married Mr. Kelly; 2, William A.;* 3, Matthew B ; 4, Sarah
Victoria; 5, Henry Duncan.

Children of H. Victoria Winbourn and Horace C. Smith.
1, H. Victoria Smith.*

Children of Lucy F. Winbourn and Roland f. Cook.

1, Frances; 2, Manie Lee; 3, Lucy Winbourn;* 4, Janie Clark; 5, James
R.; 6, Winbourn; 7, Sue Louise.*

Children of Columbia C. Winbourn and Horace C. Smith*

1, Huesea; 2, Marion W., married Tames C. Hicks; 3. Eleanor T., married
Dr. A. A. McClendon; 4, Martha M., married F. T. Johnson; 5, George C;
6, A. M.B.;* 7, Henry K.; S, DeWitt H.; 9, Lucy Newman; 10,' Scottie. .

Children of Alexander Winbourn* and Louise Covington* His First Wife.
1, Eleanor T.; 2, Henry K.; 3, Ann Mary; 4, Mary E.; 5, Lucy Newman.

Child of Alexander Winbourn* and Fannie Lee Gregg, His Second Wife.
1, Alexander.

Only Child of Harriet Newman Cocke.

1, Benjamin.*

Children of Dr. fames R. Temple and His First Wife, Miss Kirby*
1, Mary F. (married John McDaniel); 2, Warner R.;* 3, Robert E.

Children of Dr. fames R. Temple and His Second Wife. Miss Ale Co v.

1. Charles B. (married Miss Tucker); 2, William C.;* 3, Lucy B.; 4, Max
G. (twins); 5, A.J.;* 6, B. A.* (twins); 7, Rena.*

Child of Camilla Temple* and Rd'vard Stevenson.
1, Eleanor T.*

Children of Dr. Walter Te tuple.
1, Harry; 2, Eleanor;* 3. Camilla; 4, Curran B.; 5, Mary.

Children of Fannie Temple and Clarence C. Ward.
1, Clara L. (married J. Newell Brooks); 2, Lloyd; 3, Richard; 4, Clarence.

Children of Alary Temple and R. A. Robinson, fr.
1, John T.; 2, Wm. A.; 3. Richard A., Jr.

Child of Blandina Temple and Dr. Wm. AI . Griffiths.
1. Blandina T.

Children of fames R. Bowling and Emma Walters.
1, R. W.; 2, Wm. L.

Children of Temple Bowling* and Sadie Anderson.
1, Ula; 2, Temple; 3, Umphrey.

1 146 DESCENDANTS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK'S

Child of Annie Bowling and G. IV. Eichelberger.
1. Roberta B.

Cliild of Eula Bowling and George H. Holman.
1. Lucie M.

Children of Sally aad Francis N. Gardner.
1, Temple; 2, Nelly.

Children of Mary Vick and Dr. Phelps.

1, Nannie; 2, Henry Vick; 3, Mary Pearce; 4, Ellen Bodley. Nannie mar-
ried Peter George; Mary Pearce Phelps married Renato Piola Casselli, of the
Italian army, live at Rome. They have one daughter.

Only Child of Amelia Pearce* and George Weissinger.
Ann Amelia, married J. Hoadley Cochran.

Children of jfohn C. Pearce and Susannah Steele.
1, Myra Steele; 2, Amelia Neville; 3, John; 4, William Bodley; 5, James.

Children of Win. F. Bullock* and Ella Ballard.
1, Ballard; 2, William; 3, Mary Pearce; 4, J. Pindell.

Children of Pearce Bullock and Penelope Lowry.

1, Helen;* 2, Lowry; 3, Anderson; 4, Henry: 5, Mary Elizabeth; 6,
Edmund; 7, Lunsford Y.; 8, Helen; 9, Thomas; 10. Pearce.

Children of Wallace Bullock and Nellie Rogers.
1, Ellen; 2, Mary E; 3, *; 4. Agnes;* 5, William W.

Children of Pearce Bodley and Mary Mc Henry .*
1, Beverly Meriwether; 2, Innes Ilarwood.

Child of Temple Bodley and Edith Fosdick.
1, William Fosdick *

Children of Stanard Kinkcad and Katherine Carncal*
1, Eliza; 2, Davis; 3, Stanard; 4, William.

Children of John Kinkcad and Annie Bodge* (his jirst wife).
1, Cornelia; 2, George.

Children of Margaret Kinkcad and John Fox.
1, Eliza Pearce; 2, Edward.*

Children of Henry P. Kinkcad and Edith Hamilton.
1, Jennie; 2, John;* 3, Elise.

Children of Martha C. Rogers and james y. Embrv. H'axaliachic, Texas.

1, Fannie R., married J. Rush Williams; 2, J. Will; 3. Jerry R.: 4, Jacob; 5.
George C.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS. I I47

Children of Mary Louisa Milton and Karl Juuglbuth.
1, Karl; 2, Marion.

Son of Charles J. Milton and Lucy Loring, Alonzo Loring.

Children of Jerry E. Rogers and Nettie Howell.
1, Anna G.; 2, Fannie C; 3, Florence H.

Children of Elizabeth McMurtry and Phillip Bird.
1, Bettie C; 2, Sara H.; 3, Annie B.; 4, G.Lee; 5, Virginia R.; 6, Temple B.

Children of Julia McMurtry and Ollie Bryson.
1, Harry G.; 2, Bessie C; 3, ClymO; 4, Isaac N.; 5, Eleanor T.; 6, Dorothy.

Children of Annie McMurtry and Thomas Wat kins.

1, Thomas B.; 2. John; 3, Elizabeth C; 4, Jane W.; 5, George C; 6,
Caroline; 7, Harry W.

Child of Mattie Gross and S. S. McCann.
1. Julia G. McCann.

GREAT-GREAT-GREAT-GRANDCIIILDREN.

1, Child of Charles B. Temple and Miss Tucker.

Child of Ann Amelia Weissinger and J. Hoadley Cochran.
Harriet.

Children of Marion W . Smith and James C. Hicks.
1, Susie Clark; 2, Robert; 3, James (twins).

Children of Martha M. Smith and F. T. Johnson.
1, Floy; 2, George Russel.

Child of Clara L. Ward and C. Nezvcll Brooks.
1. Vera Brooks.

Child of Nannie Phelps and Peter George.
1, Alonzo Phelps;* 2,

Child of Mary Phelps and Renato Piola-Casselli.
1. Theresa Mary.

Child of Fa?iny R. Embrv and C. Rush Williams.
1, Rush Williams.

Note. — For the information contained in the foregoing list the author is in-
debted to Miss Ann J. Bodley, of Louisville, Kentucky, one of the descendants
of General Jonathan Clark.

1 1 48 DESCENDANTS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK'S

DESCENDANTS OF ANN CLARK (ELDEST SIS-
TER OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK)
AND OWEN GWATHMEY.

CHILDREN.

John; Temple; Samuel; Diana Moore; Ann (married Wm. Booth, no chil-
dren); Elizabeth; Benjamin and Lucy (twins); George; Isaac R.; Frances Ma-
tilda; Catharine.

GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of John Givat&mey and Ann Booth.

Owen; William; Ellen (married first Mr. Burnett, second Samuel Hillman):
Matilda (married Mr. Bates).

Children of Temple Givathmey a?id Ann Marks.

Sidney (married Mr. Woods); Diana (married Mr. Thurston); Eliza (mar-
ried Mr. Tilly); Fortunatus (married Miss Lyons); Henry (married Mary
Eliza Casey); Catharine; Frances Matilda (married Thomas Wollan).

Children of Samuel Givathmey and Marx Booth.
Mamie; William; Baylor H.; Rebecca (married Henry Tyler); Marv Eliza.

Children of Diana Moore Givathmey and Thomas Bullitt.

Mary (married first Gen. Adkinson, second Col. Stewart); Ferdinand; Alex-
ander (married first Fanny Smith, second Irene Williams); Washington; Eloise
(married Mr. DeKantrow); Owen (married Virginia Berry); Ann (married
Richard Clough Anderson); Diana (married Phillip Kearney); Cora.

Children of Elizabeth Givathmey and Richard Clough Anderson, Jr.

Elizabeth (married first Mr. Miller, second Lieut. Stephen Johnston, third
Fayette Flournoy); John Clark; Arthur; Anneto (married John T. Gray).

Children of Lucy Givathmey and Peter Priest.
Temple; Richard O.; Ferdinand.

Children of George Givathmey and Sophia Girard.

Alfred (married Virginia Keats); Julia (married Mr. Bacon); Frances Ann;
E'izabeth; Ellen (married General Cary Fry); George; Sophy; Eloise (mar-
ried Mr. Poindexter); Mary Atkinson; John; Kate.

Children of Isaac R. Givathmey and Elizabeth C. Anderson .

Benjamin; Richard; Isaac Benjamin; Richard C; Owen; Mary Eliza;
Maria Louisa.

Child of Frances Matilda and Mr. Skidmorc (first husband).
Ann.

Children of Prances Matilda and Mr. Jones (second husband').
John W. (married Harriet Boswell); William H. (married Kate Given);
Ellen.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS. IJ49

Children of Catharine Gwathmey and George Woolfolk.
Richard O. (married Mrs. May); Ann; Elizabeth; George (married Miss
Owen); Frances (married Phillip Wallan).

CHILDREN OF WILLIAM CROGHAN AND
LUCY CLARK.

John; Nicholas; Charles; Edward; William; Ann; George.

GRANDCHILDREN.
Child of William Croghan and Mary O'Hara.
Mary, married Captain Edward W. H. Schenley.

Children of Ann Croghan and Thomas J. Jessup.
Lucy Ann; Mary Serena; Jane Findley (married Augustus S. Nicholson);
Julia Clark; William; Charles.

Children of George Croghan and Serena Livingston.
Mary Angelica; St. George; Serena Livingston (four died in infancy.)

GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of Mary 0 ' Hara Croghan and Ed-ward W. H. Schenley.
Wm, Croghan; Edward; Alfred; Elizabeth; Jane; Agnes; Richmond; Alice;
Hermione.

Child of Lucy Ann Jessup and Lorenzo Sitgreaves.
Mary.

Children of Mary Serena Jessup and James Blair.
Violet (married Henry Janin); James Lucy (married George Wheeler); Jessup.

Children of Mary Angelica Croghan and Rev. Christopher Wyatt.
Fanny; William; Christopher; Mary Livingston.

Children of St. George Croghan and Cornelia Ridgely.
Cornelia; Lucy Serena; George; Elizabeth.

Children of Serena Livingston Croghan and Augustus F. Rogers.
Cornelia Livingston; Montgomery; Marian St. George; Nannie Augustus;
Henry Croghan; Grace; Robert.

GREAT-GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of Fanny Wyatt and Henry Allen.
Wyatt; Fanny; Harriett; Lucius.

Children of William Wyatt and Jane Kirby.
Christopher; Merritt; Cornelia.

Children of Christopher Wyatt, Jr., and Isabel Morris.
Alleyn; Katharine.

Children of Mary Livingston Wyatt and Henry K. Ne-whall,
Alice; Donald; Cornelia.

I I50 DESCENDANTS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK S

Child of Cornelia Croghan and Horatio Hornet.
Mary Sophia.

Children of Lucy Serena Croghan and Spencer Br own.
Lucy; Florence; Spencer, Jr.

Child of Elizabeth Croghan and Duncan Kennedy.

Duncan, Jr.

Child of Cornelia Livingston Rodgers and Norval St. Nohes.
Virginia Rodgers.

DESCENDANTS OF ELIZABETH CLARK AND
RICHARD CLOUGH ANDERSON.

Richard Clough, Jr. (married Elizabeth Gwathmey, no family); Elizabeth;
Cecilia; Ann (married John Logan).

GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of Ann Anderson and John L^ogan.
John Allen; Richard A.; Robert W.; Elizabeth C. (married Mr. Simpson);
Sarah Jane (married James M. Gambel); Catharine Mary; Charles Isaac.

DESCENDANTS OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM
CLARK.

CHILDREN.

Governor Clark was first married to Miss Julia Hancock of Fincastle. Vir-
ginia, January 5, 180S. She died June 27, 1S20, and on the 2Sth November, 1S21,
he married Mrs. Harriet Kennerly Radford* of St. Louis, Missouri. His chil-
dren by the first wife were :

1, Meriwether Lewis Clark* (married, first, Abbv Churchill, had seven
children, second, Julia Davidson, who had no children by him); 2, William
Preston*; 3, Mary Margaret*; 4, George Rogers Hancock*; 5, John Julius.*

By the second wife he had, 1, Jefferson Kearney (who married Mi;-s Mary
Susan Glasgow, May S, 1849); and 2, Edmund,* who died unmarried.

GRANDCHILDREN.
Children of Meriwether Lewis Clark and Abbv Churchill.
1, William Hancock (married Camilla Gavlord, of New York, August 22.
1883); 2, Samuel Churchill* (killed at battle of Pea Ridge); 3. Mary Eliza*;
4, Meriwether Lewis, second, (married Mary Martin Anderson, May, 1S71); 5,
John O'Fallon, second*; 6, George Rogers, second; 7, Charlesjefferson (married
Lena Jacob, July 5, 1S73).

Children of George Rogers Hancock Chirk and Eleanor Ann Glasgow.

1, Julia (married Robert Stevenson Voorhis); 2, Seddie Leonida*; 3. John
O'Fallon, 1st (married Reatrice Chouteau, January 15, 1S67); 4, Ellen Glasgow
(married Willis Edward Lauderdale, October 26, 1 865).

BROTHERS AND SISTERS. II5I

GREAT GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of Meriwether Lewis Clark, second, atid Alary Martin Anderson.
1, John Henry Churchill; 2, Carrie Anderson; 3, Marie Barbaroux.

Children of Charles Jefferson Clark a?id Lena Jacob.
1, Mary Susan; 2, Evelyn Kennerly; 3, Marguerite.

Child of Julia Clark and Robert Stevenson Voorhis.
Eleanor Glasgow.

Children of John O1 Fallon Clark, first, and Beatrice Chouteau.

1, Henry Chouteau;* 2, Beatrice Chouteau; 3, Carloto; 4, William Glas-
gow; 5, Clemence Eleanor; 6, John O'Fallon, third; 7, Harriet Kennerly; 8,
George Rogers Clark, the third.

Children of Ellen Glasgow Clark and Willis Edward Lauderdale.
1, Seddie Clark married Wilmot E. Ellis, April 8, 1890; 2, Walter Clark.

GREAT-GREAT GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of Seddie Clark and Wilmot Edward Ellis.
1, Edward Lauderdale.

Note. — The information in the above list was furnished the author by Will-
iam Hancock Clark, Esq., eldest grandson of Governor Clark.
*Those marked with a star were dead in 1895.

DESCENDANTS OF FRANCES ELEANOR,

YOUNGEST SISTER OF GEORGE

ROGERS CLARK.

Descendants of Frances Eleanor Clark and Dr. James O'Falloti (her first

husband).
John; Benjamin.

Children bv second husband, Captai?i Charles Mvnn Thruston.
Charles William; Ann Clark.

Children by third husband, Judge Dennis Fitzhugh.

Clark (married Susan Rudd, had one daughter, Ann Clark); Lucy (married
Henry Sydney Coxe).

GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of John O'Fallon and Harriett Stokes (first wife).
Ellen; William; Harriett.

Children of John O'Fallon and Ruth Caroline Sheets (second wife).
Caroline; James Joseph; Benjamin; Henry Algernon; John Julius.

I I52 DESCENDANTS OF GEORGE ROGERS CLARK S

Children of Benjamin G1 Fallon and Sophia Lee.

Fannie Clark; John; William Clark (married Miss McCreary); Charles
Thruston; Emily Rousseau; Ellen.

Children of Charles William Thruston and Mary Eliza Churchill.
Samuel Churchill (married Kate Kellar); Frances Ann; Mary Eliza; O'Fallon.

Children of Ann Clark Thruston and Dr. Bernard Gaines Farrar.

Charles Thruston; John O'Fallon; Benjamin O'Fallon; Bernard Gaines;
James Sweringen; Ellen Frances.

GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN.

Childre7i of Caroline O' Fallon and Dr. Charles Alexander Pope.

Ruth Caroline; John O'Fallon; Charles; Adelaid Eliza Wyatt; Emily Alice

Lucy.

Child of fames Joseph O'Fallon and Ann Harris.
Harris Tavlor.

Children of Benjamin O'Fallon and Sallie Champe Carter (his frst tvife).
Clarence Carter; Ruth Caroline; Rebecca Rosalie; Harriet Louisa.

Children of Benjamin O'Fallon and Marx Shreve Carter (his second zvife).
Sallie Carter; Florence Mary; Howard Lawrence; Carter Randolph; Ethel.

Children of John Julius O'Fallon and Caroline Mas tin.
Frank Mastin; Caroline Ruth (married Joseph Miller); Charles Pope.

GREAT-GREAT-GRANDCHILDREX.

Children of Clarence Carter O'Fallon and Harriett Bates Johnson.
Nancy Lucas; Sallie Claire Campe Carter.

Child of Ruth Caroline 0' Fallon and Phillip Grvmcs Randolph.
Nathaniel Burwell.

Children of Rebecca Rosalie O'Fallon and William Fitzhugh Randolph.
Mary Carter; Beverly; Benjamin O'Fallon; William; Estore.

Children of Harriett Louise O'Fallon and Daniel Britain Ely.
Ruth; Mildred; Amy Britain.

Children of Frank Mastin O'Fallon and Anita Gtasi?ozi\
William Glasgow; John Julius.

Children of Fanny Clark O' Fallon and Dr. David Middleton Cooper (her

first husband).
Sophia; Astley. She had no children by her second husband. M. Wall.

Child of Ellen O'Fallon and Frank Smith.
Dr. Albert Sidney Johnston.

BROTHERS AND SISTERS. I]t53

Children of Frances Ann Thrnston and Andrew Jackson Ballard.

Charles Thruston; Bland Ballard; Abigail Churchill; Samuel Thruston;
Rogers Clark Ballard Thruston (who adopted his mother's family name of
Thruston).

GREAT-GREAT-GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN.

Children of Charles Thruston Ballard and Emilina Modestc (Mina) Breaux.

Abby Churchill; Emilie Locke; Mary Thruston; Charles Mynn Thruston;
Gustave Breaux; Fanny Thruston; Churchill; Mina Breaux.

Children of Samuel Thruston Ballard and Sunshine Harris.
Mary Harris; Theodore Harris; Samuel Thruston, Junior.
John O'Fallon Farrar married first Caroline Garland — they had no children.

Children of John O1 Fallon Farrar and Sally Christy (his second wife).

William Christy (married Clara Jennings, and has six children); Charles
Thruston (married Anna Gorman, has two sons, Benedict and Thruston);
Ellen Morgan (married James C. Duke, has one child, Sarah Christy); Benjamin
(married Carlotte S. Gardner); Calvin Christy; John; Eliza Christy (married
Clarence C. Obear); Arthur Barret; Frank Blair.

Children of Benjamin O'Fallon Farrar and Anna Kennett.

Lucv Swon; Bernard Gaines (married Eliza Howard); Luther Kennett;
Martha Sweringen (married M. D. Burns, has one child, Kennett Farrar); John
Royal; Agness Kennett (married Professor W. B. Potter, have three children,
Mary Chauncey; Anna Farrar; Horatio Potter); Franklin Dick; Coburn; Harrv.

Children of Bernard Gaines Farrar and Isabel J. Mitchell.

Francis Jerdone; Ann Clark Thruston (married George C. W. Belcher, and
has one daughter, Isabel Jerdone); Alexander Mitchell; Bertie Cecil.

Child of James Sweringen Farrar and Eliza Christy (his first wife).
James Sweringen.

Children of James Sweringen Farrar and Adele Rutherford.
Lucile; Bernard Royal; Adele.

Children of Ellen Frances Farrar and White Kennett (her frst husband).
Harry Percy; Samuel H.; Anne Clark Thruston.

Children of Ellen Fra?ices Farrar and S. T. Houser (her second husband),
Ellen T.; Thomas.

Children of Ann Clark Fitzhugh and Allen J.Polk.

Susie H. (married T. W. Keesee, and has two children, Zelda and T. W., Jr.);
Anna Lee (married S. A. Pepper, and has two children, Allen and Zelda); Zelda
H. (married D. T. Hargraves); Robin A.

Note. — The information in this list was kindly furnished the author by R.C.
Ballard Thruston, Esq.

INDEX.

Abbott, Edward, lieutenant-governor,
200, 201, 223, 224, 474.

Abbott, William, Sr., 1061.

Abbott, William, Jr., 1061.

Adams, Francis, 1061.

Adams, Jobn, 762.

Adams, William, 1119.

Adamson, John, 365 note, 585.

Adee, Alvey A., 773.

Adembard, , 365 note.

Adhemar (Adimar), British commis-
sar}', 354, 576, 586.

Ainsfey, Amos, 586, 608, 1057.

Alexander, Miss, 962.

Allan, John, 1051.

Allen (Allan), David, 842, 1117.

Allen, Ethan, 625.

Allen, Isaac, 1061.

Allen, John, Sr., 1061.

Allen, John, Jr., 1061.

Allen, Samuel, 1060.

Allery, Joseph, 1061.

Almon's Remembrancer, 563.

Alonton, Jacob, 1061.

Amoneau, Charles, 1046.

Anderson, Ann, 1008.

Anderson, Annita G., 1123.

Anderson, Cecilia, 1008, 1123.

Anderson, Charles, 1008, 1009.

Anderson, Elizabeth, see Elizabeth
Clark.

Anderson, Elizabeth, 1009.

Anderson, Fanny, 1008.

Anderson, Hugh, 1008.

Anderson, Isaac, 725, 727.

Anderson, John, 1061.

Anderson, John R., 1008.

Anderson, Joseph, 842, 937.

Anderson, Larz, 1008, 1009.

Anderson, Louisa, 1008.

Anderson, Lucelia, 1008.

Anderson, Mary, 1008.

Anderson, Matthew, 1008.

Anderson. Richard Clough, 48, 49, 832,
1006, 1150.

Anderson, Richard Clough, Jr., 1008,
1009, 1123.

Anderson, Robert, 1008, 1009.

Anderson, Sarah, 1008.

Anderson, William, 1008.

Anderson's, 583.

Andree, Jean, 1060.

Andrews, Joseph, 1049.

Antia, Mich., 1047.

Antier, Francis, 1062.

Apperson, Richard, 1062.

Appleton's Cyclopedia, 144 note.

Appleton's Cyclopedia of American

Biography, 874, 916, 1015.
Arbuckle, Captain, 470.
Armstrong's Station, 973.
Arnold, Benedict, 702.
Arquoite, Francois, 586.
Ash, John, 842, 1117.
Ash, Reubin, 1117.
Asher, Bartlett, 1062.
Asher, William, 842.
Atcheson, George, 1067.
Auabache, 700.
Auglaise, 986.
Aux Miamis, 210 note, 228, 430 note,

444, 575.

Back, John, 1062.

Badollet, Albert, 270.

Badollet, John, 270.

Bailey, David, 842.

Bailey, John, see John Baley.

Baker, Lieutenant, 726.

Baker, Richard, 365 note, 585.

Baley (Bailev, Bavlev), John, 204,

262, 316, 317, 323/324, 367, 386, 427,

439, 531, 550, 572, 577, 698, 746, 839,

861, 1068, 1117.
Ballard, Bland, 1060.
Ballard, Bland W., 973, 1062.
Ballard, James, 1061 .
Ballard, Proctor, 1060.
Ballenger, Larkin, 1062.
Bancroft, George, History of the U.

S., 124, 216.
Banks, Rev., 891.
Barber, Captain, 513.
Barber, John, 1062.

("55)

*S*

INDEX.

Barbour, James, 880.

Barbour, Philip, 689.

Bare Banks, 726.

Barlow, Joel, The Columbiad, 014.

Barnet, Robert, 842.

Barny, William, 1062.

Barois, Ja., 740.

Baron, Joseph, 585.

Barrataria island, 474.

Barren river, 945.

Barron, Major P., 740.

Barry, William, 1062.

Bartholomew, Joseph, 859, 1115.

Bartholomew, W. H., 859.

Bartlett's, 582.

Bass, David, 1062.

Batev, James, 1055.

Bath'ey, Elisha, 79, 580.

Batteast, Indian chief, 512.

Batten, Thomas, 842.

Baubin, , 696.

Baulon, Hypolite, 1036.
Bauvais, Rago, 1044.
Baxter, James, 842.
Bayard, Mrs., 322, 377, 379.
Bayard, Samuel, 322.
Bayard, Thomas F., 660.

Bayless, , 148.

Bayley John, see John Baley.

Bazadone, , 807, 811.

Beargrass, 788.

Beargrass creek, 131, 135, 144, 151,

750, 754, 830, 929, 963.
Beaudouin, I. B., 586.
Beaverdam, 612.
Becklev, William, 1119.
Bedford, 863.
Beggs, James, 859, 1115.
Bell, Sam, 842.
Bell, William, 842, 1117.
Bellefeuille, Antoine, 1057, 1058.
Bellefeuille, L. F., 576, 585, 608, 651.
Bell Grove. 112 note.
Bement, Walter, 1129.
Bender, John, 1062.
Bender, Lewis, 1062.
Bender, Robert, 1062.
Bennet, William, 33.
Bentlev, James, 842, 1035, 1117.
Bentley, John, 842, 1034, 1117.
Benton, Thomas, 1062.
Berard, — — , 10(12.
Berrey, William, 1034, 1035.
Berrv, James, 580.
Berry, William, 1062.
Bethey, Elisha, 843.
Bienvenue, Antoine, 1049, 1054.
Big Cove Valley, 123.

Big creek, 971.

Biggar, James, 843, 967, 1117.

Big Gate, see Laics.

Biggs, William, 1067.

Bigras, Alex., 586.

Bigraw, Alexander, 1062.

Bilderback, Charles, 843.

Bill, Samuel, 33.

Bingamore, Adam, 1062.

Binkley, William, 1062.

Bird, Colonel, 677.

Bird, Samuel, 1062.

Biron. J. B., 1060.

Blackamoore's, 582.

Black Bird, 503.

Blackford, Joseph, 79, 1117.

Blackford, Samuel, 843. 1117.

Blackford's Reports, 865.

Black's, 582.

Blair, Arch., 624.

Blair. John, 92, 1062.

Blancher, Pierre, 1062.

Blankenship, Henrv, 843.

Blearn, David, 1060, 1062.

Blein, Pierre. 1061.

Bliss, Professor, 455, 456.

Blomer, Captain, 241.

Blue Lick, 464, 758, 760.

Blue Licks, Battle of. 253, 693, 760. 945.

Bodlev, Ann J.. 995.

Bodlev, Ellen, 1123.

Bodlev, Temple. 12, 788.

Bodlev, William, 1123.

Bogard, Jacob, 365 note.

Bogerts, Jacob, 586.

Boisbriant, , 198.

Bollinger, James, 1062.

Bolton, Daniel, 1060.

Bolton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 225.

Bond, Bland, 1060.

Bond, Shadrach, 1060.

Boneux, Pierre. 1055.

Boone, Captain. 580.

Boone, Daniel, 179, 927.

Boone, 'Squire. 5S0, 750.

Boone's, 580, 581, 582.

Boonesborough, 457. 465, 580.

Boone's Station, 750.

Booth, Ann, 997.

Booth, Isaac. 365 note, 585.

Booth, Mary, 997.

Booth, William, 963, 997.

Booth, William Avlett, 997.

Booton, Travis. 843.

Booton, William. S43.

Borden, William W.. 970, 972.

Boreman, . 712.

Boss, David, 1062.

INDEX.

11 57

Bosseron (Buseron), Francis (Major,
Captain), 233, 326, 333, 354, 356, 532,
544, 546, 672, 739, 740, 815, 1036,
1047.

Botetourt, 582.

Bouche, John, 1062.

Boudinot, Eliaa, 614.

Bound Brook Encampment, 993.

Bowen, Ebenezer, 843.

Bowen, William, 1061.

Bower, Joseph, 1116.

Bowling Green, 945.

Bowman, A., 946.

Bowman, Abram (Abraham), 111, 862,
979, 994, 1002.

Bowman, Abraham, Jr., 982.

Bowman, Captain, 582.

Bowman, Catharine, 982.

Bowman, Christian, 1062.

Bowman, Eleanor B., 12.

Bowman, Eliza, 982.

Bowman, Elizabeth, 142, 143.

Bowman, George, 111, 112, 116, 118,
121, 979.

Bowman, George, Jr., 982.

Bowman, Isaac", 12, 111, 115, 121, 244,
369, 374, 558, 666, 672, 840, 862, 979,
1034.

Bowman, Isaac, Jr., 982, 984.

Bowman, Isaac S., 12.

Bowman, J., 946.

Bowman, John, a Kentucky pioneer,
65; first county lieutenant of Ken-
tucky, 111 ; brother of Joseph Bow-
man, 124; requested to send men to
G. R. Clark, 129, 448 ; consultation
with Clark, 137 ; expedition of against
Ohio Indians, 369, 553; arrival in
Kentucky with troops, 466, 471 ;
promise of assistance to Clark, 552;
mention of, 580, 581.

Bowman, John, Jr., 982.

Bowman, John B., 12, 985.

Bowman, Joseph, a Kentucky pioneer,
65 ; at Harrodsburg in 1774, 83, 581 ;
directed to raise company for Illi-
nois expedition, 106, 469; biograph-
ical sketch, 108; certificate of death,
109 ; nephew of John Hite, 115, 563 ;
excellent officer, 124,557; desertions
from command, 127; knowledge of
Clark's plan, 139, 471 ; commanded
a company in Illinois expedition,
163; capture of Kaskaskia, 171, 559,
564; capture of Cahokia, 192, 418,
482, 559, 565 ; in command at Caho-
kia, 202, 420, 489, 560; treated with
Indians, 205, 209, 422; expedition to
Rock river and neighboring towns,

209, 559, 564; ordered to Kaskaskia,
212; elected a judge, -*84; reliance
of Clark upon, 213; arrival at Kas-
kaskia with re-enforcements, 214, 277,
396, 435, 516; was in Clark's Vin-
cennes expedition, 262 ; account of
march, 292, 296, 302, 568; ordered
to shoot deserters, 305 ; position in
attack on fort, 323, 572; account of
attack, 3z4, 572; present at meeting
of Clark and Hamilton before fort,
340, 539; capture of Indians, 343;
injured by explosion of powder, 349,
575 ; commissioned a major, 350, 576 ;
brother of Col. John Bowman, 369;
movement with troops, 370, 553 ; or-
dered to recruit, 373, 380, 553 ; death
of, 374 ; funeral expenses, 375 ; bur-
ied at Vincennes, 376 ; commanded
second division in attack on Fort
Sackville, 386 ; account of campaign
against Cahokia, 402; letter of thanks
for commission, 403 ; letter of to
George Brinker, 558 ; letter of to Col.
John Hite, 563; journal of, 567;
land allotted to heirs of in Clark's
Grant, 839; pay-roll of company,
1034.

Bowman, Joseph, Jr., 982.

Bowman, Mary, 982.

Bowman, Mary D., 12, 985.

Bowman, Marv Hite, 111, 116.

Bowman, Philip, 982, 984.

Bowman, Rebecca, 982.

Bowman, Robert, 982.

Bowman, Susan, 982.

Bowman, Washington, 982.

Bowman's Mill, 121.

Bovles, John, 843.

Bradies, , 499.

Brady, T., 1049.

Brady, Thomas, 1043, 1046.

Brand, John, 841.

Brant, Indian chief, 724.

Brashear, Marsham, 1055.

Brashear, Nicholas, 144.

Brashear (Brashears, Breashear) ,
Richard, 123, 262, 367, 373, 549, 577,
840,935, 1118, 1119.

Brazer, Peter, 1062.

Brebane, John, 1058.

Brebin, John, 608.

Brebonne, John, 586, 608.

Breckenridge, Alexander, 857, 858,
1080.

Breckenridge, Henry Brown, 858.

Breckenridge, James, 858.

Breckenridge, James D., 891, 1130.

Breckenridge, Maria, 1130.

nc8

INDEX.

Breckenridge, Robert, 857, 858, 1080.

Burgoyne, General, 216.

Breckenridge, R. 0., 1130.

Burk, George, 1062.

Breeden, John, 1060.

Burk, Nicholas, 843, 1117.

Breeden, Richard, 1062.

Burne, Pierre, 1060.

Brehm, Captain, 236.

Burnett, Jacob, Early Settlement of

Bremner, see Brymner.

Northwest Territory, 909.

Brenton, Adam, 383.

Burney, Simon, 1062.

Brenton, Thomas, 1062.

Burnham, W. 8., 160.

Bressie, Richard, 1062.

Burnley, Simon, 1062.

Briand, Bishop, 184 note, 187.

Burnt Cabin Tract, 983.

Brinker, George, letter of Joseph Bow-

Burris, John, 1062.

man to, 558.

Bush, Drewrv, 1062.

Briscoe, John, Jr., 1050.

Bush, John, 1062.

Brocus, Miss, 935.

Bush, William, 843, 1117.

Broadhead, Col. David, 705, 707, 709,

Buskey, Francis, 1062.

712, 713, 714, 715, 717.

Butcher, Gasper, 1062.

Brodhead, Daniel, 1117, 1118, 1119.

Butler, John, 1062.

Brooke, George, 1048.

Butler, Mann, 456.

Brossard, Pierre, 1060.

Butler, Mann, Historv of Kentuckv,

Brouliette, Michel, 1036.

128, 139, 140, 153, 171, 567, 800, 80*6.

Brown, Asher, 1062.

Butler, Richard, 394, 790, 791, 792.

Brown, Calvin, 1062.

Butler, William O., 949.

Brown, Collin, 1060.

Butts, William, 1062.

Brown, Doran, 580.

Byrd, British officer, 680, 683.

Brown, James, 841.

Byrd, Colonel, 644.

Brown, John, 1062.

B'vrd, Marv, 35.

Brown, Jos., 1048.

Byrd, Mrs.', 642.

Brown, Lewis, 1062.

Brown, Low, 1062.

Caapteenin creek, 61.

Brown, Samuel, 1029.

Cabbage, Joseph, 1062.

Brown, Sevellon A., 771.

Cabbassie, B., 1062.

Brownsville, 106, 469, 941.

Cabin creek, 80.

Brush, Drewry, 1062.

Caderon, Charles. 1043.

Brush, John, 1062.

Caffee, Samuel, 586.

Brush, Thomas, 1062.

Cahokia (Cauhow, Cohos, Kahokia).

Brute, Bishop, 270.

British post, 82; plan of Clark for

Bryan, Daniel, 581.

expedition against, 82. 87, 467 ; plan

Bryant, James, 843, 1117.

laid before Governor Henry, SS, 468 ;

Bryant, Robert, 585, 608.

plan approved and appropriation

Bryant's Station, 758.

made, 92, 468; departure of expedi-

Brymner, Douglas, 232, 384, 391,392,

tion, 158 ; Clark's purpose regarding.

660.

182; transfer of church property,

Bubbriss, 298.

184 note; residence of priests at.

Buchanan, W., 946.

185 ; petition of Father Gibault for

Buckley, William, 842.

land at, 188; capture by Clark. 192,

Buckner, Mary, 961.

418, 482, 559, 565 ; an important post.

Buckner, Samuel, 961.

197; withdrawal of French families.

Buckongehelas, 791.

199; garrison established by Clark,

Buffalo island, 726.

202,420,489; Indians treated with

Bulcher, Gasper, 1062.

at, 205, 422, 492 ; Clark's stay at. 209,

Bulger, E., 946.

426; British spy. 210. 429; intention

Bulger, Edward, 843, 944, 1034.

to vacate if besieged, 211. 430; dis-

Bullett, Alexander S., 1117, 1118, 1119.

tance from Kaskaskia, 214; news of

Bullock, Mary, 1123.

capture, 224; British did not attack,

Bullock, William F., 1123.

240; sent re-enforcements to Clark,

Bunker Hill, 315.

277, 56S ; conflict of civil and military

Burbridge, John, 1062.

authorities, 278 ; point to be guarded,

Burbridge, William, 1062.

372; military detachment for. 373;

INDEX.

IX59
— \-

movement against inaugurated, 677 ;
attack on, 679, 680 ; La Balme raised
men at, 694, 695 ; fort necessary at,
700; garrison necessary, 701.

Cahokia (Kohokiasi river, 499.

Cahokia Mission, 184.

Callaway, Richard, 580.

Calve, — , 679.

Calvin, Daniel, 1062.

Calvit, Lieutenant Joseph, 374, 840.

Cameron, Angus, 843.

Cameron, James, 1061.

Camp, Reuben, 843, 1118.

Campbell, , 68.

Campbell, Captain, 582.

Campbell, Colonel, 164, 474, 582.

Campbell, Arthur, 77, 463.

Campbell, George, 1060.

Campbell, John, 555, 843, 856, 861,
1075.

Campbell, William, 722.

Camper, Moses, 843.

Camper, Tilman, 843.

Campo, Lewis, 1062.

Campo, Michael, 1062.

Canadian archives, 217, 218, 220, 232,
236, 237, 384, 409, 1036.

Captina creek, 61.

Carbine, Henry, 1060.

Cardinal, J. Baptiste, 1036.

Cardinal, Nicholas, 335.

Carleton, Guy, governor of Canada;
letter of Lord Germain to concern-
ing employment of Indian allies,
217; deprived of management of
war on frontier, 218; succeeded as
governor by General Ilaldimand,
220 ; letter of Lieutenant-Governor
Abbott to, 223 ; letter of Governor
Hamilton to, 224 ; mention of, 620,
625.

Carnahan's block-house, 722.

Carney, Martin, 840.

Carpenter, Joel, 894.

Corroll, Bishop, 188.

Cartville, Nathan, 1035.

Casey, Peter, 961.

Cash river, 166.

Catfish island, 726.

Catfish's road, 62.

Cat plains, 292.

Catlett, Peter, 828.

Cauthorn, Henry S., 13, 267, 269, 271,
288, 312, 321, 322, 323, 377, 870.

Cedar creek, 111, 979.

Celeron, de, British Indian agent, 204,
219, 225, 427.

Centralia, 289.

Cerre, , 477, 478, 481, 484.

-, 305 note, 585.

Chabert, -

Chambers, Ellick, 1062.

Chapline, Abraham (AbranO, 262, 367,

550, 555, 577, 840, 958, 1068.
Chapman, Edward, 1062.
Chapman, John, 365 note, 585, 1066.
Chapman, Richard, 1062.
Chapman, William, 843.
Charles City court-house, 702.
Charleston, Ind., 179.
Charleston, S. C, 992, 994, 1003, 1008.
Charlestown, 693, 936, 1122.
Charlestown Landing, 1122.
Charleville, Charles, 238, 1040, 1049,

1053, 1054.
Charleville (Charlovielle,Charlaville),

Francis (Frans.), 262, 283, 323, 437,

568, 1040, 1042, 1054.
Charlottesville, 53, 54, 583.
Chenowith, Eli, 148.
Chenowith, Hannah, 151 note.
Chenowith, James, 148, 151 note.
Chenowith, Jane, 151 note.
Chenowith, Millie (Mildred), 14S, 149,

151 note.
Chenowith, Naomi, 149.
Chenowith, Richard, 145, 146, 147,

151 note, 843.
Chenowith, Rose, 148.
Chenowith, Thomas, 148, 151 note.
Chenowith's Fort, 147.
Cherokee Indians, 64, 70, 222, 395, 400,

457, 461, 464, 674, 957.
Cherokee river, 241.
Cherry, Captain, 712.
Cherry, William, 1066.
Chesawey Indians, 400.
Chesterfield, 612, 615, 619, 651, 652,

653.
Chicago, 144 note, 678, 679.
Chick, William, 1062.
Chickasaw Indians, 395, 400, 511, 673.
Chillicothe, 681,682, 759, 1006, 1033.
Chinn, Mary, 982.
Chippewa Indians, 205, 246, 422, 440,

510, 791.
Choctaw Indians, 222, 674.
Choheren, Dennis, 843.
Chouteau, A., 1053.
Chrisman, Henry, 1034.
Chrisman, Jacob, 111, 116.
Chrisman's Spring, 111.
Christian, Colonel, 138, 797.
Christy, Win., 894.
Cincinnati, 170, 757, 1012.
Cist, Charles, Cincinnati Miscellany,

60.
Clairmont, Michael, 1062.
Clark, see also Clerk, see note p. 36.

: :oo

INDEX.

Clark, Adams, 1060.

Clark, Amelia, 1133.

Clark, Andrew, 843, 1117.

Clark, Ann, daughter of Jonathan
Clark, 31, 33.

Clark, Ann, daughter of John Clark,
36, 997, 1148.

Clark, Ann, mother of George Rogers
Clark, 34, 35, 43,44, 45, 46, 52, 683.

Clark, Benjamin, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,36,
note, 37.

Clark, Benjamin Wilson, 830.

Clark, Cornelia, 1133.

Clark, Edmund, 37, 38, 43, 44, 45, 47,
868, note, 898, 900, 1001.

Clark, Eleanor, 1123.

Clark, Elizabeth, wife of Jonathan
Clark, 31, 32, 33.

Clark, Elizabeth, daughter of Jona-
than Clark, 31, 33.

Clark, Elizabeth, daughter of John
Clark, 37, 831, 1006, 1008, 1150.

Clark, Evard, 866.

Clark, Everard, 830, 831.

Clark, Frances Eleanor, 11, 37, 44, 962,
1009, 1151,1124.

Clark, Francis T., 903.

Clark, George, 843, 954, 1123.

Clark, George Rogers, most impor-
tant figure in history of N. W. Ter-
ritory, 29; ancestry, 29; named for
an uncle, 35 ; birth, 36 ; received
military bounty land, 38; letter to
his father, 40 ; burial place, 44 ; be-
quest to, 47 ; an executor of his
father's will, 49 ; birthplace, 53 ; so-
cial position of famity, 54; friend-
ship with Thomas Jefferson, 55;
early education, 56 ; letter of Jeffer-
son to, 57; trip west as surveyor,
59; diary of trip, 60; life in the
west, 63; journey down the Ohio,
63 ; participated in Indian troubles in
1774 and in Dunmore's War, 64 ; vis-
ited Kentucky, 65, 458; engaged as
surveyor, 66 ; engrossed land, 67 ;
revisited Virginia, 68, 458; returned
to Kentucky, 69, 458; developed
military and political sagacity, 69;
arranged meeting of settlers of Ken-
tucky country, 70, 458 ; purpose of
meeting, 71, 458; chosen member of
Virginia legislature and departure
for Virginia, 71, 458; hardships en-
countered, 72, 459; conferences with
Gov. Patrick Henry and executive
council, 73, 461 ; obtained powder
for Kentucky settlements and rec-
ognition of Kentucky as part of Vir-

ginia, 75, 463 ; present at meeting of
Virginia legislature, 76, 463 ; organi-
zation of Kentucky as a county of
Va., 77, 463; returned to Kentucky
with powder, 78, 463, 684 ; planned
campaign against British posts, 82,
467; sent spies to them. 84, 467; ad-
venture in Kentucky, 85; regard of
settlers for, 86; revisited Virginia.
87, 468; laid plan of campaign be-
fore Gov. Henry, 88, 468; confer-
ences regarding plan, 91; plan ap-
proved by executive council and ap-
propriation made, 92, 468 ; public
instructions regarding campaign.
94; private instructions, 96; assur-
ance that grants of land would be
made those engaging in campaign.
99; letter of Jefferson, Wythe and
Mason to, 102 ; gratification at ap-
proval of plans, 105 ; return to the
west with full authority, 106, 469;
troops of expedition not on conti-
nental establishment, 125; interfer-
ence with recruiting plans, 127;
journey down Ohio, 128, 470; ar-
rival at falls, 129, 131 ; reasons for
choosing Corn island as camping
ground, 131, 471; cabins, etc., built,
136; destination of expedition dis-
closed and desertions from com-
mand, 139, 472 ; small guard and
few families left at Corn island, 141 ;
size of command, 152, 153, 473; dis-
couraging prospects, 154; prepara-
tions for departure, 157 ; start by
boat, 158, 473; eclipse of sun, 159;
change of plan, 163 ; chance recruits.
164, 474; Clark's personal appear-
ance, 165 ; boats left behind, 167,
475; bewildered guide, 167, 475;
capture of Kaskaskia, 168, 476;
brilliant feat, 170; treatment of Gov.
Rochblave and wife. 171, 243, 477,
489; details of capture, 176; man
sent to reconnoiter Vincennes, 177;
policy toward inhabitants of Kas-
kaskia, 181, 190, 47S ; assistance from
Father Gibault, 183, 191 ; capture of
Cahokia and other towns, 192, 482 :
courts established, 484: importance
of Cahokia, 197; neighboring towns.
198; plan for capture of Vincennes,
200,483 ; Father Gibault sent there.
200, 487; inhabitants of take oath
of allegiance to I'. S., 201, 488; doubt
as to course to pursue, 202; Capt.
Helm appointed commandant at
Vincennes, 203, 490; capture of fort

INDEX.

1 161

near Wea towns, 204, 510; peace
made with Indian tribes, 205, 490;
treachery of Indians, 205, 498 ; coun-
cils with Indians, 206, 502 ; return
to Kaskaskia, 209 ; spies sent out,
210, 513 ; uncertainty as to plans of
British, 210, 513; departure for Ca-
hokia, 211, 513; dangerous advent-
ure, 211, 513, 516; false report of
approach of British, 212, 513; re-
turn to Kaskaskia and prepara-
tion for defense, 213, 513 ; re-en-
forced by Capt. Bowman, 214,516;
news of capture of Vincennes by
British, 214, 514, 516; Indian raids
instigated by British, 215; Clark
would not employ Indian allies, 223,
326, 532; British prepare for a
campaign against, 225; expedition
marches, 226; progress of expedition,
227; four of Helm's men captured,
229 ; ignorance of British move-
ments, 230; letter of Helm to, 233;
surrender of Fort Sackville to Brit-
ish, 234,568; use of liquor by both
Americans and British, 236; liquor
expenditures in Illinois campaign,
237; later intemperance of, 238;
British repairs to Fort Sackville,
239, 320 ; no further movement by
British, 239; long ignorant of cap-
ture of Vincennes, 240; receipt in
Virginia of news of capture of Vin-
cennes, 245 ; letter of Gov. Henry
to delegates in congress, 245 ; reso-
lution of thanks passed by Virginia
legislature, 248; Illinois country
made a county of Virginia, officers
appointed and the raising of further
troops provided for, 248; instruc-
tions of Gov. Henry to County Lieu-
tenant Todd, 249;' letters of Gov.
Henry to Clark, 253, 258; letter _ of
Clark to Gov. Henry announcing in-
tention of attacking Vincennes, 260 ;
difficulties of Clark's situation, 265,
518 ; his indomitable resolution, 266 ;
aided by Francis Vigo. 267,271, 275,
518 ; purpose of Vigo's visit to Vin-
cennes, 276; his capture, 276; in-
formation of condition of British
garrison at Vincennes given Clark,
277, 518, 568 ; re-enforcements gath-
ered, 277, 520, 568; boat built to
carry supplies and artillery, 280, 520,
568 ; sword sent to Clark by Arir-
ginia legislature, 283, 404; size of
his command, 284, 568; sets out for
Vincennes, 287, 520, 568 ; route and

distance, 288; Bowman's journal of
march, 292, 567; Clark's account of
march, 293, 520; exposure tells upon
the men, 299, 570; expedients used
to encourage them, 299, 521; wet
condition of country in early days,
301 ; expedition sights Vincennes,
302, 527,571 ; Clark's account of last
march, 303, 525; halt urged, 304,
525 ; Major Bowman ordered to
shoot deserters, 305, 526; dryland
reached, 306, 527; provisions cap-
tured from Indians, 307, 527; situa-
tion critical, 308, 528; letter sent to
inhabitants of Vincennes, 309, 528,
572 ; advance of expedition upon
town, 311, 529; topography of local-
ity, 312, 315 ; Lieut. Bayley ordered
to advance and fire on fort, 316, 318,
324, 531, 572; history and descrip-
tion of Fort Sackville, 318; diagram
of surroundings, 323; the attack,
324, 531, 572; inhabitants of Vin-
cennes supply Clark with ammuni-
tion, 326, 532 ; progress of siege, 327,
532; Lamothe permitted to enter
fort, 330, 535; Hamilton's account
of attack, 333; letter of Clark to
Hamilton demanding his surrender,
335, 536, 573; refusal of Hamilton
and renewal of attack, 336, 536, 573 ;
letter of Hamilton to Clark propos-
ing truce for three davs, 337, 537,
573; Clark's reply, 338, 537, 574;
Hamilton's account of renewal of
attack, 338; meeting of Clark and
Hamilton at St. Xavier Church, 339,

537, 574; their conference, 340, 397,

538, 574; alarm of Major Hay, 342,
539; Indians killed before gate of
fort, 342, 346, 574; treatment of
Francis Maisonville, 345; capitula-
tion of Hamilton, 347, 539, 574 ; pos-
session of fort not taken at once,
348, 539; evacuation of fort, 349,
541, 575 ; arrival of The Willing, 349,
544, 575 ; Clark commissioned colo-
nel, 350; dates of events in siege,
353 ; expedition sent up Wabash
river, 353, 544, 575 ; capture of Brit-
ish stores, 354, 546, 576 ; excitement
in Vincennes, 357 ; impulse to march
on Detroit, 358, 361, 542; campaign
against proposed, 362, 543; expedi-
tion deferred, 362; Hamilton and
other prisoners sent to Virginia and
others released, 364, 546, 577 ; oath
of neutrality taken by prisoners, 365,
576; officers chosen for Vincennes

n6z

INDEX.

and the fort 367, 549, 577; departure
for Kaskaskia, 365 ; war made on
Delaware Indians, 368, -550; dis-
couraging outlook for Detroit expe-
dition, 369; plan abandoned, 370;
general orders issued, 372; disposi-
tion of troops, 380, 553; official re-
port sent to governor of Virginia,
381 ; messenger captured, 382 ; letter
replying to resolution of thanks of
Virginia legislature, 384; part of let-
ter called "G. R. Clark's Journal,"
385 ; Clark papers in Canadian ar-
chives not originals, 392 ; second
report sent governor of Virginia,
394; resolution of Virginia house of
delegates praising Clark, 404; letter
of to George Mason describing Illi-
nois campaign, 411 ; Clark's memoir
of the Illinois campaign, 457 ; opin-
ion of as to value of Kentucky to
the U. 8., 466; stay at Louisville,
554, 663 ; treatment of prisoners tak-
en at Vincennes, 606, 609 ; discussion
of treatment of Hamilton, 614; ef-
forts for his exchange, 642 ; paroled,
652; exchanged and sailed for Eng-
land, 658; Clark, founder of Louis-
ville, 664; plan for city, 665; plan
for fort at mouth of Ohio, 667 ; letter
to Col. John Todd, outlining plan,
668; approved by Todd, 671; de-
parture for mouth of Ohio, 673;
built Fort Jefferson, 673; attacked
by Indians, 674 ; return to Ken-
tucky, 676; enrolled troops for ex-
pedition, 677; danger in the west,
677 ; British attacks, 679 ; march be-
gun, 681 ; capture of Piqua, 682, 684 ;
troubles in Illinois country, 687;
need of Clark at Fort Jefferson, 689 ;
letter of Captain Williams to, 690;
distress at Fort Jefferson, 691, 694;
expedition of La Balme, 694 ; defeat
of, 695 ; campaign against Detroit
reconsidered, 697, 702; proceedings
of council of war, 698; trip of Clark
to Virginia, 702 ; skirmish with Brit-
ish there, 703; Gov. Jefferson's ap-
proval of plan for Detroit expedi-
tion, 703; Clark commissioned brig-
adier-general, 704; reasons for not
conferring a continental commis-
sion, 706; supplies promised, 707;
difficulties met with, 710, 718, 731;
departure, 718, 723; Lochry's defeat,
Anderson's journal,

norant of
death-blow

Lochry's defeat, 729;
to Detroit campaign,

730; Clark's conduct needs no de-
fense, 731 ; arrival at falls of Ohio,
735; troubles in Illinois and Ken-
tucky, 735; dissatisfaction at Vin-
cennes, 737 ; trouble with Vincennes
land claims, 740; mistreatment of
inhabitants of Illinois and Ken-
tucky country, 745; needs of Vin-
cennes garrison, 747; troubles in
Kentucky, 748; endeavors to im-
prove matters, 753 ; Fort Nelson
built, 754; urged value of armed
boats on Ohio, 756; river patrolled,
757; successful campaign against In-
dians, 758; last of great Indian ex-
peditions, 761; peace with Great
Britain, 762; value of Clark's con-
quests, 762; organization of X. W.
Territory, 768; territory X. W. of
Ohio ceded to U. S., 779; western
troops neglected by Virginia, 780;
Clark not a member of Continental
Array, 782; relieved of command,
783 ; destitution of, 784, 790 ; letter of
to governor of Va., <84; pension al-
lowed and claim against govern-
ment paid after his death, 785; let-
ter to Vigo, 785 ; disappointments,
787; letter to Gen. Jonathan Clark,
788 ; negotiated treaty with Indians,
791 ; chosen to lead expedition
against Indians, 796, 800, 801 : de-
parture of expedition. 802: deser-
tions and abandonment of plan, 803 ;
garrison established at Vincennes,
805; goods of merchant impressed
and trouble resulting, 807 ; criticisms
of Clark, 809, 8i0 ; acts of, disavowed
by Virginia legislature, 811 : court
of inquiry demanded by Clark. 812;
report of investigating committee,
814; arranged truce with Indians,
816; trials of adversity, 817 : accept-
ance of a French military commis-
sion, 818; proposal for volunteers,
819; government condemned pro-
posed expedition, 82] : expedition
abandoned, 822; land allotted to in
Clark's Grant, 839; board of Clark's
Grant commissioners, 855 ; chose lo-
cation for Clarksville, 861; built
mill, 862; Clarksville a failure. 865 :
cottage, 866 ; loneliness, 868; paral-
yzed, 869 ; legjnnputiUte^Lj369_^ .ques-
tion of swordsTSTTT^facts and tradi-
tions about swords, 874; bill of re-
lief, 878; letter of governor of Va..
880; answer of Maj. Croghan, 882;
presentation of sword, 883; death,

INDEX.

I 163

887 ; contemporary tributes, 888 ; last
infirmities, 892; will, 893; validity,
895; burial, 897; identification of
grave, 898 ; reinterment, 898 ; grave,
900; statue at Indianapolis, 904;
monuments proposed, 908; various
estimates of Clark, 909; sketches
of men who served under, 923 ; inci-
dents connected with Clark's Grant,
969 ; brothers and sisters of Clark,
991 ; origin of statue of Clark at In-
dianapolis, 1023 ; letter of Clark to
Dr. Samuel Brown, 1029 ; pay-roll of
Bowman's company, 1034; return of
militia of Post Vincennes, 1036 ; act
organizing county of Illinois, 1037;
Clark's account against state of Vir-
ginia, 1040; Hamilton's disburse-
ments, 1057 ; right to impress during
campaign of 1786, 1059 ; list of officers
and privates who served under Clark
but who were not allotted land, 1060 ;
allotment of land in Clark's Grant,
1068 ; land claimants who sold their
rights, 1117; supreme court decision
concerning Clarksville and Clark's
Grant, 1120; location of towns in
Clark's Grant, 1122 ; legal pro-
ceedings establishing invalidity of
Clark's will, 1123 ; descendants of
Clark's brothers and sisters, 1142.

Clark, George W., 903.

Clark, Isaac, 900, 903, 1123.

Clark, Jefferson K., 11, 12, 1019.

Clark, John, earliest known ancestor
of George Rogers Clark, 30.

Clark, John, brother of Jonathan
Clark, 30, 31.

Clark, John, father of George Rogers
Clark, 31 ; bequests to, 32, 33 ; birth
and marriage, 34; places of resi-
dence, 35, 36, 37 ; deeds for land, 36,
note ; removal to Kentucky, 43 ;
death, 43; grave, 44, 45, 46, 899;
will, 46; codicil, 50; probate, 51; no
descendants in Albemarle county,
Virginia, 55.

Clark, John, brother of George Rogers
Clark, date of birth, 36; military
service, 38 ; death, 43 ; mention of,
47; unmarried, 868, note; sketch,
998; served under George Rogers
Clark, 1062.

Clark, John H., 994.

Clark, John Hite, 900, 903.

Clark, Jonathan, grandfather of Geo.
Rogers, 30, 31, 36, note.

Clark, Jonathan, brother of George
Rogers, military service, 38 ; moved

to Kentucky, 43 ; place of burial, 44,
900; bequest to 46; mention of, 47,
48; an executor of his father's will,
49; mention of, 65, 67, 68, 69, note,
83, 112, note ; letter of George Rogers
Clark to, 788 ; married, 868, note ;
reinterment, 898; grave, 900; sketch
of, 991; descendants, 1142.

Clark, Jonathan, son of Benjamin, 830.

Clark, Lucv, see Lucy Croghan.

Clark, Marston Greene, 34, 50, 830,
831, 832, 866, 978.

Clark, Meriwether Lewis, 11.

Clark, Michael M.,984.

Clark, Richard, 37, 38, 373, 689, 840,
868, note, 1000, 1117.

Clark, William, brother of George
Rogers, date of birth, 37; military
service, 38 ; bequests to, 46, 48, 49,
51 ; an executor of his father's will,
49; mention of, 56; fac-simile of re-
ceipt for land certificate, 138 ; ex-
plorations of, 765 ; married, 868, note ;
bequests to, 893, 894, 895 ; mention
of, 991 ; sketch of, 1011 ; mention of,
1123; descendants of, 1150.

Clark, William, son of Benjamin, 34,
38, 828, 829, 840, 857, 865, 1015, 1068.

Clark, William, 903.

Clark, William Hancock, 11, 871.

Clark river, 894.

Clark's Grant, legislative acts provid-
ing for, 826; land selected, 828;
soldiers entitled to land in, 833;
allotments, 839; allotments small,
855 ; historical incidents connected
with, 969 ; decision of supreme court
of Indiana concerning, 1120 ; location
of towns, 1122; proceedings of com-
missioners of, 1068.

Clark's Point, 866.

Clarksville, 366, 665,831, 832, 861, 970,
972, 1015, 1074, 1079, 1082, 1085, 1120,
1122.

Clerk, Benjamin, 36 note.

Clerk, John, 36 note.

Clifton, Baldwin, 1117.

Clifton, Thomas, 843, 1034, 1117.

Clinch mountain, 582.

Clinch river, 461.

Clinton, Sir Henry, 641, 658, 1058.

Coburn, James, 1118.

Cochran, Edward, 1062.

Cochran, George, 1062.

Codes, Andrew, 1062.

Cofer, William, 843.

Coffee, Samuel, 1062.

Coger (Cogar), Jacob, 844, 1034.

Coger (Cogar), Peter, 844, 1034.

1 164

INDEX.

Cohongoruton river, 111.

Cox, James, 1062.

Cohos, see Cahokia.

Cox, Richard, 844.

Colbert, , 674.

Cox, Sandford C, 987 note.

Cole, Christopher, 859, 1116.

Coxe, Henry S., 1124.

Collins, John, 270.

Cozer, Jacob, 844.

Collins, Lewis, Historica

Sketches of

Cozer, Peter, 844.

Kentucky, 66, 67, 78, 80

,81,

147, 151,

Crab Orchard, 953, 956.

694, 751, 752, 755, 916,

945,

953, 959,

Craig, — , 721.

960.

Craig, John J., 809, 814.

Compera, Francis, 1062.

Crane, John St., 1062.

Compera, Lewis. 1062.

Cravens, Robert, 942.

Conley, Thomas', 1061.

Crawley, John, 1063.

Conn, John, 1062.

Craze, Noah, 844.

Connelly, Colonel, 716.

Creacraft, Lieutenant, 723.

Connelly, Doctor, 1031.

Creacroft, Major, 726.

Connolly, Thomas, 586.

Crely's Ferry, 288.

Conore, Andrew, 843.

Cresap, Captain Michael, 62, 64, 1029.

Conroy, Patrick, 1062.

Crittenden, John, 893, 1060.

Consler, Herman, 1048.

Crockett, Anthony, 1060.

Consule, Harman. 843.

Crockett, Joseph," 688, 711, 716, 721,

Continental money, depreciation of,

731, 1066.

369, 400, 554, 687", 710,

712,

736, 737,

Crockett, Lieutenant, 374.

744, 748, 934.

Croghan, Angelick, 1004, note.

Contraw, Francis, 1062.

Croghan, Ann, 1004, 1125, 1132.

Convance, Paul, 1062.

Croghan, Charles, 1004, 1125.

Cooks, 582.

Croghan, Edmund, 1004.

Cooper, Joseph, 1062.

Croghan, Eliza, 1004, 1125.

Cooper, Ramsey, 1062.

Croghan, George, 1003.

Coontz, Christopher, 106S

Croghan, George, Jr., 1004, 1005, 1125.

Cooprider, Henry, 744.

Croghan, John, 894, 895, 1004. 1125.

Copland, Cornelius, 843.

Croghan, Lucy Clark, 11, 37, 882. 887,

Corder, James, 1062.

899, 1002, 1124, 1149.

Cordew, James, 1062.

Croghan, Nicholas, 1004.

Corn, Ebenezer, 579.

Croghan, Serina E., 1004, note.

Corn island, 131,133, 150,

151,

152, 153,

Croghan, Major 'William. 48. 49. 731,

157, 471, 663, 754.

829, 832, 856, 879, 882, 891, 893, 894,

Corneilla, Patrick, 1062.

1003, 1080, 1118, 1119, 1124, 1149.

Cornia, Pierre, 1047.

Croghan, William. Jr., 1004, 1125.

Corns, John, 1062.

Crosley, William. 844.

Corydon, 942.

Crump, William, 841, 1117.

Cosby, Eliza Lydnor, 964.

Crutcher, Henry, 1061.

Cosby, Fortunatus, 964.

Cumberland, 580. 673.

Coste, J. B. De, 1062.

Cumberland Ford, 582.

Cot Plains, 569.

Cumberland Gap, 72. 459, 959.

Coues, E., History of

Lewis and

Cumberland river, 894, 959.

Clark Expedition', 982,

1012

Cure, Jean Baptist, 1063.

Conlson, Captain, 747.

Curney, John, 1066.

Coultersville, 288, 289.

Curry, James. 844, 937.

Coupraiter, Henry, 744.

Curtis, Rice. 844.

Cournoyer, Pierre, 740.

Cuyahoga, 542.

Cowan, Andrew, 1062.

Cowan, Jared, 959.

Paeenet, , 740.

Cowan, John, 580, 843.

Dailey. David W., 859. 1116.

Cowan, Mason, 10(12.

Dain, John, 365 note.

Cowdry, John, 1062.

Daine, Jean, 586

Covven, Dennis, 1062.

Dalton, Lieutenant. 373. 690.

Cowgill, Daniel, 1062.

Dalton, Valentine Thomas. 810. 814.

Cowgill, John, 1118.

840. 1118.

Cox, E. T., 971, 972.

Damewood. Boston. 1048. 1063.

INDEX.

H65

Daniel, JohnW., 915.

Daniel, Robert, 147.

Daniel, Senator, 10.

Daniel, Walker, 855, 859, 1068.

Danville, 151, 801, 816, 856, 1008.

Dardy, Baptiste, 1063.

Dardy, John, 1063.

Daring, Henry, 1066.

Darnell, Cornelius, 1063.

Daunois, I. B., 586.

Davies, Asael, 844.

Davies, Colonel, 757.

Davies, J., 1119.

Davies, Walter, 1118, 1119.

Davis, James, 840.

Davis, Joseph, 1063.

Davis, Robert, 844.

Davis, W., 1118.

Davis, William, 731.

Dawson, , Life of William Hen-
ry Harrison, 791.

Dawson, James, 844, 1118.

Day, William, 1063.

Dean, Charles, 1056.

Dean, James, 1063.

Decker, Jacob, 1061.

Decrand, P., 1063.

De Galvez, Bernardo, 241.

Dejean, Philip, 354, 355, 444, 576, 586,
607, 618, 620, 622, 624, 631, 636, 637,
641,1057.

De Kalb, Baron, 642, 654.

Delaware Indians, 61, 246. 367, 448,
550, 554, 610, 791.

De Leyba, Francisco, 426.

Deline, L. E., 740, 743.

Demoushelle, Louis, 586.

Denerchelle, Lewis, 1063.

Denny, , 512.

Denny, Major, 176, 177.

Denoi, , 503.

Denton, Thomas, 1061.

De Peyster, Captain, 225, 355 note.

Detering, Jacob, 1063.

Detroit, most important British post
in Northwest country, 82; hope of
Clark to capture, 127; capture of in-
structions from governors at, 172,
175; presents sent Indians from
British at, 206, 427 ; French at did
not sympathize with Americans,
210; news of capture of Kaskaskia

• at, 224 ; British exhort Indians at,
225 ; spies sent toward by Clark,
230; condition of garrison, 246; ne-
cessity for expulsion of British from,
250, 256 ; Indian aid against, 258 ;
possibility of campaign against, 259,

444;' reports of attack on, 260; trail
from Kaskaskia to, 288 ; Indian par-
tisans from in Fort Rackville, 341 ;
stores from captured by Clark, 354;
impulse of Clark to march against,
358, 361, 444, 448; campaign against
proposed, 362; enterprise deferred,
363 ; prisoners sent home to, 365 ;
444, 543 ; preparations for expedi-
tion against, 369, 544 ; plan aban-
doned, 370, 450; opportunities to
capture lost, 371, 399; hope of Clark
to capture, 399 ; necessity for driv-
ing British from, 400; Clark's hope
of influencing French at, 428 ; in-
fluence of British at, 655 ; apprehen-
sion of raid from, 688; march of La
Balme against, 695 ; campaign against
reconsidered, 697, 699 ; plan for ex-
pedition against approved by Gov-
ernor Jefferson, 703; Washington's
opinion of it, 704 ; Washington un-
able to undertake reduction of, 707,
708 ; number of men deemed neces-
sary for and difficulty of raising
them, 710 ; delays and vexations,
712; prospect for success, 714, 716,
721; expedition marched, 718; cam-
paign against Detroit abandoned,
721 ; British knowledge of expedi-
tion, 724; Lieut. Anderson taken to,
727 ; campaign against hopeless, 730 ;
Clark's plan needs no defense, 731 ;
fear of attack, 747.

Detroit French Fur Company, 318.

Detroit river, 227.

Devernai, Father, 187.

Devins, Belser, 365 note, 585.

Dewit, Henry, 300 note, 841, 1118.

Dickson, Lewis, 1119.

Digges, Dudlev, 92.

Dillard, Captain, 128, 139, 140, 414, 471,
472.

Dillon, John B., Historv of Indiana,
132, 455, 783, 814, 912/

Dixon, Josiah, 79, 579.

Dodge, ■ , 1067.

Dodge, Captain, 284, 689.

Dodge, Israel, 736.

Dodge, John, 621, 687, 736.

Dodge, J. R., Red Men of the Ohio
Vallev, 64.

Dodge Plains, 373.

Dohertv, Edward, 1063.

Dohertv, Frederick, 844, 1063.

Dohertv, John, 1063.

Dohertv, Neal, 844.

Dolphin, Peter, 1063.

n66

INDEX.

Dolphin, Pierre, 586.

Donne, John, 145, 150, 151, note 1051,
1052.

Donne, John, Jr., 151 note.

Donne, Martha, 151 note.

Donovan, John, 1063.

Donow, Joseph, 1063.

Doran, Patrick, 844, 1035.

Doud, Roger, 1063.

Dougherty, Neal, 145, 151 note, 164.

Douglass, James, 960.

Douthitt, John, 1116.

Doyal, John, 964.

Doval, Samuel H., 965.

Doyle, John, 964, 1063.

Drake, J., 946.

Draper Collection of Manuscripts, Wis-
consin Historical Society, 338, 445,
456.

Draper, Lyman C, 100, 456, 874, 916.

Drinckwater, William, 365 note, 585.

Druiechelle, Lewis, 1063.

Drumgold, James, 1061.

Dubord, I. B., 586.

Dubuysson, Colonel, 642, 654.

Duckworth, James, 365 note, 585.

Dudley, Amistead, 844, 1047.

Duff, John, 165, 474, 844, 1118.

Dujaunay, Father, 185.

Dulhoneau, Pierre, 1063.

Duncan, Archibald, 1063.

Duncan, Benjamin, 1063.

Duncan, Charles, 1063.

Duncan, David, 1063.

Duncan, Joseph, 1063.

Duncan, Nimrod, 1063.

Duncan, Samuel, 1063.

Dunn, Jacob P., Indiana: A Redemp-
tion from Slavery, 918, 1059.

Dunmore, Lord, 217, 991, 992.

Dunmore's War, 64, 123, 138, 179, 991.

Duplasi, Captain, 695.

Durrett, James, 1063.

Durrett, Reuben T., 12, 134, 136, 144,
151, 159, 455, 897, 925, 927, 934.

Durrett, Reuben T., Centenary of
Louisville, 144, 151, 664, 666, 756,
910, 937.

Durrett, William, 1063.

Durst, Daniel, 1061.

Dusablong, B., 1063.

Duselle, Mons., 1063.

Dust, Samuel, 1034, 1035.

Early Chicago and Illinois, 694, 736,

745.
Eastin, Philip, 962 note.
Fastis, James, 1063.
Edwards, John, 856, 1075.

Edwards, Ninian W., 951.

Edwardsville, 951.

Eighteen-mile island, 828.

Elk horn, 464.

Elligood, Lieutenant-Colonel, 654.

Elliott, , 580.

Elliott, James, 79.

Ellis, Abner T., 270.

Elms, James, 844.

Elms, John, 844.

Elms, William, 841, 1118.

Embarrass river, 276, 296, 297, 312,

313, 438, 523, 569, 570.
English, Robert, 1063.
Espy, Josiah, 866.
Estill, Captain, 757.
Estill's Station, 757.
Evans, Captain, 373, 374,
Evans, Charles, 844.
Evans, Jesse, 1060.
Evans, Stanhope, 1063.
Ewing, George W., 270.

Fache, Lewis, 1063.

Fairfax, Lord, 112, 963.

Faith, Elizabeth, 151 note.

Faith, John, 151 note.

Faith, William, 145, 150, 151 note.

Fallen Timbers, battle of, 966.

Falls of the Ohio, intention of Clark
to establish fort at, 129; chosen as
camping ground. 132, 414; fort built
at, 143, 415, 558, 564 ; first author-
ized pilot of, 146; great change in,
159; passage of by Clark, 163; scouts
sent toward by British, 231; troops
ordered to be stationed at, 25s ; post
at, 260; Indians returning from raid
at killed, 343; point to be guarded,
372; messenger killed at. 382,403;
land at given Clark by Indians, 451 ;
necessity for fort at, 470; increase
of settlement, 509; Clark's march
to, 553; prisoners taken to. 608; ar-
rival at. 610; geographical advan-
tages of, 664; council of war held
at, 698; condition of garrison, 74!>.
753; Fort Nelson built at. 754; ren-
dezvous at, 758; departure of expe-
dition. 802; currency at, 929.

Farers, John. 1063.

Faris, Isaac. 844.

Farrar, Anne C, 1124.

Farrar, Bernard. 1124.

Fear, Edmund. 844.

Ferguson, Benjamin, 859. 1115.

Ferguson. Dr.. 869.

Ferguson, Pickney C, 366.

Fergus's Historical Scries. 199.

INDEX.

I 167

Fever, William, 1061.
Field, Daniel, 1063.
Field, Lewis, 1063.
Fields, Benjamin, 1060.
Fields, John, 692.
Fincastle, 1018.
Finley, Samuel, 844.
Finn, James, 844.
Fish creek, 62, 64.
Fisher, Isaac, 1051.
Fishing creek, 123, 260, 726.
Fisk, John, American ^Revolution, 912.
Fitzhugh, Clark, 1010, 1124.
Fitzhugh, D., 1002.
Fitzhugh, Davis, 894.
Fitzhugh, Dennis, 1010, 1124.
Fitzhugh, Frances, see Frances Elea-
nor Clark.
Fitzhugh, Lucy, 1010, 1124.
Flanaghan, Dominick, 844.
Fleming, Colonel, 1085.
Fleming, William, 1118.

Fliming, , 226.

Flin, Peter, 579.

Flogget, William, 844.

Florida, 402, 698, 699.

Floyd, Charles, 751.

Flovd, George Eogers Clark, 869.

Flovd, Henry, 840.

Floyd, Isham, 844, 1118.

Flovd, ColonelJohn,681,748,750, 751,

758, 869.
Flovd Station, 752.
Foche, Lewis, 1063.
Fontainebleau, 959.
Forbes campaign, 123.
Fort Bowman, 197.
Fort Chartres, 186, 198, 199, 245, 756.
Fort Clark, 197, 373, 576.
Fort Dearborn, 144, note.
Fort Finnev, 863.
Fort Gage, 940.
Fort Greenville, 1012.
Fort Henry, 722.
Fort Jefferson, 317, 372, 667, 673, 676,

687, 688, 694, 701, 780.
Fort Knox, 377.
Fort Laurens, 932.
Fort Mcintosh, 791.
Fort Massac ('Massacre), 164, 166, 167,

415, 474, 475.
Fort Nelson, 754, 755, 756, 781, 936,

958.
Fort Niagara, 727.
Fort Patrick Henry, 109, 111, 349, 372,

373.
Fort Pitt, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 96, 230, 395,

463, 469, 512, 580, 696, 705, 709, 712,

716, 717, 732.

Fort Sackville, name changed to Fort
Patrick Henry, 111, 343; Captain
Bowman wounded at, 214 ; siege of
conducted without Indian aid, 223;
news of capture by British slow to
reach Clark, 230 ; messengers from
captured by British, 231 ; surrender
of to Hamilton, 234; Hamilton re-
mained at,240 ; Clark's attack wholly
unexpected, 306; the attack, 316;
when built, 318; why named, 319;
description of, 319 ; strengthened by
Hamilton, 320; location, 320 ; dia-
gram of position, 323; Hamilton or-
dered to surrender, 335 ; refusal, 336 ;
proposition of Hamilton, 337; re-
fusal, 338; conference of Clark and
Hamilton, 339; killing of Indians
before gate, 342; effect upon garri-
son, 347; capitulation, 347; evacua-
tion, 349; dates of events in siege,
353; disjwsition of prisoners taken
at, 364 ; Lieutenant Brashears ap-
pointed to command, 367; fatal in-
jury to Major Bowman at siege of,
374 ; Major Bowman may have been
buried at, 376 ; location of, 377.

Fort Stephenson, 1005, 1006.

Fort Steuben, 863.

Fort Washington, 791, 1012.

Fort Wayne, 144 note, 694. See Aux
Miamis.

Foster, Henrv, 1063.

Foster, William, 844.

Fountain Blue, 959.

Fourteen-mile creek, 178, 971, 984.

Fox Indians, 400, 422.

Fox river, 296, 569.

Frankfort, 67, 949.

Franklin. Benjamin, 762.

Fraser, John, 585, 608.

Frazier, Abraham, 1061.

Frederic Town, 652, 711.

Freeman, Captain, 612.

Freeman, Peter, 1063.

Freeman, William, 844.

Fremont, 1006.

French, Henry, 1055.

French Lick, 673.

Froggat, William, 1118.

Froman, Paul, 111, 112, 116.

Frost, Stephen, 844.

Fry, John, 37.

Fuller, Esther, 953, 958.

Funk, Henry, 844, 1034.

Gaffee, I. B., 585.

Gaffes, , 365 note.

Gage, General, 184.

n68

INDEX.

Gagnia, Jacque, 1063.

Gagnia, Lewis (Louis), 845, 1118.

Gagnier, Jacques, 586.

Gains, John, 1063.

Gains, William, 1063.

Gallagan, Owen, 1063.

Gallagher, Owen, 585.

Galloway, J., 145.

Gamelin, Antoine, 1042,1055.

Gamelin, Paul, 586.

Gamelin, Pierre, 739, 743.

Gamilan, , 372.

Gardner, Andrew, 269.

Gardner, Dexter, 269.

Gardner, J., 863.

Garfield, James A., 914.

Garner, William, 1063.

Garrett, John, 1061.

Garrison, James, 1067.

Garrot, Eobert, 844.

Garuldon, Baptist, 1063.

Gaskins, Thomas, 845.

Gaso river, 815.

Gassnia, Lewis, 845.

Gates, General, 654.

Gatewood, Elizabeth, 982.

Gauchdon, Baptist, 1063.

Gaunia, Abraham, 1063.

Gavlor, Gasper, 845.

Geddes, David, 1058.

George, John, 1063.

George, Robert, 366, 367, 372, 399, 448,
549, 550, 576, 688, 690, 691, 698, 840.

George, Reuben, 35.

Georgetown, 80, 947.

Gerault, Lieutenant John, 373, 840,
936.

Germain, J. B., 1063.

Germain, Lord George, 217, 218, 225,
680.

Germantown, 941.

Gerrard, Eli, 83, 581.

Gibault, Father Piere (Peter), great
aid to Clark, 183; biographical
sketch, 184; waited upon Clark, 191,
418, 479 ; influence of, 199 ; appreci-
ated by Clark, 200; went to Yin-
cennes to secure allegiance of in-
habitants to American cause, 201,
487; sent to Spanish side of Missis-
sippi, 213; British learn of his mis-
sion to Vincennes, 224; blessed
Clark's troops, 226, 287, 437, 520;
vilified by Hamilton, 241 ; praised
by Patrick Henry, 256; further aid
to Clark, 267 ; respect of people for,
267; expenses to Vincennes, 1046.

Gibbons, Samuel, 1063.

Gibson, General, 703.

Gibson, Colonel John, 709, 710, 712.
713, 714, 715, 716, 718, 932, 998.

Gibson, John, 1051, 1052, 1056.

Gilbert, John, 1047.

Gilmore, George, 845.

Girault, John, 1054.

Girty, Simon, 682, 757.

Gist, John, 1063.

Gist, Thomas, 960.

Gist's creek, 960.

Givine. Belser, 585, 608.

Glass, Michael, 845, 1118.

Glenn, , 580.

Glenn, David, 79, 845.

Godfrey, Francis, 845.

Godin, Pierre, 1054.,

Gognia, Pierre, 1063.

Goliher, Owen, 365, note.

Gomier, Abraham, 1063.

Gooch, William, 116, 119.

Goodloe, Henry, 1061.

Goodman, Daniel, 580.

Goodspeed, , History of Knox

County, Indiana, 318.

Goodwin, Amos, 1063.

Goodwin, Edward, 1063.

Goodwin, William, 845, 1118.

Goosh, Samuel M., 942.

Gordon, John, 1063.

Gouday, James, 1035.

Graden, William. 79, 579.

Graham, C. C, 150.

Graham, James, 145, 150, 151 note,
1047, 1063.

Graham, Mary, 151, note.

Grand Door of the Wabash, see To-
bacco's Son.

Grand Kite, 261.

Grand River, 450.

Grant, Captain. 226.

Grassy Flats, 972.

Gratiol, Jean, 1063.

Gratiott, Jean, 1063.

Grave creek, 60, 61, 123, 725.

Graves, Thomas, 36, note. 54.

Gray, (ieorge. 845, 985.

Grayson, Ambrose. 5S1.

Grayson, Frederick W. S.. 891.

Grayton, Captain. 657.

Great Blackbird. 246.

Creathouse, . 1029, 1033.

Greathouse, William. 845.

Great Salt Lick creek. 260.

Green, James, 1063.

Green, John, 845.

Creene, Robert. 1060.

Green, Samuel Ball. 1066.

Green, Thomas. 815.

Greenbrier, 470, 564.

INDEX.

I 169

Greene, General, 34.
Green river, 150, 580.
Greenwood, Daniel, 1063.
Greer, Charles, 1066.
Grimes, John, 845, 1118.
Grimshaw, John, 585.
Grimshire, John, 1063.
Grolet, Francis, Sr.. 1063.
Grolet, Francis, Jr., 1063.

Groots, , 1067.

Grover, Sarah T., 941.
Guerin, Pierre, 740.
Guess, John, 1063.
Guihoga, 542.
Gnion, S. Frederick, 1063.
Guthrie, James, 978.
Guthrie, William, 845.

Gwathmey, , 583.

Gwathmey, Ann, see Ann Clark.
Gwathmey, Ann, 997.
Gwathmey, Balor H., 998.
Gwathmey, Elizabeth, 1009, 1123.
Gwathmey, George C, 895, 1123.
Gwathmey, Isaac R., 1009.
Gwathmey, John, 983, 997, 998.
Gwathmey, Marie, 998.
Gwathmey, Mary, Eliza, 998.
Gwathmey, Owen. 47, 894, 997, 1148.
Gwathmey, Rebecca, 998.
Gwathmey, Samuel, 51, 892, 997.
Gwathmey, William, 998.
Gwin, William, 845.

Hacker, John, 845.

Hagein, , 580.

Hain, William, 1061.

Haldimand, General, 220, 227, 236,355,
660, 677, 679.

Halford, Elijah W., 770.

Hall, William, 1063.

Hamburg, 1122.

Hamilton, Alexander, 612, 652.

Hamilton, Henrv, spy of in Cahokia,
210, 429 ; at Vmcennes, 211 ; obnox-
ious to Americans, 215; first pro-
posed instigation of Indian raids,
216; suggestion adopted, 217; man-
agement of frontier war given to,
218 ; cause of animosity of Ameri-
cans toward, 220; letter of Gen.
Haldimand to, 221 ; Lieut. -Gov. Ab-
bott advised against Indian policy
of, 223 ; learned of Clark's capture
of Illinois towns, 224; prepared to
recapture them, 225 ; departure of
expedition, 226; progress, 227; ap-
proach to Vincennes, 231 ; surrender
of Fort Sackville, 234, 429; praise of
Indians, 235; inhabitants required

to take oath, 239 ; fort repaired, 240 ;
Father Gibault reviled, 242; infor-
mation of capture reached Clark,
261,277; Clark resolved to attack,
262; expedition marched, 287,520,
568; in sight of Fort Sackville, 307,
437, 527, 571; attack ordered, 316,
439, 531, 572; description of fort,
319; diagram of , 323 ; plan of attack,
324 ; progress of siege, 327, 532 ; de-
mand to surrender, 335, 387, 441, 536,
573; refused, 336, 387, 441, 536, 573;
proposition of Hamilton, 337, 441,
539, 573 ; declined, 338, 387, 389, 537,
574; condition of garrison, 339; con-
ference of Hamilton and Clark, 339,
389, 537, 514; killing of Indians be-
fore fort, 342, 388, 442, 574 ; capitula-
tion, 347, 391, 444, 540, 574; evacua-
tion, 349, 575 ; Hamilton sent as pris-
oner to Va., 445, 364, 398, 546, 576;
mortification of, 605 ; intercession of
in behalf of prisoners, 606 ; account
of journey to Va., 609; treatment
harsher, 612; hand-cuffed, 615; ar-
rival at Williamsburg, 618; condi-
tion of prison, 619; directions of
executive council regarding, 620;
sensation caused by, 624 ; the first
instance of American retaliation,
627 ; treatment deserved, 628 ; a pris-
oner of war, 631 ; question of treat-
ment submitted to Gen. Washington,
633 ; his answer, 634 ; severity re-
laxed, 636; letters of Jefferson re-
garding, 637, 638, 639; instructions of
Virginia council regarding prisoners,
640; approval of Washington, 641;
efforts for exchange, 642 ; proposi-
tion of exchange for Col. Mathews,
644, 647; great suffering, 650; signed
parole, 651 ; the parole, 652; change
of opinion by Jefferson, 653 ; permis-
sion to Hamilton to go to N. Y., 655 ;
approval of Washington, 656; jour-
ney to N. Y., 657; exchanged and
sailed for England, 658; subsequent
career, 660; ancestry, 661.

Hammet, James, 845.

Hampton, 656, 657.

Hancock, Eliza, see Eliza Clark.

Hancock, George, 1004, 1125.

Hancock, Julia, 1018.

Hand, General. 97, 128, 413, 469.

Hannastown, 722.

Hanover, 461.

Hanover Court-House, 637.

Hanson, J. R., 1048.

Hardin, Francis, 845.

1170

INDEX.

Hardin, John, 1011.

Harding, Major, 757.

Hargis, John, 1049.

Harlan (Harland), Major Silas, 79,83,
581, 690, 691, 692, 693, 758, 845, 1050.

Harlan's Station, 693.

Harman, V., 946.

Harmer, General, 966.

Harper's Ferry, 111.

Harris, James, 845.

Harris, John Maline, 845.

Harris, Samuel, Sr., 845.

Harris, Samuel, Jr., 845.

Harrison, Benjamin, president, 770.

Harrison, Benjamin, governor of Vir-
ginia, 731, 783.

Harrison, Burr, 580.

Harrison, Colonel, 384, 721, 722.

Harrison, James, 585, 1061.

Harrison, Captain Richard, 373, 698,
840, 935.

Harrison, Nathaniel, 92.

Harrison, William, 1051.

Harrison, William Henry, 666, 978,
1005.

Harrod, , 580.

Harrod, James, 79, 85, 122, 457, 581,
960.

Harrod (Herod), William, 64, 83, 122,
124, 139, 153, 163, 469, 473, 608, 681,
840.

Harrodsburg, 80, 82, 139, 472, 579, 582,
583, 676, 677, 684, 693, 800, 801. See
Harrodstown.

Harrod's creek, 961.

Harrod's Station, 945.

Harrodstown, 68, 70, 72, 78, 79, 82, 83,
84, 85, 122, 139, 151, 457, 458, 464,
465, 467, 473, 945, 959. See Harrods-
burg.

Hart, Miles, 1063.

Haswell, John H., 771.

Hatten, Christopher, 845.

Haut, Henry, 1061.

Hawkins, Joseph H., 878.

Hawkins, Samuel, 1061.

Hawlev, Richard, 1063.

Hay, Andrew P., 860, 1115.

Hay, Ann, 860.

Hay, Major John, 226, 231, 340, 342,
347, 576, 585, 607, 619, 637, 641, 651,
(152, 653,656, 1057, ]058.

Hays, James, 1063.

I lavs, Thomas, 845, 1118.

Hazard, John, 1061.

Hazle Patch, 581.

Head, James, 1063.

Heath, General, 613

Helm, Achilles, 107.

Helm, John Larue, 108.

Helm, Leonard, 64, 65, 79, 83, 106, 107,
108, 122, 124, 127, 139, 163, 203. 204,
205, 231, 232, 233, 234, 246, 276, 325,
340, 341, 354, 366, 368, 372, 387, 420,
427, 444, 469, 473, 537, 544, 546, 547,
550, 576, 577, 738, 840, 933.

Helm, Mary, 107.

Helm, Sarah, 107.

Helm, William, 1049.

Helvinstone, Major, 68.

Henderson, Colonel, 67, 77, 463.

Henderson & Co., 70, 457.

Hendricks, William, 941.

Hendrix, Andrew, 1063.

Hening's Statutes, 746, 826, 933, 1039.

Henly, Thomas J., 978.

Henry, Captain, 575.

Henry, David, 234,845.

Henry, Hugh, 234, 845.

Henry, Isaac, 234, 845.

Henry, John, 234, 845.

Henry, Moses, 234, 325, 367, 531, 550,
577; 740, 1046, 1049.

Henry, Patrick, alive to Virginia's
needs, 73; plan ior Illinois cam-
paign presented to by Clark, 88, 461 ;
advised with others upon it, 89;
Geo. Mason's estimate of, 90 note;
instructions given Clark. 93. 9(\ ; con-
sidered treatment of Rochblave"s
family harsh, 175 ; letter of Clark to,
230; letter of to Virginia delegates
in congress, 245; letter of instruc-
tions to John Todd, 249; letter of
Clark to, 262; Clark probably sent
copy of report to, 394 ; letter of Bow-
man to, 403 ; letterto Richard Henry
Lee, 611 ; plan for fort at mouth of
Ohio, 666; letter of Clark to, 796.

Henry, William Wirt, Life of Patrick
Henry, 55, 395, 409, 612, 702, 800.

Henry ville, 1122.

Herculaneum, 1122.

Hesse, , 679.

Heth, , 713.

Heth, Andrew. 857 note, 1082.

Heywood, Berry. 1063.

Hevworth, Berry, 1063.

Hibernia, 1122. "

Hickman, Edwin, 36 note.

Hicks, David. 1061.

1 licks, Mordica, 1063.

Hico. Peter, Sr.. 1063.

Hico, Peter, Jr.. 1063.

Higgins, , <>l'.

Higgins, Barney. S45.

Higgins, Henry, 79.

Higgins, John, 5S1.

INDEX.

I 171

Higgins, Peter, 960.

Houndsler, Charles, 1064.

Higgins, Thomas, 940.

House, Andrew, 846.

Hildebrand, James, 1063.

Howell, Peter, 1064.

Hill, Hardy, 1051.

Howell, William, 1064.

Hinkston, 960.

Hudson, William, 580.

Hinkston's cabin, 464.

Huffman, Jacob, 1064.

Hinsdale, Burke A., 918.

Hughes, John, 846.

Hinsdale, Burke A., Old Northwest,

Hughs, John, 50, 51.

223.

Humphris, Samuel, 846.

Hinton, , 986.

Hunter, Ann, 151 note.

Hinton, Evan, 1055.

Hunter, David, 151 note.

Historical Magazine, 912.

Hunter, James, 151 note.

History of the Falls Cities, 133, 149.

Hunter, Joseph, 145, 150, 151 note.

Hite, , 580.

Hunter, Joseph, Jr., 151 note.

Hite, Abraham, 960, 994.

Hunter, Major, 711.

Hite, Eleanor Briscoe, 984.

Hunter, Martha, 151 note.

Hite, George, 1063.

Hupp, Phillip, 1061.

Hite, I., 946.

Huron Indians, 403.

Hite, Isaac, 65, 79, 946, 961, 962, 994.

Huste, Ligey, 1034.

Hite, Isaac, Jr., 994.

Hutchings, Lieutenant, 140, 141, 414.

Hite, Major Isaac, 112 note.

Hutchins, Stephen, 859, 1115.

Hite, Jacob, 112 note.

Hite, John, 115, 563, 962.

Illinois, county of, formation of and

Hite, Jost (Joist), 111, 112, 115,116,

appointment of officers, 248; John

962 note, 984, 994.

Todd appointed county lieutenant,

Hite, Rebecca, 997.

249 ; letter of instructions to, 249 ;

Hite, Sarah, 112 note, 900, 994, 1142.

Clark's description of county, 453;

Hoagland, Richard, 987.

invasion of by British, 679; trouble

Hoar, George F., 915.

in, 687; conflict of civil and military

Hobbs, James, 1063.

authorities, 735; depreciation of

Hoglan, Henrv, 1051.

currency, etc., 737, 745; land trou-

Holder, John,' 814.

bles, 740; act organizing, 1037.

Holdman. Henrv, 1055.

Illinois Grant, see Clark's Grant.

Holker, John, 1117, 1118, 1119.

Illinois Indians, 400.

Hollenback, Daniel, 960

Impress, Right to, in compaign of 1786,

Holler, Francis, 1063.

1059.

Hollis, Joshua, 1064.

India Company, 198.

Holman, George, 986, 987, 988.

Inglis, Captain, 657.

Holman, Joseph, 988.

Ingram, Jonathan, 79.

Holman, Washington, 988.

Innes, Judge, 801, 817.

Holman, AVilliam J., 988.

Innis, Harry, 1059.

Holms, James, 845.

Iowa (Ioway) Indians, 400, 509, 679.

Holston river, 106, 127, 138, 139, 413,

Irby, David, 1064.

461, 469.

Irby, James, 841.

Honaker, Frederick, 1034.

Iron Banks, 673.

Honaker, Henrv, 846, 1034.

Irvine, General, 730.

Honaker, Peteis 846.

Isaacs, John, 846.

Hooper, Thomas, 846, 1118.

Island Number One, 674.

Hoops, Adam, 1118, 1119.

Hope, Lieutenant-Governor, 660.

Jackman, J., 946.

Hopkins, Richard, 1061.

Jackson, Burwell, 828, 1117.

Hopkins, Samuel, 803, 1008.

James, Abraham, 846, 1034.

Horn, Christopher, 1064.

James river, 611, 703.

Horn, Jeremiah, 1064.

Jameson, David, 92.

Horn (Home), John, 585, 608.

Jamieson, Thomas, 1061.

Horse-Head Bottom, 1030.

Jannay, Peter, 963.

Horseshoe Plain, 302, 571.

January, James, 846, 985.

Horton, Aaron, 1064.

Jacques, Harriet, 964.

Horton, Adin, 1064.

Jarrald, James, 846.

1 172

INDEX.

-, 63.

Jarrot, -

Jarrot, Nicholas, 1067

Jay, John, 762.

Jefferson, Peter, 54, 55.

Jefferson, Thomas, birth place, 54;
friend of George Rogers Clark, 56 ;
letter of to Clark, 57; consulted re-
garding Clark's plan for Illinois

• campaign, 89; estimate of George
Wythe, 90 ; letter of to Clark regard-
ing land grants to soldiers, 99, 102;
letter of, 160; opinion concerning
instigation of Indian raids, 219;
Clark probably sent copy of report
i' to, 394; aid to prisoners, 613; advo-
cated retaliation, 615, 620, 624; sub-
mitted question to Washington, 632 ;
further correspondence, 637, 638,
639; approval of Washington, 641;
letter regarding exchange of Hamil-
ton, 644; letter to Colonel Mathews,
647 ; letters to Washington, 653, 655 ;
permitted Hamilton to go to New
York, 655; plan for town, 666; es-
tablished fort at mouth of Ohio, 667 ;
letter of Colonel Todd to 671 ; fort
named for, 673 ; letter of John Dodge
to, 687 ; letters of Clark to, 703, 709;
letter of to Colonel Smith, 711 ; letters
to, 716; foresight of, 765; letter of
to Judge Innes, 817 ; Clark's defense
of, 1029.

Jefferson, Thomas, Writings of, 625,
632, 634.

Jefferson's Dam, 55.

Jefferson's Mill, 55.

Jefferson's AVorks, 160, 395 note, 409,
634, 638, 639, 640, 650, 656.

Jeffersonville, 366, 664, 665 note, 863,
866, 942, 982, 983, 997, 1122.

Jennings, Jonathan, 860.

Jessamine creek, 934.

Jessup, Anne, see Anne Croghan.

Jessup, Thomas (S.), 1004, 1125, 1132.

Jewell, Charles, 1064.

Jewell, John, 1064.

Jiants, John, 365 note.

Johnson, Colonel, 958.

Johnson, John, 846.

Johnson, Sir John, 716.

Johnson, Sir "William, 1003.

Johnston, Edward, 846, 1118.

Johnston, Larkin, 35.

Johnston, Samuel, 1064.

Johnston, William, 1119.

Jones, Charles, 846.

Jones, David, 60, 846.

Jones, Edward, 1064.

Jones, George W., 809.

Jones, John, 846.

Jones, John Gabriel, 71, 76, 78, 79,

458, 459,461, 463,579.
Jones, J. R., 1117.
Jones, John Rice, 275, 808, 810, 815.
Jones, Mathew, 846.
Jones, Richard, 33.
Jovnes (Joines), John, 365 note, 585,

846, 1118.

Kanawha river, 59, 61, 128, 260, 413,
470, 558, 563, 723.

Kaskaskia (Kaskasky, Kaskaskies,
Kaskaskias), a British post, 82;
plans of Clark for expedition against,
82, 87, 467; plan laid before Gov.
Henry, 88, 468; plan approved and
appropriation made, 92, 468 ; condi-
tion, 92, 474; instructions to Clark
regarding, 96, 97; departure of ex-
pedition, 158,473; capture, 169, 47'i.
559, 564; brilliant feat, 170; treat-
ment of Gov. Rochblave, 171, 2/7,
477,489; policy toward inhabitants,
181; confusion at, 181,478; Father
Gibault settles at, 185; anxiety of
citizens allayed, 191, 480, 417; "dis-
tance from Prairie du Rocher, 193,
559, 564 ; name of fort at changed to
Fort Clark, 197; French settlement
at, 198; population French, 199; gar-
rison, 202, 489; expedition sent from,
204,418; return of Clark, 209, 42tf,
431; departure for Vincennes, 211;
false report of British approach, 212 ;
preparations for defense, 213, 431 ;
arrival of Capt. Bowman, 214, 435;
news of capture, 224; not attacked
by British, 240; uneasiness at, 260;
British attack deferred, 261, 436;
Vigo's departure, 275; his return,
277; date of Clark's departure or
Vincennes campaign, 279, 437; en-
thusiasm, 280, 283; distance to Vin-
cennes, 288; Jesuit headquarters,
289; intercommunication with Vin-
cennes, 289 ; prisoners taken to. 367 :
576; arrival, 367; point to be guarded,
372; distress at, 692: I. a Palme
raised troops at, <>94. (>()">.

Kaskaskia (Kaskia) Indians. 400. 420,
512.

Kaskaskia river, 197, 280, 288. 289.
293, 513, 520.

Kellar, Abraham, 262. 307, 373, 374.
577, S40. 1034.

Kellar. Isaac. S41. 1034.

Kemp, Reuben. 1064.

Kendall. Benjamin. 846.

INDEX.

I I

Kendall, William, 846, 1118.

Kennedy, — , 296, 297, 523, 569,

570.

Kennedy, David, 1064.

Kennedy, John, 580.

Kennedy, Patrick, 367, 550, 577.

Kennedy, Paul, 1047.

Kennedy, William, 801.

Kenton, Simon, 65, 79, 80, 177, 681,
846, 966.

Kentucky, early movement of settlers
toward, 65; meeting of settlers, 70;
delegates to the Virginia legislature
chosen, 70, 458; supply of powder
obtained for, 75 ; recognition of as
part of Virginia, 75; organization
of as county of Virginia, 77 ; cause
of its rapid settlement, 132, 152, 471 ;
first settlement of, 457 ; inhabitants
in 1776, 464 ; loss in Indian wars,
465 ; Clark's idea of importance of,
467; increase of population, 510,
554, 663; British raid into, 680;
trouble in, 735; in constant alarm,
748, 799; consultation of militia of-
ficers of, 754 ; end of Indian inva-
sions of, 760; early history, 1030.

Kentucky Historical Society, 456, 567.

Kentucky Reporter, 889.

Kentucky river, 66, 67, 68, 70, 128,
129, 260, 470, 558, 664, 754.

Keppel, Thomas, 585, 608.

Kercheval, Samuel, History of the
Valley of Virginia, 111, 112, 115,
116.

Kerr, William, 1064.

Key, George, 846.

Key, Thomas, 841.

Kickapoo (Kiccapoo, Kickebue, etc.)
Indians, 400, 420, 440, 442, 445, 679.

Kidd, Robert, 1064.

Killbuck, 1031.

Kimbley, Isaac, 145; see Kimbly.

Kimbly, Andrew, 150.

Kimbly, Isaac, 150, 151 note; see
Kimbley.

Kimbly, Mary, 151 note.

Kina, Christopher, 1064.

Kincade, .Tames, 1064.

Kincaid, Captain, 582.

Kincaid, Joseph, 1060.

Kindser, Jasper, 582.

King George, 1035, 1064.

King, Nicholas, 10H4.

King William Court-House, 651.

Kinkead, Mrs. B., 683.

Kinley, Benjamin, 1066.

Kirk, Thomas, 1064.

Kirkley, James, 1064.

Kite, 510.

La Balme, Augustin M. de, 694.

La Belle, Charles, 1064.

La Casse, Jacque, 1064.

Lacourse, Jacob, 1048.

Lacroix, J. B., 1045, 1049, 1055.

Lafaro, Francis, 1064.

Lafaston, Francis, 1064.

Lafayette, 204, 427 note.

Lafiour, Pierre, 1064.

Lafont (Lefont), Dr. Jean B., 200, 487.

Laform, John, 1064.

Lafour, Pierre, 1064.

Lafoy, , 365 note.

Laird, , 580.

Lajennesse, J. B. Vauchese, 1036.

Lajes, 223, 506.

Lamarch, Beauvard, 1064.

Lamarch, J. B., 1064.

Lamarch, Lewis, 1064.

Lamb, Martha J., History of the citv
of N. Y., 614.

Lamothe (Lamotte), Captain William,
241, 324, 325, 329, 330, 333, 335, 339,
386, 440, 531, 534, 543, 572, 576, 585,
607, 615, 620, 623, 624, 631, 636, 637,
641, 1057, 1058.

Landers, John, 1041.

Langlade, Captain, 678.

Langlois, , 198.

Lanserainte, , 365 note.

La Paint, Lewis. 1064.

La Plante, Baptiste, 270.

Larose, Francis, 1064.

La Salle, 169.

Lasant Joseph, 1064.

Lasley, John, 1064.

Lasselle (Nicholas), 365 note, 585.

Lasonde, Joseph, 586.

Laubrau, , 1064.

Laughlin, Peter, 1064.

Laurel river, 581.

LaVenture, J., 1061.

Lavigm, Joseph, 1064.

Laviolette, Baptist, 1064.

Laviolette, Louis, 1064.

Law, Edward E., 100.

Law, Judge John, 10, 100, 270.

Law, John, Historv of Vincennes, 183,
740, 741, 916.

Lawrenceville, 288, 312.

Leany, Thomas, 585.

Leare, William, 846.

Leazenby, Abel, 585, 608.

LeCompt, Lovis, 1055.

Lee, Arthur, 791.

Lee, Elizabeth, 34.

Lee, Hancock, 66.

ii74

INDEX .

Lee, Richard Henry, 611.

Livingstone, George, 846, 1118.

Lee, Zebeniah, 1035.

Livingstone, Miss, 1005.

Leestown, 66, 67, 68, 81.

Livistone, George, 1034.

Legare, Major, 575.

Lochry, Archibald, 722, 725,

729.

Legraee, see Legras.

Lochry creek, 725, 729.

Legrand, Gabrael, 740, 744.

Lochry island, 725.

Legras (Legras, Legraee),

Col

onel,

Loehry's defeat, 722, 729.

(Major), 326, 333, 354, 3-56,

532

544,

Lockart, Pleasant, 846.

546, 575, 739, 740, 741, 743,

744

799,

Loekett, Pleasant, 846.

1046, 1048, 1054.

Lockhart, Archibald, 1064.

Lemon, John, 846, 1118.

Lockhart's Tavern, 582.

Lemoult, Captain, 226.

Locust creek, 893.

Lenay, John, 1064.

Locust Grove, 887, 888, 889

897, 899,

Lenav, Thomas, 1064.

909, 1004.

Leney, Thomas, 1061.

Logan, Anne C, 1123.

L'Enfant, Francis, 1064.

Logan, Colonel Benjamin,

465, 682,

Leroux, I. B., 586.

756, 758, 759, 801, 816.

Lerrault, J. P., 1054.

Logan, Hugh, 1064.

Leslie, General, 656, 657.

Logan, John, 1124.

Lewis, Benjamin, 1064.

Logan, Indian chief, 1029.

Lewis, Colonel, 457, 612.

Logan's Fort, 580, 581.

Lewis, General, 253.

Logan's Station, 142, 956.

Lewis, James, 1064.

Long Hunters, 137, 945.

Lewis, Merriwether, 765, 1011.

Long Island, 626. 652, 656, 999.

Lewis, Virgil A., History of West Vir-

Long, Philip. 1035.

ginia, 112.

Long Reach, 726.

Lexington, Indiana, 178, 675

Long, William, 1064.

Lexington, Kentucky, 684, 949, 951.

Longueville, Pierre, 586.

Licking creek, 78, 79, 464,

554,

579,

Lorraine, Ensign, 367, 577.

758.

Louisville, 107, 132, 133, 144,

146, 147,

Licking river, 681, 682.

159, 160, 471, 554, 663, 754.

865, 8S7,

Limestone, 464, 684, 966.

897, 910, 911, 932, 963, 982.

Limestone creek, 78, 80.

Louisville Literary News, 56

Lincoln, 753.

Lourse, John, 1046, 1047.

Lincoln, Abraham, 951.

Love, , 582.

Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, 951.

Love, I., 582.

Lincoln, General, 994.

Lovell. Richard. 846, 1061, HIS.

Lincoln, Robert Todd, 952.

Lower Blue Lick creek, 80.

Lindsay, Arthur, 846, 985.

Lucan's Mills, 647.

Lines, John, 847.

Luckto, Mary Dorsev. 964,

Linetot, Godefroy, 740.

Luckto, SaufN., 964.

Linitot, Major (Captain), 370

373

552,

Lunsford, Anthony. 1064.

553, 554, 691.

Lunsford, George, 846. 1118.

Linn, Asahel, 144, 145.

Lunsford, Mason, S46.

Linn, Benjamin, 79, 84, 85, 467, 580.

Lunsford, Moses. 847.

Linn, Captain, 579.

Lusado, Abraham, 847.

Linn, Lewis F., 145.

Lutterell, Richard. S47.

Linn, Lieutenant, 580.

Lvgert, Daniel. 849.

Linn (Lynn), William, 143,

145,

203,

Lynch, H., 946.

489, 749, 839.

Lvnch's Ferry, 611.

Linn, William, Jr., 144.

Lyne, John. 1118.

Linn's Station, 144.

Lyne, Joseph, 847.

Liquor, use of in pioneer

military

Lynn, see Linn.

forces, 236.

Lynn, Captain, 97.

Little Kanawha (Kanhawav) river,

Lyon, Jacob. 1064.

260, 726, 1030.

Lyons, Daniel, 580.

Little river, 894.

Little Turtle, 144 note, 695.

McAfee. Robert B., History of the

Little Wabash, 294, 521, 522.

War of 1812, 1006.

INDEX.

i:75

McBead, Richard, 365 note.

McKinney, John, 1004.

McBeath (McBeth), John,

334, 576,

McKinney's Station, 956.

585, 607, 619, 1057, 1058.

McKivors, John, 586.

McBride, Isaac, 847, 1035.

McLaughlin, Father, 379.

McCampbell, Samuel, 859, 1116.

McLeod, Torquil, 34.

McCarty, R., 1055.

McLockland, Charles, 1064.

McCarty, Richard, 262, 278,

284, 297,

McLung, J., 582.

367, 373, 436, 437, 508, 523

568, 570,

McManus, George, 151 note, 847.

575, 577, 840, 1043, 1048.

McManus, James, 151 note.

McClain, Thomas, 1064.

McManus, John, Sr., 145, 146, 149

,151

McClanihan, Robert, 1034.

note, 847.

McClelland, , 81.

McManus, John, Jr., 145, 146, 149

,151

McClelland (McClellan), John, 81,

note, 847.

464, 579.

McManus, Mary, 151 note.

McClellan's (McClelland' s)

Fort, 80,

McMichael (Michaels, Michel), J

ahn,

81, 82, 151, 464,579.

365 note, 586, 1064.

McClellan's Station, 947.

McMickle, John, 1064.

McClock, Charles, 1035.

McMullen (Macmullen), James,

365

McChire, , 954.

note, 585, 1064.

McClure, Patrick, 1064.

McMullen (McMullan), Samuel,

847,

McComb, Mrs., 544.

985.

McConnell, Andrew, 79.

McMurdo, Captain, 54.

McConnell, Ensign, 580.

McMurtrie, , Sketches of Louis-

McConnell, Francis, 79.

ville, 970.

McConnell, William, 79.

McNeal, Archibald, 579.

McCraw, Christ, 585.

McNutt, James, 847, 985.

McCrow, Christ, 608.

McQuiddv, Thomas, 1064.

McCumprey, John, 1118.

Macgra, Christ, 608.

McDade, Richard, 585.

Machiquawish, 678.

McDaniel, Thomas, 1064.

Mackintire, Captain, 366, 576.

McDermet, Francis, 847.

Madison, 941, 942, 943, 951.

McDonald, Angus, 64, 123.

Madison, James, President, 56.

McDonald, David, 847.

Madison, James, Colonel, 112 note.

McDonald, James, 1064.

Mafield, Micajah, 1118.

McDonald. John, 962. .

Magnian, Francois, 585.

McDonald, Thomas, 1064.

Maher, Patrick, 585.

McDonough, Stace, 1067.

Mahoney, Florence, 847.

McGann, John, 847.

Mahoney, J. H., 904.

McGar (McGarr), John, 847

1118.

Maid, Ebenezer, 1064.

McGarry, , 580.

Mailone, J. B., 1064.

McGarv, Captain, 369, 553.

Maisonville (Masonville), Francis

004

McGar'y, Hugh, 681, 682.

225. 298, 324, 329, 333, 335, 345,

346^

McGovock, Hugh, 1066.

386, 440, 570, 572, 576, 607, 651,

1057.

McGuire, John, 1064.

Maisonville, Mons. De, 1064.

McGumrey, William, 1034.

Malbeff, Joseph, 1064.

Mclntire, 'Alexander, 847, 1034.

Malbov, William, 585.

Mcintosh, 713.

Malbroff, Joseph, 1064.

•

Mcintosh, General, 371, 399

, 429, 611.

Mallet, P., 740.

Mcintosh, James, 1064.

Mammelle Hill, 298, 315, 571.

McKee, Archibald B., 270.

Manafee, James, 1047.

McKee, British Indian Agent, 393.

Manchester, 78.

McKee, Captain, 727.

Manifee, Jonas, 847.

McKee, Francis Vigo, 270.

Mansiack, 259.

McKin, James, 1064.

Marietta, 908. 921.

McKindlar, Patrick, 586.

Marietta College, 773.

McKindley, Patrick, 1057.

Mark, Thomas, 1060.

McKinlie (Mackinlie), Patrick, 586,

Marketan Indians, 246.

608.

Marr, Patrick, 847, 1118.

McKinney, Daniel, 1051.

Mars, Alexander, 859, 1116.

1 176

INDEX.

Marsh, John, 1064.

Marshall, John, 112.

Marshall, Sarah, 1008.

Marshall, William, 1064.

Marshall, Humphrey, History of Ken-
tucky, 806.

Martin, Captain, 460.

Martin, Charles, 847.

Martin, Elijah, 1064.

Martin. Joseph, 1064.

Martin; L., 1117.

Martin, Pierre, 1064.

Martin, Silas, 667.

Martin, Solomon, 1064.

Martin, Thomas Bryan, 963.

Martin's, 582.

Martinsburg, 693, 963 note.

Martin's Fort, 72, 459.

Martin's Station, 680.

Marysville, 1122.

Mascoutin (Mascoutainge) Indians,
219, 679.

Mason, Charles, 585, 1061.

Mason, George, 89, 90, 91, 99, 102, 411.

Massac Road, Old, 166.

Master, Barney, 1034.

Mathews, Colonel, 638, 639, 640, 642,
644, 647, 999.

Mathews, Edward, 1061.

Maulding, , 582.

Maumee, 986.

Maumee (Miamis) river, 228, 548.

Maumie Indians, 205, 422.

Maurisette, M., 1064.

Mauron, Peter, 1065.

Maxwell, John, 1040.

May, John, 798.

Mayfield, Elijah, 1064.

May field, Isaac, 1064.

Mayfield, James, 1064.

Mayfield, Micajah, 847.

Mayfield creek, 674.

May's Lick creek, 80.

Maysville, 78, 85, 288, 684, 966.

Meadow Indians, 499.

Meadows, Josiah, 1065.

Meamonie Indians, 400.

Means, John, 145, 150.

Mechegame (Mechigamie) Indians,
400, 420.

Memphis, 1122.

Menafield, Joseph, 1042.

Menaze, Marie, 1054.

Menomini (Minomie) Indians, 678.

Mercer, Charles F., 878, 883.

Merideth, Susana, 1119.

Merrill, Samuel, 017.

Merriweather, James, 841.

Merri weather, William, 841, 1118.

Mershorn, Nathaniel, 847.

Meurin, Father, 184, 185, 186, 187.

Meyers, see Mires.

Miami (Miamie, Meami) Indians, 246,

363, 548, 576, 695, 795.
Miami (Meamies, Miamis, Mevamee)

river, 228, 429, 724, 727, 733, 758,

759, 796.
Miami Town, see Aux Miamis.
Miamis, 692, 696, see Aux Miamis.
Michilimackinac (Mackinaw, Macki-
nac), 172, 184, 225, 395,477,500,509,

553, 554, 564, 677.
Middle Fork, 960.
Middle island, 725.
Middletown, 751 .
Miles, Michael, 841.
Millar, Abraham, 847, 1034.
Millar, George, 1035.
Miller, Anderson, Jr., 1123.
Miller, Elizabeth G, 1123.
Miller, John, 1065.
Milton, Daniel, 1065.
Mingo Town, 60.
Mingoe Indians, 259.
Minie, Francois, 586.
Mires (Miers, Myers, etc.), William,

349, 381, 382, 395, 398, 403, 544, 546,

575, 576, 847, 1100.
Missesogie Indians, 205, 422.
Missie, Bernard, 1065.
Missouri Indians, 510.
Mobile, 699.
Momib, 298.

Monbrun, Timothe, 1036.
Monet, J. B., 1065.
Monongahail, 558, see Redstone.
Monongahela river, 60, 61, 62, 67, 106,

122, f23, 132, 460 note, 471, 558, 563.
Monroe, James, 847.

Montgomery, , 367.

Montgomery, Captain, 581 .
Montgomery, Edward, 1065.
Montgomery, Ensign (Lieut.) James,

367,374, 577, 841, 1118.
Montgomery, John, 137, 130. 140. 153,

163, 203, 243, 258, 265. 280, 369, 370,

372, 373, 380. 414, 440. 473. 489, 552,

553, 676, 689, 600, GW, 737. 830. 100S.
Montgomery, John, 847. 1119.
Montgomery, William, 1065, 1118.
Monticello, 54, 160.
Montreal, 1S4 note, 236. 259, 450. 727.

Moor, , 715.

Moore, , 955.

Moore, James. 1067.

Moore, James F.. 383, 857, 1080. 1117,

II L9.
Moore, John. 842, 4S7.

INDEX.

I I

/ /

Moore, Peter, 1068.

Neville, John, 1003.

Moore, Robert K., 50, 51 .

New Albanv, 664, 665 note, 942.

Moore (More), Samuel, 79, 84, 85, 467,

Newcomb, Silas, 159, 160.

580.

Newcomerstown, 61.

Moore, Thomas, 847, 1118.

Newell, J.. 946.

Moran, Peter, 1065.

New Madrid, 188, 1012.

Moravian Indians, 717.

New Market, 1122.

Moorehead (Morehead), George, 365

New Orleans, 143, 170, 364, 399,

401,

note, 585.

448, 576, 959.

More's Fort, 582.

Newton, Peter, 848, 1119.

Morgan, Charles, 585, 842, 1118.

New York, 613, 614, 625, 626, 638,

639,

Morris, Jacob, 1065.

648, 651, 652, 654, 655, 656, 657

658,

Morris, James, 1065.

716.

Morris, Richard, 830, 832.

Niagara, 225, 363, 450, 545.

Morris, William, 1065.

Nicholas, Colonel, 702.

Muhlenberg, Colonel, 1002.

Nickajack Expedition, 956.

Muhlenberg, Peter, 991. 992.

Nine-Mile creek, 940.

Mulberry Hill, 43, 44, 45, 899.

Nobbs, Mark, 1065.

Mulby, William, 1061.

Norris, , History of the Shenan-

Mumnailly, Joseph, 1065.

doah V alley, 962.

Munam, Joseph, 1065.

Northwest Territory, states created

Munrony, Sylvester, 1065.

from, 766 ; articles of compact,

768;

Munsic Indians, 259.

seal of, 769.

Murdock, Edward, 1051.

Murony, William, 1061.

O'Fallon, Benjamin, 46, 49, 50, 51,

894,

Murphy, John, 847, 1118.

1010, 1124.

Murray, Daniel, 478, 1044, 1045, 1047,

O'Fallon, James, 832, 1010.

1053.

O'Fallon, John, 46, 49, 50, 51, 870

894,

Murray, Edward, 1048.

1010, 1019, 1124.

Murray, Thomas, 1061.

O'Fin, James, 1065.

Murry, Edward, 847.

O'Hara, James, 470.

Murreer, Edward, 1035.

O'Harrow, Michael, 848.

Muskingum river, 64.

Oakdale, 288.

Mustache, , 1065.

Oakley, John. 848.

Muter, -George, 1059.

Oates, Samuel, 1065.

Muter, Judge, 801.

Ochipwa Indians, 679.

Myers, Catherine, 383.

Oharrard, Captain, 414.
Ohio Company, 66.

Nagle, Maurice, 1118.

Ohio river, mouth of, fort at contem-

Nakionin, 503.

plated, 666 ; order to raise settlers

Nail, N., 946.

for, 667 ; need for fort at, 669,

699;

Nan, Conrad, 1065.

garrison necessary for. 701.

Nash, , 149.

Ohio Valley Historical Series, 244

410,

Nash. Francis, 1065.

913.

Nashville, 288. 289, 956.

Ohnabadie, 386.

Natchez, 259, 275, 401, 610, 649, 811,

Oliver, John, 1065.

815, 935, 936.

Oliver, Lewis, 1065.

National Gazette, 791.

Oliver, Turner, 1065.

Nave, Conrad, 1065.

Ome (Omi, Omee), see Aux Miamis.

Neal, John, 1065.

Omi river, see Maumee.

Neaville, J., 946.

Opay Indians. 400.

Neelie, H., 582.

Opequon creek, 111.

Neilson, N., 1118, 1119.

Opost, 510, 511, 516, 553, 691, 692,

810,

Nelson, Enoch Gerrard, 847.

816, see Yincennes.

Nelson, General, 702.

Orben, Philip, 1034.

Nelson, Governor, 712.

Orde, Captain General of Dominica,

Nelson, John, 1065.

660.

Nelson, Moses, 1065.

Ordett, Lewis, 1065.

Nelson, N., 1118.

Oreer, Daniel, 848.

1178

INDEX.

Oreer, Jesse, 848.

Patterson, Robert, 81, 842, 985.

Oreer, John, 842.

Patterson, Samuel, 864.

Oreer, William, 848.

Patterson, William, 1065.

Orleans, 150.

Patton, James, 151 note.

Orr, Major, 956.

Patton, Martha, 151 note.

Orr, Robert, 722.

Patton, Mary, 151 note.

Osburn, Ebenezer, 848.

Patton, Peggv, 151 note.

Otisco, 1122.

Paul, John, 848, 941, 1119.

Ottawa (Ottawav, Outaway)

Indians,

Paul, John Peter, 942.

205, 400, 422, 503, 678, 679,

791.

Paul, Michael, 941.

Ottawa (Otawa) river, 259.

Paul, Sarah Grover, 941.

Otter Lifter, 957.

Paulus Hook, 993.

Ouabash Indians, see Wabash Indi-

Payne, Adam, 1065.

ans.

Payne, William, 1065.

Ouiatanon (Ouiattanong, et

<••), 187,

Peaian Indians, 576.

219, 288, 354, 427, 510, 695,

802.

Pearce, Ann, 903.

Ouiatanon (Ouiattanong) Indians, 219,

Pearce, Edmund, 1123.

400.

Pearce, Eliza, 1123.

Ouitown (Weatown), 512, see Wea-

Pearce, James Anne, 1123.

town.

Pearce, John, 45.

Oundsley, Charles, 848.

Pearce, Jonathan, 1123.

Outagamie Indians, 679.

Pearce, Martha, 1123.

Ouyas, 372.

Peau Kashaa Indians, 231.

Owdidd, Lewis, 1065.

Peepin, M., 1065.

Owen, George, 1118.

Peerslev, William, 1119.

Owens," , 62.

Pellot, Charles, 1065.

Owens, Abednego, 675.

Peltier, Joseph, 1065.

Owens, David, 61.

Pencour, 678, 679, 680.

Owens, George, 674, 675.

Pendergrest, Garret, 579.

Owens, Thomas, 675.

Penett, Joshua, 1065.

Ozark (Osark), L14.

Pensacola, 340, 402, 538, 699.
Pepin, John, 1065.

Pagan, David, 848, 937, 1119.

Peoria, 187.

Page, John, 92, 875.

Peoria (Peoreana) Indians, 246, 400,

Paguin, Francis, 1065.

420.

Paincourt, 187.

Perault, James, 1053.

Pain tree, John, 848.

Perault (Perrault) . Lieut. Michael. 373,

Pangrass, Francis, 1035.

841, 937, 1119.

Pangrass, Joseph, 1035.

Perkins, Samuel. 151 note.

Pangrass, Michael, 1035.

Perot, Nicolas, 1036.

Panther, Joseph, 1065.

Perrian Indians. 400.

Paper Money, see Continenta

1 Money.

Perry, William, 585, 608.

Papers Continental Congress

409.

Pertin, Captain. 582.

Parault, Peter, 1065.

Peters, John, 580, 848.

Parisiewne, Baptist, 1065.

Petersburg:, 702, 1122.

Parker, Ann, 941.

Petit Fork river, 292, 569.

Parker, Colonel, 1006.

Petite Riviere (Wabash), 228.

Parker, Edward, 842.

Pettice, Antoine, 1054.

Parker, Nat, 1119.

Pettit's, 581.

Parkinson, James, 585, 608, 1057.

Pevante, Michael. 736.

Parraderushi, see Prairie du Ii

ocher.

Phelphs, Josiah, 848.

Parsons, Samuel H., 791, 792.

Phelps, Thomas, 1051, 1055.

Parton, James, 10.

Philadelphia, 366, 576, 625, 642. 695.

Partem, James, Life of Thomas Jeffer-

711, 712, 999.

son, 919.

Philips, Henry, 1065

Patten, James, 145, 146, 151 note, 848.

Phillibert, — -, 739.

Patten's creek, 146.

Phillips, General,612, 633, 634, 685, 638,

Patterson, John, 1065.

639, 654, (ibS.

INDEX.

1179

Piankeshaw (Peankishaw, Pianka-

Priest, Peter, 848, 967.

shaw, etc.) Indians, 204, 223,

231,

Prisoners, Treatment of during the

246, 368, 400, 420, 440, 445, 451,

538,

Revolution, 625.

547, 551, 939.

Proctor, General, 1006.

Piatt, Donn, 180.

Pruitt, Josiah, 848.

Piekawa, 759.

Puan (Puant) Indians, 205,

246, 422,

Pickens, Samuel, 145, 146, 848, 11

19.

678.

Pickering, Benjamin, 585, 608.

Pulford, John, 848.

Piere, William, 1061.

Puncrass, Francis, 1065.

Piggot, James, 1067.

Puncrass, Joseph, 1065.

Pifcher, , 978.

Purcell, William, 848.

Pillakishaw Indians, 246.

Purviance's mill, 178.

Piner, Jesse, 848.

Pyatt, Jacob, 1052.

Piqua, 682, 683, 684, 693.

Pirtle, Henrv, 410, 913.

Quebec", 172, 175, 184, 225,

477, 559,

Pittman, Buckner, 842, 937, 1118.

564.

Pittsburg, 75, 78, 106, 122, 123, 128

143,

Quebec, Bishop of, 187, 188.

164, 170,260,371,400,402,429,

463,

Querez, Pierre, 743.

470, 510, 512, 542, 554, 580, 718,

722

Quick (Quirk), Captain Thomas, 373,

731, 1003, 1031.

374, 698, 933, 1119.

Pittsburg Gazette, 933.

Quimette, I. B.,586.

Point Pleasant, battle of, 64, 138,

253,

Quiquaboe Indians, 219.

692, 959.

Quirk, see Quick.

Pollock, , 401, 689.

Pontiac, 490, 506.

Rabey, Cader, 1065.

Pool, Lucy, 830, 831.

Raccoon creek, 955.

Poores, Archer, 1061.

Radford, Harriet Kennerlv,

1018.

Pope, William, 1055, 1118, 1119.

Rainbault, , 607.

Pope, Worden, 891, 895, 963.

Ramsey, James, 848.

Port Fulton. 1122.

Ramsey, Joseph, 1060.

Portsmouth^ 992.

Ramsev, Lieutenant, 374.

Porter, Ebenezer, 1065.

Randall, Robert, 1065.

Portwood, Page, 1061.

Randolph, Captain, 714.

Posey, Thomas, 864.

Randolph, Nathaniel, 79,

960, 961,

Post Vincennes, see Vincennes.

1052.

Potier, Pere, 226.

Randolph, Thomas Jefferson

,54.

Potomac river, 111.

Randolph, Wilson C. N., 54.

Pottawattomi (Pottawatima, Powto

Ranger, J. B., 1061.

wantamie, etc.), Indians, 205,

246,

Rapin, I. B., 5S6.

400, 422, 506, 548, 679.

Rath, Frederick, 1119.

Potter, James, 1065.

Ravenscroft, Thomas, 1060.

Potter, William, 1065.

Rawdon, Lord, 640, 654, 658.

Pone Indians, 400.

Ray, Andrew, 1060.

Powell, Levin, 1051, 1056.

Rav, James, 86.

Powell, Micajah, 1065.

Ray, John W., 133, 863, 864.

Powell's mountain, 582.

Rav, William, 579, 848.

Powell's river, 582.

Raymond, Orlando, 859, 1115

Powell's valley, 582.

Reager, Elizabeth, 151 note.

Powlin, Captain, 581.

Reager, Henry, 151 note.

Prairie du Chien, 678.

Reager, Jacob, 145, 150, 151 note.

Prairie du Rocher (Parra de Rushi),

Reager, Marian, 151 note.

185, 193, 198, 212, 214, 430, 513,

559,

Reager, Sarah, 151 note.

564.

Reaume, , 365 note.

Prather, Henry, 848.

Reaume, Charles, 585.

Prescott, Alexander, 365 note, 585.

Rector, Elias, 964.

Preston, Colonel, 645.

Rector, John, 1061.

Price, Meredith, 135.

Redd, Samuel, 35.

Princeton, Battle of, 1006.

Redstone, 106, 413, 469, 470,

558, 941,

Prichard, William, 842, 1119.

1032.

1 1 So

INDEX.

Red Stone Old Fort (Settlement), 122,

128, 152.
Reed, Governor, 718.
Reed, Luther H., 270.
Reidevel, General, 612.
Renard (Rhenard) Indians, 24(3, 509,

678. See Fox Indians,

Renau, , 277.

Renault, , 198.

Reynolds, John, 912.

Reynolds, John, Pioneer History of

Illinois, 165, 169, 177, 209, 288, 318,

938, 952, 964.
Rhoads, Daniel, 927.
Rhye Cox, 582.
Rice, John, 1061.
Richards, Dick, 1065.
Richards, Lewis, 1061.
Richland creek, 582.
Richmond, Indiana, 987.
Richmond, Virginia, 280, 612, 655, 656,

702, 703, 712, 991, 992.

Riddle, , 673.

Riedsel, General, 612.

Rifle shooting in pioneer days, 375.

Riley, Patrick, 10(i5.

Rittenhouse, David, 160.

Rivanna river, 53, 55.

Riviere a l'Auglais, 229.

Riviere a Boete, 229.

Robert, I., 586.

Roberts, Benjamin, 927, 1060, 1061.

Roberts, Elias, 1065.

Roberts, G. C., 895.

Roberts, John, 1060.

Roberts, Joseph, 1065.

Roberts, William, 1060.

Robertson, Donald, 56.

Robertson, Lieut. James, 372, 841.

Robertson, John, 1061.

Robinson, Donald, 35.

Robinson, Richard, 1065.

Rochblave, Philip, 169, 171, 172, 175,

176, 177, 194, 221, 224, 225, 227, 243,

252, 257, 420, 477, 489, 559, 560, 564,

651, 654.
Rockcastle river, 581.
Rockhill, W. W., 1029.
Rock island, 867.
Rock river, 209.

Rodgers, Augustus F., 11, 871 note.
Rodgers, David, 1061.
Rodgers, Joseph, 1065.
Rodgers, Mrs. Serena L., 871.
Rogers, Ann, see Ann Clark.
Rogers, Bvrd, 35.

Rogers, Colonel, 262, 263, 401, 554.
Rogers, Edmund, 828.

Rogers, George, 35, 280, 683.

Rogers, Giles, 35.

Rogers, Giles, Jr., 35.

Rogers, John, 243, 262, 280, 404, 436,
520, 546, 568, 576, 607, 608, 609, 669,
683, 840.

Rogers, John, 31.

Rogers, John, 33.

Rogers, John, 35, 1118.

Rogers, Joseph, 79, 683.

Rogers, Lucy, 35.

Rogers, Mary, 35.

Rogers, Mildred, 35.

Rogers, Rachel, 35.

Rolins, Anthony, 1051.

Rood, Jesse, 1050.

Roosevelt, Theodore, The "Winning of
the West, 176, 800, 914.

Rose, , 148.

Ross, James, 1061.

Ross, John, 1061.

Ross, Joseph, 848, 1119.

Rousseau, Lovel H., 903 note.

Rowan, John, 891.

Rowland, Kate M., Life of George
Mason, 100.

Roy, Julien, 1061_.

Royal Spring, 947.

Rozier, , History of the Missis-
sippi Yallev, 284.

Rubey, William, 842, S4S.

Rubideau, James, 1065.

Rubido, Francis, 1061.

Rudido, James, 1065.

Ruddell, , 673.

Ruddell, Elizabeth, 143.

Ruddell, Isaac, 111, 112, 121, 142, S40.

Ruddelbs Station, 142. 6S0.

Ruddle, Cornelius, 848.

Rue, Richard, 985.

Ruland, Israel, 740.

Rulison, William, 848.

Running Fly, The. 367, 577.

Ruschan, Francis, 1065.

Russel, Benjamin, 1065.

Russell, . 253.

Russell's creek, 830.

Rutherford, Larkin, 1065.

Ryan, Andrew, 1061.

Ryan, Lazerus, 1061.

Sac (Sack) Indians, 205, 246, 400. 422,

678, 679.
Sacqueville, Jean, 318.
Sadavis. Bel, 365 note.
Sadler, William, 365 note, 5S5.
Saguina, 503.
Saguina Indians, 678.

INDEX.

Il8l

St. Andre, Pierre, 586.

St. Clair, Arthur, 188, 189, 393, 394,

1015.
St. Croix, Lieutenant, 443.
St. Francis Xavier Church, Vincennes,

321, 323, 338, 339, 376, 377, 378.
Saint Genevieve, 186, 485, 514.
St. Jean, Mary, 184 note.
St. Joseph, 765.
St. Joseph's river, 553, 554.
Saint Leger, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216.
St. Louis, 187, 192, 267, 268, 277, 289,

477,483, 677, 811.
St. Louis Trail (Trace), 288, 289.
St. Marv, Baptiste, 1066.

St. Michaels, , 1066.

St. Philipps (St. Phillipe), 186, 193,

198, 559, 564, 565.
St. Pierre, I. B., -586.
St. Vincents, see Vincennes.
Salem, 288, 289.
Saline river, 292, 569.
Salt river, 693.
Sample, Samuel, 932.
Sanders, see Saunders.
Sanders, Mrs., 581.
Sandusky Indians, 694.
Sandusky, Jacob, 79, 959.
Sandy island, 970.
Sargent, Winthrop, 189 note, 740, 742.

772.
Sartine, John, 848.
Sartine, Page, 848.
Sassafras Bottom, 726.
Saunders (Sanders), John, 165, 167,

168, 415, 475, 848, 923.
Saunders, Joseph, 1060, 1117.
Sauk Indians, 509.
Savage, Bryan, 1065.
Savage, Dominick, 1065.
Savannah, 992, 1006.
Sawyer's, 582.
Sayge Indians, 205, 422.

Scaggs, , 581.

Scales, David, 1065.

Scharf, , St. Louis, 198, 921.

Schieffelin (Shiflin), Lieutenant Jacob,

576, 333, 585, 607, 651, 1057, 1058.
Schmitt, Rev. Edm. J. P., 13, 184,

189.
Scioto river, 63, 260, 726, 966, 1030,

1033.
Scoggin, Jonas, 1118.
Scott, Charles, 947, 966, 993.
Scott, William, 365 note, 586.
Searay, John, 1065.
Searcy, John, 1065.
Seare, William, 1065.
Sebastian, Benjamin. 49, 1118, 1119.

Sellersburg, 1122.
Sennilt, Richard, 1065.
Severage, John, 1065.
Severns, Ebenezer, 849, 960.
Severns, John, 849, 960, 985, 1065,

1119.
Seybold, Robert, 1067.
Shackleford, Samuel, 1117.
Shadwell, 54, 55.
Shanklin, Robert, 960.

Shannon, , 715.

Shannon, Miss, 270.

Shannon, Captain Samuel, 722, 724,

726, 729, 789.
Shannon, Captain W., 325, 531.
Shannon, William, 1050, 1052, 1065.
Shank, Jacob, 1065.
Shank, John, 1065.
Sharlock, James, 1065.
Shaw, Joseph, 1119.
Shawanee Spring, 579.
Shawnee (Shawanoe, Sawanav, etc.),

Indians, 228, 241, 246, 259, 261, 400,

452, 457, 553, 554, 759, 791, 799.
Shawnee (Shawna) Towns, 450, 727,

816.
She, Edward, 365 note.
Shea, , History of the Catholic

Church in America, 188.
Shelby, Captain Isaac, 549, 581, 821,

822.
Shelby, Captain James, 373, 840.
Shelby, Edward, 365 note, 586.
Shelbyville, 750.
Shelly, Edward, 586.
Shepard (Sheppard), George, 849,

1119.
Shepard (Sheppard), Peter, 849, 1119.
Shepardstown, 711.
Sherlock, James, 1065, 1117.
Sherman, John, 921.
Shoemaker, Leonard, 1065.
Ship, William, 1065.
Shores, Thos., 579.
Shryer, John D., 859, 1116.
Siburn, Christopher, 1065.
Sigonier, Francis, 1065.
Sills, Samuel, 1061.
Silver creek, 828, 832, 861.
Simmons, J. M., 1050.
Simpson, Thomas, 849, 1035.
Simpsonville, 751.
Sinclair, British lieutenant-governor,

677, 679.
Sinclair, John, 145, 150, 151 note.
Sioux (Scioux) Indians, 679.
Sitzer (Setzer), John, 145, 146, 849,

1034.
Sitzer (Setzer), Michael, 849, 1034.

I I 82

INDEX.

Skaggs, H., 945, 946.

Stephenson, Samuel, 849.

Skaggs's creek, 581, 954.

Stephenson, Stephen, 1119.

Skinnor (Skinner), Alex., 925, 1119.

Sterling, Lord, 993.

Slack, William, 849, 1034.

Steuben, Baron, 703, 709, 713.

Slaughter, Colonel George, 691, 692,

Steubenville, 60, see Mingo Town.

753, 781, 1060, 1065, 1119.

Stevens, Benjamin, F., 660.

Slaughter, James, 1060.

Stevens, Shep., 849.

Slaughter, John, 1061.

Stevenson, Benjamin C, 942.

Slaughter, Joseph, 1060.

Steward's Crossing, 65.

Slaughter, Ensign (Lieutenant) Law-

Stewart, British Indian agent, 241.

rence, 373, 841, 1119.

Stewart, Sandy, 146.

Slaughter, Major, 258, 259, 750.

Stobail, Thomas, 1066.

Slaughter, Mary, 693.

Stocklev, Thomas, 722.

Slaughter, Robert, 692.

Stone Fort Mound Builders, 1122.

Slaughter, Theo., 946.

Stoner, , 580.

Slaughter, Thomas, 1119.

Stoner's creek, 960.

Smallwood, General, 702.

Stout, Elihu, 322.

Smith, Captain, 413, 414, 581.

Strasburg, 979.

Smith, Charles, 962.

Stratton, Sigismund, 960.

Smith, Mrs. C. M., 951.

Strode, Sam, 842, 1119.

Smith, David, 1065.

Stroud, Samuel, 1034.

Smith, George, 849.

Stuart, , 222.

Smith, Henry, 1055.

Stuart, JohnT., 951.

Smith, John, 710, 962, 1055.

Stuart, Robert, 951.

Smith, Joseph, 36 note, 1065.

Sturgus, Minor, 891.

Smith, Josiah, 1061.

Sturgus, Peter, 1055.

Smith, Randal, 1065.

Sugar Camp, 303, 304, 315, 325, 524,

Smith, William (B.), 106, 127, 128,469,

525, 531.

471, 472, 849, 1119.

Sullivan, General, 450, 647.

Smith's islands, 658.

Sullivan, George Rogers Clark, 870.

Smithers, John, 1065.

Sutherland, John, 585, 608.

Smock, Henry, 1065.

Swan, John, 841.

Smothers, John, 1065.

Swan, William, 145, 146, 149, 849, 1041.

Snellock, Thomas, 1065.

Swearingen, Van. 849.

Snow, George, 849.

Sworden, Jonathan, 849.

Society of the Cincinnati, 283.

Sodowsky, Jacob, 79.

Talley, John, 849.

Sotaio Indians, 503.

Tamarois Mission, 185.

Southall, J. V., 13, 36, 53, 54, 55.

Tandy, William, 37.

Sowers, Frederick, 1066.

Tannehill, Ensign, 712. 717.

Spanish Ozark, 401.

Tansuav, Repertoire, 184 note.

Sparks, Jared, writings of Washing-

Tardiva'n, Bartho., 1117, 1118, 1119.

ton, 635, 641, 642, 647, 656, 707.

Tarsaeon, Bartho., 1117. 11 IS. 1119.

Sparta, 288, 289.

laMiieie.m, , ni^iui x uu ~emi-

Spear, Jacob, 849, 1034, 1035.

naire de Quebec, 184 note.

Speeds, Mayor, 135.

Tauwav Indians. 205, 422.

Speers, Jacob, 1034, 1035.

Tavlor', Abraham. 849.

Spencer, John, 1066.

Taylor, Benjamin, 1066.

Spilman, Francis, 849.

Tavlor, Cap'n E., 07.

Spilman, James, 849, 1119.

Tavlor, Edmund, 962.

Spittle (Spittal), George, 585, 608.

Tavlor. Edward, 1066.

Spottsylvania, 788.

Tavlor, Captain Isaac, 374. 840. 1119.

Spriggs, Joseph, 1118.

Tavlor, Jack. 957.

Springfield, 209, 951.

Tavlor, James. 1066.

Springville, 1122.

Tavlor. Richard, 857. 1080.

Stagner, Barnev, Sr., 580.

Tavlor. Thomas, 1066.

Staunton, 111, 932.

Tavlor. William, 586, 60S. 849. 1058.

Steel, David, 828.

Tavlor. Zachaty, 857.

Stephenson, John, 1061.

Teall, Levi, 849, 937.

INDEX.

I l83

Teliaferro, Richard C, 1066.

Temple, Benjamin, 1123.

Temple, Eleanor, 1123.

Temple, Eleanor E., 903.

Ten Mile, 123.

Ten Mile creek, 61.

Tennessee river, 164, 167, 261, 415, 474,
894, 956.

Terrell, Richard, 832, 857 note, 1081,
1117, 1118, 1119.

Tewell, Ann, 151 note.

Tewell, Jessie, 151 note.

Tewell, John, 151 note, see Tuel.

Tewell, Mary, 151 note.

Tewell, "Winnie, 151 note.

Thomas, Edward, 1066.

Thomas, Henry, 383, 1118, 1119.

Thomas, , Travels in the West,

302.

Thompson, Captain, 727.

Thompson, Charles, 772.

Thompson, James, 1066.

Thompson, Moses, 961.

Thompson, "William, 849, 1118.

Thorinigton, Joseph, 1066.

Thornton, Joseph, 849.

Three Islands, 726.

Thruston, R. C. Ballard, 11, 44, 45, 977.

Thruston, Alfred, 964.

Thruston, Algernon Sidney, 964.

Thruston, Charles Mija, 1055.

Thruston, Charles Mvnn, Sr., 961, 962.

Thruston, Charles Mvnn, 48, 49, 962,
1010, 1124.

Thruston, Buckner, 961.

Thruston, Catherine, 964.

Thruston, Charles "William, 1010.

Thruston, Elizabeth Taylor, 963.

Thruston, Fanny Badefla, 964.

Thruston, George Mynn, 964.

Thruston, John, 841, 961, 964.

Thruston, Lucius Falkland, 964.

Thruston, Marv Buckner, 963.

Thruston, Sarah, 964.

Thruston, Thomas Whiting, 964.

Tigard, Daniel, 1119.

Tifiis, Griffin, 1066.

Tippecanoe, battle of, 1010.

Tipton, Abraham, 1066.

Tobacco's Son, 204,223,308,326,451,
490, 528,532,547, 551.

Todd, Captain, 580.

Todd, David, 949.

Todd, Eliza, 949.

Todd Hannah, 951.

Todd, J., 946.

Todd, Rev. John, 253.

Todd, John, county lieutenant, com-
mand of defeated by Indians, 78,

4H4 ; displeased with Capt. Mont-
gomery, 138; appointed county lieu-
tenant of Illinois, 249; instructions
to, 249; biographical sketch, 252;
mention of, 255, 258 ; complained of
Capt. McCarty, 278; appointment
by, 356; Clark pleased by appoint-
ment of, 401, 449; elected a burgess,
580 ; letter of Clark to, 668 ; letter of to
Gov. Jefferson, 671 ; letter to regard-
ing La Balme, 695; troubles in Illi-
nois during absence of, 735, 736 ;
order regarding continental monev,
738, 745; land grants, 741, 743, 744;
opposed building of Fort Nelson,
756; killed. 758.

Todd, John, Jr., 949, 951.

Todd, Levi, 253, 841, 951, 985.

Todd, Levi Luther, 949, 950.

Todd. Marv, 949.

Todd, Owen, 951.

Todd, Robert, 81, 82, 83, 253, 373, 579,
780, 840, 947, 1068, 1118.

Todd, Robert N., 950.

Todd, Robert S., 951.

Todd, Thomas, 816.

Todd, Thomas J., 949, 950.

Toley, Daniel.

Tompert, Mayor, 135.

Towles, Colonel (lieutenant), 652,654,
655.

Towow Indians, 246.

Transylvania, 70.

Transvlvania companv, 77.

Tranthan, Martin, 1066.

Travis, Robert, 145, 150, 151 note.

Travlar, Henrv, 1035.

Treat, Beverlv, 842.

Trigg, General. 964.

Triplett, Pettis, 1066.

Tripolet, Simon, 1055.

Trotter, F., 1054.

Trough Spring, 994.

Tuel, John, 145, see Tewell.

Turnbull, , 982.

Turpen, Richard, 1066.

Turpie, David, 920.

Tuttle, Nicholas, 1066.

Two Islands, 726.

Tvgert, Daniel, 849.

Tvler, Henrv, 998.

Tjder, Henrv S., 998.

Tyler, "William, 849.

Underhill, James, 1066.
Underwood, Joseph Rogers, 35, 683.
Union Prairie, 302.
ITpper Blue Lick creek, 80.
Utica, 366, 1122.

1 184

INDEX.

Valade, I. B., 586.

Vallaite, Jean Batiste, 740.

Valley turnpike, 115.

Vance, Hanley (Handle), 849.

Vance, Thomas H., 1035.

Vanceburg, 967.

Vanineter, Isaac, 849, 967.

Vanmeter, Jacob, 841.

Vanmeter Ferry, 945.

Vaucheres, , 738.

Vauchers, Jean, 1047.

Vaughan, Jchn, 842, 1119.

Veale, Peter, 1066.

Veasey (Vesey), Ruben, 585, 608.

Venshioner, George, 849.

Vermillion river, 803.

Viaux, Louis, 586.

Vick, Henry W., 1123.

Vick, Sarah, 1123.

Vickroy, Thomas, 1051.

Vigo, Francis, 260, 262, 267, 275, 276,
277, 396, 436, 568.

Villard, Isaac, 1066.

Villiers, Francis, 1061.

Vincennes (St. Vincents, St. Vin-
cennes), British post, 82; plan of
Clark for expedition against, 82, 87,
467 ; plan laid before Governor
Henry, 88, 468; approved and ap-
propriation made, 92, 468 ; name
changed, 111; departure of expedi-
tion, 158, 473 ; post of considerable
strength, 163, 473 ; spy sent to, 177 ;
Father Gibault sent to, 187 ; his of-
fer to win allegiance of, 192, 419;
population French, 199 ; Gibault se-
cures allegiance to America, 200, 201 ,
419,487,488; Captain Helm placed
in command at, 203, 420, 490 ; situa-
tion at, 203,428; lack of news from,
211; in possession of British, 211;
Captain Bowman buried at, 214 ;
British retreat to, 214 ; condition of
post, 218; news of Clark's approach
to, 224; British hope to capture,
227 ; scouts from captured, 229, 231 ;
British emissary sent to, 231 ; ap-
proach of British, 232; capture by,
234, 429; size of British force, 235,
518 ; oath of allegiance taken by in-
habitants, 239; fort repaired, 240;
meeting proposed by Hamilton at.
241 ; capture long unknown to Clark,
241; information from, 246; inten-
tion of Clark to retake, 260, 436,
519; condition of British force at,
261, 518 ; attractions of, 268 ; friend-
ship of inhabitants for Clark, 275;
date of capture by British, 275, 429;

purpose of Vigo's visit to, 276; val-
uable information secured by, 277,
436, 518, 568 ; size of Clark's expedi-
tion against, 284 ; departure of expe-
dition, 287, 437, 568; distance from
Kaskaskia, 288, 437; intercommu-
nication with, 289; Clark's march
to, 292, 437, 569 ; approach to, 302,
307; 571; Clark's letter to inhabit-
ants, 309, 439, 572 ; attack, 310, 439,
572 ; topography about, 312, 315 ; di-
agram of streets near fort, 323 ;
Clark's force in town, 324; inhabit-
ants furnish him ammunition, 326;
progress of siege, 327, 573 ; Indians
killed before fort, 342, 574 ; capitu-
lation of Hamilton, 347, 574; evacu-
ation of fort, 349, 575 ; dates of
events in siege, 353 ; excitement in
town, 357 ; officers appointed for
town and fort, 366, 577 ; prisoners
taken to Kaskaskia, 367, 576 ; a
point to be guarded, 372; death of
Major Bowman at, 374; buried at,
376; old burial grounds, 377; com-
pany raised for garrison at, 672 ;
British plan against, 678; LaBalme
raised men at, 694 ; fort necessary,
699; garrison necessary, 701; dis-
satisfaction, 737, 795, 798, 799; fraud
in land claims, 740 ; depreciation of
currency, 745 ; troubles of garrison,
747; condition of affairs, 797: hos-
tility at, 804; garrison established
by Clark, 805; goods impressed and
trouble resulting, 807: court of in-
quiry demanded by Clark, 813; re-
port of investigating committee. 814.
See Opost.

Vincennes Historical and Antiquarian
Society, 567.

Vinette, Nicholas. 586.

Virginia, relations to Transylvania and
the Kentucky country, 70 ; Kentucky
settlers send delegates to, 71 ; execu-
tive council of sends powder to Ken-
tucky, 75 ; recognition of Kentucky
as part of, 75; is entitled to credit
for Clark's campaign. 124: reimburse-
ment by federal government for ex-
penses of campaign, 126; cession of
country X. W. of Ohio to federal
government. 126, 779; importance of
capture of Illinois posts to, 245; reso-
lutions of legislature praising Clark,
248; legislation respecting Illinois
country. 24S : neglect of western
troops, 780; relieved Clark of com-
mand, 783.

INDEX.

1 185

Virginia State Papers, 124,

625,

632,

West Augusta, 395, 413, 1031

671, 696, 704, 709, 711, 712,

715,

716,

West, Charles, 1055.

717, 722, 733, 748, 750, 753,

756,

757,

West, John, 1066.

758, 780, 781, 782, 784, 811,

813.

Western Courier, 888.

Volets, Les, 229.

Western Sun, 791, 995.

Vonshiner, Thomas, 1066.

Westham, 702.

Voorhees, Daniel W., 272, 920.

Westover, 702.

West Point, Ky., 977.

Wabash, , 960.

West Point, N. Y., 634, 641.

"Wabasha, 678.

Wethers. Benjamin, 1066.

Wadde, David, 1067.

Wharton. William F., 770.

Waddengton, John, 1066.

Wheat, Jacob, 1066.

Waggoner, Peter, 1066.

Wheel, Jacob, 1066.

Walen, Barney, 850.

Wheeler, John, 1066.

Walker, John^ 842, 1061.

Wheeling, 62, 64, 123, 128, 470,

714

717,

Walker, Thomas, 849.

718, 722, 723, 725, 732, 1031

1032.

Walker's Mill, 178.

Wheeling creek, 62, 260.

Wall, John, 585, 608.

Whitacre, David, 1066.

Wallabout Bay, 613.

White, Charles, 82, 464, 579.

Wallace, Caleb, 1059.

White Indians, 970.

Wallace, David, 1066.

White, Layton, 850.

Wallace, Judge, 801.

White, Randall, 850, 1119.

Wallace, Mrs. William S., 951.

White, Randolph, 1061.

Walls, Major, 781.

White river, 280, 365, 438, 520,

533,

551.

Walnut Hill, 288.

White, William, 1066.

Walters, Barnabay, 1034.

Whitecotton, James, 850, 967

1119.

Walters, Lewis, 1066.

Whitehead, Robert, 850, 1119

Walz, George, 1066.

Whitehead, William, 850, 1119.

Ward, Lewis, 1066.

Whiting, Elizabeth Thruston

, 963

Ward, Thomas, 1066.

Whitley, , 581.

Warren's, 583.

Whitley, William, 850, 952, 1119.

Warren's island, 571.

Whitley's Station, 954.

Warrior's island, 303, 307, 311

,315

324,

Whitte'n, Daniel, 1066.

385, 527, 530, 571.

Wickliffe, Robert, 253.

AVarsaw, 693.

Wickoff, William, 1119.

Washington, George, 59, 581,

632,

634,

Wiggin's Point, 971.

637, 638, 639, 642, 653, 655,

656,

704,

Wilkinson, William, 1066.

713, 716, 730, 740, 867, 963 note,

993.

William, Jarred, 1119.

Washington, Warner, 963.

Williams, Daniel, 850.

Washington, 178.

Williams, David, 960.

Waters, Richard Jones, 1117,

1118,

Williams, Ensign, 373.

1119.

Williams, George, 1066.

Watkins, Captain Charles G.

,581

582.

Williams, James, 736.

Watkins, Samuel, 365 note,

585,

850,

Williams, Jarrott, 841.

1118, 1119.

Williams, John, 202. 279, 298,

349,

373,

Watson, 1122.

374, 386, 398, 541, 546, 571,

575,

576,

Wayne, Anthony, 822, 947.

607, 608. 690, 840.

Wavne campaign, 144 note, 180.

Williams, John, 842.

Wea Towns, 204, 370, 512, 549

, 552, 675,

Williams, Zachariah, 1066.

see Ouiatanon.

Williams & Co., Thomas, 274

Weaugh, The, 510, 511, 554.

Williamsburg, 72, 75, 87, 94,

106,

160,

Webb, George H., 895.

172, 175, 243, 280, 383, 441,

459,

461,

Weedon, Colonel, 1003.

463, 468, 575, 576, 583, 609,

615,

618,

Weight, William, 1066.

619, 651, 656, 991.

Welch, Dominique, 850,

Willing (Willings), Captain

James,

Welch Indians, 510.

298, 366, 399, 570, 576, 638,

649,

650.

Wells, Samuel, 751.

Willing, The, 280. 349. 354, 367

, 391,4c

Wells, William, 144.

568, 575, 577.

Wemate, J. B., 1066.

Wilson, Benjamin, 830.

nS6

INDEX.

Wilson, Edward, 850.

Wilson, Elizabeth, see Elizabeth Clark.

Wilson, General, 658.

Wilson, Hugh, 579.

Wilson, John, 1061.

Wilson, Lieutenant Thomas 373, 841.

Wilston, 759.

Wilton, Daniel, 1065, 1066.

Winchester, 68, 111, 654, 656, 712, 932,

962.
Winnipigoe Indians, 679.
Winsor, Christopher, 1066.
Winston, R., 478.
Winston, Richard, 695, 735.
Witherspoon, Dr., 949.
Witt, Robert, 850.
Wood, Charles, 1066.
Wood, James, 850.
Woodstock, 63, 991, 992.
Woolfolk, George, 895, 1124.
Workman, Conrad, 1061.
Worthington, Charles, 151 note.
Worthington, Edward, 81, 82, 83, 145,

146, 151, 262, 279, 298, 349, 367, 373,

374, 386, 437, 571, 575, 577, 579, 698,

840.

Worthington, Elizabeth, 151 note.
Worthington, Marv, 151 note.
Worthington, William, 279, 437.
Worthington's Fort, 151.
Wrav, Thomas, 1066.
Wright, William, 1066.
WTvandot Indians, 259, 791.
Wythe, George, 89, 90, 91, 99, 102.

Xenia, 942.

Yahogania C. H., 715.

Yates, Isaac, 85X>, 967.

York, 111, 652, 657.

Young, Andrew, 365 note, 586.

Young, John, 1061.

Young, Thomas, 1066.

Zackledge, William, 850.
Zane, Isaac, 963.
Zickledge, William, 1119.
Zimmerman, Frederick, 1066.
Zockledge, William, 850.

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