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CONSTITUTION 

UNITED  STATES  OP  AMERICA, 
THE  DECUEATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE; 

THE     ARTICLES     OP     OOHEEDEK  ATION  J 

GEORGE   WASHINGTON; 
PRESIDENTS  AND  YICE-PEESIBENTS; 

FHE    HIGH    AUTHORITIES    AND    CIVJl    OFBICEES    OF    GOVERNMENT, 


€l)rciiolo9kfll  Kavrntioe  of  tlje  Scternl  States ; 

AND  OTUEIl  JKTEHKSTING   MATTER; 


STATE  PAPERS,   PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS, 


POLITICAL  AND  STATISTICAL  IKFOEMATION 


W.    HICKEY. 


PHILADELPHIA: 


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THE     PEOPLE, 

THE    CONGRESS, 

THE    PRESIDENT, 

iuf rpint  Court  ot  \\t  ffntttti  ItaiM, 

THIS  SIXTH  EDITION  OP  THE  CONSTTCnTION 
W.  niOKET, 


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nnchaiigeabls  n 

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more  jusiiGed  U 


I  Conslitntion  ana  Ihe  Union,  si 


{lb.  DaUaa  in  d^ma  <^  Ih, 


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TuE  provision  imder  whicli  tbib  booil  ki' 

rsEB  an  FoBTAHB,  hj  peisons  hBTing  the  privilege  of  franking  pub- 
lic [iocuraentSi  is  contained  in"  A  act  to  estai^i  certain  poiU'outes, 
and  for  otimr  purposes;'  approved  3d  March,  1 847,  in  the  fbilowing 
words : — 

"Such  publications  cr  books  aa  have  been  or  may  be  pub- 
lished, procured,  or  purchased  by  order  of  either  House 
of  Congress,  or  a  joint  resolution  of  the  two  Houses,  shall 
be  considered  aa  public  documents,  and  entitled  to  be 
franked  as  such." 


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■Jn,  ■^enafy  of  i4e  ^c&ntiied  iSn^^. 
Resolved,  ?f(uii  t£*  i«>i*ta:nj.  £»  5U*obeS  to  |i^g-™,'i*  fob 

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WMt  6*  |MiA*fMi46()  Qt  n.  jiAwe  |i*t  col"}'  imt  eaaieeJuin.  tliot  jvoid 
fot,  Uiv  tli.oiuio.ii5  Eolvlei  oS.iiw.3  to  be-  [iitVefuueS  bij.  oi  teMtution. 
of  tU  3'«L«ie,  a^ol^teS  «u  tU  l^lj;  ^  of  9^t&U.«4Lj,,  lUl, 

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EESOLUTIONS. 


kEJtiw,.  Q4(!&Kttn^V  WoUcmo^,  of  ?^u4l*,  to  &c  JlitvltateS  &ij. 
&<JH.  (A  (Jvojuce,  nccoWmit  to  hil    aiiitaiv  of  iittUiiimt  c«c[HMi.q.ea 

4  UL. 

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imfi*3  to   tfi«    tJetwiolii    &LV    m«    WioUitioiio    of    tJ'ciituarip    'iStft, 

WH1V6  imflvtci,  oE  tlK.  ^©oinUtiititii  00  tnuiK  Wii  Uitlenuiv  oAazn,  to 
ot£*l  iitcm&eu  «f  1^1*  S'e.nOe. 

Di(Wlia<..iJ.,   ffflvtaiik^  23,  ifcO. 

*  Resolved,    STEiit  t^  wcwtoAu,  EciliBrftS  to  [iVd-eu46  fvoni 

Ih*  [vlii[vUel«l.|    &rt,  tE«  iWE  of  tn*  imtiite,  tejv   tli.OH*i«vd   ™|it.c* 

op  oSickoj.  a  ciituMH*  bh*  Mooiu^itiiitoiv,  BHtfi.ttll.aE|i-&aE6t(«ttl(HHl~ 

'i™Vw)\taiit  i>t(Lti>tifitit  motisV  vtliistiotiue.  «|  tfi*  WHVUHi  &p  til* 
QKmtAviOiv  q.[M>&lju>ient  aii.fl  tw*  ieueloli^iiiciit  of  ita  [i.lijicv|iEd4  : 
Provided,  STLt  tfi*«.  £c  [U,wlsft.ei  nt  ifi*  bimii*  [viloe  oa  tJUi^ 
!<wt  (vUrtnticS  fol  tfie  1146  4  ^  o  (iiio.tc. 

iieSO^Jieti,  STtU  e*ofl  4  tfi-i.  i«^i.  m^nie^ts  of  \U  ffc^MoU  L 
feujijiUEO  UHntlv  ttUn  ^om^H  luirtib&L  aiw  de4eti4iJk«ti'  op  tooi^^  v^  ibfXR' 
\tt^*vw}jw    to    ttuMi  4   ^'^  iiemWla    oj.    tli.&    t7o[Mit&    of    tlveH    tWt 


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PREFACE. 


The  Constitution,  aa  tha  fireside  companion  of  the  American 
citizen,  preserves  in  full  fresiiness  and  vigor  the  recollection  of 
the  patriotic  virtues  and  persevering  courage  of  tliose  galknt  spirits 
of  the  Revolution  who  achieved  the  national  independence,  and 
the  intelligence  and  fidelity  of  those  fathers  of  the  republic  who 
seciired,  by  this  noble  charter,  the  fruits  and  the  blessings  of  inde- 
pendence. The  judgment  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  Slates  has 
declared  the  importance  of  famitiariaing  American  citizens,  more 
extensively,  with  this  fundamental  law  of  theii  country,  and  haa 
approved  its  association  with  the  examples  of  p  bl  can  vtrt  e  and 
the  patevnal  advice  of  the  "  Father  of  his  co     t  j      J    n  d  I  e 

kindred  matter,  constituting  the  body  of  this  I      k     To  th      h 
able  body  is  due  the  credit  of  having  provid  d  f     th    (i    t      n  ral 
promulgation  of  the  CoBStitution,  ti  e  conti     ed  d  n    f 

whose  wise  injunctions  and  conservative  p  pi  m  g  1  e 
people,  can  alone  preserve  their  fraternal  u  d    h    p  ec      a 

inheritance  of  freedom. 

That  branch  of  the  government  wl  loh  is  I  ih  d  by  th  C  n  ti 
tution  with  legislative,  executive  and  judi     1  p  nd  tiius 

invested  with  three  separate  authorities  to  pre  erve  protect,  and 
defend  this  venerated  instrument,  his  been  pleased  to  take  the  initi- 
ative in  a  measure  calculated  so  pow  erf  lly  to  support  the  Conati- 
turion,  as  that  ofgioiiig  it,  in  its  simplicity  and  purity,  to  tiie  peo- 
ple, who  possess,  tiiemselves,  the  sovereign  power  to  judge  of  the 
manner  in  which  it  may  be  executed,  to  rebuke  its  infraction,  and 
to  delend  its  integrity,  and  who  therefore  require  every  legiUmato 


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■viii  piiEfAcr;. 

aid  to  enalils  tliem  to  perfoTm  this  vitally  iniporlant  duty  in  justice, 
truth,  and  good  faitii,  for  "  The  Constitution  in  ita  words  is  plain 
and  intelligible,  and  U  I'a  meant  for  tlie  homebred,  uneophiatieated 
understandings  of  outfellow-citizenB,"  "It  is  addressed  to  the  com- 
mon eenae  of  the  people." 

Several  distinguished  authorities  and  individuals  haring,  in  the 
plenitude  of  their  liberality,  honored  the  autJior  and  compiler  with 
their  eentimeula  on  the  subjeot-matter  of  the  worlt,  he  claims  the 
indulgence  of  the  friends  of  tiie  Constitution  in  giving  them  placo 
IQ  this  edition,  heiieving,  that  a  salutary  effect  may  be  produced  by 
n  of  their  special  approbation,  and  the  expie^ion  of  theit 
IS  of  the  importance  of  an  extended  dissemination  of  that 
These  may  impress,  in  terms  more  uneseeptionable, 
the  ohligation  incumbent  on  every  intelligent  citizen  to  make  him- 
self acquainted  with  its  provisions,  restrictions,  and  iimilations, 
and  of  imparting,  so  far  as  the  ability  may  extend,  a  knowledge 
of  this  paramount  law  of  our  country  to  the  minds  of  the  rising 
generation. 

The  length  of  Ijme  required  in  the  ordinary  course  of  business, 
for  obtaining  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  operations  of  govern- 
ment, by  persons  entering  into  public  life,  and  their  embarrassments 
for  the  want  of  a  convenient  mode  of  reference  to  the  various 
sources  of  information,  have  suggested  the  utility  of  preparing,  as  a 
part  of  this  work,  and  as  germain  to  its  design,  a  means  of  collect- 
ing and  rendering  available  to  the  pablio  interest  the  experience 
and  information  acquired  in  this  respect,  in  the  progress  of  time, 
by  attention  to  the  business  of  legislation  in  tlie  public  service. 
The  fire  new  chapters  in  this  edition  may  therefore  be  considered 
an  essay,  to  be  improved  and  extended  hereaifer,  with  a  view,  not 
only  to  add  to  the  intrinsic  matter  proper  to  be  read  and  studied  by 
the  great  body  of  American  cilizenB,  but  to  render  it  peculiarly  a 
vade  mecam  to  the  statesman  and  legislator,  the  ministering  to 
whose  individual  convenience  must,  necessarily,  result  in  facilitat- 
ing the  performance  of  arduous  public  duty,  and  in  prom.oting,  in 
no  inconsideiable  degree,  the  public  ii 


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COMMUNICATIONS. 


iuti.ioli.  iiHjiv  loci*  fcui.c)  etn.ii^X  to  icivd   ni6,  Oi    K*i«6  cttS.Ejiitf*  Meo/- 

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ttc<bt£^l  wv^  ithoiA  ocou'^te  nuuuLoJ.  a«ud  ouiLde  uv  ^ekttMJiiH  to  Uia 

EU4I.  &6  tm  attcjiiujc,  aivS  tM  QfWieUnali.  K*<iAb   too  ieuptfiil,       tk 

btulne'  r^  LtujciuiitO'  bo  1<W&  o&ji4tY4iiAtii>&  iVoiu>t{>  :  babj  on  th«  H>RH>C&f 
lUt  tH«  i>4A^]fi4«  mo^t  Ckp  Or  LbtiU'U'O  cDti^-cde^oted  oov&Uiticfit,  tb 
li^^ubbluaJ.  bWur  op  »ie<kmf'  »Whi'  li'So^  ivok^  freeiii'  to  |vui«&  itft  iiha- 
demn  a*to  ejtKSLeti.cU'  ueu-otvO  oiA|iu4i&  o^  i,umuW,  QfetOj  aJtltou-aJv 
it  Ift  nob  luUi'MUblH  to  k«ci^  it  AcuOj  at  m^rrvent^  ol'  ltei\t  o^d  ^latlII'^ 
't/e^j  Ivitixtj  III  trven  mwotmenb  OA.  o^tiuttiMA^itum'  op  o-u^  pedelaC 
tlto.  oHLq^UHi^  op  btl&  Mfroii^tibutLon.  tt^  di4W^a/Vo^j  oAh  o&* 
kEVuotirfHt  ii*vo  cKlvc^^caiHceH  ot  fnol*  tJvo*!'  tTvi-Vt^i'  ipEo^  at>nouf«e'  nift 
li  bfi*  VEueUc ;  aivd  <S  OFiv  »otiJti.6d  iJutb  its  (mo  ulvoiv  bHe  0lH^ 
■cuEima   1UI.5    th.6    cjiuMflii,    cip    tH*   ooiHii^ip   at  laA,ac  u,  mtattatiUit 


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pi.tii.>&^&  bo  |vVcl^lu^&  tJ]«  L-Hi^JvDAU  la^  w-lii^  it  u>a3  dea^-^i^d — u.ii.khi', 
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come,  tae  toflltJ  »ttt6itit[v  o-E  Ih*  Mnoiutitukjiii.. 

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eaoTOjifea  ot  coflilvrcsaw-ji  tuv3  liteci4i«».  Oka  aenote  o£  tfie 
"LfeuteO  Jtotes,  pM»E.&tij.  iUwifc  Eij-  Us  mtWa,  aium  meiAi  oc^aiL 
smujtJfln.  to  ita  eitlen*iu6  3ia»«muuitiiitb  j  cwiSj  umIm.3,  ib  inuttUl  be- 
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ot  tS«  Liiat  sipiknt  to  lofmsh.  Ifceii  bcioivq.. 

^  oiilj  Jeoi.  Sifc,  ive^i!.  tYttftj-, 


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tfi*  ou™*™')  mvd  tfte  eui^otvce  u-mt  Iwuie  tKA.imti*3  of  ite  Jieipcct 

uAiinKv  iijwHv  tJi*  oo4Wtt««ti,Diii  i>f  tR«  '^>iiatiJiitton-  J    luvd,  uv  lylSc-ii 

Hi*  nveHulUu  oE  tfi*  oon^t,  coiiS  op  tfi*  bttt.  bkum^S  in-  tlw.  ivViiti" 
nieiLt.,  cy  stwff  iu^Kt  Ml*  ^tE-i<W.tafl.  to  lniAcfi,c«.e  tuKiitq-poivV 
DoJLiiea  Cot-  tfi*  sBma-  ^i&Vn^iy. 


Ultra, 


a4«<Lt  iK^i*i 


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COMMUN I C  A  TION  S . 


sti^uluHb,  luiO  umu)  not,  kcLeuUeb,  oae  lUiii'  otli&b.       Olu  i>p  ua  (iA« 

'iOijWin.t  me  to   hvqS*  a  siiftaejilflH,,  oft  is,  tlwit  iiflit  UHHtt* 

(wlS  to  tTve.  e^itHni,  mteiiiiji)  f-o-t  diitutiitioii,  Gii.  tiU  iJEivote,  a  itatf 
nwn.t  ot  tfi*  Cuivco  luh^it  tJi*  TEoii-sti  tuiwuu  umo  ttd-o*ite5  tiv  tfi* 
ataJ>f4j    o^vd    lun^tv   n^tv-  btatc^  PviMve'  l>een'  ctd-tiiil^&O  j    {iw'tiA^cM.tvU'y 

lUwJII/  WHMiUatioita   PlrtJll*.0  frEtffl.6  tu*i*  tiaO  tocji.  cuuj    oUauKtE  IM- 

b«  u&^iit  III  niaiuiH  ^1^011.^10114^  L14I/1I  iWa  ii'oJ^  UcC'ti'  jiuihOc,  »o  po^t  OS 


(^  oniL    ClHl),   i)U    tuui-  (H 


our.  aaij, 


a., 


V   q^Ool     ICfLnrd, 


^«  ^.   <W"a^ 


tum 


7P!J,L>,^t^Su^,  33  ^a=^^oll,  iUl. 


boivbtttulton',  uHttv  cu  uT«Ur'^Liye4ted  aiuiXii4i,4  mvO  ^it«V  mo^ev  ajb- 


comjitEatlotv    n,    ivot   ctHiv  <t  ooivueiKeiit  took,  o-j- 

•  In  compliance  with  this  friendly  anggeilioii  of  Judge  Wayne,  the  nulho 
acrived  much  eniisraetlon  in  devoliiig  u,  it  Ihe  enlire  lOlh  chnpler  oflhiB  edi 


Hosiecb,  Google 


b  1*  hIe.  ijtii-  &t  cuelii-  num.  t*  bolw-  0.  hoAt  ui.  tli*  H.otiiKj«t  motio. 
iwmUs  of-  fcti*  ^}-j  aii.5  tLs  Euofi.  mwiJit  Hi«i.c|ol*  to  lie  Hi-  tfi*  taitSa 

ttte  inaAies,  ;  uv  9reiui4llfiKHmi/j  it  euqjit  to  G*  oi  toixi-Gock.  ub 
CDHl'nioiiH  &e^,<K)l«4  cJ  h«&  e>iHii4vufiV  va  Ive^^tuUuLH  iul^uvouhv  to 
aa,  but  <3)  am  fuMruf  to  wma  nuy  t&itunMi^  ui<  hu»>h.^  o-p  tH« 
iicUb  o-p  fil*  hloiitotioii,, 

''mm*   oG«OlCILt   SttVUCHll, 


of  fioyue  Eo&kaS  tM/iiiiX  tK.6  EltUe  IH-Emne  luwJt  Kflij  Ecav  IvVt  ■ 
Eetn-  iitUiA.i*€3  to  tiivS,  uv  to  oontlnifit  n.  Eo4iiv,  so  miuiui.  uiilvoUa-itt 

^(ni'AtiJx^l.O'ii'   14   iu«U'   d-ev-iaeo,    041.0,   ao    laX  a^  O)    Ikivq  befrtco   itb 
(KsoiiAiKilk,   &eo,»a   li^ooEa  oE  cttt*.  atvO  ifuSL.       tThn    tsudtnt    (liKMt. 

nt£tl^   OAVO  Ui^U^j  UMl^V  j-D^nn   tfl.e'  i^bt  of   tll«  tKHHtj  OA.e'  J^J^tCUHl^t 

l^jftnu  ui«  P^Ht  mou-DnveiLt  bou>M4b  ibb  to^^ruiiioLi.,  la.  'f  7S6. 

&  am  o6uiK.3  to  lj^lu.  firt.  th*  oo|uv  loK^lcli,  fui*  hcfiv  icii 
oivd  »R<J!E,  iKi  ooittt,  Fmue  ticOjiuitit  iioe.  Em.  it. 


Hosiecb,  Google 


'NICATIOSS. 
I'llOM    TilK    IIO.\0RAET.r:    SIDNEY    BRBESIJ, 


ititutloit  at  tfi«  HWii.ibe5  tftoi**,  tutS  (U  niitat  tie  [i/Mjivu'tcS  bo  («. 
[View  nuj  a,l.|vi«,a£  ,.f  tfu6  |vE«,.,  041^  4  tlU  nvetiti.  ff  tlia  .»oi.&.. 
(3  do  ftfljia  it  miit  R<iw6  a.  iietiv  6«t6iMtu-6  deiiuMi'5 — tfwit  wle  ilats 
[WiUitiUea  nnU  liati*iW36  it,  mvd  tkct  ih  oi*8ut(iti,[Mv  nmu-  6e  oo. 
e«t«,.;«  «,;.  E,  tf^  Ulb  of  «,A.  %.i»,„.  i/t  U  *  UveiLtiifc  fa*;, 
tfvot  tHe  ^tuiitliaijHV  uf  ifta  ^vltaS  SPtoUo— AoA  molt  UnM.^1) 

vt^>^M■  op  tJi*  li  ottiots  itiid  ib(j«j  ct  th*  ^JbcimiUiUwi Ikia    iwt   ifdi 

h«.d  u  oeivcVot  clteLiEutimb.  <0  lUlw  it  mO'ii'  be.  mtl^i  Sliced  uito 
ouA-  iEhie-ls,  tcod^cniH*,  othtl  att  mi*  freniiiioAie*  ot  tealivuuq-,  oivo 
aUi^lchO  to-  be  liii'di^'frtiKS-d.  lf°U'i  ^i^j  ^i'^  eJltitf&u  to  qAneot  oY«4t<b 

[o^  Ui«  co^Ch  a^Ld  alnlitii'  4«ti/  [uoi>a  ak^uMLn  lil-  li*e|KtU>t^  \Ma  lil«&«>tt 
eJltioii..       S  fiolv6  uou.  aiiS  Lite  comitiu.  umK  jiAj'fit  Eiv  it. 
"^J'lS,   1*511-  tiuflj-, 


t.,  J,  .f  tt  <&«j>  'S.-ui  4  it*  BtjiU  .f  <fttmil;.  to  <LU, 

lyoii,    fo^    ■■'[■M'   »t'Eiu-  oil's  (rfkW-eotcd  e3-tti<]|i'  ot  ttte  Msotiatitittwui-  o-t 
tfi*    "ifenteo    kjtolt^,   HWJoE-    iwiU/  k™>6  fciiulliv  leiit  to   tfvem,,  CHW 

fo^     ttt*    IHOUtlSlE     »bati»tlO     IHLtolmotUHl'    (HUI/EK60    U    lb ;     OIVO   6^V6. 

ciaf&i-  fo*  tn*  ttiEthUoii*  011.3  ifeliv  li,a*tioii.°iit  11101011*  u)iuoK.  u«ii> 
U«>   ,m.3s   of    ij;,e    CgoiiititLai^l^,    a,t:3    f=i   tf...  »w™tlt>«,  of   !^6 


Hosiecb,  Google 


U>  L«  &&  tti«  nunt  cDYHV^et  ci>|ui'  e^c^Eui^,  atvd-  tli-fiii.  Iku]«  rur  doiil>b  ti 
m-Jv  ■v.cot  W|vc.t,   -#  am,,   3V  ff^, 

OiL^  oE^Vb  ^^„.'b, 


■JiiAlftuui-  of  bfi*  eSltimw    of   tA*  '^wUtva'i™.  of   iJVa  *il&li.ll*5 
ataica,  uv  most  ooiiwftoiv  mlcuEottoiVj  ate  ae/M  oaleleMfu.  li^uitod, 


1   bo   1&6  tv»e  conobitiottGtL   of   th*    [wiAaaVc4.ti.fn>.       Qftiv    editwN 
Ekeiftoie,  Eji^mutv  to  to  isiiA.V*ot[ii-  liutiiafiw,  i*  ct  q^eut  vaZiw. 

^nwA-  oolvuiiis  oiMiCiitiooC  uiJex,  h,oii>ei>6t.,  EoiulitiitcA  bft*  WimI 
iKiiiii^  of  lyou^  b-oo^.  q)  £  stij/^iea  fcuUvfuUii',  tuvi)  &ii'  oil  iui.&La»»ed 
in.iii,cl,  it  «yM  UO'd  it  to  la(K)  th<c  ^oti^tilu^ti'  jvUtctistabii',  ottd  l« 
luid&Uttukd  U  oil  it  !«.  %cfcAAiti^,  iM  bfvE  oivntum  du&3,  eueiiy 
[lAjHi'Lsi.oit  dii'd  (^Lo'iA.^  to  iba  IvUboti^ot  aHJi^LU-oabrfliiJ  uv  w^  cUfoM^a  of 


Hosiecb,  Google 


MCATIOMS. 
SciiJeji.011.   IciMilOi    ill   at'cmt   ooiufclivctloiv   op  fcfi*  iiLi»l'<mii«tit  iiv  th* 

hoMt,  piUsd  to  itotiac  rLo«>  laiqa  a  liAo|wrttniit  o-p  curt,  stnteirnEti. 
a)v)iMul.  iie.-6i.  h  Uiva  i-Mil  tU  '^o.tUl.tuUiJ.v  of  tfl*  ^^i-luS  S'kJw 
uHtfi,  0/  wtifEvt  i.cFe^«i.c6  to  iti  li^aoiae.  Utnaiuin*  oiio  t/xaet  lifo- 
c  .H-Qibs,  but  Uit4ie^,  a«  docomoii  Ivi^acik,  tctiiv  to  eac4ctae.  tlu:i,t 
uiqjuuiitij  Lui.paltiui'iitclu  too  ufteb  [uiue  fil  atvi  ji^oiuei  PuUip  e«&Ue^j 
to  ibLeUk'  bobli'  to  tke  ti  i«  Dp  uAiat  tiveu,  a^  £ji«  nirOnciit,  ooii«td«^ 
.«|,^.i,«U^  <A  l.cf:4*v6-  to  a.  cnlefj;,  |va  f«,t,  fui^  M  tuia&jMi, 
of  tfoit  uLittiiliveiil:,  IHVO  op  tfi*  q.  a  lia  of  1  cuoei  eoAlp  l^Huid  uii 
it,  CO,  1  «;t  patC  to  OTL  t  0.  iUoivq-  aii,0  wtuit  i.Vip  uifUj,cui06  iilLOit  Hieh- 

Q)t  LOj    ^CHJ>C4>el'j    lijIDI.    tr£«    mMI/U   Op    tjoe   ^tl  C^CIbt    a4u1    tlLe  ^l^tLA 

q^iLC  (UeoiI'  op  OA^  Co  t  ilLU'  iJle  t  0/    a'i't''UrUiuJ''e'  tli&  u>-dfLi|  ox^ucleO 

.«f J    4U,«.  .f  ]«J  UL     JTf  .1  i,lt  6.,  „  <H  tf.  * 

ma  u  itLt  Q^LK.eO  ab  o/  ala^i  i>  oEt  Liu  ou^  aotloDtaj  it  aaiuinob  Ui^J' 
MKHl.  to  kVoilWE  u/ iitoVa  WnivS  oivil  oo^i  tct  iHi,5  mif-tni.  uhSbU 
^,1  ,^  4  tfL^<^§o.^.tat,o«,  a*  J>  «,  tf™.  U  UlbOo  ].te«aXa 

oTt  (u.^  Eoii^  tc™,  a  fouoW*  mJv  of  m.i*,  *o  to  tf.  a  atutc,  tfiot 
otU    [1.1.M1.0   Fojoo  op   iui.Hwl.ioE   wtteifljat  inaip  l6,  tip  OiH/  ^ijeoijlu,. 

t4.lc,    d-Lbb  4b-l.tC'0    to    011.^    O0lll'l»0ll'   >   ElO^^    L4V   «    UAfll   to   t>&  mnEutfi  Of 

aUx^rr  b-HjEt  UV  tlv&  »^i^>.&  □^oD'ti.ocg  Ai.rioU(^f  tTutt  tFte  cu4A«itb  EeiuA- 
XnJUoAi,  of.  tll^  atatfr  ma;v   <>&  cohcIiI'  a4ud  tliOl^  T^  J'  ^^*^^^^  ^t' 

A...  ,X  .^  b  t.  tl,.  ^to .  ,\  Ik,  .tai. 

™poii,t  Eoofc  itq-q-CJli)  tk«  uSiitioiv  op  Hi«  Tpotutititttoiv  op  tUe 
^ftatu,  i4Htfb  a.  fiiCf  uiJe-ij  wX  c»  tfuit  iMu.  fww  &  |vW|i«4<J  foi.  tfi« 
cJcilaUiE  ^oiwtUiJ^ioit,  a*  a  Ev&ojiiHvcui  uEdW  tocft.  to  [lAcuedt  tfi* 
itu^il  oC  <£^  oiiAAeiiit  Uiiua ,  luvO,  if  u-oii^  ^initiivUiHt  ati  th« 
liwiv.  fp  *■(  0  Ki-if^o  (p  (t  aciLc  jiE  cko.  nctct,  un3  t  hlbWjiE  KiiOUo 
itO'i.fit   M..li)    te    ooiuueetiJ)  UH.lli  &    w,  i  J6  tf     USj.,  J  So  H-ob 


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f5 

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4,' 

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At 
( 

cat 

4^ 

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4  if.. 

iitrt    n.  to    be.*         [  1 

fu»».  U  I  Pt    f 

(V  ^     teili  uW  J-        th««Mcl 
tvftv        Mmf       cT    iHuucLl 

j    J  "*  4  c     1  &^ 

Ktal  ouoo'vfttii'    W*      Vj*      a         lAi    t        I        oaw 

til*  to  oimo^  iiHilv  tTi*  ociiu^voa  o)  do  of  til*  lufvow-  HH-iS-.  tJ  ll* 
nKirttcnV  ivDU^  i«u>e  ciHvu^cteO  loitli'  tli*  JTublJ^caU^n'  i>|'  tii*  HitfliX^titiif- 
tlotiH  14  |i&U44VCJi^j  Q41.J  Mii^  Ob  tlif  ii'Mtki^  j^\tdeii.t&p  t4v&  ULbtUun^i/t 
i>ii4'^  to  &&  riLO'de'  paiTVLUnAH  w-kUt^  iwwJ*  tiie  le^o;^  frp  uHfliuni-  wcni» 

UU/lHi,  tTi^  ielLGlitloib  of  flUI'  tfi^iuXi  Urb  t^  eoHu-  of  thij>  u>it^, 
ttUfllVE-  ni.6,  Weill.  \ci|vMtEviJlii,   WW    tlMll.,   IUKl4a, 

PROM  TfiE  II0.MOHABr,E  JOHN  MACFIIBRSON  BKUEIBN,  SENATOlt 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

(t*  ewtntti'teo  l^&  ogIuv  op  *'  ti  h*  ^(Hv&tmitLoii'  lutii^i/  lioii; 
HHit  to  ma  an,  ita  Eivit  lui£fLEojioii(,  ttii.3  tfieii.  e»]i46iae3  to  ij-Hir  tfi* 
£itiM>lii&(!o  ojiitiiiTO  lufiififi/  Q)  eiitE.ttti,UM,3  of  tA-e-  lu-t/ih-,  Ewnv  iia  iHJot. 
iteM,  Ua  coDCLiAidvi].,  oii^  Lt»,o«nUvtmeiK'U>e>iGM.  M-  tfve  uii|LoUaji«« 
of  iU  ^wtii^utloiv  (ortujn*  oft  oEciftata  of  ourt.  oitiacji*,  o)  thJiX  hio 
o<ic  Giub  iW^t.  iSb  u,  1^  UutOanvetLtat  Una-,  WMt/  inni^sn-  eoiU^toU 
ojl  otJleW — tft«  oCj/iiM,  op  oiti,  EiG*ll*rl,  mfutfe.  etwUv  (uteECrt'  IhUj 


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COMMlTSICATiOKS. 


cv^BOt  tflDelmtUo  j  it  iixatM  aioMe  fi-uiv  to  tEOtLse.  ntoi*  eot5i.o,l[vj. 
tM  utU(iicEt&  4«to{MHb  III'  lU'WO'  tte  frtottils  to  euctui  otfbe4<  cUiscii.; 
mi.S  tlHi*  lti>  teiiJieiieii.  u»uK)  6-6  to  iunu-  oCoia*.  tlie  EKi.telii<u£  toii^ 
luliicR.  luiitei  i»  iw  oil*  [veolitc.        tlbe  uwiiW  Gecoiite  leivsitEa  fmiO' 


^c  of'   LOnO^WbDe  CULd    OLCt  J     CUbd  ULIA  COkURcJ^Knl'  U>OU[!d  LCIl3^ 

lum'  tli«  o^looccite'  op  ali  liAokfn^  nLea^al^if  bo    ciujiAq«  tlte  hiWli^ 
DoCFii-  oaiDointet).       0%  Lt«iv£ecla«  op  iLa  ^oiiaUUition,,  iDtuA^L  (» 

pot  tn^  llT«4t  |KL4t    I1I044I'  OtVd-  ^TVll'L^   UV   it^   [l^«1)-LAEQIIl>f    IU-DLiIhO   OptctlH 

inisleao  hint,  cuvo  mmj-fceii.  buit  to  o-  dtdtet  »«iv46  o-p   iv^at"itiit>e  put 
ttLP.  Ivtiuil-daco  lufiioh'  11,6  I*  ]i*lmitte3  to  etw-uii,. 

ofb  iixxll!^,  lib  nut  aji'uiioih,  b«  ddrlui-tPe.  tfvcib  ui^fb  oi  oojiip  op  tfie 
MBtnLfltiUit^oiv  a*  Hwit  ui-ki^  iwHi^  \i(u>e'  hA^etia^cOj  ait«Li,Ld  to  nt  ji-oa- 
aebaixHt  op  e(i^i>  pa^ieio^  tU^LtutL  tli'WLi^ixmt  th«  IcuLd^  04  ct  atuitd- 
O'i'd  to  iivh'tcEL'  Val&'icjLofi  m-tub  b-c  hfl/O  liH-liv  LULd-tHiJKUL^  ooii|H-Ociioej 

UV   Cf14eb    Ll^l'Lcfl'  llwKkUJ©   tU,tC4t4K)ll4  Op   M3oitAtltlltlo[wUi  [<:tll^4  ^J3ilt  (y 

iivoiiXd  c44iEc4.aU.it  OciH-t*  to  see  It   uit^JjXmeS  114  »  teat-feoofr  ut  owi/ 
scfcoola  (Hvd  cuItetyM,  tlwit  oirt.  ijmutq.  mai.  m-aty  £&  UniiaRt  to  ftjwmt 

Ul^M^   ^Lollta,    EUIhO    tic    become  ttCfUbtUILted     IV-Ltlb    tJvOl')'  dutL«b,  Ob   OltL- 

sciis,  ficpji*  tlwib  «wvoq.6  lit  til*  «nvli.EoiMii«vts  ot  [bctuje  u-te. 

(A  a.  eltl«cii.  cf  t^  ''ISiUtc'a  S'toto,  cS"  tfunX  ^Du-  Etrt.  tfi* 
l>pH>[«pL^  tv«i«4b  ij<m'  K'a4>C'  e<HTi&V*«d  uHoiv  IJi/b  comJiuiivttip  wp  tJi^ 
(■rjmjvituUciii,j  oito  ipou.  fKM)6  imj.  teat  unih.6j  Wiot  ufl"^  EtttoU  moil- 
Ge  tuTvlblLp  ^nutve'i.at^'O.       <y   P«i',  detL*'  a-iA.,  oe^p  tfiijin  ip^  U)&. 


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'JiycLi.lkiKito,!,,    H'Mcmi-^i.,   1850. 

"l&iiielitftiidm.tt  IJmt  iwiv  uttcuS  bo  |iiiWjAK/  a.  CcuWv  eSitHjit  of 
t£*  uoEum*,  ocmlMfEJ  mvd  li.tc|inA*.d  tw-  ifou.,  ectvtimvuiq.  tft*  'wotv- 

iiitele^t'mq'  matted,  <^  ta»«  hieH'MiAe  ut  eajiA^MiiO'  IJi«  iat'i«ki.Dti«ii' 
Q)  lUuse-  d&ln>ed  lA^tnv  on-  cjctwuiiMi^uni.  ot  tu*  uKkV^,  ^U^hi.  FLfl*& 
M«|v&u.ve3  (.iwWiEtit  ill.  tfi*  mttteiMbfo  lufivon.  it  enrtodLcij  wab  m  tfi* 
o^oeV  umIIi.  uhvldIi'  tlveU'  Ucwc  be«ii,  o^^i^oiKi'e^ .  ^lymi^  teJuoeH'Oe'  at  tlbc 
Biiu,  ot  '-'lUa4hMtottni.,  alio  HI  011.6  ni  tfi*  |ntt[io  o-j-GcBft,  k(W  at. 
fot^teo  ijoii/  ofl.  olilwriiwiiJ:^'  oy  Q«o«i»  to  tK*  oiittuuM.  teafc  o-p  ifi* 
^cm*tituti<Hi-,  otvfl  t*  lfe«  otft*),  docuiiveiii*  atui  WooWii  ooiikmvw) 
i*  iMKvt-  iHhUwive-j  op  iiili*«h-  iKHi-  oJvJLeo,*.  to  IKOu-e.  oMi.Ju.oul-I.U'  cUHHted 
iKMti*eS.  "U^OHrS.  wwrtfc,  thfil«[o»«j  dtietivEa  li6l|6cb  eoivj-tSeiiec.  uii 
U»  uiti.i«  ouUveiiUcUU'. 

(J  h.6^  t^t*  *D  ntttiui'  <tn'0  aii^  oWlo-iw  t^tt&oti*  ui/  ptijo^  ot  tii4* 
Ih>o^  be^i/O'  efcteit^ti^euv  m/t'CtuoJt&Oj  atul  uv  tn£  tuui^  op  au-f  ^^  clU^ecil 
iu-fi.0  WW-  ooiMjeMienffitj.  afjWii  to  |ui.IoAji«6  it,  thah  01  caiuvot  (toD.W> 
t^  exubeAUia  op  a.  coitstmit  (uvS  (at^*  dEm^HVd  toV  it.  Qnavo 
eiti^zeJL^  ivh.0  aA«  ^^kuvq/  ubU'a'd,  orttS  |W«[^L&^  ii>ii/D  ^  aA.&  con^ui^ 
o^nofl^  uA}  u>out^  oAt  00  umt  l«  outaui/  [vofra^^u.on'  ot  a vooltivluok' 
tofliiktMea ,  HMmuv  a.  iniJ<.U<  oomjiaM,  tlW  ieooLd  ot  to  iiutiuk  iniltol" 
to^it  Q^SVl^oti/iLt  eu-Ckrl^  O/kid  Onatiotui4'  lAa.it-Mt«UDiLA . 

Uki^  IKK4/  in'j^L'  obtaitv  a.  li^oULt  [Ktt^oitaac.  U,oi>]/  ttie  luitlLo,  ao 
VujhXT|  HitlitoS  tot,  ij^Hi/i,  EafcoH. 

qJ    am.  ^e!ili.^<jLpn.i!u|/j 


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kitft  to  qnuje-  m.ii'  0-lLUvt.on.  op  tivs  i>aLu«  ot,  imiA  wi.tu>*i/  &p  tli*  Htfoiv- 
4titiiiw>iv,  tRo-A^b  it  la  Or  luodi.  lufwch,  5oe»  irot  IKI61)  aiiit-  tfitinvo- 
ttiuJ/  ot  nuit«  tv  ii«  m&titiii  ibGir  wyM  th«  &x|i<^aai«iE.  o-p  iitU'  |LA'clanmLt^ 
oftauiieivS  it  tu«  miW*  to  |LUtE.o  pauoi/.  ait  va  oi  m«iiumc<Lfc  op  tjsAa, 
mid  laba'i.j  tut^o- OjOco/uuh^j  mid  maw  bo^etVi'  dej!-&i.d   uIloiI'  ita    ouhv 

iF^ltVUVAl^    olU'LIlia,  LV-ltilfK^    OotlUia'    to    tbi    Ojio    OiUT'  a'l>l>ejvtltu>Ll«    P-bV,* 

CHtTUto^i^u  u>li<L£ci>e^,  cj  h/b  vai«e  o-p  tLi«  ooiui^^  oivd  tiva  ie- 
jveotsd  (Adal4  op  tlU.  OeiKtte.  jW  Its  luiMifliitioiv  cw.3  diitivbiitwut, 
oAfi  Mwml&t  ^iio-l^iMe  l«  tke  ofittUwttl.  of  the,  ni«vfi-,  aivo  to  tfi* 
ab-iUt^i-  iKtO  ud-eutLv  o-p  Hi*  oaMMii.  Qlia  frttjijmfoin  aosuAadf,  iU 
ajMoUituial  uuMatiqiLtMHi*,  aito  th*  cijm,|vleHKm.  op  t&«  im.|wU«.iit 
h,i«to4ioa:t  pacta  luhioK,  IvlcM^-eS  awfl  ciMeiidcd  t(i,6  [iftocecduiA*  »p 
III*  T£om>eiitujit',  oitS  luRiofc  moAJled  th*  [vW>ivte»a  op  tile  (uSol^tioni 
«£  th*  HjoiiaUtutmii.,  tfiAfliMfc  all  tHe  itaipta  o|  AmU  ttiii  (Ui.ra«tw., 
IJli  th*  Ehi^o^  IHid  Rrtijiliiv  ODnsununntunv,  K,inj«  aEl.eci.&*  *ecEuieO 
t«*  filvli4cKii.tw>hV  ot  t6if6Ui£  Mvun-ent  nwib,  uXoac.  Eetl^U  oAt.  ooit. 
toiii.M>  iiv  the  poWuet  eiltwui..  <*8i»t  if  eu-e*.  l£*M-  ii«n  a.  Iicri*3 
UV  W*  fcl4tot«.  of  DM*  MUHlttip,  U>hi<fo  OColfoS  Hivoit  114  to  EoHjfc-  l)n.i;fe 
Lijioiv  t|]«  l>le4Hdtq4  ii>liicJi>  tli«  HDortatitutLon'  Iiii4  u-^o^i^^j  (uid  u^vMv 
tlvE'  ^ilnplDutU^b  it  eti^QiuibeVed  is-ep&l^  it-  4£v«Lv«^  tW  aan/otinUii-  o-p 
tfi*  oicmtvUiaii,  fftaiEl  md  [veii|i,t6,  t&afc  |i«t,'iflS  U  ii|i(«>.  U4,  (fp 
u»  «>et«  tumt  i^uifLoUb,  aA  me.  me/te,  w  '17^7,  "«  m*Vto.t  liouw*/ 
iWEinwl  W,uv«-  lib  toq-fitli*t,  ^Ivlictfi*^,  HUtlv  nlL  tIbC  6KlltVte*lO&  (]p 
omAj  dufu^'iii,  oitO  qilA'  bveafruuibj  we,  ccitb  be  Keji^  tooetli'&Vf  ni'iiat 
5c|i*jw)  iiJioHi  Ih*  »|i*tit  Hut^i  Hjfi^oii.  lit  coin*  utv  E*  lfv6  iiwifo, 
jU/n/etR*^  th*  pcemi^  op  ootvoaiM^V  a»>v  cot»LhA*»™4e  ivIvkIl  (Ubi,- 
tmiterf  oiM   fatfi*!*  i&LK  coiitwuiE.  to  muniot*  tftout  soiii,  ofc  awim-fii 


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of  tftfim,  to-  |L^(MeVu&  aiv<)  |iE!.|ietu«ia  tfiM  [iVoioua  fi.e),itu^6,  n«- 
qjntet)  biv  scti>uica  oivd  snWcSittqa  mfeioli.  aA^  uvliitciv  iit  oiw,  Ivu-st 
IwitoUi-,  (HvO  mail  pm.o  tOM/si  e-xcunliteft  ot  iwittetKif  oaliuiiitu-  ifl. 
tR*-  fiitiiVe,  ihfli(.[&  tfcU.  ooivpdeiatioB.  Eb  t-iofcett  iih.,  i«  tfi*  q^leot 
(WicBttoiv  ftp  w-e-  oaiV)  Mmiefc  eueiit*  o^  IoaA,  bnitetiinq.  to  d/  soELitwi-iv, 

Olj™*  tef^ieiu*  to  tf«.  [vta*tl«  of  5fe«.i6  (UvS  to  tGtJ>  i.f  tf>* 
niEduttuat  (™m  hv  C.1iq-[an.d,  uifi«i&  tti*  diffuswiv  of  tli*  tiMwitetlja 
of  Iftiell,  Veiltaotuie  TOOiiititiitloivi,  €*lveolaUi|.  aflmiia.  om  u-ouifc, 
luab  one.  of  th<e  on.)«3  of  ttve  ««ue.tn.nveittj  fu^mXea  an,  LmlvMtiuii) 
IftftsxstVf  lon^toHf  ccutibot  be  bo«  b^aiii^uv  conktUGii^ed  to  ni/e  [hlUaa 
otteiiJioiv.  <J  h*  ^on*titutwiv  t^ouJid  Ec  a.  lokooE-took.,  m-oAti  fn- 
intlla^  U  an  fuinb  ou^  e[1A.[!U4t  iv«i<U>.  Cil ta  IvUiLsl^iU^j  U^  Ivt-D- 
uiaimu!),  !fe>  Cu™.taUoiift,  »&oufd  Ee  »t«,Ji*.3  cui.5  mvieVBtood,  aiid  tK« 
rxA^  vLiUf  a/ix^  atu^ie^  h^Ch  betted  a^AA/  Uwm,  ^  a^Uv\£«io^ed  atvd  tlie 
^«b%«t  th^eU'  lU-iit  Eeoom«.  <3  »K«uid  Ec  qfoi^  to  &ea  iuu4/  edikon> 
of  tE*  'Cwutitiitioiv  HI-  eu6i»  icftwit-UmHe  uv  tft«  "IttMoiVj  cHvd  mu. 
onfEcttttLi*  mw  iniMflf  a»«  lo  milvleftscd  loith.  tfi*  unlvo^loiioe  ct 
ulia  iL(<KKitioti/,  tliat  Hie  iiktetbd  to  di.ttlifHlie'  oXS,  m^  colvtefr  tue  ie. 
ocuie.,  amftiio-  tfto  siih,Got  CiKvoAica  of  i,©JMcicrHq(HV. 
ly    am,,  Sciit  »W,, 

i%ea|iectpitLlWj  U'QuA.  oEed- 1  a^Vij  t, 


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COMMTJNICATIONS. 


I    SETBElAUl  OP  &T4.1 


"Ll£ii.d6r»tiu«lni4.  tftflt  iiiHv  cM.e  a£mit  to  [iu*EUfi<  a.  fouAiti.  QWittoit 
trt  tfi*.  CiOooK.  o£  tfi.&  %imvltUttiiicn,,  <U  take,  [i.U(tsii4B  uv  ejjlilesiHKI- 
iiui-  lUtiet  thti*  til*  ckUjuuw-  iiotutuJioiv  o-P  ttot  uoliimE.  la  oE 
[vnttio  tuvo  (letvelalr  wn4iM.ttui.Be. 

STfi*  'Sotiatlhitioiv  oE  tR«  'muteJ  Cf  tatea  'u>  n  ui^itten.  'SmM.u,. 
mail;  i  1*  tecoiS^ftS  &uii)«™*ittti.£  iBa.i&  ;  it  n.  th*  Sona,  lubd  tfi* 
wvC^  J5on<?,  4  tiU    ;/«tOH  of  Xtu.^  S'tfltca ,    il  L,  o-tE  tUt  ^'uiea 

lit.  ffl  Niittonal  cR«.uw>tfib 

OAll^klD^   eiT&^li'   tTKlhl'   Nt  t^e   COIUl4All'   Ut     Da4t'CUjte     O-p    ^/fio^l.q.     it  J 

(UvS  rfmt  ii>fn«hy  10  SecliUt.  cwiee^in  ntf,  snaniS  Ge  HMwy&  eoaiU.  0*- 
MlftiiEe.  to  nIE  0^wi4.  juiEEUatUMi,  of  tLii^  !»  beltEt  e«fouI(tta3 
to  a<icoBv|iUi&.  tft-ij  en.d,  t&«)t  ami   lohtJl  aofl  [vteocJed  it. 

Ulf...>  ..it  .m  li.»  ..,..S, 


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INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 


James  Midison,  President  of  the  United  Slates,  on  eniETing 
npoQ  tlie  duties  of  tlie  oiBce,  declared,  that  "to  support  the  Consti- 
tution, which  is  the  cement  of  the  Union,  as  well  in  its  limitations 
as  in  its  authorities,  and  to  favor  the  advancement  of  sciente  and  the 
diffuHon  of  information,  as  tlie  best  aliment  to  true  liberty,"  with 
other  salutary  sentiments  and  intentions,  would  be  a  resource  which 
could  not  fail  him ;  and  added,  "  but  the  source  to  which  I  look  for 
tlie  aid  which  alone  can  supply  my  deficiencies,  is  the  well-tried 
inielUgeuee  and  virtue  of  my  fellow-citizens,  and  in  the  counsels  of 
those  representing  them  in  the  other  departments  associated  in  the 
care  of  the  national  interests." 

"To  suj^ori  tlie  Constitution"  by  his  talents,  by  his  best  ser- 
vices, and  with  his  life,  if  required,  is  the  firm  and  irrevocable  de- 
termination of  every  true  patriot;  but  the  "  support"  presupposes 
a  hnoivkdge  of  that  valued  instrument;  and  the  knowledge  can 
alone  he  expected  to  follow  a  careful  reading  and  study  of  its  letter 
and  its  spirit.  To  afford  an  opportunity  to  every  American  citizen 
to  do  this,  is  the  object  in  the  publication  of  the  present  edition. 

If,  as  Cicero  informs  ns,  in  ancient  Rome  the  very  boys  were 

obliged  to  learn  the  twelve  tables  by  heart,  as  a  cannen  neceasariain, 

or  indispensable  lesson,  to  imprint  on  their  tender  minds  an  early 

knowledge  of  the  laws  and  constitution  of  ^leir  country, 

"Noeturno.  veraatB  manu,  versate  dhuna,'' 

If  it  was  deemed  important  to  the  preservation  of  Bridsh  liberty, 
In  the  earlier  and  better  days  of  that  country,  tliat  Magna  Charta 


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XSIV  INTKJDUCTORY   REMARKS. 

should  be  auilioritatively  promulgated  and  read  to  thfi  people — It 
is  no  less  important  to  tlia  prasarvation  of  American  liberty,  that 
every  intelligent  citizen  should,  ly  hia  man  wil/  and  authoriii/, 
aided  by  the  liberality  of  the  Government,  possess  a  copy  of  this 
great  charier  (f  American  liberty. 

There  appears  to  have  been  no  foinva!  provision  made  by  the 
GoTernment  of  the  United  States  fox  the  promulgation  of  the  Coit- 
s^tution,  escept  by  a  concurrent  resolution  of  the  two  Houses  of 
Congress,  mads  during  the  fiiat  Congress,  (6th  July,  1799,)  whereby 
it  was  "  Resolved,  that  there  be  prefixed  to  tbe  publication  of  the 
acts  of  the  present  session  of  Congress  a  correct  copy  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  Government  for  the  United  States."  This,  however, 
was  sufficient  to  show  the  intention  and  the  judgment  of  the  Paircs 
Fairiie  upon  die  subject. 

Every  good  citizen,  capable  of  reading  and  ouderstanding  its 
meaning,  is  bound  by  duty  to  his  country,  if  in  his  power,  to  pos- 
sess a  copy  of  the  Constitution.  The  compiler  of  this  publication 
has  added  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  with  invaluable  matter 
claiming  paternity  of  the  "  Father  of  his  country,"  and  other  inte- 
resting information,  and  has  bo  limited  the  cost  of  tliis  Consti' 
taHortal  bouquet,  as  to  enable  the  Government,  should  such  be  its 
pleasure,  by  a  judioious  and  liberal  investment  in  this  provident 
stoclc — to  lay  up,  for  a  time  of  need,  a  vast  fund  of  available  trea- 
sure in  the  minds  and  the  liearta  of  the  people,  for  the  defence  of 
their  liberties  and  the  perpetuity  of  their  institutions — to  sow  the 
good  seed  in  virgin  soil,  which  might  otherwise  be  occupied  by 
noxious  weeds.  With  diffidence  it  is  submitted,  that  this  national 
object  may  be  practically  effected  by  flie  distribution  of  barely  so 
many  copies  as  may  place  one  in  each  village  or  neighborhood, 
which  would  introduce  it  to  the  knowledge  of  the  people,  who 
would  then  seek  by  their  own  means  to  possess  it;  and  thus  as  a 
mustard  seed  would  it  multiply,  and  its  salutary  principles  be  ex- 
tended. Nor  could  any  means  more  convenient  be  proposed,  than 
to  intrust  to  the  hands  of  the  guardians  of  the  Constitution  ia  Con- 
gress the  distribution,  or  the  sowing  of  this  good  seed.  It  would 
appear  from  the  tables  of  the  last  census,  that  there  are,  in  the 


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IKTRODUnTOIiy    EEMAHKS.  XXV 

Uniled  Slates,  upwards  of  three  and  a  half  millions  of  men,  over 
twenty  years  of  age,  capable  of  reading;  and  should  tliera  be  only 
one  copy  furnished  by  the  Gorernment  to  every  hundred  men,  a 
lai^  portion  of  the  other  ninety-nine  would,  probably,  by  their  own 
means,  obtain  it. 

Viewing  the  immense  diffusion  of  printed  political  matter  throag-h 
all  the  villages  and  hamlets  of  the  Republic,  as  the  abandaneo  of 
material  provided  by  the  generosity  of  the  Government  and  zeal  of 
prirale  enterprise,  as  political  food  for  the  mind,  this  compilation 
may  be  considered  as  salt  for  the  preservation  of  such  as  may  be 
wholesome,  or  as  lime  to  neutralize  and  destroy  sach  as  may  ba 
carious.  It  would  be  a  test  by  which  to  separate  the  wheat  from 
the  tares  and  cockle — a  crucible  by  which  to  separate  the  gold 
from  the  dross  and  base  metal,  or  the  cupel  by  which  to  try  the 
current  coin  of  politics,  and  a  text  book  by  which  lo  judge  tf  the 
orilioin^ey  of  political  disquisilioiK. 

By  the  British  statute,  "  conjirmatio  cariarum,"  the  great  .charter 
was  directed  "to  be  allowed  as  the  common  law;  all  jadgmenls 
contrary  to  it  are  declared  void :  copies  of  it  arc  ordered  to  he  sent  to 
all  cathedral  ekurchea,  and  read  f  wt'cs  a  year  to  the  people ,"  whereby 
it  was  intended  that  the  sanctity  of  tlie  place  should  inspire  a  pecu- 
liar veneration  for  that  noble  structure  of  fundamental  law — sacred 
to  human  liberty   civil  and  religious 

According  to  PI  to  and  Ansto  le  Lex  est  mens  sine  effedu,  et 
qtiad  Deua  — (/  law  ta  nd  w  Ihout  passion,  and  thei-efure  Ulie 
God.  Or,  accord  g  to  Grot  s  Cod  approved  and  ratified  the 
salutary  co  st  tut  o  s  of  govern  nent  made  by  men ;"  while  De- 
mosthenes declares  that  the  desigit  and  object  of  laws  is  to  ascer- 
tain what  is  just  honorable  and  e^p  dientj  and  when  that  is  dis- 
covered, it  is  proclaimed  as  a  general  ordinance,  eq^ual  and  impartial 
to  all.  This  is  the  oripn  of  law,  which,  for  various  reasons,  all 
are  under  an  obligation  to  obey,  but  especially  because  all  law  is 
the  invention  and  gift  of  Heaven,  the  resolution  of  wise  men,  the 
correction  of  every  oifenoe,  and  the  genera!  compact  of  the  State, 
to  live  in  conformity  with  which  is  the  duty  of  every  individual  in 
society. " 


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InCVl  INTEOCUCTORI 

Bossaet  remarks,  that  "If  ths  Roman  laws  liavc  appeared  ao 
sacred,  that  their  majesty  still  eubsists,  notwithstmiling  the  ruin 
of  the  empire,  it  is  because  good  sense,  which  controls  human  life, 
reigns  througliout  the  whole,  and  that  there  ia  nowhere  to  be  found 
a  finer  application  of  the  principles  of  natural  equity." 

Algernon  Sidney  adds,  that  "  The  Israelites,  Spartans,  Romans, 
and  others,  who  framed  their  governments  according  to  their  own 
will,  did  it  not  by  any  peculiar  privilege,  but  by  a  universal  right 
conferred  upon  tliero  by  God  and  nature.  They  were  made  of  no 
better  clay  than  others ;  they  had  no  right  tliat  does  not  as  well 
belong  to  other  nations ;  that  is  to  say,  the  Constitution  of  every 
government  is  referred  to  those  who  are  concerned  in  it,  and  no 
other  lias  any  tliing  to  do  with  it." — 

"Salus  populi  est  les  suprema." 

fudge  Blaclistone  remarks,  that  "every  man,  when  ha  enters 
into  society,  gives  up  a  part  of  his  natural  liberty,  as  tl'e  priee  of 
E-j  valuable  a  purchase ;  and,  in  consideration  of  receiving  the  ad- 
vantages of  mutual  commerce,  obligee  himself  to  conform  to  those 
laws  which  the  community  has  thought  proper  to  estahlish.  And 
this  species  of  legal  obedience  and  conformily  is  infinitely  more 
desirahle  than  that  wild  and  savage  liberty  which  is  sacrificed  to 
ohtain  it.  For  no  man,  that  considers  a  moment,  would  wish  to 
retain  the  absolute  and  uncontrolled  power  of  doing  whatever  he 
pleases  j  (lie  consequence  of  which  is,  that  every  other  man  would 
also  have  the  same  power,  and  then  tliere  would  be  no  security  to 
individuals  in  any.  of  the  enjoyments  of  life.  Political,  therefore, 
or  civU.  liberty,  which  is  that  of  a  member  of  society,  is  no  other 
Ihait  natural  liberty,  so  far  restrained  by  hmnan  laws  (and  no  fer- 
ther)  as  is  necessary  and  expedient  for  the  general  advantage  of  the 
public.  Hence,  we  may  collect  fliat  the  law,  which  restrains  a 
man  from  doing  mischief  to  his  fellow-citizens,  though  it  dimi- 
nishes the  natural,  increases  the  civil  liberty  of  mankind.  And 
Locke  has  well  observed,  "  where  there  ia  no  law  there  is  no  free- 

s  made  a  promise,  with  himself,  to  observe  the  laws  of 


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Jiis  country;  but  tliia  is  nothing  more  than  what  every  good  man 
ought  botii  to  promise  ami  to  perform:  and  he  ought  to  promiae 
Etill  fiirtlier,  that  he  will  exert  all  his  power,  when  constltutiotiiiliy 
cabled  upon,  to  compel  others  to  obey  them. 

The  compiler  of  this  edition  of  our  own  venerated  Constitution, 
lo  which  he  has  with  anxious  labor  prefixed  a  copious,  and,  he  trusts, 
a  faithful  analytical  index,  belieTea  that  there  are  among  his  fellow- 
cilizens  many  thousands  of  intelligent  men  capable  of  reading  and 
understanding  the  great  American  charter  of  liberty,  but  wlio,witli- 
oat  seeing  and  judging  for  themselves  of  "  its  limitations  and  its 
authorities,"  have,  with  a  passive  credulity,  (which  in  other  mat- 
ters of  comparative  insignificance,  would  have  been  indignantly 
spumed,)  reposed  their  faith,  their  birthright,  and  their  safety,  on 
the  opinions  of  others,  whose  impassioned,  and  sorhetimes  vitupe- 
rative tones  have  appealed  rather  to  the  prejudices  of  the  heart  than 
to  the  integrity  of  tiie  understanding. 

Mr.  Dallas  has  well  said,  that  "the  Comiilution  in  its  wards  ia 
plain  and  iniettigihk,  and  it  is  meant  /or  ihi  homebred,  imsophidi' 
calsd  umierslandings  c^  ourfelbiO'citizena"  To  this  sentiment,  the 
compiler  is  indebted  for  suggesting  to  his  mind  the  idea  of  pubiish- 
ing  this  edition  of  tlie  Constitution,  with  its  accompaniments ;  and 
he  theretote  believed  that  there  would  be  propriety  and  justice  in 
the  dedication  of  it  to  tliis  distinguished  statesman,  ond  tlirough 
hirii  to  the  American  people.* 

'fhe  compiler,  diffident  of  his  own  ability  to  do  adequate  justice 
to  the  subject,  has  called  to  his  aid  some  of  the  most  eminent 
authorities  to  sustain  the  inviolabie  sanctity  of  the  li^v,  and  to  im- 
press upon  Americans  a  reverential  attachment  to  liie  Conadtutjon, 
as  in  the  high^t  sense  the  palladium  of  American  liberty;  so  tjiat 
their  judgment,  as  well  as  their  aflections,  may  be  enlisted  on  tbe 
side  of  the  Constitution,  as  the  truest  security  of  the  Union,  and 
the  only  solid  basis  on  which  to  rest  the  private  nglits,  the  public 
liberties,  and  the  substanlkl  prospenty  of  tliu  people  composing 
the  American  Republic. 

He  will  next  have  recourse  to  the  authonty  of  the  universally 
esteemed  and  lamented  Justice  Stor),as  to  the  high  responsibilities 
of  the  people,  and  the  proper  means  of  guarding  the  ine^litnablc 


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XXVm  INTRODUCTOKY   REMARKS. 

rights  the5'  now  enjoy.  In  reference  to  the  Constitution  of  govern- 
ment  he  says ;  "  It  must  perish,  if  there  he  not  that  vital  spirit  in 
the  people,  w5iioh  alone  can  nourish,  sustain,  and  direct  all  its 
moTements.  It  is  in  vain  tliat  statesmen  sliall  form  plans  of  go- 
vernment, in  which  the  beauty  and  harmony  of  a  republic  shall  be 
embodied  in  visible  order,  shall  be  huilt  up  on  solid  substi'iietions, 
and  adorned  by  every  useful  ornament,  if  tlie  inhabitants  sulTer  the 
silent  power  of  time  to  dilapidate  its  walls,  or  crumble  its  rnassy 
supporters  into  dust ;  if  the  assaults  from  without  are  never  resisted, 
i  and  mining  from  within  are  never  guarded 


against.    'V 

7h            p               h     i^hts      d  1 1  erties  of  the  people, 

when  th  y 

h  11  b      b     d      d  by  th         1       ?     Who  shall  keep 

watch  i 

I     tempi    wh      th        t  h          leep  at  their  posts  1 

Who  Bh  il 

11     p      th    p    pi     t        dm  their  possessions,  and 

revive  th 

1    bl         h       th         w     1      d    have  deliberately  and 

corruptly 

1      d  th  m  to  tl       pp             and  have  built  the 

prisons  or  dug  the  graves  of  their  own  inends  1  This  dark  pict\ire, 
it  is  ki  be  hoped,  will  never  be  applicable  to  the  Republic  of  Ame- 
rica. And  yet  it  affords  a  warning,  which,  like  ail  the  lessons  of 
past  experience,  we  are  not  permitted  to  disregard.  America,  free, 
happy,  and  enlightened  as  she  is,  must  rest  the  preserradon  of  her 
rights  and  liberties  upon  the  virtue,  independence,  justice,  and 
sagacity  of  the  people.  If  either  fail,  the  republic  is  gone.  Its 
shadow  may  remain  with  all  the  pomp,  and  circumstance,  and 
trickery  of  government,  but  its  vital  power  will  have  departed.  In 
America,  the  deniagogue  may  arise  as  well  as  elsewhere.  He  is 
the  natural,  though  spurious  growth  of  republics ;  and,  like  the 
.  courtier,  he  may,  by  his  bland ishmenta,  delude  the  ears  and  blind 
Hie  eyes  of  the  people  to  their  own  destruction.  If  ever  the  day 
eball  arrive,  in  which  the  best  talents  and  the  best  virtues  shall  be 
driven  from  offica  by  intrigue  or  corruption,  by  the  ostracism  of  the 
press,  or  the  still  more  unrelenting  persecution  of  party,  legislation 
will  cease  to  be  national.  It  will  be  wise  by  accident,  and  had  by 
system." 

"  In  every  human  society,"  says  the  celebrated  Beccaria,  "  there 
is  an  effort  continually  tending  to  confer  on  one  part  the  height  of 
power  and  happiness,  and  to  reduce  the  other  to  tiie  extreme  of 


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weakness  and  misery.  The  intent  of  guod  laws  is  to  oppose  this 
effort,  and  to  diffuse  their  influence  universally  and  equally ;"  and 
Montesquieu  declares  that,  "  In  a  free  state,  every  man,  who  is  sap- 
posed  a  free  agent,  ought  to  be  concerned  in  his  own  government ; 
therefore  the  legislalive  power  should  reside  in  the  whole  body  of 
the  people,  or  their  representativea.  The  political  llberly  of  the 
citizen  is  a  tranquillity  of  mind,  arising  from  the  opinion  each  per- 
son has  of  his  safety.  In  order  to  have  this  liberty,  it  is  requisite 
the  government  be  so  constitnled,  as  that  one  man  need  not  be 
afend  of  another.  The  enjoymevi  nf  liberty,  and  enen  tCs  support 
and  preaeruatian,  constats  in  eeery  ■nuiifs  being  allowed  to  speak  his 
thoaghla,  and  lay  open  his  seniimenU,'" 

The  compiler  will  next  propose  to  his  fellow-citizens  the  advice 
of  a  profound  philosopher,  as  to  the  proper  mode  of  preserving  tho 
independence  cf  the  mind,  which  is  alike  applicable  to  every  free- 
bom  American  citizen,  and  points  out  the  means  by  which  the  na- 
tive talent,  the  integrity  of  heart,  and  the  indomitable  spirit  of  the 
people,  guided  by  patfiotism,  will  be  rendered  available  in  the  pre- 
servation of  the. purity  of  the  government,  and  of  their  own  liber- 
ties. It  is  submitted,  tliat  a  copy  of  this  edition  of  the  Constitu- 
tion be  in  the  possession  of  every  citizen  capable  of  reading  and 
nnderslanding  themeaningof  language,  before  whom  tie  following 
instructions  of  Locke  would  then  be  placed; 

"  Reading  is  for  the  improvement  of  the  anderstanding." 

"  The  improvement  of  the  understanding  is  for  two  ends :  first, 
for  our  own  increase  of  knowledge ;  secondly,  to  enable  ua  to  de- 
liver and  make  out  that  knowledge  to  others." 

"  I  hope  it  will  not  be  thought  arrogance  to  say,  that  perhaps  we 
sliould  make  greater  progress  in  the  discovery  of  rational  and  con- 
templative knowledge,  if  we  sought  it  in  the  fountain — in  the  con- 
sideration of  things  themselves — and  made  use  rather  of  our  own 
thoughts  than  other  men's  to  find  it  j  for  I  think  we  may  as  ration- 
ally hope  to  see  with  other  men's  eyes,  as  to  know  by  other  men's 
understandings.  So  much  as  we  ourselves  consider  and  compre- 
hend of  truth  and  reason,  so  much  we  possess  of  real  and  true 
knowledge.  The  floating  of  other  men's  opinions  in  our  brains 
makes  us  not  one  jot  the  more  knowing,  though  they  happen  to  he 


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XXX  INTRODUCTOKV    EEIIASKS, 

trne.  What  in  them  was  science,  is  in  ua  but  opiiuatrety ;  whLlsl 
we  give  up  our  assfint  only  to  reverend  names,  and  do  not,  as  they 
did,  employ  our  own  reason  to  understand  those  Irutlis  which  gave 
them  reputation.  Aristotle  was  certainly  a  knowing  man,  but  no- 
body ever  thought  him  so,  because  he  blindly  embiaced,  or  confi- 
dently vented,  the  opinions  of  another.  And  if  the  taking  up  ano- 
ther's principles,  withoul  examining'  them,  made  not  him  a  philoBo- 
pher,  I  suppose  it  will  hardly  make  anybody  else  so.  In  the 
sciences,  every  one  has  so  mach  as  he  really  knows  and  compre- 
hends ;  what  he  believes  only,  and  takes  upon  trust,  are  but  shreds, 
which,  however  well  in  the  whole  piece,  make  no  considerable 
addition  to  his  stock  who  gathers  them.  Such  borrowed  wealth, 
like  fairy  money,  tliough  it  were  gold  in  the  hand  from  which  he 
received  it,  will  be  but  leaves  and  dust  when  it  comes  to  use." 

"How  many  men  have  no  other  ground  for  their  tenets  than  the 
supposed  honesty,  or  learning,  or  number,  of  those  of  the  same  pro- 
fession. As  if  honest  or  bookish  men  could  not  err,  or  truth  were 
to  be  established  by  the  vote  of  the  multitude ;  yet  this,  with  most 
men,  serves  the  turn." 

"  All  men  are  liable  to  error,  and  most  men  are,  in  many  points, 
by  passion  or  interest,  under  temptation  to  it.  If  we  could  hot  see 
the  secret  motives  that  influenced  the  men  of  name  and  learning  in 
the  world,  and  the  leaders  of  parties,  we  should  not  always  find 
that  it  was  the  embracing  of  truth,  for  its  own  salie,  that  made 
them  espouse  the  doctrines  they  owned  and  maintained.  This  at 
least  is  certain,  there  is  not  an  opinion  so  ahsurd  which  a  man  may 
not  receive  upon  this  ground.  There  is  no  error  to  be  named, 
which  has  not  had  its  professors ;  and  a  man  shall  never  want 
crooked  pa^s  to  walk  in,  if  he  thinks  that  he  is  in  the  right  way 
wherever  he  has  the  footsteps  of  others  to  follow." 

It  is  not  henee  to  be  inferred,  however,  that  the  opinions  and  tho 
judgment  of  the  wise  and  the  good  are  to  be  disregarded,  and  more 
especially  are  we  not  pennitted  to  treat  with  irreverence  the  politi- 
cal loctrines  and  masims  of  the  fathers  of  the  republic,  whose  wis- 
dom and  counsel,  and  devoted  patriotism,  gave  being  to  the  Decla- 
ration of  our  independence  and  the  Constitution  of  our  country. 
In  the  fundamental  principles  of  our  Government,  on  what  can  the 


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INTRODUCTOaV    B.KMAKKS.  XXXI 

American  mind  and  faith,  repose  witii  as  much  oonfidance  and 
safety  as  the  esposi^ons  contained  in  the  "Federalist,  an  incom- 
parable commenlary  of  three  of  the  greatest  statesmen  of  their  age," 
in  tlie  extraordinary  jodgmenta  of  the  eupreme  judicial  tiibunal, 
and  tlie  solid  wisdom  embodied  in  the  constitutional  commentaries 
of  those  who  have  imparled  dignity  and  purity  to  the  moral  ermine 
which  oinameots  that  august  tribunal? 

Nor  can  the  American  people  look  to  any  source  more  entitled 
to  their  confidence,  for  an  exposition  of  the  essential  principles  of 
our  Government,  and,  consequently,  those  which  ought  to  shape  its 
administration,  than  to  the  farewell  address  of  the  "  Father  of  his 
country,"  (contained  in  this  compilation,)  and  to  the  principles 
proclaimed  by  the  "Fathers"  of  the  memorable  Declaration  and  of 
the  immortal  Constitution,  when  respectively  "called  upon  to  un- 
dertake the  duties  of  the  first  executive  office  of  oar  country." 

Tliomas  Jefferson  declared  those  principles  to  be — "Equal  and 
esact  justice  to  all  men,  of  whatever  state  or  persuasion,  religious 
or  political ;  for  haying  banished  from  oui  land  that  religions  intole- 
rance under  which  manliind  so  long  hied  and  suffered,  we  have  yet 
gained  littie,  if  we  coanteuance  a  political  intolerance,  as  despotic, 
as  wicked,  and  capable  of  as  hitter  and  bloody  persecutions  ;  peace, 
commerce,  and  honest  friendship  with  all  nations,  entangling  alli- 
ances with  none;  the  support  of  the  Slate  governments  in  all  tlieir 
rights,  as  the  most  competent  adniinistrations  for  our  domestic  con- 
cerns, and  the  surest  bulwarks  agdnst  anti-republican  tendencies ; 
the  preservation  of  the  General  Government  in  its  whole  constitu- 
tional vigor,  as  the  sheet-anchor  of  our  peace  at  home  and  safety 
abroad ;  a  Jealous  care  of  the  right  of  election  by  the  people ;  a 
mild  and  safe  corrective  of  abuses  which  are  lopped  by  the  sword 
of  revolution,  where  peaceful  remedies  are  unprovided  j  absolute 
acquieeeenee  in  the  decisions  of  tlie  majority,  tiie  vital  principle  of 
republics,  from  which  is  no  appeal  but  to  force,  the  vita!  principle 
and  immediate  parent  of  despotism  ;  a  well-disciplined  militia,  our 
best  reliance  in  peace  and  for  the  first  moments  of  war,  rill  regulars 
may  relieve  them ;  the  supremacy  of  the  civil  over  the  military 
authority;  economy  in  the  public  expense,  that  labor  may  be 
tiffhtly  burthened ;  tlie  honast  payment  of  our  dehta,  and  sacrei? 


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XXXU  INTRODUCTOKT   UEMARKS. 

preservatioQ  of  Iho  public  fiuthj  encoarag;ement  of  agriculture,  and 
of  commerce  as  its  handmaid  ;  the  diffusion  of  information,  and 
arraignment  of  all  abuses  at  tlie  bar  of  the  public  reason !  freedom 
of  religion  ;  freedom  of  the  press  ;  and  freedom  of  person  under  the 
protection  of  the  habeas  corpus;  and  trial  by  juries  impartially 
selected.  These  principles  form  tlie  bright  constellation  which 
has  gone  before  ae,  and  guided  our  steps  through  an  age  of  revolu- 
lion  and  reformation.  The  wisdom  of  our  sages,  and  blood  of  our 
heroes,  have  been  devoted  to  their  atlainment ;  they  should  he  the 
creed  of  our  political  feith ;  the  text  of  civic  instruction ;  the  touch- 
stone by  which  to  try  the  services  of  those  we  trust ;  and  should 
we  wander  from  them  in  moments  of  error  or  of  alarm,  let  us  has- 
ten to  retrace  our  steps,  and  to  reg^n  the  road  which  alone  leads 
to  peace,  liberty,  and  safety." 

'  James  Madison,  equally  pursuing  the  principles  of  the  Constitu- 
ijon,  declared  the  purposes  of  Government  to  be : 

"To  cherish  peace  and  friendly  intarcoarse  with  all  nations 
having  correspondent  dlsposittons ;  to  maintain  si nceTe  neutrality 
towards  belligerent  nations ;  to  prefer,  in  all  cases,  amicable  discus- 
sion and  reasonable  accommodadon  of  differences,  to  a  decision  of 
them  by  an  appeal  to  arms ;  to  exclude  foreign  intrigues,  and  for- 
eign partialities,  so  degrading  to  all  countries,  and  so  baneful  to 
free  ones ;  to  foster  a  spirit  of  independence,  too  jnst  to  invade  the 
rights  of  others,  too  proud  to  surrender  our  own,  too  liberal  to  in- 
dulge unworthy  prejudices  ourselves,  and  too  elevated  not  to  look 
down  upon  them  in  others;  to  hold  the  union  of  the  States  as  the 
basis  of  their  peace  and  happiness;  to  support  the  Constilutton, 
which  is  the  cement  of  tho  Union,  as  well  in  its  limitations  as  in 
its  authorities ;  to  respect  the  rights  and  authorities  reserved  to  the 
Slates,  and  to  the  people,  as  equally  incorporated  with,  and  essen- 
tial to  the  success  of,  the  general  system ;  to  avoid  the  slightest 
iiiterfarence  with  the  rights  of  conscience,  or  the  functions  of  reli- 
gion, so  wisely  exempted  from  civil  Jurisdiction ;  to  preserve,  in 
Aeir  full  energy,  the  other  salutary  provisions  in  behalf  of  private 
and  persona)  rights,  and  of  the  freedom  of  the  press ;  to  observe 
economy  ir,  public  expenditures ',  to  liberate  the  public  resources 
ay  an  honorable  dischai^  of  the  public  debts ;  to  heep  within  the 


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requisite  limits  a  standing  military  force,  always  rememljering  that 
an  armed  and  tjained  militia  is  the  firmest  tulwaik  of  republics — 
that  without  standing  armies  their  liberty  can  nerer  he  in  danger, 
nor  with  large  ones  safe;  to  promote,  by  BulhoriEed  means,  ini- 
provements  fHendly  to  agriculture,  to  manufactures,  and  to  external 
as  well  as  internal  commerce;  to  favor,  in  like  manner,  the  advance- 
ment of  science  and  the  diffusion  of  information,  as  the  best  ali- 
ment to  true  liberty  ;  to  carry  on  the  benevolent  plans  which  have 
been  so  meritoriously  applied  to  the  conversion  of  our  aboriginal 
neighbors  from  the  degradation  and  wretchedness  of  savage  life,  to 
a  participation  of  tlie  improvements  of  which  the  human  mind  and 
'e  susceptible  in  a  civilized  state.  As  far  as  sentiments 
IS  such  as  these  can  aid  the  fulfilment  of  my  duty,  they 
will  he  a  resource  which  cannot  fail  me.  But  tlie  source  to  which 
I  look  for  the  aids  which  alone  can  supply  my  deficiencies,  is  in 
the  well-tried  intelligence  and  virtue  of  my  fellow-citizens,  and 
in  thecoonsels  of  those  representing  them  in  the  other  departments 
associated  in  tiie  care  of  thft  national  interests.  In  these,  my  confi- 
dence wDl,  under  every  difficulty,  be  best  placed,  next  to  that  which 
we  have  all  been  encouraged  to  feel  in  the  guardianship  and  guid- 
ance of  fliat  Almighty  Being  whose  power  regulates  the  destiny  of 
nations,  whose  blessings  have  been  so  conspicuously  dispensed  to 
this  rising  republic,  and  to  whom  we  are  hound  to  address  our  de- 
vout gratitude  for  the  past,  as  well  as  our  fervent  supplications  and 
best  hopes  for  the  future." 

The  citizens  of  these  United  States  were  blessed  with  the  virtue, 
Uie  fortitude,  and  (he  perseverance  to  achieve  their  independence 
as  a  nation;  their  patriotism  and  valor,  both  by  sea  and  on  land, 
brought  them,  with  increased  honor,  through  the  "second  vrar  of 
independence,"  and  through  al!  the  trials  and  difficuldes  by  which 
they  have,  from  time  to  time,  been  environed,  both  as  respects  tbeii 
foreign  and  domestic  relations ;  and  it  is  only  necessary  for  them 
to  have  "  light"  as  regards  the  fundamental  law,  and  the  operations 
of  the  Government,  to  enable  tiiem  to  judge  of  the  fidelity  of  those 
whom  tiiey  periodically  intrust  with  the  power  which  alone  belongs 
to  themselves  as  a  nation  of  freemen,  the  proper  use  and  application 
of  which  powei  is  so  vitally  necessary  to  the  preservation  of  thpi.- 


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XXXIV  iNTaonucToitv  i 

own  liberties  and  best  interests,  and   the  perpetuity  of  our  insti- 

"  Ltglit,  true  ligit  in  the  mind,"  says  Locke,  "  la  or  can  be  no- 
thing else  but  the  evidence  of  the  trath  of  any  proposition  ;  and  if 
it  be  not  a  self-evident  proposition,  all  the  light  it  has,  or  caii  bave, 
is  from  tlie  clearness  and  validity  of  those  proofs  upon  which  it  is 
received.  To  talk  of  any  other  light  in  the  understanding,  is  to 
put  ouTselTfis  in  the  dark,  or  in  the  power  of  the  Prince  of  Dark- 
ness, and  by  our  own  consent,  to  give  ourselves  up  to  delusion ;  for, 
if  strength  of  persuasion  be  the  light  which  must  guide  us,  I  ask 
how  shall  any  one  distinguish  between  the  delusions  of  Satan  and 
the  inspirations  of  the  Holy  Ghost  V 

Subtleties  and  authoritative  corruscations  have  been  repndiat«d 
by  pure  and  true-hearted  sages  and  statesmen;  the  advice  of  some 
of  the  most  profound  of  whom,  has  been  characterized  by  the  sim- 
plicity of  manner  and  of  language  in  which  they  have  borne  wit- 
ness to  truth.  Judge  Story  has  remarked,  that  "  upon  subjects  of 
Government  it  has  always  appeared  to  me,  that  metaphysical  rellne- 
ments  are  out  of  place.  A  constitution,  of  government  is  addressed 
to  the  common  sense  of  the  people,  and  never  was  designed  for 
trials  of  logical  skill,  or  visionary  speculation." 

Of  a  constitnfion  so  wisely  contrived,  so  strongly  raised,  and  so 
highly  finished,  it  is  hard  to  speak  with  that  praise  which  is  justly 
and  severely  its  due :  the  thorough  and  attentive  contemplation  of 
it  will  famish  its  best  panegyric.  To  sustain,  to  repair,  to  beau- 
tify this  nobJe  pile,  is  a  chai^  intrusted  principally  to  the  people 
and  their  constitutional  representatives,  in  aU  the  branches  of  the 
Government. 

If  honor  and  confidence,  in  a  pre-eminent  degree,  are,  with  a 
portion  of  their  power,  confened  by  the  people  upon  tiie  Chief 
Executive  Magistrate,  the  guardianship  of  the  national  honor  is 
in  no  less  a  degree  conferred  upon  their  representatives  in  the  two 
Houses  of  Congress,  the  intrinsic  dignity  of  whose  official  cha- 
racter, in  every  moral  point  of  view,  transcends  that  of  every  other 
legislative  assembly,  in  so  much  as  our  Constitution  excels  that 
of  every  other  human  government;  and  whilo  the  ConsUtution, 
practically  animated  by  the  people,  thus  confers  honor  and  dignity 


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INTEODUCTORY    EEMAEKS.  SXXr 

to  them  it  is  given  to  stand  by  the  Constitution, 
in  spirit  and  in  truth,  inflexibly  maintaining  its  principles — the 
principles  of  union,  of  liberty,  of  justice,  of  domestic  tranquillity, 
of  common  defence,  and  of  the  general  welfare.  The  Constitution 
and  the  Government,  thus  reciprocally  animating  and  being  ani- 
mated, illustrates  the  beau  idea!  of  good  government — one  of  the 
choicest  gifts  of  God  to  man. 

The  protection  of  the  liberty  of  the  United  States  of  America  is 
a  du^f  which  they  owe  to  themselves,  who  enjoy  it;  to  their  ances- 
tors, who  transmitted  it  down ;  and  to  their  posterity,  who  will 
claim  at  their  hands  this,  the  host  birthright,  the  noblest  inherit- 
ance of  manltind. 

To  conclude,  in  the  language  of  Judge  Story — 

"If,  upon  a  closer  survey  of  all  the  powers  given  by  the  Consti- 
tution, and  aD  the  guards  upon  their  exercise,  we  shall  perceive 
still  stronger  inducements  to  fortify  this  conclusion,  and  to  increase 
our  confidence  in  the  Constitution,  may  we  not  justly  hope,  that 
every  honest  American  will  concur  in  the  dying  espression  of  Fa- 
ther Paul,  'may  it  be  perpetual !'  " 

ESTO  PERPETUAill 


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CONTENTS. 


AN  ANALYTIC  A£.  1 


CHAPTER  1. 

1.  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  tINlTEB  STATES 

a.  THE  ARTICLES  OF  AMENDMENT  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION.—    S 
4.  TEi«  veii^atioa  of  the  CoDEtitDtion  aiul  amendmenli  by  Ilie  Secretary  of 
BiBie-  — ■— ■- 3 

lion 3 

6,  AN  ANALYTICAL  INDEX  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  as  amended    3 

CHAPTER  2. 

OFFICIAL  PROCEEDINGS,  AND  THE  CAUSES  WHICH  LED  TO 
THE  ADOPTION  AND  RATIFICATION  OF  THE  CONSTITU- 

TION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  vii; IE 

1.  REPORT  OF  A  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  CONGIIESS  OF  THE  CON- 
FEDERATION,  oa  Ihe  obieelioni  ofoas  of  the  Slates  to  eonfer  cermiu 
powers  on  Coagress  wilb  isgard  lo  ravenue  and  commerce.    I6lh  De- 

E.  ADDRESS  OF  CONGRESS  TO  THE  STATES,  calling  upon  Ihefr  Ins- 
April,  IJSJ ~  1! 

3.  PREAMBLE  AND  RESOLUTIONS  OF  CONGRESS,  preBcnlliiB  tho 

and  the  deatniotiTe  effect  of  foreign  policy,  snd  recontmending  ttiet 
power  for  their  proteolioQ  be  Teated  in  Coneress.    30th  April,  1784-- ■  V. 
i.  REPORT  OP  A  COMMITTEIB  OF  CONGRESS,  with  a  jlatemenl  of  the 
resaona  why  the  Slates  should  confer  uponCongreas  the  powers  therein 


S.  REPORT  OF  A  COMMITTEE  OF  CONGRESS,  si 
of  tlie  Stales  lo  comply  wilh  the  rerjuisiliona  of  Congt 


ISTli 


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XXXVUl 

B.  REPOET  OF  A  COMMITTJLE  OF  CONGRESS,  relating  lo  Hie  eon- 
tinued  tutu-compUanceDf  Borne  Dfllie  SCDleE  with  the  lequi^itions  of  Coi> 
greas,  niid  lecommendlng  the  iubject  again  to  their  conuderaUoD. 
3d  Marcli,  1789 IS 

T.  REPORT  OF  A  COMfiUTTEE  OF  CONGRESS  again  earnEBlly  recom- 
ineDding  ihe  subject  to  the  consideialion  of  the  Stales.  S3d  October, 
1786 IS 

8.  BBIEP  HISTORICAL  VIEW  OF  THE  ACTS  OF  THE  STATES 
which  led  10  Ihe  formaton  gnd  adoption  oflheCojisIilLilioii  of  the  UDiIed 
Smies ISI 

».  EESOLUTION  OP  CONGHESa  appoiminj  oommitlsss  to  tepnir  tollie 

Tequisitioos  of  Congresa  into  efleol  with  the  greatest  despolch.    £Sd  May, 

1789 Ul 

10.  RESOLUTIONS  OP  THE  LEGISI/ATUEB  OP  NEW  YORKjOQ  the 

of  Ihe  Stales  for  Ihat  purpose.    SIsl  July|17^ -..-  IS 

H.  RESOLUTIONS  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE  OF  TIRGINIA,  recom- 

12.  RESOLUTION  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE  OP  VIEGIfOA,  appoinUng 

giess  eiTeotually  lo  pi-ovide  for  the  same.    aUt  Januatr,  1788 IS 

13.  PEOCEEDINGS  AND  REPORT  OF  THE  COMMISSIONERS  FROM 

SEVERAL  OF  THE  STATES,  AT  ANNAPOUS,  reeoramending  a 
Convention  lo  meet  at  Philnilelphia,  with  ample  powers  to  adopt  a  CJon- 
stilulion  udequate  lo  ihe  exigencies  of  the  Union.    ll-14lh  Beplemher, 

14.  PROCEEDINGS  AND    RESOLUTION  OF  CONGRESS    OF   THE 


preseivation  of  the  Union.    Slat  Febrnary,  1787 IM 

i.  ACTS  OP  THE  SBVEKAL  STATES  FOB  THE  APPOINTiHEMT  OF 
DEPUTIES  TO  MEET  IN  CONVENTION  WITH  POWER  TO 
FOEM  A  CONSTITUTION  OF  GOVERNMENT, nil.: 

VIRGINIA.    lOlh  Ocloher,  17S8 ^ IBJ 

HEW  JEESET.   S3d  November,  1JB6 170 

PENNSYLVANIA.    30th  December,  ITSa —  ITS 

NORTH  CAROLINA.    8ih  Janoary,  17S7 •-  174 

DELAWARE.    Sd  February,  1787 177 

GEORGIA.    lOlh  FebioBiy,  173? 179 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.    Stli  MaicL.lTS? 18» 

MASSAOHC  SETTS.    10th  March,  IVOT -■  18S 


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MABTLAND.    2Blh  May,  1787 151 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.    STlh  Jane,  I7B7 19 

a,  LBTrBR  OF  GEORBB  WASHINGTON,  OiB  PreBidont,  wiih  RbboIu- 
lions  of  llie  ConTeiitioQ,  laying:  Ihe  Oonatihitlon  l>elbrfi  CongresB,  la  lifl 
transmuted  lo  [he  sereral  S(sle>  lo  be  snbmitled  to  Conventions  thereof 
lot  ralification.    17lh  Soplembor,  1787 IS 

7.  RESOLUTION  OF  CONGRESS,  tranamitling  Ihe  some  lo  Ihe  Slatea  He- 
cordingly.    ESth  September,  1787 IS 

B.  PEBAMBLG  AMD  RESOLUTION  OP  THE  CONOKESS  OP  THE 
CONFEDERATION,  in  pnrauanoe  of  the  lesolalion  of  Ihe  Convention, 

Presideni  and  Vice  FresldeQl,  and  the  timo  and  place  tbr  commencing 

proceedings  under  llio  Cons^tmloa Ill 

B.  BRIBC  HISTOmCAL  VIEW  OF  THE  HANKER  IN  WHICH  THE 
GOVEItXMBN'T  COMMENCED  ITS  FHOCEEDINGS  UNDER  THE 
CONSTITUTION     la 

CHAPTER  3. 
I.  PHOCECD        1    X  THE  CONQBESS  OF  THE  UNITED  COLONIES 


S.  KBSOLUT  ON  OP  CONURESS  BECLAHING  THE  UNITED  COLO- 
NIES FREE  AND  INDEPENDENT  STATES.    iM  July,l!78 1; 

3.  A  BE  LARAT  ON  BY  THE  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE  UNI- 
TED    STATES     OP    AMERICA,    IN     CONGRESS     ASSEMBLED. 


CHAPTER  4. 

I.  APPOINTMENT  OP  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  TO  BE  QENBUAL 
AND  OOMMANDER-lN-CtllEF  OF  THE  ARMY,  BY  THE  CON- 
GRESS OF  THE  UNITED  COLONrES,  on  the  161h  June.  1776 SC 

a.  ADDRESS  OF  GEORGE  WASfflNGTON,  scocpling  [the  appoinlmenl 
IBlh  June,  1778 SI 

S.  COMMISSION  OF  GEORGE  W^ASHINGTON  for  the  same.  ITih  Jone, 

4.  RESOLUTION  OP  CONGRESS  that  lliey  wonld  maintain  and  assist 
vBtion  of  American  liberty,  with  iheir  lives  and  fortunes,    17ih  June, 


P  CONGRESS  of  Ih 


5.  REPLY  OP  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  10  the  same.    HClh  August,  17S3  taH 
7.  INSCRIPTION  AND  REMARKS  CONCERNING  HODDON'B  STATUE 

OF  WASHINGTON a05 


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Xl  CONTENTS. 


if  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  of  ihfl  offico  of  eom- 

mandcr-in-chiefoflhsarniy  loCongross.    asd  DaMmber,  1783 SO 

9.  ANSWER  OF  THOMAS  MIFPUN,PreBid8nlofCDngre9s,to  the  some, 

10.  ELECTION  OF  GEOEGB  WASHINGTON,  asPresidant  of  the  TJnilea 

Stales,  and  hiainangUTal  address.    30lh  April,  17S9 21 

11.  PAEEWBLL  ADDRESS  OP  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  Piasident,  to 

the  people  of  Ibe  United  Slalea.    ITlh  Ssplember,  1796 SI 

la.  APPOINTMENT  OP  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  TO  BE  LIEUTE- 
NANT-GENERAL AND  COMMAND EB-IN-CHIEP  OP  ALL  THE 
ARMIES  RAISED  OR  TO  BE  RAISED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

aajiiiy,iT98 fia 

la  ro  THE  MEMORY  OF  GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  ProcMdings  of 
Ihe  notional  aullioritlea  on  Ihe  dealt  of  Geoi^  WaahinKlon.    14lh  De- 


CHAPTER  5. 

1   INTRODUCTORY  EEMAEKS  TO  THIS  CHAPTER se 

a  LiouBural  addrebB  of  GEOaGE  WASHINGTON.    (Vifla  Chanter  4,  Arti- 
cle 9.)    3Uth  April,  Ueil SI 

a,  Inai^ural  address  of  JOHN  ADAMS.    4lb  March,  l^T «' 

1  Inai^ural  addiBM,  first  term  of  THOMAS  JEFFERSON.    4th  March, 


rni  of  THOMA&  .lEFFERSON.    4th  March, 
1  of  JASLES  MADISON.    4Ui  March,  laOB-  ■  SB3 


CHAPTER  6. 

•GENERAL  LAWS  relating  Id  Ihe  conlinucLl  orgMliation  o 
and  providing  the  aulliorilicE  end  means  of  executin 

I.  AN  ACT  to  regulate  the  lime  and  manner  of  adoiinistei 
This  act  prescribes  lUe  form  of  ihe  oath  lo  supporl  Ihi 
Ibe  oBicere  and  persons  by  whom  il  shall  be  taken. 

!.  AN  ACTforlhepunishmentofcertaLncrimeB.  Section 

biers  and  domealioe.    SOlh  April,  1799 

].  AN  ACT  10  prescribe  Ihe  mode  in  which  Ihe  pnhlic 


1.  AN  ACT  supplemenlal  lo  the  act  eslobliaUing  the  Treasury  Deportment, 

BTcry  oKcer  and  clech  in  the  several  Departmenls  of  the  Umled  Stales 
lo  takeaaoalbloBupportlheConstilntion.    3il  March,  1791 W 


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CONTENTS.  Xli 


KM 2B1 

B.  AH  ACM  proTming  corapeneBtion  tn  the  PcMident  ana  VIm  Pre^ont  of  tha 

Unltecl  Slaios.    ISlh  February,  1793. 
T.  AH  ACT  to  autliorize  certda  ofBceis  nod  otliei  perWDS  lo  edidniBlei  osOis. 

SflMBjjITOS 291 

S.  AH  ACT  supplemeatgiy  ta  the  sob,  entitled  Ad  net  to  presenhe  the  mdde  iD 

wbid)  tha  puljlic  act%  Tecorda,  aJid  jndii^al  proceeding  la  ee^h  St&le  ebeU 

1304 Wi 

e.  AH  ACT  to  oitond  Uie  pTovinioiis  of  Uie  iict  to  anthoiiie  eeriftln  ofBeers  aul 

lei: 265 

for  other  purposes.    fiOUi  April,  1818 MB 

11.  AN  ACT  in  addition  to  Oib  «  Aot  fer  the  pnniahment  of  certain  orimoB  eeinnst 

Ihe  Triiltea  Stales,"  snd  to  repeal  the  aols  therein  mentionfd.    Oith  April, 
1318 S9S 

12.  AN  ACT  matins  eompenMUon  to  the  persons  appointed  hj  the  eleotora  to 

13.  AH  ACT  fbr  tha  ^iportioament  of  RepresentatlTes  among  the  serersj  Slsles 

Bcoordlng  to  the  slxtli  censDS.    See.  2  provides  Jhr  the  elecUon  of  Bepre- 
eentativea  by  DIattictB.    256Ii  Jnne,  18*3 SOtt 

14.  AH  ACT  to  proTlde  fartber  lemsdlal  josUce  In.  the  courts  of  tlie  Cnttod 

StateB.    29th  Augnst^  18*2 301 

15.  AH  ACT  to  estubllsli  s  unftbrm  time  tiif  Loldioe  elections  tOt  eleotors  of 

PloBMentand  VlcoPrceidentinaJltiieStatesoftheirnlon.    2MJanuarr, 
1346 302 

16.  AN  ACT  to  protfde  Bff  Uie  diBtribniion  of  the  edilioa  of  the  taws  and  Tro»- 

Ues  of  the  ITniled  States,  poblishod  hj-IrittleA  Brown,  un^r  the  proriaions 
of  the  resolutions  of  CungrcBB,  approred  ManA  3, 1845,  and  fbr  other  piuv 

poaes.    Stli  August,  184fl... -....---.---.-.-.-- 302 

II.  AH  ACr  for  giving  effect  to  certain  treaty  stipulations  between  this  and  ib- 

otfendera.    12  August;  184S. SOS 

18.  AH  ACT  providing  for  the  taking  of  the  serenlh  and  Buhaeciuent  oenanasa  of 
the  United  Slotes,  and  to  9x  the  Dumber  of  members  of  the  House  of  Bo- 
preaentatives,  and  to  provide  tor  thi^  fatore  apportionment  among  the 

several  Stolefl.    aSdBfaj,  1860 SOB 

10.  An  act  to  authorise  Notaries  Publiolota^e  and  certify  oaths,  a^rmatEons^  and 

aclCDOHlfdBmentfl  In  certain  CBsea.   IStli  September,  1850 SOS 

20.  A  EBSOLOTION  roUHng  to  llie  publication  of  the  laws  of  the  ITniled  Stales, 

26111  Beplemher,  18M SOT 


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XKi  COKTENTS. 

CHAPTER  7. 

EXPLANATORY  NOTES  OP  THE  FOLLOWING  TABLES fit 

1.  TABLES  OF  BLBCTOKAL  VOTES  FOR  PRESIDENT  AND  VICE 
PRESIDENT  of  the  United  Slalsa,  from  Maroh  4, 1768,  lo  Murcli  3, 

1S4B 3] 

S.  TABLE  OP  TERMS  OF  OFFICE,  AND  LENGTH  OF  SERVICE,  IN 
THE  SENATE,  OF  THE  VICE  PKESIDBNTS  AND  PBiSI- 
DENTS  PRO  TEMPORE;  and  of  llie  ooromenoenient,  IBrminolion, 

the  SennlB,  from  Maroh  4, 1780,  loMnroli  3,1851 3; 

3.  TABLES  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  THE  SENATORS  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES,  from  Motoh  4, 17S0,  to  March  3, 1861,  with  Iho  commenco- 


t  TABLE  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  THE  SBCRETAKIEB  OP  THE  SENATE 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  from  Mnrch  4,  IV8B,  with  Ilie  lenglli  of     . 

».  TABLE  OP  THE  NAMES  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  IN  CONGRESS 
WHO  HAVE  BEEN  ELECTED  SPBAXERS  OF  TOE  HOUSE  OF 
REPRESENTATIVES,  from  Maroh  4, 1768,  lo  Morcli  3, 1861,  wiih  tba 
conimeiTcem^nt  nod  lerminsUon  of  their  seryice  ee  BBcb,  ajid  the  SlateB 
of  which  Ihey  were  RepreaonmtiTBS 389 

6.  TABLE  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  THE    CLERKS  OF  THE  HOUSE 

CHAFTER  8. 
THE  NAMES,  APPOINTMENT    AND    SERVICE   OF    THE    JUDGES 

AND  OFFIOEdS  OF  THE   SUPREME   COURT  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES,  ftom  Mureh  4  1-S9  tiz.  589 

1.  THE   CHIEF   JU'iTICES   OF  THF   SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE 

HOTTED  STATES  389 

a.  THE  A^OCIATE  JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE 

UNITEa)  STATES  390 

3.  THE  CLERKS,  REPORTERS  OP  DECISIONS  AND  MARSHALS  OP 

THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STAT^S  sna 

CH  iPTER  0 
TEE   NAMES,  APPOINTMENT,    A^D    SEPMCE   OF    THE    '.C\ErA!, 
HIGH  EXECUTIVE  OFFICERS  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT,  ftom 

Match  4, 1769,  vii. 306 

1.  SECRETARIES  OF  STATE -  39S 

a  SECRETARIES  OP  THE  TREASURY 3ea 

3,  SI^O  RET  ARIES  OF  WAR B9B 


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CONTENTS. 


4.  aBCRETATWES  OS  T! 

6.  POSTMASTBB  O. 

6.  ATTOttNBYeBSEBALa..- 


CHAPTER  10. 


D  TBKRlTOaiES  OF 


a.  KHODE  ISLAND KIT 

4.  COraSBCTICUT lOT 

fi.  BEWTOEK m 


ao.  MISSISSIPPI 

SL  ILLINOIS 

22.  ALABAMA 
28.  MAINE 

at  snssonBi 

26.  ARKANSAS 
Se.  MICHIGAN 
2T.  SLORIBA 
28.  TE\AS 

23.  WISCONSIN 


i.  0EE80N  TEKEITORT 


B7.  DI'WIIILT  or  COLUMBIA 


CHAPTER  II. 


CLASS  No  L  THE  COLONIAL  BISTORT  of  the  United  Sta.tes,  i 
Isiy  lllSloiy  of  tha  Bevolntion 

CLASS  No.  a  LBOISLATIVB  PBOCEEBINOS  nod  aolB  of  Uie  Q 
Cmfederstlmfroni  the  ooioiaoncrawniot  tbs  RcroluUoQ  lo  t 


1  United  Stalsa,  froin  Mbj 
la  Eonao  of  EcpmeantaliTi 
[E  LEGISLATIVE  JOURNAL. 


I  of  tlie  UnitM  St&teB, 


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xliv  CONTENTS. 

CLASS  No.  6.     THE  eXECUHVB  JC 


CLASS  Ho.  T.  THE  JODUNAL  orBecord  of  the  Smute  oa  liiids  of  ImpeachineBt, 
from  March  4, 1789,  to  Mmcb  3, 1851 - 

SKSOBIPTION  of  the  LeglslaflTS  Jonrmile  of  llie  Senate  imd  House  of  Bepcesea- 
tatiTOB  of  Ui6  Hnited  States 

CLASS  No.  S.    DOCUMEHISoideiodtolHpriiited  bjthetnoHaaBeBofCoBgEciEa 


Cl^aS  No.  fl.    DOCUMENTS  printed  in  octaTO  form  ty  order  of  tlie  Senato,  duc- 

CUBS  No.  10.  DOCDMENIS  printed  m  oetaio  fona  '>iy  order  of  the  Bouse 
of  BepTesentatlTeBj  during  each  Eoa^on,  from  Mar&h  4, 1739,  to  Ubtch  3, 
1851 41 

CLASS  No.  11.  SPEBCHBa  AND  DEBATES  in  tbs  two  Housbb  of  tho  OongreM 
oftbe  United  Slates,  aom  March  4,1785,  Id  Msich  3,1861 it 

CLASS  No,  12.  THE  LAWS  of  Ihs  United  SlalM,  ineludlog  Uie  Treaties,  ic,  as 
embiaeed  la  ttio  eereral  editions  hecetoDire  ^oblielied,  up  to  March  3, 
1861 * 

CLASS  No.  13.    ABEIDGMENTS  and  Digests  of  BiB  Laws  of  tho  United  ^tale^ 

CLASS  No.  li.  IKDEXES  proparod  in  eantormity  with  orders  or  resolutions  of 
tlia  Saoate  aud  House  of  Itepresentatiies  of  the  United  Stately  to  Miroh  3, 
1851 41 

CLASS  No.  15.  RBFOKTS  of  the  Decisions  of  Hie  Supreme  Court  of  tlio  United 
Slates,  to  the  January  term,  1851 * 

CLASS  Bo.  16.  POBLI04TI0NS  on  the  auhjeotof  the  PnhUe  Lands  and  PrlTata 
Land  Claims,  nnder  the  anthorttf  of  the  United  States,  to  Meieh  3, 1851  ■  41 

CLASS  Ho.  17.  BBVBNUB  LAWS,  Commensal  Begnlations,  Digests  of  Taria 
Laws,  &C,  to  March  3. 18B1 41 

GLASS  No.  13.  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS  prluted  oc  published  under  the  au- 
thoii^  or  patraaige  of  tbe  Uolled  States  and  mit  noticed  under  psi^oular 
heads,  to  March  3, 1851 — * 

CLASS  No.  19.  MISCELLANEOUS  FUBLIOATIONB  containing  ueelUl  political, 
statistical,  and  oIlieT  lutirmaUoii,  to  Uareb  3, 1851 i; 

CLASS  No.  20.    THB  BOOKS  tontalnal  in  the  CongrcBB  or  National  Libvarj,  to 

M8reh3,1851 4^ 

CLASS  No.  21,    THE  BOOKS  conluined  in  the  library  of  lie  Depavtment  of 


CHAPTBE  12. 


THE  AltTICLES  OP  CONEEDKBATION  - 
THE  MEMBERS  or  THE  iniBTT-BIBST 


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1  the  pnnutuation.     This  oj 


n  of  copies, 


THE   CONSTITUTION, 

As  here  presentpd  and  airtheiiticated  by  the  cortifiuute  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  after  a  continued  correction  of  proof  copies 
until  every  deviation  from  tbe  original  Constitution,  however  small, 
was  completely  lemovad,  inay  with  confidence  he  used  as  a  true  cojjy. 
The  necessity  for  a  close  and  continued  attention  to  the  eseeution 
of  a  copy  of  this  important  instrument,  became  manifest  by  the  use 
of  a  printed  copy  (considered  as  correct)  to  print  from,  which,  on 
being  compared  with  the  ovig^nal,  was  found  to  contain  seveml 
errors  in  tlie  words,  and  sixty-five 
cumstance  led  to  a  further  comparis 
of  the  laws,  printed  by  different  individuals,  and 
one  edition  contained  204  and  another  176  errors 
of  the  Constitution !  Many  of  these  are  material 
don  of  the  sentences  in  which  they  occur. 

It  was  also  discovered,  that,  in  the  original  manuscript,  capital 
lettera  were  used  at  the  begimiing  of  substantives,  or  nouns,  as  is 
understood  to  have  been  the  practice  generally  in  writing  and 
printing  at  the  time  the  Constitution  was  written.  These  appear 
to  have  been  altogether  disregarded  in  the  editions  above  referred 
to,  except  in  words  at  the  beginning  of  sentences. 

As  the  construction  of  important  clauses  may,  sometimes,  turn 
uDon  the  punctuation,  or  tho  nature  of  a  word,  it  is  important  tiiat 


several  editions 
was  found,  that 
n  tho  punctuation 


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Xlvi  TBE   CONSTITUTION. 

the  former  be  of  llic  riglit  measure,  and  that  tho  propBr  value  of  the 
latter  be  manifest,  before  the  mind  can  decide  upon  the  tiue  mean- 
ing, as  intended  ty  the  wise  and  learned  frameis  of  that  master- 
piece of  composition,  which  bears  the  impress  of  the  most  minute 
and  laborious  attention  to  the  construction  of  every  particle  of  mat- 
ter constituting  this  noble  fabric,  the  preservation  of  whose  sim- 
piieity      th        ly  9  f  gu  td  to  its  integrity. 

Thes    f  nd      d  tl  e  deteimination  to  produce  a  true  ctypy  of 

ike  Const  (u(  n  n  test,  orthography,  letter,  and  punctuation,  and 
the  rig  d  examm  ti  n  a  d  subsequent  verification  of  the  Depart- 
ment ha  n  ll  ar  a  d  custody  of  the  venerated  original,  attest 
tho  success  of  the  undertaking  in  the  production  of  the  following 
authentic  ConstitaCion. 


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rr 


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CONSTITUTION 
UNITED  STATES  OE  AMEKICA. 


We  the  People  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form 
a  more  perfect  Union,  establish  Justice,  insure  domes- 
tic Tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  defence, 
promote  the  general  Welfare,  and  secure  the  Bless- 
ings of  Liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  Posterity,  do 
ordaiu  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United 
States  of  America. 

ARTICLE.  L 

Section.  1.  All  legislative  Powers  herein  granted 
shall  be  vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  Slates, 
which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. 

Section.  2.  'The  House  of  Representatives  sliall 
be  composed  of  Members  chosen  every  second  Year  bv 
the  People  of  tlie  several  States,  and  the  Electors  in  each 
State  shall  have  the  Qualifications  requisite  for  Electors 
of  the  most  numerous  Branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 


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2  CONSTITUTION, 

'No  Person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shaD  not 
have  attained  to  the  Age  of  twenty  five  Years,  and  been 
seven  Years  a  Citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall 
not,-  when  elected,  be  an  Inhabitant  of  that  State  in  which 
he  shaD  be  chosen. 

^Representatives  and  direct  Taxes  shall  be  apportioned 
among  the  several  States  which  may  be  included  within 
this  Union,  according  to  their  respective  Numbers,  wliich 
shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  Number  of 
free  Persons,  including  those  bound  to  Service  for  a  Term 
of  Years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three  fifths 
of  all  other  Persons.  The  actual  Enumeration  shall  be 
made  within  three  Years  after  the  first  Meeting  of  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every  subse- 
quent Term  of  ten  Years,  in  such  Manner  as  they  shall 
by  Law  direct.  The  Number  of  Representatives  shall 
not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  Thousand,  but  each 
State  shall  have  at  Least  one  Representative ;  and 
until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  chuse  three,  Massachu- 
setts eight,  Rhode-Island  and  Providence  Plantations 
one,  Connecticut  five.  New- York  six,  New  Jersey 
four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one,  Maryland  six, 


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CONSTITUTION.  O 

Vir^iiia  ten,  North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina  five, 
and  Georgia  three, 

'When  vacancies  happen  in  the  Representation  fi-om 
any  State,  the  Executive  Authority  thereof  shall  issue 
Writs  of  Election  to  fill  such  Vacancies. 

'The  House  of  Representatives  shall  chuse  their 
Speaker  and  other  Officers ;  and  shall  have  the  sole 
Power  of  Impeachment. 

Section.  3.  'The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  composed  of  two  Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by 
the  Legislature  thereof,  for  six  Years ;  and  each  Senator 
shall  have  one  Vote. 

'Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  Conse- 
quence of  the  first  Election,  they  shall  be  divided  as 
equally  as  maybe  into  three  Classes.  The  Seats  oftlie 
Senators  of  the  first  Class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  Ex- 
piration of  the  second  Year,  of  the  second  Class  at  the 
Expiration  of  the  fourth  Year,  and  of  the  third  Class  at  the 
Expiration  of  the  sixth  Year,  so  that  one-third  may  be 
chosen  every  second  Year ;  and  if  Vacancies  happen 
by  Resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the  Recess  of  the 
Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive  thereof  may 
make  temporary  Appointments  until  the  next  Meeting 
of  the  Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  Vacancies. 


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4  CONSTITUTION. 

'No  Person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  at- 
tained to  the  Age  of  thiiiy  Years,  and  been  nine  Years  a 
Citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when 
elected,  be  an  Inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall 
be  chosen. 

'The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  Pre- 
sident of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  Vote,  unless  they 
be  equally  divided. 

'The  Senate  shall  chuse  their  other  Officers,  and  also 
a  President  pro  tempore,  in  tlie  Absence  of  the  Vice  Pre- 
sident, or  -when  he  shall  exercise  the  OfQce  of  President 
of  the  United  States. 

"The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  Power  to'try  all  Im- 
peachments. When  sitting  for  that  Purpose,  tiiey  shall 
be  on  Oath  or  Affirmation.  When  the  President  of  the 
United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside : 
And  no  Person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  Concurrence 
of  two  thirds  of  tlie  Members  present. 

'Judgment  in  Cases  of  Impeachment  shall  not  extend 
further  than  to  removal  from  Office,  and  Disqualification 
to  bold  and  enjoy  any  Office  of  honour,  Trust  or  Profit 
under  the  United  States :  but  the  Party  convicted  shall 
nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  Indictment,  Trial, 
Judgment  and  Punishment,  according  to  Law. 


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CONSTITUTION.  5 

Section.  4.  'The  Times,  Places  and  Manner  of  hold- 
ing Elections  for  Senators  and  Representatives,  shall  be 
prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legislature  thereof;  but 
tiie  Congress  may  at  any  lime  by  Law  make  or  alter  such 
Regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  chusing  Senators. 

'The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every 
Year,  and  such  Meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday 
in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  Law  appoint  a  differ- 
ent Day. 

Section.  5.  'Each  House  shall  be  the  Judge  of 
the  Elections,  Returns  and  Qualifications  of  its  own 
Members,  and  a  Majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a 
Quorum  to  do  Business ;  but  a  smaller  Number  may 
adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to 
compel  the  Attendance  of  absent  Members,  in  such 
Manner,  and  under  such  Penalties  as  each  House  may 
provide. 

'  Each  House  may  determine  the  Rules  of  its  Proceed- 
ings, punish  its  Members  for  disorderly  Behaviour,  and, 
with  the  Concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expel  a  Member. 

"Each  House  shall  keep  a  Journal  of  its  Proceed- 
ings, and  fixjm  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting 
such  Parts  as  may  in  their  Judgment  require  Secrecy ; 
and  the  Yeas  and  Nays  of  the  Members  of  either  House 


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6  CONSTITUTION. 

on  any  question  shall,  at  the  Desire  of  one  fifth  of  those 
Present,  be  entered  on  the  Journal. 

'Neither  House,  during  the  Session  of  Congress,  shall, 
\vithout  the  Consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than 
three  days,  nor  to  any  other  Place  than  that  in  which  the 
two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Section.  6.  'The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall 
receive  a  Compensation  for  their  Services,  to  be  as- 
certained by  Law,  and  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of 
the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  Cases,  except 
Treason,  Felony  and  Breach  of  the  Peace,  be  privi- 
leged fiwm  Arrest  during  their  Attendance  at  the  Ses- 
sion of  their  respective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  and 
returning  from  the  same ;  and  for  any  Speech  or  Debate 
in  either  House,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any 
other  Place. 

^No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the 
Time  for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any 
civil  Office  under  the  Authority  of  the  United  States, 
which  shall  have  been  created,  or  liie  Emoluments 
whereof  shall  have  been  encreased  during  such  time ; 
and  no  Person  holding  any  Office  under  the  United  States, 
shall  be  a  Member  of  either  House  during  his  Continu- 
ance in  Office. 


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CONSTITUTION.  7 

Section.  7.  'All  Bills  for  raising  Revenue  shall  ori- 
ginate in  the  House  of  Representatives ;  but  tlie  Senate 
may  propose  or  concur  ■with  Amendments  as  on  other  Bills, 

'Every  Bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of 
Representatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  become 
a  Law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States;  If  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not  he 
shall  return  it,  with  his  Objections  to  that  House  in 
which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  Ob- 
jections at  large  on  their  Journal,  and  proceed  to  recon- 
sider it.  If  after  such  Reconsideration  two  thirds  of  that 
House  shall  agree  to  pass  the  Bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  to- 
gether with  the  Objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which 
it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by 
two  thirds  of  that  House,  it  shall  become  a  Law.  But 
in  all  such  Cases  the  Votes  of  both  Houses  shall  be  de- 
termined by  yeas  and  Nays,  and  the  Names  of  the  Per- 
sons voting  for  and  against  the  Bill  shall  be  entered  on 
tiie  Journal  of  each  House  respectively.  If  any  Bill 
shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  Days 
(Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to 
him,  the  Same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  Manner  as  if  he 
had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  Adjournment 
prevent  its  Return,  in  which  Case  it  shall  not  be  a  Law 


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8  CONSTITUTION. 

'Every  Order,  Resolution,  or  Vote  to  which  tho  Con- 
currence of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may 
be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  Adjournment) 
shpU  be  presented  to  tlie  President  of  the  United  States ; 
and  before  the  Same  shall  take  Effect,  shall  be  approved 
by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  bim,  shall  be  repassed 
by  two  thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 
according  to  the  Rules  and  Limitations  prescribed  in  the 
Case  of  a  Bill. 

Section.  8.     The  Congress  shall  have  Power 

'To  lay  and  collect  Taxes,  Duties,  Imposts  and  Ex- 
cises, to  pay  the  Debts  and  provide  for  the  common  De- 
fence and  general  Welfare  of  the  United  States ;  but  all 
Duties,  Imposts  and  Excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout 
the  United  States ; 

^To  borrow  Money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States; 

'To  regulate  Commerce  with  foreign  Nations,  and 
among  the  several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  Tribes ; 

'To  establish  aii  uniform  Rwie  of  Naturalization,  and 
uniform  Laws  on  the  subject  of  Bankruptcies  throughout 
the  United  States ; 

'To  coin  Money,  regulate  the  Value  thereof,  and  of 
foreign  Coin,  and  fix  tlie  Standard  of  Weights  and 
Measures ; 


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CONSTITUTION.  9 

°To  provide  for  the  Punishment  of  counterfeiting  the 
Securities  and  current  Coin  of  the  United  States ; 

'To  establish  Post  Offices  and  post  Roads  ; 

'  To  promote  the  progress  of  Science  and  useful  Arts,  by 
secuxii^  for  limited  Times  to  Authors  and  Inventors  the  ex- 
■■xlusive  Eight  to  their  respective  Writings  and  Discoveries ; 

'  To  constitute  Tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  Court ; 

"To  define  and  punish  Piracies  and  Felonies  com- 
mitted on  the  high  Seas,  and  Offences  again.st  the  Law 
of  Nations ; 

"To  declare  War,  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and  Re- 
prisal, and  make  Rules  concerning  Captures  on  Land 
and  Water ; 

"To  raise  and  support  Armies,  but  no  Appropriation 
of  Money  to  that  Use  shall  be  for  a  longer  Term  than 
two  Years ; 

"To  provide  and  maintain  a  Navy  ; 

"To  make  Rules  for  the  Government  and  Regulation 
of  the  land  and  naval  Forces ; 

"To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  Militia  to  execute 
the  Laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  Insurrections  and  repel 
Invasions ; 

"To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disci- 
plining, the   Militia,  and   for   governing   such  Part  of 


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10  COKSTITUTIOS. 

them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  Service  of  the  Unitetl 
States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively,  the  Ap- 
pointment of  the  Officers,  and  the  Authority  of  training 
die   Militia   according  to  tlie  Discipline  presi-riLed  by 


"To  exercise  exclusive  Legislation  in  all  Cases 
■whatsoever,  over  such  Distiict  (not  exceeding  ten  Miles 
square)  as  may,  by  Cession  of  particular  States,  and 
the  Acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  Seat  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  and  to  exercise 
like  Authority  over  all  Places  purchased  by  the  Con- 
sent of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  Same 
shall  be,  for  the  Erection  of  Forts,  Magazines,  Arse- 
nals, Dock-Yards,  and  other  needful  Buildings  ; — And 

I'To  make  all  Laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and 
proper  for  carrying  into  Execution  the  foregoing  Powers, 
and  all  other  Powers  vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  Department 
or  Officer  thereof. 

Section.  9.  'The  Migration  or  Importation  of  such 
Persons  as  any  of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think 
proper  to  admit,  shdl  not  be  prohibited  by  the  Con- 
gress prior  to  the  Year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and    eight,  but   a   Tax    or   Duty  may  be   imposed  on 


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CONSTITUTION.  11 

such  Importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each 
Person. 

'Tiie  Privilege  of  the  Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  :;ha!l 
not  be  suspended,  unless  when  in  Cases  of  Rebellion 
or  Invasion  the  public  Safety  may  require  it. 

^  No  BiO  of  Attainder  or  ex  postfacto  Law  shall  be  passed. 

No  Capitation,  or  other  direct.  Tax  shall  be  laid, 
unless  in  Proportion  to  the  Census  or  Enumeration 
herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

'No  Tax  or  Duty  shall  be  laid  on  Articles  exported 
from  any  State, 

"No  Preference  shall  be  given  by  any  Regulation  of 
Commerce  or  Revenue  to  the  Ports  of  one  State  over  those 
of  another :  nor  shall  Vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one  State, 
be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  Duties  in  another. 

'No  Money  shall  be  drawn  from  tlie  Treasury,  but 
in  Consequence  of  Appropriations  made  by  Law ; 
and  a  regular  Statement  and  Account  of  the  Receipts 
and  Expenditures  of  all  public  Money  shall  be  pub- 
lished from  time  to  time, 

'No  Title  of  Nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United 
States :  And  no  Person  holding  any  Office  of  Profit  or 
Trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  the 
Congress,    accept   of  any  present,  Emolument,  Office, 


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12  COKSTITUTION. 

or  Title,  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  King,  Prince, 
or  foreign  State. 

Section.  10,  'No  State  sliall  enter  into  any  Treaty, 
Alliance,  or  Confederation ;  grant  Letters  of  Marque 
and  Reprisal ;  coin  Money ;  emit  Bills  of  Credit ; 
make  any  Thing  but  gold  and  silver  Coin  a  Tender 
in  Payment  of  Debts ;  pass  any  Bill  of  Attainder,  ex 
post  facto  Law,  or  Law  impairing  the  Ohligation  of 
Contracts,  or  grant  any  Title  of  Nobility. 

^No  State  shall,  witiont  the  consent  of  the  Con- 
gress, lay  any  Imposts  or  Duties  on  Imports  or  Exports, 
except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  execut- 
ing it's  inspection  Laws :  and  the  net  Produce  of  ail 
Duties  and  Imposts,  laid  by  any  State  on  Imports  or 
Exports,  shall  be  for  the  Use  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States;  and  all  such  Laws  shall  be  subject  to 
the  Revision  and  Controul  of  the  Congress. 

'No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  Congress, 
lay  any  Duty  of  Tonnage,  keep  Troops,  or  Ships  of 
War  in  time  of  Peace,  enter  into  any  Agreement  or 
Compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  Power, 
or  engage  in  War,  unless  actually  Invaded,  or  in  such 
imminent  Danger  as  will  not  admit  of  Delay. 


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CONSTITUTION, 


13 


ARTICLE.  II. 

Section,  1.  'The  executive  Power  shall  be  vested 
in  a  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  He 
shaJl  hold  his  OfSce  during  tiie  Term  of  four  Years, 
and,  together  with  the  Vice  President,  chosen  for  the 
same  Term,  be  elected,  as  follows 

'Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  Manner  as  the 
Legislature  thereof  may  direct,  a  Number  of  Elec- 
tors, equal  to  the  whole  Number  of  Senators  and 
Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled 
in  the  Congress:  but  no  Senator  or  Representative, 
or  Person  holding  an  Office  of  Trust  or  Profit  under 
the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed  an  Elector. 

[•  The  Electors  aliall  meot  in  their  respecdve  States,  and  vote  by  Ballot 
for  Iwo  Persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  ha  an  Inhabitant  of  the 
Bame  State  with  themselves.  And  they  aSiall  make  aLUt  of  all  the  Per- 
sons Toled  for,  and  of  the  Number  of  Voles  for  each  ;  which  List  they 
shall  (dgn  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  Seat  of  the  Government 
of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  Pre- 
sident of  the  ISenate  shall,  in  the  Presence  of  the  Senats  and  House 
of  EBpresentatiTea,  open  all  the  Certificates,  and  the  Votes  shall  then  be 
counted.  The  Person  having  the  greatest  Number  of  Votes  shall  be  tha 
President,  if  such  Number  be  a  Majority  of  the  whole  Number  of  Elce- 

end  have  an  equal  Number  of  Votes,  then  the  House  of  Representatives 
shall  immediately  chuse  by  Ballot  one  of  them  for  President ;  and  if  no 


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14  CONSTITUTION. 

Person  have  a  Majoritj,  then  from  the  fi^e  highest  on  Ihe  List  the  salJ 
Hou=e  shall  In  ]iLo  Miriiier  chiwe  the  President.  But  iii  chusicg  the 
I'resident,  the  Votes  shilt  be  taken  by  Stales,  the  Representation  from 
each  8t3t«  having  one  Vole,  A  Quorum  for  Hub  Purpose  shall  consist 
of  H  Member  or  Members  from  tnolhinis  of  the  Slates,  and  a  Majority 
of  all  the  States  shall  be  nectsBary  to  a  Choice.  Ill  every  Case,  after  the 
Choice  of  the  PresiJenl,  (he  Person  having  the  greatest  Number  of  Votes 
of  the  Electors  shall  be  the  Vice  President.  But  if  theie  should  remain 
two  or  more  who  have  equal  Votes,  the  SGnate  shall  chuse  from  them  by 
Ballot  the  Vice  Prefjdcnt.] 

'The  Congress  may  determine  the  Time  of  chusing 
the  Electors,  and  the  Day  on  which  they  shall  give 
their  Votes ;  which  Day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the 
United  States. 

*No  Person  except  a  natural  born  Citizen,  or  a  Citizen 
of  the  United  States,  at  the  time  of  the  Adoption  of  this 
Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  OtEce  of  President ; 
neither  shall  any  Person  be  eligible  to  that  Office  who 
shall  not  have  attained  to  the  Age  of  thirty  five  Years, 
and  been  fourteen  Years  a  Resident  within  the  United 
States. 

'In  Case  of  the  Removal  of  the  President  from  Office, 
or  of  his  Death,  Resignation,  or  Inability  to  dis- 
charge the  Powers  and  Duties  of  the  said  Office,  the 
same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice  President,  and  the  Con- 
gress   may    by  Law    provide    for    the    Case    of   Re- 


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CONSTITUTION.  15 

moval,  Deatii,  Resignation,  or  Inability,  both  of  the 
President  and  Vice  President,  declaring  what  Officer 
shaJI  then  act  as  President,  and  such  Officer  shall  act 
accordingly,  until  the  Disability  be  removed,  or  a  Pre- 
ident  shall  be  elected, 

'The  President  shall,  at  stated  Times,  receive  for 
his  Services,  a  Compensation,  which  shall  neither  be 
encreased  nor  diminished  during  the  Period  for  vrhich 
he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive 
within  that  Period  any  other  Emolument  from  the  United 
States,  or  any  of  them. 

'Before  he  enter  on  the  Execution  of  his  Office,  he  shall 
tate  the  following  Oath  or  Affirmation  : — 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully 
"  execute  the  Office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and 
"  \nl\  to  the  best  of  my  Ability,  preserve,  protect  and 
"  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 

Section.  2.  'The  President  shall  be  Commander 
in  Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States, 
and  of  the  Militia  of  the  several  States,  when  called 
into  the  actual  Service  of  the  United  States ;  he  may 
require  the  Opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  Of 
ficer  in  each  of  the  executive  Departments,  upon  any 
Subject  relating  to  the  Duties  of  their   respective  Offi- 


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16  CONSTITUTIOX. 

ces,  and  lie  shall  have  Power  to  grant  Reprieves  and  Par- 
dons for  Offences  against  the  United  States,  except  in 
Cases  of  Impeachment. 

'He  shall  have  Power,  by  and  with  the  Advice  and  Con- 
sent of  the  Senate,  to  make  Treaties,  provided  two  thirds 
of  tlie  Senators  present  concur ;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and 
ty  and  with  the  Advice  and  Consent  of  the  Senate,  shall 
appoint  Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers  and  Con- 
sids,  Judges  of  the  supreme  Court,  and  all  other  Officers  of 
llieUnited  States,  whose  Appointments  are  not  herein  other- 
wise provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  Law : 
but  the  Congress  may  by  Law  vest  the  Appointment  of  such 
inferior  Officers,  as  they  think  proper,  in  the  President  alone, 
in  the  Courts  of  Law,  or  in  the  Heads  of  Departments, 

^The  President  shall  have  Power  to  fill  up  all  Vacan- 
cies that  may  happen  during  the  Recess  of  the  Senate, 
by  granting  Commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  End 
of  their  next  Session, 

yECTioK.  3.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the 
Congress  Information  of  tie  State  of  tlie  Union,  and 
recommend  to  their  Consideration  such  Measures  as  he 
shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on  ex- 
traordinary Occasions,  convene  both  Houses,  or  either 
of  them,  and  in  Case  of  Disagreement  between  them, 


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CONSTITUTION.  17 

with  Respect  to  tlie  Time  of  Adjournment,  he  may  ad- 
journ them  to  such  Time  as  he  shall  think  proper ;  he 
shall  receive  Ambassadors  and  other  public  Ministers ;' 
he  shall  take  Care  that  the  Laws  be  faithfully  executed, 
and  shall  Commission  all  the  olficers  of  the  United 
States. 

Section.  4.  The  President,  Vice  President  and  all 
civil  Officers  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  removed  from 
Office  on  Impeachment  for,  and'  Conviction  of,  Treason, 
Bribery,  or  other  high  Crimes  and  Misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  III. 

Section,  1.  The  judicial  Power  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme  Court,  and  in 
such  inferior  Courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  fo 
time  ordain  and  establish.  The  Judges,  both  of  tlie 
supreme  and  inferior  Courts,  shall  hold  their  Offices 
during  good  Behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated  Times,  re- 
ceive for  their  Services,  a  Compensation,  which  shall  not 
be  diminished  during  their  Continuance  in  Office. 

Section,  2,  'The  judicial  Power  shall  extend  to  all 
Cases,  in  Law  and  Equity,  arising  under  this  Consti- 
tution, the  Laws  of  the  United  States,  and  Treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,   under    their    Authori- 


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18  CONSTITUTION. 

ty ; — to  all  Cases  affecting  Ambassadors,  other  public 
Ministers,  and  Consuls ; — to  all  Cases  of  admiralty  and 
maritime  Jurisdiction ;- — to  Conti'oversies  to  which  the 
United  States  shall  be  a  Party ; — to  Controversies  be- 
tween two  or  more  States  ; — between  a  State  and  Citizens 
of  another  State; — between  Citizens  of  different  States, — 
between  Citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  Lands  under 
Grants  of  diiJercnt  States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the 
Citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  Citizens  or  Subjects. 

=  In  all  Cases  affecting  Ambassadors,  other  public 
Ministers  and  Consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State 
shall  be  Party,  the  supreme  Court  shall  have  original 
Jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  Cases  before  mentioned, 
the  supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  Jurisdiction, 
both  as  to  Law  and  Fact,  with  such  Exceptions,  and 
under  such  Regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

'The  Trial  of  all  Crimes,  except  in  Cases  of  Im- 
peachment, shall  be  by  Jury ;  and  such  Trial  shall 
be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  Crimes  shall  have 
been  committed ;  but  when  not  committed  within  any 
State,  the  Trial  shall  be  at  such  Place  or  Places  as  the 
Congress  may  by  Law  have  directed. 

Section.  3.  'Treason  against  the  United  States, 
shall    consist  only  in  levj'ing  War  against  them,  or  in 


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COKSTITUTION.  1 9 

adhering  to  their  Enemies,  giving  them  Aid  and 
Comfort.  No  Person  shall  be  convicted  of  Treason 
unless  on  tlie  Testimony  of  Iwo  "Witnesses  to  tie 
same  overt  Act,  or  on  Confession  in  open  Court. 

'The  Congress  sliall  have  Power  to  declare  the 
Punishment  of  Treason,  but  no  Attainder  of  Trea- 
son shall  work  Corruption  of  Blood,  or  Forfeiture  except 
during  the  Life  of  the  Person  attainted. 

ARTICLE.  IV. 

Section.  1.  Full'  Faith  and  Credit  shall  be  ^ven 
in  each  State  to  the  public  Acts,  Records,  and  judi- 
cial Proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And  the  Con- 
gress may  by  general  Laws  prescribe  the  Manner  in 
which  such  Acts,  Records  and  Proceedings  shall  be 
proved,  and  the  EfTect  thereof. 

SiiCTioN.  2,  'The  Citizens  of  each  State  shall  be 
entitled  to  all  Privileges  and  Immunities  of  Citizens  in 
the  several  States. 

"A  Person  charged  in  any  State  with  Treason,  Felony, 
or  other  Crime,  who  shall  flee  from  Justice,  and  be  found 
in  another  State,  shall  on  Demand  of  the  executive  Au- 
tliority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to 
be  removed  to  the  State  having  Jurisdiction  of  the  Crime. 


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20  COS^TI'l-UTION. 

'No  Person  held  to  Service  or  Labour  in  one  Stafe, 
under  the  Laws  tliereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall, 
in  Consequence  of  any  Law  or  Regulation  therein,  be 
discharged  from  such  Semce  or  Labour,  hut  shall  be 
delivered  up  on  Cl^m  of  the  Party  to  whom  such  Service 
or  Labour  may  be  due. 

Section.  3.  'New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Con- 
gress into  this  Union  ;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or 
erected  within  the  Jurisdiction  of  any  other  State ;  nor  any 
State  be  formed  by  the  Junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or 
Parts  of  States,  without  the  Consent  of  the  Legislatures 
of  the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

'The  Congress  shall  have  Power  to  dispose  of  and 
make  all  needfiil  Rules  and  Regulations  respecting  the 
Territory  or  other  Property  belonging  to  the  United 
States ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so 
construed  as  to  Prejudice  any  Claims  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

Section.  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to 
every  State  in  this  Union  a  Republican  Form  of  Go- 
vernment, and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  In- 
vasion ,  and  on  Application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of 
tlie  Executive  (when  the  Legislature  cannot  be  con- 
vened) against  domestic  Violence. 


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CONSTITUTION.  21 

ARTICLE.  V. 

The  Congresa,  whenever  two  thirds  ofboth  Houses  shall 
deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  Amendments  to  this  Con- 
stitution, or,  on  the  Application  of  the  Le^slatures  of  two 
thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  Convention  for 
proposing  Amendments,  which,  in  either  Case,  shall  be 
valid  to  all  Intents  and  Purposes,  as  Part  of  this  Con- 
stitution, when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three  fourths 
of  the  several  States,  or  by  Conventions  in  three  fourths 
thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  Mode  of  Ratification  may  be 
proposed  by  the  Congress ;  Provided  that  no  Amendment 
which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  Year  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  Manner  afiect  the  first 
and  fourth  Clauses  in  the  Ninth  Section  of  the  first  Article ; 
and  that  no  State,  without  its  Consent,  shall  be  deprived 
of  its  equal  Suffrage  in  the  Senate. 
ARTICLE.  VI. 

'All  Debts  contracted  and  Engagements  entered 
into,  before  tlie  Adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall 
be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  Con- 
stitution, as  under  the  Confederation. 

'This  Constitution,  and  the  Laws  of  the  United 
States  which  shall  be  made  in  Pursuance  thereof;  and 
all  Treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the 


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22  COSSTITUTION. 

authority  of  t!ie  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme 
Law  of  the  Land ;  and  the  Judges  in  every  State  shall 
be  bound  thereby,  any  Thing  in  the  Constitution  or  Laws 
of  any  State  to  the  Contrary  notwithstanding. 

'The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned, 
and  the  Members  of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and 
all  executive  and  judicial  Officers,  both  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  Oath 
or  Affirmation,  to  support  this  Constitution ;  but  no  re- 
ligious Test  sl'all  ever  be  required  as  a  Qualification  to 
any  Office  or  public  Trust  under  the  United  States. 
ARTICLE.  Vn. 
The  Ratification  of  the  Conventions  of  nine  States, 
shall  be  sufficient  for  the  Establishment  of  this  Consti- 
tution between  the  States  so  ratifying  tlie  Same. 

Do^fE  in  Convention  by  the  Unanimous  Consent 
of  the  States  present  the  Seventeenth  Day  of  Sep- 
tember in  the  Year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  Eighty  seven  and  of  the  Independance 
of  the  United  States  of  America  the  Twelfth  In 
'Witness  whereof  We  have  hereunto  subscribed 
our  Names, 

GEO  WASHINGTON— 
Presidt  and  deputy  from   Virginia 


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CONSTITUTION. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
John  Lanodon,  Nicholas  Gii 

MASSACHUSE'iTS. 
Nathaniel  Gorham,  Hitkus  Kinu. 

CONNECTICUT. 
Wm.  Saml.  Johnson,  Eogeb  Suerhi 

NEW  YORK. 
Alexander  Hamilton. 

NEW  JERSEY. 


B.  Franklin, 
RoBT.  Morris, 

ThO:     FlTKSlMONl 

James  Wilson, 


DiviQ  Beearlev, 
J  ON  A.  Davton. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

Thomas  Mifflin, 

Jahiid  Inuersoll, 
Gouv:  Morris. 
DELAWARE. 

Gunning  Beofoed,  Jun'i, 
Rich  ABB  Bassett, 


MARYLAND. 

Dan  :  or  St.  Thos.  Jenifbh, 


VIRGINIA. 

John  Blair,  Jambs  Madison,  Jr., 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 
Wm.  Blount,  Rich'o  DoBHa  Spaight, 

Hk.    WlLLlAMSOS. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
J.  RuTi.EDHE,  Charles  Ci 

ChARLSS    PlSCBNEr,  PlESCE     BuTLEB 

GEORGIA. 
William  Few,  Abr.  Baldwin. 


Allest : 


WILLIAM  JACKSON,  Secrdor-/. 


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The  CoJistjiution  was  adopted  on  the  17th  Septeraler,  1787,  by 
the  Oonyention  appointed  in  pursuance  of  the  reanlutlon  of  the  Con- 
gress of  the  Confedeiatioo,  of  the  21sf  February,  1787,  and  was 
ratified  by  the  Conventions  of  the  several  States,  as  follows,  viz.: 


By  Convention  oi  Delawa  e                on 

he    7th  December 

1787. 

P     njlana 

'     laUi  December 

1737. 

NwJ       y 

'     18th  December 

1787 

C 

•       2d   January, 

1788 

Co  n         u 

'       9th  January, 

1788 

Mas      h         3 

'       6th  February, 

1788 

Majl     d 

'     2Sth  April, 

1789 

»            "            &  u  h  C      1  na 

'     23d  May, 

1789 

N    vHampsl      , 

'     31  St  June, 

1789 

V          a 

'     36th  June, 

1788 

Nevf  York, 

'     36th  July, 

1788 

"            "            Nortli  Carolina, 

'     aist  November 

1789 

Rhode  Island, 

'     29th  May, 

1790 

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ARTICLES 

IN  ADDITION  TO,  AND  AMENDMENT  OF, 
THE  CONSTITUTION 

"UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 

Proposed  hy  Congress,  and  ratified  by  the  Legislatures 
of  the  several  Slates,  pursuant  to  the  jiftk  article  of  the 
original  Constitution. 

(ARTICLE  1.) 
Congreiss  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establish- 
ment of  reli^on,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  there- 
of; or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  tlie 
press ;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assem- 
ble, and  to  petition  the  Government  for  a  redress  of 
grievances, 

(ARTICLE  2.) 
A  well  regulated  Militia,  being  necessary  to  the  se- 
curity of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and 
bear  Arms,  shall  not  be  infringed. 


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26  CONSTITUTION. 

(ARTICLE  III.) 
No  Soldier   shall,  in  time  of  peace  be  quartered  in 
Eny  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  Owner,  nor  in 
time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 
(ARTICLE  IV.) 
The   right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  per- 
sons, houses,  papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable 
searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and  no  War- 
rants shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by 
Oath  or  afRrmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place 
to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 
(ARTICLE  V.) 
No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or 
otherwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or 
indictment  of  a  Grand  Jury,  except  in  cases  arbing  in 
the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  Militia,  when  in  ac- 
tual  service   in   time   of  War   or   public  danger ;  nor 
shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be 
twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb  ;  nor  shall  be  com- 
l)elled   in    any  Criminal  Case  to  be  a  witness  against 
himself,  nor  be    deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or   property, 
without  due  process  of  law ;   nor  shall  private  proper- 
ty be  taken  for  public  use,  without  just  compensation. 


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(ARTICLE  VI.) 
In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoj 
the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impar- 
tial jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the  crime 
shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  hiive 
been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  in- 
formed of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation; 
to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  hira ; 
to  have  Compulsory  process  for  obtaining  Witnesses 
in  his  favour,  and  to  have  the  Assistance  of  Counsel 
for  his  defence. 

(ARTICLE  VIL) 
In  Suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  con- 
troversy shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial 
by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury 
shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  Court  of  the 
United  States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  com- 
mon law. 

(ARTICLE  VIII.) 
Excessive  bail  sJiaJl  not  be   required,  nor   excessive 
fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punisliments  in- 
flicted. 


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*0  CONSTITUTION. 

{ARTICLE  IX.) 
The    enumeration    in    tJie    Constitution,    of   certain 
rights,  sliall   not   be   construed  to    deny  or  disparage 
otliers  retained  by  the  people. 

(ARTICLE  X.) 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by 
the  Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States, 
are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the 
people. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

The  Judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not 
be  construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity, 
commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United 
States  by  Citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  Citizens  or 
Subjects  of  any  Foreign  State. 

ARTICLE  Xir. 
The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states, 
and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice  President, 
one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of 
ihe  same  state  with  tliemselves ;  they  shall  name  in 
liieir  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in 
ilistinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  Vice-President, 


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CONSTITUTION.  29 

and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for 
as  President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they 
shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to 
the  President  of  the  iSenate;— The  President  of  the 
Senate  shall,  in  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates  and  the  votes 
shall  then  be  counted ; — The  person  having  the  great- 
est number  of  votes  for  President,  shall  be  the  Presi- 
dent, if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  numbei 
of  Electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  such 
majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest 
numbers  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted 
for  as  Preadent,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall 
choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in 
choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  states, 
the  representation  from  each  state  having  one  vote ;  a 
quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or 
members  fix>ra  two-thirds  of  the  states,  and  a  majority 
of  all  the  states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And 
if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  Pre- 
sident whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve 
upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  fol- 


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30  CONSTITDTION. 

lowing,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  dis- 
ability of  the  President.  The  person  having  the  great- 
est number  of  votes  as  Vice-President,  shall  be  the  Vice- 
President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  of  Electors  appointed,  and  if  no  person  have  a 
majority,  tJien  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list, 
the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-President;  a  quorum 
for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole 
number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person  consti- 
tutionally ineligible  to  the  office  of  President  shall  be 
eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 


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i'J^-'   f^£f. 


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33 

77ie  following  is  prefixed  to   the  Jirst  ten*  of  the  pre- 
ceding amendments. 

CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


The  Conventions  of  a  number  of  the  States,  having 
at  the  time  of  their  adopting  the  Constitution,  expressed 
a  desire,  in  order  to  prevent  misconstruction  or  abuse  of 
its  powers,  that  further  declaratory  and  restrictive  clauses 
should  be  added :  And  as  extending  the  ground  of  public 
confidence  in  the  Government,  will  best  insure  the  bene- 
ficent ends  of  its  institution  ; 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatims 

'  It  may  Ite  proper  here  to  state  that  IS  articles  of  ameinlment  were 
priiposed  by  the  Srst  Congress,  of  tvliich  but  10  were  ratified  by  the 
States — the  first  and  fecoiiil  in  order  net  having  been  ratified  by  the  re- 
quisite numlKr  of  States. 

These  two  were  as  follows: 

Article  the  firBl...,Attor  the  first  enumeration  required  by  the  first  Article 
of  the  Conslilutian,  Cbere  shall  be  one  Representative  lor  every  thirty  thou- 
sand, until  (he  number  shall  amount  to  one  hundred,  oiler  which,  the  pro- 
portion shall  be  so  regulated  by  Congress,  that  there  shall  not  he  less  than 
one  hundred  RepresentaUves,  not  less  than  one  Kepresentative  for  every 
fiirty  tiiousand  persona,  until  the  nnmhor  of  Representatives  shall  amount 
to  two  hundred,  after  which  tho  proportion  shall  be  so  regulated  by  Con- 
gress, that  there  shall  not  he  less  than  two  hundred  Representatives,  nor 
more  than  one  Representative  for  every  fifty  thousand  persons. 

Article  gecaud....IVo  law,  varying  the  compensation  ^?r  the  services 
of  the  Senators  and  Ropteaentalives,  shall  take  efSect,  until  an  election 


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34  CONSTITUTION. 

of  the  United  States  of  America,  in  Congress  assembled, 
two  thirds  of  botli  Houses  concurring,  That  the  following 
Articles  be  proposed  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  several 
States,  as  amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  all,  or  any  ofwhicharticles,when  ratified  by  three- 
fourths  of  the  said  Legislatures,  to  be  valid  to  all  intents 
and  purposes,  as  part  of  tbe  said  Constitution  ;  viz. 

Articles  in  addition  to,  and  Amendment  of  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States  of  America,  proposed  by  Con- 
gress, and  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States 
pursuant  to  the  fifth  article  of  the  original  Constitution. 

The  first  ten  amendments  of  the  Constitution  were 
ratified  by  the  States  as  follows,  viz. : 

By  New  Jersey,  20th  November,  1789. 

By  Maryland,  19th  December,  1789. 

By  North  Carolina,  22d  December,  1789. 

By  South  Carolina,  19th  January,  1790. 

By  New  Hampshire,  25th  January,  1790. 

By  Delaware,  28th  January,  1790. 

By  Pennsylvania,  10th  March,  1790. 

By  New  York,  27th  March,  1790. 

By  Rhode  Island,  15th  June,  1790. 

By  Vermont,  3  November,  1791. 

By  Virginia,  15  December,  1791. 


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CONSTITUTION.  36 

The  following  is  prefixed  to  the  eleventh  of  the  preceding 
amendments  : 

THIRD  CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES: 
At  the  first  session,  begun  and  lield  at  the  city  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  on  Monday  the 
second  of  December,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
ninety-three. 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
of  tlte  United  States  of  America,  in  Congress  assembled, 
two  thirds  of  both  Houses  concurring,  That  the  following 
Article  be  proposed  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  several 
States,  as  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States;  which  when  ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  said 
Legislatures  shall  he  valid  as  part  of  the  said  Consti- 

The  following  is  prefixed  to  the  twelfth  of  the  preceding 
amendments : 
EIGHTH  CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES: 
At  the  first  session,  begun  and  keld  at  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington, in  the  Teiritory  of  Columbia,  on  Monday  the 
seventeenth  of  October,  one  thousand  ^ght  hundred  and 
three. 

Resolved  by  tlie  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  in  Congress  assembled. 
Two  thirds  of  both  Houses  concurring,  that  in  lieu  of  the 
third  paragraph  of  the  first  section  of  the  second  article 


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36 

of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  following  be 
proposed  as  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  which,  when  ratified  by  three-fourths  of 
the  legislatures  of  the  several  states,  shall  be  valid  to  all 
intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  the  said  Constitution,  to 
wit: 

The  ten  first  of  the  preceding  amendments  were  pro- 
posed at  the  first  session  of  the  first  Congress,  of  the 
United  States,  25  September,  1789,  and  were  finally 
ratified  by  the  constitutional  number  of  States,  on  the  l5th 
day  of  December,  1791.  The  eleventh  amendment  was 
proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  third  Congress,  5  March, 
1794,  and  was  declared  in  a  message  Irom  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  to  both  houses  of  Congress, 
dated  Sth  January,  1798,  to  have  been  adopted  by  the 
constitutional  number  of  States,  The  twelfth  amendment 
was  proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  eighth  Congress, 
12  December,  1803,  and  was  adopted  by  the  constitu- 
tional number  of  States  in  1804,  according  to  a  public 
notice  thereof  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  dated  25th  Sep- 
tember, of  the  same  year, 


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DESIGN  or  THE  ANALYSIS. 


1.  EvKRV  substantive  niattci,  or  point,  contained  in  each  article, 
section,  or  clause,  embracing  every  subject,  name  and  definition 
in  tiie  Constitution,  has  been  arranged  in  alphabeticai  order.  The 
entire  clause  in  which  each  n^ord  so  arranged  occurs,  being  given. 

3.  All  similar  words,  names,  or  lerms  used  in  the  Constilution 
being  thus  brought  togetiier,  saves  the  time  and  trouble  of  reading 
over  that  instrument  in  search  of  supposed  tenns  or  provisions, 
ivbioh.  If  they  cannot  be  found  in  this  Alphabetical  Analysis,  will 
not  be  found  in  the  Constitution.  Under  the  head  of  each  branch 
of  the  Government,  as  Congress,  Senate,  House  of  Representatives, 
Executive  or  President,  Judiciary,  &c.,  wiU  be  found  every  power, 
duty,  privilege,  and  restriction  belonging  to  each,  and  joint  or  con- 
current power  with  the  other  branches.  In  lilse  manner,  all  provi' 
sions,  regarding  Rtat«s,  legislatures,  persons,  people,  citizens, 
powers,  offices,  laws,  elections,  army,  militia,  navy,  and  every 
otiier  subject  contained  in  the  Constitution,  wili  all  respectively, 
be  foand  under  one  head. 

3.  By  this  arrangement  the  entire  instrument  is  resolved  into  its 
elements,  while  all  clauses  containing  like  terms  or  provisions  are 
drawn  together  in  close  contact,  by  iJie  strictly  alphabetical  posi- 
tion of  the  similar  terms  or  words  in  each,  which  proximity  brings 
the  whole  into  one  view,  to  be  seen  at  a  glance,  and  being  ihus 
presented  to  the  mind  at  once,  the  connection  is  more  easily  im- 
pressed upon  and  retained  in  Ibe  memory. 


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CHAPTER   2. 

The  Confederation  haling  given  place  to  the  Amer'^an  Union, 
under  the  Constitution  of  iho  United  States,  it  was  considered  un- 
neoeSBary  to  insert,  in  ike  first  ami  second  editions  of  this  book,  the 
Articles  of  Confederation,  wliich  were  agreed  to  by  the  Delegates 
of  the  thirteen  Original  Slates,  in  Congress  assembled,  on  the  15th 
November,  1777 }  ratified  by  eight  Slates,  on  the  9th  July,  1773 ; 
and  finally  ratified  by  all  the  States,  on  the  Ist  March,  1781; 

but  an  further  coimiiUraiion,  those  arlieha  haoe  been  inserled  a/page 
471,  merely  as  matter  of  history,  as  it  were  out  of  place  to  mingle 
that  inefficient  form  of  govemmenl  with  the  present  approved 
and  successful  system,  which  has  stood  the  test  of  more  than  half 
a  century,  and  which  is  destined,  under  Divine  Providence,  not 
only  to  perpetuate  the  happiness  and  safety  of  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  but  to  be  the  Great  Exemplar  of  Nations, 
when  governments  shall,  by  the  natural  and  just  power  of  man,  he 
brought  to  their  le^tiraate  purposes  and  uses — to  establish  justice, 
insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  pro- 
mote the  general  welfere,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  the 

The  matter  contained  in  this  chapter  exhibits  the  deplorable  con- 
dition of  the  finances  and  credit  of  the  government  under  the  old 
form,  and  the  incompetency  of  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation 
to  raise  a  revenue,  support  the  public  credit,  regulate  trade  or  com- 
merce, or  to  provide  for  the  wants  and  safety  of  the  eonntry ;  and 
it  is  intended  thereby  to  show  the  immediate  and  prominent  causes 
that  led  to  the  abandonment  of  that  inefficient  form,  and  the  adop- 
tion of  the  present  system  of  government ;  and,  also,  to  show  the 
official  proceedings  by  which  the  change  was  effected  and  the  pre- 
sent Constitation  established. 

These  fiiots  and  proceedings  may  prove  a  warning  against  the 
treasonable  suggestions  of  the  evil  spirit,  whose  insidious  and 
alluring  temptations  are,  not  unfrequenlly,  directed   towards  thu 


Hosiecb,  Google 


130 

most  arii«nt  and  honest  citizens,  vhose  zeal  in  the  defence  of  the 
Buppoaed  interests  of  a  part  of  the  Union  might  induee  them  even 
to  g-o  ao  far  aa  to  calculate  the  value  of  the  Union  itself,  a.nd  of  tl>e 
Con«itiition    By  pxhibiting  the  impo        y    ftl     m  d  p    d 

b)  the  Old  Confederation  to  provide  1      tl  ta    nd  lo  e 

the  indLpei  ^  noe  and  safety  of  the  p    pi       1     p      sal     t    1 
proceedings  tvill  induce  a  due  app  n        th      al         f 

inestimable  Union,  so  firmly  bound      g   h      by    he 
and  prolpclive  principles  ot  our  noble  C  n    nd  w  11  b        1 

from  the  mind  the  leait  idea  of  id  ngtpdy  i 

rehp-jlvig  into  the  enfeebled  conditio      f   1     (  1  G      mm 

bLforetheidiptioiiofthe  Conbtitutio        Tl     d     g       f  g 

from  the  edifice  one  particle  of  the  m  te  al  wh    h  s  rv  p 

port  its  magniRcent  superstructure,  is  h       p  lly  n  d 

fast,  and  every  true-hearted  American      ti    n  w  11  fin  Ij  re    1 
with  heart  and  hand,  and  sleepless  v  gil  g      d   I     Un 

fortified  by  llie  Constitution,  as  the         1  1     f  lb  —  h 

object  of  our  greatest  care,  and  the  um  f  hly 


OFFICIAL  PROCEEDINGS,  AND  THE  CAUSES  WHICH 
LED  TO  THE  ADOPTION  AND  RATIFICATION  OF  THE 
CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

It  was  early  discovered  by  the  patriots  and  EtnteBmen  of  the  Rovohi- 
tion,  that  a  bond  of  union,  to  connect  the  powers  nnd  means  of  the  colo- 
nieH  for  the  common  defence,  was  a  measure  of  absoluie  necesEiijr;  and 
nence  the  assemblage  of  a  number  of  delegates,  cliosen  mid  appoiiiled 
by  ihe  several  colonies  and  provincea  m  North  America,  to  meet  and 
hold  a  Congress  in  Philadelphia,  at  the  Carpenter's  Hull,  on  Monday, 
fne  5th  September,  1774.  This  Congress  oonlimied  to  act  under  the 
powers  sepnralely  conferred  upon  the  delegates  by  ihe  respective  colo- 
nies, until  the  time  anived  when,  from  their  patriotic  ardor,  the  delicacy 
of  their  position,  and  the  force  of  circumstances,  a  total  separation  from 
the  mother  country  became  necessary,  and  (hey  were  obliged  to  assume 
a  noble  stand  among  the  nations  of  the  earth.  Simultaneously  with  and 
consequent  apon  the  Declnratiun  of  Independence,  n  provision  for  an 


Hosiecb,  Google 


131 

adcqunfe  nnlional  government  became  so  manifesllf  uidispenBnlile,  tliat, 
on  the  11th  Juno,  1776,  it  was  resolved  thai  a  committee  bo  appointed 
to  prepare  »nd  digest  the  form  of  a  confederation  to  be  entered  into  be- 
twiieii  the  coloniee.  After  due  deUberation,  the  Artiolee  of  Confedera- 
tion were  agreed  to,  in  Congress,  on  15th  November,  1777,  aubject  to 
tlio  ratification  of  the  several  Slates.  The  ratification  by  eight  States 
was  announced  on  the  9lh  July,  1778 ;,  but  many  objections  were  urged 
to  theso  articles,  and  so  reluctantly  did  some  of  the  Slates  part  with  a 
portion  of  their  powers,  that  it  was  not  uitlii  ihe  let  March,  17S1,  that 
these  articles  were  fully  ratified ;  and  no  sooner  were  they  ratified  ihsu 
(indeed  before  their  final  ratification)  it  was  ibund  that  the  powere  euu- 
ferred  by  them  upon  Congress  were  totally  inadeqaate  to  the  mdispen- 
eable  purposes  of  a  national  government.  The  defects  first  became  ap- 
paronl  in  tiie  want  of  the  necessary  means  of  raising  a  revenue,  and 
Q6Kt  ill  the  absence  of  power  to  regulate  or  control  the  foreign  trade  and 
commerce  of  the  country ;  and  on  the  3d  Pebruarj',  1781,  a  member 
from  New  Jersey  moved  a  recommendalion  to  the  States  that  Congress 
be  vested  with  additional  powers  to  provide  means  for  paying  the  public 
debt,  and  prosecuting  the  existing  war,  by  laying  duties  on  imporls  and 
prina  goods.  One  of  the  Slates  having  refused  to  comply  with  this  re- 
commendalion, the  subject  was  referred  to  a  oomrailtcc,  by  whom  the 


,  !N  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATION. 

Monday,  Decembek  Ifi,  17S3. 


nsisting  of  Mr.  Hamilton,  Mr.  Madison,  and  Mr. 


Fitzsimnions,  to  whom  was  referred  the  letter  of  30th  Noven 
the  honorable  WiUioni  Biadford,  speaker  of  the  lower  house  of  Assem- 
bly  of  the  State  of  Rliode  Island,  containing,  under  three  heads,  the 
reasons  of  that  State  for  refusing  Iheir  compliance  with  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Congress  for  a  duty  on  imparts  and  prize  goods ;  report. 

That  they  (latter  themselves  the  State,  on  a  reconsiderB'ion  of  tlio 
objections  they  have  ofTcred,  with  a  candid  attention  to  the  ergumenla 
whidi  stand  in  oppowtion  to  them,  will  be  induced  to  retract  their  dis- 
sent, convinced  ^al  the  measure  is  supported  on  the  most  solid  grounds 
of  equal  justice,  policy,  and  general  utility.  The  following  observa- 
tions, contrasted  with  each  head  of  the  objections,  successively,  will 
furniBh  a  satisfactory  answer  to  the  whole. 

First  objection.  "That  the  proposed  duly  would  be  nnequal  m  mi 
operation,  bearing  hardest  upon  the  most  comuiercinl  States,  and  so 


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Ths  most  common  experience,  joined  to  tho  concurrent  opinions  of 
the  nblest  commercial  and  political  abservera,  have  eslablLslied  beyond 
controversy  this  general  principle,  "  that  every  duty  oa  importa  ia  incor- 
porated with  the  price  of  the  commodity,  and  ultimately  paid  by  the 
consumer,  with  a  profit  on  the  duty  itself,  as  a  compensation  to  tho  mer- 
chant for  the  advance  of  hie  money." 

The  merchant  eonsidcra  the  duty  demanded  by  tlie  State  on  tiie  ini- 
ported  arlicle,  in  tlie  same  light  with  freight,  or  any  similar  charge,  and, 
adding  it  to  the  original  cost,  calculates  his  proUt  on  the  aggregate  sum. 
It  may  happen  that  at  particukr  conjunctures,  where  the  markets  are 
overstocked,  and  there  is  a  competition  among  the  sellers,  thia  may  not 
be  practicable ;  but  in  the  general  course  of  trade  the  demand  for  con- 
sumption preponderates,  and  the  merchant  can  with  case  indemnify  him- 
self, and  even  obtain  a  profit  on  the  advance.  As  a  consumer,  lis  pays 
his  share  of  the  duty ;  but  it  is  no  further  a  burden  upon  liim.  The  con- 
sequence of  the  principle  laid  down  is,  that  every  class  of  the  commu- 
nity bears  its  share  of  the  duty  in  proportion  to  its  consumption,  which 
last  is  regulated  by  Ihe  comparative  wealth  of  the  respective  classes,  in 
conjonction  with  their  habits  of  expense  or  frugality.  The  rich  and 
luxurious  pay  in  proportion  to  then:  riches  and  luxury ;  the  poor  and  par- 
simonious, in  proportion  to  their  poverty  and  parsimony.  A  chief  excel- 
lence of  this  mode  of  revenue  is,  that  it  preserves  a  just  measure  to  the 
abilities  (^  individuals,  promotes  frugality,  and  taxes  extravagance.  Ths 
same  reasoning  in  our  situation  applies  to  the  intercourse  between  two 
States ;  if  one  imports  and  the  other  does  not,  the  latter  must  he  sup- 
plied by  the  former.  The  duty,  being  transferred  to  the  price  of  the 
commodity,  is  no  more  a  charge  on  the  imporlmg  State  for  what  is  con- 
sumed in  the  other,  than  it  is  a  charge  on  the  merchant  for  what  is  con- 
sumed by  the  farmer  or  artificer.  Either  State  will  only  feel  the  burden 
in  a  ratio  10  its  consumption,  and  this  will  be  in  a  ratio  to  its  population 
and  wealth.  What  happens  between  the  different  classes  of  the  same 
communit),  internally,  happens  between  the  two  Slates;  and  as  the 
merchant,  in  the  first  case,  so  far  Irom  losing  the  duly  himself,  has  a 
profit  on  the  money  he  advances  for  that  purpose,  so  the  importing 
State,  which,  in  the  second  case,  is  the  merchant  with  respect  to  the 
other,  is  not  only  reimbursed  by  the  non-imporlmg  State,  but  has  a  like 
benefit  on  the  duly  advanced.  It  is,  therefore,  the  reverse  of  a  just  po- 
sition, that  the  duty  proposed  wilt  bear  hardest  on  the  most  commercial 
States !  It  will,  if  any  thing,  have  a.  contrary  effect,  though  not  in  a  auf- 


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I  S3 

ficieni  degree  !o  justify  an  objei^tion  on  the  parr  of  the  noti- imp ot ling 
Stales ;  for  ii  ia  as  rensonable  they  should  allow  an  advance  on  tlio  duty 
paid  as  on  the  first  cost,  freight,  or  any  incidental  charge.  They  have 
also  other  sdvamages  in  the  measure  fully  equivalent  to  this  disadvan- 
tage. Over-nice  and  minute  calculnliona  in  matters  of  this  nature  are 
inconsistenl  with  tiationai  measures,  and,  in  the  impetiect  stale  of  hu- 
man afrHira,  would  stagnole  all  the  operations  of  government.  Absolute 
equality  ia  not  to  be  obtained  :  to  aim  al  it.  ie  pureuins  a  shadow  at  the 
expense  of  lbs  substance,  and,  in  ilie  event,  we  shouid  find  outselvea 
wider  of  the  mark  than  if,  in  ihe  firsl  inalance,  we  were  content  to  ap- 
proach it  with  moderation. 

Second  objection.  "That  tlie  recommendation  proposes  to  introduce 
into  that  and  the  other  Stales  officers  unltnown  and  unaccountable  (a 
ihem,  and  so  is  against  the  constitution  of  the  State." 

It  is  not  to  be  presumed  that  the  constitution  of  any  State  could  mean 
to  define  and  Hx  the  precise  nuuibers  and  descriptions  of  all  oHicers  to 
be  permitted  in  the  State,  excluding  the  creation  of  any  new  ones,  what- 
aver  might  be  the  necessity  derived  from  that  variety  of  eircuinslances 
incident  to  all  political  institutions.  The  legislature  must  always  have 
ft  discretionary  power  of  appointing  officers  not  expressly  known  to  (he 
constitution,  and  this  power  will  include  that  of  authorizing  the  federal 
government  to  malie  the  appointments,  in  cases  where  the  general  wel- 
fare may  require  it.  The  denial  of  this  would  prove  too  much ;  to  wit, 
that  the  poH-er  given  by  the  Confederation  to  Congress  to  appoint  all 
officers  in  (he  post-office  was  illegal  and  uneonstitutional. 

The  doctrine  advanced  by  Rhode  Island  would  perhaps  prove,  also, 
that  the  Federal  Government  ought  to  have  the  appointment  of  no  inter- 
nal officers  whatever — a  position  that  would  defeat  all  the  provisions  ot 
the  Confederation,  and  all  the  purposes  of  the  Union.  The  truth  is, 
that  no  federal  constitution  can  exist  without  powers  that  in  their  eser- 
cise  affect  the  mtcmal  police  of  Ihe  component  members.  It  is  equally 
(rue,  that  no  government  can  exist  without  a  right  to  appoint  ofiicers  for 
those  purposes  which  proceed  from  and  concentre  in  ilsetf;  and  there- 
f         hCnf  h  pldldh      Congress  shall  have 

h      y         pp  ffi  y  be  necessary  for 

magigh  afi  hUd  under  their  direc- 

All    h  b  d  hat    h     F  leral  Government 

fi  pmn  hasismpwdto  make  by  the 

I  n        b  b    q  f  the  parties;  un- 

1        1         1      d  be     p    sa «    d  oonstintiou  of  n 


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SlBlfi,  Ihere  eon  be  no  reason  to  doubt  thai  il  js  wllliin  ihe  compass  o! 
legislative  diGoretioii  to  communicaio  ihat  authoiily. 

The  propriety  of  doing  it  upon  the  present  occasion  is  founded  on  sub- 
Btantinl  reasons. 

The  meaaurB  proposed  ia  n  measure  of  necessity.  Repealed  experi- 
ments have  shown  that  the  revenues  to  be  raised  within  these  States  ia 
ollogBlhor  inadequate  to  the  public  wants.  The  deficiency  can  only  be 
supplied  by  loans.  Our  applications  to  the  foreign  powers  on  whoso 
friendship  wa  depend  have  had  a  success  far  short  of  our  necossitiea. 
The  next  resource  ia,  to  borrow  from  individuala.  These  will  neither  be 
actuated  by  generosity  nor  reasons  of  state.  'Tia  to  tlieir  interest  alone 
we  must  appeal.  To  conciliate  ihia,  we  must  not  only  sliputate  a 
proper  compensation  for  what  they  lend,  but  we  must  give  security  for 
the  performance.  We  must  pledge  an  aacertained  liind,  simple  and  pro- 
ductive in  its  nature,  genera!  in  its  principle,  and  at  the  disposal  of  a 
single  will.  There  can  be  little  confidence  in  a  security  under  the  con- 
slant  revisel  of  thirteen  different  deliberatlves.  It  must,  once  for  all.  be 
defined  and  established  on  the  ^ith  of  the  States,  solemnly  pledged  to 
each  other,  and  not  revocable  by  any  without  a  breach  of  the  general 
compact. 

'Tis  by  such  espedients  that  nations  whose  resources  are  understood, 
whose  reputations  and  governments  are  erected  on  the  fonndntion  of 
ages,  are  enabled  to  obtain  a  solid  and  extensive  credit.  Would  it  be 
reasonable  in  us  to  hope  for  more  easy  terms,  who  have  so  recently 
assumed  our  rank  among  the  nations  !  Is  it  not  lo  be  expected  that  in- 
dividuals will  be  cautious  in  lendii'g  their  money  to  a  people  in  our  cir- 
cumstances, and  that  they  will  at  least  require  the  best  security  we  can 

gi™i 

Wa  have  an  enemy  vigilant,  intriguing,  well  acquainted  with  our  de- 
fects and  embarrassments.  We  may  expect  that  he  will  make  every 
effort  to  instil  diffidences  into  individuals ;  and,  in  the  present  posture 
of  oor  internal  afiairs,  he  will  have  too  plausible  ground  on  which  'o 
tread.  Our  necessities  have  obliged  us  to  embrace  measnrea  with  re- 
spect to  otu'  public  credit  calculated  lo  inspire  distrust.  The  preposses- 
sions on  this  article  must  naturally  be  against  us,  and  it  is  therefore  in- 
dispensable we  should  endeavor  to  remove  ihem,  by  such  means  as  will 
be  the  most  obvious  and  striking. 

It  was  with  these  views  Congress  determined  on  a  general  fund  ;  and 
llie  one  they  have  recommended  must,  upon  a  thorough  eiamlnatiun, 
appear  lo  have  fewer  inconveniences  than  any  other. 

It  has  been  remarked,  as  an  essential  part  of  the  plan,  that  the  fund 


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135 

ehouM  depend  on  a  single  will.  This  will  not  bo  the  case  unless  tliB 
collection,  Ha  well  as  the  appropriation,  is  under  the  control  of  Ihe  United 
Stales  ;  for  it  is  evident  that,  after  the  duty  is  agreed  upon,  it  may,  in  a 
great  measure,  he  defeated  by  an  inefleetual  mode  of  levying  it.  The 
United  States  have  a  common  interest  in  an  uniform  and  equally  enor- 
{[etio  collection ;  and  not  only  policy,  but  justice  to  all  tho  parts  of  tlia 
Union,  designates  the  utility  of  lodging  the  power  of  making  it  whole 
the  interest  is  common.  Without  this  it  might  in  reality  operate  as  a 
very  aneqaal  tax. 

Third  objection.  "  That  by  granting  to  Congress  a  power  to  collect 
moneys  from  the  commerce  of  ihea  S  a  nd  h  ly  os  to  linie  and 
quantity,  and  for  the  expenditure  ot  wl  h  I  ey  w  Id  not  be  account, 
able  to  the  States,  they  would  becom  d  i  nd  u  f  1  cir  constituents, 
and  80  the  proposed  impost  is  vep  g  h    1  b      y  ol  the  United 

Admitting  the  principle  of  this    bj  b  still  it  ought  to 

have  no  weight  in  the  present  case,  1        te     h  n   analogy  between 

the  principle  and  the  fact. 

First.  The  fund  proposed  Is  sufficiently  definite  as  to  time,  because  it 
is  only  co-exlensive  with  the  existence  of  the  debt  contracted  and  to  be 
contracted  in  the  course  of  the  war.  Congress  are  persuaded  that  it  is 
as  remote  from  the  intention  of  their  constituents  to  perpetuate  that 
debt,  as  to  extinguish  it  at  once  by  a  laithtess  neglect  of  providing  the 
means  to  fiilGl  the  public  engagements.  Their  ability  to  discharge  it  in 
a  moderate  time  can  as  little  be  doubted  as  their  inclination;  and  the 
moment  that  debt  ceases,  tho  duty,  so  far  as  respects  the  present  pro- 

The  resolution  recommending  the  duly  spociHes  the  object  of  it  (o  be 
the  discharge  of  the  principal  and  interest  of  the  debts  already  contracted, 
or  which  may  he  contracted,  on  the  faith  of  the  United  Slates  for  sup- 
porting the  present  war. 

Secondly.  The  rale  per  cent,  is  fixed,  and  it  is  not  at  the  option  of  the 
United  Stales  to  increase  ii.  Thougli  the  product  will  vary  according 
to  the  variations  in  trade,  yet,  as  there  Is  this  limitation  of  the  rate,  il 
cannot  be  properly  said  to  be  Indefinite  as  to  quantity. 

By  the  Confederation,  Congress  have  an  absolute  discretion  in  deter- 
mining the  quantum  of  reyenue  requisile  for  the  national  c:LpenditurF. 
When  this  is  done,  nothing  remains  for  tlie  Slates,  separately,  but  the 
mode  of  raising.  No  Stale  can  dispute  the  obligation  to  pay  the  sum 
demanded,  without  a  breach  of  the  Confederniion ;  and  when  the  inonei" 
comes  into  the  treasury,  the  appropriation  is  the  e.'ieiiiaive  province  -^f 


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136 

the  Federa!  GovErnracnl.  Tiiis  provision  of  ihe  Con  fed  era!  ion  (wilhoiil 
which  it  would  be  an  empty  form)  compreliendB  in  it  the  principle,  iti  its 
t'ulleet  latitude,  which  the  objection  under  conaidarntion  treala  aa  repug- 
nant to  the  liberty  of  the  United  States — to  wit,  an  indeSnite  power  of 
prescribing  the  ^UDntity  uf  money  to  be  laiised,  and  of  appropriating  tt 
when  raised. 

If  it  be  said  that  the  Slates,  individaally,  having  tlis  collection  in  their 
own  hands,  may  refuse  a  compliance  with  exorbitant  demanda.  the  Con- 
fedflrotion  will  answer  that  ihia  is  a  point  of  which  they  have  no  consti- 
tutional liberty  to  judge.  Such  a  rclusHl  would  be  an  esertion  of  power, 
not  of  right;  and  Ihe  same  power  which  could  disregard  a  requisition 
made  on  the  authority  of  the  Confederation,  might  at  any  time  arrest 
the  colleclion  of  the  duty. 

The  same  kind  of  responsibility  which  exists  with  respect  to  the  ex- 
penditure of  Ihe  money  i'Dmlshed  in  the  forma  hitherto  practised,  would 
be  equally  applicable  to  the  revenue  from  the  imports. 

The  truth  is,  the  security  intended  to  the  general  liberty  in  the  Con- 
federation consists  in  the  frequent  election  aud  in  the  rotation  of  the 
membera  of  Congress,  by  which  there  is  a  constant  and  an  eifectual 
check  Hpon  them.  This  is  the  security  which  the  people  in  every  State 
enjoy  against  the  uauvpations  of  their  internal  govemmenta,  imd  it  is  the 
true  source  of  security  in  o  represent otive  republic.  The  Government, 
so  constituted,  ought  to  have  the  means  necessary  to  answer  the  end  of 
ita  institution.  By  weakening  jta  hands  too  much,  it  may  be  rendered 
incapable  of  providing  for  the  interior  harmony  or  the  eaterior  defence 
of  the  State. 

The  measure  in  question,  if  not  within  the  letter,  b  within  the  spirit, 
of  the  Confederation.  Congress,  by  that,  are  empowered  to  borrow 
money  for  the  use  of  the  United  Statea,  and,  by  implication,  to  concert 
the  means  necessary  to  accompliah  the  end.  But,  without  insisting  upon 
this  argument,  if  the  Confederation  has  not  made  proper  provision  for 
Ihe  exigencies  of  the  States,  it  will  he  bi  all  times  the  duty  of  Congresa 
to  suggest  further  provisions  ;  and,  when  their  proposals  are  submitted 
to  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  Stales,  Ihey  can  never  be  charged  with 
exceeding  the  bounds  of  their  trust.  Such  a  consent  is  the  basis  and 
sanction  of  the  Confederation,  which  expressly,  in  the  13th  article,  em- 
powers Congress  to  agree  to  and  propose  such  additional  proviaions. 

The  remarks  hitherto  made  have  had  reference  principally  to  the  fii- 
lure  proseculion  of  the  war.  There  still  remains  an  interesting  light  in 
which  the  subject  ought  to  be  viewed. 

Ihe  L'liilod  Slates  have  already  contracted  a  debt  in  Europe,  and  In 


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13T 

)h!s  country,  for  which  their  Rihh  is  pledged.  The  copltal  of  this  debt 
can  only  be  discharged  by  degrees;  bat  a  fund  for  this  purpose,  and  'or 
paying  the  inleresl  nnnually,  on  every  principle  of  policy  and  juatico, 
ought  to  be  provided.  The  omission  will  ba  the  deepest  ingratitude  and 
eruchy  to  a.  large  number  of  meritorious  indifidunls,  who,  in  the  most 
critical  periods  of  the  wnr,  have  adventured  their  fortunes  in  sappnvt  of 
oitr  independence.    It  would  stamp  the  national  character  with  indelible 

An  annual  provision  for  the  purpose  will  be  too  precarious.  If  Its  con- 
tinuance and  application  were  certain,  it  would  nut  afford  complete  re- 
lief. With  many,  the  regular  payment  of  interest,  by  oecasional  grants, 
would  suffice  ;  but  wiih  many  more  it  would  not.  These  want  the  use 
of  the  principal  itself,  and  they  have  a  right  to  it ;  hut,  since  it  is  not  in 
our  power  to  pay  off  the  principal,  the  next  expedient  is  to  fitnd  the  debt 
and  render  the  evidences  of  it  negotiable. 

Besides  the  advantage  to  individuals  from  this  anangemont,  the  aotiva 
stock  of  the  nation  would  be  increased  by  the  whole  amount  of  the  do- 
mestic debt,  and  of  course  the  abilities  of  the  community  to  conlributa 
to  the  public  wants ;  the  national  credit  would  revive  and  stand  hereafter 

This  was  another  object  of  the  proposed  duly. 

If  it  be  conceded  that  a  similar  fund  is  ueceasaiy,  it  can  hardly  be  dis- 
puted that  the  one  recommended  is  the  most  eligible.  It  has  been 
already  shown  that  it  affects  all  parts  of  the  community  in  proportion  to 
their  consumption,  and  has  therefore  the  beat  pretensions  to  equality.  It 
Ib  the  most  agreeable  tax  to  the  people  that  can  be  imposed,  because  it 
is  paid  insensibly,  and  seems  to  be  voluntary. 

It  may  perhaps  be  imagined  that  it  is  unfavorable  to  commerce  ;  but 
the  contrary  can  easily  be  demonstrated.  It  has  been  seen  that  it  does 
not  diminisli  the  profit  of  the  merchant,  and,  of  course,  can  be  no  dimi- 
nution of  his  inducements  to  trade.  It  is  too  moderate  in  its  amount  to 
discourage  the  consumption  of  imported  goods,  and  cannot  on  that  ac- 
count abridge  the  eiLtent  of  importations.  If  it  even  had  this  effect,  it 
would  be  an  advantage  to  commerce,  by  lessening  the  proportion  of  our 
imports  to  our  exports,   and  inclining  the  balance   in  favor  of  this 

The  principal  thing  to  be  consulted  for  the  advancement  of  commerce 
is  to  promote  exports.  All  impediments  to  those,  either  by  way  of  pro- 
hibition or  by  increasing  the  prices  of  native  commodities,  decreasing  by 
that  means  their  sale  and  consumption  at  foreign  markets,  are  injurious 
Duties  on  exports  have  this  operation.    For  the  same  reason,  taxes  on 


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138 

pOBECssinna  and  (ho  atticles  of  ouv  own  growlli  or  iimiiufiicturB,  -.vlieiher 
in  the  form  of  R  land  tax,  exciae,  ot  any  other,  ate  more  Imrlful  to  irnde 
Ihan  impoal  duties.  The  tendency  of  all  such  laxea  ie  to  inerease  lUa 
prices  of  those  articles  which  ore  the  objects  of  eiKporlalion,  and  to  ena- 
ble othei^  to  undetBell  us  abroad.  The  farmer,  if  he  pays  a  heavy  land 
(Qx,  niuBt  endeavor  to  get  more  for  the  jjroducts  of  his  farm :  tha  me- 
chanic and  laborer,  if  ihey  liiid  the  necesaaries  of  life  grow  dearer  by  an 
excise,  must  endeavor  to  exact  higlier  wages ;  and  these  causes  will  pro- 
duce an  increase  of  prices  within,  and  operate  against  foreign  com- 

It  is  not,  however,  to  be  inferred  that  the  whole  revenue  ought  to  be 
drawn  from  imports :  all  extremes  are  to  be  rejeeled.  The  chief  thing 
to  be  a.ttendcd  to  is,  tliat  the  weight  of  the  taxes  fall  not  too  heavily,  in 
tha  first  instance,  upon  particular  parts  of  the  community.  A  judicioua 
distribution  to  all  kinds  of  taxable  property  is  a  first  principle  in  taxa- 
tion. The  tendency  of  these  obeervatione  is  only  to  show  that  taxes  on 
possessions — on  articles  of  our  own  growth  and  manufacture — are  more 
prejudicial  to  trade  than  duties  on  imports. 

Tha  observations  which  conclude  the  letter  on  which  these  remarks 
are  made,  naturally  lead  to  refleclions  that  deserve  the  serious  attention 
of  every  member  of  the  Union.  There  is  a  happy  mean  between  loo 
much  confidence  and  excessive  jealolisy,  in  which  the  health  and  pros- 
perity of  a  Stale  consist.  Either  extreme  is  a  dangerous  vice :  the  lirst 
is  a  temptation  to  men  in  power  to  oirogate  mote  than  they  have  a  right 
to ;  the  latter  enervates  government,  prevents  system  in  the  administra- 
tion, defeats  the  most  saluiary  meaau.es,  breeds  confusion  in  the  Slate, 
diE^giiata  and  discontents  among  the  people,  and  may  eventually  prove  as 
(atai  to  liberty  as  ihe  opposite  temper. 

It  is  certainly  pernicious  to  leave  any  government  in  a  situation  of  re- 
sponsibility dispraportionod  to  its  power. 

The  conduct  of  the  war  is  inlrusted  to  Congress,  and  the  public  ex- 
pectation turned  upon  them,  without  any  competent  means  at  their  com- 
mand to  satisfy  the  important  trua..  After  the  most  lull  and  solemn 
deliberHlion,  under  a  collective  view  ot  At  the  public  dilficuttios,  they 
recommend  a  measure  which  appears  to  theiu  ihe  corner-stane  of  the 
public  safety !  they  see  this  measure  suspended  for  near  two  years ;  par- 
tially complied  with  by  some  of  the  States ;  rejected  by  one  of  them, 
and  in  danger  01  that  account  to  be  frustrated ;  the  public  embarraas- 
ments  every  <'av  i.T;reasing;  the  dissatislaction  of  Ihe  army  growing 
more  ssriour. ;  th^  other  creditors  of  the  public  clamoring  for  justice ; 
both  irritated  bv  I'l''  delay  of  measures  for  their  present  relief  or  titture 


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139 

Bscu-ily ;  the  liopea  of  our  enemies  encouraged  to  protract  tha  war ;  the 
lea]  of  our  friends  depressed  by  an  appearance  of  rcmissneas  and  waiii 
oi  exertion  on  our  part;  Congress  hamased;  tha  national  character  auf- 
iering,  and  the  national  safety  at  tha  morcy  of  events. 

Tliis  state  of  things  cannot  but  be  exti 
appear  to  your  committee  to  make  it  tliei 
tlie  evils  with  which  it  is  pregnant. 

£esolved,  That  Congress  agree  to  the  aaW  report. 

S.  IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDEiiATZON. 
FKiniv,  Afbii,  is,  1783. 

Resolutions  were  passed  recommending  to  the  seversl  Stales  to  inveal 
the  Congress  with  certain  specified  powara  for  raising  revenue  to  restore 
and  niwntain  the  public  credit,  &c  These  resolutions  were  traneniilted 
to  the  several  States,  with  an  address,  prepared  by  a  committee  consist- 
ing of  Mr.  Madison,  Mr.  Eilswoi-th,  and  Mr.  Hamilton,  and  adopted  by 
Congress  on  tlie  26th  April,  17S3.  The  reEolutione,  ns  well  as  the  ad- 
dress, consist,  for  the  most  part,  of  propositions  and  recommendations 
concerning  the  fiscal  measures  necessary  to  be  adopted  ;  from  the  latter, 
however,  it  is  considered  proper  to  make  the  following  exiracle : 

"  The  plan  thus  communioated  and  explained  by  Congress  must  now 
receive  its  fate  irom  their  constituents.  All  the  objects  comprised  in  it  are 
conceived  to  be  of  great  importance  to  the  happiness  of  this  confederated 
republic,  are  necessary  to  render  the  fruits  of  the  Revolution  a  fall  re- 
ward for  the  blood,  the  toils,  the  cares,  and  the  calamities  which  huve 
purebased  it.  But  the  object  of  which  the  necessity  will  be  peculiarly 
felt,  and  which  it  is  peculiarly  the  duly  of  Congress  to  inculcate,  is  the 
provisiaii  recommended  for  the  national  debt.  Although  this  debt  is 
greater  than  could  have  been  wished,  it  is  still  less  on  the  whole  than 
could  have  been  expecteij.,  and,  when  referred  to  the  cause  in  which  it 
has  been  incurred,  and  compared  with  the  burdens  which  wars  of  ambi- 
tion and  of  vain-glory  have  entailed  on  other  nations,  ought  to  be  borne, 
not  only  with  cheerfulness,  but  with  pride.  But  the  magnitude  ol  the 
debt  makes  no  part  of  the  question.  It  is  sufiieient  that  the  debt  has 
been  fairly  conti-acted,  and  that  justice  and  good  faith  demand  that  it 
should  be  fully  discharged.  Congress  had  no  option  but  between  dif- 
ferent modes  of  discharging  it.  The  same  option  is  the  only  one  that 
can  exist  with  the  Slates.  The  mode  xvhicli  has,  after  long  and  elabo- 
rate discussion,  been  preferred,  is,  we  are  persuaded,  the  least  objection- 
able of  any  that  would  have  been  equal  to  the  purpose.    Under  tnis  i>e:- 


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140 

BuaBinn,  we  call  upon  tha  juatioo  and  pliglited  faith  of  iho  several  States, 
to  give  it  its  ptopev  effBci,  to  reflect  on  the  coneequencea  of  rejecting  it, 
and  to  remember  that  Congress  will  not  be  answerable  for  them. 

"  Let  it  be  remembered,  finally,  that  it  has  ever  been  the  pride  and 
boast  of  America  that  the  rights  for  which  ahe  contended  were  the  rights 
of  human  nature.  By  the  blessings  of  the  Author  of  these  rights  on 
the  means  ejerled  for  their  defence,  ihey  have  prevailed  against  all  op- 
position, and  form  tha  basis  of  thifteen  independent  States.  No  instance 
has  heretofore  occurred,  nor  can  any  matance  be  expected  hereafter  to 
occur,  in  which  the  unadulterated  forms  of  republican  government  can 
pretend  to  ao  fair  an  opportunity  of  justifying  ihemaelvea  by  their  fruits. 
In  this  view,  the  citizens  of  the  United  Slalea  are  reaponsible  for  the 
greatest  trust  ever  confided  to  s  political  aoeieiy.  If  justice,  good  faith, 
honor,  gratitude,  and  all  the  other  quafities  which  ennoble  the  character 
of  a  nation,  nJid  fulfil  the  ends  of  government,  be  the  fruits  of  our  esta- 
bliahmenta,  the  cause  of  liberty  will  acquire  a  dignity  and  lustre  which  it 
has  never  yet  enjoyed,  and  an  example  will  be  set  whicli  cannot  bu' 
have  the  most  ^vorable  influence  on  the  rights  of  mankiud.     II,  on  iht 

verse  of  Ihoae  cardinal  and  essential  virtues,  the  great  caune  which  we 
liave  engaged  to  vindicate  will  be  dishonored  and  betrayed,  the  last  and 
tairesi  experiment  in  favor  of  the  rights  of  human  nature  will  he  turned 
against  ihem,  and  their  patrons  and  friends  exposed  to  be  msulted  and 
silenced  by  the  votaries  ol  tyranny  and  uaurpalion. 

"  By  order  ol  the  United  Sinles  in  Congress  assembled  ' 

3.  IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDKRATION 

Wedsesmv,  April  30.  nH4 

Congress    aaaembled.      Pi-eaent  ■    New    Hampshire.     Msssacnuseno 

Rhode   Island,  Connecticut,   New  York,   New  Jersey.    Pennsylvania. 

JMaryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  South  Carolina. 

Congress  took  into  consideration  the  report  of  a  committee,  consisting 
of  Mr.  Geny,  M-.  Reed,  Mr,  Williamson,  Mr.  Ciiase,  and  Mr.  Jefl"er. 
son,  to  whom  were  referred  sundry  letters  and  papers  relative  to  com- 
mercial matters ;  and  the  same,  being  amended,  was  agreed  to  as 
follows ; 

"The  trust  reposed  in  Congress  renders  it  their  duty  to  be  attentive  to 
the  conduct  of  foreign  nalions,  and  to  prevent  or  restrain,  as  far  as  may 
be,  all  such  proceedings  as  might  prove  injurious  to  the  United  Stales. 
It  this  lime  claims  the  attention  of  the  seve- 


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141 

ral  States ;  and  few  objects  of  greater  importance  can  preaettt  ihem- 
eelvea  to  their  notice.  The  IbrCuiie  of  every  citizen  is  interested  in  the 
success  thei-eof,  lor  it  ia  the  constant  source  of  wealth  and  incentive  tc 
industry  ;  and  (he  value  of  our  produce  and  our  Und  muat  ever  rise  or 
fall  in  ptoporlion  to  the  prospei-ous  or  adverse  elate  of  trade. 

"Alreodyhas  Great  Britain  adopted  regulations  destructive  of  ourcom- 
mcrcB  with  her  West  India  Islands.  There  mas  ccaaon  to  expect  that 
«  unequal  and  so  little  calpulaied  to  promote  mercantile  inter- 
ire  growing  into  system.  It  would  be  the  duty  of  Congress, 
aa  it  is  their  wish,  to  meet  the  attempts  of  Great  Britain  with  similar 
restrictiona  on  her  commerce :  but  their  powers  on  this  head  are  not  ex- 
plicit, and  the  propositions  made  by  the  legislatures  of  the  several  Stales 
render  It  ncccsaary  to  take  the  general  sense  of  the  Union  on  ihle 
subject. 

"  Unless  tlio  United  States  in  Congress  assembled  shall  he  vested  with 
powers  competent  to  the  protection  of  commerce  they  can  never  com- 
mand reciprocal  advantages  in  trade ;  and,  w  ih  ut  thes"  our  f]reign 
commerce  must  decline,  and  eventually  be  annihilated  Hence  it  la  ne- 
cessary  that  the  States  should  be  explicit,  and  (i\  on  some  eiieclual 
mode  by  which  foreign  commerce  not  founded  on  ormc  ple»  o*  eiualni 
may  be  restrained. 

"That  the  United  States  may  he  enabled  to  secure  »uca  lermfr   iDo* 

•'Sesolved,  Thai  it  be,  and  it  hereby  is,  recommended  to  ine  legisls 
lures  of  the  several  Stales  to  vest  the  Umted  Stales  in  Congress  assem 
bled,  for  the  term  of  fifteen  years,  with  power  to  prohibit  any  goods 
wares,  or  merchandise,  from  being  imported  into  or  exported  from  any 
of  the  Statee,  in  vessels  belonging  to  or  navigated  by  the  subjects  of  ant 
power  with  whom  these  States  shall  not  have  formed  treaties  of  com 

••Besalved,  That  it  be,  and  it  hereby  is,  reconiniended  to  the  legisla 
tures  of  the  several  States  to  vest  the  United  States  m  Congress  assem 
bled,  for  the  term  of  fifteen  years,  with  the  power  of  prohibiimg  the  sub 
jecls  of  any  foreign  state,  kingdom,  or  empire,  unless  aulhoriaed  b) 
treaty,  from  importing  into  the  United  States  any  goods,  wares,  or  mer 
chandiae,  which  are  not  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the  dominions  ol 
the  sovereign  whose  subjects  they  are. 

"Provided,  That  to  all  acts  of  the  United  States  in  Congress  assem 
bled,  in  pursuance  of  the  above  powers,  the  assent  of  nine  Stales  slial' 
...eccssary.''  ^^ 


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1.  IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATION. 
Wednesday,  Julv  13,  1735. 

Congress  took  into  consideration  the  report  of  a  coramiltee,  consisting 
of  Mr,  Monroe,  Mr.  Spaighl,  Mr.  Houslouii,  Mr.  Johnson,  and  Mr. 
King,  on  a  motion  of  Mr.  Monroe,  for  vesting  the  United  Slates  in  Con- 
gress assembled  nith  the  power  of  regulating  trade ;  and,  the  same 
being  read. 

Ordered,  That  It  be  referred  to  a  oommillee  of  the  whole. 

Congress  waa  then  resolved  into  a  commitiee  of  the  whole. 

Mr.  Holien  was  elected  to  the  chair. 

The  P.eaident  resumed  the  chair ;  and  Mr.  Holten  reported  ihm  the 
committee  of  the  whole  have  had  under  consideration  the  subject  re- 

Sesi/lved,  That  leave  be  granted. 


The  committee,  consisting  of  Mr.  Monroe.  Mr.  Spaight,  Mr.  Hous- 
toun,  Mr.  Johnson,  and  Mr.  King,  to  whom  was  refened  the  motion  of 
Mr.  Monroe,  submit  the  following  report  i 

That  the  first  paragraph  of  the  ninth  of  the  Arlidea  of  Confederation 
be  altered,  bo  as  to  read  thus,  vh : 

'■  The  United  Slates  in  Congress  assembled  shaJi  have  the  sole  and 
exclusive  right  and  power  of  determining  on  peace  aiwl  war,  ejccpt  in 
(he  cases  mentioned  in  the  sixth  article — of  sending  and  receiving  em- 
bassadors— entering  into  treaties  and  alliances — of  i-egulating  the  (rnde 
of  the  Slates,  as  well  with  foreign  nations  as  with  each  other,  and  of 
laying  such  impost  and  duties  upon  imports  and  eiports  as  may  be  ne- 
cessary for  the  purpose;  provided,  that  the  cilinens  oi^  the  States  shall 
in  no  case  be  subjected  to  pay  higher  impoHts  and  duties  than  those  im- 
posed on  tjie  subjects  of  foreign  powers  ;  provid  d  Is  h  h  g 
lative  power  of  the  several  Stales  shall  not  be  res  'u  d  m  p 
iiig  the  importation  or  exportation  of  any  species  d  d 

tics  whatsoever ;  provided,  also,  that  all  such  du        as  d 

eliall  be  collected  under  the  authority,  and  ace  h 

Slate  in  which  the  same  shall  be  payable;  and  d     as 

every  act  of  Congress  for  the  above  purpose  shall  h  h 


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143 

nine  States  in  CotigresB  assembled — of  establishing  rules  for  deeiding  in 
all  eases  what  eaptnres  on  land,  or  water  shall  be  legal,  and  in  what 
manner  prizes  token  by  land  or  naval  forees  in  the  service  of  the  United 
Slares  alioll  be  divided  or  appropriated — of  granting  letters  of  marque 
and  reprisal  in  time  of  peace— apiiointing  courts  for  the  trial  of  piracies 
and  felonies  committed  on  the  high  seas,  and  estsbliahing  courts  far  re- 
ceiving and  detarmining  finally  appeals  in  all  cases  of  captures ;  providea 
lliLit  no  member  of  Congress  shall  be  appointed  judge  of  any  of  the  aaid 

re  of  the  several 

po5Ed : 

'I'hc  United  States  having  formed  treaties  of  commerce  with  the  most 
Christian  king  the  King  of  Sweden,  and  the  states-general  of  the  United 
Netherlands  ;  and  having  appointed  ministers  with  full  authority  to  enter 
into  treaties  with  other  powers,  upon  aucli  principles  of  reciprocity  as 
may  promote  their  peace,  harmony,  and  respective  interests, — it  be- 
comes necessary  that  such  internal  arrongementa  should  be  made  na  may 
strictly  comport  with  the  £iith  of  those  treaties,  and  insure  success  to 
their  future  negotiations.  But,  in  the  pursuit  of  Ihe  means  necessary 
for  the  altainnient  of  these  ends,  considerable  difficulties  arise.  If  tna 
legislature  of  each  State  adopts  its  own  measures,  many  and  very  emi- 
nent disadvantages  must,  in  their  opinion,  necessarily  result  therefrom. 
They  apprehend  it  will  be  difficult  for  thirteen  different  legislatures,  act- 
ing separately  and  distinctly,  to  agree  in  the  same  interpretation  of  a 
treaty,  to  take  the  same  measures  for  carrying  it  into  effect,  and  to  con- 
duct their  several  operations  upon  such  principles  as  to  satisfy  those 
powers,  and  at  the  same  time  preserve  the  harmony  and  interests  of  the 
Union,  or  to  concur  in  those  measures  which  may  be  necessary  to  coun- 
teract the  policy  of  those  powers  with  whom  they  shnll  not  be  able  to 
form  commercial  treaties,  and  who  avoid  it  merely  from  an  opinion  of 
their  imbecility  and  indecision.  And  if  the  several  States  levy  difierenl 
duties  apon  their  particular  produce  exported  lo  (be  ports  of  llmse 
powars,  or  upon  the  produce  and  manufactures  of  those  powers  imported 
into  ench  Slate,  either  in  vessels  navigated  by  and  belonging  to  the  citi- 
zens of  these  States  or  the  subjects  of  those  powers,  it  will,  they  appru- 
bend,  induce  on  their  part  similar  discriminations  in  the  duties  upon  iho 
commercial  intercourse  with  each  Stale,  and  thereby  defeat  the  object 
of  those  treaties,  and  promote  the  designs  of  those  who  wish  to  profit 
from  their  embarrassment.  Unless  the  United  Stales  in  Congress  as 
sembled  are  authorized  to  make  those  arrangements  which  become  ne 


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144 

cessary  under  their  ircatka,  and  are  enabled  lo  carry  lliein  into  efltei, 
lliey  cannot  ooiiiploiti  of  a  violation  of  thiini  on  the  pari  of  other  powera. 
And  unless  tliey  act  in  concerl  in  the  system  of  policy  which  may  he 
iieceasary  to  fruslrale  the  designs  of  those  powers  who  lay  iniurious  te- 
Btrainis  on  iheir  trade,   Ihey  mual  necessarily  become  the  viciima  of 

I'he  common  principle  upon  which  a  friendly  commercial  intercourse  ia 
conducted  between  independent  naiions,  lb  that  of  teciprocal  advantages ; 
and  if  this  U  not  obtained,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  losing  party  lo 
make  such  farther  regiilalions,  consistenlly  with  the  faiih  of  Ireatiea,  as 
will  remedy  the  evil,  and  secure  its  interests.  If,  iliea,  the  commercial 
reaulations  ol'  any  foreign  power  contravene  the  interests  of  any  parlicu- 
Inr  State — if  they  refuse  admittance  to  its  produce  into  its  ports  upon  Ibe 
same  terms  that  the  State  admits  its  manufactures  bore. — what  course 
will  it  take  to  remedy  the  evil !  If  it  mokes  similar  regidatlons  to  coun- 
teract those  of  that  power,  by  reciprocating  the  diaadvantoges  which  it 
feels,  by  impost  or  otherwise,  will  it  produce  the  desired  eflecl  J  What 
operatioD  will  it  have  upon  the  neighboring  Stales?  Will  they  enter 
mto  similar  regulations,  and  make  it  a  common  cause!  On  the  con- 
trary, will  they  not,  in  pursuit  of  the  same  local  pobcy,  avail  themselves 
of  this  circumstance  to  turn  it  to  their  particular  advantage  f  Thus, 
then,  we  behold  the  several  Slates  taking  separate  measures  in  pursuit 
of  their  particular  interests  in  opposition  lo  the  regulations  of  foreign 
powers,  and  separately  aiding  those  powers  to  defeat  the  regulations  of 
each  other ;  for,  unless  the  States  act  together,  there  is  no  plan  of  policy 


into  which  they  can  separate'-- 

. 

which  they  w-U  nut  be  separately 

interested  lo  defeat,  and  of 

a  m                    t  prove  vain 

and  abortive. 
The  policy  of  each  nation 

powers,  is  lo  obtain,  if  possi 

carriage  of 

the  materials  of  either  parly 

be    tr       d  by  laying 

higher  duties  upon  imports  ai 

g                      avigatcd  by 

the  subjects  of  foreign  pow. 

se                        g  to  and  arB 

novigaled  by  those  of  its  owi 

T  IS                      revails,  in  a 

greater  or  less  degree,  m  th 

IS                           d  wisest  com- 

jt  produce  the  most  mischievous  effects.  Unable 
s  of  those  powers  by  similar  reslrieiions 
here,  or  to  support  ihe  interests  of  their  citizens  by  discrintinations  in 
their  favor,  their  system  will  previul.    Possessini!  no  advantages  in  ihe 


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ports  of  hie  own  country,  and  subjected  to  muc!i  higher  duties  and  re- 
Btrictiona  in  those  of  other  powers,  it  will  neceasarily  become  the  inteiesl 
of  tlie  American  merchiml  to  ship  his  produce  in  foreign  bottoms  i  ol 
course  thair  prospects  of  nutional  consequence  must  decline,  their  mer- 
chants become  only  the  agents  and  retailers  of  those  foreign  powers, 
their  extensive  forests  be  hewn  down  and  laid  waste  to  add  to  their 
strength  and  national  lesouices,  and  the  American  flag  be  rarely  seen 
upon  the  face  of  the  seas. 

But  if  ihey  not  as  a  nation,  Ihe  prospect  is  more  favorable  to  them 
The  particular  interests  of  every  Stale  will  then  be  brought  forward, 
and  receive  a  federal  support.  Happily  for  them,  no  measures  can  bo 
taken  lo  promote  the  interests  of  either  which  will  not  ecjualty  promote 
that  of  the  whole.  If  their  commerce  is  Md  under  injmious  restrictions 
ill  foreign  ports,  by  going  hand  in  hand  in  confidence  together,  by  wise 
mid  equitable  regnlations,  they  will  the  more  easily  sustain  the  inconvo- 
nience  or  remedy  the  evil.  If  they  wish  to  cement  the  Union  by  tho 
strongest  ties  of  interest  and  affection;  if  they  wish  to  promote  ila 
Btrengtii  and  e™i'leur,  founded  upon  that  of  each  individual  Stale, — 
every  consideration  of  local  as  well  as  of  federal  policy  urge  them  to 
adopt  the  following  raeommendation.* 

The  situation  of  the  commercial  affairs  of  the  Union  requires  that  tlio 
several  legislatmes  should  come  to  the  earliest  decision  on  the  subject, 
which  they  now  submit  lo  their  consideration.  They  have  weighed  it 
with  that  profound  attention  which  ia  due  to  so  important  an  object,  and 
are  fully  convinced  of  its  expedience.  A  further  delay  must  be  produc- 
tive of  ineonvenience.  The  interests  which  will  vest  in  every  part  of 
the  Union  must  soon  take  root  and  have  their  influence.  The  produce 
raised  upon  the  banks  of  those  great  rivers  and  lakes  whicb  have  their 
sources  high  up  in  (he  inferior  ports  of  the  continent  will  empty  ileelf 
inlo  the  Atlantic  in  different  directions;  and,  of  course,  as  tiie  Slates 
rearing  to  the  westward  attain  maturity,  and  get  admission  into  the  Con- 
federation, will  their  government  become  moie  compUcated.  Whether 
tliis  will  be  a  source  of  sltenglh  and  wealth  to  the  Union,  must,  there- 
fore, in  a  great  degree,  depend  upon  the  measures  which  may  be  now 
adopted. 

A  temporary  power  would  not,  in  then-  opimon,  enable  the  United 
States  lo  establish  the  interests,  nor  atlam  the  salunry  object,  which 
they  propose :  the  eipectation  that  it  w  ill  revert  lo  the  States,  and  re- 
main with  ihem  for  the  future,  would  lesson  its  weight  with  foreign 

•Ailuding  to  the  aJleralion  proposal.    Sea  p.  143. 


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146 

powers ;  and,  while  tlie  interesls  of  each  Siala  and  of  the  Federal  Gov- 
eminent  eontinno  io  be  the  same,  the  same  evils  will  always  require  Iha 
same  correelioo,  nnd  of  course  (be  necessary  powers  should  always  ba 
longed  in  the  same  hands.  They  have  therefore  ibougbt  proiier  to  pro- 
pose an  efficient  and  perpetual  remedy. 

pKiceedings  iliereon  ftiLLow  Ihesa  proceeduigj  in  Congress.] 

5.  IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATION. 

WeDNESBAY,  FEDBUiKV  15,   1786. 


Carolina. 

Tne  committee,  consisting  of  Mr.  King,  Mr.  Pinckney,  Mr,  Kean, 
Mr.  Monroe,  and  Mr.  Petlit,  to  whom  were  referred  sevetal  reports  and 
documents  concerning  the  system  of  general  revenue,  recommended  by 
Congress  on  the  18th  of  April.  17H3,  report  i 

"That,  in  pursuance  of  the  above  reference,  they  have  carefully  ex- 
amined Dbe  acts  of  the  several  Stales,  relative  to  the  general  system  of 
riivenue  recommended  by  Congress  on  the  18lh  of  April,  17S3,  and  find 
that  the  Slates  of  Delaware  nnd  North  Carolina  have  passed  acts  in  full 
conformity  wi(h  the  several  parts  thereof;  the  former  of  which  States 
has  inserted  a  proviso  in  their  act,  reetrainitig  the  operation  thereof  nntil 
each  of  the  other  States  shall  hove  made  a  like  and  equally  ei 
grant;  ihal  the  Slates  of  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Con 
New  Jersey,  Virginia,  nnd  South  Carolina,  have  each  passed  acts  com- 
plying with  that  part  of  the  system  which  recommends  a  general  im- 
post, but  have  come  to  no  decision  on  the  other  part,  which  proposes  the 
establishtnent  of  funds,  supplementary  to  and  in  aid  of  the  general  im- 
post ;  that  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  baa  passed  an  act  complying  with 
tlie  recommendation  of  the  general  impost,  and  in  the  same  act  baa  de- 
clared that  their  proportion  or  quota  of  the  supplementary  funds  shall  be 
raised  and  levied  on  the  persons  and  estates  of  the  inhabitants  of  that 
Stale,  in  snob  manner  as  the  legislature  thereof  shall  from  time  to  time 
ilirect;  with  this  proviso,  that  if  any  of  the  annua!  proportion  of  the 
supplementary  funds  shall  be  otherwise  raised  and  paid  to  the  United 
tjta>t;s,  tiien  such  annual  levy  or  tax  shaU  be  discontiiined.  The  com  - 
Liillee  conceive  Ihat  this  clause  is  rather  an  engagement  that  Pennsyl- 
vania will  provide  adequate  supplementary  ftmds,  than  an  aclnal  eet«- 


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147 

blisliment  Iliereof;  neyerlheleaa,  ^he  bcI  containE  a  proviso  realraining 
ile  operation  untii  oacli  of  ihe 'other  States  shall  have  iiasseil  laws  in  liiU 
conformity  with  tha  wholo  of  [he  revenue  syslem  aforesaid.  The  com- 
mittee furtlier  find,  that  the  Stale  of  Rhode  Island  has  passed  an  act  on 
tliis  subject,  but  so  different  from  thb  plan  recommended,  and  so  wholly 
mfenlTicient,  that  it  cannot  be  considered  as  a  compliance  vrilh  any  part 
of  the  system  submilled  for  their  adoption ;  that  the  Slate  of  Morylnnd 
passed  an  act  in  1783,  and  a  eupplement  tliereto  in  1781,  complying  with 
liie  recommendation  of  Congress  of  the  3d  of  February,  178!,  which  re- 
commendation is  not  compatible  with,  and  was  relinquished  by,  the  re- 
solves of  Congress  of  the  18lh  of  April,  1783;  but  that  neither  tha 
State  of  Maryland,  New  York,  nor  Georgia,  has  passed  any  act  in  pur- 
suance of  the  system  of  the  18ih  of  April,  1783. 

"From  this  alateinenl  it  appears  that  seven  States— via !  NewIIamp. 
eliire,  MassachuaeHs,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  South  Carolina — have  granted  the  impost  in  such  manner  that, 
if  the  other  six  Slates  had  made  similar  grants,  the  plan  of  the  general 
irapoHl  might  immeclialely  begin  to  operale;  that  two  olher  Stales — ■ 
viz :  Fennayivania  and  Delaware — have  also  granted  the  impost,  but 
have  connected  their  grants  with  provisoes,  which  will  suspend  their  ops 
ration  until  all  the  other  Slates  shall  have  passed  laws  in  full  conformity 
with  the  whole  of  the  revenue  system  aforesaid  ;  that  two  only  of  Ihesa 
nine  Slates— vii  :  Delaware  and  North  Carolina— have  fully  acceded  to 
that  system  in  all  ils  parts  ;  and  that  the  four  other  States — via ;  Rhode 
island.  New  York,  Maryland,  and  Georgia— have  nol  decided  m  favor 
of  any  part  of  the  system  of  revenue  aforesaid,  so  long  since  and  so  re- 
peatedly presented  by  Congress  for  their  adoption. 

"  The  committee  have  thought  il  their  duty  candidly  to  examine  the 
principles  of  this  system,  and  to  discover,  if  possible,  the  reasons  which 
have  prevented  Its  adoption.    They  cannot  learn  that  any  member  of  the 
Confederacy  has  staled  or  brought  f 
and  the  result  of  their  impartial  inquii 
of  the  plan,  has  been  a  clear  and  decii 
is  more  free  from  well-founded  excej 
receive  the  approbation  of  the  sever! 
wisdom  of  Congress  can  devise. 

■'In  the  course  of  this  inquiry,  il 
quisitions  of  Congress,  for  eight  years  past,  nave  i>een  so  irregular  m 
their  operation,  so  uncertain  in  their  collection,  and  so  evidently  unpro- 
ductive, that  a  reliance  on  them  in  future,  asa  source  from  whence  monevi 


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;48 

orp  I15  be  drawn  to  dischnrgG  the  engagements  of  the  Confederacy,  deli- 

llie  dndeiviandiiigs  of  those  who  enlertaiti  such  confiijenee,  than  it  WOHld 
be  dangerous  to  the  welfare  and  peace  of  Ibe  Union.  The  eominittea 
sro  therelbra  serbnsly  impreaeed  willi  the  indispensable  obligation  that 
Congress  are  onder  of  leprcsenling  to  the  immediate  and  impnrtinl  con- 
sidnralion  of  the  several  Slates  the  utter  impoBsibility  of  maintaining 
and  presBi-ving  the  fiiiih  of  the  Federal  Government  by  temporary  requi- 
sitions on  the  States,  and  the  consequent  necessity  of  an  early  and  com- 
plete BccBBaion  of  all  tha  States  to  the  revenue  system  of  the  18lh  of 
April,  1783. 

"Although,  in  a  buaineaa  of  this  magnitude  and  importance  to  the  rc- 
BPLCtive  Stales,  it  was  natural  to  expect  n  due  degree  of  cntition,  and  a 
thorough  investigation  of  the  system  recoinniended,  yet  the  committea 
canjiot  forbear  to  remark  that  this  plan  hos  been  under  reference  for 
ncLily  three  yeors;  that,  during  that  period,  numerous  changes  have 
takr.a  place  in  the  delegations  of  every  State,  but  that  this  system  has 
ree.;ived  the  repeated  approbation  of  each  Buccessive  Congress,  and  that 
the  urgency  of  the  pnbhc  engngements  at  thia  lime  renders  it  the  on- 
quf.stionabia  duty  of  the  several  Slates  10  adopt,  without  further  delay, 
thoae  meaaurea  which  alone,  in  the  judgment  of  the  committee,  can  pre 
eeive  the  sacred  faith  of  the  Confederacy." 

"  Thus  it  is  evident  that  the  sum  of  2,457,987  35-90llis  dollars  only 

in  the  moat  forcible  manner,  pressed  on  the  Stalea  the  payment  of  much 
larger  sums,  and  for  purposes  of  the  highest  national  importance.  It 
should  be  hero  observed,  (hat  the  receipts  of  the  last  fourteen  months  of 
the  above  period  amount  only  to  432,397  Sl-SOtha  dollars,  which  is  at 
the  rate  of  371,053  dollars  per  annum— a  sum  short  of  what  is  essentially 
neceasary  for  iha  bare  maintenance  of  the  Federal  (iovernment  on  the 
most  economical  ealablishment,  and  in  time  of  profound  peace. 

"  The  committee  observe,  with  great  concern,  that  the  security  of  the 
navigation  and  commerce  of  the  citizens  of  theeo  States  from  the  Bar- 
bary  powers,  the  protection  of  the  frontier  inhabitants  from  the  savagea, 
the  immediate  establishment  of  military  inogai^ines  in  different  parts  of 
the  Union,  rendered  indispensable  by  the  principles  of  public  safety,  the 
maintenance  of  the  Federal  Government  at  home,  and  the  support  of  the 
public  servants  abroad,  each  and  alt,  depend  upon  the  contributione  of 
the  States  under  the  annual  requisitions  of  Congress.  The  moneys 
esaentially  necessary  for  these  important  objects  wiil  so  far  exceed  the 
sums  formerly  collected  from  the  Slates  by  taxes,  thai  no  hope  can  ba 


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149 

iiiduIgBd  of  being  able,  from  (hnf  source,   to  moke  any  rcmiltanoos  for 
ihc  discharge  of  foreign  engageinen'LS. 

"  Thus  circumstonced,  nfier  ihe  most  solemn  deliberation,  nnd  under 
^tle  fullest  conviction  thnl  ihe  public  embarriissments  me  Eiuch  as  above 
represented,  gnd  tbat  tbey  are  daily  increasing,  the  committee  tire  ot 
tlie  opinion  thai  it  has  Ipecomo  the  duty  of  Congress  to  declare,  moat  ex- 
plicitly, thnt  iho  crisis  bos  arrived  when  the  people  of  these  United  dtatej, 
by  whose  will  and  for  whose  benefit  the  Federal  Government  was  insti. 
tuled,  tnust  decide  whether  they  will  support  their  rank  as  a  nation,  Dy 
maintBining  the  public  fiiilh  at  home  and  abroad,  or  whether,  for  want 
of  a  timely  exertion  in  establishing  a  genera!  revenue,  and  ihereby  giv- 
ing strength  lo  the  Confederacy,  they  will  hazard  not  oidy  llie  esigtenca 
of  the  Union,  but  of  those  great  and  invaluable  privileges  for  which  Ihejr 
have  so  arduously  and  so  hotiorably  contended." 
Resolved,  That  Congress  agree  lo  the  said  report. 
Atid,  to  the  end  that  Congress  may  remiun  wholly  acquitted  from 
.  every  imputation  of  a  want  of  attention  to  the  ititeresl  and  welfare  of 
those  whom  they  represent, 

JBeiotved,  That  the  requisitions  of  Congress  of  the  27th  of  April, 
1734,  and  the  37th  of  September,  1785,  cannot  be  considered  as  the  eala- 
blishment  of  ft  system  of  general  revenue,  in  opposition  to  that  recom- 
mended to  the  several  States  by  the  resolves  ot  Congress  of  the  IBlb  of 
April,  1783. 

Besolvrd,  Tliat  Ihe  resolves  of  Congress  of  the  18th  of  April,  1783, 
recommending  a  system  of  general  revenue,  be  again  presented  to  the 
cor.sideratiott  of  the  legislatures  of  the  several  States  which  have  not 
iiilly  complied  with  the  same.  That  it  be  earnestly  recommended  to 
the  Legislatures  of  New  Hampshire,  MassachusettB,  Connecticut,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina,  which  have  com- 
plied only  in  part  with  the  said  system,  completely  to  adopt  the  same , 
and  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  Stales  of  Rhode  Island,  New  York,  Ma- 
ryland, aud  Georgia,  which  have  not  adopted  the  said  system,  ehher  in 
whole  or  in  part,  to  pass  laws,  without  fiirther  delay,  in  full  conformity 
with  the  same.  But,  as  it  is  highly  necessary  that  every  possible  aid 
should,  in  the  most  expeditious  manner,  be  obtained  to  the  revenue  of 
the  United  States,  it  is  therefore  recommended  to  the  several  States, 
that,  m  adopting  the  said  system,  they  enable  the  United  States  in  Con- 
gress assembled,  to  carry  into  effect  that  part  which  relates  to  the  im- 
post, so  soon  as  it  shall  be  acceded  to. 

Beaolved,  That,  whilst  Congress  are  denied  the  moans  of  satisiying 
those  engagements  which  they  have  constitutionally  entered  into  for  tha 


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of  public  fai  h      1  dg  d  by      1         co  d  I  f   I 

priiiciplcH    f  ]  wti  h  are   h        ly  sol  d  bas       f   1      I  d 

prosperity    f         ns 

6.  IN  THl,  CONGRESS  OF  THE  COWrFDER  \1I0\ 

Fbiday,  Maecu  3.  nee. 

Thp  committee,  consieting  o[  Mr.  Kean,  Mi.  Gorham,  Mr.  Fincltncy, 
Mr.  Smith,  and  Mr.  Grayson,  to  whom  were  recommitied  eundiy  papora 
■nd  documeiite  relative  to  commBroe,  aiid  the  aete  pnaaed  by  the  Slntea 
in  consequence  of  the  recommendations  of  Coiigresa  of  the  30th  April, 
1784,  report- 
That,  in  eiamining  tha  laws  passed  by  the  Slotea  in  consequence 
of  the  act  of  30tli  April,  1784,  they  tind  that  four  States — namely,  Mas- 
aachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Viigiuia — hove  enacted  laws 
conformable  to  the  recommendations  contained  in  the  act,  but  have  re- 
Btrained  thoir  operation  until  the  other  Statea  shall  have  substantially 

That  three  States — namely,  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  and  Mary- 
land— have  passed  laws  cotiformlng  to  the  same,  but  have  determined 
(he  time  from  which  tlicy  are  to  commence — the  (iisl  from  the  tima 
of  passing  their  act,  in  May,  1735;  and  the  two  latter  from  the  30th 
April,  17B4. 

That  New  Hampshire,  by  an  act  passed  the  33d  June,  1785,  has 
granted  full  powers  lo  regulate  their  trade,  &y  restrictions  or  dulies,  for 
fifteen  years,  with  a  proviso  that  the  law  shall  be  Guspended  until  ihe 
Other  Statea  have  substantially  done  the  same. 

That  Rhode  Island,  by  acts  passed  in  February  and  October,  1765, 
has  granted  power  for  the  term  of  iwenly-fivB  years  lo  regulate  trade 
between  the  respective  States,  and  of  prohibiting,  raatraimng,  or  regu- 
lating, the  importation  only  of  all  foreign  goods  in  any  ships  or  v^sels 
other  than  those  owned  by  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  navigated 
by  a  certain  proportion  of  citizens ;  and  also  with  a  proviso  restrictive 
of  its  operation  until  the  other  Stales  shall  have  substatilially  complied. 

That  North  Carolina,  by  an  act  passed  the  Sd  June,  1784,  has  granted 
powors  similar  to  those  granted  by  Rhode  Island,  relative  to  foreign 
commerce,  but  unrestrained  in  duration,  and  clogged  with  a  clause  that 
whrn  all  the  States  shall  have  substantially  complied  therewith,  it  shall 
become  an  article  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union. 


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151 

That  they  cannot  find  thW  the  three  other  Slntes-^amely,  Delaware, 
South  Carolina,  and  Geoigia — have  passed  any  lawa  in  conaequence  of 
tho  recommendations. 

The  result  is,  that  four  Stales  have  fully  complied ;  three  others  have 
bIso  complied,  but  havp  determined  the  time  of  commencement,  so  that 
tliere  will  be  a  dissimilarity  m  the  duration  of  the  power  granted ;  that 
three  other  Slates  have  passed  laws  in  pursuance  of  the  recommcnda- 
liona,  but  so  inoonaonant  to  them,  both  in  letter  and  spirit,  thst  they 
cannot  be  deemed  compliances  ,  diid  that  three  other  States  have  passed 

That,  althaugh  the  powers  to  be  vested  by  the  reeomraendations  do 
not  embrace  every  object  which  may  be  necessary  in  a  well-formed  aya- 
tem,  yat,  as  many  beneficial  efTecis  may  be  expected  irom  them,  the 
committee  think  it  the  duty  of  Congress  again  to  call  the  attention  of 
llie  States  to  this  subiecl,  the  longer  delay  of  which  must  be  attended 
w  t         y  g    at  evils.     Whereupon, 

S  I  I  That  the  recommendations  of  the  30th  April,  nfi4,  be  again 
p  d        the  view  of  the  Stales  of  Delaware,  South  Carolina,  and 

G  gi  d  thai  they  be  most  earnestly  called  upon  to  grant  powtis 
conf   m  bl     hereto. 

B  I  ed  That  the  States  of  New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  and 
U  h  C  I  na,  be  solicited  to  reconsider  their  acts,  and  to  m,ike  the:m 
g        bl  he  recommendationa  of  the  30th  April,  1784. 

S     I  ed   That  the  lime  for  which  the  power  under  the  recommeiida- 

ns  f  h  30lh  April,  1784,  is  to  continue,  ought  to  commence  on  the 
d  y  h  r  grees  shall  begin  to  exercise  it ;  and  that  it  be  recommended 
1  of  Pennsylvania,  Connecticut,  and  Maryland,  to  amend 

I  ordingly. 

7.  IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATION. 
Monday,  October  33,  1786. 

The  committee,  consisting  of  Mr.  Pinckney  Mr  '=!m  Ih  ad  Mr 
Henry,  to  whom  was  referred  an  act  of  the  Le^  'a  ure  of  he  'i  a  e  of 
Georgia,  passed  in  consequence  of  ihe  resolu  o  s  of  tl  e  30  h  A[  1 
1784,  respecting  commerce,  and  the  subject  ot  he  sa  d  eco  n  enda  on 
having  reported — 

"That  it  appears,  by  the  said  reaoliiaons,  the  United  Rla  -a  .n  oon 
gress  assembled  recommended  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  Stales 
to  vesl  them,  for  the  term  of  fifte&u  years,  with  powers  to  prohibit  any 
goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  ftom  being  imported  inlo,  or  exported 


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152 

from,  Kny  of  l]ia  Slates,  in  vessels  belonging  to,  or  nuvigaltd  by,  (ho 
subjccta  of  uny  power  with  whom  these  Stales  shall  not  have  formed 
treaties  of  comiaerce;  that  they  abo  recommended  tu  the  legislatures 
of  the  eaid  States  to  vest  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  for 
tlie  term  of  lifteen  years,  with  the  power  of  prohibiting  the  subjects  of 
any  foreign  state,  kingdom,  or  empire,  unless  authorized  by  treaty,  Irom 
importing  into  the  Uuited  States  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise, 
which  are  not  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the  dominions  of  the  sove- 
reign whose  flubjeeta  they  are  ;  provided,  that  to  all  acts  of  tha  United 
States  in  Congresa  assembled,  in  pursuance  of  the  above  powera,  the 
assent  of  niue  Stales  shall  be  necessary.  The  committee  have  carefully 
examined  he  ac  s  passed  by  the  aeveral  Statea,  in  pursuance  of  the 
above  lecon  menda  on  and  Und  that  the  Slate  of  Delaware  has  pasaed 
an  act  in  full  compl  a  ce  ^t  h  the  same  ;  that  the  acts  of  the  States  of 
Maasachuae  3  Rl  ode  Island,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and 
Georgia,  are  n  conf  m  y  o  the  said  recommendation,  but  restrained 
in  iheir  opera  on  nn  I  he  other  Stales  should  have  granted  powers 
equally  ei  ens  ve  ha  he  '^tnlcs  of  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Maryland,  have  passed  laws  agreeable  lo  the  said  resolution,  but  have 
fixed  the  time  at  which  the  powera  thereby  invested  shall  begin  lo  ope- 
rate, and  not  left  the  same  to  commence  at  the  time  at  which  Congress 
shall  begin  to  exercise  it,  which  your  committee  conceive  to  have  been 
the  intention  of  the  same;  that  South  Carolina,  by  art  act  passed  tha 
Ilth  March,  1786.  has  invested  the  United  States  in  Congress  assem- 
bled with  the  power  of  regulating  the  trade  of  the  United  Stales  with 
tha  West  Indies,  and  all  other  external  or  foreign  trade  of  the  said 
Stales,  for  the  term  of  fifteen  years  from  the  passing  of  the  said  act ; 
that  New  Hampshire,  by  (heir  act  of  the  S3d  of  June,  1785,  invested 
the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled  with  the  full  power  of  regu- 
lating trade  for  fifteen  yews,  by  testricliona  or  dalies,  with  a  proviso 
euspending  its  operation  ontil  all  the  other  Slates  shall  have  done  the 
same;  that  North  Carolina,  by  their  act  of  the  ad  of  June.  1784,  h.ts 
nuthoriKed  their  delegates  to  agree  to  and  ratify  an  article  or  articles  Ijy 
which  Congrssa  ahall  be  empowered  to  prohibit  the  importation  of  ull 
foreign  goods,  in  any  other  than  vessels  owned  by  citizens  of  the  United 
States,,  0'  navigated  by  such  a  proportion  of  aeamen.  citizena  of  the 
United  Stales,  as  may  be  agreed  to  by  Congresa,  which,  when  agreed 
to  by  all  the  Stales,  shall  be  considered  as  a  part  of  the  Articles  of  Con- 
federation and  perpetual  Union.  From  the  above  review  of  the  acts 
passed  by  the  several  States  in  corsequenee  of  the  said  recommeiida- 
liuii,  it  appears   ih^t.    though,    In  order  to  make   the  duration  of  tha 


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163 

jiowsi-g  equal,  it  will  bo  necessary  for  the  States  of  Connecticut,  Penn- 
Bylvania,  Maryland,  and  South  Carolina,  so  far  lo  amend  their  acts  aa 
to  permit  the  nuthorities  tlierein  granted  to  commence  their  operation  at 
the  time  Congress  shall  hegin  to  exercise  them;  yet  still  the  powers 
gratilad  by  them  and  by  tbe  Sta.tBs  of  MaEsaohueetta,  Rhode  Island, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Virginia,  and  Georgia,  are  other- 
wise in  such  compliance  witli  the  recommendation,  that,  if  the  Stales 
of  New  Hampshire  and  North  Carolina  had  conformed  their  acts  to  ihs 
eaid  resolution,  agreeable  to  the  urgent  recommendation  of  Congress  of 
Che  3d  of  March  last,  the  powers  therein  requested  might  immediately 
begin  to  operate.  The  committee,  however,  oia  of  opinion  that  the  acts 
of  the  Slates  of  New  Hampshu^  and  North  Carolina  manifest  so  liberat 
a  disposition  to  grant  the  necessary  powers  upon  this  subject,  that  their 
not  having  complied  witli  the  recommendation  of  March  last  must  be  at- 
tributed io  other  reasons  than  a  disincllnatiou  in  them  lo  adopt  measures 
similar  to  those  of  their  sister  Slates,  The  committee,  therefore,  con- 
ceiye  it  unnecessary  lo  detail  to  them  the  aitnatiou  of  our  commerce, 
languishing  under  ihe  most  ruinous  restrictions  in  foreign  ports,  or  the 
benefits  wliicb  mual  arise  liom  the  due  and  equal  use  of  powers  compe- 
tent to  its  protection  and  support,  by  that  body  which  can  alone  bene- 
iicially,  safely,  and  effectually  esercise  the  same."    Whereupon, 

liesalved.  That  it  be  again  earnestly  recommended  to  the  Legislatures 
of  the  Slates  of  New  Hampshire  and  North  Carolina,  a.t  tlieir  nest  ses- 
sion, to  reconsider  their  acts,  and  pass  them  in  such  conformity  with  the 
resolutions  of  the  30lh  April,  !784,  as  to  enable,  on  Iheir  pari,  the 
United  States  in  Congress  assembled  to  exercise  the  powers  thereby 
invested,  as  scon  as  possible. 

Eesalved,  That,  as  the  extent  and  duration  of  the  powers  to  be  exer- 
cised by  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  under  the  recom- 
mendation above  mentioned,  ought  to  be  equal,  it  be  recommended  to 
the  Legislatures  of  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  South 
Carolina,  so  far  to  amend  their  acts  as  to  vast  the  powers  therein  con- 
tained for  the  term  of  fifteen  years  from  ihe  day  on  which  Congress  shall 
begin  to  exercise  the  same. 

S.  REMARKS  ON  PROCEEDINGS  WHICH  IMMEDHTELY 
LED  TO  THE  FORMATION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 


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154 

appRrciit  in  llieae  proceeJingB.  These  Bxertiona  of  tb«  friends  of  liberty 
and  Ihe  Union  bnving  proved  Tiiisuoccssful,  and  hnTing  completely  dis- 
closeii  the  incompeleiicy  of  the  Confederation  to  provide  for  tiie  credit 
and  the  wants  of  tbe  country,  ot  to  fulfil  tlie  duties  and  obligations  of  a 
general  government,  manilested  the  necessity  tor  that  radical  change  in  the 
Eystem,  under  whose  powerful  and  benign  influence  the  United  States  have 
arrived  at  tlieir  present  condition  of  strength,  prosperity,  and  happiness. 

The  nclive  iiieasui«e  which  immediately  led  to  the  accomplishment  of 
this  momentous  object,  nppear  to  bave  commenced  under  the  lead  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Virginia,  and  through  the  patriotic  zeal  and  sagacity 
of  her  eminent  stat^men :  justice,  however,  to  the  great  State  of  Nevr 
York,  and  to  the  distinguished  indlTiduals  who,  at  that  day,  guided  her 
councils,  demands  the  insertion  of  the  proceedings,  which,  it  will  he  per- 
ceived, took  place  more  than  three  years  before  those  in  Virginia,  and 
point  more  clearly  and  directly  to  the  necesaty  for  adopting  the  preEsnt 
form  of  government  than  the  resolutions  of  Virginia.  The  osten^ble 
object  of  the  latter  appearing  to  have  been,  to  vest  the  CongreBS  of  the 
QonfederalioQ  with  the  power  of  regulating  the  general  trade  and  com- 
merce of  the  country.  The  net  of  Virginia,  however,  led  to  the  meeting 
of  the  commissioners  of  several  States  at  Annapolis,  who,  being  thus  as- 
sembled, availed  ^emselves  of  the  idea  adopted  by  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
and  incorporated  in  the  commissions  to  her  deputies  insetted  in  this  chap- 
ter, "  extending  the  powers  of  their  detiuties  to  other  objects  than  those 
of  commerce,"  being  "  an  improvement  on  the  original  plan,  and  will 
deserve  to  be  incorporated  into  Uiat  of  a  future  convention,"  &c. 

These  facts  prove,  that  the  credit  of  producing  the  vital  change  in  the 
government,  which  gave  being  to  our  g^onous  Constitution,  does  not 
belong  lo  any  particular  State  or  individual,  but  resulted  from  the  wide- 
spread conviction  of  the  wise  and  honest  men,  and  true  patriots  with 
whom  the  countiy  was  blessed  at  that  cri^cal  and  eventful  period  in  its 
history,  which  will,  no  doubt,  lieconie  mora  apparent  on  the  completion 
of  the  lUlb  and  siith  series  of  Colonel  Force's  documentary  history  of  the 
Revolution. 

The  proceedings  in  New  York,  appearing  to  have  been  consequent 
upon  the  condition  of  ailaira  as  indicated  in  a  previous  resolution  of  Con- 
gress, and  responsive  to  it,  the  inseition  of  that  resolution  previous  to 
those  proceedings,  appears  necessary  to  its  proper  understanding. 

9,  IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATION. 
Webnesdav,  M*V  23,  1783. 
On  the  i-eport  of  a  commitlee,  coneisting  of  Mr.  Madisoii,  Mr.  Root, 
Mr.  Lowell,  Mr.  Euttedge,  and  Mr.  Clymer,  to  whom  was  referred  a 
letter  of  the  17th,  from  the  euperintendent  of  finance,  and  who  were  in- 
structed, to  con&r  with  the  said  superintendent : 


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166 

Resolved,  That  Mr.  Kutledge  and  Mr.  Clymer  be  oppoinlKd  to  repair 
forthwith  to  the  Beveral  Stales  southwatd  of  ihLi.  and  Mr.  Muntgomery 
and  Mr.  Root  lo  the  Statea  enstmatd ;  and  that  fhey  be,  nnd  hereby  are 
inslructed  to  make  such  representations  lo  the  several  States,  as  are  best 
adapted  to  their  respectivQ  circnmslanceB  and  the  present  mtuation  of 
pnblie  aiTaJre,  and  as  may  induce  them  to  caiTy  the  I'equiaitionB  of  Con- 
gress into  effect  with  the  greatest  despatch!  that  they  make  the  like 
TepreBBntations  to  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  before  they  leave  tliis  city, 
(Philadelphia:)  thai  previous  to  their  departure,  they  confer  with  the 
superintendent  of  finance,  the  secretary  of  war,  and  the  secretary  for 
foreign  affairs,  who  are  hereby  directed  lo  communicate  to  ihem  such 
(nformation  from  their  respeelive  departments  as  may  be  most  conducive 
to  the  end  proposed. 


SuBDiY,  JuLV  21,  1783. 
George  CUnton,  esq..  Governor. 

A  copy  of  certain  resolntions  of  the  honorable  the  Senate,  delivered 
by  Mr.  Paine,  were  read,  and  committed  lo  a  committee  of  ihc  whole 
house,  to  be  taken  into  consideration  wilh  the  message  of  tJiB  honorable 
the  Senate,  of  the  19th  inst.,  on  the  slate  of  the  nation. 

The  house  then  resolved  itself  into  a  committee  of  the  whole  House, 
on  the  said  resolutions,  and  the  subject  of  the  said  message ;  and  after 
some  time  spent  thereon,  Mr.  Speaker  resumed  the  ch^r,  and  Mr.  Clark, 
irom  the  said  committee,  reported,  that  the  committee  had  gone  through 
the  said  msolutions  without  amendment,  nhich  he  was  directed  to  report 
to  the  House  ;  and  he  delivered  tlie  said  resolutions  in  at  the  table,  where 
the  same  were  again  read,  and  in  the  words  foUowmg,  to  wit,  viz  i 

Saalved,  That  it  appears  to  this  Legislature,  after  full  and  solemn 
consideration  of  the  several  matters  communicated  by  the  hon.  the  com- 
mittee of  Congress,  relating  to  the  present  poslnre  of  our  affairs,  foreign 
and  domestic,  and  contained  in  a  letter  from  the  secretary  for  foreign 
affairs  respecting  the  former,  as  well  as  of  the  representations  from  lima 
to  lime  made  by  the  superintendent  of  the  finances  of  the  United  Stales, 
relative  to  hia  particular  department-^that  the  situation  of  these  States 
IS  in  a  pecnliar  manner  critical,  and  affords  the  strongest  reason  to  appre- 
hond,  from  a  continuance  of  the  present  Constitution  of  the  Con^mental 
Government,  a  subversion  of  public  credit,  and  consequences  highly 
dangerous  to  the  safety  and  independence  of  those  States. 


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156 

Sesolved,  That  while  this  LegiBklute  are  convinced  by  tlie  before-men- 
tioned conimuiiicBtiona,  lliat  notwithstnnding  the  generous  intentions  of 
an  ally  from  whom  we  liave  experienced,  and  doubllese  sliail  still  ex- 
perience, all  possible  support,  eiigenciea  may  arise  to  prevent  otir  receiT- 
ing  pecuniary  succours  hereafter,  in  any  degree  proportioned  to  out 
neceesilies.  They  are  also  convinced,  irom  facts  within  their  own  know- 
ledge, that  the  provisiona  made  l)y  the  respecliva  States  for  carrying  oq 
the  war,  are  not  only  inadequate  to  the  end,  but  must  continue  to  be  so, 
while  there  is  an  adherence  lo  the  principles  which  now  direct  the  opora- 
lion  of  public  measures. 

Metehed,  That  it  is  also  the  opinion  of  this  Legislature,  that  the  preeent 
plan  mstituted  by  Congress  for  the  administration  of  their  finances,  is 
founded  in  wisdom  and  sound  policy.  That  the  BOiutary  efTecta  of  it 
have  already  been  felt  in  an  exlensivi 
violent  shocks  sustained  by  the  public 
want  of  the  support  which  the  States  ore  able  to  give,  would  be  produc- 
tive of  evils  too  pernicious  to  be  hazarded. 

Eesolved,  That  it  appears  to  this  Legislature,  that  the  present  British 
ministry  with  a  diapo  't'on  not  lee?  ho  tile  than  tlint  of  their  predeces- 
sors, taigh  byiJ  ee  dh  rsdis  g  the  appear- 
ance ofmdotnarp  umaso  alu  d  conciliate  in 
Europe,  d  d  n  Am  nca.  Th  h  ra  arriuigemenla 
they  app  a  adpmaadpd  ngg  redit  of  (heir 
governm  d  m  p  n  so  ah  sam  une  that  they 
serve  to  nfirrn  p  p  ss  ns  d  niid  h  people ;  and 
ihat  the  p  d  w  hi  h  ey  direct  all 
their  attention  and  resources  to  the  augmentBtion  of  their  navy,  ia  that 
which  may  be  productive  of  oonfiequences  ultimately  dangerous  to  the 
United  Slates. 

Seaolved,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Legislature,  that  the  present 
system  of  these  Slatea  adiposes  the  common  cause  to  a  precarious  issue  ; 
and  leaves  na  at  the  mercy  of  eventa  over  which  we  have  no  influence : 
u  conduct  extremely  unwise  in  any  nntion,  and  at  dl  limes,  and  lo  a 
ihang:e  of  which  we  are  impelled  at  this  juncture,  by  reasons  of  peculiar 
9nd  irresistible  weight  j  and  that  it  is  the  natural  tendency  of  the  weak- 
ness and  disordera  in  our  national  measures,  to  spread  diffidence  and 
distrust  among  the  people,  and  prepare  their  minds  to  receive  the  im- 
pressions the  enflmy  wish  to  make. 

Seaolved,  That  the  general  state  of  European  alTairs,  as  far  as  they 
have  come  to  the  knowledge  of  this  Legislature,  affords,  in  their  opinion, 
leaeonable  ground  of  confidence,  and  assures  us,  that  with  judicious  and 


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167 

vigorona  exerlioii  on  our  pai1,  we  may  rely  on  ihe  final  auainmcnt  of  our 
object ;  but,  far  from  jiisiifying  indifference  and  security,  calla  upon  ua  by 
every  motive  of  honor,  good  faiih,  and  patriotism,  without  delay,  to  unita 
ill  some  Byslem  more  effectual,  for  producing  energy,  harmony,  and  con- 
Bistency  of  measures,  than  that  which  now  exists,  and  more  capable  of 
putting  the  common  cause  out  of  the  reach  of  contingencies. 

Sesolved,  That  in  the  opinion  of  thie  Legislature,  the  radical  source  of 
most  of  our  embeirassments,  is  the  want  of  auflicieut  power  in  Congress, 
to  effectuate  that  read;  and  perfect  co-operation  of  the  diilerent  Stales,  on 
■which  their  immediate  safety  and  ftiture  happiness  depend.  That  ex- 
perience has  deraonalrated  the  Confederation  to  he  defective  in  several 
easenlial  points,  particularly  innot  veatuig  the  Federal  Government  either 
with  fl  power  of  providing  revenue  for  itself,  or  with  aacertained  and  pro- 
ductive funds,  secured  by  a  sanction  so  solemn  and  general,  as  would 
inspire  the  fullest  confidence  in  them,  and  malne  them  a  substantial  basis 
of  credit.  That  these  defects  ought  to  be  without  loss  of  lime  repaired ; 
the  powers  of  Congress  estended,  a  solid  security  established  for  tJio 
payment  of  debts  already  included,  and  competent  means  provided  for 
fiiture  credit,  and  for  supplying  the  tiiture  demands  of  the  war. 

Sesolved,  That  it  appears  evidently  to  this  Legislature,  that  the  annual 
income  of  these  States,  admitting  the  best  means  were  adopted  for  draw- 
ing out  their  resources,  would  fiUI  fiir  short  of  the  annual  eipenditure  ; 
and  that  there  would  be  a  large  deficiency  10  be  supplied  on  the  credit 
of  these  Slates,  which,  if  it  ehould  be  inconvenient  for  those  powers  lo 
afford  on  whose  friendshi])  we  justly  rely,  must  be  sought  for  from  indi- 
V  duals  to  engage  whom  to  lend,  satisfiictory  securities  must  be  pledged 
for  the  punctual  payment  of  interest,  and  tlia  final  redemption  of  the 

BeEotved  That  it  appears  lo  this  Legialature,  that  the  aforegoing  im- 
portant e  ids  can  never  be  attained  by  partial  deliberations  of  the  States 
sepirately,  but  that  it  is  essential  lo  the  common  welfiire,  that  there 
ehoold  be  as  soon  as  possible,  a  conference  of  the  whole  on  the  subject ; 
and  that  it  would  be  advisable  for  this  purpose,  to  propose  lo  Congress 
to  recommend,  and  to  each  State  lo  adopt  the  measure  of  assembling  a 
general  convention  of  the  States,  specially  authorised  to  revise  and  amend 
the  Confederation,  reserving  a  right  to  the  respective  legislatures  lo  ratify 
their  detormmatiouB. 

Jteiohied  tmaniiamsls.  That  this  Hotise  do  concur  with  the  honorable 
the  Senate,  in  the  stud  resolutions. 

[Introduced  and  passed  in  Senate,  on  Saturday  morning,  July  20, 
17e2J 

17. 


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State  of  New  Yobk,   ) 

I  certify  the  preceding  lo  be  true  copies  of  tertnin  coneiirrent  reaoh 
tiona  of  the  Senate  and  Assembly  of  this  Stale,  copied  Iroiii  the  prints 
journal  of  the  assembly  in  this  office. 

ARCH'D.  CAMPBELL,  Vq,.  Sec.  of  Slate. 

JiJonjF,  July  30,  1S47, 


Wednesday,  30th  Novemieh,  17S5. 

Mr.  Alexander  White  reported,  according  to  order,  a  resolution  agreed 
to  by  the  committee  of  the  whole  house  on  Monday  last,  reEpectiiig  com- 
merce ;  and  he  read  the  same  in  his  plara,  .and  afterwards  delivered  it  in 
at  the  clerk'a  table,  where  the  same  was  again  read,  and  is  aa  fol- 
lowelh : 

Whereas  the  relative  eilnalion  of  the  United  States  has  been  fonnd  on 
trial  to  require  uniformity  in  their  commercial  regulations,  as  the  only 
effectual  policy  for  oblainiiig  in  the  ports  of  foreign  nations  a  stipulation 
of  privileges  reciprocal  la  those  enjoyed  by  the  subjects  of  such  naliona 
in  the  porta  of  the  United  States,  for  preventing  animosities  which  can- 
not foil  to  arise  among  tlie  several  States  from  the  interterence  of  partial 
and  separate  regulations  j  and  whoreaa  auch  uniformity  can  be  best  con- 
certed aiid  cavried  into  effect  by  the  federal  councils,  which,  having  been 
inatiluted  for  the  purpose  of  managing  tiie  interests  of  the  Slates  in 
cases  which  cannot  so  well  be  provided  for  hy  measures  iiidivldualiy 
pursued,  ought  to  be  invested  with  anlhority  in  this  case,  as  being  within 
the  reason  and  policy  of  their  institution : 

Seaolved,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  committee,  that  the  delegates 
representing  this  Commonwealth  in  Congreaa  ba  instructed  to  propose 
in  Congress  a  recommendalion  lo  tlie  Stales  in  union  to  aiilhorize  thai 
assembly  to  regulate  their  trade,  on  llie  following  principles,  and  unde: 
the  following  qualifications  i 

1st.  That  the  United  Stales  in  Congress  assembled  be  authorized  lo 
prohibit  vessels  belonging  to  any  foreign  nation  from  entering  any  of  the 
ports  thareof,  or  to  unpose  any  duties  on  such  vessels  and  their  cargoea 
which  may  be  judged  necessary ;  all  such  prohibitions  and  duties  lo  be 
uniform  throughout  the  United  Stales,  and  the  proceeds  of  the  latter  to 
DS  carried  into  the  treasury  of  the  State  within  which  they  shall  accrue. 
2d.  Thai  no  State  bo  at  liberly  tu  impose  duties  on  any  goods,  wares. 


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or  merchandise,  imporled  by  land  or  by  water  from  any  olhet  Stale,  bat 
may  oltogetiier  prohibit  tlie  importnlion  from  any  State  of  any  particular 
epeciea  or  description  of  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  of  whicli  the 
impoilalion  is  at  the  same  tira^  proliibiled  Irom  all  other  places  whatao- 

3d.  That  no  act  of  Congresa  that  may  be  authoriied,  as  hereby  pro- 
posed, shall  be  entered  into  by  leas  than  two-thirds  of  tlie  confederated 
Stales,  nor  be  in  force  longer  than  thirteen  years. 

A  motion  was  made,  and,  the  question  being  put  to  amend  the  reso- 
lution, by  adding  to  the  end  thereof  the  following  words,  to  wit:  "un- 
less eontinuHd  by  a  like  proportion  of  votcH  within  one  year  immediately 
preceding  the  expiration  of  the  said  period,  or  be  revived  in  like  manner 
after  the  expiration  thereof,"  it  passed  In  the  negative ;  ayes,  28; 
noes,  79. 

On  a  motion  made  by  Mr.  Turberville,  and  seconded  by  Mr,  Wat- 
Ordered,  That  the  names  of  the  ayes  and  noes,  on  the  question  to 
agree  to  the  said  amendment,  be  inserted  in  the  journal. 

And  then  the  said  resolution,  being  again  read,  was,  on  tlio  question 
put  thereupon,  agreed  to  by  the  House. 

Ordered,  That  Mr.  Alexander  While  do  cany  lie  resolution  to  tJie 
Senate,  and  desire  their  concurrence. 

Thubsdav,  1st  Deoembeh,  17S5. 

On  a  motion  made  to  the  following  effect ;  that  the  resolutions  reported 
from  B  committee  of  tlie  whole  house,  and  agreed  to  by  the  House  on 
yesterday,  containing  instructions  to  the  delegates  of  this  Common- 
wealth in  Congress,  respecting  commerce,  does  not,  from  a  mistake, 
contain  the  sense  of  the  majority  of  thia  House  thai  voted  for  the  said 
resolutions; 

Ordered,  Ikerefare.  That  the  direction  (o  send  the  said  resolution  to 
the  Senate  for  their  concurrence  he  rescinded,  and  that  ihia  House  do 
immediately  resolve  itself  into  a  committee  of  the  whole  house,  to  re- 
conaider  the  said  resolution. 

It  was  resolved  in  the  affirmative :  ayes,  60 ;  noes,  33. 

The  House  then  accordingly  resolved  itself  imo  a  committee  of  the 
whole  house  on  ihe  aaid  resolution ;  and,  after  some  time  spent  therein, 
Mr.  Speaker  reaumed  the  chair,  and  Mr.  Matthews  reported  that  the  said 
committee  had,  according  to  order,  had  the  said  resolution  under  their 
consideration,  and  had  made  several  amendments  thereto,  which  they 


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had  directed  hitu  (o  report  when  Uie  House  sliould  ihiiik  p 
eeivc  the  Bnrae. 

Ordered.  That  the  said  report  do  lie  on  the  table. 


la.  IN  THE  HOUSE  OF  DELEGATES  OF  THE  STATE  OF 

VIRGINIA. 

21sT  JaKUAEY,  nSfi. 

}leioleed.  That  Edmund  Randolph,  James  Madison,  junior,  Walter 
lonea,  Saint  George  Tuoker,  Meriwether  Smith,  David  Ross,  William 
Ronald,  and  George  Mason,  esquires,  be  appointed  commissioners, who, 
or  any  five  of  whom,  ehall  meet  such  commis'jionets  as  may  be  appointed 
oy  the  otbet  Stales  in  the  Union,  at  a  time  and  place  to  be  agreed  on,  to 
talie  into  consideration  the  trade  of  the  United  Slates ;  to  eaamine  the 
relative  aitualiona  and  trade  of  the  said  Slates ;  to  consider  how  hr  an 
uniform  system  in  their  commercial  regulations  may  be  necessary  to 
their  common  interest  and  their  permanent  liatmony ;  and  to  report  to 
the  several  States  such  an  act  relative  to  this  great  object,  as,  when 
unanimonaly  ratified  by  them,  will  enable  the  United  Stales  in  Congress 
assembled  efTectuBlly  to  provide  for  the  same:  that  the  said  commia- 
Bioners  shall  irnmediately  transmit  to  the  several  Slates  copies  of  the 
preceding  resolution,  with  n  circular  letiej'  requesting  their  concurrence 
therein,  and  proposing  a  lime  and  place  for  the  meeting  aforesaid. 
Test:  JOHN  BECKLEY,  C.  H.  D. 

1786,  January  Slsi. 

Agreed  to  hy  the  Senate. 

n.  BROOKE,  C.  S. 

By  his  eioellency,  Patrick  Ilonry,  esquire,  Governor  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Virginia,  it  ia  hereby  certified  that  John  Beckley,  tho 
person  aubscribing  the  above  resolve,  is  clerk  of  the  House  of 
II.  s.]  Delegalea,  and  that  due  faith  and  credit  is,  and  ought  to  be, 
paid  to  all  things  dona  by  him  by  virtue  of  his  oflicB.  Given 
under  my  hand  as  Governor,  and  under  the  seal  of  the  Com- 
monwealth, at  Richmond,  the  6lh  day  of  July,  1786. 

F.  HENRY. 


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1.  ANNAPOLIS,  IN  THE  STATE  OF  MARYLAND. 
.  11,  1786. 

□rk,  Wev 


Alexander  Hamilton,  George  Read, 

Egbert  Benson.  John  Dickinson, 

HEW  jEnsEY.  Richard  Basselt. 

Ahtahom  Clarke,  viehibia. 

William  C.  Houaloii,  Edmund  Randolph, 

James  Schuveman.  J omes Madison,  jun., 

FEMHSyLTAHIA,  St.  George  Tucker. 

Tencli  Coxe. 
Mr.  IMckinEon  was  nnaniraouBly  elected  chairman. 
The  oommieaioners  produced  thab  oredentiala  from  Iheir  reapeciire 
Siates,  which  were  read. 

After  a  full  communication  of  sentiments,  and  deliberate  considBTalion 
of  what  would  he  proper  lo  be  done  b^  the  eommiseioners  now  assem- 
bled, il  was  unanimoualy  agreed  thai  a  commilteo  be  appointed  to  prs- 
paia  a  draught  of  a  report  to  be  made  lo  llie  States  having  commlseion- 
era  attending  at  this  meeting. 

Adjourned  till  Wednesday  morning. 

WEDHESDiY,  Seetemeer  13,  I78S. 
Met  agreeable  to  adjournment. 

Tlie  cominitlee  appointed  for  that  purpose  reported  the  draught  of  the 
report;  which  being  read,  the  meeting  proceeded  to  tlie  consideration 
thereof,  and,  after  some  time  Bpenl  therein,  adjourned  till  to-monow 
morning. 

Thursday,  Septembee  14,  1786. 
Met  agreeable  to  adjournmenl. 

The  meeting  resumed  the  consideration  of  the  draught  of  the  report, 

and,  after  some  time  spent  therein,  and  amendments  made,  the  samo 

was  unanimously  agreed  to,  and  k!  as  follows,  to  wit  i 

To  the  lionorable  the  Legislatures  of  Virginia,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania, 

New  Jersey,  and  New  York,  the  commissioners  from  the  ssiid  States, 

respectively,  aasombled  at  Annapolis,  humbly  beg  leave  to  report  i 

That,  pursuant  to  their  several  appointments,  they  met  at  Annapolis, 

in  the  State  of  Maryland,  on  the  Utk  day  of  September  instant,  and 


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162 

having  proceeded  to  a  comniuniDation  of  their  powers,  they  found  that 
Ibe  Stales  of  New  YoiU,  Pennaylvoiiia,  and  Virginia,  had,  in  substance, 
and  nearly  in  the  eame  terms,  Buthorised  their  respective  oominisBlonera 
"  to  meet  such  commiasionera  as  wars  or  might  be  appointed  by  the 
other  States  in  the  Union,  at  such  time  and  place  as  should  be  agreed 
upoT)  by  tha  aaid  commiseioners,  to  take  mto  consideration  the  trade  and 
commerce  of  the  United  Statea,  to  consider  liow  far  an  uniform  system 
in  their  commercial  intercourse  and  regulations  might  be  necessary  to 
Iheir  common  intereat  and  permanent  harmony,  and  to  report  to  the 
several  States  such  an  act  relative  to  this  great  object,  as,  when  unani- 
nioualy  ratified  by  them,  would  enable  the  United  States  m  Congress 
assembled  effectually  to  provide  for  tlie  same." 

That  the  State  of  Delaware  had  given  sunilar  powers  to  their  com- 
missioners, with  this  difference  only,  that  the  act  to  he  framed  in  virtue 
of  these  powers  is  required  to  be  reported  "to  the  United  States  in  Con- 
gress assembled,  to  be  agreed  to  by  tliem,  and  confirmed  by  the  legisla- 

That  the  State  of  New  Jersey  had  enlarged  the  object  of  their  ap- 
Doinlmeut,  empowering  their  commissioners  "to  consider 
uniform  system  m  their  commercial  regulations  and  ottei"  imj 
ters  miglit  be  necessary  to  the  common  interest  and  permaiit 
of  tlie  several  States;"  and  to  report  such  an  act  on  the 
when  ratified  by  them,  "would  anable  the  United  Stales 
assembled  effectually  to  provide  for  the  exigencies  of  the  Ur 
Tliat  appointments  of  eommissionei-s  have  also  been  n 
States  of  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
Carolina,  none  of  whom,  however,  have  attended  j  but  that 

been  made  by  the  Slates  of  Connecticut,  Maryland,  South 
Georjpa. 

That,  the  express  terms  of  the  powers  to  your  commissioners  sup- 
posing a  deputation  from  all  the  States,  and  having  for  object  the  trade 
and  commerce  of  the  United  States,  your  commissioners  did  not  con- 
ceive it  advisable  to  proceed  on  the  business  of  their  mission  under  tho 
cu'eumstance  of  so  partial  and  defective  a  representation. 

Deeply  impressed,  however,  with  the  magnitude  and  importance  of  the 
object  conGded  to  them  on  this  occasion,  your  commissioners  cannot  for- 
:iear  to  indurgfl  an  eapression  of  tJieir,  earnest  and  unnuimaus  wish  that 
npeedy  measures  may  be  taken  to  effect  a  general  meeting  of  the  States, 

ties  of  public  af^irs  may  bo  found  to  roquire. 


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If,  in  axprasaing  this  wish,  or  in  intimalmg  any  otner  senliment,  yonr 
commisaiunere  sliimld  aeem  to  exceed  llie  atrict  bounds  of  their  appoint- 
ment, Ihey  entertain  a  full  confidence  that  a  conduct  dictated  by  an  anx- 
iflty  for  the  welferB  of  the  United  Statea  will  not  fail  to  receive  an  in- 

In  this  persuasion,  your  commissioners  submit  an  opinion,  that  ihn 
idea  of  extending  the  powera  of  their  deputies  to  olher  objeels  than 

nae  of  commerce,  wliich  haa  bonn  adopted  by  the  Stale  of  New  Jersey, 
waa  an  improvement  on  the  original  plan,  and  will  draerve  to  be  incor- 
porated inlo  that  of  a  fiilure  oonveiilion.  They  are  the  more  naturally 
led  to  fbia  ooneiueion,  as,  in  the  courao  of  their  reflections  on  the  sub- 
ject, they  haTe  been  induced  to  think  that  the  power  of  regulating  trade 
is  of  such  comprehensive  exlent,  and  will  enter  so  far  into  the  genera- 
system  of  the  Federal  Government,  that  to  give  it  effiooey,  and  to  ob- 
viate questions  and  duubta  concerning  its  precise  luiture  and  limits,  may 
requite  a  correapondent  atljustment  of  other  parts  of  llie  federal  system. 

That  there  are  important  defects  in  the  system  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment, ia  acknowledged  by  the  acts  of  all  ihoue  Statea  which  have  con- 
curred in  the  present  meeting ;  that  the  defects,  upon  a  closer  examina- 
tion, may  be  found  greater  and  more  numerous  than  even  these  acts  im- 
ply, is  at  least  so  Qa  pi-obable,  from  the  embarraaaments  which  charac- 
■erixe  the  present  state  of  our  national  affairs,  foreign  and  domestic,  as 
may  reasonably  be  supposed  to  merit  a  deliberate  and  candid  diacuasion, 
m  aome  mode  which  will  anite  the  sentiments  and  couiicila  of  all  the 
Slates.  In  the  choice  of  the  mode,  your  commissioners  are  of  opinion 
that  a  convention  of  deptitiea  from  the  different  Slates,  for  the  special 
and  sole  purpose  of  entering  into  thia  invesligation,  and  digoaling  a  plan 
for  supplying  such  defects  as  may  be  discovered  to  exist,  will  be  entlllea 
to  a  preference,  from  considerations  which  will  occur  witliout  being  par- 
ticularized. 

Your  commissioners  decline  aji  enumeration  of  (hose  national  circum- 
stances on  which  tiieir  opinion  respecting  the  propriety  of  a  future  con- 
vention,  with  more  enlarged  powers,  ia  founded,  as  it  would  be  an  uae- 
less  intrusion  of  facts  and  obactvations,  moat  of  which  have  been  fre- 
quently the  subject  of  public  diacuasion,  and  none  of  which  can  have 
escaped  the  penetration  of  those  to  whom  they  would  in  thia  instance  be 
addresaed.  They  are,  however,  of  a  nature  so  serious,  as,  in  the  view 
of  your  commiaaionera,  to  rondet  the  aituatlon  of  the  United  Statea  deli- 
cate and  critical,  calling  for  sn  esattion  of  the  united  virtue  and  wiadom 
of  a1!  the  members  of  the  Confederacy. 

3,  with  tho  most  respecifii) 


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164 

ia£evf.iice,  beg  leave  to  suggest  iheir  unanimaxis  conviction,  that  it  niaj; 
essentially  tend  lo  advance  the  imei'eele  of  Ihe  Union,  if  the  Statea,  by 
whom  they  have  heen  respectively  delegated,  would  themselves  concur, 
und  uae  their  endeavors  to  procure  the  concurrence  of  the  other  Slates  in 
the  appointment  of  commissioners,  to  meet  at  Philadelphia  on  the  second 
Monday  in  May  nezt,  to  toka  mto  cMmsideration  the  situation  of  the 
United  States,  to  devise  such  further  provisions  as  shall  appear  to  them 
necessary  to  render  tlie  Conatitntion  of  the  Federal  Government  adequate 
to  the  exigencies  of  the  Union;  and  to  report  such  an  act  for  tliat  purpose 
lo  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  as,  when  agreed  to  by  them, 
and  afterwards  confirmed  by  the  legislatures  of  every  Slate,  will  effectu- 
ally  provide  for  the  same. 

Though  your  comniiaeioners  could  not  with  propriety  address  these 
observations  and  sentiments  to  any  hul  tlie  States  they  have  tlie  honor 
10  represent,  they  have  nevertheless  concluded,  from  motives  of  respect,  lo 
transmit  copies  of  this  report  to  the  United  Slates  in  Congress  assemhted, 
and  10  the  executives  of  the  other  States. 
By  order  of  the  commissioners. 

Dated  at  Annapolis,  September  14,  17S6. 

Sesahed,  That  the  chairman  sign  the  olurr.goiiig  icporl  in  behalf  of 
the. 


Then  adjourned  without  day. 

Egbert  Benson.  George  Read, 

-  Alexander  Hamilton.  Jolm  Dickinson, 

NEW  JERSEY.  Rtchotd  Bassctt. 
Alira.  Ckrk,  viKeinii. 

Wm.  Ch,  Houston,  Edmund  Randolph, 

James  Schureman.  James  Madison,  jun. 
■    St.  George  Tucker. 


14.  IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATION, 

WEDWESDiS,  Febhwaey  31,  1787. 

Congress  assembled;  Present,  Massacliusetls,  Rhode  Island,  Con- 
necticut, New  "York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Virginia, 
Maryland,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia, 

The  report  of  a  Grand  Committee,  consisting  of  Mr.  Dane,  Mr.  Var- 
num,  Mr.  S.  M.  Mitchell,  Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Cadwallnder,  Mr.  Irvine, 
Mr.  N,  Mitchell.  Mr.  Foncst,  Mr.  Grny^^on,  Mr,  IHomit.  Mr.  Bui),  and 


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166 

Mr.  Few,  lo  whom  was  teleiTed  a  letter  of  Kth  Seplember,  1786,  from 
J.  DickinEon,  written  at  the  request  of  commisEionei's  from  tlie  Stales  of 
Virginia.  Delaware,  Pennsylvamn,  New  Jai-sey,  and  New  York,  as- 
Eembled  at  the  city  of  Annapolis,  together  with  a  copy  of  the  report  of 
the  Baid  commiESionera  to  the  legislatures  of  the  Stutes  by  whom  they 
were  appointed,  teing  an  order  of  the  day,  was  called  up,  and  which  is 
conttdned  in  the  following  resolution,  viz  : 

"  Congress  having  had  under  consideration  the  letter  of  John  Dickin- 

during  (he  last  year;  olao  the  proceedings  of  the  said  commissioners ; 
and  entirely  coinciding  with  them,  as  to  the  inefficiency  of  the  Federal 
Government,  and  the  necessity  of  devising  such  farlher  provisions  as 
shall  render  the  same  adequate  to  the  esigencies  of  the  Union,  do  strongly 
recommend  to  the  diflei-ent  legialaturea  to  send  forward  delegates,  lo  meet 
the  proposed  convcniion,  on  the  second  Monday  in  May  next,  at  the  city 
of  Philadelphia," 

The  delegates  for  the  State  of  New  York  thereupon  laid  before  Con- 
gress instructions  which  they  had  received  from  their  constituents,  and, 
in  pursuance  of  the  said  instruclions,  moved  to  postpone  the  furlher  con- 
sideration of  the  report,  in  order  lotake  up  the  following  propositions,  viz: 

"  That  it  he  recommended  to  the  States  composing  the  Union  that  a 
convention  of  representalivos  from  the  said  Stales  respectively,  be  held 
at  ,  on  ,  for  the  purpose  of  icvising  the  Articles  uf  Con- 

federation and  perpeluai  union  between  the  United  States  of  America, 
and  reporting  to  the  United  Slates  in  Congress  assembled,  tuid  to  the 
States  respeclivaly,  such  alterations  and  amendments  of  the  said  Articles 
of  Confederation,  as  the  representatives  met  in  such  convention  shall 
judge  proper  and  necessary  to  render  them  adequate  to  the  preservation 
and  support  of  the  Union.' ' 

On  the  question  to  postpone,  for  the  purpose  above  mentioned,  the  yeas 
and  nays  being  required  by  the  delegates  for  New  Yurk, 

Masiachiietts Mr.  King,  ay) 

Dane,  ay  (  "^ 

Connecticut Mr.  Johnson,  av)    .. 

S,  MitcheU,  nop'"- 

NewYork Mr.  Smith,  ay)  ^ 

New  Jersey Mr.  Cadwallader,  ay  1 

Schureman,  no)"" 

Fennsylmnia Mr.  Irvine.  no  ) 

Meredith,  ay  >  no 

Bingham,  no) 


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166 

Ddamare Mr.  N.  Mhchull, 

Marylaiid Mr.  Forrest, 

Virginia Mr.  Grayson, 

MaisoH, 

N.  Carolina Mr.  Blount, 

Hawkins. 

S.Caroli»a Mr.  Bull, 

Kton, 
Ilugcr, 
PaAor, 

Georgia Mr.  Fflw,  ay)   ..„ 

Pierce,  nuj  ''"^■ 

So  ihe  question  was  lost. 

A  motion  was  then  made  by  ihe  delegales  for  MassoxcliiiEetts,  to  post, 
■pone  ihe  funher  consideralion  of  the  report,  in  order  to  take  into  con- 
Eideralion  u  motion  which  they  read  in  their  place  ;  this  being  ngreed  to, 
the  motion  of  the  delegates  for  Maaeaeliusetts  was  taken  up,  and,  being 
amended,  waa  agreed  to,  as  follows : 

Whereas  there  is  provision  in  Ihe  Articles  of  Confederation  and  per- 
petual Union,  for  making  alterations  therein,  by  ths  assent  of  a  Congress 
of  the  Dniled  States,  and  of  the  legislatures  of  the  severai  States  ;  and 
wiiereaa  eiperiencB  hath  evinced  that  there  are  defects  in  the  preseut 
Confederation,  as  a  roeou  to  remedy  which  several  of  the  States,  and  par- 
ticularly the  Stale  of  New  York,  by  express  instructions  to  their  delegatea 
in  Congress,  have  suggested  a  convention  for  the  purposes  expieased  in 
the  following  reeolulion ;  and  such  convention  appearing  to  be  the  moat 
probable  mean  of  establishing  in  these  States  a  firm  National  Govern- 

Sesoloed,  That,  in  (he  opinion  of  Congresa,  it  is  expedienl,  that,  on 
the  second  Monday  in  May  next,  a  convention  of  delegates,  wlio  shall 
have  been  appointed  by  the  sever^  States,  be  held  at  Philadelpiiia,  for 
I  lie  sole  and  express  purpose  of  revising  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
and  reporting  to  Congress,  and  the  several  legislatures,  such  aherations 
and  provisions  therem  as  ehnii,  when  ngreed  to  in  Congress,  and  con- 
firmed by  the  Stales,  render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate  (o  tJie 
exigencies  of  Government,  and  the  prescivation  of  the  Union. 


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167 

15.  Mil  rf  Ihe  several  Stales  for  Ihe  apptrintment  of  Deputies  to  meet 
ia  Coin)enii(m,for  ihe  purpose  tf  forming  a  Omslilution  of  Goiiern- 

COMMONWEALTH  OP  VIRGINIA. 
Gen-era!  AsseitiUy,  legan  arid  Jield  at  t!te  psEJic  tmild'mgi  in  the  city  of 
Jikhmand,  on  Moiiday,  tlie  16(A  day  of  October,  m  the  year  of  our 
Lord  1786. 
AN  ACT  for  appointing  Deputies  from  Ihis  Commonwealth  to  a  Conven- 
tion proposed  to  be  lield  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  May  nasi,  for 
the  puiposB  of  reviaing  the  Fedaral  Constitution. 
Whereas  the  coramiasionera  who  assembled  at  Ann^olis,  on  the  11th 
day  of  September  last,  for  ths  purpose  of  deviaiiig  and  reporting  the 
means  of  enabling  Congress  to  provide  eflectnaily  for  the  commercial 
interests  of  the  United  States,  have  reprasenled  the  necessity  of  extending 
the  revision  of  the  Federal  system  to  all  its  defeota,  and  have  recom- 
mended that  deputies  for  that  purpose  be  appointed  by  the  several  iegis- 
laturos,  to  meet  in  convention,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  second 
day  of  May  next,  a  provision  which  was  preferable  to  a  discussion  of  the 
subject  in  Congress,  where  it  might  bs  too  much  interrupted  by  the  ordi- 
nary buainese  before  them,  and  where  it  would,  besides,  be  deprived  of 
the  vdunble  counsels  of  sundry  individuals  who  are  disqualified  by  the 
CoustimtioE,  or  laws  of  parlicular  Stntos,  or  realrained  by  peculiar  oir- 
cumstanccs,  from  a  seat  in  that  assembly;  And  wliereae  the  General 
Assembly  of  this  Commonweailh,  taking  into  view  the  actual  situation 
of  the  Confederacy,  as  well  as  reflecting  on  the  alarming  representations 
made,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  United  Stales  in  Congress,  particularly 
in  their  act  of  tlie  15th  day  of  February  last,  can  no  longer  doubt  that  the 
crisis  is  arrived  at  which  the  good  people  of  America  are  to  decide  the 
solemn  question,  whether  tfiey  wiH,  by  wise  and  magnanimous  eifbrls. 
reap  the  just  fruits  of  that  independence  which  they  have  so  gloriously 
acquired,  and  of  that  Union  which  they  have  cemented  with  so  much  of 
I  their  common  blood,  or  whether,  by  giving  way  to  unmanly  jealousies 
and  prejudices,  or  to  partial  and  transitory  interests,  they  will  renoonca 
the  auspicious  blessings  prepared  for  them  by  the  Revolution,  and  ftimish 
to  its  enemies  an  eventual  triumph  over  those  hy  whose  virtue  and  valor 
it  has  been  aecomplislied :  And  whereas  the  same  noble  and  entended 
policy,  and  the  same  fraternal  and  affectionate  sentimenta  Whioli  origin- 
ally determined  the  citizens  of  this  CommonweBlth  to  unite  with  thelt 
brethren  of  the  other  Slates  in  establishing  a  Federal  Government,  can- 
not but  be  felt  with  equal  force  now  as  motives  to  lay  aside  every  inierur 


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168 

m  in  Buoh  fiirlher  eoncessiona  iind  provisions 
5cwe  tlie  gieat  objecls  for  wbicli  that  Govorn- 
mont  was  instituted,  and  to  render  the  United  States  aa  happy  in  peace 
as  tliay  have  been  glorious  in  war : 

Sb  it  fkerefore  enacted  by  the  General  Asssmbly  of  the  Coaaaonwuilth 
of  Virginia,  That  eeven  commiBHionerH  be  Bppoiiiled  by  joint  bnllol  of 
both  Houses  of  Aasembly,  who,  or  any  llitee  of  ihem,  are  hereby  au- 
thorized, as  deputies  front  this  Common WHoIth,  to  meet  such  deputies 
as  may  be  appointed  and  authorized  by  other  States,  to  assemble  in  con- 
vention at  Philadelphia,  oa  above  recommended,  and  to  join  with  ihem 
in  devising  and  discussing  all  such  alterations  and  farther  provisions  as 
may  be  necessary  to  render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  Union,  and,  in  reporting  suoh  an  act  for  that  purpose  to 
the  United  States  in  Congress,  aa,  when  agreed  to  by  them,  and  duly  eon- 
Srmed  by  the  several  States,  will  efiBctually  provide  for  the  same. 

And  be  -it  farther  enacted,  Thai,  in  case  of  the  death  of  any  of  the 
said  deputies,  or  of  (heir  decluilng  their  appointments,  the  executive  are 
hereby  authorized  to  supply  sucli  vacancies;  and  the  Governor  is  re- 
quested to  transmit  forthvvith  a  copy  of  this  act  to  the  United  Slates  in 
Congress,  and  to  the  executives  of  each  of  the  States  in  the  Union. 
[Signed)  JOHH  JONES, 

Spealcer  of  the  Senate. 
JOSEPH  PRENTISS, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Delegates. 

JOHN  BECKLEY,  Cleri  H.  D. 
IX  THE  HOUSE  Of  DELEGATES. 
MonniY,  THE  4ti!  of  December,  1766. 
The  House,  according  to  the  order  of  the  day,  proceeded,  by  joint 
ballot  with  the  Senate,  to  the  appointment  of  seven  deputies  from  this 
Commonwealth  to  a  convention  proposed  to  be  held  in  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia in  May  next,  for  tlie  purpose  of  revising  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion ;  and,  the  members  having  prepared  tickets  with  the  names  of  the 
persons  lo  be  appointed,  and  deposited  tlie  same  in  the  ballot-boxes,  Mr. 
Corhin,  Mr.  Matthews,  Mr.'David  Stewart,  JMr.  George  Nicholas,  Mr. 
5ichard  Lee,  Mr.  Wills,  Mr.  Thomas  Smith,  Mr.  Goodall,  and  Mr. 
Turberville,  were  nominated  a  committee  to  meet  a  committee  irom  the 
Senate,  in  the  conference  chamber,  and  jointly  with  them  lo  examine 
tne  ballot-bosBB   and  report  to  the  House  on  whom  the  majority  of  the 


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littoe  tlioii  wllhiJrow,  anil  after  some  lime 
roporled  that  the  oommilteo  had,  aeeoriling 
e  from  the  Senate  in  (he  conference  chamber, 
and  jointly  with  them  examined  the  ballot-bosea,  and  found  a  majority 
of  votes  in  favor  of  George  Waahingion,  Palricli  Henry,  Edmund  Ran- 
dolph, John  Blfdr,  James  Madiaon,  George  Mason,  and  George  Wythe, 
esqrs.    Extract  ffom  the  iournal. 

JOHN  BECKI,EY, 

Clerk  House  Delegates. 
Attest!  JoHH  Becklby,  Clerk  H.  D. 

IN   THE   HOUSE   OF  SENATORS. 
Monday,  the  4th  of  Decemeek,  1786. 

The  Senate,  according  to  tlie  order  of  the  day,  proceeded,  by  joint 
ballot  with  tiie  House  of  Delegates,  to  the  appointment  of  seven  depu- 
ties from  this  Commonwealth  to  a  convention  proposed  lo  he  held  in  the 
city  of  Philadelphia  in  May  neitt,  for  the  purpose  of  revising  tlie  Federal 
Constitution  ;  and,  the  members  having  prepared  ticliets  with  the  names 
of  the  persons  lo  be  appointed,  and  deposited  the  same  in  the  ballot- 
hoxes,  Mr.  AndeiBon,  Mr.  Kelson,  and  Mr.  Lee,  were  nominated  a 
committee  to  meet  a  eommiilee  from  the  House  of  Delegales.  in  the 
conference  chamber,  and  jointly  with  lliom  to  examine  the  ballot-boies, 
and  report  lo  the  House  on  whom  the  majority  of  votes  shotild  fall.  The 
committee  then  withdrew,  and  ailer  some  time  returned  into  the  House, 
Bud  reported  that  the  committee  had,  according  to  order,  met  a  commit- 
tee from  the  House  of  Delegales,  iti  the  conference  chamber,  and  jointly 
with  them  examined  the  ballot-boxes,  and  found  a  majority  of  votes  in 
favor  of  George  Washington,  Patrick  Henry,  Edmund  Randolph,  John 
Blair,  James  Madison,  George  Mason,  and  George  Wythe,  esqrs.  Ex- 
tract from  the  journal. 

JOHN  BECKLEY,  Clerh  H.  D. 

Attest!  H.  BaooK,  Clerk. 

[L.  s.]  VIRGINIA,  <o™<.- 

I  do  hereoy  certify  and  make  known,  to  all  whom  it  may  concern, 
that  John  Beoltley,  esq.,  is  clerk  of  the  House  of  Delegates  for  ihia 
Commonwealth,  and  the  proper  officer  for  attesting  the  proceedings  of 
the  General  Assembly  of  the  said  Commonwealth,  and  that  full  %ith 
and  credit  ought  lo  be  given  to  all  things  attested  by  the  said  Jolm 
Eeckley,  esq.,  by  virtue  of  his  office  aforesaid. 
O  IE" 


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Given  unJer  my  hand,  as  Governor  of  ihe  Commonweallb  of  Virginia, 
and  under  Ihe  seal  thereof,  ot  Kiuhmond,  lliia  fom-th  day  of  May,  1787. 

EDM.  RANDOLPH. 
p,.3.1  VIRGINIA,  tomt! 

I  do  hereby  certify,  that  Patrick  Henry,  esq.,  one  of  the  seven  com- 
miasionera  appointed  by  joint  ballot  of  both  Houses  of  Assembly  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Tirgiuia,  nulhorized  as  a  deputy  therefrom,  lo  meet 
such  deputies  as  miglit  be  appointed  and  authorized  by  other  States,  lo 
assemble  in  Ptiiladelphia,  and  lo  join  with  them  in  devising  and  discuss- 
ing all  such  allecalions  and  further  provisions  as  might  be  necessary  to 
render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the  exigencies  of  the  Union, 
and  in  reporting  auch  nn  act  ibt  that  paipoae  to  the  Unilsd  Slalea  in  Con- 
gress, OS,  wlien  agreed  to  by  them,  and  duly  conlii'med  by  the  aevsral 
States,  might  efiectually  provide  for  the  same,  did  decline  his  appoint- 
ment aforesaid  ;  and  thereupon,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  said  Commonweallh,  entitled  "An  act  for  appointing 
depmiea  ftom  this  Commonwealth  to  a  convention  proposed  to  be  held 
in  the  city  of  Fhiladelphia  in  May  next,  for  the  purpose  of  revising  tha 
Fedflral  CDnatitution,"  I  do  hereby,  with  the  adsice  of  the  Conncil  of 
Slate,  supply  the  said  vacancy  by  nominating  James  McClurg,  esq.,  a 
deputy  for  the  purpoaes  aforesaid. 

Given  under  my  hand,  as  Governor  of  fhe  said  Commonwenlth,  and 
undor  the  seal  thereof,  this  BBCOnd  day  of  May,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  1787. 

EDM.  RANDOLPH. 

THE  STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 
To  Ihe  honorable  David  Brearloy,  William  Churchill  Houston,  William 
Patersoj),  and  Johis  Neilson,  eaqra.,  greetingi 
The  Council  and  Assembly,  reposing  eapecial  Imat  and  confidence  in 
your  integrity,  prudence,  and  ability,  have,  at  a  joint  meeting,  appointed 
you,  the  said  David  Brearley, William  Chnrohill  Houston,  William  Pater- 
Hon,  and  John  Neilson,  eaqra.,  or  any  three  of  you,  commissioners,  lo 
meet  snch  commissioners  as  have  been  or  may  be  appointed  by  the  other 
Btalca  of  the  Union,  at  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  Commonwealth 
of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  second  Monday  in  May  nest,  for  the  purpoaB 
of  taking  uito  consideration  the  state  of  the  Union,  as  to  trade  and  other 
imporlanl  obiects,  and  of  devising  Btich  other  provisions  as  shall  appear 
to  be  necessary  to  render  the  Constitution  of  the  Federal  Government 
sdeijuaie  lo  the  exigencies  thereof, 


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m 

111  lestiraony  whereof,  the  great  seal  of  the  Stale  is  hereunto  affixed. 
WituBsa  WiiUam  Livingston,  esq.,  Governor,  coptain  general  and 
commander-in-chief  in  and  over  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  andtem- 
lories  thereunto  belonging,  chancellor  and  oidinar;  in  the  same,  at 
Trenton,  the  33d  day  of  November,  in  the  year  of  oxu  Lord  1786, 
and  of  oar  aovercignty  and  independence  the  eleventh. 

WILLIAM  LIVINGSTON. 
By  liis  excellency's  command. 

BOWES  RE'EiD,  Secretary. 

THE  STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 
To  his  eiceEenoy  WilUam  Livingston,  and  the  honorable  Abraham 
tL.  s.]  Clark,  esqrs,,  greeting: 

The  Council  and  Assembly,  reposing  especial  trust  and  confidence  in 
your  integrity,  prudence,  and  ability,  hare,  at  a  joint  meeting,  appointed 
you,  the  said  William  Livingston  and  Abraham  ClBtk,  esqrs.,  in  con- 
junction with  the  honorable  David  Brearley,  WilUnm  Chm'chill  Houston, 
and  William  Palereon,  esqre.,  or  any  three  of  yon,  commissioners,  to  meet 
such  commissioners  as  have  been  appointed  by  tlje  other  Slates  in  the 
Union,  at  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  tlie  Commonwealth  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  second  Monday  of  this  present  month,  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  into  consideration  the  stale  of  the  Union,  as  to  trade  and  other 
important  objects,  and  of  devising  such  other  provisions  as  shall  appear 
to  be  necessary,  to  render  the  CouHtitution  of  the  Federal  Government 
adeqiiBte  to  the  exigencies  thereof. 
In  testimony,  whereof,  the  great  seal  of  the  Stale  is  hereunto  afSxed. 
"Witness  Wilham  Livingston,  eaq..  Governor,  captain  general  and 
commander-in-chief  in  and  over  ihe  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  terri- 
tories thereunto  belonging,  chancellor  and  ordinary  in  the  same,  at 
Burlington,  theeihdayofMay,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1737,  and  of 
our  sovereignty  jnd  independence  the  eleventh, 

WILLIAM  LIVINGSTON. 
By  his  escellency's  command, 

BOWES  EEED,  Secretary. 

STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

To  the  honorable  Jonathan  Dayton,  esq. 

The  Council  and  Assembly,  reposing  especial  trust  and  confidence  in 

your  integrity,  pnidence,  and  ability,  have,  at  a  joint  meeting,  appointed 

yon,  the  siud  Jonathan  Dayton,  esq,,  in  coi^^unction  with  his  e^iccllency 


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172 

Willimn  Livingston,  the  hoiiornblo  David  Bremky,  Williaro  CliiirchiH 
Houston;  William  Palerson,  and  Abraham  Clark,  ssqra.,  or  any  three  of 
you,  comiuiasioners,  to  meet  such  commJBeionera  as  have  been  appoinled 
by  the  other  Sialas  in  the  Union,  ot  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Pennsylvania,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  into  consideration 
the  state  of  (he  Union,  as  to  trade  and  other  important  objects,  and  of 
devising  such  other  provision  as  shaU  appear  to  bo  neccaaary  to  render 
tiie  Constitution  of  the  Federal  Government  adequate  to  the  eaigenciea 
thereof! 
In  testimony  whereof,  the  great  seal  of  the  State  is  hereunto  affixed. 
Witnesa  Kobert  Lettice  Hooper,  esq.,  vice  president,  captain  gene- 
ral and  commander-in-chief  Jn  and  over  tie  State  of  New  Jersey, 
and  territotiea  thereimto  belonging,  chancellor  and  ordinary  in  the 
same,  at  Burlington,  the  fifth  day  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
17S7,  and  of  our  sovereigirty  and  independence  the  eleventh. 

ROBERT  L.  HOOPER. 
By  hia  honor's  command. 

BOWES  REED.  Stcretar,. 

COMMONWEALTH  OF  PENNSTLVANIA. 

AN  ACT  appointing  Deputiea  to  the  Convention  intended  to  be  held  in 

the  oily  of  Philadelphia,  foe  tho  parpose  of  revising  tlie  Federal  Con- 

SEcrioN  1.  Whereas  the  General  Assembly  of  this  Commonwealth, 
iaJting  into  their  serious  conaideration  tJie  representations  heretofore 
made  to  the  iBgislaturea  of  the  aeveral  States  in  tlie  Union,  by  tlie  United 
States  in  Congresa  Easembled,  and  also  weighing  the  difficulties  under 
which  the  confederated  States  now  labor,  are  fuliy  convinced  of  the  ne- 
cessity of  revising  the  Federal  Constilution,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
such  alterations  and  amendments  as  the  exigencies  of  our  public  afiairs 
require.  And  whereas  the  Legislature  of  the  Stale  of  Virginia  have  al- 
ready paased  an  act  of  that  Commonwealth,  ompoweiing  certiun  eom- 
.  at  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  May  next,  a  convention 
>r  deputies  from  the  dilferent  States ;  and  the  Legisla- 
ture of  this  State  are  fully  sensible  of  the  important  advantages  which 
may  be  derived  to  the  United  Slates,  and  every  of  them,  Irom  co-operat- 
ing with  the  Commonwealth  of  Virginia,  and  the  other  Slates  of  the 
Confederalion,  in  the  said  design. 

Sec.  2.  fie  it  eTiacled,  amd  it  if  hereby  enncted  by  the  representatives 
oi  tho  freoraeu  of  the  Coinmonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  in  General  An- 


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173 

b[y  m  d  I  J     1  h  nty  of  the  snme,  that  Thomaa  Mifflin, 

It  b  rt  M  C      g    Clym       Jared  IngersoU,  Thomas  Fitzaimoos, 

J  m      W  Is  d  (i  ur  MoiTJs,  esqre.,  are  hereby  appointed 

dp     eaf        hia  S  m      in  the  convention  of  the  deputies  of  the 

re  p  &  f  N     h  Am  riea,  to  he  heid  at  the  city  of  Philadei- 

pl  i     Bs      d  d       f  h        nth  of  Mcy  next ;  and  the  ssid  Thomaa 

Mffl  Rb  MnaG  g  Clymer,  Jared  IngersoU,  Thomas  Fitz- 
simona,  Jninea  Wiison,  and  Gonverneur  Morria,  esqrB.,  or  any  four  of 
them,  are  hereby  constiiuted  and  appointed  deputies  from  Ibis  State,  with 
powers  to  meet  such  deputies  as  may  be  appointed  and  authorized  by  the 
other  Stales,  to  assemble  in  the  said  convention,  at  the  city  aforesaid,  and 
to  join  with  them  in  devising,  deliberating  on,  and  discussing  all  such 
itlteratioos,  and  ftnilier  provisions,  as  may  be  necessFUry  to  render '  th^ 
Federal  Constitution  fully  adequate  to  the  exigencies  of  the  Union,  and 
in  reporting  such  act  or  acts,  for  that  purpose,  to  the  United  States  in 
Congress  assembled,  aa,  when  agreed  to  by  them,  and  duly  cojilirmed  by 
the  several  States,  vrill  effectually  provide  for  the  same. 

Sec.  3.  And  be  it  farlJier  enaclrd  hy  the  autUriiy  afireaaid,  That  in 
case  any  of  the  said  deputies  hereby  nominated  shall  happen  to  die,  0( 
10  resign  bis  or  iheir  said  appointment  or  appointments,  the  supreme  ex- 
ecutive council  sliall  bo,  end  hereby  are,  empowered  and  required  to 
nominate  and  appoint  other  person  or  persons  in  lieu  of  him  or  ihem  so 
deceased,  or  who  has  or  have  so  resigned,  which  person  or  persons,  from 
and  after  such  nomination  and  appointment,  shall  be,  and  hereby  are  de. 
clared  to  be,  vested  witii  the  same  powers  respectively,  as  any  of  the 
deputies  nominated  and  appointed  by  this  act  ia  vested  with  by  the  same  : 
Provided  alwayc,  That  the  council  are  not  hereby  authorized,  nor  shall 
they  make  any  such  nomination  or  appointment,  except  in  vacav*n,  and 
dvuing  the  recess  of  the  General  Assembly  of  this  State. 
[I.,  s.]       Signed  by  order  of  llio  House. 

THOMAS  MIFFLIN,  Speaher. 

Enacted  into  a  law  at  Philadelphia,  on  Saturday,  December  the  30th 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord  nSfi.  PETER  ZACHARY  LLOYD, 

Cleri  bS  ae.  General  Aste^Q>ly. 

1,  Mathew  Irwine,  esq.,  master  of  the  rolls  for  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, do  certify  llie  preceding  writing  to  be  a  true  copy  {or  eiemplilica 
tion)  of  a  certain  act  of  Asaemblj  lodged  in  my  ofKce. 

In  wilnesa  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  band  and  seal  of  office,  the 
[^.  E.I       15th  May,  A.  D.  1787. 

MATHEW  IRWINE  M  S. 


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174 

A  supplement  to  (lie  act  eniiilcd  "  An  act  appoinling  deputies  to  Ihe  con- 
veiilion  inlended  to  be  held  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  reviBing  the  Federal  Constitution. " 

Sec.  l8t.  "Whereas  by  the  act  to  which  this  act  is  a  supplement,  oer- 
Idn  persons  were  appointed  as  deputies  irom  this  State  to  sit  in  the  said 
convention:  And  whereas  it  is  the  desire  of  the  General  Assembly,  that 
his  excellency  Eeiyamin  Franklin,  esq.,  president  of  this  State,  should 
also  sit  in  the  swd  convention  as  a  deputy  from  this  slate :  Therefore, 

Ssa  2cl.  Be  it  enacted,  aiid  it  is  hereby  ertacted  by  the  representatives 
of  the  freemen  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  In  General  As- 
sembly met,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  that  his  excellency  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  esq.,  be,  and  he  is  hereby  appointed  and  authorized  to 
sit  in  the  said  convention  as  a  deputy  from  this  State,  in  addition  to  the 
persons  heretofore  appointed  ;  and  that  he  be,  and  he  hereby  ia  invested 
with  like  powers  and  authorities  as  are  invested  in  the  said  deputies  or 
any  of  them. 
Signed  by  order  of  the  House. 

THOMAS  MIFFLIN.  Speaker. 
Enacted  into  "a  law  at  Philadelphia,  on  Wednesday,  the  aSlh  day  ol 
March,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1787. 

PETER  ZACHARY  LLOYD, 

Clerk  of  the  General  AsaeTaMg. 
I,  Mathew  Irwine,  esq.,  master  of  the  rolls  for  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, do  certify  the  abovo  to  be  a  true  copy  (or  exemplification)  of  a 
supplement  to  a  certain  act  of  Assembly,  which  supplement  is  lodged  in 
my  office. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  of  office, 
[u  s.]     the  15fh  May,  A.  D.  1787. 

MATHEW  IRWINE,  M.  E. 

THE  STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 
To  the  honorable  Alexander  Martin,  esq.,  greeting  i 
Whereas  our  General  Assembly,  in  their  late  session,  holden  at  Pay 
etteviile,  by  adjournment,  in  the  month  of  January  last,  d  d   by  jo 
bailot  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Commons,  elect  Eicha  d  Casw  ll 
Alexander  Martin,  William  Richardson  Davie,  Richard  Dobbs  ''paij,! 
and  Willie  Jones,  esqrs.,  deputies  to  attend  a  convention  of  dele  at  s 
from  the  several  United  States  of  America,  proposed  to  be  held  a   the 
city  of  Philadelphia  in  May  ncit,  for  (he  purpose  of  revising  the  Federal 
Constitution, 


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Wa  do,  ihetefbre,  by  these  preaenls,  jiominate,  eommissioiiale,  and 
appoint  you,  the  said  Alexander  Martin,  one  of  the  deputies  for  and  in 
our  behalf,  to  meet  with  our  other  deputies  at  Philadelphia,  on  the  first 
day  of  May  next,  and  with  them,  or  any  two  of  Ihem,  to  confer  with 
such  deputies  as  may  have  been,  or  ahall  be  appointed  by  the  other 
States,  for  the  purposea  aforesaidi  To  hold,  eaerciso,  and  enjoy  the  ap- 
pointment aforesaid,  with  all  powers,  authorities,  and  emoluments  to  Iha 
same  belonging,  or  in  any  wise  appertaining,  you  conforming,  in  every 
instance,  to  the  act  of  our  said  Asnbyud      nhhjuoieap 

Witness  Richard  Caswell,  esq  C         n          ap     n  g  n    a    a  d 

commander-in-chief,  under  his  ha  d  and         j,  e     s  a          Kg" 

the  3*th  day  of  February,  in  tho  e  h  y  a    of  q      md               e 
A,  D.  1787, 

[L,  s.]  RICH   CA&WELL 
By  his  excellency's  command. 

WIKSTON  CASVVELL,  P.  Stcrcfary. 

A  commission,  precisfily  similar  to  the  above,  was  g^ven  "to^e 
honorable  William  Richardson  Davie,  esq.,"  on  iJie  34lh  February, 
17S7. 

And  also  anoliier,  "  to  the  honorable  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight, 
esq.,  on  the  Utii  of  A)iril,  1737. 

STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 
His  eieelleiicy  Richard  Caawell,  esq.,  Governor,  captain  general  and 
commander-in-chief,  in  and  over  the  Slate  aforesaid. 
To  all  10  whom  these  presents  shall  come,  greeting : 
Whereas,  by  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  said  State,  passed 
the  aijith  day  of  January  last,  entitled  "  An  act  for  appointing  depaties 
from  this  Slate  to  a  convention  propoaed  to  be  held  in  tho  city  of  Phila- 
delphia, in  May  neit,  for  the  purpose  of  revising  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion," among  other  things  it  is  enacted,  "  That  five  commissioners  be 
appointed  by  joint  ballot  of  both  Houses  of  Assembly,  who,  or  any  three 
of  them,  are  hereby  authorized  aa  deputies  from  this  State,  to  meet  at 
Philadelphia,  on  the  first  day  of  May  next,  then  and  there  to  meet  and 
confer  with  such  deputies  as  may  be  appointed  by  the  other  Slates  for 
similar  purpoaea,  and  with  them  to  discuss  and  decide  upon  the  most 
effectual  means  to  remove  the  defects  of  our  Federal  Union,  and  1o  pro- 
cure the  enlarged  purposes  whieli  it  was  intended  to  effect ;  and  that 


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176 

tliey  report  eucTi  an  acl  lo  the  General  Assembly  oF  this  State,  as,  whan 
Agreed  to  by  them,  will  efTectually  provide  for  the  aamc."  And  it  is  by 
the  said  KCl  further  enacted,  ' '  That  in  caae  of  the  death  or  reaigiiatinn 
ol  any  of  the  deputies,  or  of  their  declining  their  appointments,  his  ex- 
cellency the  Governor,  for  the  lime  being,  ia  hereby  authorized  to  supply 
each  vccancies."  And  whereas,  in  consequence  of  the  said  act,  Richard 
Caswell,  Alesander  Martin,  William  Riehardaon  Davie,  RichardDobbs 
Spaight,  and  Willie  Jones,  esqre.,  were,  by  joint  ballot  of  the  two 
Houses  of  Aseembly,  elected  deputies  for  the  purposes  aforesaid:  And 
whereas  the  said  Richard  Caswell  has  resigned  his  said  appohitment  as 
one  of  the  deputies  aforesaid ; 

NoTU,  kaoiB  ye,  that  I  have  appointed,  and  by  these  presents  do  appoint, 
the  honorable  William  Blount,  esq.,  one  of  the  deputies  to  reprtsent  this 
State  in  the  convention  aforesaid,  in  the  room  and  stead  of  the  aforesaid 
Richard  Caswell,  hereby  giving  and  grantmg  to  the  said  William  Blount, 
the  same  powers,  privileges,  and  emoluments,  which  the  said  Richard 
Caswell  would  have  been  vested  with,  or  entitled  to,  had  he  contmued 
in  the  appointment  aforesaid. 

Given  under  my  hand,  and  the  groat  seal  of  the  State,  at  Xingetoti, 
the  20d  day  of  April,  A.  D.  1787,  and  m  the  eleventh  year  of 
[r~  s.]     American  independence. 

RICH,  CASWELL. 

Ey  his  excellency's  command. 

WINSTON  CASWELL,  F.  SemUry. 

STATS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 
His  excellency,  Eichai-d  Caawel!,  esq..  Governor,  captain-genera!,  and 
commander-in-chief,  in  and  over  the  State  aforesaid. 
To  all  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come,  greeting : 
Whereas,  by  tn  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  said  State,  passed 
the  sixth  day  of  January  last,  entitled  ' '  An  act  for  appointing  deputioB 
from  Ibis  State  to  a  convention  proposed  to  be  held  in  the  chy  of  Phila- 
delphia, in  May  next,  foi  the  purpose  of  revising  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion," among  other  things  it  is  enacted,  "  That  five  commissioners  be 
appointed  by  joint  ballot  of  both  Houses  of  Assembly,  who,  or  any  three 
of  ihem,  are  hereby  authorised,  as  deputies  from  this  State,  to  meet  at 
f  liiladelphin  on  the  first  day  of  May  nest,  then  and  there  to  meet  and 
confer  with  such  deputies  as  may  he  appointed  by  the  other  States  for 
similar  purposes,  and  with  them  to  discuss  and  decide  upon  the  most 
effeetual  means  to  remove  the  defects  of  our  Federal  Union,  and  to  pro- 
purc  tliB  enlarged  purpoeea  which  it  was  intended  to  effect,  and  that  they 


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177 

report  such  an  act  to  the  General  Asaeinbly  of  liiia  Slate,  as,  when 
agreed  to  by  them,  wiU  effectually  provide  for  the  same."  And  it  is  by 
the  said  act  further  enncled,  "  That  in  case  of  (he  death  or  resignation 
4f  an;  of  the  deputies,  or  their  declining  their  appointments,  his  excel- 
Sancy  the  Governor,  for  the  time  being,  is  hereby  authorized  to  supply 
such  Tacancies."  Andwliereas,  in  conaequenee  of  the  said  act,  Richard 
Caswell,  Alexander  Martin,  William  Richardson  Davie,  Richard  Dobbs 
Spaight,  and  Willie  Jones,  esqrs.,  were,  by  joint  bol lot  of  the  two  Houses 
of  Assembly,  elected  deputies  for  the  purposes  aforssaid.  And  whereas 
the  said  Willie  Jones  hath  declined  hia  eppoinlment  as  one  of  the  depu- 

JVoiD,  hnovi  ye,  that  I  have  appointed,  and  by  these  presents  do  appoint, 
the  honorable  Hugh  Williamson,  esq.,  one  of  the  deputies  to  repreaenl 
this  State  in  the  convention  aforesaid,  in  the  room  and  stead  of  ilie  afore- 
said Willie  Jones,  hereby  giving  and  granting  to  the  said  Hugh  Wil- 
liamson the  same  powers,  piivileges,  and  emoluments,  whicli  the  saiiJ 
Willie  Jones  would  have  been  vested  with,  and  entitled  to,  had  he  acted 
under  the  appointment  aforesaid. 

Given  under  my  band,  and  the  great  seal  of  the  State,  at  Kingston,  tlio 
third  day  of  April,  A.  D.  1787,  and  in  the  eleventh  year  of 
[t.  s.]     American  Independence. 

RICH.  CASWELL. 
By  bis  excellency's  command. 

DALLAM  CASWELL,  Fro  SecreKiry. 

DELAWARE. 

His  excellency  Thomas  Collins,  esq..  President,  captain-general  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the   Delawara   State,  to  all   to  whom 
these  presents  shall  come,  greeting  i  Know  ye,  that  among  the 
tL,  s.J     laws  ol'  the  said  State,  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  tho 
same,  on  the  3d  day  of  February,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1787, 
it  is  thus  enrolled : 
In  the  eleventh  year  of  the  independence  of  the  Delaware  Stale ! 
AN  ACT  appointing  deputies  irom  this  State  to  the  convention  proposed 
to  be  held  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  for  the  purpose  of  revising  the 
Federal  Coitstitution. 

Whereas  Uie  General  Assembly  of  this  Stale  are  fully  convinced  ot 
Ilie  necessity  of  revising  the  Federal  ConstilutLon,  and  adding  thereto 
auch  further  provisions  as  may  lender  'bo  same  more  adequate  to  thn 
[9 


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178 

exigencies  of  the  Union ;  And  wheveas  the  Legisklure  of  Virgmk  hove 
already  passed  aji  not  of  that  Commonwealih,  appointing  and  authorising 
corlain  commiaaioners  to  meet,  at  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  May  iiejit, 
a  convention  of  coinmisaionera  or  deputies  from  the  different  States; 
and,  this  State  being  wilHiig  and  desirous  of  eo-operaling  with  ths  Com- 
monwealth of  Virginia  and  the  other  Stales  in  the  Confederation  in  ao 
useful  n  design : 

Be  it  theTqfoTC  enacted  by  the  General  Aasemll]/  of  DelaiDare,  That 
George  Read,  Gunning  Bedford,  John  Dickinson,  Richard  Bassett,  and 
Jacob  Broom,  eaqra.,  are  hereby  appointed  deputies  from  this  Slate  to 
meet  in  the  convention  of  the  deputies  of  other  States,  (o  be  held  at  the 
citj'  of  Fhiladelphia,  on  the  2d  day  of  Majr  next :  And  iJie  said  Geurge 
Read,  Gunning  BedfbrdI  John  Dickinson,  Richard  Bassett,  and  Jacob 
Broom,  eaqra.,  or  any  three  of  them,  are  hereby  constituted  and  ap- 
pointed deputies  from  this  Stats,  ^vith  powers  to  meet  such  deputies  as 
rna7  be  appointed  and  authorised  by  the  other  States  to  assemble  in  the 
said  convention  at  the  city  aforesaid,  and  to  join  with  them  in  devising, 
deliberating  on,  and  discussing,  such  alterations  and  htrlher  provieiona 
OS  may  be  necessary  to  render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the 
exigencies  of  the  Union,  and  in  reporting  such  act  or  acts  lor  that  pur- 
pose  to  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembly,  as,  when  agreed  to  by 
them,  and  duly  confiimed  by  the  several  States,  may  effectually  provide 
for  the  same.  So,  always,  and  provided,  that  such  alterations  or  fur- 
ther provisions,  or  any  of  them,  do  not  est«nd  to  that  part  of  the  fifth 
article  of  the  Confederation  of  the  said  States,  finaliy  ratified  on  the  first 
day  of  March,  in  the  year  1781,  which  declares  tliat,  "  In  doiemiining 
questions  in  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  each  Stale  shall 
have  one  vote." 

And  he  il  enacted,  That,  m  case  any  of  the  said  deputies  hereby  nomi- 
nated dhall  happen  to  die.  or  to  resign  his  or  tlieir  appoinlment,  the  Pre- 
sident or  commander-in-chief,  with  the  advice  of  the  privy  council,  in 
the  recess  of  the  General  Assembly,  is  hereby  authorized  to  supply 
such  vacancies. 
Signed  by  order  of  the  House  of  Assembly. 

JOHN  COOK,  Sptaief. 
Passed  at  Dover,  February  3,  1787. 
Signed  by  order  of  the  Council. 

GEO.  CRAGHED,  Spmker. 


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179 

subsuribod  my  name,  and  caused  the  great  seal  of  the  said  Stale  to  bo 
affixed  to  iheso  prsBantB,  at  New  Castle,  the  second  day  of  Api-ii,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  1737,  and  in  the  elevenlli  year  of  the  independence 
of  tJie  United  States  of  America. 

THOMAS  COLLINS. 
Attest:  James  Boom,  iSctrelory. 


a,.d  over  the  State  aforesaid. 

To  sll  to  whom  these  preaenta  shall  come,  gl-eeting : 

Kiiow  ye,  that  John  Milton,  esq.,  who  iialh  certified  the  anneied  copy 

of  an  ordinance,  entitled  "An  ordinance  for  the  appointment  of  deputies, 

from  this  Slate,  for  the  purpose  of  tevising  the  Federal  CoiiBtitution," 

IS  aecretary  of  the  said  State,  in  whose  ofRce  the  archives  of  the  same 

are  deposited;  therefore,  all  dae  faith,  credit,  and  authority,  are,  and 

ought  t«  -e,  haii  and  given  the  same. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  ael  my  hand,  and  caused  the 

great  soal  of  the  Stats  to  be  put  and  atliKed,  at  Augitsia,  this 

[L  s.]     34th  day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lutd  1787,  and  of  otir 

Bovefeignty  and  independence  the  eleventh. 

GEO.  MATHEWS. 
Ey  his  honor's  command. 

J.  MILTON. 

iicnt  of  deputies  from  this  State,  for  tha 
g  the  Fodeial  Constitution. 

Be  it  vrdaiaed,  by  the  representatives  of  the  ii-eemeQ  of  the  State  of 
Georgia,  in  General  Assembly  met,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  same, 
that  William  Few,  Abraham  Baldwin,  William  Pierce,  George  Walton, 
William  Houston,  and  Nathaniel  Pendleton,  esqrs.,  be,  and  they  are 
hereby,  appointed  eommissiouers,  who,  or  any  two  or  more  of  them, 
are  hereby  authorized,  as  deputies  from  this  State,  to  meet  such  deputies 
as  may  be  appointed  and  authorised  by  other  States,  to  assemble  in  con- 
vention at  Philadelphia,  and  to  join  with  them  m  devising  and  discussing 
all  Btieh  alterations  and  ferther  provisions  as  may  be  necessary  to  render 
iliB  Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the  esigencies  of  the  Union,  and 
in  reporting  such  an  act  for  that  purpose  to  the  United  States  in  Congrasa 


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180 

Beaenibled,  as,  when  agreetl  to  hy  ihem,  aitJ  duly  confirmed  by  the 
EOvBrnl  StatoB,  will  effactually  provide  for  the  same.  In  esse  of  the 
death  oF  any  of  the  said  deputies,  or  of  their  declining  their  appomt 
ments,  the  executive  are  hereby  authorised  to  supply  such  vacancies. 

By  oi'der  of  the  House. 

(Signed)  WM.  GIBBONS,  Speaker 

Augusta,  the  10th  Fcbroary,  17S7. 

GEOKGii,  Secrerary's  Office. 
The  above  is  a  true  copy  from  the  original  ordinance  deposited  in  my 
office,  J.  MILTOH,  Scmiai-j. 

Augusta,  34lli  April,  1737. 

■eign,  and  inde- 

To  the  honorable  Willinm  Few,  esq. 
Wbereas  yon,  the  aaid  William  Few,  are,  in  and  by  an  ordinance  of 
the  General  Assembly  of  our  said  State,  nominated  and  appointed  a 
deputy  to  represent  the  same  in  a  eonventioH  of  the  United  Sli.tea,  to  be 
aassmhled  at  Philadelphia,  for  the  purposes  of  devising  and  discussing 
all  such  alterations  and  ftither  provisions  as  may  be  necessary  to  tender 
the  Federal  Constitution  adoq.uate  to  the  eiigencies  o{  the  Union : 

You  are  therefore  hereby  commissioned  to  proceed  on  the  dulios  re- 
((uired  of  you  in  vutua  of  the  said  ordinance. 
Witness  our  trusty  and  well-beloved   George  Mathews,  esq,,  our 
cap  tain- general.  Governor,  end  commander-in-chief,  under  his 
[L,  s.]     hand,  and  onr  great  seal,  at  Augusta,  this  17th  day  of  April,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  1787,  and  of  our  sovereignty  and  inde- 
pendence the  elevenlh. 

GEO.  MATHEWS. 


J.  MILTON,  Sec-et 


s  precisely  similar  to  the  above  w 
Raid  17th  April,  1787,  to— 
The  honorable  William  Piercs,  esq. 
The  honoraHe  William  Houston,  esq. 


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STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

By  his  excellency  George  Cliiilon,  esq.,  Governor  of  ihe  State  of  New 
J       .     York,  general  and  commander- ill -chief  of  al!  ihe  militia,  and 
admiral  of  the  navy  of  the  same : 

To  all  to  wliom  these  presents  shall  come, 
tt  is  by  these  presenta  cartiSed,  that  John  M'Kesson.  who  has  eab- 
ecribed  the  annexed  copies  of  resolutiona,  is  detk  of  the  Assembly  of 
(his  Stats. 
In  tKtimony  whereof,  I  have  caused  the  privy  geal  of  the  said  State 
to  be  hereunto  aHixed,  this  ninth  day  of  May,  m  the  eleventh 
year  of  the  independence  of  Ihc  said  State. 

GEO.  CLINTON. 

State  of  New  Yoek,  :h  Assembly,  Febhuaey  38,  17S7- 

A  copy  of  0  resohition  of  the  honorable  the  Senate,  delivered  by  Mr. 
Williama,  waa  read,  and  is  in  the  words  following,  vis. : 

Resolved,  If  ihe  honorable  the  Aesembiy  concur  therein,  that  three 
delegates  be  appointed,  on  the  part  of  this  Stale,  to  meet  such  delegates 
as  may  be  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  other  States,  respectively,  on  the 
spcond  Monday  in  May  next,  at  Philadelphia,  for  the  sole  and  eipress 
purpose  of  revising  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  and  reporting  to  Con- 
gresa,  and  to  the  eevsral  legislatures,  Koch  alterations  and  provisions 
[herein  as  shall,  when  agreed  to  in  Congress,  and  confirmed  by  the 
several  Stales,  render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the  exigen- 
ciea  of  Government,  and  the  preservation  of  the  Union;  and  that,  in 
case  of  sach  concurrence,  the  two  Houses  of  the  legislature  will,  on 
Tuesday  next,  proceed  to  nominate  and  appoint  Ihe  said  delegates,  in 
like  manner  as  is  directed  by  the  Constitution  of  this  State  for  nomi- 
iialing  and  appointing  delegates  to  Congress. 

Resolved,  That  this  House  do  concur  with  the  honorable  the  Senate  in 
the  said  resolution. 

la  Assemble,  March  6,  I7S7. 

Sesalved,  That  the  honorable  Robert  Yates,  eaq.,  and  Alexander 
Hamilton  and  John  Lansing,  jnn.,  esqrs.,  be,  and  they  are  hereby  nomj- 
iinied  by  this  House,  delegates  on  the  part  of  this  State,  to  meet  such 
delegates  as  may  be  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  other  States,  respec- 
tively, on  the  second  Monday  in  May  next,  at  Philadelphia,  pursuant 
to  concurrent  resoiulions  of  both  Houaes  of  the  legislature  on  the  38lh 

Sefolvcd,  That  this  Honse  will  meet  the  honorable  the  Senate  imme- 


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182 

dialeiy,  at  auch  ylane  as  lliey  shall  appoint,  lo  cotiijjare  ihn  Hala  of  per- 
sons nominated  by  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  respectively,  aa  delegates 
on  the  part  of  ihia  State,  lo  meel  auch  delegates  as  may  be  appainled  on 
the  part  of  the  other  Slates,  respectively,  on  tJie  second  Monday  in  May 
nest,  at  Philadelphia,  pursuant  to  concurrent  resolutions  of  both  Houses 
of  the  legislature  on  the  2Bth  ultimo. 

Ordered,  That  Mr.  N.  Smith  deliver  a  copy  of  the  last  preceding 
resolution  to  the  honorable  the  Senate. 

A  copy  of  a  resolution  of  the  honorable  the  Senate  was  delivered  by 
Mr.  Vanderbelt,  that  the  Senate  will  immediately  meet  this  House  in 
the  Assembly  chamber,  to  compare  the  lists  of  persons  nominuied  by 
the  Senate  and  Assembly,  respectively,  as  delegates,  pursuant  to  the 
resolution  before  mentioned. 

The  honorable  the  Senate  accordingly  attended  in  the  Asaembly 
chamber,  to  compare  the  lists  of  persons  nominated  for  delegates,  as 

The  list  of  persons  nominated  by  the  honorable  the  Senate,  were  the 
honorable  Robert  Yates,  esq.,  and  John  Lansing,  jun.,  and  Alexander 
Hamilton,  esqrs.,  and  on  comparing  the  lists  of  the  persons  nominated 
by  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  respectively,  it  appeared  tlial  the  sama 
persons  were  nominated  in  both  lists  ;  thereupon, 

Eeiolued,  That  the  honorable  Robert  Yates,  John  Lansing,  jun.,  and 
Alexander  Hamilton,  esqrs.,  be,  and  they  are  hereby  declared  duly 
nommated  and  appointed  delegates,  on  the  part  of  this  State,  to  meet 
such  delegates  as  may  be  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  other  Slates, 
respectively,  on  the  second  Monday  in  May  next,  at  Philadelphia,  for 
the  sole  and  express  purpose  of  revising  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
and  reporting  to  Congress,  and  to  the  several  legislatures,  such  altera- 
tions and  provisions  iherem  as  shall,  when  agreed  to  in  Congress,  and 
confirmed  by  the  several  States,  render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate 
lo  the  eiigenoies  of  Government,  and  the  preservation  of  the  Union. 

True  extracts  &om  the  journals  of  the  Assembly. 

JOHN  M'KESSON,  CUtTc 

STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

By  his  esoellency  Thomas  Pinckney,  esq,,  Governor,  and  commander 

in-chief,  in  and  over  the  State  aforesaid. 

To  the  honorable  John  Rulledge,  esq.,  greeting : 

By  virtue  of  the  power  and  authority  in  me  vested  by  the  legislature 

of  this  State,  in  their  act  passed  the  eighth  day  of  March  last,  I  dn 


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1S3 

herebf  COmmiBBion  you,  tlio  aoid  John  Rutledge,  us  one  of  the  dcpiiliea 
appoiated  from  this  State,  to  meet  such  deputies  or  commissioners  as 
may  be  appointed  and  aulliorized  by  olher  of  the  Uniled  Slatea,  to  se- 
semble  m  convention  at  the  city  of  PbiladBlphla,  in  the  month  of  May 
nest,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  may  be,  and  to  join  with  such  deputies  oc 
commisaianers  (they  being  duly  authoiized  and  empowered)  in  devising 
and  discuselng  all  such  alterations,  clauses,  articles,  and  provisions,  as 
may  be  thought  necessary  to  render  the  Federal  Constitution  entirely 
adequate  to  the  aotnal  situation  and  future  good  government  of  the  con- 
federated Slates !  and  thai  you,  together  with  the  said  deputies  or  com. 
niiesioners,  or  a  majority  of  them  who  shall  be  present,  (provided  tha 
Stale  be  not  represented  by  less  than  two,)  do  jom  in  reporting  such  an 
act  to  the  United  Slates  m  Congress  assembled,  as,  when  approved  and 
Bgified  to  by  them,  and  duly  ratified  and  confirmed  by  the  several  Stales, 
will  efTectually  provide  for  the  esigencies  of  the  Union. 
Given  under  ray  hand,  and  the  great  seai  of  the  State,  in  the  city  of 
Charleston,  Ihia  10th  day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  out  Lord  1787, 
[L.  S.]  ana  of  the  sovereignty  and  independence  of  the  Uniled  States 
of  America  the  eleventh. 

THOMAS  riNCKNEY. 
By  his  eicellency's  command. 

PETER  FRENEAU,  Seci-eturs- 


i  precisely  similaj:  to  the  above  were  given,  on  the 
said  lOthApril,  1787,  to— 

The  honorable  Charles  Pinckney,  esq. 

The  honorable  Charles  Coteaworth  Pinckney,  esq. 

The  honorable  Pierce  Butler,  esq^. 

COMMONWEALTH  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 
By  his  cscelleiicy  James  Bowdoin,   esq..   Governor  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Maaaachusetta. 
To  the  honorable  Frnncia  Dana,  Elbridge  Gerry,  Nathaniel  Gorham, 
Rufus  King,  and  Caleb  Strong,  esqrs.,  greeting  -. 
Whereas  CongreBS  did,  on  the  Slat  day  of  February,  A.  D.  17S7, 
resolve,  "That,  in  the  opinion  of  Congress,  it  is  expedient  that,  on  the 
second  Monday  in  May  next,  a  convention  of  detegaies,  who  shall  have 
been  appointed  by  the  several  States,  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  for  the 
sole  and  express  purpose  of  revising  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  and 


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184 

reporting  to  Congress,  and  the  several  legislatures,  such  alferalioiis  and 
provisions  therein  as  shall,  when  agreed  to  in.  Congress,  and  confirmed 
by  the  States,  render  the  Federal  CotiEtilution  adequate  to  the  exigencies 
of  Government  (Uid  the  ptesetvalion  of  the  Union."  And  whei-eas  the 
general  court  have  eonstitnted  and  appointed  you  their  delegates,  to  at- 
tend and  represent  this  Comraonweahh  in  the  said  proposed  convention, 
and  have,  by  a  resolution  of  theirs  of  the  tenth  of  March  last,  requested 
me  to  commission  yon  for  that  pu 

Now,  therefore,  know  ye,  that  m  p  i^  an  he  resolutions  afore- 

said, I  do,  by  these  presents,  co   mis  aid  Francis  Dana, 

Blliridge  GeiTy,  Nathaniel  Govh  m  R  is  K.  g  and  Caleb  Strong, 
esqrs.,  or  any  three  of  you,  to  m  h         g  s  may  be  appointed 

hy  the  other,  or  any  of  the  othe   S  h   U     n,  to  meet  in  con- 

vention at  Philadelphia,  at  the  tim         d        h  oses  aforesaid. 

Ill  testimony  whereof,  I  have  caused  the  public  seal  of  the  Common- 
wealth aforesaid  to  bo  hereunto  BfHsed,     Given  at  the  council 
(t.  s.]     chamber,  in  Boston,  the  ninth  day  of  April,  A,  D,  1787,  and  in 
the  eleventh  year  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America.  JAMES  BOWDOIN. 

By  hia  excellency's  command. 

JOHN  AVERY,  Jdk.,  Secretary. 

STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT. 

At  a  General  Assenibly  of  the  Stale  of  Connecticut,  iit  Amfrka,  IwUen 
[I.,  s.]     at  Hartford,  on  the  second  Thursday  of  May,  A.  D.  1787, 
AN  ACT  for  appointing  delegates  to  meet  in  a  convention  of  the  Stales, 

to  be  hold  at  tliB  city  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  second  Monday  of  May 

Whereas  the  Congress  of  the  United  Stales,  by  their  act  of  the  31at 
of  Febtaary,  1787,  have  recommended  that,  on  the  second  Monday  of 
May  inatani,  a  convention  of  delegates,  who  shall  have  been  appointed 
by  tho  several  States,  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  for  the  sole  and  egress 
purpose  of  revising  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Governor,  cooncil,  Mid  representatives,  in  gene- 
ral court  assembled,  and  by  the  authority  of  (he  same.  That  the  honor- 
able WilKam  Samuel  Johnson,  Roger  Sherman,  and  Oliver  Ellsworth, 
esqrs,,  be,  and  they  hereby  are,  appointed  delegates  to  attend  the  said 
and  are  requested  to  proceed  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia  for 
n-pose,  without  delay;  and  the  said  delegates,  and,  in  case  of  sick- 
ir  accident,  such  one  Or  more  of  them  as  shall  actually  attend  the 


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185 

said  convention,  is,  anil  are  hereby  aulhorijed  and  empowered  to  repre- 
senl  Ihis  State  therein,  and  to  confer  with  such  delegates  appointed  by 
the  sevaral  States,  for  the  pm-poses  mentioned  in  the  add  act  of  Con- 
gress, that  may  be  present  and  duly  empowered  to  act  in  said  conven 
tion,  and  to  discuss  upon  such  alterations  and  provisions,  ngreeable  to 
the  general  principles  of  republican  government,  os  they  shall  Ihjnk  pro- 
per to  render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the  exigencies  of 
Government  and  the  preservation  of  the  Union;  and  they  are  further 
dneeted,  pursuant  to  the  said  act  of  Congress,  to  report  such  alterations 
and  provisions  as  may  be  agreed  to  by  a  majority  of  the  United  States 
tepcesented  in  convention,  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  Stales,  and  to 
the  General  Assembly  ofthb  State. 
A  true  copy  of  re 

STATE  OF  MARYLAND. 

AN  ACT  for  the  appointment  of,  and  conferring  powers  in,  deputies 

from  this  State  to  the  Federal  Convention, 

Be  il  enacted  5jr  the  General  Assemhly  of  Maryland,  That  the  honor- 
able James  M'Houry,  Daniel  of  St.  Thomas  Jenifer,  Daniel  Carroll,  John 
Francis  Mercer,  and  Luther  Martin,  esqrs.,  be  fq)pointed  and  authorised, 
00  behalf  of  this  Slate,  to  meet  euch  depntiea  as  may  be  appointed  and 
authorized  by  any  other  of  the  United  Slates,  to  assemble  in  convention 
at  Philadelphia,  for  the  purpose  of  revising  the  Federal  system,  and  to 
join  with  them  in  considering  such  alterations  and  further  provisions  as 
may  be  necessary  to  render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the 
exigencies  of  the  Union;  and  in  reporting  such  an  act  for  that  purpose 
to  the  Dnieed  States  in  Congress  assembled,  as.  when  agreed  to  by  them 
and  duly  confirmed  by  the  several  States,  will  sffectuaily  provide  for  the 
same ;  and  the  said  deputies,  or  such  of  them  as  shall  attend  the  said 
convention,  shall  have  fiill  power  to  represent  this  State  for  the  purposes 
aforesaid;  and  the  sad  deputies  are  hereby  directed  to  report  the  pro 
ceedinga  of  the  said  convention,  and  any  act  agreed  lo  therein,  to  the 
DSKt  session  of  the  Genei'al  Assembly  oi  this  State. 

By  the  House  of  Delegates,  May  26,  1787,  read  and  assented  lo. 

By  order;  WM.  HARWOOD,  Cleric 

True  copy  from  the  original.         WM.  HARWOOD,  Ghrh  H.  D, 

By  the  Senate,  May  as,  17B7,  read  and  assented  to. 

Byorder;  J.  DORSEY,  Clerk. 

True  copy  from  the  original.  J.  DORSEY,  Clerk  Senate. 

W.  SMALLWOOD. 


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STATE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
In  the  year  of  our  Lord  1787. 
AN  ACT  for  sppointijig  deputiea  fiom  this  Stale  to  llie  convention,  pro- 
posed to  be  holden.  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  May,  1767,  for  the 
purpose  of  revising  the  Federal  Constitution. 

Whereas,  in  the  formation  of  the  Federal  compact,  which  frames  the 
bond  of  union  of  the  American  States,  it  was  not  possihie  in  the  itirunt 
state  of  our  republic  to  doTise  a  Bysteqi  which,  in  the  course  of  time  and 
experience,  would  not  manifest  imperfections  that  it  would  be  necessatjr 
lo  reform. 

And  whereas  the  limited  powers,  which  by  the  Articles  of  Confedei'a- 
tlon  are  vested  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  Slates,  have  been  found 
far  inadequate  to  the  enlarged  putposes  which  they  were  intended  to 
produce.  And  whereas  Congress  hath,  by  repealed  and  most  urgent 
representations,  endeavored  to  awaken  this  and  other  Slates  of  the  Union 
lo  a  sense  of  the  truly  critical  and  alai-ming  situation  in  which  they  maf 
inevitably  be  involved,  unless  timely  measures  be  taken  to  enlarge  the 
powers  of  Congress,  that  they  may  be  thereby  enabled  to  avert  the  danger 
which  threaten  onr  existence  as  a  free  and  independent  people.  And 
whereas  this  Slate  hath  been  ever  desirous  to  act  upon  the  liberal  ayatem 
of  the  general  good  of  the  United  Staiea,  without  circumscribing  its  viewa 
10  the  narrow  and  sellish  objects  of  partial  convenience,  and  has  been  at 
all  limes  ready  to  make  every  concession  to  the  safety  and  happiness  of 
the  whole,  which  justice  and  sound  policy  could  vindicate. 

Be  it  tlierefore  etiacted,  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  in 
general  court  convened,  that  John  Laiigdon,  John  Pickermg,  Nicholas 
Oilman,  and  Benjamin  West,  esqrs.,  be,  and  hereby  are  appointed  com- 
missioners  ;  they,  or  any  two  of  them,  are  hereby  authoriied  and  em- 
powered, as  deputies  from  this  State,  lo  meet  at  Philadelphia  said 
convention,  or  any  other  place  to  which  the  convention  may  be  ad- 
journed, for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  there  to  confer  with  sucli  deputies  as 
are,  or  may  be,  appointed  liy  the  other  States  for  similar  purposes,  and 
with  them  to  discuss  and  decide  upon  the  most  effectual  jneans  to  remedy 
the  defects  of  our  Federal  Union,  ond  to  procure  and  secure  the  enlarged 
purposes  which  it  was  intended  to  effect,  and  lo  report  such  an  act  to  the 
Unitfid  States  in  Congress,  as,  when  agreed  to  by  them,  and  duly  cou- 
lirmed  by  the  sevetal  Stales,  will  effoclually  provide  for  the  saino. 


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STATE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
In  the  House  of  Repkesentatites,  Jcke  37,  17S7. 
The  foregoine  bill  having  been  read  a  third  time — voted,  that  it  pass 
[o  be  eaaj2led.    Sent  up  fot  concutrenee. 

JOHN  SPARHAWK,  SpeoJier. 
In  Senate,  the  sama  dayi  The  bill  having  been  read  a  third  lime, 
voted,  that  the  BOme  be  enacted, 

JOHN  SULLIVAN,  President. 
Cony  csamined,  per 

JOSEPH  PEARSON.  Secretary.     [L.  S.] 


16.  In  pursuance  of  the  foregoing  powers,  the  Delegates  met  in 
Conven^onat  Philadelphia  on  the  14th  day,  being  the  second  Mon- 
day in  May,  A.  D.  1787,  and  on  the  I7th  of  September,  1787, 
agreed  to  the  Cons^tution  as  contained  in  the  preceding  part  of 
this  compilation,  [from  page  1  to  33,]  which  they  transmitted  to 
the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  together  witii  the  fol- 
lowing resoluliona  and  letter : 

In  ConvENTioN,  MoNUiv,  Seftemekr  17,  1787. 
Present ;   The  SlBtes  of  New  Hampshire,  Maasachuselts,  Connecticut, 
Mr.  Hamilton  from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia, 
jScsoineJ,  That  the  preceding  Constitution  be  laid  before  the  United 
States  in  Congress  assembled,  and  that  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  conven- 
tion thai  it  should  afterwMds  be  sitbmilled  to  a  convention  of  delegates, 
chosen  in  each  State  by  the  people  Ihereot  under  the  recommendation 
of  its  legislature,  for  their  nesecl  and  ratification ;  and  that  each  conven- 
tion, assenting  to  and  ratifying  the  aame,  shoidd  give  notice  thereof,  to 
the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled. 

Eeiolved,  That  it  ts  the  opinion  of  this  convention,  that  as  soon  as  the 
conventions  of  tune  States  shall  have  ratified  this  Constitution,  the  United 
States  in  Congress  assembled  should  fbi  a  day  on  which  electors  should 
be  appointed  by  the  Slales  which  shall  have  ratified  the  same,  and  a  day 
on  which  the  electors  should  assemble  to  vote  for  the  President,  and  the 
time  and  place  for  commencing  proceedings  under  this  Constitution, 
That  a^er  such  publication  the  electors  should  be  appointed,  and  the 
Senators  and  Repvesentativea  elected ;  that  the  electors  should  meet  on 
the  day  fixed  for  the  election  of  the  President,  and  should  transmit  (heir 
voto^  cerliiied,  signed,  sealed,  and  directed,  as  the  Constitution  requires 


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188 

to  tUs  SecretaT?  of  the  United  Slates  in  Congress  assembled ;  that  tha 
Sfinalora  and  Reptesenttitives  should  convene  at  the  time  and  place  as- 
signed ;  that  the  Senators  should  appoint  a  president  of  the  Senate,  fo( 
the  sola  putpoee  of  receiving,  opening,  and  counting  the  votes  for  Presi- 
dent ;  and  that,  after  he  shall  be  chosen,  the  Congtees,  together  with  the 
Freeident,  should  without  delay,  proceed  to  esecute  thia  Con 

By  the  unanimouB  order  of  the  convention. 

GEOKGB  WASHINGTON,  Fre: 

William  Jackson,  Secretary. 

In  Convention,  Ssitekbes  !7,  17B7. 


Smr  We  have  now  the  honor  to  submit  (o  the  oonsideration  of  tho 
United  States  in  Congress  asseiobled,  tliat  Constitution  whidi  has  ap- 
peared to  us  the  most  advisable. 

The  friends  of  oar  connlry  have  long  seen  and  desired  that  the  power 
of  making  war,  peace,  and  treaties,  thatof  levying  money  and  regulating 
commsrce,  and  the  correspondent  executive  and  judicial  authorities, 
slioiild  be  fully  and  etTectually  vested  in  the  General  Government  of  the 
Union ;  but  the  impropriety  of  delegating  such  esiensive  trust  to  one 
body  of  men  is  evident ;  hence  results  the  necessity  of  a  different 
organization. 

It  is  obviously  impracticable,  in  tha  Padoral  Government  of  ihese 
States,  to  secure  ali  riglits  of  independent  sovereignty  to  each,  and  yet 
provide  for  the  interest  and  safety  of  all.  Individuals  entering  into  bo- 
ciaty  must  give  up  a  share  of  liberty  to  preserve  the  rest.  The  magiii- 
tude  of  the  sacrifice  must  depend  as  well  on  situation  and  droumBtance 
as  on  the  object  to  be  obtained.  It  is  at  all  times  difficult  to  draw  with 
precision  tho  line  between  those  rights  whicli  must  be  surrendered  and 
those  which  may  be  reserved ;  and  on  the  present  occasion  this  diHiculty 
was  increased  by  a  difference  among  the  several  States  as  to  their  aitua- 

In  all  our  deliberations  on  this  subject,  we  kept  steadily  in  our  view 
that  which  appears  to  ua  t!ie  greatest  inteteat  of  every  true  American — 
the  consolidation  of  out  Union — in  which  is  involved  our  prosperity, 
lehcilj',  aalsty,  perhaps  our  notional  eiistenee.  This  iniportoul  oonside- 
ralion,  aeriously  and  deeply  impressed  on  onr  minds,  led  each  State  in 
the  convention  to  be  less  rigid  on  points  of  inferior  magnitude  th;m  might 
have  been  otherwise  expected;  and  thus  the  Constitution  which  we 
now  present  ia  the  result  of  a  spirit  of  amity,  and  of  that  mutual  defer- 
euco  and  concession  which  the  poculiariiy  of  our  political  situation  ren- 
dered indispensable. 


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That  it  will  meet  the  full  and  entire  approbation  of  every  Stale,  ia 
not,  perhaps,  to  bo  expected ;  but  each  will  doublleas  consider  that,  had 
her  interest  been  alone  consulted,  the  consequences  might  have  been 
particularly  disagreeable  or  injutious  to  others  i  that  it  is  liable  to  as  few 
Bieeptions  as  could  reasonablj'  have  been  expected,  we  hops  and  be 
lieve  ;  that  it  may  promote  the  lasting  welfare  of  that  country  so  dear  to 
UB  all,  and  eecare  lier  freedom  and  happiness,  ia  our  most  ardent  wish. 

With  great  respect,  we  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  your  excellency's 
most  obedient  humble  servants. 

By  unanimous  order  of  the  convention. 

GEORGE  ■WASIIINGTON,  P™;J™(. 

His  excellency  the  rBEsmEni  os  Conqhess. 

17.  Whereupon  Congress  passed  the  following  resolution: 
UNITED  STATES  IN  CONGRESS  ASSEMBLED. 

Fhtoay,  Septembek  28,  1787. 

Present !  New  Hompsliire,  Masaaehuselts,  Conneclient,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Virginia,  Norlh  Carolina,  South 
Caroluia,  and  Georgia,  and  from  Maryland  Mr.  Ross, 

Congress  having  received  the  report  of  the  convention  lately  assem- 
bled in  Philadelphia— 

Seealved,  uBontmoMBly,  That  the  said  report,  with  the  resolutions  and 
letter  accompanying  the  same,  be  transmitted  to  the  several  legislatures, 
in  order  to  be  submitted  to  a  convention  of  delegates  chosen  in  each 
Stale  by  the  people  thereof,  in  conformity  to  the  resolveB  of  the  conven- 
tion made  and  provided  in  tiinl  case. 

18.  The  Slates  having  accordingly  passed  acts  for  severally 
calling  conventions,  and  the  Constitution  having  been  submitted 
to  them,  was  ratified  by  the  convenUons  of  the  several  Slates,  at 
the  dates  respectively  as  stated  on  page  34  of  this  compilation. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  CONGRESS  ASSEMBLED. 
SiTCTRDAV,  Septembek  13,  1783. 
Congress  assembled.  Present:  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Con 
neoticut.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  and  Georgia;  and  from  Rhode  Island  Mr.  Arnold, 
and  from  Dela^vure  Mr,  Kearny. 


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On  (he  quesUon 

0  agr-e  lo  tho  pro 

p<"ltlon^^hlch^^^eTc 

lerday  poet- 

poned  b3  the  Stal 

ofDelawaic    the 

Mr  Oilman— 

JfemBampslan 

Mi    (  ibian 

■S,Vy 

Massaelmeeits 

Mr  Dinn" 

"yLv 

Thatcher 

.;!" 

ConnnJieut 

Mr  Huntiiifelon 

?!" 

Wada«orth 

m«,'io,h 

Mr  Hamilton 

"fUv 

Can  eioorl 

Byr^^ 

IVeui  Jeracy 

Mr  Clarke, 

:?!•' 

Dayton, 

Ml-.  Irwine, 

By\ 

Meredith, 

"y  Lb 

ArmatraoB 

ir 

Eead. 

•y] 

Vii-gmm 

Mr.  Griffin, 

ayl 

Madison, 

■U„ 

Carrineton 

7] 

South  Carolina  . 

Mr.  Purkpr, 

'^1,^1 

Tucker, 

.y!  ■' 

Georgia 

Mr.Few, 

■yU. 

So  it  was  resolved  in  the  affirntative,  as  follows : 

Whereas  ihe  convention  assembled  in  Philadelphia,  pursuant  to  the 
reaolut.ion  of  Congress  of  the  21al  of  February,  1787,  did,  on  the  17th 


of  Septembei 
Bsscmbied  a  Consliti 
upon  Congress,  on  tt 
inonely,  "That  the 
panying  Ihe  eame,  ht 
be  sab  milled 


Doited  States  in  Congi-ei 
ion  for  the  people  of  the  United  States;  when 
1  aaih  of  the  Hame  September,  did  resolve,  unan 


■esolutic 


e  by  the 


of  delegates,  chosen  ii 
people  thereof,  in  conformity  to  the  resolves  of  thi 
and  provided  in  that  casei"  And  whereas  the  Constitution  so  lepotled 
by  the  convention,  and  by  Congress  transmitted  to  tho  several  legisla- 
tures, has  been  ratiiied  in  the  manner  therein  declared  to  be  sufficient 
fi>r  the  establishment  of  the  same,  and  such  ratifications,  duly  authenti- 
cated, have  been  received  by  Congress,  and  are  filed  in  the  office  of  the 
Secretary;  therefore — 

Leselved,  That  the  first  Wednesday  in  January  ne.it  be  the  day  for 
appointing  electors  in  the  sevoral  States,  which,  before  tho  said  day, 
sliall  have  ratified  ihe  said  Constitution;  that  the  first  Wednesday  in 


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Ffihruary  next  he  the  day  for  iho  electora  to  assemble  in  their  respectiva 
Stales,  Bnd  vote  for  a  President ;  and  that  the  first  Wednesday  in  Marcli 
neit  be  tlie  time,  and  the  present  seat  of  Congress  (New  Yorli)  the 
place,  for  commencing  the  proceedings  under  the  said  Conslitution. 

19.  The  elections  were  held  in  the  seTeral  slates  for  Electors,  in 
conformity  with  tJie  ahove  resolution,  and  the  Electors  ao  appointed 
met  as  therein  required,  and  voted  for  President  and  Vice  Presi- 
dent, (the  result  of  whose  votss  will  be  seen  in  the  first  table  of 
electoral  votes  contained  in  this  volume,)  and  the  several  states 
having,  in  conformity  with  the  Constitution,  elected  the  Senators 
and  Representatives  to  which  they  were  respectively  entitled,  pro- 
ceedings commenced  under  the  Constitution  on  tlie  first  Wednes- 
day, being  the  4th  day  of  March,  1789,  by  the  meeting  of  the  Sena- 
tors and  Representatives  in  Congress  on  that  day,  from  the  eleven 
states  which  had  then  Tatilied.  the  Constitution ;  but  a  quorum  not 
appearing  in  either  House,  the  House  of  Representatives  adjourned 
from  day  to  day  until  Wednesday,  the  lat  of  April,  when  a  quo- 
rum, consisting  of  a  majority  of  the  whole  number,  appearing',  they 
elected  a  speaker  and  clerk  and  proceeded  to  business;  the  Senate 
in  like  manner  adjourned  from  day  to  day,  until  Monday,  the  6th 
of  April,  when  a  quorum,  consisting  of  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  of  Senators,  appearing,  "  the  Senate  proceeded,  by  ballot, 
to  tiiB  choice  of  a  President,  for  tiie  sole  purpose  of  opening  and 
counting  the  votes  for  President  of  the  Unitsd  States."  The  Elec- 
toral votes  were  accordingly  opened  and  oonnted  on  the  6th  of 
April,  1789,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, and  it  appeared  that  George  Washington  was  unanimously 
elected  President,  and  tiiat  John  Adams  was  duly  elected  Vice 
President  of  the  Umted  States,  agreeably  to  the  Constitution.  The 
Senate  then  elected  a  President  pro  tempore,  the  Vice  President 
not  being  present,  and  also  a  secretary,  and  proceeded  to  business; 
and  having  taken  the  proper  measures  to  notify  the  individuals 
elected,  John  Adams,  Vioa  President,  appeared  and  assumed  the 
chair  aa  President  of  the  Senate  on  Tuesday  the  31st  of  April. 
George  Washington  was  introduced  into  the  Senate  Chamber,  by 
the  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  on  Thursday,  April  30, 


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192 

nSS,  and  was  attended  to  the  gallery  in  front  of  ilie  Senate  Cham- 
ber by  the  Vice  President  and  Senators,  the  Spealtcr  and  Repre- 
sentatives and  otlier  puhlic  eharactera  present.  The  oath  tecjuired 
by  the  Constitution  was  then  administered  to  him  by  the  Chancel- 
lor of  the  State  of  New  York,  who  proclaimed,  "  Long  live  George 
Washington,  President  of  the  United  States,"  after  which  the  Pre- 
sident returned  to  the  Senate  Chamber  and  delivered  his  inaugural 
address  to  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

Thus  commenced  the  proceedings  of  the  Constitati.onal  Govern- 
ment of  Che  United  States  of  Araeiica.  The  Executive  and  Legis- 
lative branches  so  installed,  possessed  from  that  time,  under  the 
Constitudon,  the  power  to  make  laws  and  appoint  all  the  ofBcera 
necessary  to  constitute  the  Judiciary  Branch,  aa  well  as  all  the  Ex 
eeutive  Departments  and  subordinate  offices,  both  civil  and  military; 
all  of  which  was  effected  in  a  convenient  and  proper  time,  and  thf 
whole  system,  then  for  the  first  time  put  in  modon,  has  continued 
to  operate,  improve,  and  mature,  until  it  has  acquired  a  capacity, 
stability,  and  power  adequate  to  its  own  security  and  preservation, 
and  to  the  protection  of  the  rights,  the  honor,  and  interest  of  its 
eitiiens  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  globe,  as  well  as  to  the  pre- 
servation of  the  lives,  the  liberty,  and  happiness  of  its  people  at 
home ;  illustrating;  all  the  attributes  of  a  good  government,  and 
proving  incoatestably  the  value  and  escellence  ol  our  own  Constl- 


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CHAPTER  3. 

FROCEEDINGS  IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  TOE  UNITED  COLONIES  RI''^ 
SPECTING  "A  DECLAKATJON  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  BY  THE  RE- 
PRESENTATIVBS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OP  AMERICA,  IN 
CONGRESS  ASSEMBLED." 

IN  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  COLONIES. 

SATURDiT,  Jdks  8,  1776. 

Eeeolved,  That  ihe  resolutions  respecting  independency  be  referred  lo 
a  coniniitieB  of  iho  whole  Congi'ess. 

The  Congreae  then  resolyed  itself  into  ooommittee  of  llie  whole ;  anJ, 
after  Eome  time,  the  Prosident  resumed  the  chair,  and  Mr.  HEiniBon  re- 
ported, that  the  committee  have  talien  into  consideration  the  matter  to 
them  referred,  but  not  having  come  to  any  resolution  thereon,  directed 
him  to  move  for  leave  to  sit  again  on  Monday. 

Beaolved,  That  thia  Congress  will,  on  Mondsy  nexl,  at  10  o'eloclt,  re- 
soWe  itself  into  a  committee  of  the  whole,  to  lake  into  theii-  farther  eon- 
Eideratioii  the  resolutiuas  referred  to  them. 

MoKDiY,  Juke  10,  1776. 
Agreeable  to  order,  the  Congress  resolved  itself  into  a  eomroitlee  of 
the  whole,  to  lake  into  then- farther  consideration  iheresolutiona  to  Ihem 
referred ;  and,  after  some  time  spent  thereon,  the  President  resumed  the 
chair,  and  Mr.  Harrison  reported,  that  the  committee  have  had  under 
consideration  the  matters  referred  to  Ihem,  and  have  come  to  a  resolu- 
tion thereon,  which  they  directed  him  to  report. 

The  resolution  agreed  to  in  committee  of  the  whole  being  read, 
Seaolved,  That  the  consideration  of  the  first  resolution  be  postponed 
to  Monday,  the  first  day  of  July  next;  and  in  the  meanwhile,  that  no 
time  be  lost,  in  case  the  Congress  agree  thereto,  that  a  committee  be 
appointed  to  prepare  a  declaration  to  the  effect  of  the  said  first  resolution, 
which  is  in  these  words !  "  That  these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right 
ought  to  be,  free  and  independent  States;  that  they  are  absolved  from 
all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown:  and  that  all  political  connexion  be- 
tween them  and  the  State  of  (3teat  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally 
dissolved." 

20* 


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194 

TUilSDAY,  JWEll,  1776. 
ffiesojiifj,  Thai  the  committee,  for  preparing  ihe  Deelaralion,  consial 
of  five: — The  members  chosen,  Mr.  Jefferson,  Mr.  John  Adams,  Mr. 
Franklin,  Mr.  Shermnn,  and  Mr.  R.  R.  Livingston. 

TuESPAr,  JtiHE  35,  1776. 
A  declaration  of  the  deputies  of  Pennsylvania,  met  in  Provincial  Con- 
ference, was  Said  before  Congraas,  and  read,  expressing  their  willingness 
to  concur  in  B  vote  of  Congress,  declaring  the  United  Coloniea  free  and 
independent  States. 

Fkidat,  JmE  2S,  1776. 

*'  Franda  Hopfeinaon,  one  of  the  delegates  from  New  Jersey,  attended, 
and  produced  the  credentiala  of  llieir  appointment,"  eoiitaining  the  fol- 
lowing instructions : — "If  you  shall  judge  il  necessary  or  expedient  for 
tliia  purpose,  we  empower  yon  to  join  in  declaring  the  United  Coloniea 
independenl  of  Great  Britain,  entering  into  a  confederation  for  union  and 
common  defence,"  &e. 

Monday,  July  ],  1776. 
'  A  resolution  of  the  convention  of  Maryland,  paased  ilio  3Sth  of  June, 
waa  liud  before  Congress  and  read,"  conlauiing  the  following  inatrue- 
tions  (0  their  deputies  in  Congress: — "  That  the  deputies  of  said  colony, 
or  any  three  or  more  of  them,  be  authorised  and  empowered  to  concur 
with  the  other  United  Coloniea,  or  ft  majority  of  (hem,  in  declaring  the 
United  Colonies  free  and  independent  States;  informing  such  further 
compact  and  confederation  between  them,"  &.o. 

The  order  of  the  day  being  read, 

Eeeolved,  Thai  this  Congress  will  resolve  itself  into  acommittee  of  ihe 
whole,  to  take  into  consideration  ihe  resolution  respecting  independency. 

Tliat  the  declaration  be  referred  to  aaid  committee. 

The  Congress  resolved  itself  into  a  committee  of  the  whole.  After 
EOme  time  the  President  resumed  the  choir,  and  Mr-  Harrison  reported, 
(hat  the  committee  had  come  to  a  resolution,  which  they  desired  him  to 
report,  and  to  move  for  leave  to  sit  again. 

The  resolution  agreed  to  by  the  committee  of  the  whole  being  read, 
the  determination  thereof  was,  at  the  request  of  a  colony,  postponed 

Sesalved,  That  this  Congress  will, 
committee  of  the  whole,  to 
apecting  indepeiidenoo. 


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195 

TUE5DAY,  July  2,  177R. 
The  Congress  resumod  the  eonsidetntion  of  the  resoliilion  icpoiled 
from  Ihc  committee  of  ihe  whole  (  which  was  agreed  to  as  foUowa : 

Resolved,  ^Tfi^  dese  'Jl&iAtiiS  '^iRmUa  *U.,  o™S,  of  U^, 
ottiiAt  to  Ee,  <3'le6    (W-S    uulejieti^iit  tJtateo  j    t&at   t««u.  tM*   oA- 

IwiUtiEof  Ei]n.n«»i.oiv  betiu&Eiv  tK«m.,  a«.3  tfi*    ataie,  ti  '^Sictit  cWiv- 

Agreeable  lo  the  order  of  the  dny,  ths  Congresa  Tesolved  itself  into  a 
oommitlee  of  the  whole;  and,  after  some  time,  the  President  resumed 
the  chair,  and  Mr.  Harrison  reported,  that  the  committee  have  had  undar 
consideration  the  declaration  lo  them  referred ;  but,  not  having  had  time 
to  go  through  the  some,  desired  him  to  move  for  leave  to  sit  again. 

Eetolvei,  That  this  Congresa  will,  to-morrow,  again  resolve  itself  into 
a  committee  of  the  whole,  to  take  into  their  further  consideration  the 
declaration  respecting  independence. 

WEDHESniT,  July  3,  1776. 

Agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  Congresa  resolved  itself  into  a 
committee  of  the  whole,  lo  take  into  their  farther  consideration  the  de- 
claration; imd,  after  some  time,  the  Preaident  resumed  the  chair,  and 
Mr.  Harrison  reponed,  that  the  committee,  not  having  yet  gone  throiigh 
it,  desired  leave  to  sit  again. 

Seiolvi^,  That  this  Congress  will,  to-morrow,  again  resolve  itself  into 
a  committee  of  the  whole,  to  take  into  their  farther  consideration  the 
Declaration  of  Independence. 

Thubsdat,  July  4,  1776. 

Agreeably  to  tlie  order  of  the  day,  the  Congress  resolved  itself  inlo  a 
committee  of  the  whole,  to  take  into  their  farther  consideralion  the 
Declaration ;  and  after  some  lime  the  Preaident  reenmed  the  chair,  and 
Mr.  Harrison  reported  that  the  committee  hod  agreed  lo  a  declaration, 
which  (hey  desired  htm  to  report. 

The  Declaration  being  read,  was  agreed  to  as  follows : 

d  Dedaration  hy  ihe  Representatives  of  iTie  United  States  of  America, 

ill  Congress  assembled. 

When,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for 

one  people  to  dissolve  the  Dolitical  bands  winch  have  connected 


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196 

tiieill  Willi  anollier,  and  to  assume,  among  the  powers  of  the  earth, 
the  separate  and  equal  station  to  ivliich  the  laws  of  nature  and  of 
nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  man- 
liind  requires  that  they  should  declare  the  eausea  which  impel  them 
to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  created 
equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  nnalien- 
able  rights ;  that  among  these,  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of 
happiness.  That,  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are  insti- 
tuted among  men,  deriving  their  just  poweis  from  the  consent  of 
the  governed ;  that,  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes  de- 
Btructire  of  these  ends,  it  is  tlie  rig^ht  of  the  people  to  alter  or  to 
abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  foundation 
on  snch  principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to 
them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness- 
Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate  that  governments  long  establishea, 
should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient  causes ;  and,  accord 
ingly,  all  experience  hath  shown,  that  mankind  are  more  disposed 
to  saffer,  while  evils  are  suiferahle,  flian  to  right  themselves  by 
abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But,  when  a 
long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  sams 
object,  evinces  a  design  to  reduce  them  under  absolute  despotism, 
it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off  such  government,  and 
to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future  security.  Such  has  heen 
the  patient  sufferance  of  these  colonies,  and  such  is  now  &e  neces- 
sity which  constrains  them  to  alter  their  former  systems  of  govern- 
ment; The  history  of  the  present  king  of  Great  Britain  is  a  his- 
tory of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having,  in  direct 
object,  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny  over  these  Stales. 
To  prove  this,  let  facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world ; 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome  and 
necessary  for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  Governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and 
pressing  importance,  unless  suspended  in  their  operation  till  his 
assent  should  be  obtained;  and,  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly 
neglected  1 3  attend  to  them. 


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197 

He  has  refusfid  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommodation  of 
large  districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the 
right  of  representation  in  the  legislature;  a  riglit  inestimable  to 
them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  un- 
comfortable, and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  public  records, 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his 


He  has  disBolTed  reprefienlative  houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing, 
■with  manly  firmness,  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions,  to  cause 
olhei-s  to  be  elected  -,  whereby  the  legislativo  powers,  incapable  of 
annihilation,  have  returned  to  the  people  at  large  for  their  exercise ; 
the  State  remaining,  in  the  mean  time,  exposed  to  all  the  danger 
of  invasion  from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  Slates;  for 
that,  purpose,  obstructing  the  laws  for  naturalization  of  foreigners ; 
refusing  to  pass  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither,  and 
raising-  the  conditions  of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by  refusing  his 
assent  to  laws  for  establishing  judiciary  powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone,  for  the  tenure 
of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  seut  hither 
swarms  of  officers  to  harass  our  people,  and  eat  out  their  sub- 
He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  standing  armies,  with- 
out tiie  consent  of  our  legislature. 

He  has  affected  t»  render  the  military  independent  of,  and  supe- 
rior to,  the  civil  power. 

He  has  combined,  with  others,  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction 
foreign  to  our  constimtion,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws; 
^ving  his  assent  to  their  acts  of  pretended  legislation : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us ! 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punishment,  for  any 


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murders  which,  they  sliould  commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  tliesa 
Slates : 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  witli  all  parts  of  the  world : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent: 

For  depriving  us,  in'many  cases,  of  tlie  benefits  of  trial  by  jury: 

For  transporting  us  beyond  soas  to  be  tried  for  pretended  of- 
fences ! 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  kws  in  a  neighboring 
province,  establishing  therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarg- 
ing its  boondaries,  so  as  to  render  it  at  onca  an  example  and  fit  in- 
strument for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  colonies : 

For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable 
laws,  and  altering,  fundamentally,  the  powers  of  our  governments : 

Fox  suspending  our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves 
invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of  hts 
protection,  and  waging  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt  our  towns, 
and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is,  at  this  time,  transporting  lai^  armies  of  foreign  mer- 
cenaries to  complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation,  and  tyranny, 
already  begun,  with  circumstances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy  scarcely 
paralleled  in  the  most  barbarous  ages,  and  totally  unworthy  tlie 
head  of  a  civilized  nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive  on  the  high 
seas,  to  hear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the  executioners 
of  their  friends  and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  hands. 

He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst  us,  and  has  en- 
deavored to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers,  the  merciless 
Indian  savages,  whose  known  rule  of  warfare  is  an  undistinguished 
destruction,  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned  for 
redress,  in  the  most  humble  terms ;  onr  repeated  petitions  have 
been  answered  only  by  repeated  injury.  A  prince,  whose  character 
is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which  may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to 
be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 


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199 

Nor  haTe  we  been  waittjng  in  attention  to  our  Britisli  tretiireii. 
We  hare  warned  them,  from  time  to  time,  of  attempts  made  by 
their  legislature  to  extend  an  unwarrantabJe  jurisdiodon  over  us. 
We  have  reminded  them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration 
and  settlement  here.  We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and 
magnanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them,  by  the  ties  of  onr  com- 
mon kindred,  to  disavow  these  usurpations,  which  would  incTitably 
interrupt  onr  connections  and  correspondence.  They,  too,  have 
been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  consanguinity.  We  must, 
therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  necessity,  which  denounces  our  separa- 
tion, and  hold  them,  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,  enemies  in 
war,  in  peace,  friends. 

We,  tiierefore,  the  representatives  of  the  UNITED  STATES 
OF  AMERICA,  in  GENERAL  CONGRESS  assembled,  appeal- 
ing to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  World  for  the  rectitude  of  our  in- 
tentions, do,  in  the  name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  g'ood  people 
of  these  colonies,  solemnly  publisli  and  declare.  That  tiiese  United 
Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  Jfree  ana  SiiDepcnlient 
States  i  that  they  are  absolved  from  aU  allegiance  to  the  British 
crown,  and  that  all  political  connexion  between  them  and  the  stale 
of  Great  SriCain,  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved ;  and  that,  as 
FREE  AND  INDEPENDENT  STATES,  they  have  full  powei 
to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  eslabiisb  comn 
and  U>  do  all  other  acts  and  things  which  INDEPENDENT 
STATES  may  of  right  do.  And,  for  the  support  of  this  declara- 
tion, with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protection  of  SBKUKJiSS  i^iSi®= 
1T133il3M»51S,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each  other,  our  lives, 
fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 

The  foregoing  declaration  was,  by  order  of  Congress,  engros 
and  signed  by  the  following  membern : 

JOHN  HANCOCK. 
Natl  Hampsldre.  Masaackusells  Bay, 

Josiah  Bartlett,  Samael  Adams, 

William  Whipple,  John  Adams, 

Matthew  Thornton.  Robert  Treat  Paine, 

Elblidg-O  G(;rry. 


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Ddaviare, 
Caisar  Rodney, 
George  Read, 
Thomas  M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel  Chase, 
William  Paca, 
Tliomas  Stone, 
Chaflea  Carro  11  ,of  Carroll  Don 

George  Wythe, 
Richard  Henry  Lee, 
Thomas  Jefferson, 
Benjamin  Harrison, 
ThomasNelson,  jun. 
Francis  Lighlfoot  Lee, 
Carter  Braxton. 

Mrih  Cai-oHna. 
William  Hooper, 
Joseph  Hewes, 
John  Penn. 

Soulh  Carolina. 
Edward  Rutledge, 
Thomas  Hey  ward,  jun. 
Thomas  Lynch,  jun. 
Arthur  Middieton. 

Georgia, 
Button  Gwinnett, 
Lyman  Hall, 
George  Walton, 

liesolned,  That  copies  of  the  Declaration  be  sent  to  the  sereral 
dssembltes,  conventions,  and  committees,  or  councils  of  safety,  and 
to  the  several  commanding-  officers  of  the  eonlineiital  troops;  that 
it  be  proclaimed  in  each  of  the  United  States,  and  at  the  head 
the  army. 


Rlwdc  hland. 
Stephen  Hopkins, 
William  EUery. 

Coimedicut. 
Roger  Sherman, 
Samuel  Huntington, 
William  Williams, 
Oliver  Wolcott. 

Neu!  Yirrk, 
William  Floyd, 
Philip  Livingston, 
Francis  Lewis, 
Lewis  Morris. 

New  Jersey. 
Richard  Stockton, 
John  Witherspoon, 
Francis  Hopkinsooi 
John  Hart, 
Abraham  Clark. 

Pennaykania, 
Robert  Morris, 
Benjamin  Rush, 
Benjamin  Franklin, 
John  Morton, 
George  Clymer, 
James  Smith, 
George  Taylor, 
James  Wilson, 
George  Ross. 


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CHAPTER  4. 

PROMINENT  FOLITICAL  AL'TS  OF 

GEORGE    WASHINGTON. 

Appointment  of  George  Washington  to  be  commander-m-chief  of 

Iha  axmy,  by  the  Congress  of  the  Confederadon,  on  tho  15ili 

Jupe,  1775. 

Thubstiav,  Juke  15,  1775. 

Agreeable  to  order,  the  Congress  resolved  itself  into  a  Committee  of 
t]is  Whole,  and,  after  some  time,  the  President  resumed  the  chair,  and 
Mr.  Ward  reported  that  the  committee  had  come  lo  some  farther  resolu- 
tions, which  he  was  ordered  to  report. 

The  report  of  tiis  cominiiteB  being  read  and  considered, 

Sesalved,  That  a  general  be  appoinled  to  command  all  tlie  Conlinental 
forces  raised,  or  to  be  raised,  for  the  defence  of  American  liberty. 

Thai  five  hundred  dollars  per  month  be  allowed  for  the  pay  and  ex- 
penses of  the  general. 

The  Congress  then  proeeoded  to  the  choice  of  a  general,  by  ballot,  and 
George  Wasbinglon,  esq.,  wos  unanimously  elected. 

FttiDAY,  June  16,  1775. 

Met  according  fo  adjournment.  [The  Delegates  from  the  Colonies  <rf 
New  Hampshire,  Massacliuaetta  Bay,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Peimaylvania,  Delaware  ooitnliea,  Maryland,  Virgmia,  Noilh 
Carolina,  and  South  Carolina,  being  present.] 

The  President  informed  Colonel  Washington  that  the  Congress  had 
yaaterday  unanimously  made  choice  of  him  to  be  general  and  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  American  forces,  and  requested  he  would  accept 
of  that  employment;  to  which  Colonel  Washington,  standing  in  his 
place,  answered: 

"  Mr.  Peesident! 

"  Though  I  am  truly  sensible  of  the  high  Iionor  done  me,  in  thia  ap- 
pointment, yet  I  feel  great  distress,  from  oonseiousneaa  that  my  abilmes 
and  military  experience  may  not  be  equal  to  the  estensive  and  important 
(rust  I  Howevei,  as  (he  Congress  desire  it,  I  will  enter  upon  the  ino. 


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202 

mentoua  duly,  and  exert  every  power  I  possess  in  tneir  service,  and  for 
supporl  of  the  glorious  cquso.  I  beg  they  will  accept  my  oiOBt  cordial 
tlianka  for  ihis  dietinguishod  testimony  of  Iheir  approbation. 

"But,  lest  some  unluclty  evenl  should  happen,  unfavorable  to  my 
reputation,  I  beg  it  may  be  remembered,  by  every  gentleman  in  the 
room,  that  I,  this  day,  declare  with  the  utmost  smcerity,  I  do  not  think 
myself  equal  to  the  command  I  am  honored  with. 

"  As  to  pay,  sir,  I  beg  leave  to  assure  the  Congress,  that,  03  no  pe- 
cuniary consideration  could  have  tempted  me  to  accept  ihis  arduous 
employment,  at  the  expense  of  my  domestic  ease  and  boppiiiesa,  I  do 
not  wish  to  make  any  profit  from  it.  I  will  keep  an  eaact  oecounl  of  my 
expenses.  Those,  I  doubt  not,  they  will  discharge,  and  that  is  all  I 
desire." 

Eesolved,  That  a  committee  be  appointed  to  draught  a  commission  and 

The  persona  chosen  lo  compose  the  committee,  were  Mr.  Lee,  Mr.  E. 
Rutledge,  and  Mr.  J.  Adams. 

Satueeat,  Juke  IT,  1775. 
Met  according  lo  adjournment. 


IN  CONGRESS. 
The  delegates  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  Hampshire,  Massaohu- 
setts  Bay,   Rhode    Island,   Cotmecticm,   New  York,   Now  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  llie  counties  of  Newcastle,  Kent,  and  Susses,  on  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  South  Carolina: 
To  Geoeoe  Washinotoh,  Esq. 

conduct,  and  fidelity,  do,  by  these  presents,  constitute  and  appoint  you 
to  be  general  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  atmy  of  the  United  Colo- 
nies, and  of  all  the  forces  now  raised,  or  to  be  raised  by  them,  and  of  all 
ethers  who  shall  voluntarily  offer  their  service,  and  join  the  said  army  foF 
the  defence  of  American  liberty,  and  for  repelling  every  hostile  invasion 
•hereof!  And  you  are  hereby  vested  with  fill!  power  and  authority  to 
act  as  jruu  shall  think  for  the  good  and  welfare  of  the  service. 

And  we  do  hereby  strictly  charge  and  require  all  officers  and  soldiers, 
nndor  your  command,  to  be  obedient  to  your  orders,  and  diligent  in  the 
esercisB  of  their  seyeral  duties. 


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203 

And  we  do  also  enjoin  and  requite  you,  to  1)0  careful  in  executing  the 
great  trust  reposed  in  you,  by  causing  etrict  discipline  and  order  to  b« 
obaenred  in  tiie  army,  and  that  the  soldiers  be  duly  aneroiEed,  and  pto- 
vided  with  oil  convenient  neceasaries. 

And  you  are  to  regulate  your  conduct  in  every  reBpecl  by  the  rulea 
and  discipline  of  war,  (as  herewith  given  you,)  and  punctually  to  observa 
and  follow  such  orders  and  directions,  from  time  to  time,  ns  you  shall 
receive  (rom  this,  or  a  future  Congrees  of  these  United  Colonies,  or 
committee  of  Congi'Cfs. 

This  commiBsion  to  continue  in  force  until  revoked  by  this,  or  a  future 

By  order  of  the  Cotigress, 

Ordered,  That  the  same  bo  fairly  transcribed,  signed  by  the  President, 
attested  by  the  secretary,  and  delivered  to  tlie  general. 

Eesfflved  Bnaaimously,  Wherefla,  the  delegates  of  al!  the  Colocies, 
from  Nova  Scotia  to  Georgia,  in  Congress  assembled,  have  unaniimonsly 
chosen  George  Washington,  esq.,  to  be  general  and  commander-in-chief 
of  Buch  forces  as  are,  or  shall  be,  raised  for  the  maintenance  and  pre- 
Eetvation  of  Ameriuim  liberty ;  this  Congress  doth  now  declare,  that  they 
will  maintain  and  assist  him,  and  adhere  to  him,  the  said  George  Wash- 
ington, with  their  lives  ^d  fortunes  in  the  same  cause. 

Address  of  the  Preaident  of  Congress  to  George  Washington, 
and  his  reply,  3Gth  August,  17S3: 

MOKDIV,  AlTGCST  35,  1783. 

Congress  being  informed  of  the  arrival  of  the  cominander- in- chief  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Princeton: 

Ordered,  Thai  he  have  an  audience  in  Congress  to-morrow  at  twelve 
o'cloclc. 

Tdesday,  AuflirsT  26, 1783. 

According  to  order.  General  Washington  attended,  and  lioing  intro- 
dueed  by  two  members,  tlic  President  addressed  him  as  follows : 

SiK :  Congress  feel  particular  pleasure  in  seeing  your  excellency,  and 
in  congratulating  you  on  the  success  of  a  war,  m  which  yon  have  acted 
so  conspicuous  a  part. 

It  hns  been  the  singular  happiness  of  the  United  States,  that  during  a 
war  BO  long,  so  dongerons,  and  so  important,  Providence  has  been  gm 
ciously  pleaaed  to  preserve  the  life  of  a  general,  who  lias  merited  and 
possessed  the  uninterrupted  confidence  and  affection  of  his  fellow-ehi- 
xens.     In  other  nations  many  have  performed  servinee,  forwhuh  thoy 


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204 

have  deserved  and  received  the  thanlo  of  the  iiublic.  But  lo  you,  sir, 
peculiar  praise  is  due.  Your  services  hiive  been  essential  in  acquiring 
and  establishing  the  treedom  and  independence  of  your  country.  They 
deserve  tlie  grateful  oeltnowledgmenta  of  a  li«e  and  independent  nation. 
Those  acltnowledgments  Congress  have  the  satisfaction  of  expressing  to 
your  Bxoellenoy. 

Hostilities  have  now  ceased,  but  your  country  still  needs  your  ser- 
vices. She  wishes  to  avail  herself  of  your  talents  informing  the  arrange- 
ments which  will  be  necessary  tor  her  in  the  time  of  peace.  For  ihia 
reason  your  attendance  at  Congress  has  been  requested.  A  commiitee 
is  appointed  to  confer  with  your  excellency,  and  to  receive  your  Bssist- 
Buoe  in  preparing  and  digcstiiig  plans  relative  to  those  Important  ob- 

To  which  his  excellency  made  the  following  reply : 
Mn.  Fbesideni  !  I  am  too  sensible  of  the  honorable  reception  I  have 
now  espeiienced,  not  lo  be  panolrated  with  the  deepest  feelings  of  gra- 

Notwithstanding  Congress  appear  to  estiniHle  the  value  of  my  life 
beyond  any  services  I  have  been  able  to  render  the  United  Stales,  yet  I 
must  be  permitted  to  consider  the  wisdom  and  unanimity  of  our  national 
councils,  the  firmness  of  our  citizens,  and  the  patience  and  bravery  of 
our  troops,  which  have  produced  so  happy  a  termiiialion  of  the  war,  aa 
the  most  conspicuous  eHect  of  the  divine  interposition  and  the  surest 
presage  of  our  future  happiness. 

Highly  gratified  by  the  favorable  sentiments  whicli  Congress  are 
pleased  to  express  of  my  past  conduct,  and  amply  rewarded  by  the  con- 
fidence and  affection  of  my  fellow-citizens,  I  cannot  hesitate  to  contribute 
my  best  endeavors  towards  the  establishment  of  the  national  security  in 
whatever  manner  the  sovereign  power  may  think  proper  to  direct,  until 
the  ratiiioalion  ot  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace,  or  the  final  evacuation 
of  our  country  by  the  British  forces;  after  either  of  which  events,  1  shall 
ask  permission  lo  retu^  to  the  peaceful  shade  of  private  life. 

Perhaps,  sir,  no  occasion  may  offer  more  suitable  than  the  present  to 
express  my  humble  thanks  to  God,  and  my  grateful  acknowledgments 
to  my  country,  for  the  great  and  uniform  support  I  have  received  In 
every  vicissilude  of  fortune,  and  for  the  many  distinguished  honors 
which  Congress  have  been  plrascd  to  confer  upon  me  in  the  coiiise  of 
the  war. 


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Resigiialion,  by  George  Washington,  of  the  office  of  oommander 
in-fihief,  to  Congress,  and  answer  of  the  President  of  Con 
gr^s,  33d  December,  1783. 

Satuecay,  Deoembee  20,  17S3. 
Congress  assembled!  Present,  New  Harapahire,  MBssnehusctta,  Rhodi 


A  letter,  of  this  day,  from  the  commander-in-chief,  was  read,  inform- 
ing Congress  of  his  uiiival  in  this  city,  witli  the  intention  of  asliing 
leave  to  resign  the  commission  he  has  the  honor  of  holding  in  their  ser- 
vice, and  desiring  to  know  their  pleasure  m  what  manner  it  will  be  most 
proper  to  offer  his  resignation;  whether  ui  writing  or  at  an  audience. 
Whereupon, 

Sesalved,  That  hia  excellency,  the  commander-in-chief,  be  admitted 
to  a  public  audience,  on  Tuesday  next,  at  twelve  o'clock. 

Eesolned,  That  a  public  ontertoinment  he  given  to  the  cummandardn- 
diief  on  Monday  next. 

Tuesday,  Decemeeb  23,  1783. 

Congress  assembled  ;  Present  as  before. 

According  to  order,  his  escellency  the  commander-in-chief  was  ad- 
mitted to  a  public  audience,  and  being  seated,  the  President,  alter  a 
pause,  informed  him,  that  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled  were 
prepared  to  receive  his  communicationa ;  Whereupon  he  arose,  and  ad- 
dressed as  Lllowe  J 


tTo  revive  the  recollection  of  this  scene,  and  to  renew,  in  the  breasts  of 
the  American  people,  the  emotions  of  gratitude,  affection,  and  veneration, 
(hot  swelled  the  hearts  of  Statesmen,  Legislators,  Warriors,  and  other 
citiaens.  On  that  ever-memorable  occasion,  much  care  has  been  taken  to 
bring  here  to  view  the  Kving  Washington  as  he  then  appeared  in  the 
CongrcM  Hall.  Fortunately,  the  affectionate  providence  of  hia  native 
state  secured,  in  the  best  manner,  the  means  of  iransmhting  the  sem- 
blance of  those  venerated  features  and  form  to  posterity.  The  mnrblo 
sloiue  by  Hoiidon,  in  the  state-house  al  Richmond,  is  the  most  authentic 
liUenesB  of  George  Washington  estant ;  from  this  haa  been  liken  all  that 
could  bo  obtained  from  marble,  ihe  rest  has  been  derived  Irom  the  beat 
paintings,  and  both  combined  by  the  arlbl  who  has  produced  this  copy. 


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Tha  sword  ia  taken  from  Ihe  original,  now  in  the  Fnteiil  Offico  nt  Wash- 
ington. Washington  ia  here  represented  in  tlie  manner  that  he  desired 
10  be,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  memoranda  and  correspondence  ! 


GEOKGE  WASHINGTON; 


Accorainitly  Goyeraor  Harrison  applieil  to  Mr.  JeRerson  anil  Dr.  Prajiklin,  ihen 
ter  » ■^osliiiiffloii,  from  which  Ihe  foUowiiig  ia  an  esitact : 


"  P<x™,,10  July,  IJS3 

cully  lo  withdraw  himself  froni  an  order  of  Ihe  Empreas  of  Ruisia ;  a  diffi; ullf, 

a  moment's  heeitalion  ahoul  his  present  voyage,  which  he  oonsiderl  aa  promiBing 

I  can  assure  you  also,  that,  m  a  man,  lie  ii  disiDleresled,  generODB,  candid,  aod 
panting  for  glory;  in  eYery  eirounislance  merilii^  yonr  good  opiiiiau.    He  will 


in,al'Sllad^pUa,'i"^m  uiformld^of  your  i 


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"  Paris,  4  JnnnofT,  1T30. 
"I  have  been  honorea  wiih  yourleller  of  Soplsdiber  the  Sfllh,  which  was  d*. 
jTeredmeby  Mr.  Houdon.  who  is  safely  iciuriieri.    He  hss  brougjit  wilh  him  Ihe 

K.  coniE  by  BDcne  oiher  conveyBQQe.  Dr.  Frnuklin,  who  waa  joined  milli  me  ij! 
the  superiiitendeiice  of  Ibia  just  monnmeat,  having  JeA  ds  befors  whm  is  obIIs 
the  coslums  of  Ihe  elalue  wbs  decided  an,  I  cannol  so  well  Bating  myiel^  and  I 
em  peiEunded  I  nhonld  not  bo  well  sslisfy  Ihe  woiR  as  by  conauliine  your  own 
wish  or  inciinauon  as  id  liilf  arliale.    Perniit  me,  Iherefora,  lo  ssk  you  wbslher 


not  hBTing  loffioient  knowledge  m  Ihe  art  of  souiplora  lo  oppose  my  jndgmenl  lo 
Ihelasteof  lOnnoiBaenri,  1  do  not  desire  lo  drclBlfluilhe  mailer.  On  the  oon- 
tiory,  1  shall  be  perfectly  Baliafled  with  wbsleier  may  be  judged  decent  and 
proper.  I  should  ayen  searoely  hare  venloreii  to  luggeil,  that  perliaps  a  servUa 
adherence  to  the  garb  of  aniiqaity  might  not  be  altogether  so  eipBdient,  ss  some 

atand  la  received  willi  Bpplanse,  anii  prevails  eitensively." 

isox  laffFiBSOS  10  WAsmTioroH. 

"  Pari!.  14  AogusL  IfS!'. 
"I  was  happy  lo  anil,  by  the  letter  of  August  lal,  ITSfl,  which  yoa  did  ms  Iha 

lie™'  I  fonnd  it  slTOngiribe  BMLtimoiil  ™  Wesrctopley.Tmmball,  aadBrown,  ta 
London;  adet  whichil  would  bo  ridioulaoa  lo  add,  that  it  was  my  own." 

This  wort,  therefore,  purports  to  be  Bnexaci  pwliYiil  Ktatue  ofW^ashington,— 
an  authentic  biatorjcal  monument, — the  eatume  Sting  thai  mteftieh  fuwat  atxva- 
lottial  to  appear  rtt  Comwiandtr-in-elaef.  No  other  statue  wai  aver  ma6e  from  hiB 
person.  This  was  modelled  about  two  years  after  the  chjBe  of  his  mililary  career, 
in  the  Blty-Diurlh  year  of  hia  age,  a  circumstance  lo  be  borne  In  mind  in  compar- 
ing il  wilh  later  portraits.    How  well,  in  point  of  lesemblEnce,  il  sniif  Refl  his 

tlio  right  hand  of  the  stnlucj  End  taking  a  haif-i>onl  rlew,  "  it  riJiirf^eQleif  the 


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208 

Mh.  Prl  ibent  The  gi  it  eve  tt,  on  wli  h  nij  re 
signati  n  dept  ilcJ  1  a  i  ^  at  lungtl  tal  e  i  [  1  ls  II  <ne 
now  tbe  honor  of  offering  mj  sincere  (.ongratuUtions  to 
Congress,  anl  of  piesentmg  mjself  before  tl  em,  to  sur 
render  into  then  hands  the  tru<it  committed  to  me  an  1  to 
claim  tht  indulgence  of  retiiing  fiom  the  &er\ice  of  my 
country 

Happy  m  the  confirmation  of  our  independence  an  1 
sovereignty  and  pleased  with  the  opportunity  liloi  led 
the  United  States  of  betoming  a  respectible  nation  I 
resign  with  <iatisfaction  the  ippointment  I  ■accepted  will 
diffidence  ;  a  diffidence  m  my  abihties  to  accomplish  so 
arduous  a  task ;  which  however  was  superseded  by  a  con- 
fidence in  the  rectitude  of  our  cause,  the  support  of  the 
supreme  power  of  the  Union,  and  the  patronage  of  Heaven. 

The  successful  termination  of  the  war  has  verified  the 
most  sanguine  expectations ;  and  my  gratitude  for  the 
interposition  of  Providence,  and  the  assistance  I  have  re- 
ceived from  my  countrymen,  increases  with  eyery  review 
of  the  momentous  contest. 

While  I  repeat  my  obligations  to  the  army  in  general, 
I  should  do  injustice  to  my  own  feelings  not  to  acknow- 
ledge, in  this  place,  the  peculiar  services  and  distinguished 
merits  of  the  gentlemen  who  have  been  attached  to  my 
person  during  the  war.  It  was  impossible  the  choice 
of  confidential  officers  to  compose  my  family  should  have 
been  more  fortunate.  Permit  me,  sir,  to  recommend,  in 
particular,  those  who  have  continued  in  the  service  to  tbe 
present  moment,  as  worthy  of  the  favorable  notice  and 
patronage  of  Congress. 

]  consider  it  an  indispensable  duty  to  close  this  last 
act  of  my  official  life  by  commending  the  interests  of  our 
(lenrest  country  to  the  pi-otection  of  Almighty  God,  and 


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y^  r 


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209 

those  who  have  the  superintendence  of  them  to  his  lioly 
keeping. 

Having  now  finished  the  work  assigned  me,  I  retire 
from  the  great  tlieatre  of  action,  and  bidding  an  affec- 
tionate farewell  to  this  august  body,  under  whose  orders 
I  have  so  long  acted,  I  here  offer  my  commission,  and 
take  my  leave  of  all  the  employments  of  public  life. 

He  then  advanced  and  deliTered  la  iho  Fiesident  his  commission,  'with 
s  copy  of  his  oddreas,  and  having  reEiutied  hia  place,  the  President 
(Thomas  Mifflih)  returned  hitn  the  following  answer : 

Sir. :  The  United  Slales  in  Congress  ossemhiod  receive,  with  emo- 
tions too  afieeling  for  utterance,  the  solemn  resignation  of  the  autboritiea 
under  which  you  have  led  their  troops  with  sucoeas  through  a  perilous 
and  doublfiil  war.  Called  upon  by  your  country  to  defend  its  invaded 
rights,  you  accepted  the  sdcted  cliarge,  before  it  bad  formed  alliances, 
and  whilst  it  was  witlioat  iunds  or  o.  government  to  auppoH  you.  You 
have  conducted  the  great  military  ccntcat  with  wisdom  and  fortitude, 
invariably  regarding  the  rights  of  the  civil  power  through  alt  disasters 
and  changes.  You  have,  by  the  love  and  confidence  of  your  fellow- 
citizens,  enabled  them  to  display  their  martial  genius,  and  transmit  their 
iame  to  posterity.  Yon  have  persevered  till  these  United  States,  aided 
by  a  magnanimous  king  and  nation,  have  been  enabled,  under  a  Just 
Providence,  to  close  the  war  in  freedom,  safety,  and  independence  ;  on 
which  happy  event  we  sincerely  join  you  in' congratulations. 

Having  defended  the  standard  of  liberty  in  tliis  new  world ;  having 
taught  a  lesson  useful  to  those  who  inflict  and  to  those  who  feel  oppres- 
eion,  you  retire  from  the  great  theatre  of  action,  with  the  bleaainga  of 
your  fellow- citizens ;  but  the  glory  of  your  virtues  will  not  lei-minate 
with  your  military  command ;  it  will  continue  to  animate  remotest  ages. 

We  feel  with  you  our  obligationa  to  the  lu'my  in  general,  and  will 
particularly  charge  ourselves  with  tho  interests  of  those  confidential 
ofBcers,  who  have  attended  your  person  to  this  aiFecting  moment. 

We  join  you  in  commending  the  interests  of  our  deareat  country  to 
the  protection  of  Almighty  God,  beseeching  him  lo  dispose  the  hearts 
njid  minds  of  its  citizens  to  improve  the  opportunity  afforded  them  ol 
becoming  a  happy  and  respectable  nation.  And  for  you  we  address  to 
him  our  earnest  prayers,  that  a  life  so  beloved  may  be  fostered  with  all 
his  care  ;  that  your  days  may  be  happy  as  they  have  been  illustrious ; 
and  that  he  will  finally  give  you  that  reward  wliicli  ihia  woild  caiinnt  five 


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ELECTION  OF  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  AS  PRESIDENT 
OJ'"  THE  UNITED  STATES,  AND  HIS  INAUGURAL  AD- 
DRESS. 

MoND^y,  Aprii.  6,  1789. 

The  President  of  the  Senate,  elected  for  the  purpose  of  counting 
the  votes,  declared  to  tlie  Senate,  that  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  had  met,  and  that  he,  in  their  presence,  had  opened 
and  counted  the  votes  of  tlie  Electors  for  President  and  Vice  Pre- 
sident of  the  United  States  i  whereby  it  appears  that 

Geohhb  Washinoton  was  unanimously  elected  President. 

Whereupon  the  following  certificate  and  letter,  prepared  by  a 
committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Paterson,  Johnson,  Lee,  and 
Ellsworth,  were  adopted  by  the  Senate,  and  signed  by  their  Pre- 
sident. 

Sb  it  l-nototi.  That  the  Senate  and  House  of  Rcpresenlativea  of  the 
United  Slates  of  America,  being  convened  in  ihe  cjiy  ond  Stale  of  New 
York,  the  sixlh  day  of  April,  in  Ihe  Year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  eighty-nine,  the  nnderwritton,  appointed  President  of  tho 
Senate,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  receiving,  opening,  and  counting  the 
votes  of  the  Electors,  did.  in  the  presence  of  the  said  Senale  and  Honse 
of  Representatives,  open  all  tlie  certificates,  and  count  all  the  votes  of 
the  Electors  for  a  President  and  for  a  Vice  President ;  by  which  it  ap- 
pears that  George  WisniNoioN,  esq.,  was  unanimously  elected, 
agreeably  lo  the  Conatilutioo,  to  the  office  of  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America. 

In  testimonj'  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  sat  my  hand  and  seal. 

JOHN  LANGDON. 

New  Yore,  April  6,  1789. 

SiE :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  to  your  Esoellency  the  information 
of  your  unanimous  election  to  the  ofEoe  of  President  of  the  United  States 
01  America.  Suffer  me,  sir,  to  indulge  tho  hope,  that  so  auapioioua  a 
mark  of  public  confidence  will  meet  your  approbation,  and  be  considered 
as  a  sure  pledge  of  the  aifsction  and  support  you  ate  to  expect  from  a 
tree  and  enlightened  people. 

I  am,  sir,  with  sentiments  of  respect,  your  obedient  humble  servant, 
JOHN  LANGDON. 

To  his  Ex'cy  Geokhe  Washikgtoh,  esq. 


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BiL  ao,  1783. 

The  oath  ot  office  having  heen  administered  by  the  Chancelloi 
of  the  State  of  New  Yorlc,  in  the  pTesence  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives,  to  George  Washington,  President  of  the 
United  Slates,  he  tlien  made  tlie  following  Inaugural  address : 

Felhvi'CUiiena  rfihe  Senate,  and 

of  the  House  of  Mepresenlaiives  i 
Among  the  vicisaitudea  incident  to  life,  no  event  could  have  filled 
me  with  greater  anitieties  than  that  of  which  tiie  notification  was 
transmitted  bj  jonr  order,  and  teoeived  oo  tlie  14th  day  of  the  pre- 
sent month.  On  the  one  hand,  I  was  summoned  by  my  country, 
whose  voice  I  can  never  hear  but  witli  veneration  and  lore,  from  a 
retreat  which  I  liad  chosen  iritli  tlie  fondest  predilection,  and,  in 
my  flattering  hopes,  with  an  immulnble  decision,  as  the  asylum  of 
my  declining  years ;  a  retreat  which  was  rendered  every  day  more 
necessary,  as  wel!  as  more  dear  to  me,  by  the  addition  of  habit  to 
inclination,  and  of  frequent  intermptions  in  my  health,  to  tlie  gra- 
dual waste  committed  on  it  by  time.  On  the  other  hand,  the  mag- 
nitude and  difficulty  of  iJie  trust  to  which  the  voice  of  my  country 
called  me,  being  sufficient  to  awaken  in  the  wisest  and  most  expe- 
rienced of  her  citizens  a  distrustful  scrutiny  into  his  quaiifications, 
could  not  but  overwhelm  with  despondence  one,  who,  inheriting 
inferior  endowments  from  nature,  and  unpractised  in  the  duties  of 
civil  administration,  ought  to  be  peculiarly  conscious  of  his  own 
deficiencies.  In  this  conflict  of  emotions,  all  I  dare  aver,  is,  that 
it  has  been  my  feithfol  study  to  collect  my  duty  from  a  juet  appre- 
ciation of  every  circumstance  by  which  it  might  be  affected.  All 
I  dare  hope,  is,  that  if,  in  executing  this  task,  I  have  been  too 
much  swayed  hy  a  grateful  remembrance  of  former  instances,  or 
hy  an  affeetionale  sensibility  to  this  transcendent  proof  of  the  con- 
fidence of  my  fellowKiitizena,  and  have  thence  too  littie  consulted 
my  incapacity  as  well  as  disinclination  for  the  weighty  and  untried 
cares  hefore  me,  my  error  will  be  palliated  hy  the  motivas  which 
misled  me,  and  its  consequences  be  judged  by  my  country,  with 
some  share  of  the  partiality  in  wltich  they  originated. 


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212 

Such  being  the  impressions  iiiiiJer  which  I  have,  in  obedience  to 
Ihe  public  summons,  repaired  to  the  present  station,  it  would  be 
peculiarly  improper  to  omit,  in  this  first  official  act,  uiy  ferrent  sup- 
plications to  that  Almighty  Being  who  rules  over  the  universe— 
wlio  presides  in  the  councils  of  nations — and  whose  providential 
aids  can  supply  every  human  defect,  tliat  his  benediction  may  con- 
secrate to  the  liberties  and  happiness  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  a  government  instituted  by  themselves  for  these  essential 
purposes ;  and  may  enable  every  instrument  employed  in  its  admin- 
istration to  eseenle  with  success  the  functions  allotted  to  his  chaise. 
In  tendering  this  homage  to  the  Great  Author  of  every  public  and 
private  good,  I  assure  myself  that  it  expresses  your  sentiments  not 
less  than  my  own;  nor  those  of  my  fellow-citizens  at  lai^,  less 
than  either.  No  people  can  be  bound  to  acknowledge  and  adore 
the  invisible  hand  which  conducts  the  aiiairs  of  men,  more  than 
tlie  people  of  the  United  States.  Every  step  by  which  tiiey  have 
advanced  to  the  character  of  an  independent  nation,  seems  to  have 
been  distinguished  by  some  token  of  providential  agency ;  and  in 
the  important  revolution  just  accomplished  in  the  system  of  their 
united  government,  the  tranquil  deliberations,  and  voluntary  con- 
sent of  ^0  many  distinct  communities,  from  which  the  event  has 
resulted,  cannot  be  compared  with  the  means  by  which  most  gi>- 
vernments  have  been  established,  without  some  return  of  pious 
gratitude,  along  with  an  humble  anticipationof  the  future  blessings 
which  the  past  seem  to  presage.  These  reflections,  arising  out  of 
the  present  crisis,  have  forced  themselves  too  strongly  on  my  mind 
to  be  suppressed.  You  will  Join  with  me,  I  trust,  in  thinking  that 
there  are  none,  under  the  influence  of  which  the  proceedings  of  a 
new  and  free  government  can  more  auspiciously  commence. 

By  the  article  establishing  the  executive  department,  it  is  made 
the  duty  of  the  President  "to  recommend  to  your  -aonsideration 
such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient,"  The 
circumstances  under  which  I  now  meet  you  will  acquit  me  from 
entering  into  that  subject,  farther  than  to  refer  to  the  great  consti- 
tutional charter  under  which  you  are  assembled;  and  which,  in  de- 
fining your  powers,  designates  the  objects  to  which  your  attention 
is  to  be  given.  It  will  be  mote  consistentwith  those  circumstances. 


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213 

and  far  mora  congenial  with  the  feelings  which  a;tuate  ir 
alilute,  in  place  of  a  recommendation  of  particular  n 
tribute  that  is  due  \a  tlie  talents,  the  rectitude,  and  tiie  patriotism, 
which  adorn  the  characters  selected  ta  devise  and  adopt  them.  In 
these  honourable  qualifications  I  behold  ^e  surest  pledges  that,  as 
on  one  side,  no  local  prejudices  or  attachments,  no  separate  views, 
nor  party  animosities,  will  misdirect  the  comprehensive  and  equal 
eye  which  ought  to  watch  over  this  great  assemblage  of  communi- 
ties and  interests ;  so,  on  another,  that  the  foundations  of  our  na- 
tional policy  will  be  laid  in  tha  pure  and  immutable  principles  of 
private  morality ;  and  the  pre-eminence  of  free  government  be  ex- 
emplified by  all  the  attrihntea  wliieh  can  win  the  affections  of  its 
citizens,  and  command  the  respect  of  the  world.  I  dwell  on  this 
prospect  with  every  satisfaction  which  an  ardent  love  for  my  coun- 
try can  inspire :  since  there  is  no  truth  more  thoroughly  established, 
than  that  there  exists  in  the  economy  and  course  of  nature  an  indis- 
soluble union  between  virtue  and  happiness — between  duty  and 
advantage — Ijetween  the  genuine  maxims  of  an  honest  and  magna- 
nimous policy,  and  the  solid  rewards  of  public  prosperity  and  feli- 
city i  since  we  ought  to  be  no  less  persuaded  that  the  propitious 
smiles  of  Heaven  can  never  be  expected  on  a  nation  that  disregards 
the  eternal  rules  of  order  and  right,  which  Heaven  itself  has  or- 
dained ;  and  since  the  preservation  of  the  sacred  fire  of  liberty,  and 
the  destiny  of  the  republican  model  of  government,  axe  justly  con- 
sidered as  deeply,  perhaps  as  finally,  staked,  on  the  experiment  en- 
trusted to  the  hands  of  tlie  American  people. 

Heaides  tlie  ordinary  objects  snbmitted  to  your  care,  it  will  re- 
main with  your  judgment  lo  decide,  how  far  an  exercise  of  the 
occasional  power  delegated  by  the  fifth  article  of  the  Constitution 
is  rendered  expedient  at  the  present  juncture,  by  the  nature  ,of  ob- 
jections which  have  been  urged  against  the  system,  or  by  the 
degree  of  inquietude  which  has  given  birth  to  them.  Instead  of 
undertaking  particular  recommendations  on  this  subject,  in  which 
I  could  he  guided  by  no  lights  derived  from  official  opportunities, 
I  shiill  again  give  way  to  my  entire  confidence  in  your  discernment 
and  patsuit  of  tlie  public  good;  for,  I  assure  myself,  that  whilst 
jou  carefully  avoid  every  alteration  which  might  endanger  tha 


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214 

oenefita  of  an  united  and  effective  government,  or  wliich  oaglit  bo 
await  the  future  lesaona  of  experience,  a  reverence  for  the  uliiimc- 
terislie  riglita  of  freemen,  and  a  regard  for  the  public  liarmony, 
■will  sufficiently  influence  your  deliberations  on  the  question,  how 
fir  tlie  former  can  be  more  impregnably  fortified,  or  the  latter  be 

safely  and  advaulageouBly  promoted. 

To  the  preceding  observations  I  have  one  to  add,  which  will  ba 
most  properly  addressed  to  the  House  of  Representatives.  It  con- 
cerns myself,  and  will,  therefore,  be  as  brief  as  possible.  When  I 
was  first  honored  with  a  call  into  the  service  of  my  country,  then 
on  the  eve  of  an  arduous  struggle  for  its  liberties,  the  light  in  which 
I  contemplated  my  duty,  required  that  I  should  renounce  every 
pecuniary  compensation.  From  this  resolution  I  have  in  no  in- 
stance departed;  and  being  still  under  the  impressions  which  pro- 
duced it,  I  must  decline,  as  inapplicable  to  myself,  any  share  in  the 
personal  emoluments  which  may  be  indispensably  included  in  a 
permanent  provision  for  the  executive  department;  and  must  ac- 
cordingly pray  that  the  pecuniary  estimates  for  the  station  in  which 
I  am  placed,  may,  during  my  continuance  in  it,  be  hmited  to  such 
actual  expenditures  as  the  public  good  may  be  thought  to  require. 

Having  thus  imparted  to  you  my  sentiments,  as  they  have  heen 
awakened  by  the  occasion  which  brings  us  together,  I  shall  lalie 
my  present  leave;  but  not  without  resorting  once  more  to  tiie  benign 
Parent  of  the  human  race,  in  humble  supplication,  tiiat,  since  he 
has  been  pleased  to  favor  the  American  people  with  opportunities 
for  deliberating  in  perfect  tranquillity,  and  dispositions  for  decid- 
ing, with  unparalleled  unanimity,  on  a  form  of  government  for  the 
secutLty  of  their  Union,  and  the  advancement  of  tlieir  happiness, 
so  his  Divine  blessing  may  be  equally  conspicuous  in  the  enlarged 
views,  the  temperate  consultations,  and  the  wise  measures,  on 
which  the  succeee  of  this  government  must  depend, 

G.  WASHINGTON. 

April  30,  17S?. 


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FAREWELL  ADDRESS  OF  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  PEE 
SIDENT,  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
SEPTEMBER  17,  1736. 

Friends  and  Fdhw-ciUznm  ; 

The  period  for  a  new  eleclioii  of  a  citiaen  to  administer  the  Ex- 
ecutive Government  of  the  United  Slates  being  not  fer  distant,  and 
the  time  actually  arrived  when  your  thoughts  must  be  employed  in 
designating  the  person  who  ia  lo  be  elotlied  with  that  important 
trust,  it  appears  to  me  proper,  especially  aa  it  may  conduce  to  a 
moro  distinct  expression  of  the  public  voice,  that  I  should  now  ap- 
prize you  of  the  resolution  I  have  formed,  to  decline  being  con- 
sidered among  the  number  of  those  out  of  whom  a  choice  is  to  be 
made. 

I  beg'  you,  at  tlie  same  time,  to  do  me  the  jusrice  to  be  aasnred 
that  tliis  resolution  has  not  been  taken  without  a  sirict  regard  to  all 
the  considerations  appertaining  to  the  relation  which  hinds  a  dutiful 
citizen  to  his  country;  and  that,  in  withdrawing  the  tender  of  ser- 
vioe,  which  silence,  in  my  situation,  might  imply,  I  am  influenced 
by  no  diminution  of  aeal  for  your  future  interest ;  no  deficiency  of 
gratefal  respect  far  your  past  kindness ;  hut  am  supported  by  a  full 
conviction  ti  iX  the  step  -i  compat  ble  with  both. 

The  accepta  oe  of  a  d  oo  nna  ee  hitherto  in,  the  office  to 
which  your  suffrages  hive  tw  ce  called  me,  have  been  a  uniform 
sacrifice  of  inol  n  t  on  t  the  op  on  of  duty,  and  to  a  deference 
for  what  appeared  to  be  yo  ir  desire  I  constantly  hoped  that  it 
would  have  been  much  earl  er  n  my  power,  consistently  with  mo- 
tives which  I  was  not  at  liberty  to  disregard,  to  return  to  tliat  re- 
tirement from  which  I  had  been  reluctantiy  drawn.  The  strength 
of  my  inclination  to  do  this,  previous  to  the  last  election,  had  even 
led  to  the  preparation  of  an  address  to  declare  it  to  yon;  butmatuio 
reflection  on  the  then  perplexed  and  critical  posture  of  our  affairs 
with  foreign  nations,  and  the  unanimous  advice  of  persons  entitled 
Ui  my  confidence,  impelled  me  to  abandon  the  idea. 

1  rejoice  that  the  state  of  your  concerns,  external  as  well  as  in- 


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216 

lernal,  no  longer  renders  the  puisuit  of  inclination  incompatible 
with  the  sentiment  of  duty  or  propriety ;  and  am  persuaded,  what- 
ever partiality  loay  be  retained  for  my  seiricee,  that,  in  the  present 
circumstaneea  of  our  country,  you  will  not  disapprove  my  determi- 
nation to  retire. 

The  impressions  with  which  I  first  undertook  the  arduous  trust 
were  explained  on  tlie  proper  occasion.  In  the  discharge  of  this 
trust,  I  wiil  only  say,  that  I  have  with  good  inlenlicns  contributed 
towards  the  organizadon  and  administration  of  the  Government 
s  of  which  a  very  feilible  judgment  was  capable, 
le  outset  of  the  inferiority  of  mj  qualifica- 
tions, experience,  in  my  own  eyes — perhaps  still  more  in  the  eyes 
of  others — has  strengthened  the  motives  to  diffidence  of  myself; 
and  every  day  the  increasing  weight  of  years  admonishes  me, 
more  and  more,  tliat  the  shade  of  retirement  is  as  necessary  to  me 
as  it  will  be  welcome.  Satisfied  that  if  any  circumstances  have 
given  peculiar  value  to  my  services,  they  were  temporary,  I  have 
the  consolation  to  helieve  that,  while  choice  and  prudence  Invite 
me  to  quit  the  politicai  scene,  patriotism  does  not  forbid  it. 

In  looking  forward  to  the  moment  which  is  intended  to  terminals 
the  career  of  my  public  life,  my  feelings  do  not  permit  me  to  sus- 
pend the  deep  acknowledgment  of  that  debt  of  gratitude  which  I 
owe  to  mv  beloved  covmtrv  for  the  manv  honors  it  has  conferred 
ce  with  which  it  has 
(e  tlience  enjoyed  of 
ices  faithful  and  per- 
ny  zeal.     If  benefits 
ices,  let  it  always  be 
otive  example  in  our 
le  passions,  agitated 
amidst  appearances 
en  discouraging;  in 

nanced  the  spirit  of  criticism, — the  constancy  of  your  support  was 
the  essenfjal  prop  of  the  efforts,  and  a  guarantee  of  the  plans,  bj 
which  they  were  etFected.    Profoundly  penetrated  with  this  idea, 


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217 

J  shall  carry  it  with  me  to  my  grave,  as  a  strong  ii 
ceasing  vows,  that  Heiiven  may  continue  to  you  the  choicest  to- 
kens of  its  beneficence;  that  your  union  and  hrotherly  affection 
may  be  perpetual ;  that  the  free  Constitution,  which  is  the  work 
of  your  hands,  may  be  sacredly  maintained ;  that  its  administra- 
tLoJi,  in  every  department,  may  bo  stamped  with  wisdom  and  vir- 
tue; that,  in  fine,  the  happiness  of  the  people  of  these  States,  un- 
der the  auspices  of  libet^,  may  be  made  complete,  by  so  careful  a 
preservation  and  so  prudent  a  use  of  this  blessing  as  will  acquire 
to  tliem  the  glory  of  recommending  it  to  ibe  applause,  tiie  affec- 
tion, and  the  adoption  of  every  nation  which  is   yet  a  stranger 

Here,  perhaps,  I  ought  to  stop ;  but  a  soliottude  for  your  wel- 
fere,  which  cannot  end  but  with  my  life,  and  the  apprehension  of 
danger  natural  to  that  solicitude,  urge  me,  on  an  occasion  iilta  the 
present,  to  offer  to  your  solemn  contemplation,  and  to  recommend 
to  your  frequent  review,  some  sentiments,  which  are  the  result  of 
much  reflection,  of  no  inconsiderable  observation,  and  which  ap- 
pear to  me  all-important  to  the  permanency  of  your  felicity  aa  a 
people.  These  will  be  afforded  to  you  witli  the  more  freedom,  as 
you  can  only  see  in  them  the  disinterested  warnings  of  a  parting 
friend,  who  can  possibly  have  no  personal  motive  to  bias  his 
counsel ;  nor  can  I  forget,  as  an  encouragement  to  it,  your  indul- 
gent reception  of  my  sentiments  on  a  former  and  not  dissimilar 


s  the  love  of  liberty  with  every  ligament  of  your 
hciiria,  no  recommendation  of  mine  is  necessary  to  fortify  or  con- 
firm the  attachment. 

The  unity  of  government,  which  cons^tutea  yoo  one  people,  is 
nlso  now  dear  to  you.  It  is  justly  so ;  for  it  is  a  main  pillar  in 
the  edifice  of  your  real  independence — the  support  of  your  tran- 
quillity at  home,  your  peace  abroad,  of  your  safety,  of  your  pros- 
perity, of  that  very  liberty  which  you  so  highly  prize.  But  as  it 
is  eatiy  to  foresee  Uiat,  from  different  causes  and  from  different 
quacturs,  much  pains  will  be  taken,  many  artifices  employed,  to 
weaken  in  your  minds  tlie  conviction  of  this  truth :  as  this  is  'Jio 


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218 

poiat  in  yom  political  fortress  agairist  which  the  hatteries  of  in- 
ternal and  external  enemies  will  be  most  constandy  and  actively 
(though  ofteB  covertly  and  insidiously)  directed, — it  ia  of  infinite 
moment  that  you  sliould  properly  estimate  the  immense  *alue  of 
your  national  union  to  your  collective  and  individual  happiness ; 
that  you  should  cherish  a  cordial,  habitual,  and  immovable  aliach- 
meut  to  it;  accustoming'  yourselves  to  think  and  speak  of  it  as  of 
the  palladiurn  of  your  political  safety  and  prosperity ;  watching 
for  its  preservation  with  jealous  ansiety ;  discountenancing  what- 
ever may  suggest  even  a  suspicion  that  it  can,  in  any  event,  be 
abandoned  ;  and  indignantly  frowning  upon  the  first  dawning  of 
every  attempt  to  alienate  any  portion  of  our  country  from  the  rest, 
or  to  enfeeble  the  sacred  ties  which  now  link  together  the  various 

For  this  you  hare  every  inducement  of  sympatliy  and  interest. 
Uitizens  by  hirth  or  choice,  of  a  common  country,  that  country  has 
a  right  to  concentrate  your  affections.  The  name  of  ^mmcran, 
which  belongs  to  you  in  your  national  capacity,  must  always  eitait 
the  just  pride  of  patriotism,  more  than  any  appellation  derived  from 
local  discriminations.  With  slight  shades  of  difference,  you  have 
the  same  religion,  manners,  habits,  and  political  principles.  You 
have,  in  a  common  cause,  fought  and  triumphed  together!  'li®  '>i" 
dependence  and  liberty  you  possess  are  the  work  of  joint  counsels 
and  joint  efforts,  of  common  dangers,  sufferings,  and  successes. 

But  these  considerations,  however  powerfully  they  address  them- 
selves to  your  sensibility,  are  greatiy  outweighed  by  those  which 
appiy  more  immediately  to  your  interest ;  here  every  portion  of  our 
country  finds  the  most  commanding  motives  for  carefully  guarding 
and  preserving  the  union  of  the  whole. 

The  North,  in  an  unrestrained  intercourse  with  the  South,  pro- 
tected by  the  equal  laws  of  a  common  government,  finds,  in  the 
productions  of  the  latter,  great  additional  resources  of  maritime  and 
commercial  enterprise,  and  precious  materials  of  manufacturing 
industry.  The  South,  in  the  same  intercourse,  benefiting  by  the 
agency  of  the  North,  sees  its  agriculture  grow,  and  its  commerce 
expand.    Turning  partly  into  its  own  channels  the  seamen  of  the 


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North,  it  finds  its  particular  navigation  invigorateo ;  and  while  it 
contributes,  in  different  ways,  to  nourish  and  i;^rea3e  the  general 
mass  of  the  national  navigation,  it  looks  forward  to  the  protection 
jngth  to  which  itself  is  unequally  adapted.  The 
e  with  the  West,  already  finda,  and  in  the 
progressive  improvement  of  interior  communication,  by  land  and 
water,  will  more  and  more  find,  a  valuable  vent  for  the  commodi- 
ties which  it  brings  from  abroad,  or  manufactures  at  home.  'ITie 
West  derives  from  the  East  supplies  requisite  to  its  growth  and 
comfort;  and  what  is  perhaps  of  still  greater  conaequenee,  it  must, 
of  necessity,  owe  the  secure  enjoyment  of  indispensable  outlets  for 
its  own  productions,  to  the  weight,  influence,  and  the  future  mari- 
time strength  of  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  Union,  directed  by  an  indis- 
BoSulile  community  of  interest  as  one  nation.  Any  other  tenure  by 
which  the  West  can  hold  this  essential  advantage,  whether  derived 
from  its  own  separate  strength,  or  ftom  an  apostate  and  unnatural 
connexion  with  any  foreign  power,  mast  be  intrinsically  precarious. 

While,  then,  every  part  of  our  country  tlius  feels  nn  immediate 
and  particular  interest  in  union,  all  the  parts  combined  cannot  fail 
to  find,  in  the  united  mass  of  means  and  efforts,  greater  strength, 
greater  resource,  proportionahlj  greater  security  from  external  dan- 
ger, a  less  frequent  interruption  of  their  peace  by  foreign  nations ; 
and  what  is  of  inestimable  value,  they  must  derive  from  union  an 
exemption  from  those  broils  and  wars  between  themselves,  which 
so  frequently  afflict  neighboring  countries,  not  tied  together  by  the 
same  government  i  which  their  own  rivalalfips  alone  wonld  be  suf- 
ficient to  produce,  but  which  opposite  foreign  alliances,  attach- 
ments, and  intrigues,  would  stimulate  and  imbitter.  Hence,  like- 
wise, they  will  avoid  the  necessity  of  those  over-grown  military 
establishments,  which,  under  any  form  of  government,  are  inaus 
picious  to  liberty,  and  which  are  to  he  regarded  as  particularly  hos- 
tile to  republican  liberty ;  in  this  sense  it  is  that  your  union  ought 
to  be  considered  as  a  main  prop  of  your  liberty,  and  that  the  Jove 
of  the  one  ought  to  endear  to  you  tlie  preservation  of  the  other. 

These  considerations  spealc  a  persuasive  language  to  every  reflect- 
ing and  virtuous  mind,  and  exhibit  the  condnuance  of  the  Union 
as  a  primary  object  of  patriotic  desire.     Is  there  a  doubt,  whether 


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220 

a  common  government  can  embrace  so  large  a  sphere  1  Let  expe- 
tience  solve  it.  To  listen  lo  mere  epecalatioc,  in  such  a  ease, 
were  criminal.  We  are  authoriKed  to  hope,  that  a  proper  oi^niaa- 
lion  of  tlie  whole,  wiili  the  auxiliary  agency  of  govemmenla  for 
the  respective  subdivisions,  will  afford  3  happy  issue  to  the  expe- 
riment. It  is  well  worth  a  feir  and  full  experiment.  With  such, 
powerful  and  obvious  motives  lo  Union,  affecting  al!  parts  of  our 
country,  while  experience  shall  not  have  demonstrated  its  imprac- 
ticability, there  will  always  be  reason  to  distrust  the  patriotism  of 
those,  who,  in  ariy  quarter,  may  endeavor  to  wealten  its  bands. 

In  contemplaUng  the  causes  which  may  disturb  our  Union,  it 
occurs,  as  a  matter  of  serious  concern,  that  any  ground  should  have 
been  furnished  for  characterizing;  parties  by  geographical  discrimi- 
nations— Northern  and  Southern — Atlantic  and  Western:  whence 
designing  men  may  endeavor  to  excite  a  belief  that  there  is  a  real 
difference  of  iocal  interests  and  views.  One  of  the  expedients  of 
parly  to  acquire  influence  within  particular  districts,  is  to  misre- 
present tJie  opinions  and  aims  of  other  districts.  You  cannot  shield 
yourselves  too  much  against  tlie  jealousies  and  heart-burnings 
which  spring  from  these  misrepresentations  ;  they  tend  to  render 
alien  to  each  other  those  who  ought  to  be  bound  together  by  frater- 
nal affection.  The  inhabitants  of  our  western  country  have  lately 
had  a  useful  lesson  on  this  head;  they  have  seen  in  the  negotiation 
ly  the  Executive,  and  in  the  unanimous  ratification  by  the  Senate, 
of  the  treaty  with  Spain,  and  in  the  universal  satisfaction  at  tiiat 
event  throughout  the  United  Slates,  a  decisive  proof  how  unfounded 
were  the  suspicions  propagated  among  them,  of  a  policy  in  the 
Genera]  Government,  and  in  the  Atlantic  Slates,  unfriendly  to  their 
interests  in  regard  to  flie  Mississippi:  they  have  been  witnesses  to 
the  formation  of  two  treaties — that  with  Great  Brildn,  and  that 
with  Spain,  which  secnre  to  them  every  thing  they  could  desire  in 
respect  to  our  foreign  relations,  towards  confirming  their  prospe- 
rity. Will  it  not  be  their  wisdom  to  rely  for  the  preservation  of 
these  advantages  on  the  Union  by  wliich  tliey  were  procured  1 
Will  Ihey  not  henceforth  he  deaf  to  those  advisers,  if  sach  there 
are,  who  would  sever  them  fiom  their  brethren,  and  connect  them 
with  aliens! 


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2.21 

To  the  efficacy  and  peimanency  of  you  U  on,  a  Government 
for  the  whole  is  indispensable  No  all  a  ce  ho  vever  strict  lie- 
tween  the  parts  can  be  an  adeq  ate  s  bfl  it  te  tliey  must  inevi- 
tably expenence  the  infractions  and  interr  iptions  which  all  alli- 
ances m  all  time  have  experienced  'Sensible  of  this  momenloua  ■ 
trut  jou  lave  improved  upon  your  fi-at  essa}  by  the  adoption 
of  a  Constitution  of  Government  better  calculated  than  your  former 
for  an  intimate  Union,  and  for  the  efficacioi  s  immge  nent  of  your 
common  concerns.  This  Govemment,  the  offspring  of  our  own 
choice,  uninfluenced  and  unawed  adopted  ipon  full  i  iveitigatioii 
and  mature  deliberation  complelJ'ly  free  in  Hi  pri  iciples,  in  the 
distribution  of  its  powers  uniung  security  with  energy  and  con 
taining  witliin  itself  a  provision  for  its  own  nmendment  has  a  jutl 
claim  to  your  confidence  and  your  support.  Respect  for  its  au- 
thority, compliance  with  its  laws,  acquiescence  in  its  measures, 
are  duties  enjoined  by  the  fundamental  maxims  of  true  liberty. 
The  bases  of  our  political  systems,  ia  the  right  of  the  people  to 
make  and  to  alter  their  constitudons  of  Government:  but  the  Con- 
stitution which  at  any  time  exists,  till  changed  hy  an  explicit  and 
authentic  act  of  the  whole  people,  is  sacredly  obligatory  apon  all. 
The  very  idea  of  the  power,  and  the  right  of  tlie  people  to  establish 
Government,  pre-supposes  the  duty  of  eveiy  individual  to  obey  the 
established  Government. 

All  obstractions  to  the  execution  of  the  laws,  aO  combinations 
and  associations,  under  whatever  plausible  character,  witli  llie  real 
design  to  direct,  control,  counteract,  or  awe  the  regular  delibera- 
tiou  and  action  of  the  constituted  authorities,  are  destructive  to  this 
fundamental  principle,  and  of  latal  tendency.  They  serve  to  or- 
ganize iacUon,  to  give  it  an  artificial  and  extraordinary  force,  to  put 
in  the  place  of  the  delegated  will  of  the  nation,  the  will  of  a  party, 
often  a  small  but  artful  and  enterprising  minority  of  the  commu- 
nity ;  and,  according  to  the  alternate  triumphs  of  different  parties, 
to  make  the  public  administration  the  mirror  of  the  ill-concerted 
and  incongruous  projects  of  faction,  rather  than  the  organ  of  con- 
sistent and  wholesome  plans,  digested  by  common  counsels,  and 
modified  hy  mu 


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222 

However  combinations  or  associsitions  of  the  above  description 
may  now  and  then  answer  popular  ends,  they  are  likely,  in  the 
course  of  time  and  tilings,  to  become  potent  engines,  by  wliieli 
cunning,  ambitious,  and  unprincipled  men,  wil!  be  enabled  to  suh- 
vert  tlie  power  of  the  people,  and  to  usurp  for  themselves  the  reins 
of  Government;  destroying,  alterwards,  the  very  engines  which 
had  lifted  them  to  unjust  dominion. 

Towards  the  preservation  of  your  Government,  and  the  perma- 
nency of  your  present  iiappy  state,  it  is  requlsitfl,  not  only  that  you 
Steadily  discountenance  irregula.r  oppositions  to  its  acknowledged 
authoiity,  but  aJao  that  you  resist  with  care  the  spirit  of  innovation 
upon  its  principles,  however  specious  the  pretests.  One  method 
of  assault  may  be  to  effect,  in  the  forms  of  the  Constitution,  altera- 
tions vi'bich  will  impair  the  enei^y  of  the  system,  and  thus  ta 
undermine  what  cannot  be  directly  overthrown.  In  all  the  changes 
to  which  you  may  be  invited,  remember  that  dme  and  habit  are  at 
least  as  necessary  to  fix  the  true  eliaracter  of  gisvemments  as  of 
other  human  institutions ;  that  experience  is  the  surest  standard  by 
which  to  test  the  real  tendency  of  the  existing  constitution  of  a 
country ;  that  facility  in  changes,  upon  tlie  credit  of  mere  hypo- 
thesis and  opinion,  exposes  to  perj)etual  change,  from  the  endless 
variety  of  hypothesis  and  opinion;  and  remember,  espeeialty,  that 
for  the  efficient  management  of  your  common  interests,  in  a  coun- 
try BO  extensive  as  ours,  a  Government  of  as  much  vigor  as  is 
consistent  with  the  perfect  security  of  libeity,  is  indispensable. 
Liberty  itself  will  find  in  such  a  Government,  with  powers  pro- 
perly distributed  and  adjusted,  its  surest  guardian.  It  is,  indeed, 
little  else  than  s  name,  where  the  Government  is  too  feeble  to  with- 
stand the  enterprises  of  faction,  to  confine  each  member  of  the  society 
within  the  limits  prescribed  by  the  laws,  and  to  maintain  all  in  tha 
secure  and  tranquil  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  person  and  property. 

I  have  already  intimated  to  you  the  danger  of  parties  in  the  State, 
with  particular  reference  to  the  founding  of  them  on  geographical 
discriminations.  Let  me  now  take  a  more  comprehensive  view, 
and  warn  you,  in  the  most  solemn  manner,  against  the  baneful 
effects  of  the  spirit  of  party  generally. 


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223 

This  spirit,  unfortunately,  is  inseparabie  from  our  nature,  having 
its  root  in  tha  strongest  passions  of  the  human  mind.  It  exlsta 
under  differenl  shapes,  in  all  Governments,  more  or  less  stifled, 
controlled,  or  repressed  ;  but  in  those  of  the  popular  form  it  is  seen 
in  its  greatest  rankness,  and  is  truly  their  worst  eneniy. 

The  alternate  domination  of  one  faction  over  anotlier,  sharpened 
by  the  spirit  of  revenge,  natural  to  party  dissension,  which,  in  dif- 
ferent ages  and  countries,  has  perpetrated  the  most  horrid  enormi- 
ties, is  itself  a  frightful  despotism.  But  this  leads,  at  length,  to  a 
more  formal  and  permanent  despotism.  The  disorders  and  miseries 
which  result,  gradually  incline  the  minds  of  men  to  seek  security 
and  repose  in  the  absolute  power  of  an  individual ;  and,  sooner  or 
later,  the  chief  of  some  prevailing  faction,  more  able  or  more  fortu- 
Date  than  bis  competitors,  tains  this  disposition  to  the  purposes  of 
his  own  elevation  on  the  ruins  of  public  liberty. 

WithoQt  looking  forward  to  an  extremity  of  this  kind,  (which, 
nevertheless,  ought  not  to  be  entirely  ont  of  sight,)  the  common  and 
contintial  mischiefs  of  the  spirit  of  party  are  sufHcient  to  make  it  the 
interest  and  du^  of  a  wise  people  to  discourage  and  restrain  it. 

It  serves  always  to  distract  tlie  public  councils,  and  enfeeble  the 
public  administration.  It  agitates  the  commnnity  with  ill-founded 
jealousies  and  false  alarms ;  kindles  the  animosity  of  one  part 
against  another;  foments,  occasionally,  riot  and  insurrection.  It 
opens  the  door  to  foreign  influence  and  corruption,  which  find  a 
faiililated  access  to  the  Government  itself,  through  tha  channels 
ol  party  pissions.  Thus  the  policy  and  tlie  will  of  one  country 
are  subjected  to  the  policy  and  will  of  another. 

There  is  an  opinion  that  parties,  in  free  countries,  are  useful 
checks  upon  the  administration  of  the  Government,  and  serve  to 
keep  alive  the  spirit  of  liberty.  This,  within  certain  limits,  is  pro- 
bably true,  and  in  Governments  of  a  monarchical  cast,  patriotism 
may  look  with  indulgence,  if  not  with  favor,  upon  the  spirit  of 
party  But  in  those  of  tlie  popular  character,  in  Governments 
purely  elective,  it  is  a  spirit  not  to  be  encouraged.  From  their 
natural  tendency,  it  is  certain  tliere  will  always  be  enough  of  that 
spirit  for  every  salutary  purpose.     And  there  heing  constant  danger 


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224 

of  excess,  the  effort  oug-lit  to  be,  by  force  of  public  opinion,  to 
mi^gate  and  assuage  it.  A  fire  not  to  be  quenched,  it  demands  a 
uniform  vigilance  to  prevent  its  bursting  into  a  flame,  lest,  instead 
of  warming,  it  should  consume. 

.  It  is  important,  likewise,  Ibat  tlie  habits  of  thinking,  in  a  free 
country,  shoald  inspire  caution  in  those  intrusted  with  its  adminis- 
tration, to  conline  themselves  within  their  respective  consUtotional 
spheres,  avoiding,  in  the  esercise  of  the  powers  of  one  department, 
to  encroach  upon  another.  The  spirit  of  encroachment  tends  to 
consolidate  the  powers  of  all  the  departments  in  one,  and  tlios  to 
create,  whatever  the  form  of  Government,  a  real  despotism.  A 
just  estimate  of  that  love  of  power,  and  proneness  to  abuse  it  which 
predominates  in  the  human  heart,  is  sufBcient  to  satisfy  us  of  tho 
truth  of  this  position.  The  necessity  of  reciprocal  checks  in  the 
exercise  of  political  power,  by  dividing  and  distributing  it  into  dif- 
ferent depositories,  and  constituting  each  the  guiirdian  of  Ifae  public 
weal,  against  invasions  by  the  others,  has  been  evinced  by  esperi- 
menls,  ancient  and  modem  i  some  of  them  in  our  own  country,  and 
tinder  oar  own  eyes.  To  preserve  them  must  he  as  necessary  as  to 
institute  them.  If,  in  the  opinion  of  the  people,  the  distribution 
or  modiiieation  of  the  constitutional  powers  be,  in  any  particular, 
wrong-,  let  it  be  corrected  by  an  amendment  in  the  way  which  the 
Constitution  designates.  But  let  (here  be  no  change  by  usurpa- 
tion i  for  though  this,  in  one  instance,  may  be  the  instrument  of 
good,  it  is  the  customary  weapon  by  which  free  Governments  are 
destroyed.  The  precedent  must  always  greatly  overbalance,  in 
pm        t      '1      yptilort     lient  benefit  which  the  use  can, 

t     yum    y   Id 
Ot    11    h    di  p  d  h  b  t9  which  lead  to  political  pros- 

P      J       ^  S'  dmtalty  ndispensable  supports.     In  vain 

w     Id  h     m  n    1        tl     tnb  te    f  patriotism,  who  should  labor 
b     rt  hes     g  eat  p  II         f  human  happiness,  these  firmest 
p    p       f    h     d  i  d  citizens.     The  mere  politician, 

q     Uy  w   h   h     p         m  ht  to  respect  and  to  cherish  them. 

Aim  Id      t  tra       11  th   r  connexions  with  private  and 

plfltj      Ltt    mply  b    asked,  where  is  the  security  for 


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225 

properly,  for  repnlatinn,  for  life,  if  the  sense  of  religious  oliligation 
deaerl  tlie  oaths  which  are  the  instruiiieats  of  Lures tiga lion  in  courts 
of  jusUce !  And  let  ns  with  caution  indulge  the  supposition,  thai 
morality  can  be  maintained  without  religion.  Whatever  may  be 
conceded  to  the  influence  of  refined  education  on  minds  of  peculiar 
structure,  reason  and  experience  both  forbid  us  lo  expect  thai  na- 
tional morality  can  prevail  in  exclusion  of  religious  principles. 

It  is  substantially  true,  tliat  virtue  or  morality  is  a  necessary 
Kpring  of  popular  Government.  The  role,  indeed,  extends  with 
more  or  less  force  to  every  species  of  free  Government.  Who,  thai 
is  3  sincere  friend  to  it,  can  look  with  indifference  upon  attempts 
to  shake  the  foundation  of  tlie  fabric  % 

Promote,  then,  as  an  object  of  primary  importance,  inelitutiona 
for  the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge.  In  proportion  as  the  struc- 
ture of  a  Government  gives  force  to  public  opinion,  it  is  essential 
that  public  opinion  should  be  enlightened. 

As  a  very  important  source  of  strength  and  security,  cherish 
public  credit.  One  method  of  preserving  it  is  Co  use  it  as  spar- 
ingly as  possible ;  avoiding  occasions  of  expense  by  cultivating 
peace,  but  remembering  also  ttiat  timely  dishnrsements  to  prepare 
for  danger,  frequently  prevent  much  greater  disbursements  to  repel 
it;  avoiding,  likewise,  the  accumulation  of  debt,  not  only  by  shun- 
ning occasions  of  expense,  but  by  rigorous  exertions  in  time  of 
peace  to  discharge  Oie  debts  whicii  unavoidable  wars  may  have 
occasioned;  not  ungenerously  tlirowing'  upon  posterity  the  burden 
which  wo  ourselves  ought  to  bear.  The  execution  of  these  masUns 
belongs  to  your  representatives,  but  it  is  necessary  that  public 
opinion  should  co-operate.  To  facilitate  to  them  the  performance 
of  their  duty,  it  is  essential  that  you  should  practically  bear  in 
mind,  that  towards  the  payment  of  debts  there  must  he  revenue; 
that  to  have  revenue  there  must  be  taxes ;  that  no  taxes  can  be  d«- 
vised,  which  are  not  more  or  less  inconvenient  and  unpleasant  ■ 
that  the  intrinsic  embarrassment  inseparable  from  the  selection 
of  the  proper  objects,  (which  is  always  a  cboiee  of  difficulties,) 
ought  to  be  a  decisive  motive  for  a  candid  constrnction  of  tlie  con- 
duct of  'ho  fiovernmenl  in  making  it,  and  for  a  spirit  of  acqiiies- 
33 


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226 

J  for  obtaining  revenue,  wliich  the  public 
exigencies  may  at  any  time  dictate. 

Observe  good  faith  and  justice  towards  all  nalions ;  cultivate 
peace  and  harmony  with  all  j  religion  and  morality  enjoin  this  con- 
duct; andean  it  be  that  good  policy  does  not  equally  enjoin  iti 
It  will  be  wurlhy  of  a  free,  enlightened,  and,  at  no  distant  period, 
a  great  nation,  to  give  to  mankind  the  magnanimous  and  too  novel 
example  of  a  people  always  guided  by  an  exalted  justice  and  be- 
nevolence. Who  can  doubt  that,  in  the  course  of  time  and  things, 
the  fruits  of  such  a  plan  would  richly  repay  any  temporary  advan- 
tages which  might  be  lost  by  a  steady  adherence  to  it  1  Can  it  be 
that  Providence  has  not  connected  the  permanent  felicity  of  a  na- 
tion with  its  virtoe  f  The  experiment,  at  least,  is  recommended  by 
every  sentiment  which  ennobles  human  nature.  Alas !  is  it  ren- 
dered impossible  by  its  vices! 

In  tiie  execution  of  such  a  plan,  nothing  is  more  essential  than 
that  permanent  inveterate  antipathies  against  particular  nations, 
and  passionate  allachmenls  for  others,  should  be  excluded ;  and 
that,  in  place  of  them,  just  and  amicable  feelings  towards  all  should 
be  culliraied.  1'he  nation  which  indulges  towards  another  an 
habitual  hatred,  or  an  habitual  fondness,  is,  in  some  degree,  a  stave. 
It  is  a  slave  to  its  animosity  or  to  its  aflection ;  either  of  which  is 
sulHcient  to  lead  it  astray  from  its  duty  and  its  interest.  Antipathy 
in  one  nation  against  another,  disposes  each  more  readily  to  olTer 
insult  and  injury,  to  lay  hold  of  slight  causes  of  umbmge,  and  to 
be  haughty  and  intractable,  when  accidental  or  trifling  oceasioris 
of  dispute  occur.  Henee  frequent  collisions,  obstinate,  envenomed, 
and  bloody  contests.  The  nation,  prompted  by  ilt  will  and  re- 
sentment, sometimes  impels  to  war  the  Govermnent,  contrary  to 
the  beat  calculations  of  policy.  The  Government  sometimes  par- 
ticipates in  the  national  propensity,  and  adopts,  through  passion, 
what  reason  would  reject;  at  other  times  it  makes  the  animosity 
of  the  nation  subservient  to  projects  of  hostility,  instigated  by 
pride,  ambition,  and  other  sinister  and  pernicious  motives.  The 
peace  oflen,  sometimes  perhaps  the  liberty,  of  nations  has  been  th» 


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237 

So,  likewisp,  a  passionatp  attaehrapnt  of  oi 
produces  a  variaty  of  evils.  Sympathy  for  tt 
cilitating  the  illusion  of  an  imaginaiy  ci 
where  no  real  common  interest  exists,  and  infusing  into  one  the 
enmities  of  the  other,  betrays  the  former  into  a  participation  in  the 
tiuarrels  and  wars  of  the  latter,  without  adequate  inducement  or 
justifieation.  It  leads  also  ta  concessions  to  the  favorite  nation  of 
pnyileges  denied  to  others,  which  is  apt  doubly  to  injure  the  na- 
ticn  making  the  concessions;  by  unnecessarily  paring  with  what 
ought  to  have  been  retained,  and  by  exciting  jealousy,  ill  will,  and 
a  disposition  to  retaliate,  in  the  parties  from  whom  eqaal  privileges 
are  withheld  ;  and  it  gires  to  ambitious,  corrupted,  or  deluded  citi- 
zens (who  devote  themselves  to  the  fiiTorile  nation)  facility  to  be- 
tray, or  sacrifice  the  interest  of  their  own  counUy,  without  odium ; 
sometimes  even  with  popularity ;  gilding  with  the  appearance  of  a 
virtuous  sense  of  obligation,  a  commendable  deference  for  public 
opinion,  o  ze  p  g  e  base  or  foolish 

uomplianct  m  rapti  on. 

As  aven        to  g       ifi  m       le  ways,  such  at- 

tachments '^       g  y  enlightened  and 

independen    p  H        m  do  they  alford  to 

tamper  wit        m  ra  th        t  of  seduction,  to' 

mislead  pu  public  councils! 

Such  an  atta     m  a  great  and  pow- 

erful nalio  m  to  of  the  latter. 

Against  th  d  fl     noe  (I  conjure  you 

to  believe  m  w  )  ea  free  people  ought 

foreign  infl  ra  of  republican  Go- 

vernment. But  that  jealousy,  to  be  useful,  must  be  impartial ;  else 
it  becomes  tlie  instrument  of  the  very  influence  to  be  avoided,  in- 
e  foreign 

actuate  to  see  danger  only  on  one  side,  and  serve  to  veil,  and  even 
second,  the  arts  of  influence  on  tlie  other.  Real  patriots,  ivho  may 
legist  the  intrigues  of  the  favorite,  are  liuhlc  to  biM>ome  euspectud 


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228 

and  urJioHS  ;  while  its  tools  and  dupes  iiaarp  (lie  applause  and  con- 
lidence  of  the  people,  to  surrender  their  interests. 

The  great  rule  of  conduct  for  us,  ia  regard  lo  foreign  nations,  i&, 
in  extending  our  commercial  relations,  to  have  with  them  as  little 
political  connexion  as  possible.  So  far  as  we  have  already  formed 
engagements,  let  them  be  fulfilled  with  perfect  g'ood  faitli.  Here 
lei  us  stop. 

Europe  has  a  set  of  primary  interests,  which  to  na  have  none,  or 
a  very  remote  relation.  Henee  she  must  be  engaged  in  frequent 
controversies,  the  causes  of  which  are  essentially  foreign  to  oar 
concerns.  Hence,  therefore,  it  must  be  unwise  in  as  to  implicate 
ourselves,  by  artificial  ties,  in  the  ordinary  vicissitudes  of  her  poli- 
tics, or  the  ordinary  combinationa  and  collisions  of  her  friendships 


Our  detached  and  distant  situation  invites  and  enables  as  to  pur- 
sue a  different  course.  If  we  remain  one  people,  under  an  efiicient 
Government,  the  period  is  not  far  off  when  we  may  defy  malBrial 
injijrj  from  external  annoyance ;  when  we  may  take  such  an  atti- 
tude as  wil!  cause  the  neatrality  we  may  at  any  dme  resolve  upon, 
to  he  scrupulously  respected ;  when  belligerent  nations,  under  tho 
impossibility  of  making  acquisitions  upon  us,  will  not  lightly 
hazard  the  giving  us  provocation ;  when  we  may  choose  peace  oi 
war,  as  our  interest,  guided  by  joatice,  shall  counsel. 

Why  forego  the  advantages  of  so  peculiar  a  atuationl  Why 
quit  our  own  to  stand  npon  foreign  ground  )  Why,  by  interweav- 
ing our  destiny  wilii  that  of  any  part  of  Europe,  entengle  our  peace 
and  prosperity  in  the  toils  of  European  ambition,  rivalship,  interest, 
humor,  or  caprice  1 

It  is  cur  true  policy  lo  ateer  clear  of  permanent  alliances  with 
any  portloti  of  the  forpign  world ;  so  far,  I  mean,  as  we  are  now  at 
liberty  lo  do  it ;  for  let  me  not  be  understood  as  capable  of  patron- 
ising infidelity  to  existing  engagements.  I  hold  tlie  maxim  no  less 
applicable  to  public  than  to  private  affairs,  that  honesty  is  always 
wo  best  policy.  1  repeat  it,  therefore,  let  tliose  engagements  be 
observed  in  their  genuine  sense.  But,  in  my  opinion,  it  is  lumii- 
eessary,  and  would  be  unwise  to  extend  them. 


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Tailing  oare  always  lo  keep  ourselves,  by  suitable  cslablish- 
nientg,  on  a  respectable  defensive  posfurp,  we  may  safely  trust  to 
temporary  alliances  for  extraordinary  emergpncies. 

Hannony,  and  a  liberal  intercourse  with  all  nations,  ore  recont- 
mended  by  policy,  humanity,  and  interest.  But  even  our  com- 
mercial policy  should  hold  an  equal  and  impartial  hand  ;  neiliier 
seeking  nor  granting  exclusive  fevora  or  preferences;  consulting 
the  natural  course  of  things  i  diffusing  and  diversifying,  by  gentle 
means,  the  streams  of  commerce,  but  forcing  nothing';  establish- 
ing, with  powers  so  disposed,  in  order  to  give  trade  a  stable  course, 
to  define  tbe  rights  of  our  merchants,  and  to  enable  the  Government 
to  support  them,  conventional  rules  of  intercourse,  the  best  that 
present  circumstances  and  mutual  opinions  will  permit,  but  tempo- 
rary, and  liable  to  be,  from  time  to  time,  abandoned  or  varied,  aa 
experience  and  circumstances  shall  dictate ;  constantly  keeping 
in  view,  that  it  is  foUy  in  one  nation  to  look  for  disinterested  favors 
from  another)  that  it  must  pay,  with  a  portion  of  its  independence, 
for  whatever  it  may  accept  under  that  character!  that  by  such  ac- 
ceptance it  may  place  itself  in  tiie  condition  of  having  given  equiva- 
lents for  nominal  lavors,  and  yetofbeingreproached  witii  ingratitude 
for  not  giving  more.  There  can  be  no  greater  error  than  to  expect, 
or  calculate  upon,  real  favors  from  natioh  to  nation.  It  is  an  illu- 
sion which  experience  must  cure,  which  a  jusS  pride  ought  to  dis- 

In  offering  to  yon,  my  countrymen,  these  counsels  of  an  old  and 
affectionate  friend,  I  dare  not  hope  they  will  make  the  strong  and 
lasting  impression  I  could  wish ;  that  they  will  control  the  usual 
current  of  the  passions,  or  prevent  our  nation  from  running  tiie 
course  which  has  hitherto  marked  the  destiny  of  nations ;  but  if  I 
may  even  flatter  myself  that  they  may  he  productive  of  some  partial 
benefit,  some  occasional  good ;  that  they  may  now  and  then  recur 
to  moderate  the  fury  of  party  spirit,  to  warn  against  the  mischiefs 
of  foreign  intrigues,  to  guard  against  the  impostures  of  pretended 
patriotism ;  this  hope  will  be  a  full  recompense  for  the  solicitude 
for  your  welfare  by  which  they  have  been  dictated. 

How  far,  in  tlie  discharge  of  my  ofiicial  duties,  1  have  beer. 


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230 

(juiJad  bj  the  principles  which  have  been  delineated,  llie  public 
records,  and  other  evidences  of  my  conduct,  most  witness  to  you 
and  the  woiid.  To  mysslf,  the  assurance  of  my  own  conscienca 
is,  that  I  have  at  loasl  believed  myself  to  be  guided  by  them. 

In  relation  to  the  still  subsisting  war  in  Europe,  my  proclama 
tion  of  tlie  SSd  of  April,  1793,  is  the  index  to  my  plan.  Sanctioned 
by  your  approving  voice,  and  by  that  of  your  Reprasentativea  in 
both  Houses  of  Congress,  ihe  spirit  of  that  meaaure  has  continually 
governed  me,  uninfluenced  by  any  attempts  to  deter  or  divert  me 
fioni  it. 

After  deliberate  cjomination,  with  the  aid  of  the  best  lights  I 
could  obtain,  I  was  well  satisfied  that  our  country,  under  al!  ^e 
circaaistancea  of  the  case,  had  a  right  to  take,  and  was  bound  in 
duty  and  interest  to  take,  a  neutral  position.  Having  taken  it  I 
determined,  as  far  as  should  depend  upon  me,  to  maintain  it  with 
moderation,  perseverance,  and  firmness. 

The  considerations  which  respect  the  right  to  hold  tiiia  conduct, 
it  is  not  necessa!^  on  this  occasion  to  detail.  I  wili  only  observe, 
that,  aocorditig  to  my  understanding  of  the  matter,  that  right,  so 
far  from  being  denied  by  any  of  the  belligerent  powers,  has  been 
virtually  admitted  by  all. 

Tlie  duty  of  holdbiga  neutral  conduct  maybe  inferred,  without 
any  thing  more,  from  the  obligation  which  justice  anil  humanity 

impose  on  every  ""  ''  "   '     ■ .  ... ..--i.  :.  :_  r— _ ^ .■ 

tain  invioble  the  j 

The  induceme 
best  be  referred  ti 
a.  predominant  m 
country  to  settle  : 
gress,  without  ir 
sistency  which  i 
command  of  its  o 

Though  in  re\ 
unconscious  of  i 
o''  my  defects  noi 
many  errors,     V. 


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Diighlj  to  avert  or  mitigate  tlie  evils  to  which  they  may  land.  1 
shall  also  carry  witti  me  the  hope,  tliat  my  country  will  nevEi 
cease  to  view  iJiem  with  indulgence ;  and  that,  after  forty-five 
years  of  my  life  dedicated  to  its  service  with  an  upright  zeal,  the 
feuUs  of  incompetent  ahililies  will  be  consigned  to  oblivion,  as  my- 
Belf  must  soon  be  to  the  mansions  of  rest. 

Relying  on  its  kindness  in  tliis,  as  in  other  things,  and  actuated 
by  that  fervent  love  towards  it  which  is  so  natural  to  a  man  who 
views  in  il  the  native  soil  of  himself  and  his  progenitors  for  seve- 
ral generations,  I  anticipate,  with  pleasing  expectation,  that  retreat 
in  which  I  promise  myself  to  realize,  without  alloy,  the  sweet  en- 
joyment of  partaking,  in  the  midst  of  my  fellow-oitiEGns,  the  benign 
influence  of  good  laws  under  a  free  Government — the  ever  fevorite 
object  of  my  heart — and  the  happy  reward,  as  I  trust,  of  our  mutual 
cares,  labors,  and  dangers. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 

United  Slates,  17lh  September,  1796. 


GEORGE   WASHINGTON, 

APPOINTED  l.lEl!  TUN  A  NT-GENERAL  AND  COMMAN  DER-IN-CHIEP 
OP  ALL  THE  ARMIES  RAISED  OR  TO  BE  RAISED  IN  THE  UNITED 
STATES,  BY  AND  WITH  THE  ADVICE  AND  CONSENT  OF  Ti£E 
SENATE,— July  3, 17l>a 

The  calm  and  peaceful  retreat  which,  the  great  Wash- 
ington promised  himself  beneath  his  own  vine  and  fig-troe, 
in  taking  an  affectionate  leave  of  bis  fellow- citizens  in  nis 
farewell  address,  was  destined  to  be  of  short  duration,  for, 
difficulties  having  arisen  with  the  then  existing  government 
of  France,  "  the  opinion  was  universally  entertained,  that 
Washington  must  be  called  on  to  take  the  command  of 
the  armies."     The  weight  of  his  name  and  character  was 


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232 

of  the  utmost  importance  to  produce  unanimity  in  the 
leaders,  anil  to  secure  the  confidence  and  support  of  the 
people.  His  extreme  aversion  to  enter  again  into  public 
life  was  known ;  but  it  was  likewise  well  understood,  thb, 
it  was  a  principle  with  him,  from  which  he  had  never 
deviated,  that  when  his  services  were  demanded  by  the 
general  voice  of  his  fellow- citizens,  he  never  refused  to 
bestow  Hiem ;  under  this  impression,  therefore,  the  Pre- 
sident, John  Adams,  had  made  up  his  mind  to  nominate 
him  to  the  Senate  in  any  event,  both  because  he  was  the 
best  man,  and  because  the  nation  would  not  be  satisfied 
with  any  other  course,  and  he  therefore  declared  to  him 
in  a  letter  of  the  22d  June,  1798,  that  "We  must  have 
your  name,  if  yoia  will  in  any  case  permit  us  to  use  it. 
There  will  be  more  efficacy  in  it  tlian  in  many  an  army." 

And  the  Secretary  of  War,  James  McHenry,  on  the 
26th  June,  1798,  said  to  him — "You  see  how  the  storm 
thickens,  and  that  our  vessel  will  soon  require  its  ancient 
pilot.  Will  you, — may  we  flatter  ourselves,  that,  in  a 
crisis  so  awful  and  important,  you  will  accept  the  com- 
mand of  all  our  armies  -*  I  hope  you  will  because  yo" 
alo  e  cai  uute  aD  !  ei-tsinl  all  lands  — To  tie  P  es 
dent    Wislingtoi  re]  bed  on  the  4th  J  ly    1798    that 

At  the   epoch  of  nj    retrene  t   an  sion  of  the^e 

St  tts  by  d  J  E  ropein  j  o  r  or  even  the  probab  1  ty 
cl  such  a  t  enthifpen  gi  ny  lays  was  so  fa  fion 
b  g  CO  te  nplated  by  me  that  I  1  id  i  o  concept  o  tl  at 
tl  at  or  II)  other  occurrence  wo  !1  aise  m  so  short  a 
per  o  1  whic!  co  1 1  t  irn  my  eyes  from  the  si  a  les  of 
Mount  \  ernon.  But  this  seems  to  be  the  age  of  wonders  ; 
and  It  IS  reserved  for  intoxicated  and  lawless  France  (for 
ti'jrposes  of  Providence  far  beyond  the  reach  of  humaa 


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233 

ken)  to  slaughter  its  own  citizens,  and  to  disturb  the  re- 
pose of  all  the  world  besides." 

"  From  a  view  of  the  past  and  the  present,  and  h'om 
the  prospect  of  that  which  seems  to  be  expected,  it  is  not 
easy  for  me  to  decide,  satisfuctorily,  on  the  part  it  migiit 
best  become  me  to  act.  In  case  of  actual  inoasion  by  a 
formidable  force,  I  certainly  should  not  intrench  myself 
under  the  cover  of  age  (67)  and  retirement,  if  my  ser- 
vices should  be  required  by  my  country  to  assist  in  re- 
pelling it." 

To  the  Secretary  of  War,  Washington  replied  also  on 
the  4th  July,  1798, — "  The  sentiments,  which  I  mean  to 
express  to  you  in  this  letter  on  the  subject  of  yours,  shall 
be  irank,  undisguised  and  explicit ;  for  I  see,  as  you  do, 
that  clouds  are  gathering,  and  that  a  storm  may  ensue ; 
and  I  find,  too,  from  a  variety  of  hints,  that  my  quiet 
under  these  circumstances  does  not  promise  to  be  of  long 
continuance. 

"  It  cannot  be  necessary  for  me  to  premise  to  you,  or 
to  others,  who  know  my  sentiments  as  well,  that,  to  quit 
the  tranquil  walks  of  retirement,  and  enter  a  boundless 
field  of  responsibility  and  trouble,  would  be  productive 
of  sensations,  which  a  better  pen  than  I  possess  would 
find  it  difficult  to  describe.  Nevertheless,  the  principles 
by  which  my  conduct  has  been  actuated  through  life 
■would  not  suffer  me,  in  any  great  emergency,  to  withhold 
any  services  I  could  render,  required  by  my  country; 
especially  in  a  case  where  its  dearest  rights  are  assailed 
by  lawless  ambition  and  intoxicated  power,  contrary  to 
every  principle  of  justice,  and  in  violation  of  solemn  com- 
pacts and  laws,  which  govern  all  civilized  nations ;  and 
this,  too,  with  the  obvious  intent  to  sow  'hick  the  seeds 


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234 

of  disunion,  for  the  purpose  of  subjugating  tJie  govern- 
ment, and  destroying  our  independence  and  happiness." 

"In  circumstances  like  these,  accompanied  by  an 
actual  invasion  of  our  territorial  rights,  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult at  any  time  for  me  to  remain  an  idle  spectator  under 
tlie  plea  of  age  or  retirement.  With  sorrow,  it  is  true,  I 
siiould  quit  the  shades  of  my  peaceful  abode,  and  the 
ease  and  happiness  I  now  enjoy,  to  encounter  anew  the 
turmoils  of  war,  to  which,  possibly,  my  strength  and 
powers  might  be  found  incompetent.  These,  however, 
should  not  be  stumbling-blocks  in  my  ovm  way." 

"  As  my  whole  life  has  been  dedicated  to  my  country 
in  one  shape  or  anotiier,  for  the  poor  remains  of  it,  it  is 
not  an  object  to  contend  for  ease  and  quiet,  when  all  that 
is  valuable  in  it  is  at  stake,  further  than  to  be  satisfied 
that  the  sacrifice  I  should  make  of  these  is  acceptable 
and  desired  by  my  country." 

ji  Washington,  llie 


MONEAV,  JcLV  2,  17  93. 
The  following  wriiten  megsnge  was  received  from  the  Piesklent  of  tlis 
Ilniled  States,  by  Mr.  Maloom  hia  Beeretaty  : — 

Gentlemen  of  the  Senate : — 

I  nominate  George  Washington,  of  Mount  Vernon,  to 
be  Lieutenant-general  and  Commander-in-chief  of  all  the 
armies  raised,  or  to  be  raised,  in  tlie  United  States. 

ir^;„^n.„,„   i„iv!.   T-roft  John   Adams. 


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Tuesday,  July  3,  1798. 

Th2  Senaie  took  inio  considerarion  Ihe  messaga  of  the  President  of 
llie  United  Slates,  of  the  Sd  instant,  and  the  nominat  ion  cant  ained.  there- 
in, of  George  Washington,  (o  officB.    Whereupon, 

On  the  queeiion  to  advise  and  coneeiil  to  the  appointmonl,  it  was  de- 
termined in  the  affirmative  :    Yeas,  24. 

The  yeas  and  nays  being  required  by  one-iitlhof  the  Senators  present.. 
Those  who  voted  in  tho  affirmative,  arc — Masars.  Anderson,  Bingham, 
Brown,  Chipman,  Claylon,  Toster,  Goodhue,  Greene,  Hiilhouso,  Ifow- 
ard,  Langdon,  Latimer.  Lauranee,  Livermote,  Martin,  Mason.  KorLli, 
Paine,  Read,  Rutherford,  Sedgwick,  Stockton,  Taiewell  and  Tracy. 

So  it  was. 

Resolved,  unanimously.  That  they  do  advise  and  con- 
seat  to  tlie  appointment,  agreeably  to  the  nomination. 

The  following  correspondence  then  ensued : — 


'•  FAiladelphia.  3uly  6,  1798. 

"Dear  Sir, — It  is  my  desire,  that  you  embrace  the 
first  opportunity  to  set  out  on  your  journey  to  Mount 
Vernon,  and  wait  on  General  Washington  with  the  cora- 
mist,ion  of  lieutenant-general  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  armies  of  the  Unitetl  States,  which,  by  tlie  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  has  been  signed  by  me. 

"  The  reasons  and  motives,  which  prevailed  with  me 
to  venture  on  such  a  step  as  the  nomination  of  tliis  great 
and  illustrious  character,  whose  voluntary  resignation 
alone  occasioned  my  introduction  to  the  office  I  now 
hold,  were  too  numerous  to  be  detailed  in  this  letter,  and 
are  too  obvious  and  important  to  escape  the  observation 
of  any  part  of  America  or  Europe.  But,  as  it  is  a  move- 
ment of  great  delicacy,  it  will  require  all  ymiF  address  to 
communicate  the  subject  in  a  manner  that  shall  be  in.f 


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236 

ft'nsive  to  his  feelings,  and  consistent  with  all  tlie  respect 
that  is  dae  iiwin  me  to  him, 

"If  the  General  should  decline  the  appointment,  all 
the  world  will  be  silent  and  respectfully  acquiesce,  if 
he  should  accept  it,  aU  the  world,  except  the  enemies  of 
this  country,  will  rejoice.  If  he  should  come  to  no  deci- 
sive (leterminalion,  but  take  the  subject  into  considera- 
tion, I  shall  not  appoint  any  other  lieutenant-general  till 
his  conclusion  is  known," 

"  His  advice  in  the  formation  of  a  list  of  officers  would 
be  extremely  desirable  to  me."  »  Particularly  I  wish  to 
have  his  opinion  of  the  men  most  suitable  for  inspector- 
al, adjutant- genera],  and  quartermaster- general." 

■^  His  opinion  on  all  subjects  would  have  great  weight ; 
and  I  wish  you  to  ohtdin  from  him  as  much  of  his  reflec- 
tions upon  tlie  tinies  and  the  service  as  you  can." 


Fl,iladApl,ia,  July  7,  179S. 

Deae  Sir, — Mr.  McHenry,  the  Secretary  of  War,  will 
have  the  honor  to  wait  on  you,  in  my  behalf,  to  impart 
to  you  a  step  I  have  ventured  to  take,  and  which  I  should 
have  been  happy  to  have  communicated  in  person,  if 
such  a  journey  had  been  at  this  time  in  my  power.  As 
I  said  in  a  former  letter,  if  it  had  been  in  my  power  to 
nominate  you  to  be  President  of  the  United  States,  I 
should  have  done  it  with  less  hesitation  and  more  plea- 
sure. My  reasons  for  this  measure  will  be  too  well 
known  to  need  any  explanation  to  the  public.  Every 
friend  and  every  enemy  of  America  will  comprehend 
them  at  first  bhish.  To  you,  sir,  I  owe  all  the  apolo^es 
I   can  make.      The   urgent   necessity  I    am  in  of  vo;u' 


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237 

advice  and  assistance,  indeed  of  your  conduct  and  direc- 
tion of  the  war,  is  all  I  can  nrge,  and  that  is  a  sufficient 
justification  to  myself  and  the  world.  I  hope  it  will  be 
so  considered  by  yourself.  Mr.  McHenry  will  have  the 
honor  to  consult  you  upon  the  organization  of  the  arm) , 
and  upon  every  thing  relating  to  it. 

With  the  highest  respect,  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir, 
your  most  obedient  and  most  humble  servant, 

John  Adams, 

Mnuwi  Vernon,  July  13,  1798. 

Dear  Sir, — I  had  the  honor,  on  the  evening  of  the 
11th  instant,  to  receive  from  the  hands  of  the  Secretary 
of  War  your  favor  of  the  7th,  announcing  that  you  had, 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  appointed  me 
lieutenant-general  and  commander-in-chief  of  all  the 
armies  raised  or  to  be  raised  for  the  service  of  the  United 
States. 

I  cannot  express  how  greatly  affected  I  am  at  this 
new  proof  of  public  confidence,  and  the  highly  flattering 
manner  in  which  you  have  been  pleased  to  make  the 
communication ;  at  the  same  time  I  must  not  conceal 
from  you  my  earnest  wish,  that  the  choice  had  fallea  on 
a  man  less  declined  in  years,  and  better  qualified  to  en- 
counter the  usual  vieisatudes  of  war. 

You  know,  sir,  what  calculations  I  had  made  relative 
to  the  orobable  course  of  events  on  my  retiring  from 
office,  ana  the  determination  I  had  consoled  myself  with, 
of  closing  the  remnant  of  my  days  in  my  present  peace- 
fiil  abode.  You  will,  therefore,  be  at  no  loss  to  conceive 
and  appreciate  the  sensations  I  must  have  experienceo, 
to  bring  my  mind  to  any  conclusion  that  would  pledge 


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238 

mo,  al  so  late  a  period  of  life,  to  leave  scenes  I  sincerelj 
love,  to  enter  upon  the  boundless  field  of  public  action, 
incessant  trouble,  and  high  responsibility. 

It  was  not  possible  for  me  to  remain  ignorant  of,,  or 
indifferent  to,  recent  transactions.  The  conduct  of  the 
Directory  of  France  towards  our  country,  their  insidious 
hostilities  to  its  government,  their  various  practices  to 
withdraw  the  affections  of  the  people  fix)m  it,  the  evident 
tendency  of  their  arts  and  those  of  their  agents  to  coun- 
tenance and  invigorate  opposition,  their  disregard  of 
solemn  treaties  and  the  laws  of  nations,  their  war  upon 
our  defenceless  commerce,  their  treatment  of-our  minister 
of  peace,  and  their  demands,  amounting  to  tribute,  could 
not  fail  to  excite  in  me  corresponding  sentiments  with 
those  which  my  countrymen  have  so  generally  expressed 
in  their  affectionate  addresses  to  yon.  Believe  me,  sir, 
no  one  can  more  cordially  approve  of  the  wise  and  pru- 
dent measures  of  your  administration.  They  ought  to 
inspire  universal  confidence,  and  will,  no  doubt,  combined 
with  the  state  of  things,  call  from  Congress  such  laws 
and  means  as  will  enable  you  to  meet  the  full  force  and 
extent  of  the  crisis. 

Satisfied,  therefore,  that  you  have  sincerely  wished 
and  endeavoured  to  avert  war,  and  exhausted  to  the  last 
drop  the  cup  of  reconciliation,  we  can  with  pure  hearts 
appeal  to  Heaven  for  the  justice  of  our  canse,  and  may 
conhdently  trust  the  final  result  to  that  kind  Providence, 
which  has  heretofore  and  so  often  signally  favored  the 
people  of  these  United  States. 

Thinking  in  this  manner,  and  feeling  how  incumbent 
it  is  upon  every  person  of  every  description  to  contribute 
rtt  all  times  to  his  coimtry's  welfare,  and  especially  in  a 


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239 

momenf  like  the  piesent,  wlien  every  thing  we  hnlJ  dfar 
is  so  seiiously  threatened,  I  have  finailj  deterromeit  to 
accept  the  commission  of  commander-in-chief  of  the 
armies  of  the  United  States  ;  with  the  reserve  only,  that 
I  shall  not  be  called  into  the  field  until  the  army  is  in  a 
situation  to  require  my  presence,  or  it  becomes  indis- 
pensable by  the  urgency  of  circumstances. 

In  making  this  reservation,  I  beg  to  be  understood, 
that  I  do  not  mean  to  withhold  any  assistance  to  arrange 
and  organize  the  army,  which  you  may  tliink  I  can 
afford.  I  take  the  liberty  also  to  mention,  that  I  must 
decline  having  my  acceptance  considered  as  drawing 
after  it  any  immediate  charge  upon  the  public,  and  that 
I  cannot  receive  any  emoluments  annexed  to  the  appoint- 
ment, before  entering  into  a  situation  to  incur  expense. 

The  Secretary  of  War  being  anxious  to  return  to  the 
seat  of  government,  I  have  detained  him  no  longer  than 
was  necessary  to  a  full  communication  upon  the  several 
points  he  had  in  charge. 

With  very  great  respect  and  consideration,  I  have  the 
honor  to  be,  Slc. 

George  Washington. 


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TO  THE  MEWIORV  DF 
SEORGi:   'VTASHIZO'GTOIT, 


The  illustrious  Washington  having  filled  the  measure 
(if  his  country's  glory  and  exalted  Ids  own  political  and 
military  fame  and  private  character  far  above  the  standard 
of  excellence  attained  by  the  greatest  man  of  modem  or 
ancient  times ;  and  having,  on  every  occasion,  performed 
his  duty  to  his  country,  not  only  with  that  fidelity  and 
devotion  which  became  a  good  citizen,  but  with  that 
wisdom,  affection,  and  paternal  solicitude  which  have 
obtained  for  him,  by  tlie  unanimous  voice  of  mankind, 
the  title  of  "  Father  of  his  Country,"  was  called,  on 
the  14th  December,  1799,  by  the  Ai-MiGiiTy  Father  of 
Heaves,  we  hope,  to  the  enjoyment  of  that  rich  reward 
which  is  reserved  for  those  wlio  act  well  their  part  on 
earth. 


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241 

The  universal  gloom  which  pervaded  the  heaits  of  his 
countrymen  on  that  solemn  occasion,  seems  so  far  to 
have  commingled  with  the  veneiation  for  his  character 
which  has  been  transmitted  to  posterity,  as  to  inspire  in 
the  patriot's  heart  an  indescribable  awe  in  approaching 
the  mementos  of  his  glory,  around  which  there  is  a  halo 
so  brilliant  and  penetrating  as  to  reach  the  inmost  intel- 
ligence of  man,  and  to  purifj  the  moral  and  intellectual 
being,  by  the  contemplation  of  every  attribute  that  was 
excellent  and  noble  in  human  nature.  It  is  salutary  to 
remember  the  outpourings  of  affection  and  sorrow  on  the 
departure  of  those  whose  virtues  and  goodness  have  en- 
deared them  to  our  hearts,  it  elevates  the  finer  feelings 
of  our  nature,  as  the  presence  of  innocence  promotes  the 
contemplation  of  that  angelical  virtue. 

The  sons  and  daughters  of  America  mourned  the  loss 
their  country  had  sustained  in  the  death  of  their  Wash- 
ington, witJi  a  cause  of  sorrow  which  no  other  people,  in 
any  case,  to  the  same  extent  could  plead  ;  their  govern- 
ment, in  unison  with  the  feelings  of  the  people,  demon- 
strated that  grief  in  measures  of  respect  and  veneration 
worthy  of  a  nation's  aifection  and  a  nation's  gratitude, 
and  long — long — may  the  remembrance  of  those  deep 
and  sincere  effut,ions  of  aiTection  and  gratitude  continue 
to  warm  the  hearts  of  the  American  people.  There  let 
the  memorj-  of  Washington  be  enshrined,  and  his  private 
virtues  and  patriotic  ardor  will  continue  to  animate  this 
people  to  the  remotest  generation.  It  is  proposed  to 
conclude  this  chapter  by  consecrating  the  proceedings  snd 
measures  of  tlie  Government  on  that  memoiable  occasion 

TO  THE  MEMORY  OF 

GEORGE   WASHINGTON. 


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242 

IN     THE    CONGRESS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES    OF 

AMERICA. 

DOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES, 

TmjnsDiv,  December  19,  1799. 

The  Honse  of  Represetilatives  of  the  United  Sutos,  having  recBivcd 

hitolligenee  of  the  death  of  their  highly  valued  fellow- citizen,  George 

WsehingTon,  General  of  the  armies  of  the  United  Smtcs,  ond  sharing 

tlie  nniveraal  grief  this  distressing  event  must  produce, 

Unanimously  resolve i 

1.  Thai  this  House  will  wait  on  the  President  of  tlie  Uuited 
States,  in  condolence  of  this  nallonai  calamity. 

2.  That  tlie  Speaker's  eliair  be  shrouded  with  blacli,  and  that 
the  members  and  officers  of  the  House  wear  mourning,  during  the 

3.  That  a  joint  committee  of  both  Houses  be  appointed  to  report 
suitable  lo  the  occasion,  and  expressive  of  the  profound 

with  which  Congress  is  penetrated  on  the  loss  of  a  citizen 


4.  That  when  this  House  adjourns,  it  will  adjourn  until  Mondaj 

Oi-dered,  Thai  Mr.  Marijhall  and  Mr.  Smith  be  nppointcd  a  comrailiee 
10  wait  oa  (he  Piesident  of  the  United  Stales,  to  know  when  and  where 
he  will  receive  this  House  for  the  purpose  expressed  in  the  first  resolu- 

Ordered,  That  Mr.  Marshall,  Mr.  Craik,  Mr.  Henrj'  Lee,  Mr.  Eggles- 
ton,  Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Slone,  Mr.  Rutledge,  Mr.  Abiel  Foster,  Mr.  Muh- 
lenberg,  Mr.  Van  Cortlandt,  Mr.  Dwight  Foster,  Mr.  Franklin  Daven 
port,  Mr.  Ckibome,  Mr.  Morris,  Mr.  John  Brown,  and  Mr.  Taliaferro, 
bo  a  commitlee,  jointly  with  such  committee  as  may  be  appointed  on 
the  part  of  the  Senate,  for  the  purpose  ejrptessi;d  ic  the  third  resolution. 

Ordered,  That  the  oletk  of  this  House  do  aequamt  the  Senate  ihcro- 

A  written  message  wss  received  from  the  President  of  I'le  United 
Rtales,  by  Mr.  Shaw,  his  secretary,  which,  together  with  the  letter  ac- 


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GerUlemen  of  the  Senate,  and 

Gentlemen  of  the  House  of  Representatives : 

The  letter  herewith  transmitted  will  inform  you  thai  it 
has  pleased  Divine  Providence  to  remove  from  !his  life 
otir  excellent  fellow- citizen  George  Washington,  by  the 
purify  of  his  character,  and  a  long  series  of  services  to 
his  country,  rendered  illustrious  through  the  world.  It 
remains  for  an  affectionate  and  grateful  people,  in  whose 
hearts  he  can  never  die,  to  pay  suitable  honors  to  his 
memory. 

JOHN  ADAMS. 

Vnikd  Stalts,  Dficember  19,  1799. 

''Mount  Vernon,  Dwember  15,  1799. 

"Sm:  II  is  with  inexpressible  grief  that  I  have  to  announce  to 
you  the  death  of  the  great  and  good  General  Washington.  Ho 
died  last  evening,  between  ten  and  eleven  o'clock,  after  a  short  ill- 
ness of  about  twenty  hours.  His  disorder  was  an  inflammatory 
sore  throat,  which  proceeded  from  a  cold,  of  which  he  made  bat 
little  complaint  on  Friday.  On  Saturday  morning,  about  three 
o'clock,  he  became  ill :  Doctor  Craik  attended  him  in  the  morning, 
and  Doctor  Dick,  of  Aleitandria,  and  Doctor  Brown,  of  Port  To- 
bacco, were  soon  after  called  in.  Everj  medical  assialance  was 
offered,  but  without  the  desired  effect.  His  last  scene  corresponded 
wilJi  the  whole  tenor  of  bis  life:  not  a  groan  nor  a  complaint 
escaped  him  in  extreme  distress.  With  perfect  resignation,  and  in 
fuO  possession  of  his  reason,  he  closed  his  well-spent  life. 

"  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  tlie  highest  respect,  sir,  your  most 
obedient  and  very  humble  servant, 

"TOBIAS  LEAR. 

"  The  Presidbkt  of  the  Uhitkh  States." 

the  Presidenl 


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2-14 

him  to  roceive  lliis  House,  in  condolence  of  ilie  nalionsil  calamity,  re- 
limted  iliBt  ItiB  committee  liEid,  according  to  order,  performed  that  ser- 
vice, and  tlial  the  Ptesidenl  signified  to  them  it  would  be  convenient  for 
him  10  receive  this  House  at  one  o'clock  this  afternoon,  at  Ills  own 
house. 
A  message  from  the  Senate,  by  Mr.  Otia,  their  secretary : 
Mr.  Speaker :  The  Senate  have  agreed  to  the  resolution  passed  by  tho 
House  of  Representatives  for  the  appoint  me  ill  of  a  joint  committee  of 
both  Houses  to  report  tneasures  suitable  to  the  occasion,  and  expressive 
of  the  profound  sorrow  with  which  Congress  is  penetrated  on  the  loss 
of  a  ciliKen  first  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  liia 
countrymen ;  and  have  appointed  Mr.  Dayton,  Mr.  Bingham,  Mr.  Dex- 
ter, Mr.  Gunn,  Mr.  Lawrence,  and  Mr.  Tracey,  a  committee  on  their 

And  then  he  withdrew. 

The  Speaker,  attended  by  the  House,  then  withdrew  to  the  house  of 
the  President  of  the  United  Stales,  when  Mr.  Speaker  addressed  the 
President  as  follows : 

Sir  :  The  House  of  Representatives,  penetrated  with 
a  sense  of  the  irreparable  loss  sustained  by  the  nation  in 
the  death  of  that  great  and  good  man,  the  illustrious  and 
beloved  Washington,  wait  on  you,  sir,  to  express  their 
condolence  on  this  melancholy  and  distressing  event. 

To  which  the  President  replied  as  foilows: 
Gentlemen  of  the  House  of  Representatives: 

I  receive,  with  great  respect  and  affection,  the  condo- 
lence of  the  House  of  Representatives,  on  the  melan- 
choly and  affecting  event,  in  the  death  of  the  most  illus- 
trious and  beloved  personage  which  this  country  ever 
produced.  I  sympathize  with  yon,  with  the  nation,  and 
with  good  men  through  the  world,  in  this  irreparable  loss 
sustained  by  us  all. 

JOHN  ADAMS. 

United  Slalu,  December  19,  179D. 


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MoNDAV,  Decckblb  23,  1799. 
Mr,  Marshall,  rvom  Ihe  joint  oommittee  appojuied  to  prepare  and  re- 
port measures  euiioble  to  ihe  occasion,  and  expressive  of  the  profo-.uid 
sorrow  with  which  Congress  is  penetrated  on  the  loss  of  their  highly 
.  valued  fellow-citiien,  George  Wosliington,  General  of  the  armies  of  the 
United  States,  made  a  report,  in  part;  which  he  delivered  in  al  the 
clerk's  table,  where  the  same  was  twice  read  and  considered ;  Where- 
upon— 
It  W13  resolved,  thai  the  House  do  unanimously  agree  to  llie  following 

Jleaohed  by  the  Senate  and  Bouse  of  Jteprssentativea  of  ilte  United 
Stales  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  a  mfirlile  monumenl 
be  erected  by  the  United  States,  in  the  Capitol,  at  the  city  of 
Washinatm;  and  that  the  family  of  General  Washing^ton  he  re- 
quested to  permit  his  hody  to  be  deposited  under  it ;  and  thai  the 
monument  be  so  designed  as  to  commemordte  tiie  great  events  of 
his  military  and  political  life. 

^nd  6e  it  further  resoled.  That  there  be  a  funeral  procession  from 
Congress  Hall  to  the  German  Lutheran  Church,  in  honor  of  the 
memory  of  General  George  Washington,  on  Thoisday,  the  twenty- 
sixth  instant,  and  thai  an  oration  be  prepared  at  Ihe  request  of  Con- 
gress, to  he  delivered  before  both  Hous  s  on  I  at  d  y  and  that 
the  President  of  the  Senate  and  Sp  ke  of  he  Ho  e  f  Repre- 
Bentatives  be  desired  to  request  one  of  he  me  nbe  of  Congress 
to  prepare  and  deliver  the  Bams, 

Aitd  be  it  fwlluT  resolved,  Tha       be     c  mm  nd  d  people 

of  the  United  States  to  wear  crape  on  he  f  a  n  as  urning, 
for  tliirty  days. 

^iid  be  it  further  resohed.  That  t  e  P  es  dent  of  the  United 
States  be  requested  to  direct  a  copy  of  hese  esol  ons  to  he  trans- 
mitted to  Mrs.  Washington,  assuring  her  of  the  profound  respect 
Congress  will  ever  bear  to  her  person  and  character}  of  tlieir  con 
dolenee  on  the  late  afflicting  dispensation  of  Providence,  and  en- 
treating her  assRnl  to  the  interment  of  the  remains  of  Gencal 
George  Washington  in  the   manner  expressed  in  tiie  first  res<i 

Jiid  be  it  further  reeobed,  That  the  President  of    tho  Uiiited 


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States  be  requested  to  issue  a  proclamation,  notifying  to  llie  people 

throughout  llie  United  Stutus  the  recommendatioa  canlained  ia  the 

tliird  lesolutiuii. 

Ordered,  That  the  clerk  of  fhia  House  do  cariy  llie  said  resolutions  to 
[he  Senate,  and  desire  Iheir  concurrence. 

A  rafiBsBEe  from  the  Senate,  by  Mr.Otia,  iheir  BBorolarf ; 

Mr.  Speaker :  The  Senate  have  agreed  to  the  resolutions  passed  by  the 
House  of  Representatives,  diieeting  certain  measures  to  be  taken  suitable 
to  the  occasion,  and  expressive  of  the  profound  sorrow  with  which  Con- 
grtiBS  is  penetrated  on  Lhe  loss  of  iheir  highly  valued  fellow- cili^en, 
Oeorge  Washington,  General  of  the  armies  ot  the  United  Stales. 

Tuesday,  Decehbee  34,  1799. 

Mr.  Gray,  from  the  joint  committee  for  enrolled  bills,  reported  that 
the  committee  had  examined  the  enrolled  resolutions  directing  certain 
measures  to  be  taken  in  honor  of  the  memory  of  General  George  Wash- 
ington, nnd  had  found  the  same  to  be  truly  enrolled:  Whereupon, — 

Mr,  Speaker  signed  the  said  enrolled  resolutions. 

Oi'dei-ed,  That  the  clerk  of  this  House  do  acquaint  the  Senate  there- 
with. 

Mr.  Wadsworlh,  from  the  joint  committee  for  enrolled  bills,  reported 
tliat  the  committee  did,  this  day,  present  to  the  Freeident  of  the  United 
Slates,  for  his  approbation,  the  enrolled  resolutions  directing  certain 
measures  to  he  talten  in  honor  of  the  memory  of  General  George  Wash- 
ingl  on. 

A  message  was  received  from  the  President  of  the  Unhed  States,  by 
Mr.  Sliaw,  hia  secretary,  notifying  that  the  President  did,  this  day,  ap- 
prove and  sign  the  enrolled  resotulions,  which  originated  in  this  House, 
in  honor  of  ihe  memory  of  General  George  Washington. 

The  Speaker  informed  the  House,  that,  conformably  to  the  resolution 
of  Congress,  the  President  of  the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  had  requested  Major  General  Henry  Lee,  one  of  the 
Representatives  from  the  Slate  of  Virginia,  to  prepare  and  deliver  a 
funeiiil  oration  before  both  hooses,  on  Thursday,  the  Iwenty-siiih  instant, 
in  honor  of  the  memory  of  George  Waahi.jglon,  late  General  of  the 
armias  of  the  United  States ;  and  that  Mr.  Lee  had  been  pleased  to  nc 
cepi  of  Ihe  appointment. 

On  motion,  the  House  adjourned  until  Thursday  morning,  half-past  ten 


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TavEsanY,  December  SG,  1799. 
This  being  the  day  appointed  by  ihe  resolution  of  Congress  fur  the 
fvineral  ptocesaion  in  honor  of  (he  memory  of  George  Wasliinglon.  late 
General  of  ihe  armies  of  the  United  Statea,  the  House  proceeded  to  the 
German  Lutheran  Church,  where  ihey  attended  the  funeral  oration  pre- 
pared and  delivered  on  the  occasion  by  Major  General  Lee,  one  of  the 
members  of  this  House  for  tlie  Slate  of  Virginia; 


nrHERAI.    ORATXOIT. 

In  obedience  to  yourwiH,  I  rise  your  humble  organ, 
with  the  hope  of  executing  a  part  of  the  system  of  public 
mourning  whioh  you  have  been  pleased  to  adopt,  com- 
memorative of  the  death  of  the  most  illustrious  and  most 
beloved  personage  this  country  has  ever  produced;  and 
which,  while  it  transmits  to  posterity  your  sense  of  the 
awful  event,  faintly  represents  your  knowledge  of  the 
consummate  excellence  you  so  cordially  honor. 

Desperate  indeed  is  any  attempt  on  earth  to  meet  cor- 
respondingly this  dispensation  of  Heaven  ;  for,  while  with 
pious  resignation  we  submit  to  the  will  of  an  all-gracious 
Providence,  we  can  never  cease  lamenting,  in  our  finite 
view  of  Omnipotent  Wisdom,  the  heart-rending  privation 
for  which  our  nation  weeps.  When  the  civilized  world 
shakes  to  its  centre  ;  when  every  moment  gives  birth  to 
strange  and  momentous  changes;  when  our  peaceful 
quarter  of  the  globe,  exempt  as  it  happily  has  been  from 
any  share  in  the  slaughter  of  the  human  race,  may  yet  be 
compelled  to  abandon  her  pacific  policy,  and  to  risk  the 
doleful  casualties  of  war:  What  limit  is  there  to  the 
extent  of  our  loss  ? — None  within  the  reach  of  my  words 
to  express;  none  which  your  feelings  will  not  disavow. 


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248 

The  foiinJer  of  our  fcilerate  repuLlir — our  bulwaik  in 
H  ar,  our  guide  in  peace,  is  no  more  !  Oh  that  this  were 
but  questionable!  Hope,  the  comforter  of  the  wretched, 
would  pour  into  our  agonizing  hearts  its  balmy  dew. 
But,  alas !  there  is  no  hope  for  us ;  our  Washington  is 
removed  for  ever !  Possessing  the  stoutest  frame,  and 
purest  mind,  he  had  passed  nearly  to  his  sixty-eighth 
year,  in  the  enjoyment  of  high  health,  when,  habituated 
by  bis  care  of  us  to  neglect  himself,  a  slight  cold,  dis- 
regarded, became  inconvenient  on  Friday,  oppres&ive  on 
Saturday,  and,  defying  every  medical  Interposition,  before 
the  morning  of  Sunday,  put  an  end  to  the  best  of  men. 
An  end  did  I  say  ? — his  fame  survives  ! — bounded  only 
by  the  limits  of  the  earth,  and  by  the  extent  of  the  human 
mind.  He  survives  in  our  hearts,  in  the  growing  know- 
ledge of  our  children,  in  tlie  affections  of  the  good 
throughout  the  world;  and  when  our  monuments  shall 
be  done  away ;  when  nations  now  existing  shall  be  no 
more ;  when  even  our  yoimg  and  far-spreading  empire 
shall  have  perishe<i,  still  will  our  Washington's  glory  un- 
faded  shine,  and  die  not,  until  love  of  virtue  cease  on 
earth,  or  earth  itself  sinks  into  chaos. 

How,  my  fellow- citizens,  shall  I  single  to  your  grateful 
hearts  his  pre-eminent  worth!  Where  shall  I  begin  in 
opening  to  your  view  a  character  throughout  sublime  ? 
Shall  1  speak  of  his  warlike  achievements,  all  springing 
from  obedience  to  his  country's  will — ail  directed  to  his 
country's  good? 

Will  you  go  with  me  to  the  banks  of  the  Monongahela, 
to  see  your  youthful  Washington,  supporting,  in  the  dismal 
hour  of  Indian  victory,  the  ill-fated  Braddock,  and  saving, 
by  his  judgment  and  by  his  valor,  the  remains  of  a  de- 


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249 

feated  army,  pressed  by  the  conquering  savage  foe  ?  Or, 
when  oppressed  America,  nobiy  resolving  to. risk  her  all 
in  defence  of  her  violated  rights,  he  was  elevated  by  the 
unanimous  voice  of  Congress  to  the  command  of  her 
armies : — Will  you  follow  him  to  the  high  grounds  of 
BostoD,  where  to  an  undisciplined,  courageous,  and  vir 
tuous  yeomanry,  his  presence  gave  the  stability  of  system, 
and  infnsed  the  invincibility  of  love  of  country;  or  shall 
I  carry  yoa  to  the  painful  scenes  of  Long  Island,  York 
Island  and  New  Jersey,  when,  combating  superior  and 
gallant  armies,  aided  by  powerful  fleets,  and  led  by  chiefs 
nigh  in  the  roll  of  fame,  he  stood,  the  bulwark  of  our  safety ; 
undismayed  by  disaster ;  unchanged  by  change  of  for 
tune.  Or  will  you  view  him  in  the  precarious  fields  of 
Trenton,  where  deep  gloom  unnerving  every  arm,  reigned 
triumphant  through  our  thinned,  worn  down,  unaided 
ranks  ;  himself  unmoved.  Dreadful  was  the  night.  It 
was  about  this  time  of  winter — the  storm  raged — the 
Delaware  rolling  fuiiously  with  floating  ice,  forbade  the 
approach  of  man,  Washington,  self-collected,  viewetl 
the  tremendous  scene — his  country  called;  unappalled 
by  surrounding  dangers,  he  passed  to  the  hostile  shore  ; 
he  fought ;  he  conquered.  The  morning  sun  cheered  the 
American  world.  Our  country  rose  on  the  event;  and 
her  dauntless  chief,  pursuing  his  blow,  completed  in  the 
lawns  of  Princeton,  what  his  vast  sou!  had  conceived  on 
the  shores  of  Delaware. 

Thence  to  the  strong  grounds  of  Morristown  he  led  his 
small  but  gaflant  band ;  and  through  an  eventful  winter, 
by  the  high  efforts  of  his  genius,  whose  matchless  force 
was  measurable  only  by  the  growth  of  difficulties,  he 
held  in  check  formidable  hostile  legions,  conducted  by  a 


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250 

chief  experience  1    n  fad  famed  for  hia 

valor  on  the  eve  n  m  ble  1  h  s  of  Ab  aham,  where 
fell  Wolfe,  Mo  aln  ndsne  umh  lamented 
Montgomery — all  d       th     1    y      I      1      fortunate 

interval,  produc  1  by  h  s  m  1  nd  or  fathers, 
oiirseives,  aniro  i  by  h  e  Is  xample,  rallied 
arotind  our  coii  J  s  Id  and  con  n  d  o  follow 
her  beioved  chi  f  J         hi  o     and     j  ns;  scenes 

to  which  the  des  in  e.  of  j  ir  Union  led. 

Who  is  there  that  has  forgotten  the  vales  of  Brandy- 
wine — the  fields  of  Germantown — or  the  plains  of  Mon- 
mouth? Everywhere  present,  wants  of  every  kind 
obstructing,  numerous  and  valiant  armies  encountering, 
himself  a  host,  he  assuaged  our  sufferings,  limited  our 
privations,  and  upheld  our  tottering  republic.  Shall  I 
display  to  you  the  spread  of  the  fire  of  his  soul,  by 
rehearsing  the  praises  of  the  Hero  of  Saratoga,  and  his 
much  loved  compeer  of  the  Carolinas  ?  No  ;  our  W^ash- 
ington  wears  no  borrowed  glory :  to  Gates — to  Greene, 
he  gave  without  reserve  the  applause  due  to  their  emi- 
nent merit;  and  long  may  the  chiefs  of  Saratoga,  and 
of  Eutaws,  receive  the  grateful  respect  of  a  grateful 
people. 

Moving  in  his  own  orbit,  he  imparted  heat  and  light  to 
his  most  distant  satelhtes;  and  combining  the  physical 
and  moral  force  of  all  within  his  sphere,  with  irresistible 
weight  he  took  his  course,  commiserating  foliy,  disdaining 
vice,  dismaying  treason,  and  invigorating  despondency; 
until  the  auspicious  hour  arrived,  when,  united  with  the 
intrepid  forces  of  a  potent  and  magnanimous  ally,  he 
brought  to  submission  the  since  conqueror  of  India  ;  thus 
finishing  his  long  career  of  military  glory  with  a  lustre 


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251 

eorres ponding  to  his  great  name,  and  in  tliis  his  last  act 
of  war  affixing  the  seal  of  fate  to  our  nation's  birth. 

To  the  horrid  din  of  battle  sweet  peace  succeeded, 
and  our  virtuous  chief,  mindful  only  of  the  common  good, 
in  a  moment  tempting  personal  aggrandizement,  hushed 
the  discontents  of  growing  sedition ;  and,  surrendering  his 
power  into  the  hands  from  which  he  bad  received  it,  con- 
verted his  sword  info  a  ploughshare,  teaching  an  admiring 
world  that  to  be  truly  great,  you  must  be  truly  good. 

Was  I  to  stop  here,  the  picture  would  be  incomplete, 
and  the  task  imposed  unfinished.  Great  as  was  our 
Washington  in  war,  and  as  much  as  did  that  greatness 
contribute  to  produce  ihe  American  Republic,  it  is  not  in 
war  alone  his  pre-eminence  stands  conspicuous.  His 
various  talents  combining  all  the  capacities  of  a  states- 
man with  those  of  a  soldier,  fitted  him  alike  to  guide  the 
councils  and  the  armies  of  our  nation.  Scarcely  had  lie 
rested  from  his  maitial  toils,  while  his  invaluable  parental 
advice  was  still  sounding  in  our  ears,  when  he  who  had 
been  our  shield  and  our  sword,  was  called  foi'th  to  act  a 
loss  splendid  but  more  important  part. 

Possessing  a  clear  and  penetrating  mind,  a  strong  and 
sound  judgment,  calmness  and  temper  for  deliberation, 
with  invincible  firmness,  and  perseverance  in  resolutions 
maturely  formed,  drawing  information  from  all,  acting 
from  himself,  wiih  incorruptible  integrity  and  unvarying 
patriotism ;  his  own  superiority  and  the  public  confidence 
alike  marked  him  as  Ihe  man  designed  by  Heaven  to  lead 
in  the  great  political  as  well  as  military  events  which 
have  distinguished  (he  era  of  bis  life. 

The  linger  of  an  overruling  providence,  pointing  at 
Waishingfon,   was    neither    mi-'Jlaken    nor   unobserved 


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252 

when,  to  renlize  llic  va^t  liopi's  to  \\hiL-h  our  rcyolutioTi 
had  given  biith,  a  change  of  political  system  became 
indispensable. 

How  novel,  how  grand  the  (spectacle!  Independent 
states  stretched  over  an  immense  territory,  and  known 
only  by  common  difEcuUy,  clinging  to  their  union  as  the 
rock  of  their  safety,  deciding  by  frank  compaiison  oi 
their  relative  condition,  to  rear  on  that  rock,  under  the 
guidance  of  reason,  a  common  government,  through 
whose  commanding  protection,  liberty  and  order,  wilh 
their  long  train  of  blessings,  should  be  safe  to  them- 
selves, and  the  sure  inheiiiance  of  their  posterity. 

Tliis  arduous  task  devolved  on  citizens  selected  hy  the 
people,  from  knowledge  of  their  wisdom  and  confidence 
in  their  virtue.  In  this  august  assembly  of  sages  and 
patriots,  Washington  of  course  was  found ;  and,  as  if 
acknowledged  to  be  most  wise,  where  all  were  wise,  with 
one  voice  he  was  declared  their  chief.  How  well  he 
merited  this  rare  distinction,  how  faithful  were  the  labours 
of  himself  and  his  compatriots,  the  work  of  their  hands 
and  pur  union,  strength  and  prosperity,  the  fruits  of  that 
work,  best  attest. 

But  to  have  essentially  aided  in  presenting  to  his 
country  this  consummation  of  her  hopes,  neither  satisfied 
the  claims  of  his  fellow- citizens  on  his  talents,  nor  those 
duties  which  the  possession  of  those  talents  imposed. 
Heaven  had  not  infused  into  his  mind  such  an  uncommon 
share  of  its  ethereal  spirit  to  remain  unemployed,  nor 
bestowed  on  him  his  genius  unaccompanied  with  the  cor- 
responding duty  of  devoting  it  to  the  common  good.  To 
have  framed  a  Constitution,  was  showing  only,  without 
ealizing,  tlie  general  happiness.     This  great  work  re- 


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253 

mained  to  Le  done  ;  ai:ci  America,  steadfast  in  her  prefer- 
ence, with  one  voice  summoned  her  beloved  Washington, 
unpractised  as  he  was  in  the  ditties  of  civil  administra- 
tion, to  execute  this  last  act  in  the  completion  of  the 
national  felicity.  Obedient  to  her  call,  he  assumed  the 
high  office  with  that  self-distnist  peculiar  to  his  innate 
modesty,  the  constant  attendant  of  pre-eminent  virtue. 
What  was  the  burst  of  joy  through  our  anxious  land  on 
this  exhilarating  event  is  known  to  us  all.  The  aged, 
the  young,  tbe  brave,  the  fair,  rivaled  each  other  in 
demonstrations  of  their  gratitude ;  and  this  high- wrought, 
delightful  scene  was  heightened  in  its  effect,  by  the  sin- 
gular contest  between  the  zeal  of  the  bestowers  and  the 
avoidance  of  the  receiver  of  the  honors  bestowed.  Com- 
mencing his  administration,  what  heart  is  not  charmed 
wilh  the  recollection  of  the  pure  and  wise  principles  an- 
nounced by  himself,  as  the  basis  of  his  political  life.  He 
best  understood  the  indissoluble  union  between  virtue  and 
happiness,  between  duty  and  advantage,  between  the 
genuine  maxims  of  an  honest  and  magnanimous  policy, 
end  the  solid  rewards  of  public  prosperity  and  individual 
felicity ;  watching  with  an  equal  and  con;iprehensive  eye 
over  this  great  assemblage  of  communities  and  interests, 
he  laid  the  foundations  of  our  national  policy  in  the  un- 
erring, immutable  principles  of  morality,  based  on  reli- 
gion, exemplifying  the  pre-eminence  of  a  free  govern- 
ment; by  all  the  attributes  which  win  the  affections  of 
its  citzens,  or  command  the  respect  of  the  world. 


Leading  through  the  complicated  ditficulties  produced 
by  previous  obligations  and  conflicting  interests,  seconued 


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254 

by  succeeding  houses  of  Congvess,  enlightened  and  pa- 
tjiotic,  he  surmounted  all  origiaal  obstruction,  and  bright- 
ened the  path  of  our  national  felicity. 

The  presidential  term  expiiing,  his  solicitude  to  ex- 
rhange  exaltation  for  humility  returned  with  a  force 
increased  with  increase  of  age ;  and  he  had  prepared  his 
farewell  address  to  his  couDtrymen,  proclaiming  his  inten- 
tion, when  the  united  interposition  of  all  around  him, 
enforced  by  the  eventful  prospects  of  the  epoch,  produced 
a  further  sacrifice  of  inclination  to  duty.  The  election 
of  President  followed,  and  Washington,  by  the  unani- 
mous vote  of  the  nation,  was  called  to  resume  the  Chief 
Magistracy.  What  a  wonderful  fixture  of  confidence ! 
Which  attracts  most  our  admiration,  a  people  so  correct, 
or  a  citizen  combining  an  assemblage  of  talents  forbid- 
ding rivalry,  and  stiffing  even  envy  ilself  ?  Such  a  nation 
ought  to  be  happy,  such  a  chief  must  be  for  ever  revered. 

War,  long  menaced  by  the  Indian  tribes,  now  broke 
out;  and  the  terrible  conflict,  deluging  Europe  with 
blood,  began  to  shed  its  baneful  influence  over  our 
happy  land.  To  the  first,  outstretching  his  invincible 
arm,  under  the  orders  of  the  gallant  Wayne,  the  Ameri- 
can eagle  soared  tiiumphant  through  distant  forests. 
Peace  followed  victory ;  and  the  melioration  of  the  con- 
dition of  the  enemy  followed  peace.  Godlike  virtue, 
■Ji-hich  uplifts  even  the  subdued  savage. 

To  the  second  he  opposed  himself.  New  and  delicate 
>vas  the  conjuncture,  and  great  was  the  stake.  Soon  did 
bis  penetrating  mind  discern  and  seize  the  only  course, 
continuing  to  us  all  the  felicity  enjoyed.  He  issued  his 
proclamation  of  neutrality.  This  index  to  his  whole 
subsequent  conduct  was  sanctioned  by  the  approbation 


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of  both  houses  of  Congress,  and  by  the  approving  voice 
of  the  people. 

To  this  sublime  policy  he  inviolably  adhered,  unmoved 
by  foreign  intrusion,  unshaken  by  domestic  turbulence. 

"  Juslum  el  tenacem  propoeifi  virum, 
Non  civium  ardor  prava  jubentium, 
Non  yultus  inslanlis  lyranni, 
Menle  quulit  folida." 

Maintaining  his  pa"--^*--  system  at  the  expense  of  no 
duty,  Americii.  I'dithful  to  herself,  ami  subtained  in  her 
hoQor,  vontimied  to  enjoy  the  delights  of  peace,  while 
atflicted  Europe  mourns  in  every  quarter  under  the  accii- 
muiated  miseries  of  an  unexampled  war;  miseries  in 
which  our  happy  country  must  have  shared,  had  not  our 
pre-eminent  Washington  been  as  firm  in  council  as  he 
was  brave  in  the  field. 

Pursuing  steadfastly  his  course,  he  held  safe  the  public 
happiness,  preventing  foreign  war,  and  quelling  internal 
discord,  till  the  revolving  period  of  a  third  elecfion 
approached,  when  he  executed  his  interrupted  but  inex- 
tinguishable desire  of  retumiag  to  the  humble  walks  of 
private  life. 

The  promulgation  of  his  fixed  resolution  stopped  the 
anxious  wishes  of  an  affectionate  people,  from  adding  a 
third  unanimous  testimonial  of  their  unabated  confidence 
in  the  man  so  long  enthroned  in  their  hearts.  When  be  ■ 
fore  was  affection  like  this  exhibited  on  earth  ?  Turn 
over  the  records  of  ancient  Greece  !  Review  the  annals 
of  mighty  Rome !  Examine  the  volumes  of  modern 
Europe  ;  you  search  in  vain.  America  and  her  Wash- 
ington only  afford  the  dignified  exemplificafion.     Tko 


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illustrious  personage  called  by  the  nalional  voice  in  suc- 
cession to  the  arduous  office  of  guiding  a  fi'ee  people, 
had  new  difficulties  to  encounter.  The  amicable  effort 
of  settling  our  difficulties  with  France,  begun  by  Wash- 
ington, and  pursued  by  his  successor  in  virtue  as  in  sta- 
tion, proving  abortive,  America  took  measures  of  self- 
dei, .  „„_  jjq  sooaer  was  the  public  mind  roused  by  a 
pi'ospect  oi  j-no-er,  than  every  eye  was  turned  to  the 
Mend  of  all,  though  sca.,ried  from  public  view,  and  gray 
in  public  service.  The  virtuu-.,  veteran  following  his 
plough,  received  the  unexpected  sumiuovis  with  mingled 
emotions  of  indignation  af  the  tinmejited  ill-trectment  of 
(lis  country,  and  of  a  determination  once  more  to  rt&k 
his  all  in  her  defence. 

The  annunciation  of  these  feelings,  in  hia  affecting 
letter  to  the  President,  accepting  the  command  of  the 
army,  concludes  his  official  conduct. 

First  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his 
countrymen,  he  ivas  second  to  none  in  the  humble  and 
endearing  scenes  of  private  life:  pious,  just,  humane, 
temperate,  and  sincere,  uniform,  dignified,  and  com- 
manding, bis  example  was  as  edifying  to  all  around  him 
as  were  the  effects  of  that  example  lasting. 

To  his  equals  he  was  condescending ;  to  his  inferiors 
kind ;  and  to  the  dear  object  of  his  affections  exemplarily 
tender.  Correct  throughout,  vice  shuddered  in  his  pre- 
sence, and  virtue  always  felt  his  fostering  hand ;  the 
purity  of  his  private  character  gave  eS'ulgence  to  his 
public  virtues. 

His  last  scene  comported  with  the  whole  tenor  of  his 
life;  although  in  extreme  pain,  not  a  sigh,  not  a  groan 
escaped  him;  and  with  undisturbed  serenity  he  closed 


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257 

his  well-spent  life.  Such  was  the  inRii  America  has  lost, 
such  was  the  man  for  whom  our  nation  mourns  !  Metbinka 
I  see  his  august  image,  and  hear,  falling  from  his  vener- 
able lips,  Ihese  deep- sinking  words : 

"Cease,  sons  of  America,  lamenting  our  separation: 
go  on,  and  confirm  by  your  wisdom  the  fruits  of  our  joint 
councils,  joint  efforts,  and  common  dangers.  Reverence 
religion ;  diiTuse  knowledge  Ihroiighout  your  land ;  patron- 
ize fhe  arts  an<l  sciences  ;  let  liberty  and  order  be  in- 
separable companions;  control  party-spirit,  the  bane  of 
free  government ;  observe  good  faith  to,  and  cuhivate 
peace  with  all  nations ;  shut  up  every  avenue  to  foreign 
influence ;  contract  rather  than  extend  na:ional  con- 
nexion; rely  on  yourselves  only;  be  American  in  thought 
^nd  deed.  Thus  will  you  give  immortality  to  that  union, 
which  was  the  constant  object  of  ray  terrestrial  labours. 
Thus  will  you  preserve  undisturbed  to  the  latest  posterity 
the  felicity  of  a  people  to  me  most  dear;  and  thus  will 
you  supply  (if  my  happiness  is  now  aught  to  you)  the 
only  vacancy  in  the  round  of  pure  bliss  high  Heaven 
bestows." 


FniDAT,  Depembeb  27,  1799. 
On  n  motion  made  and  seconded  that  the  House  do  come  to  the  fullow- 

The  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States,  highly 
gratified  with  the  manner  in  which  Mr.  Lee  has  performed  the  ser- 
vice assigned  to  him,  under  the  resolution  desiring  the  President  of 
the  Senate  and  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  to  reiiuesl 
one  of  the  members  of  Congress  to  prepare  and  deliver  a  funeral 
oration  on  the  death  of  George  Washington ;  and  desirous  of  com- 
r  lo  their  feiiow-citizens,  through  tlie  meiiium  of  tho 


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258 

prpss,  those  scntiinciils  of  resjieet  for  the  cliaracter,  of  gratitudR 
for  the  services,  and  of  grief  for  the  death,  of  that  illustrious  per- 
sonage, which,  felt  by  all,  have,  on  this  melancholy  occasion,  been 
BO  well  expressed : 

Rc^olsed,  That  tlie  Speaker  present  the  thanks  of  this  House  to 
Mr.  Lee,  for  tlie  oration  delivered  by  him  to  both  Houses  of  Con- 
gress on  Thursday,  the  twenty-sixth  instant;  and  request  tliat  he 
will  permit  a  copy  thereof  to  be  taken  for  publication : 


MoHDAY,  December  30,  1799. 

The  Speaker  informed  the  House  that,  in  pursunnco  of  the  rBsolulion 
of  Friday  last,  he  had  addressed  to  Major  Gerieral  Henry  Lee,  one  of 
the  members  for  the  State  uf  Virginia,  the  following  letter ; 

"  PMladelpMa,  December  37,  1799. 

"DeahSir:  The  enclosed  resolutions,  which  unanimously  passed 
the  House  of  Representatives  thia  day,  will  make  known  to  you 
how  highly  they  have  been  gratified  with  the  manner  in  which  you 
have  performed  tlie  eervice  assigned  to  you,  in  preparing  and  de- 
livering a  funeral  oration  on  the  death  of  General  Washington. 
Tliat  our  constituents  may  participate  in  the  gratification  we  have 
received  from  your  having  so  well  expressed  those  sentiments  of 
respect  tor  the  character,  of  gratitude  for  the  services,  and  of  grief 
for  the  death,  of  that  illustrious  personage,  I  flatter  myself  you  will 
not  hesitate  to  comply  with  the  request  of  the  House,  by  furnishing 
a  copy  of  your  oration,  to  be  talien  for  publication. 

"Allow  me,  while  performing  this  pleasing  (ask  of  ofRcia]  duly 
in  communicating  an  act  of  the  representatives  of  the  people,  so 
just  to  you  and  so  honorable  to  themselves,  to  embrace  the  oppor- 
tunity to  declare  that 

"I  am,  personally,  with  great  esteem  and  sincere  regard,  deal 
sir,  your  friend  and  obedient  servant, 

"THEODORE  SEDGWICK. 

"The  Honorable  Maj.  Gen.  Lee." 

To  vvliich  Mr,  Lee  had  replied  as  follows : 


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259 

"  Franklin  Court,  December  28,  1709. 

"  Deah  Sir  :  I  owe  lo  the  g-oodness  of  the  House  of  Represeiita- 
tites  the  honor  which  their  resolutions  confer  on  my  humble  efforts 
lo  execute  their  wish, 

"I  can  nerei  disobey  Iheir  will,  and  therefore  will  furnish  a 
copy*  of  the  oradon  delivered  on  the  late  afflicting  occasion,  much 
as  1  had  flattered  myself  with  a  different  disposition  of  it. 

"  Sincerely  reciprocating  the  personal  consideration  with  which 
you  honor  me,  I  am,  very  respectfully,  sir,  your  friend  and  obedient 

"liENRY  LEE. 
"  The  SpEAKKit  of  tlie  House  of  Representatives." 

Mr.  Marshall,  from  the  joint  comniitlee  appoiuled  lo  prepare  snA  report 
measures  in  honor  of  the  memory  of  General  George  Washington,  made 
s  further  report,  in  part ;  which  was  read  and  considered ;  WUereupon, 

It  was  unanimoualy  resolved  that  the  House  do  agree  lo  ihe  lollowing 
reeolutions: 

Resolved  hy  the  Smatt  and  House  if  Hepresenlaiives  of  ihe  United 
Slates  of  America  in  Congreae  oasemhted.  That  it  be  recommenilad 
to  the  people  of  the  United  States  to  assemble,  on  the  twent)'- 
second  day  of  Febrnnry  next,  in  such  numbers  and  manner  as  may 
be  convenient,  publicly  to  testify  tlieir  grief  for  the  death  of  Gene- 
ral George  Washington,  by  suitable  eulogies,  orations,  and  dis- 
courses, or  by  public  prayers. | 

And  it  is  further  resolved,  That  the  President  be  requested  lo 
i<isue  a  proclamation,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the  f( 
liition  into  effect. 

Ordered,  That  Iho  clerk  of  this  House  do  carry  the  said 


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tTliaae  resolutions  were  n 
1799,  and  appioved  by  llie 
Januaty,  1800.] 

MOMBAY,   JiNTJART  G,  1800. 

A  message  was  received  from  the  President  of  ihe  United  Slatea,  by 
Mr.  Adams,  notifying  that  the  President  did,  this  day,  approve  and  sign 
certain  enrolled  resolutions,  whith  originated  in  this  Ilouee.  directing 
furlher  measures  in  honor  of  the  memory  of  General  George  Woahrngton. 

Oidered,  Thai  the  clerk  of  this  Hotise  do  acquaint  tlie  Senate  there- 

A  mc-iaige  1 1  «  ntjng  wa^  rei"eived  from  the  President  of  the  United 
States   by  Mr  fehaw,  hi"  secretary,  as  follov/elh: 

Genlkmsn  of  Ike  Snuile,  aiid 

Gentlemen  of  Ike  Uottse  of  Eeprcsentaltves! 

In  eotnplunce  inth  the  request  in  one  of  the  resolu^ona  of  Con- 
gress of  the  twenty  first  of  December  last,  I  transmitted  a  copy  of 
those  resolutions,  by  my  secretary,  Mr.  Shaw,  to  Mrs.  Washing- 
ton, assur  ng  her  of  tiip  prolound  respect  Congress  will  ever  bear 
to  her  person  and  character,  of  thpir  condolence  in  the  late  afflict- 
ing diapensition  of  Providence,  and  entreating  her  assent  to  the 
interment  of  the  remains  of  Genera!  George  Washington,  in  tJie 
manner  exjiressed  in  the  first  resolution.  As  the  sentiments  of 
that  virtuous  lidy,  not  less  beloved  by  this  nation  than  she  is  at 
present  greatly  afflicted,  can  never  be  so  well  expressed  as  in  her 
own  words,  I  transmit  to  Congress  her  original  letter. 

ll  would  be  an  attempt  of  too  mnch  delicauy  to  make  any  com- 
ments upon  it ;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  nation  at  largo, 
as  well  as  ail  tlie  branches  of  the  Government,  will  be  highly 
gratified  by  any  arrang-ement  which  may  diminish  the  sacriiice  slie 
makes  of  her  individual  feelings. 

JOHi^  ADAMS. 

Uniied  Stales,  January  6,  1800. 

The  letter  refortcd  to  in  the  said  message  is  as  follows: 


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261 
"Mount  Vernon,  December  31,  1799. 

"  Sir  :  Wliile  I  feel,  with  keenest  anguish,  the  late  dis- 
pensation of  Divine  Providence,  I  cannot  be  insensible  to 
the  mournful  tributes  of  respect  and  veneration  which  are 
paid  to  the  memory  of  my  dear  deceased  husband ;  and, 
as  his  best  services  and  most  anxious  wishes  were  always 
devoted  to  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  his  country,  to 
know  that  they  were  truly  appreciated  and  gratefully  re- 
membered affords  no  inconsiderable  consolation. 

"  Taught,  by  that  great  example  which  I  have  so  long 
bad  before  me,  never  to  oppose  my  private  wishes  to  the 
public  will,  I  must  consent  to  the  request  made  by  Con- 
gress, which  you  have  had  the  goodness  to  transmit  to 
me ;  and,  in  doing  this,  I  need  not,  I  cannot,  say  what  a 
sacrifice  of  individual  feeling  I  make  to  a  sense  of  public 

"  With  grateful  acknowledgments  and  unfeigned  thanks 
for  the  personal  respect  and  evidences  of  condolence  ex- 
pressed by  Congress  and  yourself,  I  remain,  very  respect- 
fully, sir,  your  most  obedient  humble  servant, 

"iWARTHA  WASHINGTON." 

Tha  said  mEBHi5ge,  and  letter  aoooropanying  ihe  same,  were  read,  and 
ordered  to  be  i-eferrod  to  the  joint  commillee  sppoiiiTed  the  nineteenth 
ultimo,  on  receipt  of  the  inlenigence  of  the  death  of  General  George 
Wasliington,  to  prepare  and  report  meaaurea  suitable  to  the  occasion. 

Feidiy,  March  28, 1800. 

Sesolved,  That  all  letteta  and  packets  to  Mra.  Martha  Washington, 
relict  of  the  late  General  George  Washington,  shall  be  received  and  con- 
veyed by  post,  free  from  poalage,  for  and  during  her  life. 

Ordered,  That  a  bill  or  bills  be  brought  in  pursuant  to  the  said  rcsolu 
tion ;  and  that  Mr.  Henry  Lee,  Mr.  Kittera  and  Mr.  Dennis,  do  nrepare 
and  bring  in  tiie  aame, 

8» 


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262 

Mr.  Henry  Li!e,  from  Ihc  cotnmittce  appomted,  presented,  according 
lo  order,  a  liill  lo  extend  the  privilege  of  franking  letlare  and  paeiiagea 
lo  Martha  Washington ;  which  was  received,  and  read  the  first  time. 

On  motion,  the  said  bill  was  read  the  aecund  lime,  and  ordered  to  bs 
engiossed,  and  read  the  third  lime  on  Monday  next. 

MoNDAT,  March  31, 1800. 
An  engroBsed  billlo  exlend  the  privilege  of  franking  leiters  and  pack- 
ages to  Martha  Washington,  was  read  the  third  time. 
Sesolved,  That  the  said  bill  do  pass  ;— 

AN  ACT  to  extend  the  privilege  of  franking  letters  and 
packages  to  Martha  Washington. 

Beit  enacted  bi/ ike  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives of  the  United  Stales  of  America  in  Congress  as- 
sembled. That  »ll  letters  and  packages  to  and  from  Martha 
Washington,  shall  be  received  and  conveyed  by  post  free 
of  postage,  for  and  during  her  life. 


M.] 


IN  THE  SENATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


is  received  from  the  President  of  the 


Gentlemen  of  (he  Senate,  and 

Gentlemen  of  the  House  of  Representatives : 

The  letter  nerewith  transmitted*  vfill  inform  you  that  it 

lao  pleased  Bivine  Providence  to  remove  from  this  life 


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263 

our  excellent  fellow- citizen  George  Washington  ;  by  the 
purity  of  his  character,  and  a  long  series  of  services  to 
his  country  rendered  illustrious  through  the  world.  It 
remains  for  an  affectionate  and  grateful  people,  in  whose 
hearts  he  can  never  die,  to  pay  suitable  honors  to  his 
memory.  JOHN  ADAMS. 

United  Stoics,  December  19,  1799. 

The  mesaage  and  teller  were  rend. 
Ordered,  That  they  lie  for  considerntion. 

A  meBaage  from  ihe  House  of  Represectaiives,  by  Mr.  Oswald,  in  iJio 
absence  of  their  clerk : 

Mr.  Pretldent:  The- House  of  RepreBenOtives  haring  received  inielli- 
genre  of  the  death  of  their  highly -yalued  fc  How-cilia  en,  General  George 
Washington,  and  sharing  the  universal  grief  this  distresaing  event  must 
producfl,  have  Eeaolved,  That  a  joint  comtnillee  be  appointed,  to  reporl 
measures  suitable  to  the  occasion,  and  OLpi-eesive  of  the  profound  sorrow 
wilh  which  Congresa  is  penetrated  on  the  loss  of  a  citizen,  first  in  war, 
lirsl  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen ;  and  having  ap- 
pointed a  committee  on  their  part,  desire  the  ooncurrenca  of  the  Senate, 
And  he  withdvew. 

The  Senate  proceeded  to  consider  the  foregoing  resolution  of  Ihe  House 
of  Representatives.     Whereupon, 

Etsolved,  That  they  do  concur  therein,  and  that  Messrs,  Dayton,  Bing- 
ham, Dexter,  Gunn,  Ijaurance,  Tracy,  and  Read,  be  the  committee  on 
the  part  of  the  Senate. 

Ordered,  That  the  Secretary  acquaint  the  House  of  Kepresentatiyes 
with  the  concurrence. 
On  motion, 

Hesolved,  That  the  Senate  will  wait  on  the  Tresident  of  the  Unitea 
States,  to  condole  with  him  on  the  disti-essing  event  of  the  death  of  Gene- 
ral George  Washington ;  and  that  a  committee  ba  appointed  10  prepare, 
for  that  occasion,  an  address  lo  the  President  of  the  United  States,  ex 
presaive  of  the  deep  regret  of  (he  Senate  ;  and  that  this  committee  con- 
sist of  Messrs.  Dexter,  Ross,  and  Read. 

Eeaalved,  That  the  chairs  in  the  Senate  chamber  be  covered,  and  tiie 
room  hung  with  black,  and  that  each  member,  and  the  olRcers  of  Ih 


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Senato  go  Inlo  mourning,  by  l]ie  usual  mode  of  wearing  a  craps  round 

The  Senile  adjourned  lo  IJ  o'clock  on  Monday  morning. 

MoHDiT,  December  33,  1799. 

Mr.  Dcilcr,  from  ihe  commillee,  appointed  for  the  purpoee  on  the  18th 

inst.,  reparlcd  ilie  draught  of  an  addrcaa  to  Ihe  Fregidenl  of  the  United 

States,  on  the  death  of  General  George  Washington  j  which  being  read 

in  paragraphs,  was  adopted,  as  follows  i 

To  the  President  of  the  United  States  • 

The  Senate  of  the  Uiittd  Stites  respectfully  take  leave, 
sir,  to  ex[.reos  to  jou  their  deep  regret  f>r  the  loss  their 
country  sustains  la  the  death  ol  Geneial  George  Wash- 
ington. 

This  event,  so  distressing  to  ill  our  fellow-citizens, 
must  be  pcculitrly  heavy  to  yo  i  who  hive  long  been  as- 
sociated with  him  in  deeds  oi  potiiolism  Permit  us,  sir, 
to  mingle  our  tears  with  jours  on  this  occasion  it  is 
manly  to  weep  To  lose  ouch  a  man,  at  such  a  crisis,  is 
no  common  calamity  to  the  world  our  country  mourns 
her  Father  The  Almighty  Disposer  of  human  events  has 
taken  from  us  our  greatest  benefactor  and  ornament.  It 
becomes  us  to  submit  with  reverence  to  him  who  "  maketh 
darkness  his  paviHon." 

With  pattiotic  pride  we  review  the  life  of  our  Wash- 
ington, and  compare  him  with  those  of  other  countries, 
who  have  been  pre-eminent  in  fame.  Ancient  and  modern 
Udmes  are  diminished  before  him.  Greatness  and  guilt 
have  too  often  been  allied  ;  but  his  fame  is  whiter  than  it 
is  brilliant.  The  destroyers  of  nations  stood  abashed  at 
the  majesty  of  his  virtue.  It  reproved  the  intemperance 
of  their  ambition,  and  darkened  the  splendor  of  victory. 
The  scene  is  closed,  and  we  are  no  longer  anxious  lest 


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265 

misfortune  should  suCy  his  glory  ;  he  has  travelled  to  the 
end  of  his  journey,  and  carried  with  him  an  increasing 
weight  of  honor;  he  has  deposited  it  aafely,  Mhere  mis- 
fortune cannot  tarnish  it,  where  malite  cannot  blast  it. 
Viivored  of  Heaven,  he  departed  without  exhibiting  the 
weakness  of  humanity.  Magnanimous  m  death,  the  dark- 
ness of  fhe  grave  could  not  obscure  his  bnghtness 

Such  was  the  man  whom  we  deplore  Thduks  to  God ! 
his  glorj  is  consummated ;  Washington  yet  Hves — on  earth 
in  his  spotless  example— his  spirit  is  in  heaven. 

Let  his  countrymen  consecrate  the  memory  of  the  he- 
roic general,  the  patriotic  statesman,  and  the  virtuous 
sage  ;  let  them  teach  their  children  never  to  forget  that  the 
fridt  of  his  labors  and  his  example  are  their  inheritance. 
SAMUEL  HVEllMORE, 
President  oftlte  Senate,  pro  tempore. 

Ordered,  Tliat  tie  commitlee  who  prepared  the  address,  wait  on  the 
Presidera  of  ihe  United  Statea.  and  desire  him  to  aoquiunt  ihe  Senate  at 
what  tima  and  place  it  will  be  moat  convenient  (or  him  that  it  should  bo 

Mr.  Deiler  reported,  from  the  commitlae,  that  they  had  waited  on  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  that  he  had  acquainted  iliem  that  he 
would  receive  the  address  of  the  Senate  immediately,  at  hie  own  house. 

Whereupon,  the  Senate  wailed  on  the  President  of  the  United  Stales, 
and  the  President  of  the  Senate,  in  their  name,  preaenied  Ihe  addreaa 
this  day  agreed  to. 

To  which  the  President  of  the  United  Stales  was  pleased  to  make  tho 
following  reply  :— 

Gentlemen  of  tlie  Senate  ; 

I  receive,  with  ihe  most  respectful  and  affectionate 
sentiments,  in  this  impressive  address,  the  obliging  ex- 
pressions of  jour  regard  for  the  loss  our  country  has  suff- 


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tamed  in  the  death  of  her  most  esteemed,  beloved,  and 
admired  citizen. 

In  the  multhude  of  my  thoughts  and  recoHections  on 
this  melancholy  event,  jou  will  permit  me  only  to  say, 
that  I  have  seen  him  in  the  days  of  adversity,  in  some  of 
the  scenes  of  his  deepest  distress  and  most  frying  per- 
plexities :  I  have  also  attended  him  in  his  highest  eleva- 
lion,  and  most  prosperous  felicity,  with  uniform  admiration 
of  his  wisdom,  moderation,  and  constancy. 

Among  all  our  original  associates  in  that  memorable 
league  of  the  continent  in  1774,  which  first  expressed  the 
sovereign  will  of  a  free  nation  in  America,  he  was  the 
only  one  remaining  in  the  general  government. 

Although,  with  a  constitution  more  enfeebled  than  his, 
at  an  age  when  he  thought  it  necessary  to  prepare  for  re- 
tirement, I  feel  myself  alone,  bereaved  of  my  last  brother; 
yet  I  derive  a  strong  consolation  from  the  unanimous  dis- 
position which  appears,  in  all  ages  and  classes,  to  mingle 
their  sorrows  with  mine,  on  this  common  calamity  to  the 
world. 

The  life  of  our  Washington  cannot  suffer  by  a  com- 
parison with  those  of  other  countries  who  have  been  most 
celebrated  and  exalted  by  fame.  The  attributes  and 
decorations  of  royalty  could  have  only  served  to  eclipse 
the  majesty  of  those  virtues  which  made  him,  from  being 
fi  modest  citizen,  a  more  resplendent  luminary.  Misfor- 
tune, had  he  lived,  could  hereafter  have  sullied  his  glory 
only  with  those  superficial  minds,  who,  believing  that  cha- 
racters and  actionj  are  marked  by  success  alone,  rarely  de- 
serve to  enjoy  it.  Malice  could  never  blast  his  honor,  and 
envy  made  him  a  singidar  exception  to  her  universal  rule. 
For  himself,  he  had  lived  enough  to  life,  and  to  glory. 


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267 

Foi'  his  fellow-ciiizens,  if  their  prayers  could  have  been 
answered,  he  would  have  been  iinmorlal.  For  me,  his 
departure  is  at  a  most  unfortunate  moment.  Trusting, 
however,  in  the  wise  and  righteous  dominion  of  Provi- 
dence over  the  passions  of  men,  and  the  results  of  their 
councils  and  actions,  as  well  as  over  their  lives,  nothing 
remains  for  me  but  humble  resignation. 

His  example  is  now  complete,  and  it  will  teach  ^visdom 
and  virtue  to  magistrates,  citizens,  and  men,  not  only  in 
the  present  age,  but  in  future  generations,  as  long  as  our 
history  shall  be  read.  If  a  Trajan  found  a  Pliny,  a  Mar- 
cus Aurelius  can  never  want  biographers,  eulogists,  or 
historians.  JOHN  ADAMS. 

United  States,  December  33,  1799. 

The  Senale  relumed  to  ilieir  own  cliamher. 

A  nieasBgc  from  ilie  Bouse  of  RepresentaiivcE.  hy  Mr,  Coiidy,  tlieir 
Clerk: 

Mr.  President !  The  joint  commitlee  appoiuled  on  the  pari  of  tha 
House  of  RepresBolatives,  on  the  19lli  inslant,  on  the  receipt  of  tlie  in- 
telligence of  the  death  of  General  George  Washington,  having  mads 
report  to  that  House,  ihey  have  agreed  !<(  sundry  tesolutiona  tliereupon, 
in  wliioh  ihey  desire  the  conourrence  of  the  Senale.    And  he  withdrew. 

Mr.  Dayton,  from  the  joint  eommiltee,  appointed  the  I9ih  instant,  on 
the  part  of  the  Senale,  on  the  receipt  of  iha  intelligence  of  the  death  of 
General  George  Washington,  reported  in  piist,  and  the  report  was  agreed 
to.     Whereupon, 

Besalved,  UBanimousfy,  That  the  Senate  do  concur  in  the  aforesaid 
resolutiotis. 

TbubsdaT,  DeceheeB  26,  1799. 

In  conformity  to  the  resolve  of  the  33d  instant,  the  Senate  want  in 
procession  to  the  German  Lutheran  Church,  where  was  delivered  an 
oration*  in  honor  of  the  memory  of  General  George  Washington.  Aflej 
whish,  they  relumed  to  their  own  chamber ;  and 


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Fkiday,  Decemeee  27,  1799. 


Bi:s. 


.heii 


lated,  ihrougb 


1  to  the  mmnorj'  of  General  George  Washington,  which  he  pro- 
pored  and  doliyored  al  the  request  of  Congress. 

Eesolveil,  That  the  Secrolary  be  directed  to  apply  to  General  Lcc  for 
a  copy  of  the  same. 


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CHAPTER  5. 

ISAUGUKAL  ADDRESSES  OF  THE  PATRIOTS  AND  SAGES 
OF  THE  REVOLUTION,  WHO  WERE  ELEVATED  BY  THE 
SUFFRAGES  OF  THEIR  FELLOW-CITIZENS  TO  THE 
OFFICE  OF  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

I.  In  seeking,  among  the  great  mass  of      erary  ma  at  has 

emanated  from  the  able  and  intelligent  mil  ds         h  n  arts  of 

the  statestaen  of  the  Revolution,  for  compo  o  s  o  p  d  tbns 
which  imbody  more  completely  than  any  othe  s  and  w  h  n  the 
smallest  compass,  the  true  principles,  objects  and  d  s  gns  duties 
and  responsibilities,  of  the  American  Gov  n  n  unde  he  Con- 
BtitQtion,  none  can  be  found  comparable  to  he  nangura  add  esses 
of  those  wise  and  true  patriots  who  brough  w  h  hen  he  pre- 
sidential office,  not  only  the  experience  Ihej  had  a  qu  ed  those 
times  when  ihe  energies  and  resources  of  the  stoutest  hearts  and 
ablest  minds  were  constantly  in  requisition,  but  the  advantages  of 
the  highest  intelligence,  resulting  from  that  investigation  of  causes, 
and  deliberation  upon  elfects,  constituting  the  prominent  character- 
istics of  truly  great  minds.  These  worthy  spirits  had  witnessed 
and  felt  the  oppression  of  the  colonial  system  of  bondage ;  tha 
want  of  a  general  government  for  the  United  Colonies  in  the  com 
mencementand  progress  of  the  Revolution;  the  total  Ineificiency 
of  the  old  form  of  government  under  Sie  Confederation ;  and  soma 
had  taken  part  in,  while  all  had  been  eye-witnesses  of,  the  eSicient 
and  paternal  administration  of  government  under  the  Constitution 
by  the  great  and  good  Washington,  '['he  sentiments  and  princi- 
ples emanating  from  such  sources,  upon  a  sabject  so  momentous, 
cannot  fail  to  be  highly  interesting  and  instructive  to  the  young 
statesmen  and  patriots  of  our  country;  while,  to  every  American 
citizen  capable  of  reading  and  understanding,  they  will  be  an  in 
valuable  means   of  judging  properly  of  the  views  and  orincip'M 


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270 

of  the  public  men  wlio  may  be  candidalfis  for  thmt  suffugfl  and 
fevor;  for,  if  liieir  declarations  and  sentiments  contradict  those 
contained  in  tliese  inaugural  addresses,  doubts  may  well  be  enter- 
tained of  their  soundness  or  sincerity,  and  every  man  will  be  jus- 
tified, in  the  exercise  of  his  birthright  as  an  American  citizen,  in 
supporting  tlie  Constitution  as  understood  and  executed  by  its 
framers  and  best  friends. 


(Will  be  found  with  his  political  acts  in  Chapter  4,  p.  211.) 

3.  INAUGURAL  ADDRESS  OF  JOHN  ADAMS,  PRESIDENT 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
MiKCH  4,  1797. 
When   it  was  first  perceived,  in  early  times,  Ihat  no  middle 
course  for  America  remained  between  unlimited  submission  to  a 
foreign  legislature  and  a  total  independence  of  its  claims,  men  of 
rellection  were  less  sppreheasive  of  danger  froni  tlie  fonnidabla 
power  of  fleets  and  armies  they  must  determine  to  resist,  than  from 
those  contests  and  dissensions  which  would  certainly  arise  con- 
cerning tjie  forms  of  government  to  be  instituted  over  the  whole 
and  over  the  parts  of  liiis  extensive  country.     Relying,  however, 
on  the  purity  of  their  iiileotions,  the  justice  of  their  cause,  and  the 
integrity  and  intaliigence  of  the  people,  under  an  ovenuling  Pro- 


,  which  ha<r  so  signally  protfict«d  this  country  from  the 
I  tne  represenlatives  of  this  nation,  then  consisting  of  llll'" 
a  than  half  its  present  number,  not  only  bmke  to  pieces  tl 


e  foro^ng,  and  the  rod  of  iron  tiiat  was  lifted  up, 
but  frankly  cut  asunder  the  ties  which  bad  bound  them,  and 
launched  into  an  ocean  of  uncertainty. 

The  zeal  and  ardor  of  the  people,  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
supplying  the  place  of  government,  commanded  a  degree  ol  order, 
sufficient  at  least  for  tlie  tfimiiorary  preservation  of  society  The 
Confederation,  which  was  early  felt  te  be  necessary,  was  prepared 
from  the  models  of  ihe  Batavian  and  Heivetie  contederaciei — the 
only  examples  which  remain,  with  any  detail  and  precision,  in 
history,  and  certainly  the  only  ones  which  tlie  people  at  lai^  had 
ever  considered.  But,  reflecting  on  the  ■itiiLmg  diflerence,  in  so 
uuiny  particulars,  between  tJiis  ooui  tij  and  il  jsc  \\l  ere  a  c;uner 


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271 

may  go  from  the  seat  of  government  to  Ihe  frontier  in  a  single  day, 
It  was  Chen  cerlainly  foreseen,  by  some  who  assisted  in  Oongxess 
at  the  formation  of  it,  that  it  oonld  not  be  durabie. 

Negligenee  of  iia  regnlatione,  inattention  to  its  recommenda- 
tions, if  not  disobedience  to  ils  autlaority,  not  only  in  individuals, 
but  ia  Statea,  soon  appeared,  with  their  melancholy  consequences; 
universal  liinguoi;  jealousies  and  rivalries  of  StaMs;  decline  of 
navigation  and  commerce;  discouragement  of  necessary  manufao- 
tnrea;  universal  fall  in  the  value  of  lands  and  their  pioduce;  con- 
tempt of  public  and  private  faith  ;  loss  of  consideration  and  credit 
with  foreign  nations ;  and,  at  length,  in  diseontenta,  animosities, 
combinations,  partial  conventions,  and  insurrection,  tiireatening 
some  great  national  calamity. 

In  this  dangerous  crisis,  the  people  of  America  were  not  aban- 
doned by  tlieir  usual  good  sense,  presence  of  mind,  resolution,  or 
integrity.  Measures  were  pursued  to  concert  a  plan  to  form  a 
more  perfect  union,  establish  justice,  ensure  domestic  tranquillity, 
provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote  the  ffenoral  welfare,  and 
secure  the  blessings  of  liberty.  The  public  disquisitions,  diecus- 
eions,  and  deliberations,  issued  in  the  present  happy  constitution 
af  government. 

Employed  in  the  service  of  my  country  abroad  during  the  whole 
lourse  of  these  transactions,  I  first  saw  the  Constitotion  of  the 
ITiiitod  States  in  a  foreign  country.  Irritated  by  no  literary  alter- 
cation, animated  by  no  public  debate,  heated  by  no  party  animo- 
sity, I  read  it  with  great  satisfection,  as  the  result  of  good  heads, 
prompted  by  good  hearts — as  an  experiment,  better  adapted  to  tlie 
genius,  character,  situation,  and  relations,  of  tills  nation  and  coun- 
try, tiian  any  which  had  ever  been  proposed  or  suggested.  In  its 
general  principles  and  great  outlines,  it  was  conformable  to  such  a 
system  of  govornment  as  I  had  ever  moat  esteemed,  and  in  some 
States,  my  own  native  State  in  particular,  had  contributed  to  esta- 
blish. Claiming  a  right  of  suffrage,  in  common  with  my  fellow- 
citizens,  in  the  adoption  or  rejection  of  a  Constitution  which  wa.^ 
to  rule  me  and  my  posterity,  as  well  as  them  and  theirs,  I  did  not 
hesitate  to  express  my  approbation  of  it,  on  all  occasions,  in  polilio 
and  in  private.  It  was  not  then,  nor  has  been  since,  any  objection 
to  it,  in  my  mind,  that  the  Executive  and  Senate  were  not  more 
piTmanent.  Nor  have  1  ever  entertained  a  thought  of  promoting 
any  alteration  in  it,  but  such  as  the  people  themselves,  in  the 
course  of  their  experience,  should  see  and  feel  to  be  necessary  or 
expedient,  and,  by  iheir  w presents tives  in  Congress  and  the  State 
legislatures,  according  to  the  Constituljon  itself^  adopt  and  ordain. 

Returning  to  the  bosom  of  my  country,  after  a  painful  separation 
from  it,  for  ten  years,  I  had  the  honor  to  be  elected  to  a  station 
under  the  new  order  of  things,  and  1  have  repeatedly  laid  myself 


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272 

under  the  most,  serious  obligations  to  support  tlie  Conalitiition. 
The  operation  of  it  has  equalled  the  most  sanguine  expectations 
of  ila  friends;  and,  from  an  habitual  attention  to  it,  satisfaction  in 
its  adrainistratinn,  and  delight  in  its  effects  upon  the  peace,  order, 
prosperity  and  happiness  of  the  nation,  1  have  acquired  an  habitual 
attacntnent  to  it  and  veneration  for  it. 

What  other  form  of  government,  indeed,  can  so  well  deserve 
our  esteem  and  love? 

There  may  be  littie  solidity  in  an  ancient  idea,  that  congrega- 
tions of  men  into  cities  and  nations  are  the  most  pleasing  objects 
in  the  sight  of  superior  intelligences ;  but  this  is  very  eerlain,  that, 
to  a  benevolent  human  mind,  there  can  be  no  spectacle  presented 
by  any  nadon  more  pleasing,  more  noble,  majestic,  or  august,  than 
an  assHmbly  like  that  which  has  so  often  been  seen  in  this  and  the 
other  chamber  of  Congress,  of  a  government  in  which  the  execu- 
tive authority,  as  well  as  that  of  all  the  branches  of  the  legisla- 
ture, are  exercised  by  citizens  selected,  at  regular  periods,  by  their 
neighbors,  to  mate  and  execute  laws  for  the  general  good.  Can 
any  thing  essential,  any  thing  more  than  mere  ornament  and  deco- 
mtion,  be  added  to  this  by  robes  and  diamonds  1  Can  authority  be 
more  amiable  and  respectable  wlien  it  descends  from  accidents,  or 
institutions  established  in  remote  antiquity,  *an  when  it  anringa 
fresh  from  the  hearts  and  jndgmentn  of  an  honest  and  enlightened 
people  1  For  it  is  the  people  only  that  are  repreaenied  i  it  is  tlieir 
power  and  majesty  that  is  reflected,  and  only  for  ilieir  good,  in 
every  legitimate  government,  under  whatever  form  it  may  appear. 
The  existence  of  such  a  government  as  ours,  for  any  length  of 


time,  is  a  full  proof  of  a  general  dissemination  of  knowledge  and 
TirtuB  throughout  the  whole  body  of  the  people.  And  what  object 
or  consideration  more  pleasing  than  this  can  be  presented  to  l\\e 
human  mindl  If  national  pride  is  ever  justifiable,  or  excusable, 
it  is  when  it  springs,  not  from  power  or  riches,  grandeur  or  glory, 
bu'  from  oonvicUon  of  national  innocence,  inlormation,  and  be- 
nevolence. 

In  the  midst  of  these  pleasing  ideas,  we  should  be  nnfaithful  to 
ourselves  if  we  should  ever  lose  sight  of  the  danger  to  our  liber- 
ties— if  any  thing  partial  or  extraneous  sliould  infect  the  purity  of 
our  free,  ^ir,  virtuous,  and  independent  elections.  If  an  election 
is  lo  he  determined  by  a  majoritj"  of  a  single  vole,  and  tJiat  can  be 
procured  by  a  |>arly,  through  artifice  or  corruption,  the  government 
may  be  the  choice  of  a  party,  for  its  own  ends — not  ol  the  nation, 
for  the  national  good.  If  that  solitary  suffrage  can  be  obtained  by 
foreign  nations  oy  flattery  or  menaces,  by  traud  or  violence,  by 
terror,  intrigue,  or  venality,  the  government  may  not  be  the  choice 
of  the  American  people,  but  of  foreign  nations.  It  may  be  foreign 
nations  who  govern  us,  and  not  we  the  people  w!io  gH"ern  ou> 


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273 

selves.  And  candid  men  will  aeknowled^,  that,  in  snch  eases, 
choice  would  have  little  advantage  to  boast  of,  over  lot  or  chance. 

Sueli  is  the  amiahle  and  interealing-  system  of  government  (and 
such  are  some  of  the  ahuses  to  which  it  mav  be  exposed)  which 
the  people  of  America  have  exhibited  to  tlie  admiration  and  anxiety 
of  the  wise  and  virtuous  of  all  nations,  for  eight  years,  under  the 
administration  of  a  citizen,  who,  by  a  long  couree  of  great  actions, 
regalated  by  prudence,  justice,  temperance,  a.nd  fortitude,  conduct- 
ing a  people  inspired  with  the  same  virtues,  and  animated  with  the 
same  ardent  patriotism  and  love  of  liberty,  to  independence  and 
peace,  to  increasing  wealth  and  unexampled  prosperity,  has  merited 
the  gratitude  of  his  fellow-citizens,  commanded  the  highest  praises 
of  foreign  uBtions,  and  secured  iminorta!  glory  with  posterity. 

In  tliat  retirement  which  is  his  voluntary  choice,  may  he  long 
live  to  enjoy  the  delicious  recollection  of  his  services,  the  gmti- 
tude  of  mankind,  the  happy  fruits  of  them  to  himself  and  the 
world,  which  are  daily  increasing,  and  that  splendid  prospect  of 
the  future  fortunes  of  tliis  country  which  is  opening  from  year  to 
year.  His  name  may  be  still  a  rampart,  and  the  knowledge  that 
he  lives  a  bulwark,  .against  all  open  or  secret  enemies  of  his  coun- 
try's peace.  This  example  has  been  recommended  to  tlie  iuiitatior 
of  his  successors,  by  botii  housos  of  Congress,  and  by  the  voice 
of  the  legislatures  and  the  people  throughout  tlie  naljon. 

On  this  subject  it  might  become  me  better  to  be  silent,  or  to 
speaJi  with  dimdence;  but,  as  something  may  be  expected,  tiie 
occasion,  I  hope,  will  be  adiuitled  as  an  apology,  if  I  venture  to 
say,  'ITiat — 

If  a  preference,  upon  piinciple,  of  a  free  republican  government, 
formed  upon  long  and  serious  reflection,  after  a  diligent  and  im- 
partial inquiry  after  truth ;  if  an  attachment  to  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  and  a  conscientious  determination  to  support  it, 
until  it  shall  be  altered  by  the  judgments  and  wishes  of '^e  people, 
expressed  in  tlie  mode  prescribed  in  it;  if  a  respectful  atteotion  to 
tlie  constitutions  of  the  individual  Stales,  and  a  constant  caution 
and  ilelicaoy  towards  the  State  govornmeuts;  If  an  equal  and  tm- 
]>artial  regard  to  the  rights,  interest,  honor,  and  happiness,  of  all 
tlie  Slates  in  the  Union,  without  preference  or  regard  to  a  northern 
or  southern,  an  eastern  or  western  poslUon,  their  various  political 
opinions  on  unessential  points,  or  their  personal  attachments  ;  if  a 
love  of  virtuous  men,  of  all  parties  antt  deno  mi  nations ;  if  a  love 
of  science  and  letters,  and  a  wish  to  patronize  every  rational  effort 
to  encourage  schools,  colleges,  universities,  academies,  and  every 
institution  for  propagating  knowledge,  virtue,  and  religion,  among 
all  classes  of  the  people,  not  only  for  their  benign  iuAuence  on  the 
happiness  of  life  in  all  its  stages  and  classes,  and  of  society  in  all 
its  forms,  but  as  the  only  means  of  preserving  oor  Constitution 
37 


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274 

t'xom  its  natural  enemies,  tlie  spirit  of  sophistry.  Hie  spirit  of  part;?, 
tlie  spirit  of  intrigue,  the  profligacj'  of  corruption,  and  the  pesti 
lence  of  foreign  influence,  wliieli  is  the  ange]  of  destrucfjon  to 
elective  governments ;  if  a  love  of  equal  laws,  of  justice,  and  hu 
manity,  in  the  interior  administration ;  if  an  inclination  to  improve 
agriculture,  commerce,  and  manufaelnres  for  necessity,  conve- 
nience, and  defence;  if  a  spirit  of  equity  and  humanity  Cowards 
the  aboriginal  nations  of  America,  and  a  disposition  to  meliorate 
their  condition,  by  inclining  them  to  be  more  friendly  to  us,  and 
DOT  citizens  to  be  more  friendly  to  them ;  if  an  inflexible  determi- 
nation to  maintain  peace  and  inviolable  faith  with  all  nations,  and 
tliat  system  of  neutrality  and  impartiality  among  the  belligen 


io  solemnly  sanctioned  by  both  houses  of  Congress,  and  up- 
plauded  by  the  legislatures  of  the  States  and  the  public  opinion, 
until  it  snail  be  otherwise  ordained  by  Congress;  if  a  personal 
esteem  for  the  French  nation,  formed  in  a  residence  of  seven  years 
chiefly  among  them,  and  a  sincere  desire  to  preserve  She  friendsliip 
which  has  been  so  mnchi  for  the  honor  and  interest  of  both  nations ; 
if,  while  the  conscious  honor  and  integrity  of  the  people  of 
America,  and  the  internal  sentiment  of  their  own  power  and  eneiv 
gies,  must  be  preserved,  an  earnest  endeavor  to  investigate  every 
just  cause,  and  remove  every  colorable  pretence  of  complaint;  if 
an  intention  to  pursue,  by  amicable  negotiation,  a  reparation  for 
the  injuries  that  have  been  committed  on  the  commerce  of  our  fel- 
low-citizens, by  whatever  nation,  and,  if  success  cannot  he  ob- 
tained, to  lay  the  tacts  before  the  legislature,  that  they  may  con- 
sider what  further  measures  the  honor  and  interest  of  the  Govern- 
ment and  its  constituents  demand ;  if  a  resolution  to  do  justice,  us 
iar  as  may  depend  upon  me,  at  all  times  and  to  ail  nations,  and 
maintain  peace,  fiiendship,  aiid  benevolence,  with  all  the  world ; 
if  an  unsnahen  coniidence  in  the  honor,  spirit,  and  reeonices  of 
the  American  people,  on  which  I  have  so  oflen  hazarded  my  all, 
and  never  been  deceived;  if  elevated  ideas  of  the  higli  destinies 
of  this  country,  and  of  my  own  duties  towards  it,  founded  on  a 
knowledge  of  the  moral  principles  and  intellectuai  improvements 
of  the  people,  deeply  engraven  on  my  mind  in  early  iifu,  and  not 
obscured,  but  exalted,  by  experience  and  age;  and,  with  liumble 
reverence,  1  feet  it  to  be  my  duty  to  add,  if  a  veneradon  for  the  re- 
ligion of  a  people  who  profess  and  call  themselves  Christians,  and 
a  lixed  resolution  to  consider  a  decent  respect  for  Christianity 
among  the  best  recommendations  for  the  public  service, — can  en- 
able me,  in  any  degree,  to  comply  with  your  wishes,  it  shall  be 
my  strenuous  endeavor  that  this  sagacious  injunction  of  the  two 
liouses  shall  not  be  \vithout  effect. 

With  this  great  example  before  me — with  the  sense  and  spirit^ 


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275 

tlie  faith  and  hone 

people,  pledged  to  support  tl 

I  euteitam  no  doubt  of  its  continuance  in  all  its  energy,  and  my 

mind  is  prepared,  without  hesitation,  to  lay  myself  nnder  the  most 

eolemti  obligations  to  support  it  to  the  utmost  of  my  power. 

And  may  that  Being  who  is  snpieme  over  all,  the  Patron  of  or- 
der, the  Fountain  of  justice,  and  tiie  Protector,  in  all  ages  of  ths 
world,  of  virtuous  liberty,  continue  His  blessing  upon  this  nation 
and  its  Government,  and  give  it  all  possible  suucess  and  duration; 
'    It  with  the  ends  of  his  Providence ! 


i.  INAUGURAL  ADDRESS  OF  THOMAS  JEFFERSON,  PRE- 
SIDENT OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  AT  HIS  FIRST  TERM 
OF  OFFICE. 

MiBOH  i,  1801. 
Friends  and  felhw-citizens  i 

Called  upon  to  undertake  th    d  f   h     fi.  ve  ofllce 

of  our  countiy,  I  avail  myself    f   I     p  '      P  ^'^"'^  °^ 

my  fellow-citizens  which  is  he     as       hi  d         Jtp  grateful 

thanks  for  the  favor  with  whi  h  I  y  i  hce  pi  d  to  look 
towards  me,  lo  declare  a  sine  re         ac  II     task  is 

above  my  talents,  aod  that  I    pp        h      w  J    th  ous  and 

awful  presentiments  which  th     gre  f   h       h  and  the 

weakness  of  my  powers  so  jus  !y   n  p  A  ,  spread 

over  a  wide  and  fruitful  land  i  rs         11    h  w   h  the  rich 

productions  of  their  industry;  gag  d  n  nm  w  h  nations 
who  feel  power  and  forget  righ  dva  g  p  dly  to  destinies 
beyond  the  reach  of  mortal  ey   — wh      I  ]  1  le  b  ee  trana- 

cendant  objects,  and  see  tlie  I  h     h  pp  d    he  hopes 

of  this  beloved  country  comm   ted  to   h  nd   h         pices  of 

this  day,  I  shrink  from  the  contenpl  o  a  d  humb!  yself  be- 
fore the  magnitude  of  the  undertaking.  Utterly,  indeed,  should  I 
despair,  did  not  the  presence  of  many  whom  I  here  see  remind  me 
that  in  the  other  high  authorities  provided  by  our  Constitution  1 
shall  find  resources  of  wisdom,  of  virtue,  and  of  lea!,  on  which  to 
rely  under  all  difSeulties.  To  you,  then,  gentlemen,  who  ara 
charged  with  the  sovereign  functions  of  legislation,  and  to  those 
associated  with  you,  I  look  with  encouragement  for  that  guidance 
and  support  which  may  enable  us  to  steer  with  safety  the  vessel  in 
which  we  are  all  embarked,  amidst  the  conAictiiig  elements  of  a 
troubled  world. 

During  tJie  contest  of  opinion  through  which  we  have  passed, 
the  animation  of  discussions  and  of  esertions  has  sometimns  worn 
an  aspect  which  mi^jht  im.po3e   on   strangers,  unused   to   think 


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276 

freely,  and  to  sprsk  and  to  write  wbat  they  thinlc ;  but,  this  being 
)!ow  decided  by  thi'  voice  of  the  nation,  announced,  according  to 
Uie  ralee  of  the  C\  nstitution,  all  will,  of  course,  arrange  them- 
selves under  the  will  of  the  law,  and  unite  in  common  efforts  for 
the  common  good.  aU,  too,  nill  bear  in  mind  this  sacred  prin- 
ciple, that,  though  the  viil  of  the  majority  is  in  all  cases  to  pre- 
Tuil,  that  will,  to  be  right  "ill,  must  be  reasonable ;  that  tbe  minority 

Eossesa  their  equal  rights,  Y'hich  equal  laws  mnat  protect,  and  to  vio- 
ite  would  be  oppression.  Iiet  db,  then,  fellow-citizens,  unite  with 
one  heart  and  one  mind ;  let,  us  rcHtore  to  social  intercourse  that 
harmony  and  affection  without  which  liberty  and  even  life  itself  are 
but  dreary  things.  And  let  us  .'eflect,  that,  having  banished  from 
our  land  that  reli^oas  intolerance  under  which  manliind  so  long 
bled  and  suffered,  we  have  jet  gained  little,  if  we  countenance  a 
polilieal  intolerance  as  despotic,  as  wickeJ,  and  capable  of  as  bitter 
and  hloody  persecutions.  During  the  throes  ana  convulsions  of 
the  ancient  world;  during  the  agoniziiig  spasms  of  infuriated  man, 
seeking,  through  blood  and  slaughter,  his  long-lost  liberty,  it  was 
not  wonderful  that  the  agitation  of  the  billows  should  reach  even 
this  distant  and  peaceful  sboxe ;  that  tiiis  should  be  more  felt  and 
feared  by  some,  and  less  by  others,  and  should  divide  opinions  as 
to  measures  of  safety  :  but  every  difference  of  opinion  is  not  a  dif- 
ference of  principle.  We  have  called  by  different  names  brethren 
of  tlie  same  principle.  We  are  all  republicans:  we  are  all  federalists. 
If  there  be  any  among  us  who  would  wish  to  dissolve  this  Union, 
or  to  change  its  republican  form,  let  them  stand,  undisturbed,  as 
monuments  of  the  safety  with  which  error  of  opinion  may  he  lols- 
raled,  tv/iere  reason  is  Uft  free  to  consul  it.  1  know,  indeed,  that 
some  honest  men  fear  tbat  a  republican  government  cannot  be 
strong — that  this  Government  is  not  strong  enough.  But  would 
^e  honest  patriot,  in  the  full  tide  of  successful  experiment,  aban- 
don a  Government  which  has  so  far  kept  us  free  and  Urm,  on  the 
theoretic  and  visionary  fear  that  this  Government,  the  world's  best 
hope,  may,  by  possibility,  want  energy  to  preserve  itself!  I  trust 
not.  1  believe  this,  on  the  contrary,  tbe  strongest  Government  on 
earth.  I  believe  It  the  only  one  where  every  man,  at  the  call  of  the 
law,  would  fly  to  the  standard  of  tbe  law,  and  would  meet  inva- 
sions of  the  public  order  as  his  own  personal  concern.  Sometimes 
It  is  said  that  man  cannot  be  trusted  with  the  government  of  him- 
self. Can  he  then  be  trusted  with  the  ^OTernment  of  others  1  Or 
have  we  found  angels,  in  tlie  form  of  kings,  to  govern  him!  Let 
history  answer  this  question. 

Let  us,  then,  with  courage  and  confidence,  pursue  our  own  fede- 
ral and  republican  principles — our  attachment  to  union  and  repre* 
ecntativH  gnvernment.  Kindly  separated  by  nature  and  a  wide 
ocean  from  the  exterminating  havne  of  one  ciuaTtBT  of  the  globe; 


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an 

t«o  high-minded  to  endure  the  degradations  of  the  others ;  possess- 
ing a  chosen  country,  widi  room  enough  for  our  descendunta  to  the 
thousandth  and  thousandth  generation ;  entertaining  a  due  sense 
of  our  equal  right  to  the  use  of  our  own  Inoulties,  to  the  acquisi- 
Qons  of  our  own  Industivi  to  honor  and  confldenoe  from  our  fellow* 
citizens,  resulting,  not  ftoni  hittia,  but  from  our  actions,  and  their 
sense  of  them;  enlightened  by  a  benign  reli^on,  professed,  iri- 
deed,  and  practised,  in  various  forms,  yet  all  of  them  inculooling 
honesty,  truth,  temperance,  gratitude,  and  the  love  of  mnn  ;  ac- 
knowledging and  adoring  an  overruling  Providence,  which,  liy  all 
its  dis[)ensatioiis,  proves  that  it  deiiglils  in  the  iiapniness  of  man 
li(>re,  and  his  greater  happiness  hereatter,— with  all  these  blessings, 
what  more  is  necessary  to  malie  us  a  happy  and  prosperous  people  i 
Sfiil  one  thing  more,  fellow-citizens :  a  wise  and  frugal  Govern- 
ment, which  Shalt  restrain  men  from  Injuring  one  another,  Ehall 
leave  them  otlierwise  free  to  regulate  their  own  pursuits  of  industry 
and  improvement,  and  shall  ]iot  lake  from  the  mouth  of  labor  the 
bread  it  has  earned.  This  is  the  sum  of  good  government,  and 
this  is  necessary  to  close  the  circJe  of  our  felicities. 

About  to  enter,  fellow-citiiens,  on  the  exercise  of  duties  which 
comprehend  every  thing  dear  and  valuable  to  yon,  it  is  proper  you 
should  understand  what  I  deem  the  essential  principles  of  our  Go- 
vernment, and,  consequently,  those  which  ought  to  shape  its  ad- 
ministration. I  will  compress  them  within  the  narrowest  compass 
they  will  bear — stating  the  general  principle,  but  not  all  its  limita- 
tions. Eijual  and  exact  justice  to  all  men,  of  whatever  state  or 
persuasion,  religious  ot  political ;  peace,  commerce,  and  honest 
friendship  with  all  nations,  entangling  alliances  with  none;  the 
support  of  the  State  governments  in  all  their  rights,  as  the  most 
competent  administrations  for  our  domestic  concerns,  and  the 
surest  bulwarks  against  anti-republican  tendencies  ;  the  preserva 
tion  of  the  General  Government  in  its  whole  constitutional  vigor, 
as  the  sheet-anchor  of  our  peace  at  home  and  safety  abroad ;  a 
l^ous  care  of  the  right  of  election  by  the  people ;  a  mild  and  safe 
corrective  of  abuses  which  are  lopped  by  the  sword  of  revolution, 
where  peaeed)le  remedies  are  unprovided ;  absolute  acquiescence 
in  the  decisions  of  tiie  majority,  the  vital  principle  of  republics, 
from  which  is  no  appeal  but  to  force,  the  vital  principle  ana  imme- 
diate parent  of  despotism ;  a  well-disciplined  militia,  our  best  re' 
iianoe  in  peace,  and  for  the  first  moments  of  war,  till  regulars  may 
relieve  them ;  the  supremacy  of  the  civil  over  the  military  authority ; 
economy  in  the  public  expense,  that  labor  maybe  lightly  bur- 
dened ;  the  honest  payment  of  our  debts,  and  sacred  preservation 
cf  the  public  fiiith ;  encouragement  of  agriculture,  and  of  com- 
merce as  its  handmaid  ;  the  diffusion  of  information,  and  arraign- 
ment of  all  abuses  at  the  bar  of  the  public  reason;  freedom  of  r«- 


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S78 

,  froeclom  of  the  press,  and  freedom  of  paraon,  under  the 
tlon  of  the  habeas  corpus ;  and  trial  by  juries  impartially  se- 
lected. Tliese  principles  form  the  bright  eonstellation  which  has 
gone  before  us,  and  guided  our  steps  through  an  age  of  revolution 
and  leformation.  The  wisdom  of  our  sages  and  blood  of  our  he- 
roes have  been  devoted  to  their  attainment.  They  should  he  the 
creed  of  our  political  feith,  the  text  of  civic  instruction,  the  touch- 
stone by  which  to  try  the  services  of  those  we  trast ;  and  should 
we  wander  &om  them  in  moments  of  error  or  of  alarm,  let  us 
hasten  to  retrace  our  steps,  and  to  regain  the  road  which  alone 
leads  to  peace,  liberty,  and  safety. 

I  repair,  then,  fellow-citizene,  to  the  post  you  have  assigned  me. 
With  experience  enongh  in  subordinate  offices  lo  have  seen  the 
difficulties  of  this,  the  greatest  of  all,  I  have  learnt  lo  expect  that 
it  will  rarely  fell  to  the  Tot  of  imperfect  man  to  retire  from  this  sta- 
tion with  the  reputation  and  the  &vor  which  hronght  him  into  it. 
Without  pretensions  to  that  high  confidence  yon  reposed  in  our 
first  and  greatest  revolutionary  character,  whose  pre-eminent  ser- 
vices had  entitled  him  to  the  first  place  in  his  country's  love,  and 
destined  for  him  tlie  fairest  page  in  the  volume  of  faithful  history, 
I  ask  so  much  confidence  only  as  may  give  firmness  and  effect  to 
the  legal  administration  of  your  afTairs.  I  shall  often  go  wrong, 
through  defect  of  judgment.  When  right,  I  shall  often  he  thought 
■wrong  hy  those  whose  positions  will  not  command  a  view  of  the 
■whole  ground.  I  ask  your  indulgence  for  my  own  errors,  which 
will  never  he  intentional,  and  your  support  against  the  errors  of 
others,  who  may  condemn  what  they  would  not  if  seen  in  all  its 
parts.  The  approbation  implied  by  your  suffrage  is  a  great  conso- 
lation to  me  for  the  past;  and  my  future  solicitude  Will  be,  to  re- 
tain the  good  opinion  of  those  who  have  hestowed  it  in  advance, 
to  conciliate  that  of  others  by  doing  them  all  the  good  in  my 
power,  and  to  be  instrumental  to  the  liappiness  and  freedom  of  all. 

Relying,  then,  on  the  patronage  of  your  good  will,  I  advance 
with  obedience  to  the  work,  ready  to  retire  from  it  whenever  you 
become  sensible  how  much  better  choices  it  is  in  your  power  to 
make.  And  may  that  Infinite  power  which  rules  the  destinies  of 
the  universe,  lead  our  councits  to  what  is  best,  and  give  them  a 
favorable  issue  for  your  peace  and  prosperity. 


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279 

5,  INAURURAL  ADDRESS  OF  THOMAS  JEITERSON,  PRE- 
SIDENT OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  AT  HIS  SECOND 
TERM  OF  OFFICE. 

Mahch  4,  1805. 
ProoeedLng,  fellow-citizens,  to  tliat  qualification  which  tlie  Con- 
stitution requires  before  my  entrance  on  the  charge  agnin  conferred 
on  me,  it  ia  my  duty  to  express  the  deep  sense  I  entertiiin  of  this 
new  proof  of  confidence  from  my  fellow-citizens  at  large,  and  the 
aeal  with  which  it  inspires  me  so  to  conduct  myself  as  may  best 
saUsfj  their  just  especlations. 

On  taliine  this  station,  on  a  former  occasion,  I  declared  the  prin- 
ciples on  which  I  believed  it  my  doty  to  administer  the  affairs  of 
our  commonwealth.  My  eonscienoe  lells  me  1  have,  on  every  oc- 
casion, acted  up  to  that  declaration,  according  to  its  obvious  im- 
port, and  to  the  understanding  of  every  candid  mind. 

In  the  transaction  of  your  foreign  affairs,  we  have  endearored 
to  cultivate  the  friendship  of  all  nations,  and  especially  of  those 
witii  which  we  have  tiie  most  important  relations.  We  have  done 
them  justice  on  ail  occasiona,  favor  where  fevor  was  lawful,  and 
cherished  mutual  interests  and  intercourse  od  lair  and  equal  terms. 
We  are  firmly  convinced,  and  we  act  on  that  conviction,  that  with 
nations,  as  with  individuals,  onr  inl«rest3,  soundly  calculated,  will 
ever  be  found  inseparable  from  our  moral  duties ;  and  history  bears 
witness  to  the  fiiet,  that  a  just  nation  is  trusted  on  its  word,  when 
recouiiae  is  had  to  armaments  and  wars  to  bridle  others. 

At  home,  fellow-citizens,  you  best  know  whether  we  have  done 
well  or  ill.  The  suppression  of  unnecessary  ofiices,  of  useless 
establishments  and  expenses,  enabled  us  to  discontinue  our  inter- 
nal taxes.  These,  covering  our  land  with  officers,  and  opening 
OUT  doors  to  their  intrusions,  had  already  begun  that  process  of 
domiciliary  vexetion,  which,  once  entered,  is  scarcely  to  be  re- 
Btrained  from  reaching,  successively,  every  article  of  property  and 
produce.  If,  among  these  taxes,  some  minor  ones  fell,  which  had 
not  been  inconvenient,  it  was  because  tiieir  amount  would  not 
have  paid  the  officers  who  collected  them,  and  because,  if  they 
had  any  merit,  the  State  authorities  might  adopt  them  instead  of 
otiiers  less  approved. 

The  remaining  revenue,  on  the  consumption  of  foreign  articles,  is 
paid  chiefly  by  those  who  canaffotd  to  add  foreign  lusunes  to  domes- 
tic comforts.  Being  collected  on  our  seaboard  and  frontiers  only,  and 
incorporated  with  the  transactions  of  our  mercantile  citizens,  it 
may  be  the  pleasure  and  the  pride  of  an  American  to  ask,  what 
former,  what  mechanic,  what  laborer,  ever  sees  a  tax-gatherer  of 
the  United  Slates  1  These  contributions  enable  us  to  support  tha 
current  expenses  of  tlie  GovurnLnejit  j  to  fulfil  contracts  with  fo- 


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280 

reign  nations  ;  to  extin^isli  tlie  native  right  of  soil  within  our 
iimils ;  lo  extend  those  limits ;  and  to  apply  such  a  surplus  lo  our 
public  debts  33  places  at  a  stiort  day  their  final  ledeinption:  and, 
that  redeinpdon  once  efTected,  the  lerenue  thereby  liherated  in<iy, 
by  a  just  repartition  of  it  amotig  the  States,  and  a  correspond ing 
amendment  of  the  Constitution,  be  applied,  in  time  of  peace,  to 
rtTers,  canals,  roads,  arts,  manufectures,  educatioii,and  other  great 
objects,  within  each  Stat«.  In  time  #  war,  if  injustice  by  car- 
selves  or  others  must  someUmes  procfoce  war,  .'ncreased,  as  iha 
same  rerenne  will  be,  by  increas^  population  and  conBampdon, 
and  aided  by  other  resources  reserved  for  that  crisis,  it  may  meat, 
witliin  the  year,  all  die  expenses  of  the  year,  without  encroaciing 
on  the  rights  of  future  generations,  by  burdening  them  with  the 
debts  of  3ie  past.  War  will  then  be  but  a  suspension  of  useful 
works;  and  a  return  to  a  state  of  peace,  a  return  to  the  pregresa 
of  improvement. 

1  have  said,  fellow- citizens,  that  the  income  reserved  had  ena- 
bled us  \o  extend  our  limits;  but  that  extension  may  possibly  pay 
for  itself  before  we  are  called  on,  and,  in  the  mean  time,  may 
keep  down  the  accruing  interest;  in  all  events,  it  will  replace  the 
advunces  we  shall  have  made.  I  linow  chat  the  acquisition  of  Loo- 
isiana  has  been  disapproved  by  some,  from  a  candid  apprehension 
that  die  enlargement  of  our  territory  would  endanger  its  union. 
But  who  can  liniit  tiie  extent  to  which  tine  federative  principle  may 
operate  effectively  1  The  larger  our  associaiion,  the  less  will  it  be 
shaken  hj  local  passions ;  and,  in  any  view,  is  it  not  better  that 
the  apposite  bank  of  the  Mississippi  should  be  settled  by  our  own 
brethren  and  children,  than  by  strangers  of  another  fiiinilyl  With 
which  should  we  be  most  liliely  to  live  in  harmony  and  friendly 
intercourse  1 

In  matters  of  religion,  I  have  considered  that  its  free  exercise  is 
placed  by  the  Constitution  independent  of  the  powers  of  the  Gene- 
ral Government.  I  have  therefore  undertaken,  on  no  occasion,  to 
prescribe  the  religious  exercises  suited  to  it,  but  have  left  them,  as 
the  Constitution  found  them,  under  the  direction  and  discipline  of 
tlie  church  or  State  authorities  acknowledged  by  the  several  reli- 


The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  these  countries  I  have  reg;aTded 
with  tlie  commiseration  their  history  inspires.  Endowed  witli  the 
faculties  and  the  rights  of  men,  breatiiing  an  ardent  love  of  liberty 
and  independence,  and  occupying  a  country  which  lefl  them  no 
desire  but  to  be  undisturbed,  the  stream  of  overflowin?  population 
from  other  regions  directed  itself  on  these  abores.  "Without  power 
to  divert,  or  habits  to  contend  against  it,  thfy  have  been  over- 
whelmed by  the  current,  or  driven  before  it.  Now  (educed  within 
jiiiiilii  too  narrow  for  the  hunter  stiite,  humanity  enjoins  us  to  teach 


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281 

n  to  thai  it 


their  plac 
,     .  ,  «  of  society  wliich 

to  bodily  nomforts  adds  the  improvement  of  ths  mind  and  morals. 
We  hafe,  Hereford,  libemilj  Airniehed  them  witli  the  implements 
of  husbandry  and  household  use :  we  have  placed  among'  them  in- 
structors in  the  arts  of  first  necessity ;  and  Ihey  are  covered  with 
tJie  !egis  of  the  law  against  Hggreseora  from  among  ourselves. 

But  the  endeavors  to  enlighten  them  on  the  fate  which  awaits 
their  present  course  of  life,  to  induce  them  to  exercise  their  reason, 
follow  its  dictates,  and  change  their  pursuits  witii  the  chan^  of 
circumstances,  have  powerful  obstticles  t«  eocoonier.  The^f  are 
combated  by  the  habits  of  their  bodies,  prejudices  of  their  minds, 
ignorance,  pride,  and  the  influence  of  interested  and  crafty  indi- 
viduals among  tliem,  who  feel  themselves  something  in  the  present 
order  of  things,  and  fear  to  become  nothing  in  any  other.  These 
persons  inculcate  a  sanctimonious  reverence  for  the  customs  of 
their  ancestors;  that  whatsoever  they  did  must  he  done  through  all 
time;  that  reason  is  a  false  guide,  and  to  advance  under  its  counsel 
in  Uieir  physical,  moral,  or  political  condition,  is  perilous  innova- 
tion ;  that  their  duty  is  to  remain  as  the  Creator  made  thein — igno- 
rance being  safety,  and  knowledge  full  of  danger.  In  short,  my 
fnends,  among  iJiem,  also,  is  seen  the  action  and  counteraction  of 
good  sense  and  of  bigotry.  They,  too,  have  tlieir  anli-philoso- 
phists,  who  find  an  interest  in  keeping  things  in  their  present  atsfe, 
who  dread  reformation,  and  exert  all  their  feculties  to  maintain  the 
ascendency  of  habit  over  the  duty  of  improving  our  reason  and 

In  giving  these  outlines,  I  do  not  mean,  fellow-citiaens,  to  arro- 
gate to  myself  the  merit  of  the  measures :  that  is  due,  in  tho  first 
place,  to  the  reflecting  character  of  our  citiaens  at  large,  who,  by 
the  weight  of  public  opinion,  influence  and  strengthen  the  public 
measures.  It  is  due  tu  the  sound  discretion  with  which  they  select 
from  among  themselves  those  to  whom  they  confide  the  legislative 
duties.  It  is  due  to  the  aeal  and  wisdom  of  the  characters  thus 
selected,  who  lay  the  foundations  of  public  happiness  in  whole- 
some laws,  the  execution  of  which  alone  remains  for  others  And 
it  is  due  to  the  able  and  faithful  auxiliaries  whose  patriotism  has 
associated  fiiem  with  roe  in  the  eieculive  func^ons 

Daring  this  course  of  administration,  and  in  order  to  disturb  it, 
the  artillery  of  the  press  has  been  levelled  Against  us,  charged  with 
whatsoever  its  licentiousness  conld  devise  or  dare.  Fhese  abusea 
of  an  institution  so  important  to  freedom  and  science  are  deeply  to 
be  regretted,  inasmuch  as  they  lend  to  lessen  its  usefulness  and  tc 
Siip  its  safety.  'I'hey  might,  indeed,  have  been  corrected  by  the 
wholesome  punishments  reserved  to  and  provided  by  the  laws  ol 


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ihe  several  Slates  against  falsehooil  and  Jofamallon ;  but  publio 
duties,  more  urgent,  press  on  the  time  of  public  servants,  and  tlie 
offenders  bave  tlierefoie  been  left  b>  find  their  punishment  in  tliQ 
public  indimiation. 

NorWBSitunin   re  h    w     d   tl         i  experiment  should 

be  Mrly  and  fully  dub  reed  m  discussion,  unaided 
by  power,  is  not      ffi  h  paga     n  and  protection  of 

truth  'i    Whether  a  g  t,      nd  lelf  in  the  true  spirit 

of  its  constitution  v/  d  p     ty       d  doing  no  act  wliich 

it  would  be  unwi  g  h  wh  w  d  h  Id  witness,  can  be 
written  down  by  h  d  d  d  an  The  esperiment  has 
been  tried.    You  h       w  d   h    sc  n       Out  fellow-itizens 

looked  on  cool  and  collected.  They  saw  the  latent  source  from 
which  these  outrages  proceeded.  They  gathered  around  their  pub- 
lic functionaries;  and,  when  the  Constitution  called  them  to  the 
dBcision  by  suffrage,  they  pronounced  their  verdict  honorable  to 
those  who  had  served  them,  and  consolatory  to  the  friend  of  man, 
who  heiieves  tliat  he  may  be  trusted  with  the  control  of  his  own 
affairs. 

No  inference  ia  here  intended  that  the  laws  provided  by  the 
States  agiiinst  ^se  and  delamatory  puhlicutions  snould  not  be  en- 
forced. He  who  has  time,  renders  a  service  to  publio  morals  and 
public  tranquillity  in  refonning  these  abuses  by  the  salutary  coer- 
cions of  the  law.  But  the  experiment  is  noted  to  prove  that,  since 
truth  and  reason  have  maintained  tlieir  ground  agiunst  false  opi- 
nions, in  league  with  fiilse  6ctB,  the  press,  confined  to  truth,  needs 
no  otiier  legal  restraint.  The  public  judgment  will  correct  false 
reasonings  and  opinions,  on  a  full  bearing  of  all  parties ;  and  no 
other  definite  line  can  be  drawn  between  the  inestimable  liberty  of 
the  press  and  its  demoralizing  licentiousness.  If  there  be  still 
improprieties  which  this  rule  would  not  restrain,  its  supplement 
must  ue  sought  in  the  censorship  of  public  opinion. 

Contemplating  the  union  of  sentiment  now  manifested  so  gen- 
erally, as  auguring  harmony  and  happiness  to  our  future  course,  I 
offer  to  our  country  sincere  congTatulations.  With  those,  too,  not 
yet  rallied  to  the  same  point,  the  disposition  to  do  so  is  gaining 
strengtii.  Facts  are  piercing  tlirough  the  veil  drawn  over  them ; 
and  our  doubting  bretliren  will  at  length  see  that  tiie  mass  of  their 
fellow-citizens,  with  whom  they  cannot  yet  resolve  to  act,  as  to 
principles  and  measures,  tliink  as  tiiey  think,  and  desire  what  they 
>lestre;  that  our  wish,  as  well  as  theirs,  is,  that  the  public  efforts 
may  be  directed  honestly  to  tlie  public  good,  that  peace  be  culti- 
vated, civil  and  religious  liberty  miaasailed,  law  and  order  pre- 
lerved,  equality  of  rights  maintained,  and  t^at  state  of  property, 
equal  or  unequal,  which  results  to  every  man  from  bis  own  indns- 
UV  or  that  of  hia  father's.     When  satisHed   of  these  views,  it  ia 


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2S3 

not  in  hum  iii  n^turp  tlial  tliey  should  not  approve  and  support 
them.  In  the  mean  time,  let  us  cherish  them  with  patient  affec- 
tion ;  let  ua  do  them  justice,  and  more  than  justice,  in  all  oompe- 
tilions  of  Interest, — and  we  need  not  doubt  that  truth,  reason,  and 
their  own  interests,  will  at  length  prevail — will  gather  them  into 
tbe  fold  of  their  country,  and  will  complete  tiiat  entire  union  of 
opinion  which  gives  to  a  nation  the  blessing  of  harmony,  and  the 
benelit  of  all  its  strength. 

I  shall  now  enter  on  the  duties  to  which  my  fellow-citiBons  have 
again  called  me,  and  shall  proceed  in  the  spirit  of  those  principles 
which  they  have  approved.  1  fear  not  that  anjj  motives  of  interest 
may  lead  me  astray.  I  am  sensible  of  no  passion  which  could  se- 
duce me,  knowingly,  from  the  patii  of  justice  ;  but  the  weEitnessea 
of  human  nature,  and  the  limits  of  my  own  understanding:,  will 
produce  errors  of  judgment  sometimes  injurious  to  your  interests. 
I  shall  need,  therefore,  all  the  indulgence  which  I  have  heretofore 
experienced  from  my  constituents.  The  want  of  it  will  certainly 
not  lessen  with  inoreasing  years.  I  shall  need,  too,  tbe  favor  of 
tiiat  Being  in  whose  hands  we  are ;  who  led  our  fethers,  as  Israel 
of  old,  from  their  native  land,  and  planted  them  in  a  country  flow- 
ing with  all  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of  life;  who  has  covered 
our  infenoy  wiiJi  His  providence,  and  our  riper  years  with  His 
wisdom  and  power;  and  to  whose  goodness  I  ask  you  to  join  in 
supplications  with  me,  that  He  will  so  enlighten  the  minds  of  your 
servants,  guide  their  councils,  and  prosper  their  measures,  that 
whatsoever  they  do  shall  result  in  your  good,  and  shall  secure  to 
you  the  peace,  friendship,  and  approbation  of  all  nations. 

6.  INAUGURAL  ADDRESS  OF  JAMES  MADISON,  PEESL 
DENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  AT  HIS  FIRST  TERM 
OF  OFFICE. 

MiEOH  4,  1809. 

Genlkmeti  of  the  Senate,  and  of  the  House  of  Bepresentalives  i 
IJnwilling  to  depart  from  examples  of  the  most  revered  authority, 
1  avail  myself  of  tlie  occasion  now  presented,  to  express  the  pro- 
found impression  made  on  me,  by  tlie  call  of  my  country,  to  the 
station,  to  the  duties  of  which  I  am  about  to  pledge  myself,  by  tiia 
most  solemn  of  sanctions.  So  distinguished  a  mark  of  confidence, 
proceeding  from  tbe  deliberate  and  tranquil  suffrage  of  a  free  and 
virtuous  nation,  would,  under  any  circumstances,  have  commanded 
my  gratitude  and  devotion,  as  well  as  tilled  me  with  an  awful  sense 
of  the  trust  to  be  assumed.  Under  the  various  circumstances  which 
give  peculiar  solemnity  to  the  existing  period,  I  feel  that  boUi  tlie 


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honor  and  the  resiionaibllity  alloUcd  to  nio,  are  inexpressibly  en- 
hniiKed. 

Tlie  present  situation  of  the  world  is,  indeed,  williout  a  paraliei; 
and  that  of  our  country  fuli  of  difEculties.  The  presaare  of  thess 
two  is  tlie  more  severely  felt,  because  they  have  fallen  upon  us  at 
a  moment  when  national  prosperity,  being  at  a  height  not  before 
attained,  the  contrast  resulting  from  this  change  has  been  rendered 
the  more  striking.  Under  the  benign  influence  of  our  republican 
institutions,  and  the  maintenance  of  peace  with  ail  nations,  whilst 
eo  many  of  them  were  engaged  in  bloody  and  wasteful  wars,  the 
fruits  of  a  juat  policy  were  enjoyed  in  an  unrivalled  growth  of  our 
faeultiea  and  resources.  Proofs  of  this  were  seen  in  the  improve- 
ments of  agriculture;  in  the  successful  enterprises  of  commerce; 
in  the  progress  of  raanu&ctures  and  useful  arts;  in  the  increase  of 
the  public  revenue,  and  the  use  made  of  it  in  reducing  the  public 
debt;  and  in  the  valuable  works  and  eatabiishiuents  everywhere 
multiplying  over  the  face  of  our  land. 

It  is  a  precious  reflection,  that  the  transition  from  this  prosperous 
condition  of  our  country,  to  the  scene  which  has  for  some  time 
been  distressing  us,  is  not  chargeable  on  any  unwarrantable  views, 
her,  as  I  trust,  on  any  involuntary  errors  in  the  public  councils. 
Indulging  no  passions  which  trespass  on  the  rights  or  the  respose 
of  other  nations,  it  has  been  the  true  gloiT'  of  the  United  States  to 
cultivate  peace,  by  observing  justice,  and  to  entitle  theniselves  to 
the  respect  of  the  nations  at  war,  by  fulfilling  tlieit  neutral  oblJM- 
tioQS  with  the  most  scrupulous  impartiality.  If  there  be  candor 
in  the  world,  the  trii^i  of  these  assertions  will  not  he  questioned. 
Posterity,  at  least,  will  do  justice  to  them. 

This  uneseeptionable  course  could  not  avail  against  the  injustice 
nnd  violence  of  the  belligerent  powers.  In  their  rage  against  each 
otiier,  or  impelled  by  more  direct  motives,  principles  of  retaliation 
have  been  introduced,  equally  contrary  to  universal  reason  and  ac- 
knowledged law.  How  long  their  arbitrary  edicts  will  be  con- 
tinued, in  spile  of  the  demonstrations  that  not  even  a  pretext  fur 
tliem  has  been  given  by  tlie  United  States,  and  of  the  fa  a  d 
liberal  attempts  to  induce  a  revocation  of  tliem,  cannot  be  a  t 
paled.  Assuring  myself  that,  under  every  vicissitude,  the  dete 
mined  spirit  and  united  councils  of  the  nation  will  be  safeg  a  Is 
to  its  honor  and  its  essential  inlBrests,  I  rep^r  to  the  post  ass  g  ed 
me,  with  n(i  other  discouragement  than  wliat  springs  from  ny  ow  i 
madeqnacy  to  its  high  duties.  If  I  do  not  sink  under  the  ve  ^i  t 
of  this  deep  conviction,  it  is  because  1  lind  some  support  in  a  con 
aciousness  of  the  purposes,  and  a  coufldeoce  la  the  principles 
which  I  bring  with  me  into  this  arduous  service. 

To  cherish  peace  and  friendly  intercourse  with  all  nations,  having 
correspondent  dispositions  ;  to  maiutiln  sincere  neutralitj'  towards 


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es,  amicable  discussioD  anil 

_ !3,  to  a  decision  of  Uiem  by 

an  appeal  to  arms;  lo  exclude  foreign  intrigues  and  foreign  par- 
liaJities,  so  degrading  to  all  countries,  and  eo  banefal  to  free  ones ; 
to  foster  a  spint  of  independence ;  too  just  to  invade  the  rights  of 
otliera;  too  proud  to  surrender  our  own ;  too  liberal  to  imjulge  un- 
worthy prejudices  ourselves,  and  too  elevated  not  to  look  down 
upon  them  in  otliers ;  to  hold  the  union  of  the  States  as  the  basis 
of  their  peace  and  happiness }  to  support  the  Constitution,  which 
is  the  cement  of  die  Union,  as  wejl  in  its  limitations  as  in  its  au- 
thorities ;  to  respect  the  rig'hts  and  authorities  reserved  to  the 
States  and  to  the  people,  as  equally  incorporated  with,  and  essen- 
tial to  the  success  of  the  general  system ;  to  avoid  the  slightest 
interference  with  the  rights  of  conscience,  or  the  functions  of  reli- 
gion, so  wisely  exempted  from  civil  jurisdicdon;  to  preserve,  to 
their  full  enei^y,  the  other  salutary  proviaLons  in  behalf  of  private 
and  personal  rights,  and  of  the  freedom  of  the  press;  to  observe 
economy  in  public  expenditures;  to  liberate  the  public  resources 
by  an  honorable  dischai^  of  the  public  debts;  to  keep  within  the 
requisite  limits  a  standing  military  force,  always  remembering,  that 
an  armed  and  trained  ruBltia  is  the  firmest  bulwark  of  repubiica ; 
that  without  standing  armies  their  liberty  can  never  be  in  danger, 
nor,  with  lar^  ones,  safe;  to  promote,  by  authorized  means,  im- 
provements friendly  to  agriculture,  to  maoufectures,  and  to  external 
as  well  as  internal  commerce;  to  favor,  in  like  manner,  the  ad- 
vancement of  science  and  tlie  diffusion  of  information,  as  the  best 
aliment  to  true  liberty ;  to  carry  on  the  benevolent  plans  which 
have  been  so  meritoriously  applied  to  the  conversion  of  our  abori- 
ginal neighbors,  from  the  degradation  and  wretchedness  of  savage 
life,  to  a  participation  of  the  improvements  of  which  the  human 
mind  and  manners  are  susceptible  in  a  civilized  slate :  As  far  as 
'        '         '  '   ■     ■'     s  such  as  these  can  aid  the  fulfilment  of 


my  duty,  tliey  will  be  a  resource  which  c: 

It  is  my  good  fortune,  moreover,  to  have  the  path  in  which  I  am 
to  tread,  lighted  by  examples  of  illustrious  services,  sucoesafully 
rendered  in  the  most  trying  difficulties,  by  tiiose  who  have  marched 
before  me.  Of  iJiose  of  my  immediate  predecessor,  it  might  least 
become  me  here  to  speak — I  may,  however,  be  pardoned  for  not 
suppressing  the  sympathy,  witit  which  my  heart  Is  fall,  in  the  rich 
reward  he  enjoys  in  the  benedictions  of  a  beloved  country,  grate- 
fully bestowed  for  exalted  talents,  zealously  devoted,  tiirough  a 
long  career,  to  the  advancement  of  its  highest  interest  and  happi 
uess.     But  tlie  source  to  which  I  look  for  the  aids,  wliioh  alone 

a  supply  my  deficiencies,  is  in  tie  well-tried  intelligence  and 


as 


virtue  of  my  fellow-citizens,  and  in  die  councils  of  those  rejire 
aenting  tbem  in  tiie  otlier  departments  associated  in  the  care  of  th« 

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na^onal  inWrests.  In  these  my  contirtenco  will,  under  every  diffl- 
culty,  be  best  placed;  nest  to  that  which  we  have  all  been  en- 
couraged to  feel  in  the  guardianship  and  guidance  of  that  Almighty 
Being,  whose  power  regnlates  the  destiny  of  nations,  whose  bless- 
ings have  been  so  conspicuously  dispensed  to  this  rising  Republic, 
and  to  whom  we  are  bound  to  address  our  devout  gratitude  for  the 
past,  as  well  as  our  fervent  supplications  and  best  hopes  for  the 


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CIIAPTETl  6. 

GENERAL  LAWS  RELATING  TO  THE  CONTINUED 
ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT,  AND  PRO- 
VIDING  THE  AUTHORITIES  AND  MEANS  OF  EXE- 
CUTING THE  CONSTITUTION,  IN  CERTAIN  CONTIN- 
GENCIES, AND  FOR  OTHER  PURPOSES. 

These  acts  and  parts  of  acts,  forming  a  peculiar  class  of  general 
Import,  being  spread  through  the  raass  of  laws,  a  copy  of  wliieh  is 
not  always  accessible,  are  inserted  here  for  public  c 
They  prescribe  the  forms  of  oaths  to  support  tlie  Cor 
aiithoiize  oaths  to  be  administered  by  the  presiding  officers  of  the 
two  Hoases,  and  chairmen  of  the  committees  of  Congress ;  relate 
to  the  election  of  President  and  Vice  President ;  declare  the  officer 
who  shall  act  as  President  in  case  of  vacancies  in  ofiices,  both  of 
President  and  Vice  President ;  provide  compensation  to  the  Presi- 
dent and  Vice  President;  to  messengers  to  deliver  electoral  rofes ; 
apportion  the  Representatives  in  Congress  according  to  the  last 
census,  and  prescribe  the  district  election  of  Representatives ;  esta- 
blish a  uniform  time  for  holding  elections  for  Electors,  and  pre- 
scribe the  mode  in  which  the  public  acts,  records,  and  judicial  pro- 
ceedings, in  each  Slate,  shall  be  authenticated  so  as  to  take  effect 
in  every  other  State ;  provide  for  the  protection  of  Ambassadors  and 
other  public  ministers ;  for  tlie  preservation  of  the  neutrality  of  the 
United  Stales,  and  establish  Little  &  Brown's  edition  of  the  laws 
and  treaties  of  the  United  States  competent  evidence  in  alt  thecoorts 
and  offices  of  the  United  Slates  and  of  the  several  Slates,  &c. 


Sec.  1.    Be  il  €>tnetid  by  tfiC  Senate  and  Rouse  of  Bepi-esentaUvf!  of  tut 
Un-iled  Slates  oj  America  in  Cmgresi  asiemlihd.  Thai  the  oolh  or  afEr 


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molion  required  by  Iha  sixth  article  ot  the  Constitudon  of  the  United 
Slates,  fihaU  he  adminiateced  in  the  form  following,  lo  win  "/.J-Jf., 
da  loUmalT/  swear  or  affirm  t,as  the  case  may  be)  tiiat  I  viill  support  tte 
ConalitittiaTt  of  Ihe  United  States,"  The  said  OHth  or  affirmation  elioll 
be  admiaistered  within  three  days  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  by  any 
one  member  of  the  Senate,  to  tlie  President  of  the  Senale,  and  by  him 
to  all  the  members,  and  to  the  Secretary ;  and  by  the  speaker  of  the 
ifouaa  of  Repreaentativsa  to  all  the  members  who  have  not  taken  a 
aimilar  oath,  by  virtue  of  a  particular  reeolution  of  the  eald  House,  and 
(0  the  clerk :  And  in  case  of  the  absence  of  any  member  from  the  ser- 
vice of  either  House  at  the  time  prescribed  for  taking  the  said  oath  or 
afFirmation,  the  same  shall  be  administered  to  such  member  when  he 

Sec.  2.  And  be  il/Mthet  exacted,  That  at  the  first  session  of  Congress 
after  every  general  election  of  representatives,  the  oath  or  affirmation 
aforesaid  shall  be  administered  by  any  one  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  to  the  speaker ;  and  by  him  to  all  the  members  prBsent, 
and  to  the  clerk,  previous  to  entering  on  any  other  business;  and  to  the 
members  who  shall  afterwards  appear,  previous  lo  taking  their  seals. 
The  President  of  the  Senale  for  the  time  being,  shall  also  administer  the 
said  oath  or  affirmation  to  each  Senator  who  shall  hereafter  be  elected, 
previous  to  his  taking  his  seat!  And  in  any  future  case  of  a  President  of 
the  Senate,  who  shall  not  have  taken  the  said  oa  h  ffi  m  '  n  h 
same  shall  be  administered  to  him  by  any  one  of    h  b  f    h 

Senate. 

Sec.  3.  And  be  it  fitrther  enacled,  That  the  memb  f    h  I 

State  legislatures,  at  the  next  aessiona  of  the  said  I  g    I  p 

ively,  and  all  esecutive  and  judicial  officers  of  the  ral  ea   wh 

have  been  heretofore  chosen  or  appointed,  or  who  si  II  b  h  n  p 
pointed  before  the  first  day  of  August  next,  and  wh  h  II  h  n  b  n 
office,  shall,  within  one  month  thereailer,  lake  the  same  oath  Or  affirma- 
tion, except  where  they  shall  have  taken  it  before  i  which  may  be  ad- 
ministered by  any  parson  anthoriued  by  the  law  of  the  State,  in  which 
such  ofKee  shall  be  holden,  to  administer  oaths.  And  the  members  of 
llie  several  State  legislatarea,  and  all  eiecutiva  and  judicial  officers  of 
the  several  Stales,  who  shall  be  chosen  or  appointed  after  the  said  Eirst 
day  of  August,  shall,  before  they  proceed  to  execute  the  duties  of  their 
respective  oliicea,  talte  the  foregoing  oath  or  affirmation,  which  shall  hfl 
administered  by  the  person  or  persons,  who,  by  ilie  law  of  the  Stale, 
Hball  be  authorized  to  administer  the  oath  of  office ;  and  the  person  or 
jii'rsons  so  administering  the  oath  hereby  requited  to  be  taken,  shall 
caiiso  a  rec:ord  or  certihtato  thereof  to  be  itiade,  in  the  same  manner  aa, 


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by  the  law  of  tlie  State,  he  or  tlicy  sliall  be  directed  (0  record  or  cenify 
the  onlh  of  office. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  Thai  all  officers  Bppointed,  or  here- 
attet  to  be  appointed,  uader  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall, 
before  they  act  in  iheir  respective  offices,  lake  the  same  onlh  or  gfTirma- 
tion,  which  ehall  be  administered  by  the  person  or  persona  who  shall  be 
suihorized  by  law  to  administer  to  such  officers  their  respective  oaths  of 
office  ;  and  such  officeva  shall  incur  the  same  penalties  in  case  of  failure, 
as  Ehall  be  imposed  by  law  in  case  of  fniliue  m  taking  their  respective 
oaths  of  oHice. 

Sec.  5.  And  be  U  furtlter  enacted,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Senate, 
and  the  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  for  the  time  being,  shall, 
at  (he  time  of  Caking  the  oath  or  affirmation  aforesiud.  each  take  an  oatli 
or  affirmation  in  the  words  following,  to  wit:  "I,  A.  S.,  Secretary  of  the 
Senate,  or  Clerk  of  the  Home  of  Mepretentativea  (as  the  case  may  be)  of 
the  United  Smtea  1^  America,  do  aole?iailil  sviear  or  aJiTm.  that  I  wiUtruls 
and  faithfully  discharge  the  daliei  iffnty  taidoSice,  to  the  best  ofmylaiBW- 
ledge  and  oiilities," 

Approved,  June  1,  1789 

3.  AN  ACT  for  the  puiiisliment  of  certain  crimes  agoinat  the  United 
States. 

Sec.  35.  And  he  il  further  enacted.  That  if  any  writ  or  process  sbali  at 
any  time  hereafter  be  sued  forth  or  prosecuted  by  any  person  or  persons, 
in  any  of  the  courts  of  the  United  Slates,  or  in  any  of  the  courts  of  a 
particular  State,  or  by  any  judge  or  justice  therein  respectively,  whereby 
the  person  of  any  ambassador  or  other  public  minister  of  any  foreign 
prince  or  Stale,  authorized  and  received  as  sucii  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  or  any  domestic  or  domestic  servant  of  any  such  ambas- 
Bodor  or  other  public  minister,  may  be  arrested  or  imprisoned,  or  his  or 
their  goods  or  chattels  be  distrained,  seized  or  attached,  such  writ  or 
process  shall  be  deemed  and  adjudged  to  be  utterly  null  ajid  void  to  all 
intents,  construction  and  purposes  whatsoever. 

Sec.  36.  And  be  U  further  exacted.  That  in  case  any  person  or  persons 

sons,  and  all  attorneys  or  solicitors  prosecuting  or  soliciting  in  sueli  case, 
and  all  officers  esacuting  any  such  writ  or  process,  being  thereof  con- 
victed, shall  be  deemed  violators  of  the  laws  of  nations,  and  diAturbers 
of  the  public  repose,  and  imprisoned  not  eiceediug  three  years,  and  fined 
at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Sec.  37.  Provided  neveriheleit,  That  no  citizen  or  inhabitant  of  iha 

United  States,  who  shall  haue  contracted  debts  prior  to  his  entering  inio 

2S* 


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290 

the  service  of  aiiysmbasEiidur  or  otlier  public  minister,  wliicli  deblssliall 
be  still  due  and  unpaid,  shall  have,  talie,  or  receivu  any  benefit  of  tliia  act, 
nor  shall  any  person  be  proceeded  against  by  virtue  of  this  act,  for  having 
arrested  or  sued  any  other  domestic  servant  of  any  ambassador  or  ocn«r 
public  minister,  unless  the  name  of  such  servant  be  first  registered  in  the 
office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  by  such  secretary  transmitted  to  the 
mardial  of  Ihe  district  in  which  Congress  slinll  reside,  who  shall,  upon 
receipt  thereof,  bjSh  tbs  siuiie  in  soma  public  place  in  his  office,  whereto 
all  persons  may  I'esort  and  take  copies  wilh<iut  fee  or  reward. 

Sec.  28.  Awl  be  it  farlher  enacted.  That  if  any  person  shall  vblate  any 
eafa.conduct  or  passport  duly  obtained  and  issued  under  the  authority  of 
the  United  States,  or  shall  assault,  strike,  wound,  imprison,  or  in  ony 
other  manner  infract  the  law  of  nations,  by  ofTering  violence  to  the  per- 
son of  an  ambassador  or  other  public  minister,  such  person  so  oifending, 
on  conviction,  shall  be  imprisoned  not  exceeding  three  years,  and  lined  at 
Ihe  discretion  of  the  court. 

Approved,  Ap-d  30,  1790. 

3.  AN  ACT  to  prescribe  the  mode  in  which  the  pubUc  acta,  records, 
and  judicial  proceedings,  in  each  State,  shall  be  authenticated  so  as  to 
take  effect  in  every  otbcr  State. 

Be  it  enacted  ly  the  Settale  and  Hmise  of  Beprescniatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Cangreta  assen^led.  That  the  acts  of  the  legislatures 
of  the  several  States  shall  be  authenticated  by  having  the  seal  of  their 
respective  Stwes  affixed  thereto: — That  the  records  and  judicial  pro- 
ceedings of  Ihe  courts  of  any  Stale  shall  be  proved  or  admitted  in  any 
other  court  within  the  United  States,  by  the  attestation  of  the  clerk,  and 
the  seal  of  the  court  annexed,  if  there  be  a  seal,  together  with  a  certifi- 
cate of  the  judge,  chief  justice,  or  presiding  magistrate,  as  the  case  may 
he,  that  the  said  attestation  is  in  due  form.  And  the  said  records  and 
judicial  proceedings,  authenticated  as  aforesaid,  shall  have  such  faith 
dnd  credit  given  to  them  in  every  court  within  the  United  Stales,  as  they 
liave  by  law  or  usage  in  the  courts  of  the  State  from  whence  the  said 
records  arc,  or  sliall  be  token. 

Approved,  iWuj26,  1790. 

*.  AN  ACT  supplemental  to  the  act  "  eslablishing  the  Treasury  De- 
partment," and  for  a  farther  compensation  to  certain  officers, 
''ec.  2.  And  be  it  fuTlher  enacted,  That  eacn  and  every  clerk,  and  other 
officer  alre^idy  appointed  in  any  of  ihe  deportments  of  the  United  Stales, 
and  who  have  not,  since  their  appointment,  token  llic  oath  or  aliiriiia- 


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291 

lion  hereafter  mcnlioneci,)  ahiill,  wilhiii  lifteen  dnys  after  Ihs  pBBsiug  of 
this  act,  and  those  who  shall  herenfter  be  appointed,  ahall,  before  ihcy 
enter  npon  the  dutiea  of  Buth  appoinlmenl,  lake  an  ualli  or  afHrmaiioiu 
before  one  of  the  justices  of  Ihe  Supremo  Court,  or  one  of  the  judges  of 
a  district  court  of  the  United  Stales,  to  eapjmrt  ths  Canetitalion  of  Ihe 
United  States,  and  also  an  oath  or  affinnation,  well  and  f aithf ally  to  exe- 
cute the  trust  committed  to  him,  which  oaths  or  affirmations,  subscribed 
by  such  clerli,  and  certified  by  the  person  administering  the  aame,  shuil 
be  iiled  in  the  office  of  Ihe  person  employing  such  clerk. 

Afproiietl,  3  March,  1791. 

aion  of  n  Treaident  and  Vice  Preaidenl 
ifing  the  officer  who  almll  act  aa  Presi- 
dent in  cases  of  vacancies  in  the  olHcea  both  of  President  ami  Vice 
President. 

Sec.  1.  Beil  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Eepreaetilatives  of  lie 
United  Statet  of  Asierica  in  Congress  assembled.  That  excepi  in  case  ol 
an  election  of  a  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States,  prior 
to  the  ordinary  period,  aa  hereinafter  specified,  electors  shall  be  appointed 
in  each  State  for  the  election  of  a  President  and  Vice  President  of  the 
United  Slates,  wilhin  thirty-four  days  preceding  the  first  Wednesday  in 
December,  one  Ihousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety-two,  and  within 
(hirty-four  days  preceding  the  firat  Wednesday  in  December  in  every 
Ibarth  year  succeeding  ihe  last  election,  which  electors  shall  be  equal  to 
the  number  of  Senators  and  Representalives  to  which  the  several  States 
may,  by  law,  be  entitled  at  the  lima  when  the  Preaident  and  Vice  Proai- 
denl,  thus  to  he  chosen,  should  come  into  office.  Pioinded  alicays.  That 
where  no  apportionment  of  Representatives  shall  have  been  made  after 
any  ennmeration,  at  the  time  of  choosing  electors,  then  the  number  of 
electors  shall  be  ajicording  to  the  enisling  apporttonmenl  of  Senatoi's  and 
Representatives. 

Sec.  2.  Atvl  be  ilfuHher  enacted.  That  the  electora  shall  meet  and  give 
iheir  votes  on  the  said  first  Wednesday  in  December,  at  such  p'ace,  hi 
eaoii  Slate,  as  shall  be  directed  by  the  legialatnre  thereof;  and  the  eloe 
tors  in  each  State  ehall  make  and  sign  three  certfficatea  of  all  iJie  yolea 
by  them  given,  and  ahall  seal  up  the  same,  certifying,  on  each,  that  a  list 
of  the  votes  of  such  State,  for  President  and  Vice  President,  is  contained 
therein,  and  shall,  by  wriling,  under  their  hands,  or  under  the  hands  of  a 
majority  of  them,  appoint  a  person  to  take  charge  of,  and  deliver  to  the 
Preaident  of  the  Senale,  at  the  seat  of  Government,  before  the  iitsl 
Wednesday  in  January  then  next  ensuing,  one  of  the  said  certificaLCs 


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ritid  ihB  said  electors  sliall  forlhwith  forward,  by  tlie  pOBl-oHice,  lo  llie 
Preeidenl  of  the  Snuate,  at  lUe  seat  of  Government,  one  other  of  the  said 
ceriificatea ;  and  shall,  forthwith,  cause  the  other  of  the  said  eertifieales 
to  be  delivered  lo  the  judge  of  that  district  in  which  the  aaid  eleclora 
ehall  assemble. 

Sec.  3.  And  be  it  farther  enacted,  That  the  executive  Qitlhority  of  each 
Stale  ehall  causa  three  lista  oi  the  names  of  the  eleciora  of  such  State  to 
be  mode,  and  certified,  and  to  be  delivered  to  the  electoru  on  or  before 
the  said  first  Wednesday  in  December ;  and  the  said  electors  shall  annex 
one  of  the  Enid  lists  to  each  of  the  lists  of  their  votes. 

Sec  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  if  a  list  of  voles  from  any 
State  shall  not  hare  been  received  at  the  seat  of  government,  on  the  said 
first  Wednesday  in  January,  that  then  the  Secretary  of  Stole  shall  send 
a  special  messenger  to  the  district  judge  in  whoso  custody  such  list  shall 
have  been  lodged,  who  snail  forthwith  transmit  the  same  to  the  seat  of 
Government. 

Sec.  5.  And  he  it  farther  enacted.  That  Congress  shall  be  in  session 
on  the  second  Wednesday  in  February,  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  ninety-three,  and  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  February  succeeding 
every  meeting  of  the  electors,  and  the  said  certitioBtes,  or  so  many  of 
them  BB  shall  have  been  received,  shall  then  be  opened,  the  votes 
counted,  and  the  persons  wlio  shall  fill  the  offices  of  President  and  Vice 
President  ascertained  and  declared,  agreeably  (o  (he  Constitntion. 

Sec.  6.  And  be  it  farther  enacted.  That,  in  case  there  shall  be  no 
President  of  the  Senate  at  the  seal  of  Government  on  the  arrival  of  the 
persons  intrusted  with  the  lists  of  the  votes  of  the  electors,  then  such 
persons  shall  deliver  the  lists  of  votes  in  their  custody  into  the  office  of 
(be  Secretary  of  State,  to  be  safely  kept  and  delivered  over,  as  soon  as 
may  be,  to  the  President  of  the  Senate. 

Sec.  7.  And  be  it  fvrther  enacted.  That  the  persons  appointed  by  the 
electors  to  deliver  the  lists  of  votes  to  the  President  of  the  Sanate,  ahoU 
be  allowed,  on  the  delivery  of  the  said  Usts,  twenty^five  cents  for  every 
mile  of  the  estimated  distance,  by  the  most  usual  road,  from  the  place  of 
meeting  of  the  electors  to  the  seal  of  Government  of  the  United  Stales. 

Sec.  8.  And  be  it  farther  enacted.  That  if  any  person,  appointed  to 
deliver  the  votes  of  the  electors  to  the  President  of  the  Senate,  shall, 
aJier  accepting  of  his  appointment,  neglect  to  perform  the  services 
reqnirca  of  him  by  this  act,  he  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  one  thousand 
dollars. 

Sec.  9.  And  le  tt  further  rnacted.  That  in  ease  of  a  removal,  death, 
resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the  President  and  Vice  President  of  ths 


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293 

Onitud  Slales,  the  Ptesidenl  of  the  Senate  pro  tempore,  and,  in  cnae 
ihero  shall  bo  no  Frcaident  of  the  Senate,  tlien  the  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  for  tlie  time  being,  ehall  act  ae  President  of 
tha  United  Statea,  until  the  disahility  be  removed,  or  a  President  shall 
be  elected. 

Sec.  10.  And  be  it  farther  enacled,  That  whenever  the  offices  of  Pro- 
aident  and  Vice  President  eliall  both  become  vacant,  iha  Secretary  ol 
State  shall  forthwith  cause  a  notification  thereof  to  be  made  to  the  exe- 
cutive of  evety  State,  and  ahall  also  cauae  the  eame  to  be  published  in, 
at  least,  one  of  the  newspapera  primed  in  each  State,  specilying  that 
aleetots  of  (he  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  appointed  oi 
chosen,  in  (he  several  States,  wtthin  ihirCy-four  days  preceding  (he  firs( 
Wednesday  in  Deceraber,  then  next  ensiling!  Provided,  There  shall  be 
the  apace  of  two  months  between  the  date  of  such  notification  and  the 
Baid  first  Wednesday  in  December ;  bnt  if  there  shall  not  be  the  space 
of  two  months  between  the  date  of  Huch  notification  and  the  first  Wed- 
nesday in  December,  and  if  the  term  for  which  the  President  and  Vice 
President  last  in  ofHce  were  elected  shall  not  expu^  on  the  third  day  of 
March  nezt  ensuing,  then  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  specify  in  the 
notification,  that  the  electors  shall  be  appointed  or  chosen  within  thirty- 
four  days  preceding  the  first  Wednesday  in  December  in  the  year  next 
ensuing,  within  which  lime  the  electors  shall  accordingly  be  appointed 
or  chosen,  and  the  electors  shall  meet  and  give  their  votes  on  the  said 
first  Wednesday  in  December,  and  the  proceedings  and  duties  of  the 
said  electors,  and  others,  shall  be  porsuant  to  the  direcliona  prescribed 

Sec  11.  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  the  only  evidence  of  a  refusal 
to  accept,  or  of  a  resignation  of,  the  office  of  President  or  Vice  Presi- 
dent, shall  be  an  instrument  in  writing,  declaring  the  same,  and  sub- 
scribed by  the  person  refusing  to  accept,  or  resigning,  as  (he  case  may 
be,  and  delivered  into  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  Slate. 

Sec.  13.  And  be  it  fvHher  enacted.  That  the  term  of  four  years  for 
which  a  President  and  Vice  President  shall  be  elected,  shall,  m  all 
eases,  commence  on  the  fourth  day  of  March  neit  succeedine  the  day  on 
which  the  voles  of  the  electors  shall  have  been  given. 

Ayprinied,  Marchl,  1793. 


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294 

ihird  dny  of  March,  in  llie  prcseni  year,  the  compensation  of  llie  Presi- 
dent of  Ihe  United  Stales  ahall  be  at  the  rale  of  twenty-five  tbouaand 
dollara  per  nnnuni,  with  the  use  of  the  furniture  and  other  effects  belong- 
ing to  the  United  States,  and  now  in  possession  of  the  President:  And 
that  of  the  Vice  President,  at  the  rate  of  five  thousand  dollars  per 
annum  ;  in  full  for  their  respeelive  setviees ;  to  be  paid  quarter  yearly, 
at  the  Treasury. 

Approtied,  Petruffi-y  18,  1793. 

7.  AN  ACT  to  authorize  certain  officers  and  other  persons  to  admi- 

nister oaths. 

Be  it  enacted  bi/  ihe  Senate  and  House  tf  Representative!  of  the  United 
Stales  qf  AmfTica  in  Congress  assembled.  Thai  Ihe  President  of  the 
SennlB,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repreeemalives,  a  chairman  of  a 
committee  of  the  whole,  or  a  chairman  of  a  select  committee  of  either 
House,  shall  be  empowered  to  administer  oaths  or  allirmations  to  wit- 
nesses, in  any  case  under  their  examination- 

Sec.  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  if  any  person  shall  wilfnlly, 
absolutely,  and  falsely  swear  or  sfBrm,  touching  any  matter  or  thing 
material  to  the  point  in  question,  whereto  he  or  she  sliall  he  thus  exa- 
mined, every  person  ho  offending,  and  being  thereof  duly  convicted,  shall 
bo  subjected  to  the  pains,  penalties,  and  disabihties,  which  by  law  avB 
proscribed  for  the  punishment  of  the  crime  of  wilful  and  corrupt  per- 
jury. Approved,  May  3,  1798, 

8.  AN  ACT  Bupplemenlary  lo  the  act,  entitled  "  An  Act  to  prescribe 
the  mode  in  which  ihe  public  acts,  recorda,  and  judicial  proceedings 
in  each  Slate  shall  be  auih^micated  so  as  lo  take  effect  in  every  other 
State." 

Be  it  eiiacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
Slates  of  America  in  Congress  aisembled.  That  from  and  after  the  pas- 
ESgo  of  this  act,  all  records  and  exemplifications  of  office  books,  which 
are  or  may  be  kept  in  any  public  office  of  any  Stale,  not  appertaining  lo 
a  court,  shall  be  approved  or  admilled  in  any  other  court  or  office  in  any 
other  State,  by  the  attestation  of  the  keeper  of  llie  said  records  or  books, 
and  the  seal  of  his  office  thereto  annexed,  if  there  be  a  seal,  together 
wiih  a  cerlificale  of  the  presidmg  jualice  of  the  court  of  the  county  or 
distnol,  as  the  ease  may  be,  in  which  such  office  is  or  may  be  kept ;  or 
of  the  Governor,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Chancellor  or  the  keeper 
of  the  gi-eat  seal  of  the  Stale,  that  the  said  alteslation  is  in  duo  form  and 
ov  thepruiiCtolTicer;  and  ihe  said  certificate,  if  given  by  the  presiding 


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juelice  of  a  court,  shall  be  fiirlher  Buthenticnted  by  the  clerk  or  prolUo- 
nolary  of  llie  said  court,  who  shall  certify  under  his  hand  and  the  seal  of 
his  oiHce,  that  the  said  preaidmg  justice  is  duly  commissioned  and  quak> 
fiod ;  or  if  the  said  certificate  be  given  by  the  Governor,  the  See]'elary 
of  State,  the  Chancellor  or  keeper  of  tlie  great  seal,  it  shall  be  under  tha 
great  sea!  of  the  State  in  which  the  said  certificate  is  made.  And  tha 
Eaid  records  and  exemplifications,  autlienticated  as  aforesaid,  shall  have 
Buch  liiilh  and  credit  given  to  them  in  every  court  oiid  office  wiihiii  ilio 
United  States,  as  they  have  by  law  or  usage  in  the  courts  or  offices  ol 
the  Stale  front  whence  the  eaine  are  or  shall  be  taken. 

Sec.  2.  And  be  itfurlker  enacted,  That  all  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
and  the  act  to  which  this  is  a  supplement,  shall  apply  an  well  to  the 
public  acts,  records,  oiEce  books,  judicial  proceedings,  oourta  and  olhces 
of  the  respectivo  territories  of  the  United  States,  and  countries  subject 
10  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  as  to  the  public  acta,  records, 
offices'  hooks,  judicial  proceedings,  courts  and  offices  of  the  several 

Approved,  March  27, 1S04. 

9.  AN  ACT  to  extend  the  provisions  of  the  act  to  authorize  certain 
ofliccrs  and  other  persons  to  administer  oaths,  approved  May  the  3d, 
1798. 

Se  it  enarfetJiy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Sepreseatafivee  of  the  Uniiei 
Stales  of  .America  in  Congress  assemiled.  That  the  chairman  of  any 
standing  committee,  either  of  the  House  of  Bepresentattvea,  or  of  the 
SenalH  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  empowered  to  administer  oaths  or 
ufiirmations  to  witnesses  in  any  case  under  their  examination;  and  any 
person  who  shall  be  guilty  of  peijury  before  such  committee  shall  be 
liable  to  the  pains,  penalties,  and  disabilities,  prescribed  for  the  punish- 
ment of  the  crime  of  wilful  and  corrupt  perjury. 

Appraved,  February  8,  1817. 

10.  AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  Publication  of  the  Laws  of  the  Utiitca 

States,  and  for  other  purposes. 
Sic  2.  Avid  he  it  farther  enacted,  That,  whenever  official  notice  Ghall 
have  been  received,  at  the  Department  of  State,  that  any  amendment 
which  heretofore  has  been,  or  lieroaftcr  may  be,  proposed  to  the  Con 
Blitution  of  the  United  States,  has  been  adopted,  according  lo  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Constitution,  it  shall  be  tlie  duty  of  the  said  Secretary  of 
Slate,  forthwith  to  cause  the  said  amendment  to  be  published  in  tne  said 
newspapers  authcrii^ed  to  promulgate  the  laws,  with  his  cerlifKfito,  s|i« 


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riTying  (he  Slates  by  which  ihe  i 
the  Bume  has  become  valid,  lo  al 
Constitudoii  oi"  the  Uuiled  Suie 


U.  AN  ACT  in  addition  to  the  "Act  for  the  punishment  of  ocrtnio 
erimaa  againal  tiie  United  States,"  and  to  rcpeai  the  acts  therein  men- 

Sec.  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Seriate  and  House  <if  Ecpresentatives  of  the 
United  Slates  of  America  in  Congress  assaaliled,  That  if  any  citizen  of 
the  United  States  shall,  within  the  territory  or  jurisdiciion  thereof,  uc- 
cept  and  exercise  a  commission  toserve  a  foreign  prince,  State,  colony, 
diBttiot,  or  people,  in  wm,  by  land  or  by  eea.  againal  any  ptinca.  Stale, 
colony,  district,  or  people,  with  whom  the  United  States  are  at  peace, 
the  person  so  oftending  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  high  misdemeanor, 
and  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  two  thousand  dollars,  and  shall  be  im- 
prisoned not  exceeding  three  yeara. 

Sec  2.  And  it  it  fartker  enacted.  That  if  any  person  sliall,  within  the 
territory  or  jurisdiction  of  the  United  Statefl,  enlist  or  enter  himself,  or 
hire  or  retain  another  person  to  enlist  or  enter  himself,  or  to  go  beyond 
the  limits  or  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  with  intent  to  be  enlisted 
or  entered  in  the  service  of  any  foreign  prince.  State,  colony,  disfricl,  or 
people,  as  asoldier,  or  as  a  marine  or  seaman,  on  board  of  any  vessel  of 
war,  letter  of  marque,  or  privateer,  every  person,  so  ofiending,  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a  high  misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding 
one  thousand  dollars,  and  be  imprisoned  not  eiceeding  three  years; 
Freijided,  That  this  act  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend  to  any  aubjeet 
or  citizen  of  any  foreign  prince.  State,  colony,  district,  or  people,  who 
shall  transiently  be  within  the  United  States,  and  shall,  on  board  of  any 
Tessel  of  war,  letter  of  marque,  or  privateer,  which,  at  tho  timo  of  its 
arriviJ  within  the  United  Stales,  was  fitted  and  equipped  as  such,  enlist 
or  enter  himself,  or  hire  or  retain  another  subject  or  citizen  of  the  same 
foreign  prince,  State,  colony,  district,  or  people,  who  is  transiently 
within  the  United  States,  to  enlist  or  enter  himself  to  serve  such  foreign 
prince.  State,  colony,  district,  or  people,  on  board  such  vessel  of  war, 
letter  of  marque,  or  privateer,  if  the  United  States  shall  then  be  at  peace 
with  such  foreign  prince,  State,  colony,  district,  or  people. 

Sec.  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  if  any  person  shall,  within  the 
limits  of  ine  United  Slates,  fit  out  and  arm,  or  attompt  to  fit  out  and  arm, 
or  procute  to  be  fitted  out  and  armed,  or  shall  knowingly  be  concerned 
ic  the  furnishing,  fittuig  out,  or  arming,  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  with  intent 


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297 

tliat  sucli  sliip  or  vessel  shall  be  omplaycd  in  the  service  of  any  foreign 
pi'mce  or  Stale,  or  of  any  colony,  diairicl,  or  people,  to  cruiae  or  coramit 
hoslililiea  against  the  Eubjecls,  citizens,  or  property,  of  any  foreign  piinoe 
or  State,  or  of  an?  colony,  dislrict,  or  people,  with  whom  (he  United 
StalBB  are  at  peace,  or  ahall  issue  or  deliver  a  commission  within  the  ter- 
ritory  or  jurisdiction  of  the  United  Stales,  for  any  ship  or  vessel,  to  the 
intent  that  she  may  be  employed  as  aforesaid,  every  person  so  offending 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  high  misdemeanor,  and  eliall  be  Uned  not 
more  than  ten  thousand  dollars,  and  imprisoned  not  more  than  three 
years  [  and  every  such  sbip  or  vessel,  with  her  tackle,  apparel,  and  fur- 
niture, together  with  all  materials,  arme,  ammuiiitioil  and  Stores,  which 
may  have  been  procured  for  the  building  and  equipment  thereof,  shall  be 
forfeited,  one  half  to  the  use  of  the  informer,  and  the  other  half  to  the  use 
of  the  United  States. 

Seo.  4.  Atidhe  it/arlher  eiiaaed.  That  if  any  citizen  or  citizens  of  the 
United  States  shall,  without  the  limits  thereof,  fit  out  and  arm,  or  attempt 
to  St  out  and  arm,  or  procure  to  be  fitted  out  and  armed,  or  shall  know- 
ingly aid  or  be  concerned  in  the  furnishing,  fitting  out,  or  arming,  any 
private  ship  or  vessel  of  war,  or  priiateer,  with  intent  thai  such  ship  or 
vessel  shall  be  employed  to  cruise,  or  coimnit  hoatlhties,  npon  the  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  or  their  property,  or  shall  take  the  command 
of,  or  enter  on  board  of,  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  for  the  intent  aforesaid, 
or  shall  parchss©  any  interest  in  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  with  a  view  lo 
share  in  the  profits  thereof,  such  person,  so  offending,  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a  high  misdemeanor,  and  fined  not  more  than  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars, and  imprisoned  not  more  than  ten  years;  and  the  trial  for  such 
ofience,  if  committed  without  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  iii 
the  district  in  which  the  offender  shall  be  apprehended  or  first  brought. 

Sec.  5.  And  be  U/urlhcr  enacted.  That  if  any  person  shall,  within  iho 
territory  or  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  increase  or  augment,  or 
procure  to  be  increased  or  augmented,  or  shall  knowingly  be  concerned 
in  increasing  or  augmenting,  tbo  (brce  of  any  ship  of  war,  cruiser,  or  oilier 
armed  vessel,  which,  at  the  time  of  her  arrival  wilhin  the  United  States, 
was  a  ship  of  war,  or  cruiser,  or  armed  vessel,  in  the  service  of  any 
foreign  prince  or  Stale,  or  of  any  colony,  district,  or  people,  or  belong- 
ing to  the  subjects  or  citizens  of  any  such  prince  or  State,  colony,  dis- 
lrict, or  people,  the  same  being  at  war  with  any  foreign  prince  or  state, 
or  of  any  colony,  dislrict.  or  people,  with  whom  the  United  Stales  are  at 
peace,  by  adding  to  the  number  of  the  guns  of  such  vessel,  or  by  changing 
those  on  hoard  of  her  for  guns  of  a  larger  calibre,  or  by  the  addition 
thereto  of  any  equipme.il  solely  applicable  to  ivar,  every  psraon,  so  ot 

29 


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Sec.  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  if  eny  pei-son  shall,  within  tlie 
tertitoty  or  jurisdielioiiof  the  United  Slates,  begin  or  set  on  foot,  or  pro- 
vide or  prepare  the  means  for,  any  military  expedition  or  enterprise,  to 
bo  carried  on  from  thence  Bgoinet  the  territory  or  dominions  of  any  foreign 
prince  or  State,  or  of  any  colony,  district,  or  people,  with  whom  the 
United  States  are  [at]  peace,  every  person,  so  offending,  shall  be  deemed 
guiity  of  a  high  misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  fined  not  esceeding  three 
thousand  dollars,  and  imprisoned  not  more  thEin  three  years. 

Seo,  7.  And  be  it  fuHiet  enacted.  That  the  district  court  shall  take 

mode  within  the  waters  of  the  United  States,  or  within  a  marine  league 
of  the  coasts  or  shores  thereof. 

Skh.  8,  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  m  every  case  m  which  a  ves- 
sel shall  be  litted  out  and  anned,  or  attempted  to  be  fitted  out  and  aimed, 
or  in  which  the  force  of  any  vessel  of  war,  cruiser,  or  other  armed  vessel, 
shall  be  increased  or  augmented,  or  in  which  any  military  expedition  or 
enterprise  shall  be  begun  or  set  on  foot,  contrary  to  the  provisions  and 
prohibitions  of  this  aotj  and  in  every  ease  of  the  capture  of  a  ship  or  ves- 
sel within  the  jurisdiction  or  protection  of  the  United  States  as  beforo 
defined,  and  in  every  case  in  which  any  process  issuing  out  of  any  court 
of  the  United  States  shall  be  disobeyed  or  resisted  by  any  person  or  per- 
sons having  the  custody  of  any  vessel  of  war,  cruiser,  or  other  armed 
vessel,  of  any  foreign  prince  ot  State,  or  of  any  colony,  district,  or  peo- 
ple, or  of  any  subjects  or  citizens  of  any  foreign  prince  or  State,  or  of  any 
colony,  district,  or  people,  in  every  such  case  it  shall  be  lawfai  for  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  or  such  other  person  as  he  shall  have 
empowered  for  thai  purpose,  to  employ  such  part  of  the  land  or  mval 
forces  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  militia  the  pos 

taking  possession  of  and  detaining  any  such  s  ss 

prize  or  prizes,  if  any,  in  order  to  the  execution  ns 

penalties  of  this  act,  and  to  the  restoring  the  prii  m 

m  which  restoration  shall  have  been  aii^'udged,  a 
of  preventing  the  carryuig  on  of  any  such  exped  m 

the  territories  or  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States 
or  dominions  of  any  foreign  prince  or  State,  or  o 
people,  with  whom  the  United  States  are  at  pea 

Sec.  9.  And  be  it  farther  enacted,  That  it  shall 
uent  of  the  United  States,  or  such  person  as  he  n  po>  or   or 


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239 

purpose,  to  employ  such  pari  of  the  land  or  naval  forces  of  the  United 
Slates,  or  of  tlio  mililin  thereof,  aa  Bhal!  be  necessary  to  compel  any 
foreign  ship  or  vessel  to  depart  the  United  Stales,  in  nil  cases  in  which, 
by  the  lawB  of  nntions  or  the  treaties  of  tha  United  States,  they  ought 
hot  to  remuu  within  the  United  Stales. 

Sec.  10.  And  be  it  further  enabled.  That  the  owners  or  consigiteca  of 
every  armed  ship  or  vessel  sailing  out  of  the  porta  of  the  United  States, 
belonging  wholly  or  In  part  to  citizens  thereof,  shall  enter  into  a  hond  to 
the  United  States  with  sufficient  sureties,  prior  to  clearing  oat  the  same, 
in  double  the  amount  of  the  valus  of  the  Tessel  and  cargo  on  board,  in- 
cluding her  armament,  that  the  said  ship  or  vessel  shall  not  be  employed 
by  such  owners  lo  cruise  or  commit  hostilities  against  the  subjects,  citi- 
zens, or  properly,  of  any  foreign  prince  or  State,  or  of  ony  colony,  dis- 
trict, or  people,  with  whom  the  United  Stales  are  at  peace. 

Seo.  II.  And  be  it  further  atoeUd,  That  the  collectors  of  the  customs 
be,  and  they  are  hereby,  respectively  authorized  and  required  lo  detain 
any  vessel  manifestly  built  foe  warlike  purposes,  and  about  to  depart  the 
United  States,  of  which  the  cargo  shall  principally  consist  of  arms  and 
munitions  of  war,  when  the  number  of  men  shipped  on  board,  or  other 
circumstances,  shall  render  it  probable  that  such  vessel  is  intended  lo  be 
employed  by  the  owner  or  owners  to  cruise  or  commit  hostilities  upon 
tlie  subjects,  citizens,  or  properly,  of  any  foreign  prince  or  State,  or  of 
any  colony,  district,  or  people,  with  whom  the  United  States  are  at 
peace,  imtil  the  decision  of  the  President  be  had  thereon,  or  until  the 
owner  or  owners  shall  give  such  bond  and  security  as  is  required  of  the 
owners  of  armed  ships  by  the  preceding  section  of  this  act. 

Sec.  13.  And  ftp  it  farther  enacted,  That  the  act  passed  on  the  fifth 
jay  of  June,  one  lliousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety-four,  entitled  "  Aii 
act  m  addition  lo  the  act  for  the  punishment  of  certain  crimes  against  the 
United  Stales,"  continued  in  force,  for  a  limited  time,  by  the  act  of  the 
second  of  March,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  and 
perpetuated  by  the  act  passed  on  the  24th  of  April,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred,  and  the  act,  passed  on  the  fourteenth  day  of  June,  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  ninety-seven,  entitled  "  An  act  to  prevent  citi- 
Eens  of  the  United  Stales  from  privateering  against  nations  in  amity 
with,  or  agniast  the  citizens  of  the  United  Slates,"  and  the  act,  passed 
be  third  day  of  March,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventeen,  enti- 
tled ' '  An  act  more  effectually  to  preserve  the  neutral  relations  of  th« 
United  Stales,"  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  severally,  repealed :  I'ra- 
Billed  nevertheless.  That  pei^ons  having  hd'etofore  offended  agdnst  any 
of  the  acts  aforesaid,  may  be  prosecuted,  convicted,  and  punished,  as  if 


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300 

the  same  were  not  repealed ;  and  no  I'orfeiture  lierelofore  inourted  by  a 
violation  of  any  of  tlie  acts  aforesaid  shall  be  affected  by  such  repeal. 

Sec.  13.  And  be  il  further  enacted.  That  nothing  in  the  foregoing  act 
ahall  be  constroed  to  prevent  tbo  prosecution  or  punishment  of  treaeon, 
or  any  piracy  deiined  by  Ihe  laws  of  the  United  States. 

Approved,  April  30, 1818. 

IS.  AN  ACT  mailing  compensation  to  the  pereonB  sppointad  by  ihe 
Electors  to  deliver  the  votes  for  President  and  Vice  Presidciit. 

Sec.  1.  Be  il  enacted  hy  the  SmaU  and  House  of  S^iresmitatives  of 
Oe  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That  the  person 
appointed  by  the  electors  to  deliver  to  the  Pi-esidenl  of  the  Senate  a  list 
of  tlie  votes  for  President  and  Vice  President,  shall  be  allowed,  on  deli- 
very of  said  list,  twenty-five  cents  for  every  mile  of  the  aatimated  dis- 
tance, hy  the  most  usual  route,  from  the  place  of  meeting  of  Ihe  electors 
to  the  Beat  of  Government  of  the  United  States,  going  and  returning. 

Sec.  3.  And  le  it  further  enacted.  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from 
the  first  of  November,  eighteen  hundred  and  twenty-four. 

Approted,  F^raari/  11,  1835. 

13.  AN  ACT  iot  the  opporlionmenl  of  Representatives  among  the 
several  States  according  to  the  Sixth  Census. 
Seg.  1.  Be  it  enacted  hyllie  Senate  and  House  of  Sepresenlatices  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  aasesMed,  That  from  and  atler 
the  third  day  of  March,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  foi-ty-lhreo,  the 
House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  luembera  elected  agree- 
ably to  a  ratio  of  one  Representative  for  every  seventy  thousand  sii 
hundred  and  eighty  persons  in  each  Slate,  and  of  one  additional  Eepre- 
Ecntalive  for  each  State  having  a  fraction  greater  than  one  moiety  of  the 
said  ratio,  computed  according  to  the  rule  prescribed  by  the  Constilutioii 
of  the  United  States ;  that  is  to  say :  Within  the  State  of  Maine,  seven  ; 
within  the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  four ;  within  tlie  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts, ten;  within  the  State  of  Rhode  Island,  two;  within  the  State 
of  Connecticut,  four;  within  the  State  of  Vermont,  four;  within  the 
State  of  New  York,  thirty-four ;  within  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  five  ; 
within  the  Slate  of  Pennsylvania,  twenty-four ;  within  the  State  of  Dela- 
ware, one;  within  the  Stats  of  Maryland,  aij:  j  within  the  Stats  of  Vir- 
ginia, fifteen;  within  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  nine;  within  the 
Slate  of  South  Carolina,  seven;  within  the  Slate  of  Georgia,  eight; 
within  the  State  of  Alabatna,  Eeveii;  within  the  State  of  Louisiana,  four; 
"ilbin  the  State  of  Miaaissippi,  four ;  within  the  Slate  of  Tennessee, 


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301 

n    w  iiin  Clie  Stale  o!  Kentucky,  ten ;  within  llie  State  of  Ohio, 

n  1  within  the  State  of  Indiana,  ten ;  within  tha  Stats  of  Illt- 

n  n;   within  the  State  of  Missouri,  five;  within  the  Slate  of 

Ar  ne  ;  and  within  the  Slate  of  Michigan,  three. 

S       2    And  he  it  Juriher  enacted.  That  in  every  case  whore  a  SlatB  ig 

d    O  more  than  one  Repreaantalive,  the  number  to  wliich  encU 

''         h  11  be  omitled  under  this  apportionment  ahnll  be  elected  by  dis- 

iriets  composed  of  contiguous  territory  equal  in  number  to  tho  number 

of  Representatives  to  which  eiud  State  may  bo  entitled,  no  one  district 

elooting  more  than  one  Representative. 

Appromd,  June  25,  1843. 

H.  AN  ACT  10  provide  further  remedial  justice  in  the  cotirts  of  Iho 
United  StalCB. 
Sec.  I.  Be  U  enacted  ly  flie  Senate  and  Hnuse  ijf  Eepresenlalives  of  the 
United  Slates  of  America  in  Congress  aisenJiled,  That  either  of  tiie  jus- 
tiess  of  the  Supreme  Coiu't  of  the  United  States,  or  a  judge  of  any  dis- 
trict court  of  the  United  States,  in  which  a  prisoner  is  confined,  in 
addition  to  the  authority  already  conferred  by  Jaw,  shall  have  power  to 
grant  irrits  of  habe^  corpus  in  ail  cases  of  any  prisoner  or  prisoners  in 
jail  or  coniinemenl,  where  lie,  she.  or  ihoy,  being  subjects  or  citizens  of 
a  foreign  State,  and  domiciled  therein,  shall  be  committed  or  confined, 
or  in  custody,  under  or  by  any  authority  or  law,  or  process  fbonded 
thereon,  of  the  United  Slates,  or  of  any  one  of  them,  for  or  on  account 
of  any  act  done  or  comtnittad  under  any  alleged  right,  title,  authority, 
privilege,  protection,  or  exemplion,  set  up  or  claimed  under  the  commis- 
sion, or  order,  or  sanction,  of  any  foreign  State  or  Sovereignly  ihe  vali- 
dity and  effect  whereof  depend  upon  the  law  of  nations,  or  under  color 
thereof.  And  upon  the  return  of  the  said  writ,  and  due  proof  of  lliH 
service  of  notice  of  the  said  proceedings  to  the  Attorney- (Scuerol  or  other 
officer  prosecuting  the  pleas  of  tho  State,  under  whose  authority  the  pe 
titioner  has  been  arrested,  committed,  or  is  held  in  custody,  to  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  said  justice  or  judge  at  the  time  of  granting  said  writ,  the 
said  justice  or  judge  shall  proceed  to  hear  the  said  cause  ;  and  if,  upon 
hearing  the  same,  it  shall  appear  that  the  prisoner  or  prisoners  is  or  ate 
entitled  to  be  discharged  from  such  confinement,  commitment,  custody, 
or  arrest,  lor  or  by  reason  of  such  alleged  right,  title,  authority,  privi- 
leges, protection  or  exemption,  so  set  up  and  claimed,  and  the  law  of 
nations  applicable  thereto,  and  that  the  snmo  exists  in  fact,  and  has  been 
duly  proved  to  the  said  justice  or  judge,  then  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Biud  justice  or  judge  forthwith  to  discharge  such  prisoner  er  priaonors 


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Bccordingly.  And  if  it  aliall  appear  to  Ihe  sniJ  jualice  or  judge  that  such 
iudgmoiil  of  disehorge  ought  not  to  be  rendered,  then  the  said  prisoner 
or  prisoiieta  shall  be  forthwith  remanded :  Prnvidcd  almaj/s,  That  from 
any  decision  of  such  justice  or  judge  an  appeal  may  he  lalten  to  tbo  Cir- 
cuit Court  of  the  United  Stales  lor  the  district  m  which  fho  aaid  cause  ia 
hoard  ;  and  fi-om  the  judgment  of  the  said  Circuit  Court  lo  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  on  such  terms  and  under  snoh  regulation!! 
Diid  orders  os  well  for  the  custody  and  appearance  of  th   p  is  p   - 

soners  as  for  sending  up  lo  the  appellate  tribunal  a  p     f  tl    p     - 

lion,  writ  of  habeas  corpus  retunied  thereto,  and    ll      p  oc    d  a 

ihe  judge  hearing  the  said  cause  may  prescribe  J  an  I  p  d  g  I  p  - 
:»cdinga  or  appeal,  and  until  final  judgment  be  r    d     d  th  d 

ailer  final  judgment  of  discharge  in  the  same,  an;  p  cs  d  g  g  nat 
said  prisoner  or  prisoners,  in  any  State  court,        1  y  d       ho 

Butliority  of  any  Stale,  for  any  matter  or  thing  so  1  d  a:  d  d  t  m  I, 
or  in  process  of  being  heard  and  determined,  undar  and  by  virtue  of  such 
writ  of  habeas  corpus,  shall  be  deemed  null  and  void. 

Approved,  Aiigaat  39,  1843. 


Sec.  1.  Be  it  eimctediy  the  Senate  and  House  of  SepreseMatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  eleclers  of 
President  and  Vice  President  shall  be  appointed  in  each  State  on  the 
Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  in  the  month  of  November  of  the 
year  in  which  they  ara  to  be  appointed.  Provided,  That  each  state  may 
by  law  provide  for  the  filling  of  any  vacancy  or  vacancies  which  may 
occur  in  its  college  of  electors  when  such  college  meets  to  give  its  elec- 
toral vole.  Aiul  pravided,  also,  whan  any  State  shall  ha?e  held  an  elec- 
tion for  the  purpose  of  choosing  electors,  and  shall  fail  to  make  a  choice 
on  the  day  aforesaid,  then  the  electors  may  be  appointed  on  a  subsequent 
day  in  such  manner  as  the  Stale  shall  by  law  provide. 

Approved,  January  33, 1S45. 

K,.  AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  distribution  of  tho  edilion  of  the  laws 
and  treaties  of  the  United  States,  published  by  Little  and  Brown,  under 
I  lie  piDvisions  of  the  resolutions  of  Congress,  approved  March  3,  1845, 
and  for  other  piuposes. 
Sec.  2.  And  whereas,  s^d  edhion  of  tie  said  Laws  and  Treaties  of  the 

tJniied  States  has  been  carefully  collated  and  compared  with  the  original 


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rolls  in  tho  nroliiras  of  the  government,  under  tho  inEpBotion  and  swper- 
T  ision  of  'the  AttorQoj  Oeneral  of  Uio  Uiiitad  Stfttes,  na  dvtly  ceitified  by 
that  officer;  Therefore,  Sb  it  further  esaeted,  That  aaid  edition  of  tlie 
Lbwb  and  Treaties  of  the  United  States,  publiebed  by  Little  and  Brown, 
is  hnreliy  deolarad  to  ba  competent  evident^  of  the  ESTSral  publie  and 
pcirate  acts  of  CongreBS,  and  of  the  eevenJ  treaties  therein  contained,  in 
all  the  oonrta  of  lai7  and  equity,  and  of  mariljnifl  jnrisdieUon,  and  in  all 
the  tribunals  and  pablio  offices  of  the  United  Stales,  and  of  the  several 
Statea>  mthout  any  further  proof  or  aubhentioatiun  thereof. 

Approved,  Aitgast  3,  1S46. 

17.  AN  ACT  for  giving  effect  to  ewlaia  treaty  EKpnlations  between  this 
and  foreign  govemnients,  for  the  appiehension  and  delivering  up  of 
oectain  offenders- 
Be  it  enoelerf  by  the  Senate  and  Some  of  Bcpreientativa  of  the  United 
State!  of  America  in  Cougreas  assembled.  That  in  all  cases  in  vrhich  there 
DOIT  exists,  or  heraafler  may  exis^  any  treaty  oc  convention  for  exl^a- 
dllion  betneen  iba  government  of  the  United  Slates  and  any  foreign  go- 
Tamment,  it  shall  and  may  lio  lawful  for  any  of  the  jnalioas  of  the  snpremo 
court  or  jndges  of  the  several  disttiot  oourts  of  the  United  States — and  8ie 
judges  of  the  several  State  eourfs,  and  the  commiaaioners  authorised  ao  to 
do  by  any  of  the  courts  of  the  United  States,  are  hereby  sevetoBy  vested 
with  power,  jurisdiction,  and  aathority,  npou  complaint  made  under  oath 
or  affirmation,  charging  any  person  found  within  the  iimilfl  ef  ^uy  state, 
district^  or  territoiy,  with  having  committed  within  the  juriadiclioD  of  any 
aaeh  foreign  governroent,  any  of  the  crimes  enumerated  or  provided  for  by 
any  such  treaty  or  oonvontlon — to  issue  his  warrant  for  the  apprehoHsioa 
of  the  person  so  charged,  that  he  may  be  brought  before  sach  judge  oc 
comuissioner,  to  the  end  that  the  evidence  of  criminality  may  be  heard 
and  considered;  and  if,  on  such  bearing,  the  evidence  be  deemed  sufSoienb 
by  him  to  siurtain  the  charge  under  the  provisions  of  tha  proper  treaty  or 
oonvention,  it  shall  be  his  du^  to  certify  the  same,  together  with  a  copy 
of  all  the  testimony  taken  before  him,  \a  the  Beoietary  of  State,  that  a 
warrant  may  issue  upon  the  requiatJon  of  tha  proper  authoritlea  of  such 
foreign  govemmcn'^  for  the  surrender  of  such  person,  acoording  to  the 
Etipalattons  of  aiud  treaty  or  oonvention ;  and  it  ahall  be  the  duty  of  the 
said  judge  or  oommlaaiouar  to  iasne  his  warrant  for  the  commitment  of  the 
person  so  charged  to  the  proper  gaol,  there  to  remiun  unHl  such  surrender 
shaU  be  made. 

Sec.  2,  Awl  U  itfurilier  enacted,  That  in  every  case  of  complaint  as 
aforesaid,  and  of  a  hearing  upon  llw  rctnrn  of  the  warrant  nf  arrest^  copies 


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304 

of  the  flepositions  upon  wliiol)  an  original  wariout  in  nnj  sucli  toroign 
oountjy  mnj  liave  been  gi-aiitei3,  cerliflad  nnder  the  liand  of  the  peraon  or 
persons  issuing  Buoh  warranii  and  attested  upon  tlie  oath  of  tte  party  pro- 
ducing them  to  bo  true  copies  of  the  original  depositions,  may  be  received 
in  BTidonoe  of  the  otiminality  of  the  person  so  apprelianded. 

Ssc.  3.  And  6e  it /iirllier  manted.  That  it  shall  be  hiwful  foe  the  Secretary 
of  State,  under  his  hand  and  seal  of  office,  to  order  the  person  so  oommittod 
to  be  delirered  to  sneh  person  or  persons  aa  shall  be  authorlied,  in  the 
name  and  on  behalf  of  such  foreign  goTernment,  to  be  tried  for  the  crime 
of  whioh  Bach  person  shall  be  so  accused,  aail  such  persoa  slinU  be  delivered 
up  accoi-dinElji  and  it  shall  be  lawfnl  for  the  person  ox  parsons  authorieed, 
as  Bforeaaid,  to  hold  swoh  person  in  custody,  and  to  tate  him  or  her  to  the 

person  so  Bccnsed  shall  escape  ont  of  aaj  cnstody  to  nhich  he  or  she  shall 
he  committed,  or  to  which  he  or  she  shall  be  delivered,  as  afoi'essid,  it  shall 
be  lawM  to  cetaie  Eueh  person,  in  the  same  mimnor  as  anj  person,  accused 
ot  uny  crime  against  the  lan-s  in  force  in  that  part  of  the  United  Stales 
to  which  ho  or  she  shall  so  escape,  may  he  retaken  on  an  escape. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it /artier  tmaded,  That  when  any  person  who  ahaD  have 
been  committed  under  this  act  or  any  such  trsnty  as  aforesaid,  to  remain 
until  delwered  up  in  pmsnaooe  of  a  requisiUon  aa  aforesaid,  shall  not  be 
delivered  op  puranant  hereto  and  conveyed  out  of  the  United  States 
nithin  two  calendar  months  aRer  such  commitment  over  and  above  the 
time  actually  required  to  oonvey  tJie  prisoner  from  the  gaol  to  whioh  he  ot 
Bho  may  have  been  committed  by  the  readiest  tray  oat  of  the  United  States, 
it  shall  in  every  such  case  be  lawful  for  any  judge  of  the  United  States  or 
of  any  State,  apon  applieaUon  made  to  him  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  person 
so  committed,  and  npon  proof  made  to  him,  that  reasonable  notice  of  the 
intention  to  make  such  application  has  been  given  to  the  Secreiary  of  State, 
to  order  the  person  so  committed  to  be  discharged  ont  of  custody,  unless 
Bullioient  cause  shall  be  shown  to  such  jndgo  why  such  discharge  ought  not 
to  be  ordered. 

Seo.  fi.  And  ie  it/nrt&Br  eaaeted,  That  this  att  shall  eontinne  in  force 
daring  the  esistence  of  any  treaty  of  estraditiun  with  any  foreign  govern- 
ment, and  no  longer. 

Sec.  6.  And  he  it  further  masted,  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  courts 
of  the  United  States,  ot  any  of  them,  to  authorise  any  person  or  persona  to 
act  aa  a  eommis^oner  or  commissioners  nnder  the  provisions  of  this  act ;  and 
(he  doings  of  suoh  person  or  persons  so  autliotiied,  in  pursuance  of  ony  of 
the  provlaons  aforesaid,  shall  be  good  and  available  to  all  intents  and  pur. 
poses  v(!int?oever.  Appnied,  Aiir,<iii  12,  1848. 


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18.  AN  ACT  providing  for  tie  takin; 

Buses  of  the  United  States,  and  to 

House  of  Keprasantativea,  and  to  provide  for  tiieit  fmnre  appoi'tiooinenl 

omong  tlie  several  States. 

Seo.  23.  Aad  he  it/ariher  ertactcd,  That  if  no  other  law  to  passed  provi- 
ding for  the  inking  of  the  eighth,  or  any  subsequent  oenaus  of  the  Onileii 
States,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  January,  of  any  year,  when,  by  the 

tanla  thereof  is  required  to  be  taken,  such  oeneus  aliall,  in  all  things,  ba 
token  and  oomplated  according  to  the  provisions  of  this  net 

Sec.  2i.  And  le  ii/nnJier  macled,  That  from  End  after  tha  3d  day  of 
March,  1853,  the  House  of  Representatives  ohal!  be  composed  of  two  kundred 
and  thir^-three  members,  to  be  apporHoned  among  the  several  States  in 
ttie  nuumec  directed  in  the  next  seation  of  this  act. 

Sbc  26.  And  ie  ttfiiHlitr  eaacted,  That  so  soon  as  the  next  and  each 
subsequent  enumeratioa  of  th«  inhabitants  of  Sue  several  SUtes  dii'eetod 
by  'Cae  Constitution  of  the  Tlnited  gtaiflS  to  be  taken,  shall  be  completed 
and  relnmed  to  &e  office  of  the  Pepartment  of  the  Interior,  it  Eball  ba  the 
duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  ascertEun  the  aggregate  representa- 
tive population  of  the  United  States,  by  adding  to  the  whole  nwmbec  of 
free  persons  in  all  the  States,  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term 
of  years,  and  eieluding  Indians  act  tased,  three-fifths  of  all  other  per. 
sons;  nhich  aggregate  population  he  shall  divide  by  &iB  iiamber  tna 
hundred  and  tbirty-tbree,  and  the  product  of  such  division,  rejecting  any 
fraction  of  an  unit,  if  any  sucli  happen  to  lemain,  sbnll  be  the  ratio,  or  rule 
of  apportionment  of  Representatives  among  the  several  States  nndar  such 
enttraeratlon :  and  the  said  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  the  Interioi 
shall  then  proceed,  in  the  same  manner,  to  aaeertoin  the  representative 
population  of  each  State,  and  to  divide  the  whole  number  of  the  representa- 
tive populal^on  of  each  State,  by  the  ratio  already  determined  by  him,  as 
above  direoledj  and  the  product  of  this  last  division  shall  he  the  number 
of  Eepresentaljves  apportioned  to  such  State  under  the  then  last  enumer^ 
tJon ;  Provided,  That  the  loss  in  the  number  of  members  caused  by  the 
fractions  remaining  in  the  sevend  States,  on  the  division  of  the  population 
thereof,  shall  be  eompensated  for  by  assigning  to  so  many  States  having 
the  largest  fraotions,  one  additional  member  for  eaoh  for  ita  ftaotion,  as 
may  be  necessary  to  make  the  whole  number  of  Representatives  tiro  hundred 
and  thirty-three.  And  provided,  alto,  l^baA  it,  ^Sen  ihe  apportionment  of 
the  Representatives  under  the  next,  or  anj  subser^uent  census,  a  new  State 
or  States  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Union,  the  Representative  or  Eopre- 
Bentatjves  asrfgned  to  such  new  State  or  States,  shall  be  in  addition  to  tiie 
nnmber  of  Representfltives  herein  above  limited;  which  excess  of  Bepro- 
fontativos  overtwo  hundred  andthh%-airee  shall  only  continue  until  the 


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noxt  sueceeding  aiiportioiiment  tf  Eej.ri-entatnia  ut  Asr  t!io  next  sucoeed- 

Sed.  26.  And  be  it  Jmther  enacted.  That  whon  th)  Depaitment  of  flio 

directed  muDng  tbe  Bevcinl  Stales  under  tlie  next,  or  na;  eabseqneat 
enumeration  of  the  inhabitants  of  tha  United  Slates,  he  shall,  as  floon  ae 
praetioahle,  mate  out  and  lianamit,  under  the  seal  of  his  office,  to  the  House 
of  BepresentativeE,  a  certificate  of  the  number  of  mcrnbers  apportioned  to 
each  State  under  the  then  last  ecameration ;  and  shall  Irkevtise  make  out 
and  transmit  nithout  delay  to  the  Executive  of  each  Stote,  a  carlitcata 
under  lis  aoal  of  offioo,  of  the  nnmbar  of  members  apportioned  to  snob  State, 
under  saoh  last  enumeration.  Approved,  23  May,  1350. 

[The  preceding  saeUona  fall  uoder  the  class  of  genei'al  Laws  intended 
to  be  inserted  in  fliis  compilatjoni  the  residua  of  this  aet,  relating  solely  lo 
the  manner  of  taking  and  returning  the  census,  nill  be  found  in  Ihe  stdttutee 
of  tha  Unilad  States.] 

19.  AH  ACT  hi  anthoriae  Notaries  Pabljo  to  Cake  and  oeclify  oaths,  atfirma. 

dons,  and  aeknonledgmauls  in  certain  cases. 

Be  it  enacted  bg  tJie  Senate  and  House  of  R^preteatativee  of  the  Uiiited 
States  of  Ameriea  in  Oongresi  assemileil,  That  in  aU  oases  in  which,  nndec 
the  laws  of  the  ITnlled  States,  oaths  or  affirmations,  or  aeknowledgraents, 
may  now  be  taken  or  made  before  any  jnaliee  or  justices  of  the  peace  of 
any  State  or  Xerritoiy,  eiuih  oaths,  afllrmations,  or  aoknoffledgmenta  may 
be  hereafter  also  taken  or  made  by  or  before  any  Notary  public  duly  ap. 
pointed  in  any  State  or  Territory,  and,  when  cerlafled  under  the  land  and 
official  seal  of  such  Notary,  shall  haie  tbe  same  force  and  eCaot  as  if  la^on 
or  made  by  or  befora  such  justiaa  or  justices  of  Ihe  peace.  And  all  lans 
and  parts  of  laws  for  punishing  paijuiy,  or  suboraation  of  peijm-y,  com- 
mitted in  any  such  oatba  or  afOrmations  when  li^en  or  made  before  any 
Bucb.  justice  of  the  peace,  shall  apply  lo  any  snck  oHenea  committed  in  any 
oaths  or  affirmations  which  may  he  taken  under  this  aet  before  a  Notary 
public,  or  commissioner,  as  hereinafter  named :  Frovideii  aliaaye,  Tbat  on 
trial  for  either  of  these  offences,  the  soal  ttJid  signature  of  the  Kotary 
shall  not  be  deemed  snfficient  iq  themselves  to  establish  the  oflioial  ohara^ter 
of  such  Notary,  bat  the  same  shall  bo  shown  by  otlier  and  proper  ayidenoo. 

SeO.  2.  And  he  it  furrier  enacted,  That  all  the  powers  and  authority 
conferred  in  and  by  (he  preceding  section  of  this  act  upon  Nolodea  public, 
be,  and  the  same  are  hereby  vested  in,  and  may  be  eserciscd  by,  any  com- 
misBionor  appointed,  or  bareafter  to  be  appointed,  by  any  Circuit  Com't  of 
the  United  States,  under  any  act  of  Congress  authorising  the  appointment 
of  commis^oners  to  talie  bail,  aflidavits,  or  depositions,  in  causes  pending 
in  the  oourts  of  the  United  States.  Apxirocad,  JG  Sepiembei;  1850. 


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20  A  RESOI.UTrON  relating  to  the  putlioation  of  Uia  Laws  of  tha 
United  .stalos, 

Seiahcd,  ly  lite  Scnaie  a„ct  House  af  HepfeBcHlalivss  0/  lk«  United 
Statei  of  America  in  Goagyess  ateembled,  Thnt  the  Seoretiti?  of  Stale  ho 
anthorixed  and  directed  to  oontrnot  itith  Little  and  Broirn  to  funiis}i  theic 
annual  Btatntes  at  laigo,  printed  in  confonnity  wiHi  Wie  plan  adopted  by 
Cgngiess  m  eiglitaen  hundred  and  fort^-fire,  instead  of  the  edilion  usuiJly 
issued  by  his  order,  under  the  act  of  Oongreas  of  April  20, 1818,  and  wliieh 
conforms  to  an  edition  of  the  Laws  now  out  of  use. 

Ap^Jovfd,  28  Septembei-,  1850. 


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CHAPTER  7. 
EXPLANATORY  NOTES  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  TABLES. 

1.  The  tables  of  Electoral  votes  for  President  and 
Vice  President  of  the  United  States,  commencing  with 
page  315,  present  an  historical  synopsis  of  the  lead- 
ing political  sentiments  of  the  American  people,  from  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  to  the  present  time,  as  in- 
dicated by  the  votes  given  for  the  distinguished  indi- 
viduals whose  opinions  were  supposed  to  imbody,  from 
time  to  time,  those  sentiments,  and  a  biographical  notice 
of  the  individuals  themselves ;  the  statement  of  whose 
names  alone  will  recall  to  memory  their  meritorious  public 
services  and  exalted  characters. 

2.  The  table  commencing  with  page  336,  of  the  terms 
of  office  and  length  of  service,  in  the  Senate,  of  the  Vice 
Presidents  and  Presidents  pro  tempore,  may  be  supposed, 
generally,  to  show,  from  time  to  lime,  the  leading  poli- 
tical sentiments  of  the  majority  of  that  honorable  body, 
as  indicated  by  the  choice  of  Senators  to  occupy  the 
station  of  President  pro  tempore,  whose  political  senti- 
ments were,  at  the  time,  well  known.  This  table  also 
shows  the  commencement  and  termination  of,  aswell  as  the 
immber  of  days  in,  each  Session  of  Congress  and  special 


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310 
session  of  the  Senate,  fix)ra  the  4l.h  Marcli,  1789,  to  the 
termination  of  the  second  session  of   the    thirty-first 
Congress,  being  the  3d  March,  1851, 

3.  The  table  commencing  with  page  346  shows  the 
names,  and  the  commencement  and  termination  of  the 
service,  of  every  Senator  of  tie  United  States,  Irom  the 
4th  March,  1789,  to  the  3d  March,  1851,  being  tke 
termination  of  the  second  session,  thirty-first  Congress. 
A  geographical,  rather  than  an  alphabetical,  arrange- 
ment was  preferred,  for  the  reason  that  a  regular  succes- 
sion may  be  traced  in  the  service  of  the  several  classes 
of  Senators  of  each  State,  from  the  commencement  of  the 
Government,  or  the  admission  of  such  State  into  the  Union, 
to  the  present  time. 

This  table  practically  illustrates  fJiat  provision  of  the 
Constitution  which  directs  the  arrangement  of  the  Senators 
into  three  classes,  whose  tenns  of  service  expire  alter- 
nately every  two  years,  exhibiting  the  progressive  appli- 
cation of  the  principle  to  the  Senators  from  new  States 
as  they  become  qualified,  by  which  the  three  classes  are 
preserved  equal  in  number,  or  as  nearly  so  as  practicable 
—one-third  being  elected  biennially,  and  two-thirds  being, 
at  all  times,  prepared  to  attend  the  call  of  their  country 
for  the  transaction  of  Legislative,  Executive,  or  Judicial 
business ;  or,  indeed,  by  a  provident  arrangement  of  the 
State  Legislatures  (as  is  the  prevading  practice)  in  re- 
electing tlie  Senators  whose  terms  of  service  are  about 


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311 
to  expire,  or  electing  otliers  in  anticipation  of  vacancies, 
lie  Senate  may  preserve  a  continued  existence  in  f\iU 
force. 

4.  The  fourth  table,  page  386,  contains  the  names  and 
the  commencement  and  termination  of  service  of  the 
secretaries  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  there 
having  hsEn  only  four  individuals  in  the  occupancy  of 
that  responsible  office  from  the  commencement  of  the 
Government  under  the  Constitution  to  the  present  time, 
a  circumstance  ■which  has  preserved  to  this  Honorable 
Body  file  advantages  of  accumulated  experience  in  the 
Officers  in  their  service. 

5.  The  table  commencing  with  page  386,  exhibits  the 
names  and  terms  of  service  of  the  Representatives  in 
Congress  who  have  been  elected  to,  and  have  occupied, 
the  distinguished  station  of  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Re- 
presentatives of  the  United  States,  from  the  4th  March, 
1789,  to  the  3d  March,  1851,  and  the  names  of  the  States 
of  which  they  were  Representatives. 

6.  The  sixth  table,  page  388,  contains  the  names,  and 
ihe  commencement  andterminationof  service  of  the  Clerks 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States,  from 
which  it  appears  that  thirteen  changes  have  taken  place 
in  the  occupancy  of  this  office  since  the  4th  March, 
1789  ;  making  an  average  of  less  than  five  years'  service 
to  each  individual,  a  circumstance  which  has  sometimes 
deprived  that  Honorable  House  of  much  of  the  advan- 


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312 
tage  of  accumulated  experience,  which  tiie  business  of 
legislation  aad  the  public  interest  so  constantly  require 
in  the  service  of  Legislative  Bodies. 

The  second  and  fourth  tables  embrace  the  names  of  all 
those  individuals  who  have  occupied  the  stations  of  Vice 
President,  President  pro  tempore,  and  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  ;  the  occupants  of  which  olEcea 
have  been  constituted  a  reserve  corps  by  the  provisions 
of  the  Constitution,  and  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  the  1st 
March,  1792,  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  here  men- 
tioned, to  fdl  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States, 
in  the  event  of  its  becoming  vacant  by  any  of  the  casu- 
alties enumerated  in  the  Constitution.  Hence  has  arisen 
the  practice  of  the  Vice  President's  retiring  from  the 
Chair  of  the  Senate  a  short  time  previous  to  the  adjourn- 
ment of  each  session,  with  the  view  of  affording  the 
Senate  an  opportunity  of  choosing  a  President  pro 
tempore,  who,  according  to  the  prevailing  practice,  would 
hold  that  office  until  the  reappearance  of  the  Vice  Presi- 
dent in  the  Senate ;  and,  should  any  casualty  deprive 
the  country  of  the  services  of  the  President  and  Vice  Pre- 
sident acting  as  President,  during  the  recess  of  Congress, 
the  President  pro  tempore  so  chosen,  according  to  thepre- 
vailing  understanding,  would  be  prepared  to  occupy  that 
office  until  a  President  could  be  elected ;  which  office 
would  otherwise,  however,  devolve  on  the  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  should  the   vacancy  happen 


Hosiecb,  Google 


313 
during  the  existence  of  a  Congress  ;  but  should  tliere  be 
no  President  pro  tempore,  and  the  vacancy  occur  during 
a  recess,  after  the  expiration  of  one  Congress  and  pre- 
vious to  the  assembling  of  another,  while  there  was  no 
Speaker,  there  would  then  be  no  officer  to  fill  that  high 
and  responsible  station. 

These  tables  may  afford  a  useful  suggestion  of  the  im- 
portance of  preserving  the  biography  of  distinguished 
citizens  who  may  have  been,  or  may  be  called  to  im- 
portant public  stations,  with  a  view  of  extending  the 
practical  political  history  of  the  country,  which,  perhaps, 
could  not  be  more  effectually  developed  than  by  a 
faithful  delineation  of  the  characters,  principles,  and 
acts  of  the  American  statesmen,  whose  wisdom  and 
patriotism  have  elevated  the  character  of  the  Republic, 
and  wdl  continue  to  guide  its  destinies,  as  it  is  fervently 
hoped,  through  the  long  vista  of  ages  to  the  consummation 
of  time. 


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John   Adema,  elected  Vice   Preaident,  took  the  oath 
illcnded  in  Senate  on  5d  Decemter,  1793, 


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le  elecloral  vole  for  Thomas  Jelftrsoo  and  Aaron  Burr  ieini  equal,  no  choics 
mads  by  the  people,  and  ihe  House  of  Bepresenlatives  pfoc«e<le(l  on  Wed- 
Isy,  February  11,  ISOl,  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  Coiistilulioii  lo  ttaa 
CE  of  1  Pnsiuliml  i^lhc  ITRJlai  Slals.  On  Ihc  fiTBt  liallol  eisbt  Stales  voled  for 
nioa  JaaeiBon,  of  Virginia,  sii  Slalei  voted  for  Aarcm  Buti,  of  New  York, 
ths  votes  of  two  BlKtsa  wen  dlTlded.  The  ballotiDe  contiaucd  omil  Tuesday, 
February,  1801,  wbeu  tbs  tbiny-fflli  ballot,  as  hul  all  the  pievioua  ballots, 
Llleg  the  Bams  as  Iho  hrst.  Ttie  HODse  then  proceeded  to  the  thirty-sixth 
Ql,  and  it  baving  been  conDluded,  the  Speaker  deeiared  that  the  votes  of  ten 
es  had  been  given  ibr  Thomas  Jeaerson,  of  Virgini      -         ■        "  "       "- 


o  States  in  blank ;  and  tlisl, 


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Thomas  Jefferson,  elecled  Preaident,  took  the  oath  of  office  for  i 
eecond  term  on  4tli  March,  1805. 

George  Clinton,  elecied  Vioa  Preeident,  look  the  oath  of  office  ii 
Senate  t;haniber  on  4th  March,  1805. 


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James  Madison,  elected  President,  look  the  oalh  of  oIHce,  and  entered 
upon  itH  duties  on  4th  March,  1809. 

George  Clinton,  elected  Vice  President,  took  the  oath  of  office  in 
Sena'e  Chamber  on  4lh  March,  1809. 


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notice  on  the  Journala  of  Congress  of  his  having  taken  the  oath.) 

Elbridge  Gerry,  elected  Vice  President,  attended  in  the  Senate  SitS 
May,  1B13,  and  exhibited  a  certificate  of  his  having  taken  the  oath  ol 
office  prescribed  by  law,  which  was  read. 
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James  Monroe,  elected  Presidcnl,  took  the  onth  of  office 
upon  its  duties  on  4th  March,  1817. 

Daniel  D.  Tompitins,  elected  Vice  President,  took  the  ( 
and  attended  in  Senate  on  4lh  M;^ch,  1817. 


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James  Monroe,  elected  President  for  a  second  term.  (There  is  no 
notice  on  the  Journals  of  Congress  of  hie  having  taken  the  oath.) 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  elected  Vice  President  for  a  second  term. 
(There  is  no  notice  oa  the  Journals  of  Congress  of  his  having  taken  the 


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John  C.  Calhoun,  elected  Vice  President,  took  the  oath  of  ofli 
attended  in  Senate  the  4th  of  March,  1829. 


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Andrew  Jackson,  elected  President,  look  Ihe  oath  of  office,  and  con- 
tinued the  duties  4th  March,  1833. 

Martin  Van  Buren,  elected  Vice  President,  took  the  oalh  of  office 
end  entered  upon  its  duiiea  4lh  March,  1833. 


Hosiecb,  Google 


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Martin  Van  Buren,  elected  President,  took  the  oath  of  office,  and 
Dntcred  upon  its  dutloa  4th  March,  1837. 

Richard  M.  Johnaon,  elected  Vice  President,  look  the  oath  of  oifice, 
ird  attended  in  Senate  4th  March,  1837.    '  Elected  by  the  Senate. 


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William  H.  Harrison,  elected  Presidenl,  took  the  oath  of  office,  anri 
entered  upon  its  duties  on  4th  March,  1841. 
John  Tyler,  elected  Vice  Ptesident,  took  the  onth  of  office,  and  eiiter- 


Hosiecb,  Google 


Tuesday,  April  6,  1341. 
Immediale.,'  after  (he  decease  of  the  Presidenl,  Mr.  Webaler,  jr., 
Chief  Clerk  in  ine  Deparlment  of  State,  accompanied  b;  Mr.  Beall,  an 
officer  of  the  Senate,  set  out  for  the  residence  of  the  Vice  President,  in 
Virginia,  beariiig  to  liiin  tlie  fallowing  letter : 

WflSHifluTON,  ApHl  i,  len. 

To   JOHW    T-FLER, 

Vice  Frcsidenlaf  the  United  Slates.      ' 

Sis ;  It  has  become  our  most  painful  duty  to  inform  yon  that  William 
Henry  Harrison,  lato  President  of  the  United  Slates,  has  departed  this 
life. 

This  distressing  event  toolt  place  this  day,  at  (he  President's  Mansion 
in  this  city,  at  thirty  minutes  before  one  in  the  morning. 

We  lose  no  time  in  despatching  the  Chief  Clerlt  in  the  State  Depart- 


We  have   the  honor  to  be,  iviih  the  highest  regard,  your  obedi 

DAKIEL  WEBSTER, 

Secretary  of  Stale. 
THOMAS  EWING, 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
JOHN  BELL, 

Secretary  of  War. 
JOHN  J.  CRITTENDEN, 

Attorney  General. 
FRANCIS  GRANGER, 

PcstmasleT  General. 


Hosiecb,  Google 


City  of  Washl-igton,  D.  C. 

Wednesday  AprU  7,  1841. 

By  the  exli'Bordinnry  despalch.  usad  in  sending  the  ofEdal  intelHgenc* 
to  the  Vice  Fi'esident,  at  Williamsburg,  and  Eimilar  despatch  hj  hini  in 
repairing  to  the  seat  of  Government,  John  Tyler,  now  President  of  the 
United  States,  arrived  in  this  ciiy  yesterdar  morning,  at  5  o'ulook,  and 
look  lodgings  at  Brown'a  Hotel. 

At  13  o'clock,  all  the  Heada  of  Departments,  ejtoept  the  Secretnry  of 
the  Navy,  (who  has  not  yet  returned  to  the  city  from  his  visit  lo  hia 
familyj  wailed  upon  him,  to  pay  him  their  official  and  personal  respecta 
They  were  received  with  all  the  politeness  and  kindness  wliich  chstoc 
teriiB  the  new  President.  He  signified  his  deep  feeling  of  the  public 
calamity  sustained  by  the  death  of  President  Harrison,  and  expressed 
his  profound  sensibility  lo  the  heavy  reaponsibihties  so  suddenly  de- 
■solved  upon  himself.  He  spoke  of  the  prflsent  state  of  things  wiih 
great  concern  and  seriousness,  and  made  known  his  wishes  that  the 
several  Heads  oi  Departmenla  would  continue  to  fill  ihe  places  which 
Ihay  now  respectively  occupy,  and  his  confidence  that  they  would  afford 
all  the  aid  in  their  power  lo  enable  him  to  carry  on  the  administration 
of  the  Government  successfully. 

The  Prewdent  then  took  and  subscribed  the  following  oalh  of  office  ; 

I  do  Holemnly  swear,  that  I  will  fiiithfiilly  execute  the  office  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  and  will,  lo  Ihe  best  of  my  ability,  preseiTO, 
protect,  and  defend  the  Conatilution  of  the  Uniled  Slates. 

JOHN  TYLER. 

Afeil  6,  1S41. 

DisTEicT  or  Cor.l7SlJlIA, 

City  and  County  of  Washington,  ss, 

I,  "William  Cranch,  Chief  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  District 
of  Columbia,  certify,  that  the  above-named  John  Tyler  personally  ap- 
peared before  me  this  day,  and,  although  he  deems  himself  tiualified  lo 
perform  the  duties,  and  exercise  the  powers  and  office  of  President  on 
the  deatli  of  William  Henry  Harrison,  late  President  of  the  United 
States,  without  any  other  oath  than  that  which  he  haa  taken  as  Vice 
President,  yet,  as  doubts  may  arise,  and  for  greater  caution,  look,  and 
subscribed  ihe  foregoing  oath  before  me. 

W.  CRANCH, 

ApEri.6,  1841. 


Hosiecb,  Google 


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12 

i2 

36 

New  York 

v6 

3G 

Now  Jersey 

S6 

Peoniylvania 

21. 

DelB«me 

J 

'a 

Maryland 

8 

J7 
11 
9 

NofthCarolina 
S  ulh  Carolina 

17 

11 

"d 

ii 

10 

Georgia 

ID 

12 

Kentucky 

1 

12 

13 
23 
6 
6 

TenneaBet 
Ohio 

G 
f 

'' 

"g 

13 

13 

Indiana 
IllmoiB 

^» 

^9 

9 

3 
5 

Alahami 
Missouri 
Arkanei" 
Michigan 

9 

5 

S75 

■ftholENo   tfel  cto^i 

Majouly                                          1„8 

170 

105 

170 

105 

James  K.  Polk,  elected  President,  took  the  oath  of  office,  and  entered 
upon  its  duties  on  4th  March,  1645. 

George  Mifflin  Dallaa,  elected  Vice  PresidenI,  atleiided  in  Senate,  and 
look  the  oath  of  ofiice  on  4lh  March,  181"). 


Hosiecb,  Google 


EliMionfor  the  Sixk^ith  Ten. 


4 

.™, 

,>..,..„. 

II 

^=3 

§1 

If 

9 

6 
12 
4 

6 
6 
36 

7 
26 

12 
4 
6 

36 
7 

2S 
8 
8 

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i'o 

12 
13 

"e 
"a 

17 
■9 

28 

"k 
12 
9 
9 
7 
3 
5 

"i 

4 

i'2 
4 

6 

6 
36 

7 
26 

3 

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10 

12 
13 

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17 
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9 
10 
12 
13 
23 

0 
12 

9 

7 

5 
3 
4 

4 
4 

290 

Whole  nnmber  of  electors 

163 

127 

163 

127 

Zaohary  Taylor,  elected  Preeident,  took  the  oath  of  office,  an( 
entered  upon  ita  dnties,  4th  March,  1849. 

Millard  Fillmore,  electBd  Viee  Preaident,  took  the  oath  of  office 
and  entered  upou  its  duties,  4th  March,  1849. 


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Is  SEN4TE  OF  TBIt  UhitED  STATES. 
■WEJlSEEDiY,  Juhj  10,  186(1, 

The  following  communiQation,  teeeived  by  tho  Seoretarj  of  tbo  Senate, 
was  read : 

To  the  Senats  of  tlie  United  Stntes:— 

In  eonseqHenoe  of  file  lEuuentefl  deatli  of  Zachaiy  Taylor,  lata  President 
of  tlie  United  States,  I  shall  co  longer  occupy  the  chair  of  tha  Senate ;  and 
I  tare  thouglit  that  a,  formal  communicalion  to  Eae  Senate,  to  that  cfTuet, 
throngh  jonr  Secretary,  might  enohle  yoa  the  more  pioiEptly  to  proceed  lo 
the  choice  of  a  presiding  officer.  Millaro  Filluorh. 

WiSHniaTON,  Jtiiy  10, 1S50. 

The  folloning  meaaage  was  recaired  from  the  President  of  the  TJnilfld 
States,  hy  Mr.  Fiator:— 

Pellow-citizens  of  tha  Senate  and  Houao  of  Representatives .- — 

I  hare  to  perform  the  melancholy  duty  of  announcing  to  yon  that  it  has 
pleasetl  Almighty  God  to  remove  from  this  life  Znctsry  Taylor,  late  Presl. 
dent  of  the  United  Statfls.  He  deceased  last  eTening,  at  the  hour  of  half 
paat  ten  o'clock,  in  the  midst  of  hia  family  and  surrounded  hy  affectionate 
friends,  calmly  and  in  the  full  poaaeaaion  of  all  Ms  faoiUtiea.  Among  his 
last  words  ware  ihoBe,  which  he  ottered  with  emphatic  diatinctneaa ;  "I 
have  always  done  my  duty — I  aro  ready  to  die — mj  only  regret  is  for  the 
ftionda  I  leave  behind  me." 

Having  announced  to  you,  fellow-islUzenB,  this  most  afflioting  bereave- 
ment and  assuring  you  that  It  has  penetrated  no  heart  with  deeper  grief 
than  mine,  it  remains  for  me  to  say,  that  I  propose  this  day,  at  12  o'clock, 
in  the  Hall  of  the  Uonae  of  Eepresentatives,  in  tha  presence  of  both  Houses 
of  Congress,  to  take  tlie  oath  prescrihed  by  the  OonsdtuUon,  to  enable  ma 
to  enter  on  tho  esecntion  of  the  olHce  which  this  event  haa  devolved  on  me. 

WiSHIHGTOH,  Jnly  10,  1850.  MlLLAKD  FniMORE. 

A  similar  message  having  been  communicated  to  tho  House  of  Repre- 
tentatives  sod  tlie  necessary  arrangements  made  between  the  two  Houses; — 

At  12  o'clock  meridian— 

The  President  of  the  United  Statea,  the  Heads  of  DeparlmentiS,  the 
Chief  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  Sanata 
of  the  United  States,  having  entered  the  Hall  o£the  Honae  of  Representatives— 

Tha  oath  of  office  was  administered  to  the  Pi'esidont  by  the  Hononrable 
WiUiam  Cranch,  Chisf  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Conrt  of  the  United  States  for 
tho  Dislriet  of  Columbia, 


Hosiecb,  Google 


Hosiecb,  Google 


1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

3t 

-zit',5r.s 

Special 
Bpooiil 

Epecml 

Sppoial 

Sea.  Sea. 

4  Van.  ITM 
6K(.t.   1792 

IS  Not.  ItV 
17  Jul)-  1J9| 

3  May    1793 

26' June  1795 

10  Julj  17B7 
18  Jnly  17'a3 

Is'lDly  1793 
3  Mar.  1799 

It'May   IMO 

SMir.  1801 

178 

John  Ad™3  .  '    .  ■ 
JoiiB  Adams     .       . 
John  Adams  .        . 

JohnASams'    .   '  . 

THomaB  Jelfersoa  '  . 

Tkonias  JoiteraoQ  .  " 
Tliomaa  JeflereoD      . 

Hosiecb,  Google 


S3Y 

f  the  Uhiled  States  aii4  FTesidenis  of  the  Senate, 


_..,,._ 

Sonato. 

a_.i 

— 

i.Un.«. 

Eeticed. 

' 

Mtr.l 

„ 

Mm.  I 

„ 

John  i.»Edoii 

John  LsDEdon 

Kalph  \kri  ' 
Kalph  Izard  . 

HiMiryTaicweU 

llenu'Tsiemll 

WiUiMi  Eliiglia 

JacobRead 
Theoaor;  Sad'gn 

James  Koaa 
Driali  Tracy. 
Jai^esHiUhoua 

nard 

a  April  17S9 

Jal.'  1790 
Dee.  1790 

24CKr'   1791 
1    April  179S 

d"'  17  »a 

Uu.  1T93 

31  May    HM 

aOFrt'   1796 

7  Dm.    17B5 
9Dea  1794 
6  Ma;    1796 

4  M=T.  1797 

"iff  a 

S7Bec     788 

a  Deo.'    79» 
30  Dec      799 

Sis 

28  bX   aoi 

■21  April  1789 

lUr  nsl 

1    April  1792 
aSPeb'    1193 

SOM^'lTM 

ii-i 

1  Mir.  1797 
6  Jul  J    79T 
lOJulj    79T 

BO  June  798 
IBjBly     798 
17  July    798 
26  Dec.      799 
28  Feb.      7S9 
a  Mar.     799 
SSDao,   17B9 

13  Miff   IBOO 

14  M^   S 
aSPeb."  1801 

3  Mar.  1801 

Hosiecb,  Google 


SYNOPTICAL 


i 

1 

II 

II 

1! 

deuts  nf  Ihs  United 
Stalea. 

Special 

'l 

7  Dec*  im 

3  May   161B 
siviitr.    IS03 

i. 

Si:::;: 

flaion  Burr      .       . 

e 

6  Nov,  mi 

ai  Ap.il  leoii 

■■• 

AaroiiCuir.   '   .   '  . 

« 

irec-  1B00 

a  Mar.  1801 

03 

Qaoreo  ClipBl.       f. 

10 

2so«.  isw 

as  April  iao3 

163 

Qeorse  Clinton       . 

10 

7  Nqv,  ISdS 

3M...    IW 

117 

Geore.C.l..on       . 

Special 

B2Hay    leOS 

ikay  leio 

.: 

Oenrse  Clinton    .       . 

Qcoifie  eiliton       . 

1' 

3  Dec,   181(1 

3  Mat.  1811 

91 

Hosiecb,  Google 


TAB  LE— Continued. 


™.„„„ 

Kamea  of  ProBidcnta 

■■™  """'■■■' 

Commenced. 

Expire  J. 

Be„al0. 

„..,... 

Retired. 

'-■  '•■ 

"«■■" 

AUamB^dwin.- 

SJan!   1801 
7  April  \m 

2  Mai.  1803 

S3  Jan.    1804 
10  Mar.  1B04 

OMat    1801 
HJan      180a 

Abraham  Baldwin  , 
Sicplioii  K.  Bradley    . 

8  May    1802 
SJan     l%v 

6  Dec     ie03 
S3  Jan     IBOl 

eieplien  R.  Bjadlej    . 

Slephon  n.  Bradlay    . 

3:i"  FraZm-       : 

Jose,*  Anderson    . 

Joseph  Anderson    . 

26  Feb.    1805 
SMar.   1805 
SMar.  180S 

3  Dec   1805 

1  Disc,'  leoa 

IB  April  1806 

SMar    1.0J 

4MaMS05 

«.,.,» 

Josepli  An  demon    . 
eamiieisiullh'  .       . 

3  Ma..  1805 

15  Dec.    1805 
ai  April  ISOIJ 

: 

Samuel  Smith     .       . 

10  April  leos 

Sleph™  R.  Bradley    . 

..k...,- 

.i„.,i. 

John  M  ill  c  dee     ,       . 

JohnMllledge.       . 

Andrew  Gregg    '   .  ' 
Andrew  Gresg    .       . 

John  Galliard      .       . 

as  May   180i 
19  Bee.'   1801 

■JSJuna  1809 

27  Feb!   1810 

16  Apnl  181 

IM=y    1610 
llDee.    1810 

Jolin  Galliard  .   "   .  ' 

17  April  1910 
SDe,:.    1810 

Hosiecb,  Google 


SVN  OPTICAL 


1 

i 
1 

1 
1 

Names  of  Vice  Presl- 

IS 

13 

Bpecial 

'IT 

Ses.  Sen. 

INov.  1911 
la'sepl.  1814 

fl'cec  !81fl 
sbec.   18^ 

SMur.  1813 
IB  Apiil  1814 

:     : . 

8  Mai.  1816 
30  April  IBie 

0M3.r.  1817 
W  iprtl  1318 

8  Mai.  1SI9 

15  May    1830 

SHar.  ISSl 

8  May   1822 

Qeotge  0li,iBn    .   ■   . 

Elbridgo  Qerry 
Elbriiise  Gerry    '   . 

Daniel  D.  Tpinpkins  ' 

Daniel  D.TonipkinB  ' 
Daniel  D.TompkinB 

i 

18 

.Special 

4  Mat    1825 

37  May   leai 

b 

Daniel  D.  Tom pklbi  . 

Hosiecb,  Google 


Tab  LE— Continued. 


L^ndad.  Itmiied. 


Mat.  1B21    3  M! 


Hosiecb,  Google 


SYNOPTICAL 


s 

"  S 

1 

1 

S 
1 

P 

■    1 

■  i 

jl 

Kauies  of  Vice  Tred- 
denUorihflUniMd 

1. 

a  Dae.   1835 

S2Miy   ISM 

169 

JohnC.OalL^a.       . 

15 

4Da6.    IBM 

3  Ma,.   168T 

90 

jahn'c.  tolhoiin.   '   , 

ao 

aD.c.  ikT 

saMay    1829 

170 

JoUnCCaihoun.    ■  . 

JO 

1  Dec.  1928 

3  M.t.   1S39 

.„;,.c:c.ii;™.-.-  i 

Special 

Ses.  Sen. 

4M«,.  1959 

17          - 

Joh„C,C.lho„„.        . 

■1 

I  Dee.   I8ae 

31  May    1830 

176 

jQhnc'calhQun'    .    ■ 

a 

6W   1930 

3Mar.  1831 

^ 

i»h;c.CaIbo«„.   ■   . 

n 

5D...   1831 

ICJuly    183a 

t- 

j.b.c.'cam™n'  .■ 

n 

3  Dec.   1832 

2  Ma.  1933 

99 

■■ 

30  J^e  1934 

.11 

Martin  Van  Wre'n.  ' 

fO 

iW.    1834 

3'M.r.    1835 

93 

Ha.lln  Van  Buren  . 

a4 

TDea.    1835 

4J.ly   1930 

BlI 

Marin  Van  Bu,e„. 

u 

5  Deo.  1930 

Olar.  18K 

89 

Martin  Van  Buren. 

Special 

Ses.  Sen 

i  Mar.  1337 

10 

T 

Riehatci  M.  Johnspn  . 

33 

4  Sept.  1837 

18  0«,    1S37 

44 

Hicba,dM.Jpbnsoa, 

IS 

4  Dec   ISSr 

fl July  1839  1  aia 

Richara  M.  Johnson  . 

.S 

3  Dec   1938 

3  M.t.  1839 

1  ei 

Hosiecb,  Google 


T  AE  L  E— Continued. 


,-,.„o™.. 

Kamea  of  Prfiaideols 
pru  tempore  of  ihe 

„,„„„„„„ 

=_„..,, 

Kjpirfd, 

*„.,... 

.,,.-. 

5  Dec.    1855 
MiBSay    IBM 
4  Dec.    1626 

14Fel>:    1837 

mil  1828 
4  Mat.  JBaa 

%dZ  ikS 

SDec!  1831 
flJnly    1832 

3  Dec.   1833 

7  Dec!    JB35 
IJuly    1831 

4  Sc-pt.  1B3! 
4  Dec,   1937 

20  M     :m 

Kathatifel  Macon    . 

M    " 

Nathaniel  MacDO    . 

Vm;  Z 

Naltanfel  Macon    . 

3      " 

silZeIa»!"h    .  ■  . 

aiDeo.    1829 

iMEir.  1639 

,M..:e. 

Samuel  Snillh 
aamuel  Smllh     .       . 

89  May   ISSO 
31      " 
a  Jan.    1831 

Samuel  Smim     '   .   ' 

IteElenei)  SB 

t^^l^2     .   ■   . 

llDea.    1831 

3M.r.  183 

Hiigh  LawHOn  While  . 
Hugh  LaivBon  While. 

a  Mat.   1833 

John  Tyler  .       .       . 

8      " 

• 

wmiara  B.King        . 

4  July    I83S 

J 

...,._, 

William  a.  King        . 

3  Mat.  18?- 

s 

William  K.  King        . 

10      ■■ 

¥ 

wmtam  R.King        . 

IJulj    1838 
18  Dec.    1839 

» 

Wllliain  R.King 
Willia,n  E.  Klog     . 

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SYMOrrlCAL 


1 

F 

■1 
1^ 

IJ 

1! 

NBmeB  of  Vies  l-resi- 

Special 

1 

3'dcc.   133B 

1 X^.  1846 
iW    1345 

3  Deo.   1S49 
IDeo!  1361 

21JulJ  1540 
SMac.  1841 

SKSS 

14  Aug.  1848 

ao  Sapt,  1850 
31  Aug!  1862 

263 

RJclinil  M-'johDEon' 
John  iyler'    .  ■    .  ■ 

QemsB  M.  BaJlas        , 

Q'corB^M.i)a,llai  .  ' 
Oeorge  M.  b^liu  .  ' 

Qeiige  31.  Bajlss  '  . 

Millard  KlInH,™   . 
'Mlllailt  RUmore .  ' 

Hosiecb,  Google 


TABLE— Continued. 


Atteikikd,  K«t]red. 


Willioitt  B.'KiDE 


MaBgnni 


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jll«f 


J I  — 


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i 

^  ^  d 

•s   »  i 
i   '    ° 

1.    £    1 
■llill 

illfs 

iiil 

signed ;  suec  or  app'd  June  S,  1818. 

By  Legislature,  in  room  of  E.  P. 
Ashmun,  resigned  ;  successor  ap- 
pointed June  13, 1830. 

By  Legislature,  in  room  of  P-  Md- 

1 

Jlll 

Itftti 
4  If'ls*^ 

1 

1    i     : 

III 

Resigned 

Mar.    3,  1821 

Mar-     3,  1837 
Mar.     3,  3833 
Mar.    3,  1839 
Resigned 

Mar.     3,  1845 

Mor.    3,  1851 
Mar-    3,  1793 

Resigned 

Mar.    3,  1799 

Resigned 

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g    og    "     I       |„ 


ill-  s^iils'lli  .liil  s-^fis!'^ 

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The  Senate  met  4th  March;  formed 
a  nuormn  6th  April ;  and  did  not 
elect  a  Secretary  until  the  8th; 
messages  to  the   House   having 

a  member  of  the  Senate.  Served 
upwards  of  25  years. 

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from  decease  of  Mr.  Otis  until 
tlie  election  of  Mr.  Cntta. 

Resigned.  The  Chief  Clerk  acted 
as  Secretary  &om  the  resignation 
of  W.  Lowrie  to  the  appointment 

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18  April  1814* 

12  Dee.     1S35 
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THE   EMINENT   JURISTS 


?  TniliDNAI., 

THE  SUPBEM  COURT  01  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


CHIEF   JUSTICES 
OF   THE   SUPREME   COURT   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES, 

JOHN  JAY,  of  New  York,  appointed  by  the  President  with  the  ad- 
vice aiid  conaont  of  the  Senate,  S6th  September,  1789.  Nomi- 
nated 16th,  and  con£nnedl9lh  April,  1794,  Envoy  Exlrnordinarji to 
England.  Rcsigntd  as  Chief  Justice.  Succesaot  appointed  let 
July,  1795. 

JOHN  RUTLEDGE,  of  South  Carolina,  appointed  iHt  July,  1795,  in 
recess  of  Senate,  m  place  of  John  Joy  resigned,  and  presided  on 
the  Bench  at  August  term,  1795.  Nominated  10th,  and  rejected 
by  the  Senate  15lh  December,  1795. 

WILLIAM  GUSHING,  of  Maasaohuaelts.  Nomination  confirmed  and 
appointed,  &.c.,  27lh  Janitary,  1796,  in  place  of  John  Jay,  re- 
signed. Declined  llie  oppointmenl.  He  was  then  an  Associate 
Justice. 

OLIVER  ELLSWORTH,  of  Connecticut.  Nomination  confirmed 
ond  appointed,  &c.,  4lh  March,  1796,  m  place  of  W.  Gushing,  de- 
clined. Appomted  Envoy  Ek'raordinary  raid  Minister  Pienipo 
tentiaty  to  France,  37th  Fobrtmry,  1799.  He  presided  on  the 
Bench  at  the  August  terra,  1799.    Proceeded  on  hie  mission  to 


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390 

France.  3d  Nnvomljer.  1799.  Resigned  as  Chief  JuaticB.  Suc- 
cessor Bppointed  19lli  December,  1800. 

JOHN  JAY,  Governor  of  New  York.  Nommation  confirmed  and  op- 
pointed,  &c.,  IStli  Decembar,  ISOO,  in  place  of  Oliver  Ellsworth, 
resigned.    Declmed  the  appointment. 

JOHN  MARSHALL,  Secretary  of  State.-  Nomination  confirmed  37th, 
and  appointed,  &c.,  31sl  January,  1801,  in  place  of  John  Jay,  de- 
clined.   Died  in  1835. 

ROGER  B.  TANEY,  of  Maryland.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed, St.a.,  15th  March,  1836,  in  the  place  of  John  Marshall, 


ASSOCIATE   JUSTICES 
OF   THE   SUPREME   COURT  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES, 


WILLIAM  CUSHING,  of  Masaaeliuaetls.  Wominatioti  conSrmed 
36lh,  and  appointed  37th  September,  1789.  Died,  and  Levi  Lin- 
coln appointed. 

JAMES  WILSON.ofPeimsylvania.  Nomination  conGrmed  26th,  and 
appointed  aSth  September,  1789.  Died,  and  Buahrod  Washing- 
ton appointed. 

JOHN  BLAIR,  of  Virginia.  Nomination  confirmed  26th,  and  ap- 
pointed SOth  Septcmhor,  1789.  Resigned,  and  Samuel  Chaso  ap- 
pointed. 

ROBERT  H.  HARRISON,  of  Maryland.  Nominatioti  confirmed  a6th 
Sepiemlior,  1789.     Resigned,  and  James  Iredell  appointed. 

JAMES  IREDELL,  of  North  Carolina.  Appointed  in  recess  of  Senate, 

lice  the  BOiL  Junnory,  1801,  was  confirmed  on  the  i(7th,  commlasioned  SUl  Jannary, 
ana  presifled  on  the  Bench  of  the  Supreme  Courl  from  the  4lh  to  the  Bill  February, 


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391 

in  place  of  Robert  H.  Hanison,  resigned.  Nomination  confirmed 
and  appointed  10th  February,  1790.  Died,  and  Alfred  Moore  ap- 
pointed. 

THOMAS  JOHNSON,  of  Maryland.  Appoinlod  5tli  August,  1731,  in 
recess  of  Senate,  in  place  of  John  Rutledgo,  resigned.  Nomina- 
tion confirmed  and  appointed  7lli  November,  1791.  Reaigned,  and 
■William  Palorson  appointed. 

WILLIAM  PATERSON,  Governor  of  New  Jersey.  Nomination 
confirmed  and  appointed  4th  March,  1793,  in  place  of  Thomas 
Johnson,  resigned.    Died,  and  Brockhotst  Livingston  appomted. 

SAMUEL  CHASE,  of  Maryland.  Nominationconfirmedandappointed 
37lh  Januai'y,  179G,  in  place  of  John  Blaic,  resigned.  Died,  and 
Gabriel  Duval  appoiuted. 

BUSHROD  WASHINGTON,  of  Vrgi  App  m   d  39  1  S  p   m 

ber,  1798,  in  recess  of  Senate,  in  pi        f  J         W  is      d  d 

Nomination  confirmed  and  appo  d20hD  mb  I  98  D  d 
and  Henry  Baldwin  appointed. 

ALFRED  MOOEE,  of  North  Carol  N  nfi  m  d  and 

appointed  10th  December,  1799  m  place  t  J  m  I  d  11  d 
ceased.    Reaigned,  and  William  J  h  pp         d 

WILLIAM  JOHNSON,  of  South  C      1  N  n      nfirmed 

and  appointed  36th  March,  1804        pi         f  Alfr  d  M  re 

signed.    (Confirmed  and  appoii     d  C  11  f  h   Cus    m    33d 

Feb.  1819,  and  declined  the  appo  m  )  D  d  1834  and 
James  M.  Wayne  appointed. 

THOMAS  TODD,  of  Kentucky.     N  nfi        d  ^        d    p 

pointed  3d  Miiich,1807. 

EROCKHOLST  LIVINGSTON,  of  N  Y  k  App  d  10  1  N 
vember,  1B06,  In  recess  of  Sen  1  f  W  11    m  P  n 

deceassd.  Nomination  contirmed  and  appointed  17th  Docember, 
1806.    Died,  and  Smith  Thompson  appointed. 

LEVI  LINCOLN,  of  Massachusetts.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap 
pointed  3d  January,  1811,  in  place  of  William  Gushing,  deceased. 
Declined  the  appointment,  and  John  Qumoy  Adams  appointed. 

JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS,  of  MassBchnseKs.  Nomination  confirmed 
and  appointed  2ad  February,  1811,  in  place  of  Levi  Lincoln,  de- 
clined. Declined  the  appointmont,  and  Joseph  Story  appointed. 
GABRIEL  DUVAL,  of  Maryland.  Nomination  confirmed  and  »p 
pointed  18th  November,  1811,  in  the  place  of  Samuel  Chase,  de 
ceased.     Resigned,  and  Philip  P.  Barbour  appointed. 

JOSEPH  STORY,  of  Maasaclmsetis.     Nomination  confimied  and  ap. 


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pojntcil  IBlh  November,  1811,  in  place  of  Jolm  Quincy  AdamE, 
declined.     Diod  and  Levi  Wocxlbury  nppoinlcd. 

6MITH  THOMPSON,  of  New  York.  Appoiiiled  Isl  Seplemher, 
1823,  in  recesa  of  the  Senate,  in  place  of  Brocltholst  Livingston, 
deceaaed.  Kominolion  confirmed  and  appointed  9th  December, 
1623.    Died,  and  Samuel  Nelson  appointed. 

ROBERT  TRIMBLE,  of  Kentuclty.  Homination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 9th  May,  1826,  in  the  place  of  Tliomaa  Todd,  deceased. 
Died,  and  John  McLean  appointed. 

JOHN  McLEAN,  of  Ohio.  Nomination  coniirmed  and  appointed  71h 
March,  1839,  in  the  place  of  Robert  Trimble,  deceased. 

HENRY  BALDWIN,  of  Pennaylvania.  Nomination  confirmed  and 
Eppoinlcd  6th  January,  1830,  in  place  of  Bushrod  Washington,  de- 
ceased.   Died,  and  R.  C.  Grier  appoinled. 

JAMES  M.  WAYNE,  of  Georgia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
poinled 9lh  January,  1835,  in  place  of  William  JohuEOn,  deceased. 

PHILIP  P,  BARBOUR, ofVirginia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
poinled 15th  March,  1836,  in  place  of  Gabriel  Daval,  resigned. 
Died,  and  P.  V.  Daniel  appoinled. 

JOHN  CATRON,  of  Tennessee.  Nombalion  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed ath  March,  1837. 

WILLIAM  SMITH,  of  Alabama.  Nomination  conRimed  and  ap- 
pointed  8th  March,  1837.  Declined  the  appointment,  and  John 
McKinley  appointed. 

JOHN  McKINLEY,  of  Alabama.  Appointed  22d  April,  1S37,  in  re- 
cess of  the  Senate,  in  place  of  William  Smith,  declined.  Nomina- 
tioned  confirmed  and  appointed  25th  September,  1837. 

PETER  V.  DANIEL,  of  Virginia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 3d  March,  1841,  in  place  of  Philip  P.  Barbour,  deceased. 

SAMUEL  NELSON,  of  New  York.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed, 14Lh  February,  1845,  in  place  of  Smith  Thompson,  de 
ceased. 

LEVI  WOODBURY,  of  New  Hampshu^.  Appointed  SOlh  Sepfem 
ber,  1845,  m  recees  of  the  Senate,  in  place  of  Joseph  Story,  de 
ceased.     Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  3d  January,  1846. 

ROBERT  C.  GRIER,  of  Pennsylvania.  Nomination  confirmed  ana 
appoinled  4th  August,  1846,  in  place  of  Henry  Baldwin,  deceased. 
EENJAMIH  ROBSmS  CURTIS,  of  Massacbuaetts.  Appoinled  during 
the  recess  of  the  Senate,  in  place  of  Levi  'Woodbiiry,  deooaseS.  No- 
mination confirmed  and  appointed  SOth  December,  1S51. 


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CLERKS  OF  THE  SUPEESiE  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


JoHM  TnecEK,  of  MassachuaeliE, 
Samuel  Bayard,  of  Delnware, 
Elias  B.  Caldwell,  of  N.  J. 
William  GniFFirn,  of  N.  J. 
William  T.  Caeeoll,  of  D.  C. 


rlFeb.  3  1  90     Rea^ned 
Aug.  1   I  91     R-s^nod 
Aug.  15  ibOO     D  ed 
Feb,  9  1836     D  ed 
Jan.  20  IR"?      P  es  t  inc  I 


REPORTEIIS  OF  DECISIONS  01?  SUPREME  COURT  UiNITED 


Alexakdek  J.  Dallas, 

leported  from  1789 

0  ISOO,  inclus 

William  Cbanch, 

do.        "     1801 

0  1815.       " 

He.vKY  Wbeaton, 

do.        '■     18i6 

0  1827,        " 

Richard  Peters,  jun'r, 

o  1843,        " 

Benjamim  C.  Howard, 

do.         "      JEI3. 

Present  inc 

MARSHALS  OF  THE  UNITl'M   STWES  ATTENDANT  ON  THE 
SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

Under  tbe  conatruotion  of  Ihe  judiciary  act  of  17S9,  the  Marshals  of  nil 
the  Ditiricts  were  raqiiired  to  attend  the  sessions  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
iirilil,  by  the  act  of  9tli  June,  1794,  the  Marshd  of  (ha  district  alone  in 
which  ths  court  eliall  sit  was  requited  to  attend  its  sessions. 
David  LeboX,  MnlBhal  Diat.  of  Pa.,nttonded  Jan.  28, 179*  to  Feb.  1 


DA.-JIE 

Was 


.  Carroll  Bee 


i,Mar.D.  C, 


Aug.3,!B01,  to  Aug.  1808. 
Feb.  1,1808,  to  Aug.  1818, 
NoY.30, 1818,  to  Aug.  1831, 
Feb.  4,  ia31,toFek  1834. 
March  9,  1S34,  fo  Dec.  1S48, 
Dee,  5, 1348,  to  Deo.  1849, 
Dec  4, 1849.    Present  Incu'i. 


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DISTINGUISHED   INDIVIDUALS 


SEVERAL  HIGH  EXECUTIVE  lEPAETMENTS  OR  OFFICES  OP 
THE  GOVERNMENT, 


SECRETARIES   OF    STATE. 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON,  of  Virginia.  Nominalion  confirmed  and 
appoiiWed  aSth  Seplomber,  17^9.     Eeaigned. 

EDMUND  RANDOLPH.ofVirginia.  Nomination  coniirmcd  bdJ  np- 
pointed  2d  January,  1794.    Resigned. 

TIMOTHY"  PICKERING,  of  Pennsylvania,  Kominatioti  oonlirmed 
and  appointed  lOlh  December,  1795.    Removed. 

JOHN  MARSHALL,  of  Virgiiiia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  np- 
pointed  ]3Ih  May.  1600.  Appointed  Chief  Justice  Supreme  Court 
31st  January,  1801.  Presided  as  such  at  February  term,  1801. 
Continued  to  act  as  Secretary  of  State  to  3d  March,  1801. 

JAMES  MADISON,  of  Virginia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 5tli  Marob,  1801.    Became  President  *th  March,  1809. 

ROUERT  SMITH,  of  Maryland.  (Seerelaryof  the  Navy.)  Nomination 
confirmed  and  appointed  6th  Mnrch,  1809.  Resigned,  and  James 
Monroe  appointed. 

JAMES  MONROE,  of  Virginia.  Appoinled  3d  April,  1811,  in  recess 
of  Senate.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  25[ti  November, 
181i.    Appoinled  Secretary  of  War,  37th  September,  1814. 

JAMES  MONROE,  ofVirginia.  {Socioli^ry  otVJiir.)  Nominalion  con- 
^'"  305 


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396 

firmed  and  oppolnted  aStli  Ttbruary,  1815.     Beoume  Prcsidem  of 
the  United  States  4th  March,  1817. 
JOHN  QUIKCY  ADAMS,  of  MassachuseltB.    Nomination  confirmed 
and  appointed  5th  March,  1817.    Became  President  of  the  United 

States  4lh  March,  1B35. 
HEHRY  CLAY,  of  Kenluckf.    Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed 

7(h  Match,  1835,    Resigned. 
MARTIN  VAN  BUREN,  of  New  York.    Nomination  oonfitmed  and 

appointed  6th  March,  1839.    Resigned,  and  Edward  LivinEsion 

appointed. 
EDWARD  LIVINGSTON,  of  Louisiana,  sppointea  24th  May,  1831, 

in  recess  of  Senate.    Nominntion  conlinned  and  appointed  laih 

January,  1S33. 
LOUIS  MoLANE,  of  Delaware.    Appointed  39th  May,  1S33,  in  recess 

of  Senate.     Reaigned. 
JOHN  FORSYTH,  of  Georgia.    Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed 

37th  June,  1834,  in  place  of  Lonis  McLane,  resigned, 
DANIEL  WEBSTER,  of  Massachusetts.    Nomination  confirmed  and 

appointed  5th  March,  IS4I.     Resigned. 
ABEL  P.  UPSHUR,  of  Virginia,  appoinled  34lh  July,  1843,  in  recess 

of  Ihe  Senate,  in  place  of  Daniel  Webster,  resigned.    Nomination 

CGii&iiied  and  appointed  2d  January,  1844.     (Abel  P.  Upshur  was 

killed  on  S8lh  February,  1844,  by  the  bursting  of  a  large  cannon 

on  board  of  the  United  States  steam  frigate  the  Princeton.) 
JOHN  C.  CALHOUN,  of  South  Carolina,    Nomination  confirmed  and 

appoinled  filh  March,  1844,  in  room  of  Abel  P.  Upshur,  deceased. 
JAMES  BUCHANAN,  of  Peimsylvania.    Nomination  confinned  and 

appointed  5th  March,  1845. 

[Qmlmmd  impale  403] 


SECEETAIUES  OF  THE  TREASURY. 

ALEXANDER  HAMILTON,  of  New  York.     Nomination  confirmed 

and  appoinled  lllh  Seplember,  1789.    Resigned. 
OLIVER  ■\VOLCOTT,jun'r,ofConneciicut.    Nomination  confirmed 

and  appointed  3d  February,  1795.    Resigned,  to  take  effect  31st 

Deoeniber,  ISOO. 
SAMUEL  DEXTER,  of  Massachusetts.  (Secretary  of  War,)  Nomina 

lion  confirmed  and  onpoinicJ  3l3t  Doccmbfir   1800. 


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397 

ALBERT  GALLATIN,  of  PennBylvania.    Appointed  11th  Miiy,  ISOl, 
in  leceas  of  Senote.    Hominaiion  confirmed  and  appointed  a6ili 
Januarj',  1803.    Superseded  by  appointmenl  of  George  W.  Camp- 
bell, owing  to  his  p      ra  B  P  M 
of  tlie  United  Stale 

GEORGE  W.  OAMPBEL  h 

nnd  appointed  9lh  F  R 

James  Dallas  appo 

ALEXANDER  JAME      D    L   A  N 

confirmed  «nd  appo  O 

WILLIAM  H.  CRAW   ORD  A 

1S16,  in  rscesfl  of  N 

poinied  5 111  Mardi 

RICHARD  RUSH,  of  P  N 

pointed  7ih  March 

SAMUEL  D.   INGHAM         F  N 

and  appointed  Gth  M      on 

Dppoi  tiled. 

LOUIS  McLANE,  of  D 

cesa  of  the  Senal       N 
January,  1832. 

WILLIAM  J.  DUANE       P 

in  recess  of  the  Sen  m  R         B 

ROGER  B,  TANEY,  o  M 

recess  of  Senate,  and  continued  until  31th  June,  1834. 
LEVI  WOODBURY,  of  New  Hampshire.    Nomination  confirmed  and 

appointed  STth  June,  1834. 
THOMAS  EWING,  of  Ohio.     Nomination  confirmed  a  d  appo  nted 

5th  March,  1841.    Resigned,  and  W.  Forward  appo    ted 
WALTER  FORWARD,ofPennsylva[iia.    Nomination confim   dand 

appointed  13th  September,  1841,  ju  place  of  Thon  as  E      g    e 

lOHN  C.  SPENCER,  of  New  York.  Nomination  co  fi  n  d  and 
appointed  3d  March,  1843,  in  place  of  Walter  Forward  res    ned 

GEORGE  M.  BIBB,  of  Kentucky.  Nominotioo  confirmed  and  ap 
pointed  ISih  June,  1844,  in  place  of  John  C.  Spencer  re   "  ed 

JtOBERT  J.  WALKER,  of  Mississippi  Nominalicn  co  U  a  an! 
appoint cd  5th  March,  1845. 


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SECRETARIES    OF   WAR. 

HENRY  KNOX,  of  MosBachxiseris  Nomination  conhrmed  and  07 
poimed  12ih  September,  178!)     Resigned 

TIMOTHY  PICKERING,  of  Fennsjlvama.  Nominalion  confirmed 
and  appointed,  Sd  January,  1715  Appointed  faecrelary  of  Stato 
101  h  December,  1795. 

JOHN  McHENRY,  of  Maryland  Nomination  confirmed  end  up 
pointed  S7lh  Jannary,  179S  Resigned,  to  take  cHecl  Ist  June, 
leiKl. 

JOHN  MARSHALL,  of  Viteinia.  Nominated  7th  May,  1800.  Post- 
poned 9th  May,  ISOO.     Appointed  13ih  May,  1800,  SeoceiBvy  of 

SAMUEL  DEXTER,  of  MaasHOhusetta.    Noramalinn  confirmed  and 

appoinlad  13lh  May,  1800.     Appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 

3l3t  December,  1800. 
ROGER   GRISWOLD,  Member  of  House  of  Reproscntatii-es  from 

Connecticut.     Nominalion  conHimed  and  oppointed  3d  February, 

IBOl.     Vacated. 
HENRY  DEARBORN,ofMa8sachu3Btt3.   Nomination  confirmed  and 

appointed  5th  March,  ISOl. 
WILLIAM  EUSTIS,  of  Massachusetts.    Nominatjon  confirmed  and 

appointed  7lh  March,  1809.    Resigned,  and  John  Armstrong  ap- 

JOHN  ARMSTRONG,  of  New  York.  Nomination  confirmed  and 
appointed  131h  January,  1813.  Resigned,  and  James  Monroe  ap- 
pointed. 

JAMES  MONROE,  of  Virginia.  (Secretary  of  State.)  Nomination 
confirmed  and  appointed  37th  September,  1814.  Appointed  Secre- 
tary of  Stale  aSlh  February,  1815. 

WILLIAM  H.  CRAWFORD,  of  Georgia.  Nomination  eonfirmedand 
appointed  3d  March,  1815.    Appointed  Socretai-y  of  the  Treasury 

GEORGE  GRAHAM,  of  Virginia.    Appointed  7th  April,  1817,  in  te- 

tees  of  the  Senate. 
ISAAC  SHELBY,  of  Kemwcliy.   Nomination  confirmed  and  appoimcd 

5lh  March,  1817.    Deciined  the  appoinlineiil. 
JOHN  C.  CALHOUN,  of  South  Carolina.    Appointed  8(h  October, 

1617,  in  recess  of  the  Senate.    Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 

DoiiUed  15th  December,  1817. 


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S99 

JAMES   BARBOUR,    of  Virginia.     NommntLoji    confirmed  and  ap- 

poinlsd  7lli  March,  1625. 
PETER  B.  PORTER,  of  Hew  York.     Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 

pointed  26tli  May,  1823. 
JOHN   H.  EATON,  of  Tennessee.    Nomination  confirmed  and  op- 
pointed  Sib  MBTch,  ies9.    Resigned,  and  Lewis  Cass  appointed. 
LEWIS  CASS,  of  Oliio.    Appointed  Isl  August,  1831,  in  recess  of  the 

Senate.    Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  30tli  December, 

1S31.    Appointed  Minister  to  France. 
BENJAMIN   F.  BUTLER,  of  New  York.    Nomination  confirmed 

and  appointed  3A  March,  1837. 
JOEL  K.  POINSETT,  of  Soutli  Carolina.  Nomination  confirmed  and 

appobted  7tli  March,  1837. 
JOHN  BELL,  of  Tennessee.    Nomination  conHrmed  and  appointed 

Stii  Mai'ch,  1841.    Resigned. 
JOHN  McLEAN,  of  Oiiio.    Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  13tli 

September,  1841,  in  place  of  Jolin  Bell,  resigned.    Declined  the 

appointmont. 
JOHN  C.  SPENCER,  of  New  York.  Appointed  12tli  October.  1841, 

in  llie  recess  of  tlie  Senate,  in  place  of  John  McLean,  declined. 

Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  SOth  December,  1341, 
JAMES  M.  PORTER,  of  Pennsylvania.    Appointed  8th  March,  1843, 

in  recess  of  the  Senate,  in  place  of  John  C.  Spencer,  resigned,  and 

conlinvted  to  serve  until  30lh  January,  1844. 
WILLIAM  WILKINS,  of  Pennsylvsma.    Nomination  confirmed  and 

appointed  15th  February,  1844, 
WILLIAM  L.  MARCY,  of  New  York.    Nomination  confirmed  and 

appointed  Sih  March,  1845. 


SECRETARIES    OF   THE   NAVY. 

GEORGE  CABOT,  of  Massacliueetts.  Nomination  confirmed  end  ap 

pointed  3d  May,  1793. 
BENJAMIN  STODDERT,  ofMaryland.    Nommation  confirmed  ami 

appointed  21et  May,  1793.     Resigned. 
ROBERT  SMITH,  of  Maryland.    Appointed  15th  July,  1801,  in  re 

cess  of  the  Senate.    Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  SEth 

January,  1803.    Appointed  Attorney  General  3d  March,  1805. 


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lACOB   CROWNINSHIELD,  of  Moa^HchusottE.     Nommation  con- 

firmed  and  appointed  2d  March,  1B05. 
PAUL  HAMILTON,  of  South  Csrolina.    nomination  conflniied  and 

appointed  7lli  March,  1809.    Resigned,  and  William  Jones  ap- 

WILLIAM  JONES,  of  Pennsylvania.  Hominatioii  confimed  and  ap. 
pointed  I2lh  Janaaiy,  1813.  Resigned,  and  BotijamiQ  W.  Crown- 
inshield  appointed. 

BENJAMIN  W.  CROWNINSHIELD,  of  MaaBachuaetts.  Nomina- 
tion  confirmed  and  appointed  17th  December,  1814. 

SMITH  THOMPSON,  of  New  York.  Appointed  9lh  November, 
1818,  in  recess  of  ihe  Senate.  Nomination  coijfirmEd  and  ap- 
pointed 30[h  November,  1818.    Resigned. 

JOHN  R0DGER8.  (President  of  the  Board  of  Navy  CommJEsioners.) 
Appointed  Isl  September,  1823,  in  reoeas  of  the  Senate. 

SAMUEL  L.  SOUTHARD,  of  New  Jersey.  Appointed  16th  Septem- 
ber, 1823,  in  receesof  the  Senate.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 9lh  December,  1^3. 

JOHN  BRANCH,  of  North  Carolina.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 9lh  Mareh,  1829.     Resigned. 

LEVI  WOODBURY,  of  New  Hampshire,  appointed  33d  May,  1831, 
ill  recess  of  the  Senate.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed 
27th  December,  1831,  Resigned,  to  take  effect  after  SOlh  June, 
1834. 

MAHLON  DICKERSON,  of  New  Jersey.  Nomination  confirmed  and 
appoxnled  30th  June,  1834.     Resigned. 

JAMES  K.  PAULDING,  of  New  York.  Nomination  confirmed  and 
appointed  20lh  June  1838,  to  lake  effect  from  30lh  June,  1838, 
when  M.  Diokeraon's  resignation  look  effect. 

GEORGE  E.  BADGER,  of  North  Carolina.  Nomination  confirmed 
atid  appointed  5th  March,  1841.    Resigned. 

ABEL  P.  UPSHUR,  of  Virginia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed 
13tli  September,  1841. 

DAVID  HENSHAW,  of  MasaaohusettB.  Appointed  24th  July,  1843, 
in  receea  of  Senate,  and  served  until  ISlIi  January,  1344. 

THOMAS  W.  GILMER,  of  Virginia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 15th  February,  1844,  in  the  place  of  David  Henshaw,  re- 
jected by  the  Senate.  (Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  killed  SBth  February, 
1844,  by  the  buretingof  a  targe  camion  on  board  the  United  States 
st'-am-fiigKle  Princeton.) 

JOHN  Y.   MASON,   of  Virginia.    Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 


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401 

pointed  Mill  March,  1S14,  in  place  of  T.  W.  Giliucr,  iccEaaeil, 
Appointed  Allorney  General  5lh  March,  1845. 
GEORGE  BANCROFT,  of  MasBaehasetls.    Nominalioii  confirmed 
and  appointed  lOth  March,  1845.     Resigned. 
OHN  Y.  MASON,  of  Virginia.    Appoinfed  9lli  Seplembcr,  1846,  in 
recess  of  the  Senate,  in  the  place  of  George  Bancroft,  resigned. 
Nominalion  confirmed  and  appointed  nth  December,  1S4S. 
lOiiraiitual  on  paae  iHi] 


POSTMASTER    GENERALS. 

SAMUEL  OSGOOD,  of  Moasachuaetts.  Nomination  confirmed  and 
appointed  26th  September,  1789.    Resigned. 

TIMOTHY  PICKERING,  of  Pennsylvania.  Appointed  lath  Augtiai, 
179!,  in  the  recess  of  the  Senate.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 7lh  November,  1791.  Appointed  1st  June,  1794,  in  the 
recQ^  of  the  Senate,  under  the  act  of  eth  Itlay,  1794.  Nomina- 
tion confirmed  and  appointed  Ilth  Decamber,  1734.  [Appointed 
(esT  officio)  Commissioner  to  Battla  efFairs  with  the  Indiana,  lat 
March,  1793.]     Appointed  Secretary  of  War  2d  January,  1795. 

JOSEPH  HABERSHAM,  of  Georgia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed  25th  February,  1795.    Resigned. 

GIDEON  GRANGER,  of  Connecticut.  Appointed  28th  November, 
1801,  in  recess  of  the  Senate,  in  place  of  J.  Habersham,  resigned. 
Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  36th  January,  1802. 

RETURN  JONATHAN  MEIGS,  jun'r.  (Governor  of  Ohio.)  Nomi- 
nation confirmed  and  appointed  17th  March,  1814.     Resigned. 

JOHN  McLEAN,ofOhio.  Appomted  26th  June,  !B23,m  recess  of  thf 
Senate.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  9[h  December 
1823. 

WILLIAM  T.  BARRY,  of  Kentucky.  Nommation  confirmed  and 
appointed  9th  March,  1829. 

AMOS  KENDALL,  of  Kentucky.  Appointed  1st  May,  1835,  in  the 
recess  of  the  Senate.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  ISIh 
March,  1836. 

J  OHN  M.  NILES,  of  Connecticut.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed on  18tb,  to  take  effect  from  25th  May,  1840. 

FRANCIS  GRANGER,  of  New  York,  Nomination  confirmed  and 
appointed  6tli  Marcli,  IStl.     Resigned, 


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CHARLES    ^.  WICKLIFFE,   of  Kentucky.     Nomination  coiifirin. 

and  appointed  13lh  September,  1641.    Resigned. 
CAVE   JOHNSON,  of  Tennessee,    Nomination  confirmed  aiid  a 

pointed  5th  March,  1645. 


ATTORNEY    GENERALS. 

EDMUND  RANDOLPH,  of  Virginia.  Nomination  confirmedand  ap- 
pointed SGtli  September,  1789.  Appointed  Secretary  of  State  ad 
January,  ITS*. 

WILLIAM  BRADFORD,  of  Pennsylvania.  Nomination  confirmed 
37th  January,  and  appointed  28th  January,  1794.    Died. 

CHARLES  LEE,  of  Virginia.  Noniination  confirmed  and  appoiniad 
10th  December,  1795.  Appointed  [ex  officio)  Commissioner  lo  ad- 
just claims  of  Georgia,  lath  February,  1800.  Appointed  Chief 
Judge  of  tho  Fourth  Circuit,  4.O.,  SOth  February,  IBHl. 

THEOPHILUS  PARSONS,  of  lHaasaehusells.  Nomination  con- 
firmed and  appointed  30tli  Febraarf,  1801.    Declined  the  appoml 

LEVI  LINCOLN,  of  Ma^acbuaetts.    Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 5th  March,  1801     V     gn  d  m  ISC') 
ROBERT  SMITH,  of  Maryl    d    Nm  fi       d     d    tp        d 


JOHN  BRECKENRIDGB     fk         Ij      Hm 

nh        dand 

appointed  aSd  Uecemb       1805 

CJESAR  A.  RODNEY,  of  P  nn  yl               N 

ntirm  d  and 

appointed  30th  January  1B07     R     g    d 

WILLIAM   PINKNEY,  ot  M    yl    d      N  tm 

nfim  d     nd 

appointed  lllhDecemb      1611 

RICHARD  RUSH,  of  Pen     jl               N            t 

fi  m  d      dp- 

pomled  lOlh  February    18U 

WILLIAM  WIRT,  of  Vitg    a.    App     t  d  n  h  N 

fa      1817  in 

recess  of  the  Senate.    N      m  t            t  m  d 

d    PI         d  15  h 

December,  1617. 

JOHN  MACPHRRSON  BERRIEN     f  G      g 

N  mm                > 

firmed  and  appointed  9  h  M     b  IS  9     R    ig 

Dnfl^P    TJT^AriTrf    TAMPV         P    TU"  ....f       .1         A.... 

d 

fLUuiJ!i±t  ltts.\j'ji\.Ci   lAlNJlji       I   In  ryl     a      -"-pp 

1831,  inthereceaaofth    S              N 

fi       d      d   p- 

pomted  37th  Decembe     1831 

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403 

BEKJAMm  F.  BUTLER,  of  New  York.  Appointed  iSlh  Novem- 
ber,  1833,  in  the  recess  of  the  Senate.  Nominalion  confirmed  and 
appointad  a4th  Juno,  1834.    Resigned. 

FELIX  GRUNDY,  of  Tennessee.  Nomination  confirmed  and  ap- 
pointed 7rh  July,  1838,  to  take  effect  let  September,  1838,  when 
leaignation  of  B.  F.  Butler  took  efTecl.    Resigned. 

lIENRY  D.  GILPIN,  of  PennaylvEiuiii.  Nominalion  confitmed  and 
appointed  IDlli  January,  1840. 

JOHN  J.  CRITTENDEN,  of  Kentucky.  Nomination  confirmed  and 
appointed  5lh  March,  1841,    Resigned. 

HUGH  S.  LEGARE,  of  8ouib  Carolina.  Nomination  oonfiimed  and 
appointed  13th  September,  1841.     Died. 

JpHN  NELSON,  of  Maryland.  Appointed  lat  July,  1843,  in  the  re- 
cess  of  tliB  Senate.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  2d  Janu- 
ary, 1844.    Resigned. 

JOHN  Y.  MASON,  of  Virginia.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed 
5lh  March,  1845.    Resigned.    Appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy 


NATHAN  CLIFFORD,  of  Maine,  Appobtcd  17th  October,  1846,  in 
the  recess  of  (he  Senate.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed 
S3d  December,  1S46.     Resigned. 

ISAAC  TOUCET,  of  Connectient.  Nomination  confliined  and  appointed 
21et  June,  JSiS. 

[aHft>^He  J  on  page  40*.] 

SEOKETAEIES  OE  STATE. 

JOHN  M.  CLAYTOK,  of  Delaware.  Nomination  oonflrmed  and  appointed 
71h  March,  1S49.    BesigQed. 

DANIEL  WEBSTER,  of  MaBsaobnaettB,  NommatJon  oonflrmed  and  ap- 
pointed 20th  July,  laSO.    Died. 

ED^yARD  EVERETT,  of  Maasacbusetts.  Nominalion  confirmed  and  ai>- 
pointed  9th  December,  1852. 

SECRETARIES  OF  THE  TREASURY. 

WILLIAM  MORItlB  MEREDITH,  of  Pennsylvania.  Kominaiion  con- 
firmed and  appointad  !tlj  Maroli,  1849.     Resigned. 

THOJIAS  CORWJH,  of  Ohio.  Nomination  confirmed  and  appointed  m,]i 
Juno,  1350. 


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404 
SBOKETAllIE^  OF  THf   INTERIOR 

THOMAS  EWINQ,  of  Oliio.    Nm      td       d        fUmdlKM      !■   1849. 

JAME8  A.  PEARCE,  of  Mfltylii  d      N  mm  ti  flm   lanl    ip      t»d 

20th  July,  1650.  Dcdin  d  it  g 
THOMAS  M.  1.  MoKEKNAN    fPnjl  Nmmtin      nfirad 

and  appoinled  15tli  Aug    t  1850     R      g      I 
ALEXANDER  H.  H.  BTXIART     fVir       a.Nmti  fimdd 

appointed  12tli  Scptemb       1S50 

SEOKETiEIFS  OF  WVP 

GEORGE  Vf.  CRAWFORD,  offlga-Hmt  nBmd       dp 

pointed  Itli  March,  1849  11  g  1 
EDWARD   BATES,  of  Misso  N  nun  i    n      nfirm  d       d  app      Id 

20l;h  July,  1850,  DaoKn  d  ao  pU  g 
CHARLES  M.  CONEAD,  ofLmaan        Nm      t  flml       Ip 

pointed  15tli  Anguat,  1850 

SECRETARIEb  01   THE  N  'V\  Y 

WILLIAM  BALLABD  PRESTO'f      C  Vir  N  m      (  fi-m   I 

7th  Maroh,  1S49.  -  Ecsig     d 
WILLIAM  A,  GRAHAM,  of  K    th  C     li         ^  mm  t  fiim  d       I 

appointed  20th  Jnly,  18  0  E  gn  1 
JOHN  P.  KENNEDY,  of  Manl      1     N  m      t    n      nfi  to  d       1    pp      t    1 

a2d  July,  18S3. 

ATTORNEY  GENERALS. 

REVERDY  JOHNSON,  of  Marylimd.  Kominated  nnd  eonfirmod  fth 
March,  1849.     Reaignad, 

JOHN  J.  CRITTENDEN,  of  Kentaolj.  NominEition  confirmed  and  up- 
pointed  aoth  July,  1850. 

POSTMASTER  GENERALS. 

JACOB  COLLAMEE,  of  Vermont.    Nominnted  nnd  confirmed  ith  Mju-i;1i. 

1849.     Reaignad. 
NATHAN  K.  HALL,  of  New  York.    Koininationeonfirmediuidappointcd 

20th  Jnly,  1850.    Resigned. 
SAMUEL  D.  HUBBAED,  of  Couneetjcut.      Nomination  eonfirmed  and 

appointed  31st  August,  1862. 


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CHAPTER  10. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

Chronological  statement  of  the  formation  of  the  govern- 
m.ents  of  the  several  States;  of  their  becoming  members 
of  the  Union  by  their  adoption  or  ratification  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  or  by  their  admission  as 
States  since  the  establishment  of  the  Constitution ;  with 
a  particular  account  of  the  progress  of  each  of  the  lat- 
ter, either  from  the  condition  of  territorial  dependencies, 
or  independent  governments,  to  the  rank  of  Statbs. 

MoNDiY,  Septemeee  5, 1774, 

A  number  of  Delegates,  chosen  and  appointed  by  the  aevoral  Colonies 
and  Provinces  in  Nortli  America,  met  to  hold  a  Congress  at  Philadel- 
pliia,  and  assembled  in  Carpenter's  Hall. 

TtTESOAY,  September  6,  1774, 

Resolved,  That  in  determining  questions  in  this  Congress,  each  Co- 
lony or  Province  shall  have  one  vote— The  Congress  not  being  pos- 
sessed of,  or  at  present  able  to  procure  proper  materials  for  ascertaining 
the  importance  of  each  Colony. 

IThis  principle  was  confirmed  by  the  Articles  of  Confederatbn  which 
deckred  that,  "In  determining  questions  in  the  United  States,  iu  Con- 
gress assembled,  each  State  shall  have  one  vote."  And  they  further 
declared  that  certain  enumerated  powers  should  never  be  determined 
by  Congreas,  "unless  nine  States  assant  to  the  same:  nor  shall  a  ques 
tion  on  any  other  point,  except  for  adjoaming  from  day  to  day,  be  deter- 
mined, «n  tees  bytho  votes  of  a  majotily  of  the  United  States  in  Congress 
assembled."— These  extracts  show  the  relative  authority  or  importance 
of  the  several  States  in  the  escrcise  of  the  sovereign  power  under  the 
Confederation.] 

TiTESBAY,  Jdlt  3,  1776. 

Resolved,  That  these  United  Colonies  are,  and,  of 

right,  ought  to  be,  Free  and  Independent  States ;  that 


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406 

(hey  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown, 
and  that  all  political  connexion  between  them,  and  the 
State  of  Great  Bntain,  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dis- 
solved. 

Thdhsdav,  July  4,  1776. 
The  Corgreaa  Bgroed  10  A  DeolakAtiok  of  IbdePSNeENCE  it  the 

RSPJIESEBTATIVES   Of    IHE    UNITED     STATES    OF    AMERICA,    IM    CoNOBES3 

A?SEMELED,  lo  be  sigTicd  by  (he  monibera  fi-om  the  several  States,  which 
will  be  foand  in  thia  Tolume. 

MoKDAY,  Settembeb  9,  177B. 
Eeaolved,  That  in  all  continental  commissions,  and  other  instrumenla, 
where,  heretofore,  the  words    "Unitod  Colonies"  hnve  been  used,  the 
style  be  altered,  for  the  future,  lo  the  Umiied  States, 

SATURnAT,   NOTEMBER  15,  1777. 

The  Articles  of  Confederation  and  perpetual  Union  of  the  ITnited 
(States  of  America  were  agreed  to  by  the  Delegates  cf  Ihe  thirteen 
ori^nal  States  in  Congress  asaembled,  subject  to  the  rdtilicottion 
of  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  Slates. 

These  articles  were  ratified  by  8  Stales  on  the    0th  July,  1778. 
Ditto.     .     ■     .     .     .     I  Slate     .     .      21st  July,  1778. 

Ditto t  State  .     ,     .  34th  July,  1778. 

Ditto 1  State     .     .     Sfith  Nov.  1778. 

Ditto 1  State  .     .     .  sad  Feb.,  1779. 

Ditto 1  Slate     .     .      1st  March,  1781. 

The  ratification  waa  therefore  completed  on  the  1st  March,  1781,* 
the  articles  being  dated  the  9th  July,  1778,  and  this  completed  the 
bond  if  union  of  the  thirte^in  original  States,  whose  delegates  as- 
semhled  in  Congress  continued  to  legislate  and  execute  the  powers 
of  the  United  States  under  the  Articles  of  Confederation  until  the 
4th  March,  1789,  when,  by  their  resolution  of  tlie  I3th  September, 
1788,  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  also  adopted  and  rati- 
fied by  the  people  of  the  said  original  States,  went  into  operation, 

*Vido  Iho  nolfsunaet  "OliiQ"  for  Ihe  canse  of  llie  deJny on  lh«  parlof  Mary- 
land lo  laiify  Ihe  AtlielBS  of  CoiifMlcialion  unlU  March  1, 1781. 


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The  thirteen  original  States  that  formed  and  confirmed 
the  Union  by  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  are  as  fol- 
lows : — 

KEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Embraoea  under  Ihe  chatxetp  of  MoMBohuseus,  and  continued  under  iho  sann; 

juiiBdielion  until  Beplerater  IB,  IS7S,  when  a  separate  charter  and  governmenl 

This  Slate  ratiaed  tha  Gonslilutioa  of  (ha  Unilad  Slates,  June  31,  1763. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
Seuled  under  tonipaots  of  the  emigranU  of  Novemiier  3, 1630,  and  chartered  on 


iialjiicd  llio  Com 

511tatio. 

I  of  the  United  Slates,  February 
RHODE  ISLAND. 

■6,lJSa 

irisdiclionunlilJalyf^I. 
uued  in  force  untd  a  Con 

irlera  of  MassacliuBellB,  anii  co 

leUtulioo  was  lormed  in  Septeml 
L  of  the  United  Slates,  May  33, 1 

as  granled,  whi 

jer,  ma. 

T. 

■" 

CONNECTICUT. 

irisrtiction  until 

■  the  charters  of  MaBsachuaetlB,  and  eoj 
April  as,  1662,  when  a  separate  chart 
oatU  a  Ccnstitation  was  fiirnied  on  Sepi 
ilHalion  of  the  United  Stales,  Janaary  ■ 

9,n8a 

" 

" 

NEW  YORK. 

CranledloDukf 

S 

It,  March  30, 1004  ;  April  SO,  1604 

'April  31^  1777 

.0,  1 

wly 

'RalifiS'aa'Qjn. 

^tiTuto 

i>rmedinl84a. 

1  of  die  United  States,  July  28, 1768. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Held  under  aami 
1.  Mareh  3, 1677. 
o„linBedo..tillhe 

i  granli 
format 

s  OS  New  York;  separated  intt 
mverntnanl  surrendered  to  the 

1  East  and  Wesi 
Crown  in  1703, 

'■" 

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PENNSYLVANIA 

to.,  on  Scplonibi 

!,  16(!f;  formed  aCoiislil 
3r  3,  1790. 

DELAWARE. 

einbc; 

mSi 

::" 

i'*  i,"  T  ^^Z*^ 

jfaConfllimiiononSepi 

IhBgO 

smber 

su,i 

T^tl 

■keCofl^Ulatbn; 

MARYLAND. 

embei 

■'■" 

w. 

Aug.] 

■iise,] 

I7SB. 

,1770,- 

ma. 

VIRGINLi. 

d  April  ID,  IGOB, 
jly  8,1770;  Bine 

May  93, 1009,  and  Marc 
vuleU  JnnuHry36,193a 

hlB, 

ISlSi 

foim[^i 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


GEORGIA. 
J  8,1738;  formed  1  Constilul 


lUitified  lbs  Constilulion  of  ths  Ulliled  Stales,  Janoary  B,  1788. 

The  privilege  of  beconung'  members  of  the  American  Union  by 
Ihe  mere  ratification  of  the  C       1 1  was  d  to  those 

Slates  alone  that  were  part       to    h    p         n  f  d  rati.on  and 

the  compact  or  convention  by  wh    h  ti     C  n     aa  formed. 

The  ratiiication  of  nine  Stit      b  fh        t  i      th    eslabliah- 

inent  of  the  Constitution;  adth  bnratlidby  eleven 

States,  it  was  determined  by  C  n  th     1    h  "September, 


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409 

1788,  under  llie  resolutions  of  the  convention,  tliat  the  Constitu- 
tion had  been  established,  and  tliat  it  shonld  go  into  operation  on 
the  first  Wednesday  (4th  day)  of  March,  17S9.— It  therefore  ap- 
puats  that  two  of  Ihe  Slates  did  not  ratify  the  Constilution  until 
after  its  establishment,  yet  they  were  not  treated  as  new  States, 
requiring  particular  forms  of  admission,  but  their  Senators  and 
Representatives,  as  provided  for  in  the  2d  sect.  1st  art.  of  the 
Constitution,  were  admitted  in  Congress  npon  the  presentation  of 
their  aothenticated  forma  of  ratification.  It  was  considered  neces- 
sary, however,  that  Uie  laws  of  the  United  Stales  passed  previous 
to  their  accession  should  be  extended  to  them  by  special  acts 

The  Union  having  been  thus  completed,  and  its  Constitution 
and  government  established,  the  United  States  under  the  3d  section 
of  the  4th  article  of  the  Constitution  reserved  to  themselves  in 
Congress  assembled,  tiie  right  and  the  power  to  admit  new  States, 
by  declaring  that  *'  Now  States  may  he  admitted  by  tiie  Congress 
into  this  Union;"  and,  as  the  4th  section  of  the  same  article  re- 
quires, that "  The  United  Stales  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in 
this  Union  a  Repablican  form  of  government,"  it  has  in  practice 
been  deemed  a  pre-requisite  that  the  people  proposing  to  form  a  new 
Slate  be  authorized  by  law  to  form  a  Constitution,  to  be  submitted 
to  Congress,  to  enable  that  body  to  judge  of  its  Republican  cha- 
racter, before  proceeding  to  oiercise  that  high  and  sovereign  power 
of  admitting  a  distinct  community  of  people  to  the  inestimable 
rights,  privileges,  and  immunities,  secured  by  the  organization  of  a 
State  government, — and  upon  an  equal  footing,  in  all  respects 
whatsoever,  with  those  States  that  jointly  achieved  tiie  independ- 
ence of  the  country,  and  which,  together  vrith  thosejthav  have  be- 
come members  of  tiie  Union  since  that  eventful  period,  have  home 
the  hardsliips,  trials,  and  difficullie*,  both  internal  and  external, 
through  which  the  nation  has  passed,  and  which  have  secured  the 
stdbiiity,  power,  and  happiness  of  the  country. 

The  Constitution  of  tiie  United  Slates  declares,  that  "  new  Stales 
may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this  Union;  but  no  new 
Stale  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other 
Slate,  nor  any  Slate  he  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more 


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no 

States,  or  parla  of  States,  withotit  the  ootiseiit  of  the  legislatures  of 
the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress." 

Upon  this  clause,  James  Madison,  in  the  "  Federalist,"  makes 
the  following  remarks  : — 

"In  the  nrticlBB  of  Confedei'alion,  no  prorision  ia  found  on  this  im- 
portant Buliject.  Canada  was  to  be  admitted  of  right,  on  her  joining  in 
the  measures  of  the  United  Slaies ;  and  the  other  colonies,  by  which  were 
evidently  meant,  tlie  other  British  Colonies,  at  the  discretion  of  nine 
Stales.  The  eventual  establishment  of  new  Slates  seems  to  have  been 
overlooked  by  the  compilers  of  that  instrument.  We  have  seen  the  in- 
convenience of  this  omission,  and  the  assumption  of  power  into  which 
Congress  have  been  led  by  it.  With  great  propriety,  therefore,  has  the 
new  system  supplied  the  defect.  The  general  precaution,  that  no  new 
State  shall  be  formed  without  the  concurrence  of  the  Federal  authority, 
and  that  of  the  States  concerned,  ia  consonant  to  the  principles  which 
ought  to  govern  auch  transactions.  The  particular  precaution  agtdnat 
the  erection  of  new  Slates,  by  the  partition  of  a  Stale  without  its  con- 
sent, quiets  the  jealousy  of  the  larger  States ;  as  that  of  the  smaller  is 
quieted  by  a  like  precaution,  against  a  junction  of  States  without  their 

The  ConatJtution  also  declares  that  "  the  Congress  shall  have 
power  to  dispose  of,  and  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  re- 
specting the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the  United 
States ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  he  so  construed  as 
to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  pai'dculai 
Slate." 

Under  this  clause,  Congress  exercises  the  power  of  creating 
territorial  governments,  which  in  process  of  time,  by  the  increase 
of  population  and  other  concurrent  causes,  apply,  on  behalf  of  the 
people,  for  authority  to  form  constitutions  and  state  governments, 
with  a  view  to  adiniesion  into  the  Union,  at  a  future  period,  and  it 
is  for  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  in  the  exercise  of  their  high 
constitutional  powers,  and  under  the  solemn  responsibilities  imposed 
upon  them  as  guardians  of  the  rights  and  the  welfare  of  the  whole 
Union,  to  Judge  of  theespediency  andthe  time  of  admitting  the  yen- 
pie  who  may  have  become  inhabitants  of  such  territories,  to  all  the 
peculiar  and  inestimable  rights,  privileges,  and  i 


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41] 

citizens  of  one  of  tho  United  SlatiS  of  America.  Mr.  Madison  le- 
marka  upon  this  point  that, 

"  This  is  a  power  of  very  great  importance,  and  required  by  considera- 
tions similar  lo  those  which  show  tho  propriety  of  the  former.  The 
proviso  annescd  is  very  proper  in  itself,  and  was  probably  rendered 
absolutely  necessary  by  jealousies  and  questions  concerning  the  western 
territory  sufficiently  known  lo  the  public." 

But  the  Constitution  requires  that  *'  Tho  United  Stales  shall 
guarantee  to  every  State  in  this  Union  a  Republican  Form  of  Go- 
vernment, and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  Invasion;  and  on 
Application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  Executive,  {when  the 
Legislature  cannot  be  convened,)  against  doniBStic  Violence."  And, 
upon  this  clause,  Mr.  Madison  has  expressed  in  tho  "  Federalist" 
the  following  wise  and  just  sentiments ; 

"  In  a  Confederacy  founded  on  republican  principles,  and  composed  of 
republican  members,  the  superintending  government  ought  clearly  to 
possess  authority  to  defend  the  system  against  aristocratic  or  monarchicid 
innovations.  The  more  intimate  the  nature  of  such  a  Union  may  bo, 
the  greater  mleresl  have  the  members  in  the  political  institutions  of  Bach 
other  i  and  the  greater  right  to  insist,  that  the  forma  of  government  under 
which  the  compact  was  entered  into,  should  be  substanliaJly  maintained. 

"But  a  right  implies  a  remedy;  and  whore  else  could  the  remedy 
be  deposited,  than  where  it  is  deposited  by  the  Constitution!  Govern- 
ments of  dissimiiai  principles  and  forms  have  been  found  less  adapted  to 
a  federal  coalition  of  any  sort  than  those  of  a  liindred  nature,  '  As  the 
confederate  republic  of  Germany,'  saya  Montesquieu,  'consists  of  free 
cilies  and  petty  Stales,  subject  to  diiferenl  princes,  experience  shows  us, 
that  it  is  more  imperfect  than  that  of  Holland  and  Switserland.'  '  Greece 
was  undone,'  he  adds,  '  Ds  soon  as  the  king  of  Macedon  obtained  a  seat 
among  the  Amphictyons.'  In  t!ie  latter  case,  no  doubt,  the  digpropor- 
lionate  force,  as  well  aa  the  monarchical  form  of  the  new  confederate, 
hud  its  share  of  influence  on  the  events. 

"It  may  possibly  ba  asked,,  what  need  there  could  be  of  such  a  pie- 
caution,  and  whether  it  may  not  become  a  preteil  for  alterations  in  the 
State  governments,  without  the  concurrence  of  the  States  themselves. 
Thesa  questions  admit  of  ready  answers.  If  the  interposition  of  the 
General  Government  should  not  be  needed,  the  provision  for  SHoh  an 
event  will  be  a  harmless  superfluity  only  in  the  Conatitmion.  But  who 
can  say  what  experiments  may  be  produced  by  the  caprice  of  particular 


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412 

States,  by  tlie  ambition  of  enterprising  icadors,  or  by  tlie  intrigues  and 
inlluoncB  offoieigii  powers? 

"To  lEie  second  quealion  it  may  bo  answered,  ihiit  if  llio  General  Go- 
vernment Hhould  interpose  by  virtue  of  tliis  Constitutional  authoriljr, ' 
will  be  of  course  bound  to  pursue  the  authority.  But  the  authority  e 
lends  no  farther  thnn  to  n  suaraatee  of  a  I'epublican  form  of  govemraent, 
which  supposes  a  pre-existing  government  of  the  form  which  is  to  be 
guarantied.  As  long  therefore  as  the  existing  repnblica 
tinued  by  the  Slates,  they  are  gaaraiitied  by  the  Federal  Cr 
Whenever  the  States  may  choose  lo  Bubstitute  other  ropubhcan  forms, 
ihey  have  a  right  to  do  so,  and  to  clium  the  Federal  guarantee  for  the 
hitter.  The  only  reetriotion  imposed  on  them  is,  that  they  shall  not  ex- 
change republioati  fa  anti-tepu-blican  constitutions;  a  restriction  which, 
it  is  presumed,  will  hardly  be  considered  as  a  grievance." 


THE  "NEW  STATES," 


VERMONT, 
Fomed  IVom  part  of  the  lertitory  of  New  York,  with  llie  conscnl  of  ha  Legis- 
lature, by  act  of  March  B,  iT90,  (ViOe  JoDrnal  Seaate  of  the  United  Stales,  Feh,  B, 
1791,  ond  appcndis  to  Jonraal  House  of  Rcpresanlalivea,  ral.  1,  p.  413.)  Applies- 

was  reneived  at  FhiJadelphia,  Feb.  S,  17B1,  a  conslitntian  iiaving  been  tanned 
JJeo.  as,  1777.    Vermont  adoiitled  by  act  of  (^idgresH  approved  Feb.  IS,  1701,  lo 
take  sITect,  I.e.," sball  be  received  and  sdmhled," on  Morelil,  1991. 
Entitled  to  two  TtepreaeDlnllves  by  set  of  Congress  Fob,  as,  17D1, 

1701,  approved  March  S,  1791. 
A  constilolion  adopted  by  Vermont,  July  9, 1703, 

KENTUCKY, 

of  Deo.  18,1789.  (Vide  JournaL  Senate  of  the  United  Stales,  Dec.  9, 1790,  an^  Bioren 
tDLSce's  edition  Laws  of  Ibe  United  States,  vol.  1,  page  673 ;  and  message  oi 
speech  of  Pieaident  to  Congress,  Dec.  8, 1790,|  AppUealion  of  the  convention  of 
Kentnekj  rcooiisd,  Dec.  0, 17M.  (See  Journal  House  of  Represenlalives,  vol  1, 
p.  411,  appendii.)  pu  conslitation  noi  then  formed.)    Act  of  (tongress  for  its  re- 

Kniitlad  lo  two  RepresentativcB,  by  act  of  Congres.  Feb.  ao,  i7»l. 


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TBNtlESSKE, 

■J  art  of  December,  11S9,  coayeici!  Id  tho  TJnitofl  States  tj  tlis  Seoal 
Jjii'oliiia)  Feb.  26, 1T6D,  and  accepted  by  act  of  Gon^resa  of  April  2, 17 
La  gorerDineut  of  tbo  territorj  of  tba  United  Slates  sontb  of  Ite 


iL>  Ihat  State,  ana 

it  nas  sUowed  oi 

I'hes^lttns™ 

■e«  again  ^tcn 

appi-ovea 

Ih^  Stale  into  Eaa 
Formed  out  of 

a  part  of  tHe  U 

a  DiBteiel!.) 

OHIO, 

■ii'ilory  nortH-west  of  Uie  river  C 

IWe,  >v; 

b^'-a^Oatobr^sa. 

178B,  and  accepted  by  the  CongreBB  of  the  TTniled  1 

states, 

Vlrgliua  waa  m 

80,  178B, 

^oBcndngtbattl 

Fided  into  not  more  than  five,  nor 

States.    An  act  t 

irttwe 

river  Ohio,  was  i 

pprorefl  on  Aog 

UBt  7, 1789,    Ibis  territary  vsb  divldcH 

ents  bj  act  of  Conneas  of  May  7,  ISOO, 

petitions  ftom  the  people  tbeccDf, 

niitlEcoftboHoa 

Bljvoh  4, 1802,  fblio  State  P^ew,  ' 

nsct 

tlie  people  of  the 

eaatern  diii^on ' 

government  ma 

paeeed-ud  WI 

iroTod  AprU  30,  1802,  hy  wHich 

that  S 

tate  va> 

The  saii  people  bavlug,  on  November  ao,  1.803,<«mplled  with  me  set  of 

&n  act  waa  passed  fend  approved  on  February  19, 1808,  for  the  due  cKectitioQ  of  the 

An  feet  in  addition  to,  and  In  modification  o^  Che  propositions  contalneil  In  the  act 
of  ApiH  30, 1802,  was  passed  and  approved  on  March  M,  1803, 


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41-1 

INORTIi-Wr.STEILN    AND  V.'ESTERN    1 

OHIO  being  the  first  State  formed  out  of  the  temtory 
north-west  of  the  river  Ohio,  and  admitted  into  the  Union, 
it  is  deemed  proper  to  insert  here  the  circumstances  and 
facts  -which  led  to  the  cession  of  that  territory,  and  the 
principles  agreed  upon  and  established  for  the  rule  of  its 
future  government,  which  will  apply  equally  to  the  other 
States  formed  out  of  this  territory. 

Preliminary  to  tlie  "  Ordinance  for  the  government  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  the  United  States  norlli-weBt  of  the  river  Ohio,  it  may  be 
proper  to  refer  to  tlie  acts  and  proceedings  which  led  to  the  ceEsion 
of  this  and  other  terrifcDry  to  the  United  States  by  individual  States; 
to  the  acta  of  cession  themselves,  and  to  other  acts  having  a  direct 
bearing  npoo  this  interesting  suhject. 

The  attention  of  the  whole  eoantry  appears  to  have  been  first 
drawn  to  the  subject,  in  a  forcible  manner,  by  the  decided  stand 
taken  by  the  State  of  Maryland,  during  the  discussion  in  the  Ooii- 
gtess  upon  the  objections  of  certain  States  to  the  articles  of  Con- 
federa^on,  in  June,  1778.  That  Slafe  proposed,  on  the  22d  June, 
1778,  and  afterwards  insisted,  that  the  boundaries  of  each  of  Uie 
States,  33  claimed  to  extend  to  the  river  Mississippi,  or  South  Sea, 
shonld  he  ascertained  and  restricted,  and  that  the  property  in  the 
soil  of  the  western  territories  bo  held  for  the  common  benefit  of  all 
the  States.  From  that  time  until  Sd  February,  1781,  the  Slate  of 
Maryland  refused  to  accede  <t>  theardcles  of  Confederation,  incon- 
sequence of  having  failed  to  obtain  an  amendment  upon  that  point, 
against  which  course  Virginia  had  remonstrated. 

On  the  25th  November,  1778,  the  act  of  New  Jersey  for  ratify- 
ing the  articles  of  Confederation  was  presented,  in  which  this  and 
other  difficulties  were  referred  to ;  hut  their  delegates  were  directed 
to  aign  those  articles,  "in  the  firm  reliance  that  the  candour  and 
justice  of  the  several  States  will,  in  due  time,  remove  as  far  as 
possible  the  inequality  which  now  subsists." 

The  delegate  from  Delaware  liaving  signed  the  articles  of  Cou- 
federation  on  the  23d  February,  1770,  presented  on  the  33d  sundry 


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415 

resolutions  pasaptl  by  Ihe  Legislature  of  tliat  Slate,  among  wbioll 
were  the  following : 

"Unsolved,  That  this  State  tliinljs  it  necessary,  for  the  peace  and 
safety  of  the  States  to  be  included  in  the  Union,  Ihat  a  moderate 
extent  of  limits  should  be  assigned  for  such  of  those  Stales  as 
claim  to  the  Mississippi  or  South  Sea ;  and  that  the  United  States 
in  Congress  assembled,  should,  and  ought  to  have  the  power  of 
fixing  their  western  limits," 

''Resolved,  That  this  State  consider  themselves  justly  entitled  to 
a  right,  in  common  with  tJie  members  of  the  Union,  to  thai  exten- 
eive  tract  of  country  which  lies  westward  of  the  frontiers  of  the 
United  States,  the  property  of  which  was  not  vested  in,  or  granted 
to,  individuals  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  wax  : — That  the 
sam.e  hath  been,  or  may  be,  gained  from  the  King  of  Great  Britain, 
or  the  native  Indians,  by  the  blood  and  treasure  of  all,  and  ought 
thei'efore  to  be  a  common  estate,  to  be  gra.nted  out  on  t«rms  bene- 
ficial to  the  United  States." 

Upon  which  Congress  passed  tlie  following  resolution  on  the 
snid  S3d  February,  1779,  eight  States  voting  in  favor,  and  three 
against  the  same,  vis. : 

" Mesohed,  That  the  paper  laid  before  Congress  by  the  delegEta 
from  Delaware,  and  read,  be  filed ;  provided,  that  it  shall  never  be 
considered  as  admitting  any  claim  by  the  same  set  up  or  intended 

On  the  31st  May,  1779,  tlie  delegates  from  Maryland  laid  before 
Congress  the  following  instructions  received  by  them  : 
Inatmctiona  of  ihe  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  to  Geoi'ge  Plater, 

Wilham  Paoa,  William  Carmichael,  John  Henry,  James  Forbes,  and 

Daniel  o(  St.  Thi  rains  Jenifer,  esquires. 
Gentlemen: 

Hnving  conferred  upon  you  a  trust  of  the  higheet  nature,  it  ia  evident 
WB  jjlace  great  confidence  in  your  integrity,  abilities,  and  leal  to  promote 
the  general  welfare  of  the  United  Slates,  and  the  particular  interest  ot 
ibis  State,  where  the  latter  is  not  incompatible  with  the  former ;  but,  xu 
add  greater  weight  to  your  proceedings  in  Congresa,  and  take  away  aii 
suspicion  that  llie  opinions  you  there  deliver,  and  the  votes  you 
^ive,   may   be   the   mere   opinions  of  individuals,   and   not  resulting 


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416 

from  your  knowled  m  e 

Slate   you   rEpresei  ni  i 

on  the  Eubject   of    h  — 

nately,  a  eupposed  d  ff  as  ! 

division  of  eeDlimej  is    m    g 

We  say  a  HuppoBBd    iff  lo  d 

prejudices,  and  ihe  y 

10  the  diclates  of  a  sound  policy,  founded  on  the  principles  of  juslicB. 
(and  no  oiher  policy  but  what  is  founded  on  tliose  immutable  principles 
deserves  to  be  called  sound,)  we  flatter  ourselves  this  apparent  diversity 
of  interests  would  soon  vanish,  and  all  the  Slates  would  iMnfederate  on 
terms  mutually  advantageous  to  all ;  for  they  would  then  perceive  that 
no  other  eontedetatian  than  one  ea  formed  can  be  lasting,  Alihougli  the 
pressure  of  immediate  calamities,  the  dread  of  their  continuance  from 
the  appearance  of  disunion,  and  some  other  peculiar  circumstances,  may 
have  mdueed  some  States  to  accedo  to  the  present  Confederation,  con- 
trary lo  their  own  interests  and  judgments,  it  requires  no  great  share  of 
foresight  to  predict,  that,  when  those  causes  cease  lo  operate,  the  Slstes 
which  have  thus  acceded  to  Ihe  Confederation  will  consider  it  as  no 
longer  binding,  and  will  eagerlj'  embrace  the  first  occasion  of  asserting 
their  just  rights,  and  securing  their  independence.  Is  it  possible  thai 
those  States  who  are  ambiliously  grasping  at  territories  lo  which,  in  our 
judgment,  they  have  not  the  least  shadow  of  esclusive  right,  will  use 
with  greater  moderation  the  increase  of  wealth  and  power  derived  from 
ihose  territories,  when  acquired,  than  what  they  have  displayed  in  their 
endeavors  to  acquire  them?  We  think  not.  We  are  convinced  iha 
same  spirit  which  hath  prompted  them  to  insist  on  a  claim  so  extrava- 
gant, so  repugnant  to  every  principle  of  justice,  so  incompatible  with  the 
general  welfare  of  all  Ihe  States,  will  urge  them  on  to  add  oppression  to 
injustice.  If  they  should  not  be  ijicited  by  a  superiority  of  wealth  and 
Htrength  to  oppress  by  open  force  theu^  less  wealthy  and  less  powerful 
neighbors,  yet  depopulalion,  and  consequently  the  impoverishment  of 
those  States,  will  necessarily  follow,  which,  by  an  unfair  constniction  of 
the  Confederation,  may  be  stripped  of  a  common  interest,  and  the  com- 
mon benefits  derivable  from  the  western  coantry.  Suppose,  for  instance, 
Virginia  indisputably  possessed  of  the  extensive  and  fenile  country  to 
which  she  has  sat  np  a  claim :  what  would  be  the  prebable  consequences 
to  Maryland  of  such  an  undisturbed  and  undisputed  possession  J  They 
cannot  escape  the  least  discerning. 

Virginia,  by  selling  on  the  most  moderate  terms  a  small  proporlion  ol 
the  lands  in  question,  would  draw  into  her  treasury  vast  sums  of  money. 


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417 

and,  ill  propoi'lioii  to  Ihs  sums  orisiiig  Ironi  sucli  aales,  wuuld  be  enabled 
lo  leasen  her  taxes.  Lands  comparatively  cheap,  and  lasea  compavs- 
lively  low,  with  the  lands  and  Ihsbs  of  nn  adjacanl  Slate,  would  quickly 
drain  the  State  thus  disadvaiilageousty  circumstanced  of  its  most  useful 
inhabilanls :  its  weallli,  and  its  consequence  in  the  scale  of  the  confeds' 
rated  Slales,  would  sink,  of  courae.  A  claim  so  injurious  to  moi-e  than 
onu-half.  if  not  to  the  whole  of  the  United  States,  ought  to  be  supported  by 
the  dearest  evidence  of  the  right.  Yet  what  evidences  of  that  right  have 
been  produced  !  Wliat  aiguments  aJlogedin  support  either  of  the  evidence 
or  liie  right  I  None  that  we  have  heard  of  deserving  a  serious  refulalion. 
It  has  been  said,  that  some  of  the  delegates  of  a  neighboring  Stat* 
have  declared  their  opinion  of  the  impraetioabilily  of  governing  the  ex- 
tcnslva  dominion  claimed  by  that  Stale.  Hence  also  the  necessity  was 
ndrnilted  of  dividing  its  territory,  and  erecting  a  new  State,  under  tha 
auspices  and  direction  of  the  elder,  from  whom,  no  doubt,  it  would  re 
ccivB  its  form  of  government,  lo  whom  it  would  be  bound  by  some  alii 
anco  or  confederacy,  and  by  whose  councils  il  would  be  influenced.  Such 
a  incasm-e,  if  ever  attempted,  wojld  certainly  be  opposed  by  the  other 
States  as  inconsistent  with  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  proposed  Conlede- 
ration.  Should  it  take  place  by  establishing  a  sub-confederacy,  inipc- 
riuni  in  imperio,  the  Stale  possessed  of  this  extensive  dominion  must 
then  either  submit  to  all  the  inconveniences  of  an  overgrown  and  un- 
wieldy government,  or  suffer  the  authority  of  Congresa  to  interpose,  nta 
fului'e  time,  and  to  lop  off"  a  port  of  its  territory,  to  be  erected  into  a  new 
and  free  Stale,  and  admitted  into  a  confederation  on  such  condiliona  as 
shall  be  settled  by  nine  States.  If  it  is  necessary,  for  the  hsppincss  and 
tranquillity  of  a.  Slate  thus  overgrown,  that  Congress  should  heteafler 
inlerfere  and  divide  its  territory,  why  is  ihe  claim  to  that  territory  now 
made,  and  HO  pertinaciously  insisted  on?  We  can  suggest  to  ourselves 
but  two  motives:  either  the  declaration  of  relinquishing,  at  some  future 
period,  a  proportion  of  the  country  now  contended  for,  was  made  lo  lull 
suspicion  asleep,  and  lo  cover  the  designs  of  a  secret  ambition,  or,  If  the 
thought  was  seriously  entertained,  the  lands  are  now  claimed  to  reap  an 
immediate  profit  from  the  sale.  We  are  convinced,  pohcy  and  justice  re. 
quire  that  a  country  unsettled  al  the  commencement  of  this  war, 
claimed  by  the  British  crown,  and  ceded  to  it  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  if 
wrested  from  the  common  enemy  by  the  blood  and  treasure  of  Ihe  thir- 
teen Slates,  should  be  considered  as  a  common  property,  subject  to  ba 
parcelled  out  by  Congress  into  free,  conrenient,  and  independent  govern- 
ments, in  such  manner  and  at  such  times  as  the  wisdom  of  thai  assembly 
shall  hcrnafter  diroct. 


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418 

Thus  convinced,  ive  aLouId  iMltuy  ilie  Irust  reposed  in  ub  by  our  con- 
Biituciils,  were  we  to  aulhorize  you  to  ralify  on  tlieir  behalf  llie  Confede- 
ration, unless  il  be  farther  asplained.  We  liave  coolly  auil  liispossion- 
atel7  considered  the  subject ;  we  iiave  weighed  probnhle  inconveiiiencoa 
nnd  hordshipe,  ogainsl  the  sacrifice  of  just  and  esaential  rights;  and  do 
iuatract  you  not  to  agree  to  ihs  Confederation,  unless  an  article  or  articles 
be  added  thereto  in  conformity  with  our  declaration.  Shonld  we  Bucceed 
iu  obtaining  eucl>  aiticle  or  articles  ihfn  you  are  hereby  fully  empoweied 
to  accede  to  the  Confederation 

That  these  our  sentunents  renpectmg  our  Confederation  may  be  moi-e 
publicly  known,  and  more  B\plic  lly  and  concisely  declared,  we  have 
drawn  up  the  anneted  declaration  which  we  instruct  you  to  lay  before 

the  other  States  in  Congress  assembled,  copies  thereof,  signed  by  your- 
selves, or  by  Buch  ot  you  as  may  be  present  at  the  lima  of  dehvery  ;  to 
the  intent  and  purpose  that  the  copies  afureesid  may  be  communicated  to 
our  brethren  of  the  United  States,  and  the  contents  of  the  said  declara- 
lion  taken  into  their  serious  and  candid  consideration. 

Also  we  desire  and  instruct  you  to  move,  at  a  proper  time,  that  ihess 
instrtictions  be  read  to  Congress  by  their  secretary,  and  entered  on  the 
journals  of  Congrees. 

We  have  spoken  whh  freedom,  as  becomes  freemen ;  and  we  sin- 
cerely wish  thai  these  our  representations  may  make  such  an  impression 
on  that  assembly  as  to  induce  them  to  make  such  addition  to  the  Arliclea 
of  Confoderaiion  as  may  bring  about  a  permanent  union. 

A  true  copy  from  the  proceeding  of  December  15,  1778. 

Test:  T,  DUCIiETT,  C.  H.  D. 

On  the  30th  October,  1779,  Congress,  by  a  rote  of  eight  Stales 
lo  three,  and  one  being  divided,  passed  the  following ; 

Whereaa  the  appropriation  of  vacant  lands  fay  the  several  Slates, 
duiing  the  continuance  of  the  war,  will,  in  the  opinion  of  Con- 
gress, be  attended  with  great  mischiefs :  therefore, 

Sesohed,  That  it  be  earnestly  recommended  to  the  Stale  of  Vir- 
ginia to  reconsider  their  late  act  of  Assembly  for  opening  their  land 
oflice ;  and  that  it  be  recommended  to  the  said  Slate,  and  all  other 
Slates  similarly  circumstanced,  to  forbear  settling  or  issuing  war- 
rants for  unappropriated  lands,  or  granting  the  same  during  the  eon 
linuance  of  the  present  war. 

On  tiie  7^  March,  1780,  the  delegates  from  New  York  presented 


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419 

the  following'  act,  (whicd  was  tally  carried  into  etTect  by  said  dele- 
gates in  Congress  on  1st  March,  1781 ;) 

AN  ACT  to  facilitate  the  completion  of  the  Articlea  of  Confederation 
and  perpetual  Union  among  the  United  States  of  America. 

Whereas  nothing  under  divine  Providence  can  more  effectually  con- 
liibute  to  the  tranquillity  and  safely  of  the  United  States  of  America 
llmn  a  federal  alliance,  on  such  liberal  principles  as  will  give  satisfaction 
to  its  respective  members :  And  whereas  the  Articles  of  Confederation 
and  perpetual  Union  tecommended  by  the  honorable  the  Congress  of  tha 
United  States  of  America  have  not  proved  acceptable  to  all  the  Slates, 
it  having  been  conceived  thai  a  portion  of  the  waste  and  uncultivated 
lerritary  within  the  limits  or  cliums  of  certain  States  ought  to  be  appro- 
Iirialed  as  a  common  fund  for  the  expenses  of  the  war  i  And  the  people 
of  the  Slate  of  New  York  being  on  all  occasions  disposed  to  manifest 
their  regard  for  their  sister  States,  and  theii  earnest  desire  to  promote 
the  general  intereat  and  security,  and  more  especially  to  accelerate  the 
federal  alliance,  by  removiig,  ae  far  as  it  depends  upon  them,  the  before- 
mentioned  impediment  to  »I8  final  accomplishment : 

Be  it  therefore  enacted,  hj  the  people  of  the  Stale  of  New  York,  re- 
ptesenled  in  Senate  and  Assembly,  and  it  is  hereby  enacted,  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  some,  That  it  shjll  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the  dele- 
gales  of  (his  State  in  the  honorable  Congress  of  the  United  Stales  of 
America,  or  the  major  part  of  such  of  them  aa  shall  he  assembled  in 
Congress,  and  they,  the  said  delegates,  or  a  major  part  of  them,  so  os- 
scmblcd.  ate  hereby  fully  authorized  and  enipowerad,  for  and  on  behalf 
of  this  State,  and  by  propel  and  anthentic  acts  oi  instruments,  to  limit 
and  restrict  the  boundaries  of  this  Stale,  in  the  western  parts  thereof, 
by  such  line  or  lines,  and  in  such  manner  and  form,  as  they  shall  judge 
to  be  expedient,  either  with  respect  to  the  juriadicfion,  as  well  aa  the 
right  or  pre-emption  of  soil,  or  reserving  the  jurisdiction  in  part,  or  ui 
the  whole,  over  ihe  lands  which  may  be  ceded,  or  relinqnishad,  with  ve- 
epeot  only  to  the  right  or  pre-emption  of  the  soil. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  the  terri- 
loiy  which  may  be  ceded  or  relinquished  by  virtue  of  this  act,  either 
with  respect  to  the  jurisdiction,  as  well  as  the  right  or  pre-emption  of 
soil,  or  the  right  or  pre-emption  of  soil  only,  shall  be  and  enure  for  tha 
use  and  benefit  of  such  of  the  United  States  aa  shall  become  members 
<il  the  federal  alliance  of  the  said  Slates,  and  for  no  other  use  or  purpose 
whatever. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  Ihe  authority  aforesaid,  That  all  the 


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420 

lends  to  be  ceded  STid  re|jni|uished  by  virtwe  of  liiis  act,  foi  ihe  benefit 
of  the  United  Stalea,  with  reepeol  to  property,  but  which  ahall  naverthe. 
lesa  remain  under  the  jurisdiction  of  this  Slate,  shall  he  disposed  of  and 
appropriated  in  such  msnner  only  as  the  Congress  of  the  said  Slatea 
shall  direct ;  and  that  a  warrant  under  the  authority  of  Congress  for  sur- 
veying and  laying  out  any  pait  thereof,  shall  entitle  the  party  in  whose 
laver  it  shall  issue  to  cause  the  same  to  be  surveyed  and  kid  out  and  re- 
lumed, aecordlng  to  the  directions  of  such  warrant ;  and  thereupon  let- 
lors  patent,  under  the  great  seal  of  thia  State,  shall  pass  to  (he  grantee 
for  the  estate  specified  m  the  said  wan'ant ;  for  which  no  other  fee  or  re- 
ward shall  he  demanded  or  received  than  such  as  shall  be  allowed  by 
Congress. 

Provided  always,  and  be  it  flmher  enacted  by  ihe  authority  aforesaid, 
Thai  the  trust  reposed  by  virtue  ef  this  act  shall  not  be  executed  by  the 
delegates  of  this  State,  unless  at  least  three  of  the  said  delegates  shall 
be  present  iu  Congress. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK,  sa. 

I  do  hereby  certify  thnt  the  aforegoing  is  a  true  copy  of  the  original 

Bet  passed  ths  191h  of  February,  1780,  and  lodged  in  the  aecrelary's 

ROBERT  HARPUR,  Deputy  See's  of  Slate. 

In  view  of  the  premises,  the  following  proceedings 
took  place  : 

m  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATION. 
WednesdaV,  Sette^ieeb  6,  1780. 
Congress  took  into  consideration  the  report  ofn.the  committee  to 
whom  were  referred  the  inatructions  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Mary- 
land to  their  delegates  in  Congress,  respecting  the  Articles  of  Confede- 
ra'ion,  and  the  declaration  therein  referred  to;  the  act  of  tSie  Legielaiura 
of  New  York  on  the  same  subject,  and  the  remonstrance  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  Virginia ;  which  report  was  agreed  to,  and  is  in  the  words 
following ! 

That  haying  duly  considered  the  several  matters  to  them  submitted, 
they  conceive  it  unnecessary  to  examine  into  the  merits  or  policy  of  the 
ir  declarations  of  ihe  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  or  of 
if  tLfl  General  Assembly  of  Virginia,  as  they  Involve 
questions,  a  diaeuesion  of  which  was  deelined,  on  mature  consideration, 
when  the  Articles  of  Confederation  were  debated ;  nor  in  the  opinion 


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421 

of  tlie  commillee,  can  anch  quesfiona  be  now  revived  wiili  any  prospect 
of  conciliation ;  that  it  ^peara  more  advisable  lo  preea  apon  ihose  states 
whicli  can  remove  the  embarraasmenla  respecting  the  western  country, 
a  liberal  surrender  of  a  portion  of  their  territorial  claims,  since  they  can- 
not be  preeerved  entire  fvithout  endangering  the  slabihiy  of  the  general 
confederacy;  to  remind  them  how  indispensably  necessary  it  is  lo 
establish  the  Federal  Union  on  a  fixed  and  permanent  basis,  and  on 
principles  acceptable  to  all  its  leapectivo  members;  how  easential  to 
public  credit  and  confidence,  to  the  supporl  of  our  army,  to  the  vigor  of 
our  councils,  and  success  of  our  measures ;  to  our  tranquillity  at  home, 
our  reputation  abrqad,  to  our  very  existence  as  a  iree,  sovereign,  and 
independent  people ;  that  Ihey  are  fully  porauaded  the  wisdom  of  the 
reapectice  legislatures  will  lead  them  to  a  Hill  and  impartial  considera- 
tion of  aeubjeel  so  interesting  lo  tha  United  States,  and  so  necessary  lo 
the  happy  establishment  of  the  Federal  Union  ;  that  tboy  are  confirmed 
in  these  expectationa  by  a  review  of  the  before -mentioned  act  of  the 
Legislature  of  New  York,  submitted  to  their  consideration;  that  this 
act  is  eipressly  calculated  to  accelerate  the  Federal  Alliance,  by  remov- 
ing, as  £ir  as  depends  on  that  State,  the  impediment  arising  fromths 
western  country,  and  for  that  purpose  to  yield  up  a  porlion  of  territorial 
claim  for  Ihe  genBtal  beneSt ;  Whereupon, 

Resolved,  That  copies  of  the  several  papers  referred 
to  the  comraittee  be  transniitted,  with  a  copy  of  die 
report,  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  States,  and  that 
it  be  earnestly  recommended  to  those  States,  who  have 
claims  to  the  western  country,  to  pass  such  laws,  and  give 
their  delegates  in  Congress  such  power's  as  may  effectually 
remove  ihe  only  obstacle  to  a  final  ratification  of  the  arti- 
cks  of  Confederation ;  and  that  the  Legislature  of  Mary- 
land be  earnestly  requested  to  authorize  the  delegates  in 
Congress  to  subscribe  the  said  articles. 

IN  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATION. 


Resolved,  That  the  unappropriated  lands  that  may  be 
ceded  or  relinquished  to  the  United  States,  by  any  paiti- 
cular  State,  pursuant  to  the  recommendation  of  Congress 


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422 

of  Ihe  6th  (lay  of  September  last,  shall  be  disposed  of  for 
Uie  common  benefit  of  the  United  States,  and  be  settled 
and  formed  into  distinct  republican  States,  which  shall 
become  members  of  the  Federal  Union,  and  have  the 
same  rights  of  sovereignty,  freedom,  and  independence, 
as  the  other  States :  that  each  State  which  shall  be  so 
formed  shall  contain  a  suitable  extent  of  territory,  not 
less  than  one  hundred  nor  more  than  one  hundred  and 
fifty  miles  square,  or  as  near  thereto  as  circumstances 
will  admit:  that  the  necessary  and  reasonable  expenses 
■which  any  particular  State  shall  have  incurred  since  the 
commencement  of  the  present  war,  in  subduing  any 
British  posts,  or  in  maintaining  forts  or  garrisons  within 
and  for  the  defence,  or  in  acquiring  any  part  of  the  terri- 
tory that  may  be  ceded  or  relinquished  to  the  United 
States,  shall  be  reimbursed. 

That  the  said  lands  shall  be  granted  or  settled  at  such 
times,  and  under  such  regulations,  as  shall  hereafter  be 
agreed  on  by  the  United  States,  in  Congress  assembled, 
or  any  nine  or  more  of  them. 

In  pursuance  of  the  recommendation  contained  in  the  resolution  of 
Congress  of  the  6th  September,  1780,  the  following  States  made  cessiona 
ol'  territory  to  the  United  States  at  the  dates  respectively  stated  i — 
Thu  Slato  or  New  York,  on  March  1, 1781. 
VirKlBla      '■  Mareli  1, 178*. 
"  do.         "  Boo.  30,  1783.    By  tJilo  act  Vli^Inte  agreed  to  cliange 

page  430. 
"  MaaancIiaBotts,  on  April  19, 1185. 

"  OonnootSout      "  September  14,  ITSB,  (Ooflnnea  Sdj  30,  ISOO. 

"  Boutl.  Oirolina  «   August  B,  1737. 

"  North  Carulran  "  Teftruaty  25, 1790. 


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423 

For  Ihese  ccasiona,  &c.,  ojid  for  Ihe  convention  between  Sou'li  Cnro- 
liiia  aiid  Geoi-giu,  of  281li  April,  1787,  seo  Bioren  and  Dunne's  edition  of 
the  Lhwb  of  llie  United  States,  Vol.  1. 

In  relation  to  the  government  of  the  territory  thus  acquired  by  tiiB 
United  States,  it  may  be  sufficient  to  say,  that  [be  territory  ceded  by 
eai;h  state,  except  Virginia,  was  the  subject  of  separate  legialatioD  by 
Congress,  (as  inentioned  under  the  head  of  each  of  sdd  States,]  first  as 
a  dependant  territory,  and  afterwarda  by  beuig  admitted  iiilo  the  Union 
as  an  independent  member  thereof. 

The  North-wefltern  Territory,  ceded  by  the  Commonwealth  of  Vir- 
ginia, was  the  subject  of  special  legislation  by  the  Congress  of  the  Con- 
ffidetation ;  first,  by  the  passage  of  a  resolution  for  its  government,  on 
the  23(1  April,  1784,  aud  then  by  the  adoption  of  an  ordinance,  whoss 
importance  rendets  its  insertion  here  necessary  ; — 

AN   ORDINANCE  for  the   Government  of  the   Territory   of  the 

Uniled  States,  north-west  of  the  river  Oliio. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  Uuiied  Stales  in  Congress  assembled,  Tiiill  the 
Eiiid  territory,  for  tha  purposes  of  temporary  government,  be  one  dis- 
trict; subject,  however,  to  be  divided  into  two  districts,  as  future  cir- 
cumstances may,  in  the  opinion  of  Congress,  make  it  expedient. 

Se  il  ordained  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  estates  both  of 
resident  and  non-resident  proprietors  m  the  said  territory,  dying  intes- 
tate, shall  descend  to  and  be  distributed  among  their  children  and  the 
descendants  of  a  deceased  child  in  equal  parts !  the  descendants  of  a 
deceased  child  or  grandchild  to  take  the  share  of  their  deceased  parent 
in  equal  parte  among  them ;  and  where  there  shall  be  no  children  or 
descendants,  then  in  equal  parts  to  the  next  of  kin,  in  equal  degree ;  and 
among  collaterals,  the  children  of  a  deceased  brother  or  sister  of  ths 
integrate  shall  have  in  equal  parts  among  them  their  deceased  parent's 
share  ;  and  there  shall  in  no  case  be  a  distinction  between  kindred  of 
the  whole  and  half  blood ;  saving  in  all  cases  to  the  widow  of  the  intes- 
tate lier  third  part  of  (he  real  estate  for  life,  and  one-tiiird  part  of  the 
personal  estate  ;  and  this  law  relative  to  descents  and  dower  shall  re- 
main in  full  force  until  altered  by  the  legislature  of  the  dislrict.  And 
until  the  governor  and  judges  shall  adopt  taws  as  hereinafter  mentioned, 
estates  in  the  said  territory  may  be  devised  or  bequeathed  by  wills  in 
writing,  signed  and  sealed  by  Mm  or  her  in  whom  the  estate  may  be, 
(being  of  full  age,)  imd  attested  by  three  witnesses  i  and  real  estates  may 
bo  conveyed  by  lease  and  release,  or  bargiain  and  sale,  signed,  sealed, 
and  delivered  by  the  person,  being  of  full  age,  in  whom  the  estate  may 


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424 

be,  and  altested  by  two  witnesses,  proviJeJ  such  wills  be  duly  proved, 
nnd  Buch  conveyances  be  acknowledged,  or  the  execution  thereof  duly 
pi-oved,  and  be  recorded  within  one  year  afler  proper  magistratea,  courts, 
and  regiatera  shall  he  appointed  for  thnt  purpose  ;  and  pergonal  proper'y 
moy  be  trauBferred  hy  delivery,  aaving,  Ijowever,  to  the  French  and  Ca- 
nadian inhabitants,  and  other  settlers  of  the  Kaskaskies,  Saint  Vincent's, 
and  the  Doighhoring  villages,  who  have  heretofore  profeHsed  ihemaelvea 
citizens  of  Virgmia,  their  laws  and  customs  now  in  force  among  them 
relative  to  the  descent  and  conveyance  of  property. 

Be  it  ordamed  Sy  the  aulhorify  aforesaid.  That  there  shall  be  appointed 
iroin  time  to  time,  by  Congress,  a  governor,  whose  commis^on  shall 
continue  in  force  for  the  term  of  three  yeai's,  unless  sooner  revoked  by 
Congress  J  he  shall  reside  in  the  district,  and  have  a  freehold  estate 
therein,  in  one  thousand  acres  of  land,  while  in  the  exercise  of  his  office. 

There  shall  be  appointed  from  lime  to  time,  by  Congraas,  a  secretary, 
whose  commission  shall  continue  in  force  for  four  years,  unless  sooner 
revoked;  he  shall  reside  in  the  district,  and  have  a  freehold  estate 
therein,  in  five  hundred  acres  of  land,  while  in  the  exercise  of  his  office. 
It  shall  be  his  duty  to  keep  and  preserve  the  acta  and  laws  passed  by  the 
legislature,  and  the  public  records  of  the  district,  and  the  proceedings  of 
the  governor  in  his  executive  deportment,  and  transmit  authentic  copies 
of  each  acts  and  proceedings  every  six  months  lo  the  secretary  of  Con- 
gress. There  shall  also  be  appointed  a  court,  lo  consist  of  tbree  jndges, 
any  two  of  whom  to  form  a  court,  who  shall  have  a  common-law  juris- 
diction, and  reside  in  tha  district,  and  have  each  therein  a  freehold 
aatate  in  five  hundred  acresof  land,  while  in  the  exercise  of  their  offices ; 
and  their  commissions  shall  continue  in  force  during  good  behavior. 

The  governor  and  judges,  or  a  majority  of  tlism,  shall  adopt  and  pub- 
lish in  the  district  such  laws  of  the  original  States,  criminal  and  civil,  as 
may  be  necessary  and  best  suited  to  tha  circumstances  of  the  district, 
and  report  them  to  Congress  from  time  to  lime,  which  laws  shall  be  m 
force  in  the  district  until  the  organisation  of  the  General  Asaembly 
therein,  unless  disapproved  of  by  Congress  ;  but  afterwards,  the  legisla- 
ture shall  have  authority  to  alter  them  as  they  shall  thintt  fit. 

The  governor,  for  the  time  being,  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  tha 
militia,  appoint  and  commission  all  officers  in  the  same  below  the  rank 
of  general  officers;  all  general  officers  shall  be  appointed  and  commis- 
sioned by  Congress. 

Previous  to  the  organization  of  the  General  Assembly,  the  governor 
shall  appoint  such  magistrates  and  other  civil  officers,  in  each  county  or 
township,  OS  ho  shall  find  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the  peace  and 


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425 

goad  order  in  ibc  same.  After  the  General  Assembly  shall  be  orgnn- 
hed,  ihe  powers  and  duties  of  magislrates  and  other  civil  officers  shall 
be  rcguUted  and  defined  by  the  said  Assembly  {  but  all  magistrates  and 
other  civil  oflicera,  not  lierein  otherwise  directed,  ehall,  during  the  eou- 
tiniiance  of  this  temporary  government,  be  appointed  by  the  governor. 

For  the  prevention  of  crimes  and  injuriea,  the  laws  to  be  edopted  or 
made  shall  have  force  in  oil  parla  of  the  district,  and  for  the  eiiecution 
of  pi'ocesa.  criminal  and  civil,  the  governor  shall  make  proper  divisions 
thereof;  and  he  shall  proceed  from  time  to  time,  as  circumstatices  may 
rcciuire,  to  lay  out  tbe  porta  of  the  diBtrict  in  which  the  Indian  titles 
shull  have  been  extinguished  into  counties  and  townships,  subject,  how- 
ever, to  such  alterations  as  may  thereafter  be  made  by  the  legislature. 

So  soon  as  there  shall  be  five  thousand  free  male  inhabitants,  of  fitll 
age,  in  the  district,  upon  giving  proof  thereof  to  the  governor,  they  shall 
receive  authority,  with  time  ojid  place,  to  elect  representatives  ftom 
their  counties  or  townships,  to  represent  them  iu  the  General  Assembly ; 
provided  that,  for  every  five  hundred  fi'ec  male  inhabitaats,  there  shall 
be  one  representative,  and  so  on  progressively  with  (he  number  of  froa 
male  inhabitants  shall  the  right  of  representation  increase,  until  llie 
number  of  representatives  shall  amoant  to  twenty-five,  after  which  the 
number  and  proportion  of  representatives  shall  be  regulated  by  the  legis- 
lature ;  provided  that  no  person  be  eligible  or  quafified  to  act  as  a  repre- 
sentative unless  he  shall  have  been  a  citizen  of  one  of  the  United  States 
three  years,  and  be  a  resident  iu  tlie  district,  or  unless  he  shall  have 
resided  in  the  district  three  years,  ajid  in  either  case  shall  likewise  hold 
in  bis  own  right,  in  fee-eimple,  two  hundred  acres  of  land  within  the 
same:  Provided  also,  that  a  freehold  in  fifty  acres  of  land  in  the  district, 
having  been  a  eili«en  of  one  of  the  States,  and  being  resident  in  the  dis- 
trict, or  the  like  freehold  and  two  years'  residence  in  the  district,  shall 
be  necessary  to  qualify  a  man  as  an  elector  of  a  representative. 

The  tepresentalives  thus  elected  shall  serve  for  the  term  of  two  years, 
and,  in  case  of  the  death  of  a  representative,  or  removal  from  office, 
the  governor  shall  issue  a  writ  to  ihe  county  or  township  for  which  he 
Has  a  member  to  elect  another  in  his  stead,  to  serve  for  the  residue  ol 

The  General  Assembly,  or  Legislature,  shall  consist  of  tne  governor, 
legislative  oouneil,  and  a  house  of  representatives.  The  legislative 
council  shnll  consist  of  five  members,  to  continue  in  office  five  yeara, 
unless  sooner  removed  by  Congress,  any  tliree  of  whom  to  be  a  quorum, 
and  the  members  of  the  council  shall  be  nominated  and  ^pomted  in  the 
following  manner,  to  wit :  As  soon  as  lepresentativos  shall  be  elected, 


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426 

(he  governor  shall  appoint  a  lime  nncl  place  for  ihem  to  meet  together, 
Olid,  when  met,  they  shall  nominato  tan  persona,  reaidenla  in  the  diatricl, 
and  each  possessed  of  a  ti-oehold  in  five  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  ratutn 
their  names  to  Congresa ;  five  of  whom  Congress  sliall  appoint  and  com- 
mission 10  serve  as  aforesaid ;  and  wlienever  a  vacancy  shall  happen  in 
tlie  council,  by  dealh  or  removal  from  office,  the  house  of  representatives 
shall  nominate  two  persons,  quahfied  as  aforesaid,  for  each  vacancy,  and 
return  thoir  namee  to  Congress ;  one  of  wtiom  Congress  shall  appoint 
and  commission  for  the  residue  of  the  term  j  and  every  five  years,  four 
months  at  least  before  the  expiration  of  the  time  of  service  of  the  mem- 
bers of  council,  the  said  house  shall  nominate  ten  persons,  qualified  as 
aforesaid,  and  return  their  na  C    g         fi        f     h       C     oress 

shall  appoint  and  commiasio         se  m  live 

years,  unless  sooner  remov  A  g  gis  cil, 

aiid'house  of  representatives  m  k  all 

caaea,  for  the  good  governm  is  g  an         tiia 

principles  and  articles  in  this       m         es      h  b         i  And 

all  bills,  having  passed  by  a  in         h  in 

the  council,  shall  be  referred  to  the  governor  for  his  assei  .  but  no  bill 
or  legislative  act  whatever,  shall  be  of  any  force  without  tils  assent. 
The  governor  shall  have  power  to  convene,  prorogue,  and  dissolve  (he 
Gcnerni  Assembly,  when  in  his  opinion  it  shall  be  espedient. 

The  governor,  judges,  legislative  council,  seccetary,  and  such  other 
oflicers  as  Congress  sball  appoint  in  the  district,  shall  take  an  oath  or 
olHrmal ion  of  fidelity,  and  of  office;  the  governor  before  the  president 
oi  Congress,  and  all  other  officers  before  the  governor.  As  soon  aa  a 
legislature  shall  be  farmed  in  the  district,  the  council  and  house  asseni- 
blod,  m  one  room,  shall  have  authority,  by  joint  ballot,  to  elect  a  de[f- 
gate  to  Congresa,  who  sliall  have  a  seat  in  Congress,  with  a  right  of  de- 
bating, but  not  of  voting  during  this  temporary  government. 

And  for  extending  the  fundamental  principles  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  which  form  the  baius  whereon  these  republics,  their  laws,  and 
constitutions  are  erected  {  to  fix  and  establish  those  principles  as  the 
basis  of  all  laws,  constitutions,  and  governments,  whicli  for  ever  here- 
after shall  be  formed  in  the  said  territory  j  to  provide,  also,  for  tlia  eata- 
bhsbment  of  States,  and  permanent  government  therein,  and  for  their 
admission  to  a  share  in  the  federal  councils  on  an  equal  footing  with 
tlie  original  States,  at  as  early  periods  as  may  be  consistent  with 
the  general  interest! 

It  is  fterflSy  ordained  ani  declared,  by  the  aatliority  aforesaiil.  That  the 
billowing  articles  shall  be  considered  as  articlea  of  compact,  between  the 


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427 

original  Slates  and  the  people  and  Smloa  in  the  aaid  lenilory,  and  for 
ever  remain  unalterable,  unless  by  common  consent,  lu  ivil : 

Am.  1.  No  person,  demeaning  himself  in  a  pencaabie  end  oidcrly 
manner,  eIibJI  ever  be  molested  on  account  of  bis  mode  of  worsiiip  or 
religious  sentiments,  in  the  said  territory. 

Abt.  2.  The  inJiabilanls  of  tho  said  terrilorj'  shall  always  'be  entitled 
to  the  benefits  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  and  of  the  trial  by  jury ! 
of  a  proportionate  representation  of  the  people  in  the  legislature,  and 
of  judicial  proceedings  according  to  the  course  of  tliB  common  law.  All 
peisons  shall  be  bailable,  unless  for  capital  offenceE,  where  the  proof  shall 
be  evident,  or  iha  presumption  great.  All  fines  shall  be  moderate,  and  no 
cinel  or  unusual  punishments  shall  be  infficlod.  No  man  shall  be  do- 
prived  of  his  liberty  or  property,  but  by  the  judgment  of  hia  peers,  or 
the  law  of  the  land,  and  should  the  public  exigenciea  make  it  necessary, 
lor  the  common  preservation,  to  taka  any  person's  property,  or  to  de- 
mand hia  particular  services,  full  compensation  shall  be  made  for  the 
aame.  And,  in  the  just  preaervalion  of  rights  wid  property,  it  is  under- 
stood and  declared,  that  no  law  ought  ever  to  ba  made,  or  have  force  in 
the  said  territory,  that  shall,  in  any  manner  whatever,  mterfete  with,  or 
BHect  private  contracts  or  engagements,  bona  fide,  and  wiiliout  fraud 
previously  formed. 

Aht.  3.  Religion,  raornlity,  and  knowledge,  being  necessary  to  good 
government,  and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of 
cdneation  shall  for  ever  be  encouraged.  The  utmost  good  fiuth  shall 
alwaya  be  observed  towards  the  Indians ;  their  lands  and  property  shall 
never  be  taken  from  them  without  their  consent ;  and  in  their  property, 
lights,  and  hberty,  they  never  shall  be  invaded  or  disturbed,  unless  in 
just  and  lawful  wars  autliorixsd  by  Congrcas ;  bat  laws  foimded  in  jus- 
tice and  humanity  shall,  fram  lime  (o  time,  be  made,  for  preventing 
wrongs  being  done  to  them,  and  for  preserving  peace  and  fiiflndsliip  with 
them. 

Art.  4.  The  said  territory,  and  the  Slates  which  may  be  formed 
therein,  shall  for  ever  remiun  a  part  of  this  confederacy  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  aubjeot  to  tlio  Articles  of  Confederation,  and  to  such 
alterations  therein  as  shall  be  constitutionally  made  ;  and  (o  al!  the  acts 
and  ordinances  of  the  United  Slates,  in  Congress  assembled,  conformable 
thereto.  The  inhabitants  and  settlers  in  the  said  'erritory  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  pay  a  part  of  the  federal  debts,  contracted  or'obe  contracted,  and 
a  proportional  part  of  the  expenses  of  government,  to  be  iq>portioned  on 
tliem  by  Congi-eas,  according  to  the  same  common  rule  and  meaaure  bv 
which  apportionments  thereof  shall  be  made  on  the  oilier  States;  and 


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428 

the  loses  for  paying  their  proporlion  shall  be  Inid  and  levied  by  the  au- 
ihorily  and  direolion  of  the  legislatures  of  the  disliict  or  dialriclB,  or  new 
States,  as  in  the  original  States,  within  the  time  agreed  npon  Uy  the 
United  States,  in  Congress  assembled.  The  legialatures  of  those  dis- 
tricts, or  new  Stales,  shall  never  interfere  wiih  the  primory  disposoi  of 
llie  soil  by  the  United  States,  in  Congress  assembled,  nor  with  any  regu- 
laiions  Congress  may  find  necessary,  for  securing  tlie  title  in  such  soil, 
lo  the  bona  fido  purchaeets.  No  tax  shall  be  imposed  on  lands,  the  pio- 
perty  of  the  United  Stales;  and  in  no  case  shall  non-resident  proprietors 
he  taxed  higher  than  residents.  The  navigable  waters  leading  into  the 
Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  carrying  places  between  the 
same,  shall  be  common  highways,  and  for  ever  free,  as  well  to  the  mha- 
bitants  of  the  esld  territory  as  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and 
those  of  any  other  Stales  that  may  be  admitted  into  the  Confederacy, 
wilhoul  any  tax,  impost,  or  daty  therefor. 

Aht.  5.  There  shall  be  formed  in  the  said  territory,  not  less  than 
three,  nor  more  than  five  States ;  and  the  botmdaries  of  the  States,  as 
soon  as  Virginia  shall  alter  her  act  of  cession,  aiid  consent  to  the  same, 
shall  become  fixed  and  established  as  follows,  to  wit :  the  western  Slate 
n  ihe  said  territory,  shall  be  bounded  by  tlie  Mississippi,  the  Ohio,  and 
Wabash  rivers ;  a  direct  line  drawn  from  the  Wabash  and  Post  Vincents, 
due  north,  to  the  territorial  lino  between  the  United  Stales  and  Canada; 
mdliy  the  said  territorial  line  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  ajid  Mississippi. 
The  middle  States  shall  bo  bounded  by  the  said  direct  line,  the  Wabash, 
nom  Post  Vincents  lo  the  Ohio,  by  the  Ohio,  by  a  direct  line  drawn 
due  north  from  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami  lo  the  said  territorial  line, 
and  by  the  said  teiTiiorial  line.  The  eMtetn  Slate  shall  be  bounded  by 
Ihe  last-menlioned  direct  line,  the  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  said 
Icrritorial  line !  provided,  however,  and  it  is  further  nnderBtood  and  de- 
clared, that  the  boundaries  of  these  three  States  shall  be  subject  so  far 
to  be  altered,  that,  if  Congress  shall  hereafter  find  it  expedient,  they 
shall  have  authority  to  form  one  or  two  States  in  thai  part  of  the  said 
territory  which  lies  north  of  an  east  and  west  line  drawn  through  the 
southerly  bend  or  extreme  of  Lake  Michigan.  And  whenever  any  of  the 
said  Stales  shall  have  sixty  tliousand  free  inhabitants  therein,  such  Slate 
shall  be  admitted,  by  its  delegates,  into  the  Congroas  of  ihe  United 
Slates,  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  States,  in  all  respects  what- 
ever i  and  shall  be  at  liberty  to  form  a  permanent  constitution  and  Stale 
government ;  provided  the  constitution  and  government,  so  to  be  form- 
ed, shall  be  republican,  and  in  conformity  to  the  principles  contained  in 
these  ailicles  ■  and,  so  far  as  can  be  consistent  with  the  general  interest 


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429 

of  llic  Confederaciy,  gudl  iiijinissioil  shxil  be  allowed  at  an  earlier  period, 
and  when  ihete  mny  be  o  less  number  of  free  inliabiiaiiie  in  ihe  Stale 
llian  sisty  thousand. 

Art.  6.  There  sliall  be  neither  slaverj'  nor  involuntary  servitude  in 
tiie  said  leriitoiy,  olherwiac  than  in  the  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof 
the  pMty  shall  have  been  duly  convicted ;  provided,  always,  that  any 
person  escaping  into  llie  same,  from  whom  labor  or  sei-vioo  is  lawfully 
cloimcd  in  any  one  of  the  original  States,  aucji  fugitive  may  be  lawfully 
reclaimed,  and  eonveyed  to  the  person  claiming  his  or  her  labor  or  ser- 

Be  it  ordained  hy  Oie  aKtlwHty  aforesaid,  That  the  resolutions  of  ihe 

esd  of  April,  1784,  relative  to  the  subject  of  this  ordinance,  be,  and  the 

Banie  are  hereby,  repealed,  and  declared  nuU  and  void. 

Done  by  the  United  .Stales,  in  Congress  assembled,  the  13lh  day  of 

July,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1787,  and  of  Iheir  sovereignty  and 

independence  the  laih.  CHARLES  THOIUSON,  Sec'y. 


niesioaoflhe  State  of  Louiiiana  inlo  the  U-<on,  and  to  extend  tb 
ited  Stales  1o  Ibe  said  Stats,  was  passed  and  approved,  April  S 
flay  22,  1912,  an  act  aapplemental  to  Ito  act  of  Apill  8,  1312, 


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430 

INDIANA, 

Forn.Edmilnl-i.pn 

n  Qf  ihe  Noi 

rth-w=31etl.  T, 

=rrllc 

try. 

vUchw 

Mt 

leacil 

10  ih 

United  Stains  by  Virg] 

<,.■>) 

The  lerritory  eslabli 

shed  by  act  ( 

ifMeyy.lEWI. 

The  lerrilDpy  dtrlde 

aeparalego.e 

f  Mi 

cliiga 

Cfonled  by  liol  of  Jau 

Biiryl[,lSOi 

Tho  lerriuny  sgaiii 

501  e 

ere  Bled  by  ocl  of  Febi 

<x«iy3,im. 

The  lie^stalurs  of  t 

helariloty, 

lople 

lorormiiconsltlntion,&i:.  (Seejou 

r  oa]  of  House  c 

>fRe 

8,1). 

l81fi,BndjBrajBry6,18 

18;  also  folio 

Stain  Papers, 

"Mi 

5Ci.ll 

aneous,' 

i.a,r 

..877. 

piovefl,  Deoiimber  11,  1816. 

The  Inws  of  the  Uuiled  Stales  eilcnded  lo  the  SlUe  of  rndiana,  by  acl  ofMarch 
3, 1817. 

MISSISSIPPI, 
Farmed  0111  of  a  pan  of  tba  Ivrrilory  reiei  to  Ihe  Unileii  Slates  by  the  coniD,.<i- 

Corolino  of  Haroh  8, 173T,  and  by  those  of  the  Slate  of  Georgia,  April  94,  ISI)2, 
vhich  was  ratified  hy  Ihe  LegiEialure  of  Georgia,  on  Jnae  Ifl,  1303.  (For  Ihess 
cessions,  &c,,  ejid  for  the  convetitioii  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  of 
April  as,  1787,  see  Bioren  anfl  Dnane'!  ediL  Laws,  vol.  1,  pp.  4aa,46T,  493  to  431.) 
The  governineol  of  the  territory  Established  by  acl  of  Congress  of  April  7, 1798. 

Territory  on  Ihe  north  added  10  the  Mississippi  territory,  by  act  of  Cougress  of 
March  37,  law. 
The  boundarlBB  «nlarg>!d  on  the  south,  by  ocl  of  Congress  of  May  U,  1813. 
A  Joint  rssolutioii  of  Congress  "requesting  the  Stale  of  Georgia  to  aasenl  to  the 

Jane  17, 1813. 

A  tnolion  was  made  In  House  of  Bepresenlaliyes  of  the  United  Stales  lo  inquire 
mto  the  eipedieney  of  sdmilling  Mississippi  inlo  the  Union,  December  28,1810. 
Reported  on  by  comndllee,  January  9, 1811.    (Vide  folio  State  Papers,  "  Miscella- 

seiiled  in  House  of  BepreseuttUives,  November  13, 1 811.  Beported  on  by  com- 
mittee of  House  of  BepcesenlaliTes,  Secemljer  IT,  ISll.  (Vide  folio  Stale  Papers, 
"  HIseellaneous,"  vol,  9,  p.  183.) 

Bill  passed  Honse  of  Beprescnlotives.  Report  adrerse  in  Senate,  April  17, 
1813,  and  bill  postponed.    (VideBaine  book,  p.l63.) 

ported  on  February  S3,  ISiS,   (Vule  same  bcok,  p.  874.) 


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4B1 

orial  pt 

eso.i«<l  ill  House 

of  Repro! 

^nlaliv 

ea,  Bi^cenibot  B,  1 

Deoeml 

esenled  in  House 
lerSa,  ISIB.     (Vid 

of  Reprea 

=k,  p.  4 

'B.) 

es,  December  9. 1 

07.)    Iteporled  of 

(VidB  6 

ams  book,  p.  41B-) 

Maicb  1, 1817,  by  w 


ILLINOIS, 
Formed  onl  of  a  pari  of  Ihe  Noclh-weslera  Terrilory  whioh  was  ceded  to  Ihe 
UiillfldSlaleibylheSlateof  Vitginia.    (Sea  (emnrlis  unaei  "  Oliio.")    (For  pro. 

nn,  see  Bioien  and  Duane's  eflit,  Laws,  voL  I,  p.  B06.) 

An  act  to  unuiid  tJie  acl  of  April  10, 1814,  eiteiidins  Ibe  western  baundar;  of 
[llinois  10  the  middJeof  the  Mississippi,  to  inclnde  the  Islands  bemeen  llie  middle 
and  eaBtern  marsui  of  that  river,  was  passed  and  api^rored,  February  37,  ISIS. 

A  memorial  of  the  le^slative  coancil,  to  be  allowed  to  fomi  a  Stale  govertt- 
mont,  ito.,  presented  in  House  of  KepreaBiHaliyeB,  January  16, 1818. 

All  act  to  enable  tliB  people  of  the  Iliiuoia  territory  to  form  a  constitution  and 
State  goveinmenl,  and  autliorlzing:  one  HepresenltttiTa  tn  Congress,  &o,  was 
passed  and  approved  AprU  18, 1318.  (By  this  act  a  part  of  the  territory  of  Illi- 
nnis  was  attached  to  the  tetcitory  of  MicbiBan.) 

The  said  people  haTing,  on  August  28, 1813,  formed  a  constitution,  Sc,  a  joint 
resolution  dooiaring  tlie  admission  of  the  Stale  of  lUinoifl  into  the  Union  was 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  due  execmio.i  of  the  laws  of  Ihe  United  Slates  wHliiu 


:  allowed  la  Ibrm  a  constitution,  tec.,  presented  in  the  House  of  Bepte- 
.  to  enahla  the  people  of  the  AlabnTua  territory  to  Ibrni  s  conBtilutioa  anil 


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and  approted,  Matcli  %  ISIS. 
Tlia  SBifl  people  baving,  ou  AugnsI  3,  ISIB,  fotined  a  consliimion,  he,  a  joinl 

passed  and  approvefl,  DecemlieE  14,  I8I0, 

The  Laws  of  Ihe  Uuiled  Slales  were  exienderl  le  Ike  Slsle  of  Alabuna  b;  net 
DfApiiiai,  IS^  la  eslalilisha  District  Court,  &c. 


111  ofa  Coiivenrioii  on  behalf  of  the  people  ofilie  disi 
lermilled  to  form  a  eeparalc  Stale,  wag  pteaeiiled  L 
.ves  of  the  IlaitEd  States,  l>eoeml>er  8, 1K19. 


uved  Marcb  3, 1580,  in  the  ftllowii 
"  Wheruii,  by  an  act  of  llie  State  of 
me,  in  the  year  iS19,  enliUed,  'An  ai 


IhB  distriol  of  MaJije,  did,  willi  tiie  coQaetil  of  the  Lcgialature  of  said  Stmo  of 
MoEEaahusalls,  fbtm  tliemcelres  into  an  iiidependeiit  State,  and  did  eslabUsh  a 

BBid  act:  Therefore, 

*'  Bb  it  enaeieil  by  the  Scttato  and  Hitusi  qf  Brpresentatka  qf  tbe  ITnU/d  States  qf 
America  in  Congrea  KHflnWdJ,  Tlial,  from  and  after  Ihe  15th  day  or  Marcli, 
In  tUe  year  1880,  Ibe  State  of  Maine  is  hereby  ileclaied  to  be  ot.e  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  aod  admiUeil  into  the  Union  on  au  equal  foolutg  with 
the  Drig:lnal  Statea,  iti  all  regpeet^  whatever.'* 

On  tlie  71h  April,  IS^,  the  £>1!owtns  act  was  passed  and  approved: 

be  elected  in  the  Stale  ofMBSsncliuselts  anfl  Maine,  aad  for  other  piirpoaes. 

"  B<  i(  inuclAi  by  Hit  Stnall  and  Heuir  i^  Rrpresnaalires  qf  Ihe   United  Sli-la 

qf  Amaim  in  Cengrea  BsitmbUd,  Tbal,  in  Ibe  election  of  RepreBenlatlrea  in  llie 

iccn  UeprcsentaiLves  only;  and  Iho  Stale  of  Mabie  shall  be  calilled  lo  choose 
seven  Eepresenlatifes,  according;  lo  Ibe  eonseul  of  the  Legislslitre  of  stuil  Stole 
of  Mnaaaehosetli,  for  Ibis  purpoao  given,  by  their  reaolve  paeaed  on  the  astli  day 
of  January  laat,  end  prior  to  the  arLnission  of  Ihe  Slate  of  Maine  into  the  Union. 

'-Sro.  2.  Ami  ie  il/i>rlAer  cnai/nj,  That,  If  the  seal  of  any  of  the  Representatives 
)i  Ihe  present  Congress,  who  were  eleolod  in  and  under  the  authority  of  ihe  Slate 

vacated  by  dcalh,  resienoiioii,  or  othetivisa,  anch  vacancy  »ha[l  bes-^plied  by  a 
aaccessor  who  shall,  ai  the  lime  of  bis  elcclioii,  be  an  inhabitant  a  ihe  State  of 


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MiRSOURI, 
Waa  (brmed  gat  of  part  of  Ibe  terrilory  cedal  by  Fronoe  ty  Irenly  of  April  »> 

mi:iit  Ihereof,"  whicli  was  Hpptovsd  Motoh  M,  1604.    By  Uii»  acl  the  governinEnl 
of  tliia  disltict  W88  plnoed  under  the  djtection  of  Ihe  Go-ernor  and  judges  of  Ihs 

On  liie  3d  MBrch,  IS03,  on  net  furlhei  providing  for  the  goyemmenl  of  liiB  dis 
Irici  of  Looiaiana  was  approved.  By  IhisooIB  sepatole  government  was  fotmeil, 
under  tlie  tills  of  tiie  lerrilory  of  Ijiuiaiaiw. 

An  Oct  proTiding  for  ibe  governmeni  of  ihe  territory  of  Missouri  waa  passed 
and  approved  Jane  4, 1813,  by  wMoh  it  was  provideil  "  Tiiai  ihs  lerriioir  haraio- 
fure  called  Lonisiaua  shall  hersaftei  bs  caUed  MiaBouri,"  Ice. 

All  acl  lo  Hller  cerlain  pant  of  the  net  pioridiiig  for  the  governmeni  of  the  ler- 
^iiory  of  Missouri  was  passed  and  approved  Apiil  20,  ISIS. 

lerrilory  of  Missouri,  to  be  culled  Arkcjisas  territory,  was  passed  llie  Sd  Morcb, 

A  memorial  of  liie  legiBlallve  council  and  House  of  Representatives  oflbe  ter- 
ritory of  Missonti,  in  the  name  and  on  behalf  of  the  people,  for  adniisaion  into  Iba 


ised  Morcb  6, 1830. 


,  "MlscellB- 

Missouri  into  the  Union,"  on  Deceinlier  IS,  liBO,  which  was  referred  to  u  seicct 
commitlee  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  mid  on  Febiuafy  10, 1S31,  Mr.  Clay 

resolution  of  the  Senate,  on  February  14,  leai.  Oa  Fehrnary  sa,  onmolion  of  Mr. 
Clay,  a  eommittee  on  the  pari  of  ike  House  was  appointed,  lo  join  a  commitlee  oa 
Ihe  part  of  the  Senule,  on  the  subject  of  Uia  admission  of  Miasouri. 
On  February  28,  Mr.  Clay,  from  the  joint  committe*,  reported  a  "  Resolnlion 

condition,"  wliieh  resolution  was  paasefl  and  approved  March  a,  isai.    The  ssJd 


I  of  the  Slate  of  Misnonri  into  Ihe  Union,  on  a  certain  CDndilion,  whic 
roved  by  Ibe  Governor  on  June  3fi,  IM. 


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43* 

OnAngn 

Bt  10,  IS21,  Ihe  I'rcBiJenl  of  Ite  U 

rinj  Iho  aiiiniseion  of  Missouri  comple 

ail.La«-s,VDl.3,QPp«iiliia,) 

Ou  Msrth 

10,  IKa,  an  act  lo  provide  for  llio  ilu 

United  Swie 

s  wilhin  Ihe  SiDle  of  Miwiuii,  ice,  v/n 

ARKANSAS, 

terriloiy  of  Missouri,  was  passed  March  9,  IBJB,  by  which  il  was  named  Arkaiwas 
An  act  Mialive  lo  Ihe  AtkoDSas  terriWty,  declaring  Uiat  llie  aot  of  June  4,1819, 
for  Ihe  gQVeriiment  of  MiESOUti,  as  modifted  by  iha  am  of  April  99,  ISIO,  sliould  he 

Dlhec  purposes,  was  passed  May  Si3, 1S94. 

An  ac[  to  run  and  mark  a  line  dividing  Aiiauaas  bom  Louisiana  was  passed 
and  approved  May  IS,  1893. 

A  memorial  of  Ihe  inhobiloiilB,  by  a  conTemion,  praying  ihat  Arkansas  may  ba 
admilled  inlo  tha  Union,  accompanied  by  a  conetilotion  formed  by  said  eonven- 
lion,  was  presented  in  the  House  of  Representalives  on  Maieh  i,  1938.    (Sea 

the  House  of  RepreaenlaUves  Ihtoush  ihe  Presidem  of  ihe  linited  Stales  ou 
March  10, 18S8.    (See  said  primed  doenmeuis,  vol.  4,  No.  104.) 

"AnactferlLeadmiisionof  the  Slate  of  Arkansas  inlo  llie  Union,  and  lo  pre- 
fer other  purposes,"  was  passed  Jnne  IS,  1836,  conlaining  Ihe  following  pre- 
amble, Til. : 


Ibrmed,  is  republican:  And  whej 


InlionoflbeUnlledSla 

iss ;  and  Ihe  said  convemiou  have,  in  their  behali;  ai 

theCkingressoflheUn 

iled  Slates  to  admit  Ihe  said  lerrilory  inlo  Ihe  Union  i 

sua, 

.rr-'™- 

MICHIGAN, 

op.- 

Formed  oui  of  pan  o 

f  the  lerriiory  ceded  lo  li.e  United  Stales  by  Ihe  Slal 

oof 

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By  lUe  HOI  of  ApiU  13, 1818, 10  enillile  ths  peopls  of  Illim 
lioii  oud  Sime  gofernmenl,  &o,,  a  part  gf  Ihol  lerritory  wa 
lovyorMicWgan. 


Honse  of  Reptesentaiives,  on  Febrnary  3fl,  ]  833. 

A  memorial  for  Bdmissioii  was  presenlcil  in  House  of  RepjEsentnlivea,  DEcem- 
ber  H,  law,  and  iu  Senale,  Peliinary  SB,  1834.  (See  aocmneiilB  House  of  Ropta- 
BQiitadves,  isl  session,  33d  Congress,  vol.  3,  No,  16S,  vol.  4,  Nos.  US,  30S.) 

A  report  wee  matle  by  a  select  committee  of  tlie  House  of  Representatives  on 

House  orRepresenlalives,  Isl  session,  33d  Congress,  vol.  3,  No.  334.)  This  report 
inhabitauis  of  the  easletn  division  of  the  territory  of  MicliigBii,  and  of  the  terri- 

Lorial  government  of  Huron, 

anil  north  of  the  Slate  of  Missouri,  to  me  lerrilory  of  Michigan,  was  passed  and 
approved  June  S8, 1834. 

A  memotigl  was  ptesenlod  in  tlie  Senale,  Deeeiaher  23d,  and  House  of  Reprs- 
senlatives,  December  2B,  1834,  for  tbe  erection  of  "Wisconsin"  into  a  separaw 
government.  (See  documents  House  of  Representatives,  Sd  session,  :»d  Congress, 
vol.  a,  Nos.  3-1, 47.) 


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were  received  on  Deeeinber  10, 1635.    (See  Seiiale  agcatnenta,  Isl  seB5ioi4  Sltk 
CongrcM,  vol.  1,  Nos.  5  and  0.) 

llie  bQundBry  lielweeii  Ohio  mid  Michigan,  was  feoeijed  January  12,  ISSa.    (See 
Sensle  docntuenls  aa  idiove,  vo].  2,  No.  51.) 

line,  Bccotnpaniad  by  a  map,  on  Mareli  1, 1338.  (See  Senale  docnmenlB  as  above, 


■  to  Ihe  said  aol  w 
J  provide  for  Ibe  d 


with  Ilie  original  Stales,  was  passed  January  SS,  1S37,  cantaiaing:  Ike  tbl. 
lowing  preamlile,  Tiz. : 
"Wheteaa,  in  pursi-ance  of  Ihe  act  of  Congress  of  Jnna  15,  ISM,  eulidod,  'An 

pressed,'  a  coavenlion  of  Selegalea,  eleoled  by  llie  people  of  the  said  State  of 
Michigan,  for  tha  sole  purpose  of  giving-  Iheir  aueni  to  the  boundaries  of  the  said 

did,  on  December  15,  IfiOB,  assent  to  Uia  provisions  of  siud  ael,  Therefore, 

"£.a™a««I,&o,,Th»itJ.,Si.i.  of  Michigan  .hidlbB  one,  and  is  hereby  ds- 


FLORIDA, 
ory  ceded  by  Spain  lo  the  United  States,  by  IrentJ 


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43T 

13,  ISU,  Laws  Uuile. 


Anaci,  Pebranry  IS,  IBIS,  do.  do.         sflS. 

Aq  ncl  lo  authorize  the  President  of  tJ.e  Unlled  Sinles  to  lake  poMesnion  of  Easl 
omi  Wssl  Flotifia,  and  eslablish  t  temporarj  gDvernment  Ihersiii,  was  pa.sed 
March  3, 1S13. 

An  Bot  for  csiiylng  into  eseculion  the  Irealy  between  Ihe  Uniled  Stales  anfl 
Spain,  concluded  at  Washington,  on  Febfuary  S3, 1819,  was  pajsed  March  S,  1S31. 

(Laws  United  Slates,  vol.  e,  p.  d31.) 

(Same  vol.  p.  638.) 
Article  of  Eurtender  of  Welt  Florida  lo  Ihe  United   States  on  July  17,  ISSL 


An  aol  10  amend  the  act  nf  Matph  3,  leaS,  was  passed  and  approved  May  SB, 

dividing  tJia  letrilory  of  Florida  frooi  the  State  of  Georgia,  was  passed  aud  ap- 
proved May  1, 1530. 

An  act  lo  amend  Ihe  Beveial  acts  for  the  establlalnnenl  of  Ihe  territorial  scvern- 
menl  in  Florida,  was  passed  and  approved  May  IS,  132H. 


&c,,  presented  to  House  ofRepresentativcisFebraBry  20,  1839.    (See  clocu 
House  of  ReptesenlaUves,  3d  seasioa,  E5th  Congress,  voL  4,  No.  SOa) 


entetl  in  Senate,  February  IS,  1S40. 

bill  to  aulbofize  the  people  oFMiddla  and  Weal  1 

Slate  Boveminent,  nnd  to  proride  fbr  the  odmi 


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wute  prosented  in  Ihe  Seuala  of  the  Uniled  Slales,  on  March  fl,  1840. 

Reaolailona  of  die  Legislalnre  of  Florida  Or  admisaion  and  agmna  division, 
were  preeenled  in  Bsnalo  of  [luiled  Slates,  Moich  11,  and  in  Koose  of  Repce- 

A  Oiil  tor  the  admiBsion  of  Florida  (nlo  the  Union  on  certain  condiuons,  and 
a  bill  Tor  Ibo  division  of  Plorida,  and  Ibe  iii^pre  admission  of  Ihe  Slates  of  East 
nnd  WesI  Florida,  on  cerlnin  conflilionB,  were  reported  in  Seiiste,  Julf  2, 1B40. 

The  meinotiBl  for  admiBaiou  and  the  conBlHulion  again  presentefl  iu  House  of 

seesion,  S7t>i  Congress,  vol.  4,  No,  SOU.) 

Memorials  of  oiiizens  of  Florida  for  tke  otimlesion  of  Ihat  lerrilor^  into  ilia 
Union,  presenled  in  the  Senate,  July  15  aaid  21,  Augoat  10, 13, 18, 17,  and  3D,  13J2. 

Resolutions  of  Ihe  lesisloUve  council  of  Florida  for  a  division  of  that  Territory 

On  June  17,  1644,  the  followi.^  reaolnUon  was  lepoilea  in  the  Senate;  Bo- 
on same  day,  a  report  aHverse  to  a  division  of  the  Terrilory  was  made.    (3se 

reporls  of  commiltee,  House  of  Repcasenlatives,  Isl  session,  mh  Congress,  voL 

3,  p.  S7J.} 

Keaolmlons  of  the  legislative  council  of  Florida,  for  tlie  nilmission  of  Florida  at 
Ihe  same  time  with  Iowa,  were  presented  in  House  of  Bepreaemativea,  Febrnary 


id  on  Maroli  3, 1 B15,  o 


(brnifoitbeinBelves  a  constituiion  and  Siate  government;  andwherea; 
of  the  Territory  of  Florida  did,  in  iiko  manner,  by  their  delegates  g 

bulb  of  which  said  conslitntions  are  republican;  and  said  eonvenlii 


■aacua,  f-e,.  Thai  Ilie  Stales  of  Iowa  and  Florida  be,  and  the  same  are 
leclared  to  be  Stales  of  Ibe  United  Slates  of  America,  and  are  hereby 
into  Ihe  Union  on  equal  footmg  with  tlie  original  Slates,  in  all  respects 
fcr,  &c. 
y  And  ii  it  JunhiTtnacUd,  That  the  said  Staleof  Florida  sliall  embiace 


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439 

Cnjffli,  and  for  olhet  purpOBee,  was  paased  March  S,  181S. 

ByiKiB  eel. grains  of  Land  WFie  uiaile  lo  Florida,  unci  the  laws  oflhe  Uniici 
Sales  were  exiendedlo  llial  Stale 

ResDluliods  of  the  Legislslnre  ofFkirida,  in  relatioR  Id  the  dispmed  boundarie. 

ruaty  2,  ISiS.    (See  Senala  doeumeiHB,  1st  session,  asih  Congress,  vol.  4,  Nos 
91!  and  133.) 

On  March  4,  1846,  a  bLU  rsspscling  the  selllfmpnt  of  the  honnflary  line  between 
Ilia  State  of  Florida  and  the  State  of  Georgia,  was  reported  from  the  pominLtlcu 

TEXAS, 

A  Joinl  resolution  for  anneiing  Teias  to  the  United  Stales,  approved  Marol 

ig  Texas  to  the  United  Stales. 

Hsok'id  by  t^  Senate  and  Houxe  of  Repteseittaeioet  of  the  UnUed  States  ofAnwi'^ 

in  Cmigrejj  OEembled,  That  Consreas  doth  consent  that  (he  territory  properly  in 

eluded  wilbin  and  righlfully  belonging  to  the  Republic  of  Texas  may  he  erecle. 

Into  a  BOW  State,  lo  be  called  the  Stale  of  Teiae,  wilh  a  republican  form  of  go 

assembled,  witli  the  consent  of  the  eiisling  government,  in  order  Ihal  the  sum. 


Second.  Said  Stale,  when  admitted  into  the  Union,  alter  ceding  lo  the  Unil 
Stales  ell  public  edifices,  lortifications,  barraclis,  pons,  mid  harbors,  navy  a 
imvy-yflfdB,  docks,  magazines,  ariDS,  armamenls,  and  all  other  property  a 
means  pertaining  la  Uic  .public  defence  belongii^  to  aaid  Republic  of  Tex: 

belong  loot  bo  due  end  owing  said  repablioi  and  shall  also  relajn  all  the  vaof 
and  unappropriated  lands  lying  wilbin  its  linuls,  lo  be  applied  lo  Ihe  payineal 
the  debls  and  liabilities  of  said  Republic  of  Texas ;  and  the  residue  of  said  luu< 
after  discharging  said  debts  and  liabilities,  lo  be  disposed  of  a*  said  Stale  m 

Oovernmeni  of  ihe  Uniied  Slates. 

Theed.  New  States,  of  eouvenienl  size,  not  exceeding  four  in  number,  m  ad 
Hon  lo  SBlil  SlalB  of  Toms,  aud  having  snflicieni  populalion,  may  hereailer. 


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^e  consent  of  said  SiaTe,  be  fotmed  oul  of  Ihe  lertiloiy  Ilisroof,  which  bHbI?  U 

Simca  hb  may  be  formed  oul  of  ihul  porUon  ofBaifl  lortilory  lying  so'ulh  of  ll.irty 
eii  degrees  ihliiy  miDnles  notlli  Latitude,  commonly  known  at  Ihe  Misiosri  corn 
promise  line,  shall  bo  adniilled  into  Ihe  Union  willi  or  without  slasery,  us  llii 
people  of  each  Slate  asking  admissioQ  mny  desire.  And  in  such  State  oi  Statei 
as  shall  he  fbrmad  out  of  said  territory  noith  of  said  Miseouii  oompromise  line 

Bed.  3.  And  te  il  /uTlfitr  raolctd.  That  if  Iha  Fresideal  of  Ihe  United  State: 

ing  to  submit  the  foregoing  resolution  to  the  Kepohlic  of  Texas,  as  an  ovenuto  01 
Ibe  part  of  the  United  Stales,  for  adiuisiion,  10  negotiate  with  thsl  republic ;  then 
St  a  fniohiia,  That  a  Suite,  m  he  formed  oat  of  tlie  present  Repnblie  of  Texei 
with  snitoble  client  mid  boimdarieB,  and  with  two  Eepreaentativea  in  Consreaf 
until  the  next  apportionment  of  repiesentation,  ahall  be  admitted  into  the  Union 

teriQE  and  conditions  of  such  admiseion,  and  the  cession  of  Ihe  famainmg  Texni 
a  of  Taia 


A  joint  resolution  foi  the  admission  of  the  Slate  of  Texas  into  Ihe  Union,  ap- 
proved December  29,  1345. 
JOINT  RESOLUTION  for  the  aiimission  of  Ihe  Slale  of  Texas  into  Ihe  Union. 

Whereas  Ihe  Congress  of  the  United  States,  by  a  join!  resolution  approved 
March  the  firsl,  eigliteen  hundred  and  forly-five,  Aid  consent  that  Ihe  territory 
properly  incinded  within  and  rightfully  belonging  lo  the  Bepnblio  of  Texas  might 
be  erected  into  e  new  giate,  to  be  cattiHl  the  State  of  Texas,  with  a  republieuH 
form  of  goverumerit,  to  be  aitapted  by  the  people  of  said  republic,  hy  deputies  in 

Congress  was  given  upon  certain  conditions  apeoiAed  in  Ihe  Qrsi  and  second  see- 


by  the  people  of  Ihe  Hepublic  of  Texas,  have  been  Iransmilled  lo  Ihe  PreeidonI 
of  the  Uuitiid  States,  and  laid  before  Congress,  in  conformity  10  the  provisions  of 
nald  joint  rosaiulion :  Tharelbre, 
Ktio/iai  6y  !fli  .■jenoi*  and  Mousi  of  Hifrismmiivnijf  lla  United  Sialic q^ Amaica 


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441 


SBC.  3.  And  bs  fl  fiatier  risolced,  Tbal  until  llie  Bep; 
Unlied  Siawa,  ihe  Slate  of  Texas 


.ijijniiieii  December  9S,  IS4S. 
An  sel  lo  esleiid  the  laws  of  the  United  Stales  over  llie  Stale  of  Tcias,  and  for 
otlier  porpoaes,  appealed  Deeember  29,  1S4!3,  viz. : 

AN  ACT  to  eilend  the  la.wa  of  the  United  3lalcB  over  the  Slate  of  Texas,  and 
for  oUier  purposea. 
Be  a  ennOaJ  by  Ihe  Small  and  Ho«»  qf  Repramvuiva  rif  ll\!  Viiiled  Smta  qf 
Amaiea  iit  Cimgre«  asiimliUd,  Tlial  all  the  laws  of  ihe  United  Btrnes  ate  heieby 
d-clared  to  exiond  to  and  ovar,  and  to  have  full  (brre  and  effect  within,  llie  Stite 
of  Teioa,  adinitted  at  Hie  pteaenl  seasbn  of  Congtesa  into  the  tMnfederacy  and 
Vnion  of  tlis  Unitfld  Slalfls.  Jppiiard  DcdemW  S9, 1815. 

WISCONSIN. 
[By  aet  a91.h  May,  1848,  the  etaSeof  WiBconelniras  admlttefl  into  the  Dnloo. 


mem  for  WiaeonBinont  ofpanof  Thiichigiiui. 

On  December  6,1S]3,  the  coinmltlce  made  a  report  accompanied  by  a  bill, 
(See  repotlB  of  committee*  House  of  Reptssentaliveii,  Isl  session,  asd  Coneroji, 
vol.  1.  No.  14S.> 

liloTf,  and  that  the  teiritary  of  Wisconsin  b«  established,  was  presented  in  Se- 
nate of  tlie  United  States,  December  23,1^34.    ISee  Senate  doonnunls  Sd  session. 
Bid  Consiess.  vol.  S,  No.  24.) 
On  February  li,  ie36,  a  bill  ealabllshinE  Ihe  lerrltoTlnl  e;overnnienl  of  'Wiscon- 

On  March  1, 183B,  a  memorial  of  legislative  couneil  of  Michigan  fbr  same,  pre- 
sented in  House  of  Repiesentaliies.  (See  docamenls  1  louse  of  RopreseulaliTes, 
1ls1  session  34lh  CongieBa,  vol.  4,  No.  153.) 

dieney  of  authorizing  ihe  teiritoiy  of  Wisconsin  to  take  a  census  and  adopt  a 
constitution,  preparatory  to  being  admilled  into  Ihe  Union,  was  passed. 
On  May  U,  ISSS,  ihe  said  committee  reported  a  bill  to  enable  the  people  of  East 


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On  June  13,1333, 
Ih«  State  of  MJchigt 
On  Januiiry  28,  1 


ritoty  of  the  United  Slaiea,  tiorlli-weBt  of  the  riTot  Ohio,"  p8»«ii  by  the  CongieBJ 
r.f  Ihe  Confedetallon,  July  13,  Itff!.    (See  the  esow,  under  the  head  "Ohio.") 

und  WiBconaln.   (See  Senate  docuiuBnls,  M  session,  36th  Omgress,  to],  4,  No.  161.} 

On  February  8, 1841,  a  meRisrial  of  the  LegisJetive  Assembly  of  Wisconsin, 
inal  a  law  defining  the  western  boundary  liue  of  said  lerritoiy  be  passed,  was 
uresenled  In  Senate.    (Bee  Senate  docmnenls  as  above,  vol.  4,  No.  IJl.) 

On  February  IS,  1841,  resDlutions  of  tlte  General  As^mbly  of  Miciiigan  in  re- 
lalion  to  the  boundary  line  between  that  State  and  the  territory  of  Wisconsin, 
were  presented  in  the  Senate.  (See  Senate  documents,  M  session,  Slltli  Co^ress, 
>ul.  4,  No.  lee.) 

On  March  19, 1841,  resolutions  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Wisconsin  ter- 
ritory in  relation  to  the  boundary  between  laiehigan  and  Wisconsin,  were  pre- 
senled  in  House  of  Bepresentalives.  (See  documents  House  of  Bepreseiuatives, 
Sd  session,  Sflh  Congress,  vol,  3,  No.  147.) 

On  March  30,  IMS,  a  Tesolution  of  the  legislative  council  of  Wisconsin  asfcins 


On  January  21,  ISl!,  the  constituiion  adopteil  by  the  people  of  Wisconiin,  I 

cumentsHoBseofRepresentatives,  3d  session,  Sillh  Congress,  vol.  3,  No.  40.; 
On  March  3, 18^7,  an  act  for  the  admission  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin  into  i 
jjon,  was  passed  and  approved.    To  be  admitted  on  condition  that  the  coosli 

the  State,  and  as  Boon  as  such  assent  shall  lie  given,  the  President  of  (he  Unit 


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443 

IOWA. 

iwniim,  passed  Iba  House  of  Representatives. 
On  December  14,  I83r,  a  refolnlion  of  aonio  lenor  passed  House  of  Represanla 


On  February  0,  ISIS,  a  repon  was  made  by  commliiee  of  Honse  af  R 

acconipBiued  by  a  bill. 
On  June  IS,  1633,  an  aol  10  alvifle  the  territory  of  ■Wisoonam,  and  li 

On  Jooe  18, 1838, 6n  sctlo  authotiie  the  President  of  llie  United  Slnli 


tion  lo  iheBoalheru  boundary  of  the  territory  of  Iowa,  were  received.    (See  dodii- 
mentsHouaeofRepi'esentallveD,  3d  session,  95tti  Congress,  vol.  4,  No.  188.) 

On  Marcli  3, 1839,  sn  appropriation  was  made  for  the  survey  of  the  soutbaru 
bonndary  of  the  territory  of  Iowa,  of  «B6fl  05. 

the  territory  of  Jown,  was  passed  and  approved. 
On  Marob  3, 1839,  an  act  to  alter  and  emend  Ilie  organic  lew  of  the  territoriec 

On  Itecember  34,  1839,  a  message  ftom  the  President,  with  doeumenls  relating 
to  the  disputed  boundary  between  Missouri  and  Iowa,  waj  reeeived  in  Senate, 
and  in  the  House  of  RepresentativeB  on  December  87.  (Sea  Senate  documents, 
lei  ecsEion,  SGth  f^ngress,  vol.  1,  No.  1.    House  of  Representatires,  vol.  1,-  No.  e.| 

OuSecember3l),lS3»,  additional  documents  on  same  subject  communicated  to 
House  of  Representatites,  nnd  to  the  Senate  on  January  3,  1840.  {See  Senate 
documents,  1st  session,  SClh  Congress,  vol.  2,  No.  3S.  House  of  Kepresonlalives, 
vol.  2,  No.  36.) 

the  Senate, 

On  January  31, 1840,  additional  dOBnniems  on  same  anbjeol  were  oommuniculcd 
lo  the  Senate,  in  compliance  with  two  resolutions  of  tlie  Senate  of  December  So. 
1SS9.    (See  Sonale  documents,  1st  session,  Sfilh  Congress,  vol.  4,  No.  13S.) 


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II  by  detegale  from  Iowa  on  sain 
}lo.  of  RepSr,  by  B  ccmmillfe  on  T 


es.,  aoib  Ccpiig.,  vol.  1,  Nq. 


raeul,  and  for  lbs  Bilmiesion  of  Buch  Stale  into  the  Union." 

On  February  11,  1S41,  b  bill  for  BiceilaiDing  ami  Beltling  the  BOH thern  boundary 
line  oElhe  territory  oflowa,  reporled  in  Senate. 

On  Meich  8,1841,  a  reBolnlion  of  legislative  oounci!  oflowa  rehuive  to  souilietn 
boundaiy  iine  of  said  territory,  was  preaeuted  in  Ho.  of  Repa. 

On  Marob  19,  leil.  a  measage  from  the  Presifleill,  relative  to  bonndary  line  ha- 

sea.,  mh  Cong,,  vol.  3,  No.  141.) 

On  May  28, 1S41,  the  committee  on  Leirilories  of  the  Ho,  of  Reps,  made  a  report, 
with  a  bill,  fixing  the  boundary  line  between  iMiaaouri  and  Iowa,  which  paaaed 
IhB  Ho.  of  Reps.  only.  (For  report,  see  reirarls  Ho.  of  Reps,  ad  sea,,  S7th  Cong,, 
vol,  4,  Wo,™.) 

On  January  21,  IBtl,  a  lepon  mstle  in  tlo,  of  Etepa,  from  commille.:  on  lerrito- 
lies,  accompanied  by  a  bill  fixing  the  bound.iry  between  Missouri  and  lotva.  (For 
report,  see  Reps.  Coiamltiecs,  Ho,  or  Repe.,  Sd  sea,,  27i1l  Coag.,  voL  I,  No.  sa.) 

On  December  31, 1813,  a  reeoinlion,  that  report  of  Albert  H.  Lea,  in  Teference  lo 
the  northern  bonnaary  of  Missonri ;  the  report  of  Gapt,  Guion  and  Lieut  Fremont, 
in  lefeieneB  b>  Ibe  Ilea  Moinee  river,  and  the  evidence  in  refeience  lo  the  north- 
ern  boundary  of  Mlsaouri,  be  referred  and  pruited,  vi'aa  paaaed.  (See  does.  llo. 
of  Repa,  3d  BBS,,  37th  Cons.,  'Ol,  3.  No,  38,) 

On  December  V3, 1843,  an  act  of  the  Legialature  of  Miaaoori  respecting  the 
boundery  line  with  Iowa  lercitory,  was  presenled  in  llo,  of  Repa.  (See  docs. 
Ho,  of  Reps,,  Isl  eei,,  3glb  Cong;.,  vol.  1,  Mo,  SB.) 

On  February  12, 1344,  a  message  from  the  Preatdenl,  with  a  memorial  from  tha 
Legislative  Aaaembly  oflowafcr  admission  into  the  Union,  was  receivedin  Senate. 

On  April  2, 1944,  the  committee  on  teiiiloriee  of  Ho,  of  Reps,  reported  a  bill  lo 

admission  of  such  Stale  into  the  Union. 

Senate,  and  on  laih  December  in  Ho,  of  Heps.  [See  Senate  docs,,  3d  fos,,  £Slh 
Cong,  vol.  1,  \-o.  3,  and  docs.  Ho,  of  Rciis.,  vol,  I,  No,  5,  and  vol.  3,  No,  77,1 


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415 

inw  Hie  Union,  wm  tepotlcil  in  Ho.  oflteps. 

Ou  February  19, 1S45,  a  memorial  of  Iho  Oenerol  Assembly  of  Misaouli,  pray- 
ing Dial  ihe  Bouihern  bonndsry  line  of  lowo  be  msde  \o  eoniorm  to  Uie  notthetii 
houndsiy  lins  of  Mieeouii,  &c,,  wse  pieaeuled  in  Sejisla.    (3«e  Senate  docs.,  Sii 

On  June  17, 1344,  an  acl  rEspeoUng  Uie  northern  touadaiy  of  (ha  Slate  of  Mis- 

On  March  3, 1646,  an  act  for  Ihe  admiaaion  of  the  Siatea  of  Iowa  and  Florida 
inlD  the  Union,  was  paaaed  and  approved.  To  this  act  llie  aaaem  of  Die  people  of 
Iowa  la  10  be  given,  lo  be  announced  by  proclamation  by  the  PreaLienl,  and  Ike 

Slale  lo  be  eatilled  to  one  Represenlalive  until  the  next  cenane. 

of  Iowa  and  Florida  into  the  Union,  wu  passed  and  approved.    TlUa  act  eiteuds 
the  laws  of  the  U.  S.  to  the  Slate  of  Iowa. 

On  Deoember  IS,  IMS,  a  bill  lo  define  the  boundorjes  of  [ha  Slate  of  Iowa,  and 
lo  repeal  so  much  of  the  act  of  March  3d,  lSi5,  aa  relates  to  the  boundaries  of  said 

On  March  27, 1S46,  an  amendatory  liill  reported  by  laid  coinmillee. 

On  January  9, 1S4S,  a  joint  resolation  of  tlie  legislalive  council  of  (lie  lerritoiy 

On  Pebtaary  5,  IBiB,  a  memorial  of  a  Convention  of  the  people  of  Missouri  on 
sobjeclofthennrtbernboundary  of  that  Slate,  and  the  admission  of  Iowa  into  tha 
Union,  was  presented  in  Ho.  of  Kepa.  (See  docs.  Ho.  of  Reps.,  let  ses.,  89ih  Cong., 
vol.  4,  Mo.  1U4.) 

(See  aame  docs.,  vol.  1,  No.  m.j 

On  Jane  10,  in  Senate,  and  July  a,  1849,  In  Ho.  of  Hops.,  copies  of  Ihe  consUtu- 
lian  of  Iowa  were  presented.  (See  does.  Ho.  of  Reps.,  Lst  ses.,  SSlhCking.,  voL  7, 
No.  317,  and  docs,  of  Seiiale,  vol.  i.  No.  SSi.) 

On  Augnsl  4,  1840,  an  acl  to  define  the  boundaries  of  Ihc  Slale  of  Iowa,  and  to 


CALIFORMA. 


,11  (8. 3IM)  reixaliid  IQ  Sunalu  by  II 


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1848;  Tlite  gemlfi  Journal,  1  Sees.  SO  CongreSE,  pngttB  477,  499,  492,  496,  MS—pimsel 
EvnaW  603— SB  July.    Lildon  tliHtaljle  nouae  of  RQiii™eBtjiavM,iS  July,  1818. 

BUi  (S.  360)  inlroanoal  ijj  Uon.  Stephua  A.  Douglass, "  for  tte  udmianiou  of  Caiifar- 
Bla,  Intu  the  nulon  a^  a  eCtils,"  II  Use.,  1848,  and  lelMtitd.   KeportEd  Aom  comiulttea 

HUl  (IL  U,  ase)  reportad  in  OoDse  of  tti?pre!>entatlies  b;  Hon.  C&leb  B.  Smilli,  ••  to 
eelabliah  tUa  torrilorial  eovurnmoat  of  Uppi't  CaliroiniB,-'  2i)  Daa.  1348,  par*^  27  Feb. 
1319.    In  SuoBte  EBferred  28  Foil.!  mminilt«B  dischnrged  3  Meiiili,  1846,  anil  Senato 


Tbe  "Bin  («.  K.  69!)  making  app: 

coprlatlonB  f, 

t  Uia  ei.it  jncl 

diplonullo  expanses 

of  lliB  goyernmeatibrtlieyoMenilingeheaoJu 

B^  1350,  and  1 

or  other  purposaa," 

.nita,  tlie  lloi 

kcr  of  Wisoinab,  on 

.ntfortheteguUtionandgi 

necnmcntofsJlCha 

toniloij  ac^Bfrtd  ftom  tha  Mesican 

Kspubllo  by 

tHe  trea.tj-  of  2d  Feb.  1848 ;  fer  pro- 

Doodinga  DO  vbicb,  Tide  Senate  Joui 

™al,2  8e«.s. 

11  Congrass,  pss 

las  Ml,  266.  267,  202, 

IIau«:  of  Kepri 

:ei^lo.1^Tes  agreed  to 

t.    The  Sana 

to  dlaagiTied  to 

Wallier,  3  March,  1849,  page  331.    » 

jc  ptoccertlngB  of  HonsB  of 

itativaa,  Sd  Sas! 

eOO,  601,  837—847,  nnJ  870. 

The  "  BiU  (S.  es)  to  provide  fbr  Ov 

1  orgaulzatioi: 

Ciliforaia,  Daaeret,  and  New  M«im 

.10  tJie  paoplB  1 

)f  Jacinto,  with  Iha 

r»n«int  Of  the  State  of  lexas,  to  form  a  constltutli 

the  admission  of  sach  slate  into  the 

Onion  npon 

.g  nith  the  original 

States  In  all  toBptcta  vrtulvTei,"  tm 

on  lenTe,  by  Hon.  HenrJ  6.  Eoote, 

18  Jaji,  and  on  33  Jan..  I860,  re&rre 

d  to  tlie  Committee  on  Tei-ill 

.or.es.    Not  reported. 

arjClay.rete 

in,  *o,  39  Jan,  1360, 

vido  ftjnalB  Jonmal,  pages  118,  299. 

la,*o,,2SBel..l8«^ 

vidu  Senate  Jonmal,  pages  184,  299. 

bomaa  H.  Da 

nlon,  ralaUve  i 

toCallfcraia,4c.,I8 

April,  18M,  Tiao  Sanate  Journal,  pagea  293, 299. 

"  A  Bill  {A.  326)  to  admit  OaJifornia  a:  a  slate  Into  tbo  Union,  to  aslaUlah  tarrlto- 

establiehuient  o£  har  western  and  northern  boundarlee,^  tf^tbor  with  a  spe^al 
report  from  the  select  eoaimiUee,  was  submltttd  is  Hon.  tienrj  Ola;,  8tli  Hay,  1850, 
Tide  Senate  Journal,  1  SeH.31  Ckingrass,  pagee  SSH,  374,  379,  332, 392,  396,  406, 403, 410, 
414,  428,  449,  466,  460,  462,  468,  471,  474,  479,  486,  4S1,  494,  (Amendment  of  Mr 
Fearse,496J5IS;  pused  Senate  as  amended,  1  Angngt,  1 SS 0,  being  reduced  to 
"  An  set  to  eetabllHh  a  terrllotial  gOTemment  tOr  TJlah,"    {See  Utah.) 

"A  Uitl  (S.  109)  for  tbe  adnUs^on  of  tba  State  of  Calllbrnla  into  the  Union,"  waa 
reporlodby  Hon.  Stephen  i.Donglasa  from  Committee  on  Territories,  26  iMnrch,  1360, 
Tide  Senals  Jouma!,  1  Sess.  31  Oongrcsa,  pages  234,  292,  301,  517,  620,  622,  630,  633, 
64fl.  663,  ES7,  whii*.  bill  passed  Senate  UAugustilS50;  conadai-etj  i^  Houneof  Rep- 
rose.  taHvea,  yide  Jouraal,  1  SesB.  81  Congress,  pagea  1416  tfl  1421;  passed  Housa 
of  i(,>i..'iaenl!itlvea  7  Sept,  and  became  a  taw,  B  Septemhei-,  1S50. 


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44T 
OREGON  TEREITOKY. 


3.  Tiealj  of  liioils  westwarfl  of  Uw  Kocky  Mountains,  ivllliQi-eat  Britain,  of  Jona 
A  Bill  (a.  R.  laSj  "toentsblishatorritDIialgm'Friinientln  Oifgon,"  was  reported 
;,,  IMS,  with  sf«cl&I  ID- 

A  Bill  (S.  41)  "to  orgsnise  a  (erritorJal  goTecnmeiit  In  the  Oregon  Tuiritoir,  and  tbr 
otlioc  pnrposes,"  vnm  introduced  on  leaTO  in  Senate  li;  Hod.  SIduer  Breeee,  ^  Deo, 
]$4e,  and  Kt^ired  to  Committee  on  tbe  Jndldarr,  but  not  reported  tbereiVom. 

A  Bill  (H.  E,  67!)  "  to  sstablleh  tlw  territorial  gorernment  of  Oregon,"  was  reported 
by  [ion.  Stephen  A,  Douglass,  House  of  EepreBentativwi,  Si  Vee.,  ISH,  passed  that 

ported  with  amendineuts  2^  JaUp ;  riHiDmiqitted  29  Jan.;  reported  with  ameDduiunts 
11}  ?eb. ;  ordered,  That  1(  lie  ou  the  table,  3d  Uarcb,  1S4T. 
ABill(3.  M)"tOMta1ili8h  thelorritorial  govornnMnt  of  Oregon,"  was  introduced 

tlon  bj  the  Ssnats  nnW  la  Julj,  1918,  was,  on  motion  of  Hon.  John  M.  Clayton,  referrPd 
to  a  select  commHtoa.  On  IB  July,  Mr.  Oajton  flMiQ  sidd  committee  reported  it  with- 
out aniBudmenti  and  reported  Bill  (g.  321)  "  to  estoblisb  the  lerritorijil  govornmenla 
of  Oregon,  Callfornii  and  Now  Mesico,"  whiidi  bill  passed  the  Senate  2fl  July,  1348, 
unil  was  laid  on  the  tuble  la  the  House  of  BepreseataUves  29  July,  134S.  Mot  further 

A  Bill  (H.  R.  201)  "  in  eataWlsh  the  territorial  government  of  Oregon,"  was  rsportod 
from  Committee  on  Tetrltories,  Honse  of  Bepresentativea,  8  FeU,  184S,  by  Hon.  Caleb 

amendments  10  Aug,  1813,  sni  became  a  Ian  on  the  14(]i  Angnst,  1S4;8. 

TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA. 


A  Bill  (&.  152)  "  lo  establish  the  territorial  goremment  of  Minesota,' 
onlea-ieby  Hon.  Stephen  A.  Douglasn,  23  Feb.,lE43.  Itepoiied  and  re 
Du  S  Aug.,  1349,  reported  with  amendmeula.    Kot  furthei'  acted  on  a 

Resumed  20  Dec,  1848, 2  Seas.  30  Congress ;  passed  (he  Senate  19  Je 
Ilouee  of  BepreBcntatlres  with  ameuduieutB,  £8  Feb,  and  became  a  lai 
1819. 


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TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXJCO. 

pnblfc  by  Treatj^  ooDclndijd  at  Gimilgliip^  HMfllgo,  tJie  2d  Tobcuary*  1818. 

[For  atattiment  of  ptopodtCtonfl  Ibr  £jrmlug  a  temton&l  goreinnienl  for  New  MesleO} 
eee  under  bend  of  "  CaUfoin!^"] 

A  Bill  (S.  170)  "to  Bslnblish  the  Kovfmments  of  Utah  and  New  MeiIco,  and  tot 

tlifi  S-inole  16  Ang,  1860,  amended  to  "  An  act  to  f  stablLeh  a  terrilm^al  gorerninent 
Ibr  New  Mcjico."  (This  bill,  with  the  aaflltlon  of  a  new  sectiOD,  was  engmflua  on 
Bill  (S.  BOI)  tn  House  of  Kepresentatlves.    See  tbllowln);  statemeul.] 

Id  Ilouae  ot  Sepresenlotiyeii,  28  Ang.,  1860,  tbc  Bill  (3.  SOI)  entitled  "  An  set  pTO- 
pnalng  lo  tbe  State  of  Teias  the  esCabllelunenC  of  her  northern  and  western  bounda- 
riee,  the  relinquishmenl  bj  the  said  etato  of  alt  territory  olalmea  by  het  estetlot  to 
EHid  boBodarteB,  nnd  of  all  her  clajms  npon  the  Uollod  Slnte^"  havinE  been  under 
conaklpraljon  until  6th  Sept,  1S60,  waa  then  amended  by  providing  a  territorial  go. 
Tcrnnient  foe  New  Ueiico,  and  on  tbe  6  Sept.  was  pEtssed,  and  the  title  uncndeS  by 
addlDg—Jnd  Id  eileili^i  a  tcnUmiiil 


TERRITORY  OP  UTAH, 
the  territory  exiled  to  the  Onlted  States  by  Hie  Uexlmu  Re- 


The  BUI  (S.  S26)  "to  admit  Oallttirnla  aa  a  state  inlo  the  Union,  to  eetalitlah  territn- 
lial  go»eminent3  tbr  Utah  anfl  New  Mesico,  and  malilni?  ptopoaala  to  Tesas  far  the 
eitabllEliment  ot  her  weBtem  and  northern  bonndarloV' "aa  repeated  hy  Hon.  Henry 
Clay,  8  May,  and  was  amenfled  and  pasaed  the  Senate  1  August;  being  reduoad  to  s 

goy-i-nmimt  ftir  Utah,"   whieh  till  PBBWS  the  House  of  liepreaentalivea  7  &ipt,,  uud 
|jec:auiealawoiitluj9tli  geptembei-,  1S50. 

TERRITORY  OF  KEBRASKA. 
Formed  out  of  part  of  the  territory  coded  lo  Tnitod  States  by  France  by  Treaty  of 

A  Bill  (H.  R.  i44)"toeBtftbUBh  the  territory  of  NehrBBkaj*'wa8  Introduced  on  lenTe 
by  Hon.  Stephen  A.Donglsss,  17  Dec,  1844,  and  referred.  An  amendatDry  bill  reporltd 
I  Jan,  1846,  bnt  no  further  acUon  thereon. 

A  Btll  (S.  170)  "to  eslabUah  the  territory  of  Nebraska,"  was  Introflncod  on  leaye  )iy 
Han,  Qtephen  A.  DougloBe,  16  Maroh,  and  referred.    B«ported  v^tbo^t  aEnendmeiLt 


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449 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

i;aliul>UBfaed  under  Ibe  ITUi  clnuSF,  Sth  section,  ]3t  attkle  of  the  Constitution  nCIhe 
Tml4!Ll Bbitca :  ^^Oongruss  shall  hava  ponor  to  oxercJso  oxclu^lra  1«]^3inVjcin  In  ell 
iBWe  nho^tsoever,  or^  ancb  district  (not  oxcwdiof  ton  milos  sgitar«)  ne  ninj,  h;  nt-s- 
lon  of  partlonlar  StateSrand  the  awoptangoof  CongreaH*  bacQiae  thfl  wyilof  thpQo- 

Uarjlnnd,  ffa  Becemljor  2%  17SB,  psseefl  "  An  aot  to  cede  to  CongreBB  it  tlinEricb  of  ten 

And  the  State  of  Vii^ula.  on  Decsniber  3, 1789,  posjod  "  An  net  for  tha  rasslon  of 
en  milen  e^aan,  or  my  lesser  quantity  of  terrltor;  within  tills  atatK,  to  the  tJulted 

lermiment  seat  of  government  tatabllshed  bjtbe  -Axt  toi  eatabiittbing  tlio  tvmpornry 

LDd  Uie  net  to  lunund  the  Esme,  approved  Uarcli  S,  IT91. 

The  dletiict  of  ten  mllM  equaie  waa  acoordinglj  locutcd,  and  ita  lines  ami  bounda/- 
rfes  paiUcularly  Mtabllshtd  by  a  proclamation  of  Qoa^  Waahington,  President  of 

lumbla,"  spproied  February  27, 1801,  Congregt  sEenmcd  complete  jnrlsdlcUon  over 


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CHAPTER  11. 

SOURCES  OP  HISTORICAL,  POLITICAL,  STATISTI- 
CAL, AND  OTHER  INFORMATION,  REGARDING 
THE  LEGISLATIVE.  EXECUTIVE,  AND  JUDICIAL 
ACTION  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  OF  AMERICA,  IN  POSSESSION  OP  THE 
PUBLIC  OFFICES  AT  THE  SEAT  OF  GOVERN- 
MENT. 

Im  the  course  of  experience  in  public  husiness,  it  lias  teen 
found  that  great  embarrassment  arises  to  persons  entering  into 
public  life  in  obtaining  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  operations  of 
the  Government  from  its  foundation  to  the  period  of  their  entering 
upon  the  arena — which  knowledge  cannot  well  be  dispensed  with 
by  nnbeiJBVers  in  the  doctrine  lliat  sMesmanskip  comes  by  infuilion 
or  inspiration.  They  modestly  approach  the  highly  important  and 
responsible  stations  in  the  legislative  or  execuliTe  branches  of  the 
Government  to  which  the  partiality  of  their  fellow-citizens  has 
called  them,  and  prepare  with  diligence,  however  well  acquainted, 
with  the  general  history  of  the  country,  to  qualify  tliemselvBs  for 
a  consistent,  intelligent,  and  ftiithful  discharge  of  duty,  by  a  revi- 
sion of  the  acts  and  proceedings  of  their  predecessors  tending  to 
or  terminating  in  measures  of  state  policy,  which  have  either  been 
confirmed  by  repeated  legislation,  or  remain  open  questions  for  in- 
vestigation and  discussion,  and  by  an  examination  of  the  foreign 
and  domestic  relations,  the  matter  and  form  of  legislative  business 
generally,  and  the  faols  and  minulife  of  cases  requiring,  by  ap- 
pointment and  a  proper  discharge  of  duty,  particular  attention. 

It  may,  tiierefore,  not  be  unacceptable  to  citizens  entering  into 
public  life,  or  to  those  who  may  expect  at  some  future  period  to 
taice  part  in  public  afeira,  or  to  those  who  may  desire  to  extend 
their  information  concerning  the  measures,  policy,  and  b 


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452 

IS  of  the  go  vera  in  put,  to  he  fisniished  willi  references  to  mme 
of  ike  sourees  and  meana  of  acquiring  such  information. 

To  the  nniniljated,  the  accumulated  mass  of  boolis,  records,  and 
documents,  contained  in  the  public  archives,  is  calculated  to  dampen 
the  ardor,  if  not  to  repulse  the  ordiimrj  scholar  or  man  of  businaEs 
from  the  attempt  to  fathom  the  depths  of  the  arcana;  and  the  pre- 
sent effort  of  the  author  and  compiler  to  atd  in  this  undertaking  13 
more  with  the  view  of  essaying  a  treatise  which  by  extension  and 
improvement  may  hereafter  become  a  vade  jntcum  to  the  atatcsmiii 
and  legislator,  and  subserving  the  public  inleiest  and  convenience, 
tlian  with  the  hope  of  effecting  such  object  in  the  presert  edition 

The  design  of  this  undertaking  is  simply  to  refer  to  lai.  briefly 
describe  the  books,  records,  and  documents  of  a  publit,  character, 
to  be  found  in  the  public  archives  at  the  Seat  of  Government,  con- 
stituting the  principal  sources  of  political  and  slatistictl  inlorma- 
tion.  With  a  view  of  preserving  perspicuity  m  the  sjstc  n  11  e 
whole  will  be  arranged  into  classes  and  sections  as  ltil!o«s  iii 

CLASS   No.   I. 
HISTOHY  OF  THE  UNITED   STAT 


L  COLONEL  PETER  FORCE'S  AMERICAN  A 

f  public  aflkirfl:  Uifl  whole  (btming  A  DOCUMENTARY  HJSTORy  of 


final  rnlilicaiion  i 


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zed  by  die  "Acl  moliiog;  proviBion  for  the  publicBtion  of 
'  of  IhB  Anuricaa  Revolulion,"  npproved  Maicli  %  1S33, 
lietributed  in  the  same  msansr  as  Ihe  Ameiican  Stale 
lion  of  July  10. 1833.    ll  was  fiirlhet  dislribuleS  by  Ihe 


CLASS  No.  2. 
;   PnOCEEDINGS   AND  ACTTS  OF  THE  CONGRESS   OP 
THE   CONFEUmtATION,    FilOM    THE    COMMENCEMENT  OF  THE 
REVOLUTION  TO  THE  COMMENCEMENT  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT 
UNDER  THE  CONSTiTUTION. 
Ses.  1.  THE  PUBUC  JOURNAL  OF  CONGRESS,  containea  in  4  volumei 


Urilain,  and  olber  doeumenla  preceding  oad  succeeding  Ihe  eommencsmenl  of 
licles  of  CanfEdermion  aie  conlained  in  vol.  3.  And  Ihe  Journal  of  Ibe  Committee 
Ifl,17M!  Ibe  powers  to  Ihe  Board  of  Treasury  to  comraci  lor  the  Bale  of  the 

Slales,— are  oonlainEd  in  vol.  4. 

Sfc.  a.  THE  SECRET  JOURNALS  OF  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  CON- 
FEDERATION,  in  four  rolumes : 

Vol.  1.  On  Domeslic  Affairs,  from  1774  to  IMS;  Hisloiy  of  Iho  Confederation. 

Vol.  3,  On  Foreign  Affdis,  from  July,  17SI ,  lo  May  IS,  1780. 

Vol.  1.  On  Foteign  Aflairs,  from  May  11, 1786,  lo  Seplombet  16, 17S8. 

CLASS  No.  3. 

Sec.  1.   THE  JOURNAL,    ACTS,    AND   PEtOCEBDINGS   OF   THE    CON- 

VRNTION   WHICH  FORMED  TtTE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES,  FROM  MAY  14  TO  SEPTEMBER  17,  1787:  Jn  one  volume,  pub 

Lshed  under  a  teeolntion  of  Congress  of  March  27, 1618. 


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3,  THE  DEBATES  IN  Tl 
AND    IN    ' 


RATIEICATJ 


<  Ihe  Debsles  in  Mosaachtisell 
I  Ihe  Debnles  in  Moilh  Curolir 


on  Ibol  fotmed  lbs 
inal  of  Ihe  CoiiTe 


n  Yales,  John  Lan 


lion;  Luther  Mailifl'3  imbrniGlIi 
in.f  and  Edmund  Randoiph  foi'  a 


E  FEDERALIST ;  Being  a 


of  able  . 


b^  AieXBjider  Hamiltan^  Joba  Jay,  and  Jainea  Madison,  all  over  Ihe  signalure  of 

of  Ihal  parainoiLUI  law. 

CLASS  No.  4. 

THE  JOURNAL  OP. THE   HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES,  FROiW  MARCH  4, 1788,  TO  MARCH  3,  13S1. 

This  Journal  as  le-prlntefl  by  order  of  ihe  House  of  Representativea,  ftom  the 

cnmmencemeHl  ID  Mnrcb  3, 181S,  is  conlained  in  0  toIuqicg  oclavo ;  each  haviug 


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455 

Vol.  G.  From  Mny  16, 170J,  lo  MbtqIi  3, 181)1. 
Vol.  4.  From  December  7, 1801,  lo  March  87,  IBM. 
Vol.  5.  From  Novembet  5, 18Q4,  lo  Matcli  3, 1807. 


CLASS  No.  5. 

THE  LEGISLATIVE  JOURNAL  OF  THE  SENATE  OP  THE  UNITED 

STATiS,  FROM  MARCH  4, 17S9,  TO  MARCH  3, 1861, 

This  JODtntJ  as  re-ptmtefl  by  order  of  Ihe  Senale.  from  the  cDdimsi.ccn.ciil  to 


Vol.  a  From  March  4. 1793.  lo  Maicli  3, 17 
Vol.  4.  From  March  4,'  ISOS,'  Ig  March  3, 11 


CLASS  No.  6. 


Sic.  1.  Vol.  1.  Prom  March  4, 17SB,  lo  Mn: 

roh  3,1805. 

Yq].  a.  From  March  4, 1805,  to  Ma 

VoL  a  From  March  4, 1816,  to  Ma 

tch3,ia!». 

fisc.  S.  Those  pans  of  the  EsecBtive  Jou 

rnal  from  which  the  injunction  of  >o- 

ISK).  lo  March  3,  1S61.  will  he  foaad 

rinlea  as  an  appeodii  xo  the  LegislaUve  J 

Sec.  3.  The  Bjecutive  Jonrnal  of  the  Sei 

lale  ftcm  March  4,  I82B,  to  March  3, 

PM,  from  which  to  injunclion  of  sccreo 

lone  ill  mangacript  record-hooks,  ani  is  i 

iccessible  oaly  10  the  Presidcni,  to  Iho 

Icmbers,  Ihe  Secretary  and  cerluill  officer 

«  of  the  Senale.    No  cittact  ftomlhi. 

Older  of  Ihe  Sciialc 

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CLASS  No.  7. 


Sk.  1.  On  the  lila]  of  WUliam  Elonnl,  a  Seiiolor  of  Ihe  Umisd  Smies,  ftom  D8- 
ceinber  17, 1738,  id  Jnanary  14, 1J3B. 

Sfc.  9.  On  Ihe  Irial  of  John  Pickering,  Judse  of  Ihe  New  HampsMre  Dialiicl, 
IVddi  March  3, 1803,  lo  March  13,  I6D3. 

S«.  3.  On  (he  trial  of  Somusl  Chose,  one  of  Ihe  Associala  JualLcea  of  the  Sa- 
prBDiaCouilorihoUfliledSiates,  from  November  30,  lg04, 10  March  l,tsas. 

The  preceiling  cases  wUl  be  found  Be  aii  appendix  lo  Uis  iliird  volunie  of  Ills 
L^islntiye  Joumol  of  Ihe  Sensle. 

Sk.  4.  On  the  trial  of  James  H.  Peck,  Judga  of  the  MissoDri  Dietriol,  from  May 
11,  1830.  to  May  93, 1830  i  and  IVom  Deeemher,  13,  1330,  lo  January  31,  1S31. 

Joarual  of  the  Sennle  of  1S30, 1831. 

The  LeoistATiTE  Journals  of  the  Senate  abd  Hoose  or  Repce- 
SENiATivEB,  exhibit  the  action  of  Congress  from  the  establiehnient  of  tlie 
Government  under  the  Constitution,  in  the  introduction,  progreas  and 
enaotmenl  of  the  Laws  of  the  United  Stataa ;  they  contain  a  tecord  of 
ihe  introduction  by  individual  membars  of  petitions,  motions  or  resolu- 
tiona,  and  bills ;  notices  of  ihe  reports  of  all  committees,  the  names  of 
the  members  voting  on  all  Eubjeots  where  the  yeas  and  nays  are  de- 
manded; bU  the  messages  from  the  President  of  the  United  Stales  lo 
either  House  of  Codgresa,  and  the  inaugural  nddreases,  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Government,  will  be  found  at  length  upon  the  jour- 
nals ;  a  biief  statement  of  the  subject  of  every  report  or  commuiiieation 
from  the  several  Executive  Departments  and  Bureaus  is  entered  upon 
the  Jomnnl  of  the  House  to  which  it  may  "be  directed ;  acla  and  resolu- 
tions of  tho  State  Legislatures  are  entered  upon  the  Journals;  schedules 
of  the  electoral  votes  for  President  and  Vice  President  are  placed  upon 
the  Journals  of  both  Houses,  and  the  names  of  the  membeie  with  those 
of  the  Slates  which  ihey  represent  are  entered  on  the  Journals  of  iha 
respective  Houses  on  the  days  of  their  first  attendance  at  each  session. 

The  volnmes  of  Jonmala  have  indexes  referring  to  the  names  of  peti 
lioners,  members,  Stales,  Executive  Departments,  Presidents'  messages, 
committees,  motions,  resolutions  and  bills  with  references  to  all  the  pro- 
coedinga  thereon,  and  generally  to  all  the  snbjecta  treated  of  in  the  body 
of  tlie  Journal. 

But  with  the  exception  of  the  cases  above  stated,  the  reasons  for  or 
grounds  of  Logislalion,  from  their  voluminous  nature  and  their  number, 
could  not  be  embodied  within  ihe  narrow  compass  of  tho  Journals. 

These  are  contained  in  the  manuscript  files  and  records,  the  printed 


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46? 

docunienls,  and.  the  reported  epeechea  of  the  members  of  the  two  IIousgb 
lo  be  sought  for  from  various  aonrcca. 

The  manuscript  files  and  records  are  preserved  m  the  office  of  the 
House  in  which  they  may  have  been  presented,  or  lo  which  they  muy 
have  been  communicated.  The  printed  documents  and  speeches,  how- 
ever, requite  a  more  particular  description  and  reference,  ivliicb  will  be 
given  as  concisely  as  practieabla. 

CLASS  No.  8. 


T  VO  HOUSE    O  0NGRE1S  SINCE  MARCH  4, 17S9. 

m  ssair     ft        h    P      dent,  reports  from  the  seve 

D  p     m  d  B                 ports  of  committees  of  the 

uses         h  d      m  d              communicated  therewith,  as 

s  m  m        Is   p          us  State  Leglslatm'ea,  and  all 

p  p        p         d       d  h                          ler  House.     These  will  be 
d  n                ns 


3  vols.  FiiumceB,  Vol.  1,  ftom  H 

Vol.  a,   frQIQ  A 

S  vols.  ComtnercB  ejiil  Nsvlgaut 

S  vola.  Military  Aflaita.  Vol.  I,  ( 

Vol.  a,  1 

1  vol.  NhvsI  Affair!.  Vol.  1,  froi 


io  Land!.  Vol.  1,  ftom  MarnL  4, 1789,  lo  Feb,  S7, 1S09. 

VqL  2,  ftom  Fab.  37, 18*9,  ta  Feb.  14, 181S. 

Vol.  3,  fiojq  Feb.  14, 1816.  Io  May  2«,  1934. 
5.  Vol.  1,  fiom  March  4, 1789,  Io  Matcli  3, 1333. 


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438 

There  will  also  lie  included  in  lliia  BeclLoii  ll,o  Iwo  addiMoiial  volumes  on  Publio 
Lands  Ihal  wete  printed  by  I>uffQteeii,  by  order  of  liie  Senale,  vii.  :— 

of  proceeding  iu  the  eiecuiion  of  Ihe  work,  will  be  found  filmed  at  the  beginning 

principles  in  IhaslLowaiice  or  rejeolion  of  private  pecuniarjr  claims  sgainsl  Uia 
Governnienl,  or  in  Ihe  senlement  of  private  land  oloima. 


CLASS   No.   9. 

4  DOCUMENTS  PRINTED  IN  OCTAVO 
FOKIM  BY  ORDER  OF  THK  SENATE,  during  each  session,  from  Marcli  1, 
1769,  to  March  3,  1861.  These  ai'e  numbered  as  Ihay  are  sani  to  ihe  primer; 
loose  copies  are  iiirnished  to  Ihe  members  of  both  Houaea  of  Congress  and  olher 
public  funclionaries,  and  eomelimes  exlra  cnpies  for  distribution,  as  Ihey  are 
prinled ;  and  other  copies  are  relsinBd  and  bound,  in  as  many  volumes  as  necea. 
Biiry,  with  copious  indexes,  for  picBervation,  wlien  the  priming  of  each  session  is 
completed.  The  more  important  of  these  prinled  docBmenia  wili  be  found  re- 
primed,  nnder  their  cppioprialc  heads,  in  the  fclio  state  papers,  wiare  they  wjil 

comulaled  from  March  4,  irSfl,  to  the  time  to  whicii  the  class  Ihcy  belong  to  was 
had  to  these  bound  doenments  of  each  session— eveiy  seasiou  having  a  separaie 

printed  in  foiio  form,  and  dislribuled  neariy  as  Ihe  octavo  documenls.    Several 


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««,)  tor  p,«=tvmion,  when  ILel 


CLASS  No.  II. 

DEBATES  IN  C0NGKES3: 

Embracing  the  speesliea  made  in  Ilie  two  Houses  orCongreee,  from  March  4, 

irea,  to  Match  3, 1B51. 

When  it  ia  desii'sd  to  find  the  discussion  in  eitlier  House  upon  any  par- 

licular  subject,  il  is  necessary  first  lo  asceviain  from  the  journal  of  the 

House  in  wliicli  tlie  discussion  Jiob  talien  place,  when,  or  on  what  days, 

euch  subject  whs  under  consideration  in  the  nause,  and  then  seek  for  the 

publication  of  the  proceedings  of  those  days  in  the  public  newspapers 

thut  published  such  debates,  or  in  the  various  compilations  of  debates,  as 

either  may  be  found  to  embrace  the  time  at  which  the  discussion  may 

have  taken  place. 


d  House  of  Rflpreeenlalives,  from  March  4, 17S9,  id  March  3, 1703. 
MC3  ill  (he  CongresB  of  the  United  Slaxeaon  the  biU  tor  repealing  Iha 
mote  eonvenieni  organiiation  of  the  courts  of  the  United  Stales ;" 

ales  in  iLe  House  of  Rspresenlalives  of  Ihe  United  Stales  on  qnsi- 
d  in  the  British  treaty  of  1704,  (Jay's  treaty ;)  Philadelphia,  IBOE. 


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■5.  B.    Debate!  In  the  Hon™  of  Rflpremntattyes  of  Hia  TTofteil   Slalsa  On  tha 

ioolB  BBT,  in  January  aafl  Cubrnniry,  1819.    (Slate  DapBitnisnt.) 

X.  7.  Dunlap'8  American  Daily  AdveriLsor,  from  ITUl  lo  17B3.    ICongresi 

m  e.  Ihinlnp  &  Claypolo's  AdTerliser,  ftoni  1794  lo  1795.     [Cong.  Lib.) 

t.  9.  Brown's  Philadelphia  Gazelle,  from  1734  to  1600.    (Cong.  l,ib,) 

•c  10.  Bache's  General  Advertiser,  fiom  1795  to  1797.    (Cong,  Lib.) 

s.  II.  Eaehe  &  Cuane's  Aurora,  fl-oni  17«S  lo  1SI4.    |Cnng.  Lib.) 

tc.lS.  Carey's  United  SlBIH  ReoordsT,  fioni  I79e  to  ISDO.    (Cong.  Lib.) 

!c.  la  Delaware  Gaielle,  Political  Mirror,  from  1738  to  1801).    (Cons.  Lib.) 

X.  14.  DenniBon'a  Hfipuliliean  Waloh  Towet,  from  1800  tol809.    (Cong.Lib.) 

«.  15.  J)uan6's  Weekly  Aurora,  from  1810  lo  ISai.    (Cong.  Lib.) 

K.  18.  Fenno'B  GaiellB  of  Ihe  Uniled  Slalea,  from  I78B  lo  1798.     (Cong.  Lib.) 

K.  ir.  National  Intelligencer,  (til-waekly,)  from  1809  to  1813.    (Cong.  Lib.) 

National  Litelligeueer,  (Onil)',)  from  1814  lo  18B1.    (Coi^.  Lib.) 
sc.  IS.  Universal  Gazelle,  (by  Samuel  Hsrriean  Snillli,)  from  1798  lo  189a 
•t.  19.  Philadeiphia  Gazelle,  from  1705  lo  1787.    (Cong.  Lib.) 
«.  20.  Virginia  Argna,  from  1797  lo  1303.  (Cong.  Lib.) 


fromtSOi 

tol 

M.    (Co 

ng.  Lib 

WosbingtonCilyG 

zetle,  from  181 

(Cong 

Lib.) 

(Cong 

Lib.) 

Uniled  Stalee  Teleg 

aph,  ftom 

1829 

0  1837. 

(Cong 

Lib.) 

Globe,  iron,  183E10 

S4S.    (Co 

b.) 

(Co 

tig.  Lib. 

Kegisler  of  Itebalea 

in  l^ngr 

mprising  the 

Bding 

f  each  session,  wilh 

anappen 

iico 

nnuning 

imponontBtal 

on,  l»h  Congress,  1834-^  in 


onal  Globe  and  Apjieni 


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-        ad  S™.  21111  Cfcn 

.  1S42-3,  12Ui  TOL 

let  Sbm.  Mm  Can 

.  isas-B,  sa  yoL 

2.1     "      2SHi     " 

lMt-5,  14Hi  yoL 

let    "     29tb     " 

lS45-e^NenSeii<», 

1st  "    asai    « 

m7,5Uiyol. 

lyol,taBptfto. 

ai    "    25Ui    « 

1S37-B,  ett  vol. 

sa    "    ssui    " 

1838-9, 7«i  ™i. 
18S9-W,  8Ul  .0! 

M     '     M^     " 

184T-S,        " 

2a     ■'      26th     " 

1940-1,  sit  TOI. 

lat     11      8l8t      ^'1 

13M-S0,       " 

M    "    %t    " 

mU,  lltJi  ycL 

24     "      SUt 

13=0-61, 

CLASS  No.  12. 
S  Olf  TIIK  UNITED  STATES, 


TLB  firsl  of  \Wa  aeries  was  pnljliahed  in  1  Jflr,  Id  3  volnmCB,  by  Richard  PoIweIJ, 
embracing  Ihe  laws,  leaolulions,  and  tientiee,  from  Msrch  4, 176»,  to  Match  3, 

Mai'ch  3, 1790 1  by  William  Duane  to  laoluile  the  Sth  and  6th  volumes,  lo  Uarcb  3, 
1603;  by  Roger  C.  Weightman,  to  include  the  7tK,  SUi,fitb,ana  10th  volumns.  to 
March  3,1811;  and  weie  conlmued  by  various  individuals,  "Bir  authority ,"  in 
pBmphlel  form  at  Ilia  te  tmiustion  of  e^esj  sesuon  of  Congress,  down  to  March  3, 
1S61. 

Sec.  a  An  edition  of  the  lavra  was  pnfalished  in  181S  hy  Bioren  &  Duane  and 
B.  C,  Weislilnmn.  TliLs  edition  was  compiled  by  J.  B,  Colvin,  upon  the  basis  of 
K  pion  prepared  by  Rjohard  Rush,  then  Allorney-Genoiai  of  the  United  Stales, 
end  adopted  by  James  Monioe,  Seorelary  of  State,  in  contbrutity  with  the  act  of 
Coi^ess  of  the  ISth  April,  1.814.  It  consists  of  Hve  volumes,  and  smbraces  Ilia 
laws  of  the  United  Stales  l^om  March  4,  17S9,  to  March  3,  IGIS,  with  Ihe 
escDpllon  of  "the  iocul  judiciary  acta,  and  all  acts  conBdinj  power  to  corpo- 
rate bodies  m  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  wliicli  have  been  oiberwiae  passed  by 

Vol.  1  contaiji^The  Deilaralion  of  Independence,  Articles  of  Con  federation. 
Treaties  "ith  tbreigii  nations  and  Indian  iribcs,  from  1778  to  1B14. 


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462 


lioiisofland  by  several  Slal?s  to  lheUnileJSuil«9. 
:  of  the  Un[led  Stales  la  LonlsianiL—Qraiil  lo  Ciozi 
lenoe  lespf  f  iLug  Yaioo  and  oDier  land  claims, 
ily  of  PnriB,  of  lOlh  Fflbtnsty,  1763,  belween  O 


OtdiuHiioe  for  the  goveinmenl  of  Ihe  terril 


^snish  legdjslions  for  Ihe  ellolnieiit  of  Inods. 
Ctaai  Maison'B  claim  on  Washita. 


strop's,  3t  Vrain,  now  John  Smilh,  T. 

neat's,  Sabnque'a,  and  Choutesn's  claims  to  Tnnds  and  lead  minee. 

weis  of  Iha  boaid  of  Treasury  lo  eoiilracl  for  the  sale  ofwoslcrn  Icrr 


Ohibin,  ke^  OF  the  TuEAaoBV  Dkp*htmekt. 
Ohiqib,  fco.,  OFTBsMiKToflhe  United  States. 


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The  sedes  of  Laws  contained  in  the  precBding  volumes  of  the  edition 
oJ'  Bioren  and  Duatie,  have  been  continued  to  MeitcIi  3,  1845,  by  a  6th, 
7th,  8th,  9lli,  and  10th  volumes : 


Sec.  3.  The  Public  oad  General  Statutes  of  Iha  United  States,  from 
1789  to  1827  iucluflive,  whether  expired,  repealed,  or  in  force :  aiTatiged 
hi  chronological  order,  with  marginal  referenees,  and  a  coijious  index  ;  to 
which  IB  added  the  Conetitutiou  and  an  Appendix :  published  under  lliB 
inspeotioQ  of  Judge  Story.    Boston,  1827. 

Ssc.  4.  An  edition  of  tha  Slalutea  at  hirge  was  edited  by  Ricltatd 
Peters,  and  pnblished  by  Little  &  Brown,  in  1846.» 


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.  of  Coiigreaa  fton 


rch  3,  ITflB,  tc 


115  do.  da  from  March  3, 1813,  lo  March  3. 1333. 

Pioceedings  ami  Charier  of  Poiomac  Company  relating  to 
Chesapsake  aijd  Ohio  canal. 

Ael  of  AlabaniB  lo  incorporate  Ihe  Cahawba  Navigalion  Com- 
pany. 
FrocUmatians  by  the  President  of  the  United  Stoics  on  Com- 

ns  Iho  Public  Ada  of  Congress  from  March  3, 1835,  to  March  3, 
1S15. 
Al50  a  ProolBmolion  of  the  Freaident  DO  eilinguiEhmi?nl  of  In- 

iljsn  tide  to  land  in  Miswari. 
An  act  of  Virginia  relating  to  Clieaapeaks  ana  Oliio  Cnnal  Corn- 
to  Mareh  3, 1346. 


Vol.  e  conldna  the  Ttealie 

wUh  Foreign  Nations,  from 

Iaroii3,16l5. 

Bach  of  the  preceding  volu 

nos  eontaiiis  an  indei  lo  the 

1.  Table  showing  reJailve 

laplersoflhia  and  other  edit 

2.  TablcB  of  Acla  of  Congri 

aa,  ftom  1789,  10  IS4S  inelos 

3.  Table  of  Acts  of  do.  rela 

ng  to  Imports  and  Tonnage. 

S.  Table  of  Acts  of  do.  tela 

ng  to  Ihe  Post-OiEea. 

8.  Indei  to  the  five  volume 

of  Public  Statutes 

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CLASS  No.  13. 

ABRIDGMENTS  AND  DIGESTS  OF  THE  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 

See.  3.  DIGEST  of  the  LaxvB  of  the  Uniled  Slates,  includins  au  obslrnti  of  Iho 
Jndicla)  Decisions  leloling  lo  Ihe  Ck>nEtltutiona]  aad  Slalulory  Law,  nilli  Noles 

Sic.  3.  AIT  ABR1SGMFJ4T  of  lbs  Acts  of  Con^BBi  now  in  force,  fxceplUig 
those  of  B  private  end  locsl  sppllcution,  v/ilh  notes  of  Declsiont),  giving  conBinic- 
tion  10  the  same,  in  Uia  Supreme  Court  of  llie  Uuiiad  Slates,  by  Edward  In- 


Set.  i.  DIGEST  of  Iba  Laws  of  Ihe  United  Slates  iucinctli^  the  Treati 

.es  with 

Foreign  Powers,  and  an  ahauact  of  the  Judicial  Decisious  relating;  lo  I 

heCoa- 

slilulisnsl  and  Slalulory  Lew.    By  Thomas  F.  Garflon,  priniea  in  1844. 

CLASS  No.  14. 

INDEXES    PREPARED  IN   CONFORMITY   WITH  ORDERS   OR  Rl 

ESOLU- 

TIONS    OF   THE    SENATE    AND   HOUSE    OP   REPRESENTATIV 

THE  UNITED  STATES,  RBSPECTIVBLY. 

Bee,  1.  GENERAL  INDEX  lo  the  Laws  of  the  Uniled  Slates  of  Amerii 

Uaieh  4,  I7Se,  to  Matolt  3, 1SS7,  including  eii  Treaties  entered  into  lielwe< 

periods ;  in  which  Ihe  principles  involved  in  ocls  for  the  relief  of  indivic 

luals,or 

of  a  private  or  local  nature,  are  arranged  under  general  heads,  lo  which  sn 

chprin- 

ciries  approptislely  belong:  artanged  to  the  edilion  commenced  hy  Bioi 

ren,  Da- 

ane  *  Weiglilman,  in  181S,  and  snbBequenlly  continued  by  Davis  i  Fo 

William  A.  Davis.    [This  is  the  most  complete  and  usefnl  index  of  Ihe  1 

aws,  op 

to  March  3,  I^?,  eitanl ;  and  it  wonld  add  to  the  public  convenience  if  » 

SB,  2.  INDEX  to  the  EJtecuUve  Communicalious  made  to  Ihe  House  of  Ee- 

ptesenlalives,  from  March  4,  1789,  lo  March  8, 1817:  >sl,  hj  a  referent 

pbabelical  order,  to  Ihe  primed  and  also  lo  the  raannscripl  reports,  acec 

-rdmgto 

the  iubject-matter  i  seeond,  by  a  reference  lo  the  same  matter,  arranged  n 

head  of  the  deparlmenl  whence  it  eame.    Also,  an 

ally  e.r- 

ranged,  from  March  4, 17S9,  to  March  3, 1817 :  primed  in  1824. 

Diade  la  Ihe  House  of  Eepreaenlalives,  ftom  December  3, 1817,  lo  Marcli 

,3,iea3: 

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CLASS  No.  15. 
TUB  DECISIONS  OF  THE   SUPREME  COritT  OF  THE 
r KITED  STATES. 
1.  By  AI.HXANDTJB  JAMES  DALLAS,  fiom  Feliruaiy  torta,  1700,  lo  An- 

3.  By  WILLIAM  CRANCH,  ft-omAugual  term,  1801,  to  Fsbruory  term,  1S15, 

3.  By  HEMRY  IVHEATON,  from  February  term,  18:8,  lo  Januory  lerm, 
S7,  iiioloaiYe. 

4.  By  ItJOHARD  PUTERS,  ]iin.,  from  Janunry  term,  1828,  lo  Janoary  term, 
:841!,melgBiYe. 

6.  By  BENJAMIN  C.  HOWARD,  from  Janusry  term,  1843,10  January  lorin, 


e  and  Circuit  Courts  of  the  United  glstes. 
CLASS  No,  16. 


PUBLICATIONS  ON  T 


1.  LAWS  OF  THK  UNITF.D  STATES,  Resolntionis  of  CongteiB 
Con fecleialion,  Treaties,  Proclamalions,  and  oilier  documenIB,  having 

UiB  not  ot  Coiigreaa,  Hppro?Bfl  April  27, 1810.  by  Albert  Gallatin,  Socre 


Hosiecb,  Google 


467 

B.  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  Reeolulbna  of  Congics^  uudertlia 

(he  Mouse  afKepTesenlBtives  of  the  Unilea  Slates  of  Moieh  1, 1S30,  liy  M.  Si.  C. 
Clarke,  and  primed  by  order  of  iKe  House  of  Reptesealaiives  of  Febnisry  IS, 
18S7 :  in  one  Tolume. 

3.  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  Tiealiej,  Eegulalions,  and  olher  docn- 
menl3,respeelmg  Ihe  Fublio  Landsi  wift  the  Opiniona  of  Ihe  Couvisof  ilie  Uniled 
Stales  in  relalion  Ibereio,  from  1326  lo  1S33 ;  by  M.  St,  C.  Gierke,  under  a  reaolu. 
lion  of  Ihe  House  of  RepreBenlaliveB  of  March  1, 1833. 

i.  DOCUMENTS,  LEGISLATIVE  AMD  EXECUTIVE,  of  the  Congress  of 
Die  Untied  Slales,  in  relation  to  Ihe  Pablic  Lands,  ft-om  March  4,  ne»,  lo  Jaue 
19, 16S4,  in  five  volomas ;  compiled  under  Ihe  resolutions  of  Ihe  Senate  of  Febru- 
ary Sa,  IS33,  and  January  3, 1834.    Printed  by  DulT  Green. 

S.  GENERAL  PUBLIC  ACTS  OP  CONGRESS  reapeoling  iUe  !»le  Diid  ai>- 
poEilion  of  Ihe  Public  Lands;  with  Inslructioiis  issued  fcam  lime  lo  Utne  by  Ihs 
Se.:retaiy  of  the  Treasury  and  CommissionF  r  of  tbe  General  Land  Ofllee,  and 
Official  Opinions  of  Ihe  Allorney-Qeneial  i ji  queslions  arising  under  the  land 


Prepared  and  printed  under  the  cesol  iliou  of  the  : 
CLA?S  No.  17. 


ALL  THE  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

classed  under  separate  heads,  viz.:  Acts  Ibr  eolleelion  of  duties  on  Imports  luid 
lonnagej  Table  of  lonnagu  duty  and  fees  of  office:  Regislering,  recording,  en- 
rolling, and  licensing  of  ships  or  vessels  j  Medilerraneaii  passjiorts;  Quarantine 
and  heallhi  Remission  of  fines,  penalties,  and  farfeilures;  Fisheries;  Naturali- 
zajton;  Reelriclion  of  trade  with  an  eoemy^  Letters  ofinatque  and  Tepiisnl; 
Salragei  Slave  trade;  Consuls  and  viee-coiiauls ;  Seamen  in  the  merchants' scr- 
vico;  Ssa  leiters;  British  licenses;  and  ibt  regulating  foreign  coins,  (to.;  by 
JohiiBrioe:  1314. 

3.  COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS  OF  THE  FOREIGN  COUNTEIBS 
with  which  the  United  Stales  haTe  commercial  inlereonrse :  coUecled,  digested, 
and  printed,  nnder  the  direction  of  Ibe  President  of  Ihe  United  States,  conforma- 
bly to  B  resolution  of  the  Senate  of  March  3, 181T. 

3.  A  DIGEST  OP  THE  COIUMERCIAL  REGULATIONS  OP  THE  DIP- 
FERErJT  FOREIGN  NATIONS  with  which  the  Uaitcd  States  have  uitorcoorse : 


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REPORT  OF  THK  SECEETABY  OF  STATE  ON  THE  COMJIERCIAL 
ATIONS  OP  THE  UNITED  BTATKS  WITH  FOttELGN  NATIONS: 
larative  tarllTs  of  Uie  United  Slal»  and  olher  noIionB ;  Inbnlar  elslemams 


or  principsl  produetiom  ol 

■  the  Uniled  Slates 

fnlo  fore 

jgn  c 

ountries;  navig 

;sljan  i 

bbA  Biilish  mriir,  cam-lawn,  Ice.:  prepaipd 

^wilh  Ibe  resol 

atlve3of&:pt.3,l 

«.  TAEJFFS,  from  nm 

h  House  of  Co 

ig  to  Slates. 

7  THE  I,AWS  O 

dialing 

to  rsT«nu«,  flgyi^lion,  en 

a  commerce  and  : 

lighl-hou 

»es,ij 

irluding  treatie 

foreign  powers,  np  W  Mar 

ch4,1843!™n.pU 

ed  fcr  U 

le  Tr. 

Eaeury  Depar'i. 

UiB  United  SlBtea,  by  Thoi 

a  A  DIGEST  of  the  aii 

a!  of 

rs  Willi 

■wbichtheUmledSlatashi 

iveinlercomseir 

Secreiaiy  of  tho  Treasury 

ilatton 

of  Ihe  House  ■ 

of  Re. 

preiBMaliTes  of  MateU  3, 

volon 

e,  A  STATiaTicAL  VIEW  ov  tiie 

COMMERCE 

Dfaclu 

res;  and  an  a. 

flSialES;  wilhi 

review  of  llie  trada,  agrii 

,ollore,  Bnd  mann 

.  table  illattrative. 

incipl. 

es  and  objects 

WDrk:byTimolhyPiltiii 

m  A  DICTIONARY,  p 

iraciieal,  IheoreUc. 

ll,  and  h 

■.e  and 

.avolomes:  by  J. 

R  McCi 

,llo.h 

■.im. 

CLASS  No.  18. 

MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS  PRINTED  OR  FURNISHED  UNDER  THE 
AUTHORITY  OR  TATRONAQE  OF  THE  UNITtaj  STATES,  AND  NOT 
NOTICED  UNDER  PARTICULAR  HEADS. 


J.  CONTESTFJ)  ELECTIONS  in  Congresi 


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469 

ftom  1799  to  1S3^,  Inclusive,  tomplled  by  M.  Bt.  Clair  Clarke  siid  Bovia  A.  Hali, 
und  primed  by  ctder  of  Ihe  House  of  RopreaenlotiYCB. 
4.  RGPORT  OF  THE  THIAL  OF  JAMES  H,  PECK,  Jadge  of  the  U.iiled 

9  I.EQ(8LATIVB  AND  DOCUMENTARY  H!8TORY  OF  THE  BANK  OF 
TUB  UNITED  STATES,  includips  tbs  origintJ  Bunk  of  Norlli  Ametiea.  Cy  M. 
Si.  Clair  Clarke  and  David  A.  Hal]. 

6,  HEPOET  OF  COMMITTEE  of  the  Homo  of  Eepresenmiives,  wilh 
.locumeniB  relnlivo  lo  Ihe  conduct  of  Gesebal  James  Wilkiksos,  Feliruary 

7.  TREATIES  WITH  THE  SEVERAL  INBIAN  TRIBIS,  ftoni  1773  to  lay/, 
compiled  nnder  the  direction  oftlie  CommisEionei  of  Indian  AITsirs,  1S37. 

REPORT     ON  THE  FINANCES  of  the  United  Stales  IJoni  1700  id  1830 ; 
po  U  of  AleJBDder  Hnmilton  on  Public  Credit,  a  Naiional  Bank, 

THE  PENSION  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  inclining  snnrlry 

the  Attorneys  »«nertil  of  tbe  United  Slalee.  and  Hie  niles  ond 

LA  V    OF  THE  UNITED  ^ATES  RF.LATTVE  TO  THE  NAVY  AND 
MARINE  CORPS  to  Murcli  3,  1341 ;  with  acts  and  resolutions,  franting  medals, 

pcnditures  for  the  Nsval  Service  from  1791  to  1340  iuFliialve;  also  a  synopsis  of 
Legislation  of  Congress  on  NavBl  Affairs  daring  the  Kevolationnry  war  ;  1841, 
11.  RESOLUTIONS,  I.AW3  AND  ORDINANCES  RELATING  TO  THE 
PAY,  HALF-PAY,  COMMUTATION  OF  HALF-PAY,  BOUNTY  LANIS 
AND  OTHER  PROMISES  made  by  Congiess  to  Iho  olRcors  and  soldiers  of  the 


19.  STATEMENT  OF  THE  ARTS  AND  MANUFACTURES  OF  THE 
UNITED  8TATFS  Ibr  tSlO,  by  Teiicb  Coxb,  under  iljreclion  of  Albert  Gallaiio, 
Secretary  of  (he  Treasury,  in  obedience  to  a  resolution  of  Congress  of  March  1», 


34.  COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  Dili  CENSUS  tor  I34D.  sihibiting  (he  population, 
wealth,  and  resources  of  Ihe  country,  the  aggregate  valua  and  produce,  and  qudi- 
ber  of  pfirsonfl  employed  in  Mines,  Agriculture,  Commerce,  Manufactures,  Ac, 

15.  STATISTICAL  VIEW  OF  THE  POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES,  FROM  1790  TO  ItCO.  Inclusive,  pnblished  in  accordance  with  tlie 
resolutions  of  tka  Senate  of  the  United  States  of  Fetiruary  SO,  1533,  and  March 


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470 

Ifl.  A  CENSUS  OF  PENSIONERS  for  BevoluUonory  or  Military  servicoa; 

17.  MILITARY  I^WS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES,  inoluiling  Ihgae  reliuling 

la.  A  aVBTEM   OE    PENAL   LAWS    FOR   THE   UNITED   STATIS  of 

ingB  in  criminal  cesee;  a.  code  of  Prison  BlGciplinc;  and  a  book  of  Befijiilions. 

Edward  I.ivingslon:    lESa 

19.  THE  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE  OP  THE  AMERICAN  RE- 

J>Ly,  Arllinr  Lee,  WiUlam  Lf  e,  Ralpli  Iiaid,  Fraasia  Daim,  William  CarmichBel, 
Henry  LsuienE,  John  Laurens,  M.  Dumes  and  olhera,  concerning  Uie  Poielga 
Relations  of  Ihe  United  Slates  during  the  whole  Revolulioni  with  replies  from 
Ihe  Secret  Commillee  of  Congreaa,  and  the  Secrelary  of  Foreign  Affalts ;  also  cm- 
respoiidencs  witli  Ihe  French  Minisleis  Gerard  and  Lnierne.  By  Jsred  Sparlis, 
under  reaolution  of  CougreeB  of  March  Z!,  1S18,  in  IS  voluniea,  from  Msrch  3 
177U  to  1784. 

20,  THE  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE  of  Ihe  VaUei  Slates,  from  IhB 
Treaty  of  Peace  of  1783  to  March  4, 1789 ;  being  letters  of  the  Presidents  of  Con- 
giesB,  Secielary  of  Foreign  Aflaira,  American  Minislers  of  foreign  conrls,  foreign 
Ministers  near  Congress,  Reports  of  Committees  of  Congress,  Reports  of  Secreiary 
fiir  Foreign  ABiirs,  and  tVom  individoalB  on  Pobho  Aflaits.  By  Jared  SpaitB, 
under  direction  ofthB  Secretary  of  Slate,  oonibrmably  lo  act  of  Congress  of  May 


OP  THE   UNITED   STATES, 


23.  THE  MADISON  PAPKBS;  beingJamea  Madison's  correspondence  and 

debates  in  the  Federal  Convention,  from  the  ori^nal  manuscripts  purchased  by 
order  of  Congress.  Published  in  Svoiamea  by  direction  of  Ute  Joint  Library 
Conmiittee  of  Congress,  under  the  superintendence  of  Henry  D.  Gilpin  i    181L. 

a4.  TABLE  OF  POST-OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED  Sl'ATBS,  atrai^d  In 
alpliabclicat  order.  Exhibiting  the  Slates,  Territories  and  Conuties;  Names  of 
Postmasters;  tbe  Distancca  from  Washington  city  to  the  Capitals  of  the  several 

Puhliahed  under  oniliority  of  tie  PosimasiBr-Geiierul  from  time  lo  time. 

ARMY  REGISTER  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.    Pnhliahed 


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1.  OFFIcrAL  NAVY  REGISTER  OF   THEUNITKD  STATES. 


CLASS  No.  19. 


I.  NILES'  WEEKLY  REGISTER;  compiling  voVi'l- 

eDlsdf  the  limeB,  rrom  September,  1811,  lo  MB^(^h,  1847. 
1.  lIAZARQiS  "Regislec  of  Peniiiylvania :  devoled  I 


fi.  THE  TRIAL  OP  COL,  AARON  BURR,  gn  on  incliclmenl  for  ttcason,  be- 
foro  ilie  Circuit  Cimrl  of  Ihe  Uniled  Slales,  ol  Riohmood,  Virginia,  18OT,  incluaiiig 
cheBrgumemsanddaoisioiis;  in  Uiree  volmnes :  by  T.  Corpenler. 

fi.  REPORT  OF  THE  TRIAL  BY  IMPEACHMENT  OF  JAMES  PREST- 
COTT,  Judge  of  Ihe  Probalo  of  Wills,  before  llie  Senale  of  MassaclmsBllB,  in 

7.  HISTORICAL  REGISTER  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  FROM  THE  DE- 
CLARATION OF  WAR,  in  1812,  lo  January  I,  1814;  in  4  voluinesi  1819.  Re- 
view of  the  polillcal  iuslitulions  of  Ihe  United  Stales;  official  documents  of  liig 


;.  THE  NATIONAL 


lTISTICAL  ANNALS:  embraoingTiews  of  the  popolalion,  oon 
HI,  fiBlieries,  pnhlic  Jajiils,  posmlBce  eBtabiiBbmenl,  revenaea,  mil 
naral  ostablistameDlB,  expendilucos,  public  debt,  and  sinking  fum 


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Tlie  library  provided  fur  CongreEH,  alUr  the  removal  of  ihe  Govern- 
ment to  Wnshinglon,  having  been  deairoyed  in  the  burning  of  the  Caoi- 
lol  by  the  enomy,  in  1814,  the  Taluable  library  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 
nliich,  with  the  beat  opportunities  and  hia  well-known  ability,  it  had 

purchased  for  Congress,  nnder  a  joint  resolution  of  October  31  181* 
and  an  act  of  January  30,  IS15,  and  w  na  t  Ih  bas  f  Ih 
Congressional  or  National   Library,     tp         1       f       d  C    igr 

have,  by  a  moderate  but  regular  proce       b  dd    g        th        1  m       f 

literature,  science,  and  (he  fine  aria  wj    i  1        q    sil         f  h 

library  of  that  repubhcan  patriarch,  had  I  ady  d  d  tl  C  p  t  1  f 
the  republic ;  and  by  the  operation    It)         g  1  I  p 

managed,  as  it  has  been,  and  will  cant  tbbyh  mtdjdmt 
of  the  joint  committee  of  llie  two  H  f  C    g  d  d  m    h 

active  rneasures  by  their  literary  agent        d  ty  tl  i     d     t   n    co 

of  the  worthy  librarion  and  his  asaialants       d  d       b  com  mpl 

source  of  usetiil  knowledge,  which,  throU5,h  the  able  minds  and  eloquent 
voices  of  the  distinguiehed  representatives  of  the  States  and  of  the  peo- 
ple, as  well  aa  of  those  of  other  citizens  who  have  free  access  to  this  pe- 
rennial source,  will  be  diffused  through  the  country  for  the  public  benefit, 
elevating  its  literary  taste  and  character,  purifying  its  moral  sentiment, 
and  increasing  its  power ;  for  true  knowledge,  communicated  through 
pure  chsmiels,  ia  the  solid  source  of  these  and  other  national  bleasings. 

The  limited  space  to  which  wo  are  here  necessarily  confined  will  only 
admii  of  a  reference  to  the  general  heads  or  chapters  embraced  in 
this  collection,  and  to  a  few  particulars  which  the  political  history  and 
public  transactions  of  our  own  country  may  render  more  immediately  in- 
teresting. 


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so.  Eqully— Trci 
SI.  Law.EcQlesi 


»E  Df  Repocls. 


Peiinaylvania. 
MoryUud. 


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33.  Poetry— I'HslorulE,  Odss,  liUsgio 


Flue  A.rts — Arcbitticluie.  42,  CrlLLcisin — Bibliography 

Fine    Aria — GurdcniDg,   FaJnltng,       43.  Criliciam — Langaagoa. 
Scaliiiure,  &o.  44.  Polygjaphical. 


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Uaiicroll,  George.    HlBlory  of  llie  United  Slalee  fiom  discovery  of 

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R  po  Debales  during  Ihe  Congress  of  tho  Confaderalion,  and  bia  Ke- 

p  f  D  b    es  in  the  Federal  Couvenlion  from  Ibe  Original  Manuscript 

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1701 ;  by  Thonjaa  Lloyd. 
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17S9,  to  March  3, 17M :  by  Joseph  Galas,  sen. 
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Annuol  Me 

Eagee,  Veto  Me> 

i^s,  Proola 

ftgmlBS 

JEFFERSON 

THOMAS 

f  the  United 

Blales,  with  the  Roles  of  the 

ofBepr 

of  Ihe  Uiiiled  B 

JOURNAL  o 

f  the  United 

for  rating  same:  17^ 

JOURNAL  o 

of  Virginia  fiom 

JOURNAL  0 

die  Hook  o 

Delegates 

of  Virginia  ftoio 

JOURNAL  o 

alion  of  M 

on  of  the  p 

opIeofBoulhCa 

JOURNAL  0 

ion  of  New 

Yorkinl8SL 

theHoo^eo 

JOURNAL o 

JOURNALS 

at  Congre 

JOURNALS 

of  Repre» 

lSi7. 

JOURNALS 

f  Ihe  Senate 

8»  to  1847. 

KEY  to  l;olb 

Houses  of  P 

ariiamenl! 

d  Commons 

Ihe  Regal 

lion,  ana  Stand 

ngOrderaof 

.    London:  1833. 


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to  Ihe  MisBiasippi  Hiver,  by  CoiiolanaB  Boil  Can.illus.    Addtesses  on  IhB 
laid  MBsign  Qf  Loutoltgja  to  the  Uniied  SlaloB. 
LOUISIANA.    Measnge  from  Ihs  Piesident  cominunicBIing  Diecoveiies  in  Ei- 
ploringlhe  Missouri,  Red  Itiver,  nodWaBliilB,  by  [^wis,  Clark,  Sibley.ond 

Mcculloch,  J.K.    IKciJoiinry,PracUetiLTI,eomio8l,8iid]Hiswric8l,ofCoin-  ' 

MADrSOM,  JAME3.    Lettera  Id  Mt.  Monroa  on  InipreBsmenl,  Colonial  trnde, 

So.,  OIlTBClB  from  and  enclosures  m  Iha  lellera  of  Mr,  Monroe.    1SI>3. 
MADISON,  JAiURS.    liners  to  Messrs.  Monroe  sad  PinT^ktie)',  with  their  eom- 
muiiiciuions  tollieSeci'elaryarsiale.relaate  lo  Iha  liealy  of  IBM.    l^S. 
MAGNA  CHASTA.    M.S-oopy, 
MALTHUS,T.  R,    DeBnitions  in  Poiillcal  Economy.    London,  1SS8. 

Essay  on  the  Prineiptes  of  Fopnlalion.  Lond.  ISOd. 
Additions  thsveto.    Lond.  1331. 

Inquiry  Into  the  NaDiie  and  Progress  of  Rent.    Lond.  ISIS, 
Frineiples  of  Folidosi  Eoonomy  eontidered,  with  a  view  lo 
their  practical  application.    Lond.  133G. 
MANUAL  of  the  Practice  of  Parliaraent,  in  passing  Public  and  Privaio  Bills, 

with  Standing  Orders  of  both  Honses,  ftom  laes  lo  ISSS.    Lond.  18M. 
MARYLAND.    Proeeedings  of  Ihe  ConTenliooB  of  the  Province  of  Maryland, 

held  at  Annapolis  in  mi,  1773, 1776. 
MONROE,  JAMBS.    Viewof  the  conduct  of  tbeEiaculiye  in  tlio  Foreign  Af- 
faiiB  of  Ihe  United  Slates,  as  connacted  wilh  the  mission  to  the  French 
Republic  in  17M. 
MONROE,  JAMES,    Correspondence  relative  to  the  British  Ttealy  ofliSIO. 
MONTESQUIEU,  C.  de  Secondal,  Rsron  de.    (Eutibs;  17G7. 

Spirit  of  Laws,  translated  by  Thomas  Nugaiii :  18J3. 
MOSES,  MYER.    Commeroial  Directory  »nd  a  Digest  of  the  Lavra  of  the  United 
Slates  roialing  to  Commercei  including  a  Torid-.or  Rales  of  Duties  and 
Tables  of  Calcnlstion,  applicable  to  all  manu^luies  Df  wool  or  cotton  im- 
parled into  the  United  Stales :  1830. 
NEW  JERSEY.    Journal  of  Provinoi^  Congress;  of  the  Convention ;  Commiilea 

NEW  YORK.    Journals  and  Docnmentsofihe  Senate  and  Assembly  of  Ihe  Slate 

of  New  York,  ftom  1820  to  1839. 
NORTH  CAROLINA.    Declaration  of  Indapendenee  by  the  ciHiens  of  Mecfclcn- 

burg  county,  on  May  HO,  1775,  with  accompanying  documems  and  ptoceed- 

mgs  of  the  Cumberland  ABSociation,  and  proneedii.gs  of  the  PrBvineial 

CongreBBofNorlhCaroiinaat  Hnlifar,  AptiM,  ITja. 
NORTH  CAROLINA.    Froceeflli^B  and  Debates  of  the  Convention  to  aiiicud 

Ihe  Constitution  in  1635. 


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478 


OnDERS,  Esscmlal  onfl  flinfloraental  anles,  Ac,  of  Ihe  House  of  CoinnionB,  ru- 
laiing  B  iheit  Forms  of  Prgceediiiga,  Ptlvilugoe,  &c. :  1?SB. 

ORDERS  oil  Coiilrovcrled  EleclionB  oiid  Rclurns ;  1741. 

rAMPHI.ETS,  POLITICAL,  in  relmion  to  Ihe  Revolulianarj  war  of  Ihe  Unitei 
Slates  of  AmerlQa,  froni  1.70S  lo  ITai. 

PAMPHLETS,  POLITICAL.  The  sBineby  A.Hamillon,  J.  Maflisonond  olheraj 
also,  Flea  fbr  Ihepoor  BoldieCB  who  luolly  anil  aolually  supported  Ihe  buiden 
of  die  nar.— [With  a  luge  eoUsclion  made  by  Mr,  JcSerEOa  of  Political 

Rgilaled  llie  irnblic  mind,  ftom  17Ba  lo  jeia,  Beveral  of  which  we™  wriiwn 
by  liinifeir,  J.  Aladison,  A.  HunilUm,  E.  Randolph,  A.  Gallatin,  R.  O.  tlni- 
per,  He  Will  Clinton,  W.  C.  Nichols,  C.  Plnekney,  R  H.  Lee,  Oliver  Wnl- 
ootl,  John  Adams,  Samuel  Adams,  T.  Pickering,  S.  Slnilll,  W.  Giles,  Ear! 
of  Buehnn,  Mr.  Leigh,  of  Dinwiddie,  Jmnea  Monroe,  and  many  oiher  dis- 

pnblic  Journals.] 
PITKIN,  TIMOTHY.    Smlifltical  view  of  the  Commerce  of  the  Uniled  StalcBi 

and  Eapei.dJIUTes  of  Ihe  General  Govetiunonl !  ISa. 
POLITICAL  CLASSICS,  Tii. :  Algernon  Sidney's  Discouraea  on  Governnien!, 

with  his  letters  and  memoirs  of  his  life,  &c. :  179S. 
PRESIDENTS'  ADDRESSl'S  and  Messages,  from  ITSS  lo  1S37. 
EAWLE,  WILLIAM.    View  oflheConatilnlionoflheOniled  Slates:  ieS!>. 
REGISTER  OF  OFFlCGltS  end  Agents,  Civil,  Mililacy  and  Naval,  in  Ibe  ser 

vice  of  the  United  Slates  in  ISOa,  the  same  from  1316  to  1846. 
KEPORTS  of  the  Secretaiy  of  the  Treasury  on  Hie  Finances,  from  ITBO  lo 

SAY,  J.B.  CaleehiBinofFolitlGatEcDuoiny,lellerslDMalihus,Tiaii^d'Econonile 

Politique,  Treatise  on  PoUtieal  Economy;  tranilaled  from  Ihe  Fieneh,  with 

notes :  isai, 
SECRET  JOUKNAI^  0/  the  Acls  and  Proceedings  of  Congress,  from  llie  llrsl 

meeting  iu  1774,  la  Ihe  dissolution  of  Ihe  Confederation,  ia  Vm. 
8EYDERT,  ADAM.    Slatistlcal  Annals;   enibrsclng  views  of  Ihe  Popnltuion, 

Conimetee,  Fisheries,  Publio  Lands,  Revenues,  Mint,  &c. :  18ia 
STORY,  JOSEPH.    Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United  Slates,  with 

a  Prallnihisry  Review  of  the  Constitutional  History  of  the  Cokmles  and 

STORY,  JOSEPH.    Conaiimtional  Class  Booi,  being  a  brief  expoaflion  of  the 

trkmstilDIion:  1334. 
TEXAS,    Constitution  of  Iho  Bepublio  of  Mexico  and  of  the  Stale  of  CoaSniia 

and  Texas:  ISS. 
TENNESSEE.    Description  of  this  Stale  and  its  constimiion  :  1790, 
TRACTS,    IJonsideralionsontheSocletyorOrderofClnoinnatl:  IJSS, 
■/INDICATION  ofEdmund  Randolpli's  Resignation;  1V05. 
VIRGINIA  Slid  Kenuicfcy  resolnlions  of  176S  and  IT^O,  with  T.  Jefferson's  ori. 

guisl  diauglii  tliereol;  also  Midisoh's  tepott ;  Calhoun's  aildtesB :  ItBS. 


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CorporuliDiis  m  Ihc  Colony  of  Virginia,  lield  m  Riohmnii. 
WAIT'S  SlBle  Papers  ond  Public  DocnmeQls  of  Uie  ITnllefl  3 
WATTEHSTON  AND  VAN  ZANDT.    TnliolBr  aaimicsl  1 

Ibrmed  Ihe  Conslituliou  of  Ihe  Uiilled  Stales:  1^1. 


NT  OF  STATE. 

The  eminent  alaiesmen  who  have  from  time  to  time  occupied  the 
highly  impotlanl  and  reeponsibie  station  of  Secfelary  of  Stnte,  have  not 
been  unmindiiil  of  the  utility  of  providing  for  themselves  and  their  buo- 
ceaEora  in  office,  a  choice  and  valuable  colieclion  of  books,  maps,  charts, 
and  atlases  approprinta  to  the  pecniiar  huaine^  of  the  Department,  and 
indiapensahie  in  the  performance  of  their  extensive  and  varied  duties,  as 
well  as  others  in  various  branches  of  the  liheral  aria,  literature  and 
science.  The  limited  design  of  this  volume  will  not  admit  of  the  inser- 
tion of  mora  than  the  general  heads,  and  a  reference  to  a  few  volumes 
of  general  public  utility  of  this  collection ; — ■ 


B  d  M  m     B— N 

M  e— Oc    p  of  Man,  Teeholcal  Aria,  Education,  Roads  and  Canals, 

M  T        »— »         1  Philosopbj  and  Blhios— Religion— Law  of  Naiure  and 

N       as—     w  United  Sloles— Laws  of  Ihe  severBl  Slales  and  Terriioriea 

Eqnily,  the  Conuaoa  Law,  CoNSIilntinnol  Lew,  ihe  Law  Merchant  atid  Msrilinie, 
IIibLbw  Military  and  Iho  Lew  BcolcBiaslJcal-jHBiaPKoriKKOKj  ffomprohondinf^ 
EngliEli  and  American  ReporU  of  Cases— Foreign  Law— Poutics;  comprehend- 

SlB^slics,  CommeroB,  Finance,  Political  Emnoniy,  JonrnalB  and  histoties  of 
LegiBlalite  Bodies,  FordBn  Stale  Papers,  Political  Pamphlet,  and  General 
TrentiacB— Pourios ;  comprehendii^  American  Slaia  Papers  and  Political 
Pamphlelt— Maihemaiics— Arts  and  Sciences— GEOOHAPni ;  eomprehonding, 
Oeas™l  Geogiaphy,  Voyages  and  'Fravcls-GBOGHArav  i  comprehending.  At- 
lases, Mops  ana  Charls-pBiLOLOGI ;  comprehending,  Diolionaries,  Ltiicons, 

and  Political  Journals—Miscellaneous, 
or  these,  partioulac  refcience  will  he  made  only  ut  the  following:-- 


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ARNOULD.    SyBtome  ATniLiimc  6l  I'oliliauR  (lea 
huiii&ue  aifioJe,  Ibadi  «ur  Ibui.  TrailoE  da  Pi 

BOUCI]ER.  CoiuulnldelaMer.ouFBndecteadniC 

1494.    Priul«d,  leva 
BOUCHER.  losliluUon  su  Dcail  Maiilime :  1S03. 
BURX.AMA.CHIL  Fruicipea  dn  Droil  da  la  Nalute  i 

lalBd  iuia  nnglish,  by  Nugsal ;  18^ 
BURLAMAQUI.    ElSiaeus  du  Droit  Malursl,  psi 

Lmomme  el  Aa  Choyen,  leli  qu'ili  lui  u»l  pi 

ItnduJlB  du  Lalin  de  Pnfendotf  par  Barbeyra 

leur  el  1o  judgeineiil  de  Leibnilz :  1^0. 
CORNELU  Van  Bynlcetalioek,  Opera:  IMS. 
COUIQO  ie  laa  Coalainbren  Marilimai  da  Batoel 

Llamada  Ubro  del  Coneuladc^ :    por  D.  Aiito 

polan.    Madrid :  1?91. 


besi  polUieaJ  and  Legal  writers— [In 
HEINBCCIUS,  Sciiplores  de  Jura  Maritim 
JACOBSEN'S  Laws  of  the  Sea,  wilh  refi 

peace  and  war ;  18ia.~IIti  German  a 
LEBRUN.  IJbemddeloaMarea:  ISO. 
LENDUVEAU  VA1.1N,  ou  Cgde  Comin 


ublie  de  L'Europe  lon&(  to 
ary  o/lhe  I,bw  of  Naiiona,  i 
a  1748  down  lo  Ihe  prese 


PEUCHET,  Du  Cpinmerce  des  Neulies  en  lemps  d 

de  Lampredi :  m& 
PUFENDORFII  (to  Jure  Nnlnr»  el  Genlimn.  lAbi 

SYSTEMB  UniveraeL  dea  prinqlpeB  de  Droil  Mari 
Aiuni,  traduil  dliaLiau  par  M.  Digeon  i  ITSa 

TRATADOJUKIDICO-POLlTlCO,ioIjrePresaBS. 
concurrii  patB  baoerae  legilimainenle  el  C 
Jnaeph  de  Abieu,  y  Berloduno.    Cndi^^  i;4e. 


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coniluct  and  affairs  of  Necioiu  KJiil  SoveEcigiis 

WAllD'S  Iiiguiiy  into  Ihe  foundELilDnB  and  hislory  ofthi 

WENCKI[  Code):  Jniiageniinia. 

WHIIA.TON'S  Digeal  of  Ihe  Law  of  Murilime  Capiutes 

ElemeniBoflmernalioiiBll.Bw:  13111. 
WIUQUBFORT'S  AmbusBsdoT  sud  Jiis  funciions:  lo 

ELLIOT'S  Diploniati 


HALL'S  ObseiFntious  on  Ibe  W^mehouitng  Syslem  and  Navigmiou  Lsw3,Jm:.1 

HAMILTON'S  (A1e;toiider)  Worts,  piinMid  in  1810. 

HATSELL'S  Precedenis  of  FroceediHga  in  llie  House  of  Comraonfl  i  wilh  obser- 

LOBD'SPtiqoiplesofCnrrenoyaiiaBiinklns.    New  York:  ISaS. 
McARTHUR'S  PiilBTiciBl  and  Polilicol  Fools  of  llie  ISlli  Cenluty ;  ISOL 
MALTHUS'S  Principles  ofPoliUesI  Beonomy :  isai. 

p^siay  on  the  Principle  ofPapnlslian:  IS09. 
rKILUPB'SManuta  of  PoUticBl  Economy:  18S8. 
RAYMOND'S  ElemenlB  of  Polilical  Economy:  18S3. 
SAY'S  Treatise  ou  Political  Economy,  iraaslaled  from  Iha  Fiencli  i  ISS7. 

SKIDMORE'S  BishlsofManloPtopetly:  1E2». 

SMITH'S  Inquiry  Into  Ihe  Nature  and  Causes  of  the  Woallli  of  Nolioiis,  wilh 

Noles  and  Snpplemenlary  Chapieis,  by  William  PlBjfnit:  iSlS. 
TAYLOR'S  CoiislTOEtion  Copsirned,  and  Conatilutions  Vindiealed;  1S!0. 
THE  SlPLOitf  ACY  of  Ihe  United  Slalea:  being  an  aeeouiil  of  the  Foreign  Rela^ 

tions  of  Ihe  colinlry,  from  17Ja  to  1S14.    Printed  in  1826. 
A  DIGEST  of  Ihe  Commerciul  Regulations  of  the  dilferenl  Foreign  Nations  with 

which  Uie  United  Slates  bave  Intercourse :  IS^. 
A  GENERAL  Outline  of  Ihe  United  StalesofNortb  America,  her  Resources  and 

NOVANGLUS  AND  HA3SACHUSETTENS1S,  or  Political  Essays,  published 


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4S2 

FOI.TTrCAI,  MISCELLANIES,  compiled  by  W.  D,  Giles :  ISSS. 
BELECT  FAMFtlL£.'rS,coiieiiungar!inexpDsiiionofilie  tauseaand  jharoctcr 
of  (he  war ;  and  an  eXHiainalioii  of  the  Frillsh  Doclrine  which  aubjecu  10 

SEYKER-PS  Slalislical  Annalaoflhe  United  Slslee  of  Amsiica:  ISIS. 

TUE  AMERICAN  REI^EMBRATJCER,  or  an  Impoillal  coLLeclion  of  E3Ea;a,  Kb. 

solves,  Speeches,  So.,  rElatile  lo  Ihe  Treaty  (Jay's)  wilh  Greal  Brilala  i  1 J95. 
THE  DIPLOMATIC  Correspondence  of  the  AmericBn  ReTDlution,    By  Jnred 

SparlisilSaa. 
THE  rUPIJCATB  LETTERS;  Ihe  Fislierjes,  and  Iho  Mississippi:  floeumenls 

WAFT^  Slaie  Papers,  and  public  documents  of  liie  United  Slates ;  IBlfl. 
WATTEI^TON  AND  VAN  ZANDT'S  TaJialar  Slalislica!  Views  of  Ihe  Unilefl 

States:  leSO. 
BLOUNT'S  Hislorical  Skelch  of  ihe  InrmBIion  of  Ihe  Conftderaliom  parlicolarly 


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CHAPTER  12. 

ARTICLES   OF   CONFEDEaATION   AND   PERPETUAL  UNION 
BETWEEN  THE  STATES. 

■.B  129  10  131,  and  residue  of  llmt  Chapler, 
es  397,  398,  aud  406  lo  431.) 

ul  t  mail-  thftlcfoW-  to  VlUS  iijHtti-  0»  o.  tine  colui., 

TO  ALL  TO  WHOM  THESE  PRESENTS  SHALL  COME, 
WE  THE  UNDERSIGNED  DELEGATES  OF  THE  STATES 
AFFIXED  TO  OUR  NAMES,  SEND  GREETING— Whereas  ilia 
Dclogales  of  ihe  United  Slales  of  America  in  Congress  Bssembled  did  on 
the  15th  day  of  NoTember  in  (lie  Year  of  our  Lord  1777.  and  in  tho 
Second  Year  of  ihe  Independence  of  America  agree  to  certain  articles 
of  Confederation  and  perpetual  Union  between  the  States  of  Now  Hamp- 
shire, Maesachusetts-bBy,  Rhode-istand  and  Providence  Planlalioiis, 
CDUnecticm,  New- York,  New-Jeraey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land,  Virginia,  North- Carolina,  South- Carolina,  and  Georgia,  in  the 
words  following,  viz. 

"ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION  AND  PERPETUAL  UNION 
BETWEEN  THE  STATES  OF  NEW-HAMPSHIRE,  MASSA- 
CHUSETTS-BAT, RHODE-ISLAND  AND  PROVIDENCE  PLAN- 
TATIONS, CONNECTICUT,  NEW-YORK,  NEW-JERSEIT,  PENN- 
SYLVANIA, DELAWARE,  MARYLAND,  VIRGINU,  NORTH- 
CAROLINA,  SOUTH-CAROLINA,  AND  GEORGIA. 


ARTICLE  n.  Each  state  retains  its  Bovereignly,  freedom  and  indo- 
pendence,  and  every  Power,  Jurisdiction  and  tight,  wliioh  is  not  by  tliis 
eonft  deration  expressly  delegated  to  the  united  stfttes.  in  congress 
BBBOinbled. 


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484 

ARTICLE  III.  The  snid  slates  hereby  sereially  enter  InW  a  flrni 
league  of  frienJsbip  with  each  other,  for  their  eomnion  defimee,  the 
fiseurity  of  tlieit  Liberties,  and  their  mutual  and  general  welfiue,  bind- 
ing tlieraselves  lo  assist  each  other,  against  all  force  oiTered  to,  or  attacks 
tnade  Mpan  them,  ot  any  of  them,  on  aceount  of  religion,  sovereignty, 
trade,  ot  Wiy  other  pretence  whatever. 

ARTlCt.E  IV.  The  belter  to  secure  and  perpetuate  mntiial  friend- 
Hhip  and  intercourse  among  the  people  of  tfie  different  states  in  this 
union,  die  free  inhabitants  of  each  of  these  slates,  paupers,  Tagaboncis, 
and  fi^tives  from  Justice  excepted,  shall  be  entitled  lo  all  privileges 
and  immtinitiasof  free  ciliaens  in  the  several  states;  and  the  peopla  of 
eacli  state  shall  have  free  ingress  and  r^resa  lo  and  from  any  other 
Elate,  and  shall  enjoy  therein  all  the  privileges  of  trade  and  commeroe, 
subject  to  the  earns  duties,  impoailions  end  restrictions  as  the  inhabininto 
thereof  ceapeotively,  provided  that  aonU  restriction  shall  not  extend  so 
fer  as  to  prevent  the  removal  of  property  imported  into  any  stale,  lo  any 
other  stale  of  which  tlie  Owner  is  an  inhabitant ;  provided  also  that  no 
imposition,  duties  or  restriction  shall  be  laid  by  any  slate,  on  the  pro- 
petty  of  the  united  stales,  or  either  of  them. 

If  any  person  guilQ'  ol]  Or  charged  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  higQ 
misdemeanor  in  any  state,  sliaQ  flee  from  Justice,  and  be  found  in  any 
of  the  united  states,  he  shall  upon  demand  of  the  Governor  or  eiecutivo 
power,  of  the  slate  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up  and  removed 
lo  the  stale  having  jurisdiction  of  his  offanOB. 

Full  Ciifb  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  of  these  stales  to  the  re- 
cords, acts  and  judicial  proceedings  of  the  courts  and  magistrates  of 
every  other  slate. 

ARTICLE  T..  For  the  more  convenient  management  of  ihe  general 
interest  of  the  united  states,  delegates  shall  be  annually  appointed  in 
such  manner  as  the  legislature  of  each  slate  shall  direct,  to  meet  in  con 
gress  on  the  first  Monday  in  November,  in  every  year,  with  a  power 
reserved  lo  each  stale,  lo  reoal  its  delegates,  or  any  of  them,  at  any  time 
within  the  year,  and  to  send  others  in  their  stead,  Jbr  the  remainder  of 
the  Tear. 

No  slBla  sliall  be  represented  in  congress  by  less  than  two,  nor  by 
more  than  seven  members;  and  no  person  shall  be  capable  of  being  a 
delegate  for  mote  than  three  years  in  any  term  of  six  years;  nor  slinit 
any  person,  being  a  delegate,  be  capable  of  holding  any  office  iiniler  the 
united  states,  fcr  which  he,  ot  another  for  bis  benefit  receives  any  salary, 
fees  or  emolument  of  any  kind. 

■"    '         e  shall  maintain  its  own  delegales  in  any  meeting  of  the 


BWles,  and  while  they  a 

t  as  members  of  the  commitloe  of  the  slates. 

ans  in  tlie  united  states,  in  congress  assembled, 

each  state  shall  have  on 

Freedom  of  speech  a 

d  debate  in  congress  shall  not  be  impeaclied  or 

quesdoned  in  any  Cour 

or  place  out  of  congress,  and  the  members  of 

congress  shall  be  jiroiec 

etl  in  dieir  persons  ftom  arrests  and  imprison- 

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485 

menlB,  during  the  time  of  their  going  to  and  from,  and  attendance  on 
congress,  except  for  treason,  felony,  or  bteaoh  of  the  peace. 

ARTICLE  VI.  No  slate  without  the  Consent  of  tlia  united  states  in 
confess  aBsembled,  sliali  send  any  embassy  to,  or  ceoeive  any  embassy 
from,  at  enter  into  any  conference,  agreement,  alliance  or  treaty  witli 
any  King  prinea  of  state;  not  shall  any  person  holding  any  office  of 
pvofit  or  crust  under  the  united  states,  or  any  of  them,  accept  of  any  pre- 
sent, emolument,  office  or  title  of  any  Mnd  whatever  irom  any  king, 

or  any  of  them,  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

No  two  or  more  statea  shall  enter  into  any  weity,  confederation  ot 
alUance  wiialever  between  tliem,  without  the  consent  of  the  unitfid  statea 
in  oongreBS  assembled,  speoi^iog  aoourately  the  purpcsea  Ibr  wbioh  tins 
eame  is  to  be  entered  into,  stid  how  long  it  shall  continue. 

No  state  shall  lay  any  imposts  oi  duties,  wbich  may  interfere  with 
any  stipulations  in  treaties,  entered  into  by  the  united  states  in  congress 
assembled,  with  any  king,  prince  Or  state,  in  pursuance  of  any  treaties 
already  proposed  hy  congress,  to  the  courts  of  France  and  Spain. 

No  vessels  of  war  shall  be  kept  up  in  time  of  peace  by  any  state,  ex- 
cept such  rnimber  only,  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary  by  the  united 
states  in  congress  assembled,  for  the  defence  of  such  elate,  or  its  trade ; 
DOr  shall  any  body  of  foiTjes  be  kept  up  by  any  stale,  in  time  of  peace, 
except  such  number  only,  as  in  the  judgment  of  the  united  states,  in 
congress  assembled,  shall  be  deemeit  requisite  to  garrison  the  forts  ne- 
oessary  for  the  defence  of  such  stale ;  but  every  state  shall  always  keep 
up  a  well  regulated  and  disciplined,  militia,  sufliciently  armed  and  ac- 
coutred, and  shall  provide  and  have  constantly  ready  for  use,  in  public 
Stores,  a  due  number  of  field  pieces  and  tents,  and  a  proper  quantity  of 
arms,  ammunition  and  camp  equipage, 

Ko  state  shall  engage  in  any  war  without  the  consent  of  the  united 
statea  in  eoi^resa  assembled,  unless  such  state  be  actually  invaded  by 
enemies,  or  shall  have  received  certain  advice  of  a  resolution  being 
Ibrmed  by  some  nation  of  Indians  to  invade  stuih  state,  and  the  danger 
is  BO  imminent  as  not  to  admit  of  a  delay,  till  the  united  states  in  con- 
gress assembled  can  be  consulted;  nor  shall  any  stale  grant  commissions 
to  any  ships  or  vessels  of  war,  nor  letters  of  marque  or  reprisal,  except 
it  be  after  a  deolamtion  of  war  by  the  united  stales  in  congress  assembled, 
and  then  otJy  against  the  kingdom  or  state  and  the  subjects  thereof, 
against  which  war  has  been  so  declared,  and  under  such  regulations  as 
shall  be  established  by  lire  united  states  in  congress  assembled,  unless 
Buch  state  be  infested  by  pirates,  in  which  case  vessels  of  war  may  be 
fitted  out  for  that  occasion,  aiid  kept  so  long  as  Che  danger  shall  con- 
tinue,  or  until  the  united  states  in  congress  assembled  sliall  determine 

ARTICLE  Yn.  When  land-forces  are  raised  by  any  state  for  tlie 
common  defence,  all  officers  of  or  under  the  rank  of  colonel,  shall  bi> 
appointed  by  the  legislature  of  each  state  respectively  by  whom  aiuih 


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Bap. 

ARTICLE  VIII.  All  clmrges  of  war,  mid  all  olher  expensea  that 
Bhall  be  incurred  Ibttlieoommniidefenceor  general  welfare,  and  allowed 
by  the  united  Btatea  in  ootgreas  assemMed,  sliail  be  defrayed  out  of  a 
ooramon  treasury,  wliioh  shall  be  eiippljed  by  the  several  states,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  yalue  of  all  land  witliin  eaoh  stnte,  grnnted  to  or  eorveyed 
for  any  Person,  hs  auoh  land  and  the  buildings  and  improvements 
tliereon  shall  be  estimated  according  to  such  mode  as  the  united  states 
in  oongresa  asBembled,  shall  from  limeto  time.direct  and  appoint  The 
taxes  for  paying  that  proportion  shall  belaid  and  levied  by  the  authority 
and  direction,  of  the  legislatures  of  the  several  statea  within  the  time 
agreed  upon  by  the  united  stalea  in  ooi^eBB  assembled. 

ARTICLE  IX.  The  tinited  statea  in  congress  assembled,  aholl  have 
the  sole  and  exclusive  right  and  power  of  determining  on  peace  and 
war,  except  m  the  oases  mentioned  in  the  6th  artiole— of  sending  and 
receiving  Eimbaaaadora — entering  into  treaties  and  alliances,  provided 
Ihat  no  treaty  of  eommeroe  sliall  be  made  whereby  the  legislative  power 
of  the  respective  sates  shall  be  restrained  from  imposing  such  impoats 
and  duties  on  Ibreigneis,  as  their  own  people  are  subjected  to,  or  from 
probibitmg  tlie  esporlauon  or  importation  of  any  speoies  of  goods  or 
commodities  whatsoever — of  establishing  rulea  for  deciding  in  aO  oases, 
what  capturea  on  land  or  water  shall  be  legal,  and  in  what  manner 
prizes  t^en  by  land  of  naval  tbrces  in  Uie  service  of  the  united  stales 
shall  be  divided  or  appropriated — of  grantinB  I  etters  of  marque  and 
reprisal  in  timea  of  peace—appohiljng  courH  for  tlie  trial  of  piracies  and 
felonies  committed  on  the  high  seas  and  establishing  courta  for  receiving 
and  determining  Anally  appeals  in  all  cases  of  captures,  provided  that 
no  member  of  congress  sliall  be  appointed  a  judge  of  any  of  the  said 


after  may  arise  between  two  or  more  states  concerning  boundary,  juris- 
diction or  BJiy  Other  cause  whatever;  which  authority  shall  always  be 
exercised  in  the  manner  following.  Whenever  the  legislative  or  esecu- 
tivB  authority  or  lawful  agent  of  any  slate  in  controversy  with  another 
shall  present  a  petition  to  congress,  stating  the  matter  in  qnestion  and 
praying  lor  a  hearing,  nodee  thereof  shall  be  given  by  order  of  congress 
to  the  legislative  or  executive  authority  of  the  other  state  in  controversy, 
and  a  day  assigned  for  the  appearance  of  the  parties  by  their  lawful 
agents,  who  aholl  then  be  directed  to  appoint  by  joint  conaent,  commis- 
sioners or  judges  to  constitute  a  court  for  hearing  and  determining  the 
flatter  in  question ;  but  if  they  cannot  agree,  congress  shall  name  three 
persons  out  of  each  of  the  united  states,  and  ftom  the  list  of  such  per. 
sons  each  parly  shall  alternately  strike  out  one,  the  petitioners  beginning, 
until  the  number  shall  be  reduced  to  thirteen ;  and  from  that  numbei 


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487 

Bhsll  in  the  presence  of  congress  be  drawn  om  by  lot,  and  the  persons 
whoae  nttnies  sliall  be  so  drawn  or  any  Ave  of  them,  shall  be  oommis- 
Bioners  or  judges,  to  heai  and  finally  delerniine  tiie  eonlrOTeray,  so 
always  as  a  major  part  of  the  judges  who  sbaU  hear  the  cause  shall 
agree  in  Itie  delarmination ;  and  if  either  parly  shall  neglect  to  attend 
at  the  day  appointed,  without  showing  reii.sons,  which  congress  shall 
luclge  sufficient,  or  being  present  shall  refuse  to  strike,  the  congress  sliall 
proceed  to  nominate  three  persons  out  of  each  state,  and  the  sectetocy 
of  congress  shall  strike  in  behalf  or  such  party  absent  or  refusing ;  and 
the  judgment  and  sentence  of  the  court  to  be  appointed,  in  the  manner 
before  prescribed,  shall  be  final  and  conoliisive;  and  if  any  of  the  par- 
ties  shall  refuse  to  submit  to  the  authority  of  such  court,  or  fo  appear  or 
defend  tlieir  claim  oi  cause,  the  court  shall  nevertheleSB  proceed  to  pro- 
nounce sentence,  or  Judgment^  which  sliall  in  hke  manner  be  final  and 
deeisive,  the  judgment  or  sentence  and  other  proceedings  being  in  either 
case  transmitted  to  congress,  a  d  lodged  among  the  acts  of  oongcoss  for 
the  securitj  of  the  patties  concerned  i  provided  that  every  commissioner, 
before  he  sita  in  judgment,  eball  lake  an  oath  to  be  administered  by  one 
of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  or  superior  court  of  the  state,  where  the 
cause  shall  be  tried,  "well  and  truly  to  hear  and  determine  the  matter 
in  question,  according  to  the  best  of  his  judgment,  without  £ivo»r,  aifec- 
lion  or  hope  of  reward ;"  provided  also  that  no  state  shall  be  deprived 
of  territory  for  the  benefit  of  the  united  states. 

All  controversies  ooncernii^  the  private  right  of  soil  claimed  under 
diflerent  grants  of  two  or  more  states,  whose  jurisdictions  as  they  may 
respect  such  lands,  and  the  states  which  passed  such  grants  are  ad- 
justed, the  said  grants  or  either  of  thera  being  at  the  same  time  claimed 
to  have  originated  anteoedeut  to  such  settlement  of  jurisdiction,  shall  on 
the  petition  of  either  party  to  the  congress  of  the  united  states,  be  finally 
determined  as  near  as  may  be  in  the  same  manner  as  is  before  pre- 
scribed fbr  deciding  disputes  respecting  territorial  jurisdiction  between 
different  slates. 

The  united  states  in  congress  assembled  shall  also  have  the  sole  and 
enclusive  right  and  power  of  regulating  the  alloy  and  value  of  coin 
struck  by  their  own  authority,  or  by  that  of  the  respective  slates — fixing 
the  standard  of  weights  and  measures  throughout  the  United  States — 
regulating  the  trade  and  managing  all  afiairawith  the  Indians,  not  mem- 
bers of  any  of  the  states,  provMed  that  the  legislative  right  of  any  stale 
within  its  own  limits  be  not  in&inged  or  violated — estabhshmg  or  rega 
tatii^  post-offices  ftora  one  state  to  another,  throughout  all  Ihe  united 
stales,  and  eiaoting  such  postage  on  the  papers  passing  thro'  the  same 
as  may  be  requisite  to  defray  lire  expenses  of  the  said  offloe— appointing 
all  olflcers  of  the  kind  forces,  in  the  service  of  the  united  states,  except- 
ing regim.enlal  officers — appointing  all  the  officers  of  the  naval  forces, 
and  commissioning  all  offioers  whatever  in  the  service  of  the  united 
states — making  rules  for  tlie  government  and  regulation  of  the  said  land 
and  navaJ  Ibrees,  and  directing  Ihsir  operations. 


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"  A  Conunittae  of  llie  Statta,"  and  lo  consist  of  one  delegate  from  eacli 
state;  and  to  appoint  suoh  other  comminees  and  civil  oiEoejs  as  may- 
be necessary  for  managing  the  general  affairs  of  the  united  Btates  under 
their  direction — to  Hppoint  ona  of  their  number  to  preside,  provided  that 
no  parson  be  allowed  to  serve  in  tlie  office  of  president  more  than  one 
year  in  any  terra  of  three  years ;  to  ascertain  the  neoessary  sums  of 
Money  to  be  raised  for  the  eervioe  of  die  united  statee,  and  lo  appropri- 
ate and  apply  tlie  same  Ibr  deftaying  the  public  expensee — to  borrow 
money,  or  emit  bills  on  the  credit  of  the  united  states,  transmitting  every 
half  year  to  the  respective  slates  an  account  of  the  Eunia  of  money  so 
borrowed  or  emitted, — to  bnild  and  equip  a  navy — to  agree  upon  the 
nomber  of  land  ibrees,  and  to  make  requiaitions  &om  each  state  ibr  its 
quota,  in  propoilion  to  the  number  of  white  inhabitanta  in  such  state ; 
whioli  requiailion  shall  be  bindii^,  and  Ihereupon  the  legislature  of  each 
state  eball  appoint  the  regimental  o£icers,  raise  the  men  and  cloath,  ann 
and  equip  them  in  a  soldier  like  manner,  at  the  expense  of  the  united 
states ;  and  the  ofScers  and  men  ao  cloathed,  armed  and  equipped  sliall 
march  to  the  place  appointed,  and  within  the  time  agreed  on  by  the 
imiled  states  in  congress  assembled:  But  if  the  united  states  in  congrees 
assembled  shall,  on  coneidetation  of  circumstances  judge  proper  that 
any  stale  should  not  raiae  men,  or  should  raise  a  smaller  number  tbau 
its  quota,  and  lliat  niiy  other  state  shooM  raise  a  greater  number  of  men 
than  the  quota  thereof,  suoh  extra  number  shall  be  raised,  officered, 
cloathed,  armed  and  equipped  in  the  same  manner  as  the  quota  of  such 
Btate,  tuiless  the  legislature  of  siioli  stale  shall  judge  that  BuiJi  estro  num- 
ber cannot  be  safely  spared  out  of  the  same,  in  wbioh  case  they  shall 
raise  officer,  cloath,  arm  and  equip  as  many  of  such  extra  number  as 
theyjui^e  can  be  safely  spared.  And  the  officers  and  men  so  cloathed, 
armed  and  equipped,  shall  march  to  the  place  appointed,  and  within 
the  time  agreed  on  by  the  nnited  slates  in  congre^  assembled. 

The  united  states  in  congress  assembled  shall  never  engage  in  a  war, 
not  grant  leltei's  of  mai-que  and  reprisal  in  time  of  peace,  nor  enter  into 
any  treaties  or  alljanoea,  nor  coin  money,  nor  regulate  the  value  thereof) 
nor  ascertain  the  soma  and  expenses  neoessary  ibr  the  defence  and 
■wel&re  of  the  united  stales,  or  any  of  ihem,  nor  emit  bJHs,  nor  borrow 
money  on  ihe  credit  of  the  united  slates,  nor  approipiate  money,  nor 
agree  upon  the  number  of  vessela  of  war,  to  be  built  or  purchased,  or 
the  nnmbBr  of  land  or  aea  forces  lo  be  raised,  nor  appoint  a  commander 
in  chief  of  Ihe  army  or  navy,  unless  nine  states  assent  to  the  same ;  not 
shall  a  question  on  any  other  poml,  eicept  for  adjourning  from  day  to 
day  be  determined,  nnless  by  die  votes  of  a  majority  of  the  united  states 
in  congress  assembled. 

The  Congress  of  the  united  states  shall  have  power  to  adjourn  to  any 
lime  within  the  year,  and  to  any  place  within  the  united  states,  so  tliat 
no  period  of  adjournment  be  ibr  a  longer  duration  than  the  space  of  six 
months,  and  shall  publish  the  Journal  of  their  proceedings  monthly,  ex- 


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489 

oept  suoh  parts  tlioreof  relating  to  IreaKes,  alliances  or  militaiy  opera, 
lions,  as  in  their  judgment  lequire  secrecy;  and  tlia  yaaa  and  nays  of 
the  delegates  of  each  state  ou  any  queatioii  sliall  be  entered  on  the  Jour- 
nal, when  it  U  dBsired  by  any  delegate;  and  the  delegates  of  a  state,  or 
any  of  them,  at  his  or  their  request  shall  be  furnished  with  a  transcript 
of  th*  Siud  Journal,  except  mnch  parts  as  are  abOT9  esoepted,  to  lay  be- 
fore the  legislatures  of  the  several  states. 

ARTICLE  X.  TtiB  committee  of  the  states,  or  any  nine  of  them,shaU 
be  authorized  to  execute,  in  the  reoess  of  congress,  suoh  of  the  powers 
of  congress  as  Ate  united  states  in  congress  assembled,  by  the  consent 
of  nine  states,  shall  from  time  to  time  think  expedient  to  vest  tham 
with ;  provided  that  no  power  be  delegated  to  the  said  committee,  Ibc 
the  exercise  of  which,  by  the  articles  of  oonfederalion,  the  voice  of  nine 
elates  in  the  congress  of  the  onited  slates  assembled  is  requisite. 

ARTICLE  XI.  Canada  aceeding  to  this  confederation,  and  joining  in 
die  measures  of  the  united  stales,  shall  he  admitted  into,  and  entitled  to 
all  the  advantages  of  this  union :  but  no  other  colony  shall  be  admitted 
into  tiie  same,  unless  such  admission  be  agreed  to  by  nine  states. 

ARTICLE  XII.  All  bills  of  credit  emitted,  monies  borrowed  and 
debts  contracted  by,  or  under  the  audiorily  of  congress,  beibre  the  assem- 
bling of  tiie  united  states,  irk  pursuance  of  the  present  confederation, 
shall  bo  deemed  and  considered  as  a.  oiaige  against  rfia  united  states, 
for  payment  and  satiB&ctioa  whereof  the  said  united  states,  and  the 
public  fidlh  aro  hereby  solemnly  pledged. 

ARTICLE  Xm.  Every  state  shall  abide  by  flie  determinations  of 
the  united  states  in  coi^ess  assembled,  on  all  questionB  which  by  this 
ooafederation  is  submitted  to  them.  And  the  Artioles  of  this  confedera- 
tion shall  be  inviolably  observed  by  every  state,  and  the  union  shall  be 
perpetual;  nor  shall  any  alteration  at  any  time  hereafter  be  made  in 
any  of  lliem;  unless  such  alteration  be  agreed  to  in  a  congress  of  the 
united  states,  and  be  afterwards  oonflrmed  by  the  legialatures  of  every 

.ind  Whereas  it  hath  pleased  the  Great  Governor  of  the  World  to  in- 
cline the  hearts  of  the  legislatures  we  respeotively  represent  in  congress, 
to  approve  of;  and  to  authorize  us  to  ratify  the  bbkI  articles  of  confedera- 
tion and  perpetual  union.  Know  Ye  that  we  the  undersigned  delegates, 
by  virtue  of  toe  power  and  authority  to  us  given  for  that  purpose;  do  by 
these  presents,  in  the  name  and  in  behalf  of  our  respective  constituents, 
fully  ana  entu'ely  ratiiy  and  confirm  each  and  every  of  the  said  articles 
of  confederation  and  perpetual  union,  and  all  and  singular  the  matters 
and  things  therein  contained;  And  we  do  further  solemnly  pl^ht  and 
engage  the  faith  of  our  respective  constituents,  that  they  shall  abide  by 
the  determinations  of  the  united  statefl  in  coi^tess  assembled,  tin  all 
questiona, which  bytlie  said  confederation  ace  submitted  to  tliem.  And 
tiiat  the  articles  thereof  shall  be  inviolably  observed  by  the  statBa  we 
respectively  represenl,  and  that  the  union  shall  be  perpetual.  In  wil 
ness  whereof  we  have  hereimto  set  our  hands  in  Cong/esa,    Done  at 


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Philadelphia  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvaniii  iIib  8lh  Day  of  July  ill  the 
Year  of  out  Lord,  1778,  and  in  tlie  3d  year  of  iha  Iiidepenilenoe  of 
America. 

Joaiali Bnillelt,  John  Wentamth,  jun.)Oo thcpart aadbeiBlf of  tlio 

August  Sth,  ms,       J      state  of  Hoir  Hampshire. 

prirt  mid  tehttlf  of  Uta 


^laS,  |'^*^ftE 


joii*B^iiia 

Iho.M'Keiu 


Jul  MMtbeiie, 


Bith,                   aid  July.  1778,  ) 

?eb.  12,  inn,     Nicholas  Van  Dyke,  1  Oil  lie  part  ana  Iwhalf  of  tba 

1,  MKy  6, 1!JB,  ;           stale  of  BolawarE. 

■  ^  C"liUiKrf  Lee,  1°"  "'°J'S' T?.S^''f/  "f  "=' 

i,  J                             w     ■ 

Corna  llarnetti  )  On  tbc  pnrt  nnd  I*liivlf  of  the 

IS.                    JmwUUgmB,  j      Eljte  of  NotthOarolion. 


llinil  LBni!wMthy, 


THE  THIRTY-THIRD  C0NGEBS3  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

TUB  EEKATB. 


Charles  Snini 
Charles  T.  Jo. 


RodiTBll,  Pittsfieia. 


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eward,  Autum,  O^uea  co 


John  E.  Iliomsoa,  Priuiston.  William  Wright,  Newark. 

Jojoes  Coqpor,  Potlaville.  JUohanl  Brcdhesa,  EflBlon. 

Sbjdbb  a.  Enjard,  WlImb^D.  John  AL  Olayton,  Chippewa. 

JninoB  A.  Eeaica,  CheHlarltrmi.  Thomns  Q.  Pratt,  AnnipoHs 

Jam™  M.  Moam,  WindisBter.  Boberb  M.  T.  Hunter,  LlojcV 

ffbrt/i  Omjitatt. 

SniiS  OavUna. 
AnSrew  P.  BuUcr,  Eageflatd  C.  U,  J.  I,  KvsHfl,  Sotfetj  HIU. 

a«ratn. 


gnhnim  P.  Chase,  Qu^deU.  fieojamin  Wade,  JeD^rson, 

J.  P.  Benjimhi,  New  Ocleans.  Johu  Slldell,  New  Orleaiu, 

Jbibs  B.  Bi^ht,  Madison.  Jolia  Pettll,  Lalhjethj. 

Sttphen  Adams,  Ahcraeen,  '^    aEi  O.  Brown,  Newtown,  Hinai 

Benjamin  ritipattli:k,Wotiimpka.  C,  C,  CIbj,  Jr.,  ItmitsviUs. 

Aflaeuri. 

Daiid  B,  AichboK,  Plstt  City.  II.  S.  Geyer,  St.  Loula. 

Lewis  Cass,  Detroit.  '°  'S'i^!  E.  Btuarl,  Kalamaioo. 

Jackson  Morion,  PoiiEacolB.  B.  K.  Mallory,  JadtaoniiUe. 

Henry  Dodge,  Do^erLUe.  laaac  P.  Walker,  Mllnaukle. 

Angustiu  0.  Dodge,  Bnrlinglou.  Georgo  W.  Joueo,  Dabn^ne. 

(blifornla. 

WlUlam  H.  Owin,  San  rranclew,  John  B.  Wellar,  San  FranclEei;. 


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8.  3.  vmes  EtHnwiaB,'  NswloD  Comer. 

9.  AlessllflerD6Witt,.0sford. 

4.  Samnel  H.  Walley,  Koxbuiy. 

10.  Edward  Dickinnim  Auihsi'st, 

6;CharleBwfWli»Di,Siaail. 

11.  Jolm  Z.  GoQarich,  StopkHi^tlge. 

JfR« 

k  lOand. 

1.  jBDies  T.  Pratt,  Bocliy  Hill. 

3.  HsUum  Itelrher,  New  London. 

a  Colin  M.  IngetEOU,  New  Hayen. 

Fo-mimi. 

S.  AlYBh  Sahin,  Seoigia. 

3.  4ii4reii  Tracy,  Womlatodl. 

l.Jam«  Maori™,  MMnetb, 

a.  Thomaa  W.  Cominlng,  Brookiin. 

8.  Himm  WiUbrWge,  New  York. 

4.  ftlilM  Walsi,  New  York. 

SL  Henri  Bennett,  New  Berlin. 

6.  WBlJmn  M.  TwmiI,  Nea  Yott. 

«.  John  Wheeler,  New  York. 

24.  Daniel  I.  Jones.  BaldwlnaTllle. 

S.  ftaads  B.'Cntllng,'Kffr Yfffk.' 

2B.  Ed"in  B.  Morgan,  Aurora)  Caji^  i 

».  Jned  T.  Sed,  Portehester. 

0.  WUmm  Unir^,  Qoshcn. 

27.  John  J.  Taylor,  Owego. 

28.  George  IlHslJu^  Mooot  Uotrls. 

a.  GUbert  Dean,  PoBgbtwpde. 

20.  SuvIb  Carpenter,  BroclEport. 

13.  Rustell  8i«e,  Troj-. 

31.  Thomaa  T,  najer,  Lodtpi^ 

4.  Enfns  W.  PecMiam,  Aliiany. 

16.  Chnrlra  Huihes,  Sanay  Hiil. 
H.  Georce  A.  8!mniona,  KecsevUle. 

82.  BolomoaG.  Hives,  BnffaJo. 
38.  Eeaben  E.  BentoB,  TrewEbui^. 

4.  OeorgaTaiLMorriatown. 

e.  Alexandsr  C.  M.  FeuuiDgloo,  JSewu 

S.  carries  Skelton,  Trenton. 

1.  Thomas  B.  Florenee,  PhilodelphUi. 

U.  CaluEha  A.  Oiow,  aienwood. 

a.  Joseph  B.  Chandler,  PhfladelpUs, 

It,.  Janua  (lamble,  Jeriey  Shore. 

S.  John  Kobthia,  Jr,  Ksialngtoa. 
4.  won™  B.  -vrtttB,  Ktobmona. 

16.  WilliDm  II.  Knrta,  York. 

n.  Samuel  LRnseell.  Bedford. 

S.  Jehu  McNdr,  Horrislown. 

J^-?„'r¥''L^'™^5f^"""''n, 

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1.  John  B.  PronWln,  Sdou  UDl.  4.  Henry  Waj,  BalOniore. 

2.  Jacob  ShovHT,  blaui^^Ur.  G-  WiUtuui  T,  HamUton,  HsgerEitovii. 

3.  jo^ua  Vans^nt.  Ibiltlmore.  C  Adgafltiie  IL  SoOera,  Prmoe  Fredericks' 

ftowB,Cilyett«p. 

£.  John  S-  Millsnii,  Naribrfr,  ft.  John  L^teheTf  Lflxii^toD- 

3,  John  8.  Caakie,  Kkhnsona.  10.  ZfidokiBh  KidweD,  Pilrmont. 

13.  Fayette  McMnllan,  nje  CoreJ  {cu. 

„_  a  Hiehsrda'PniTear,  HontsrlllB. 

mlngton.  T-  HartoTi  Or^^e,  Salubnrj. 

9.  iMuu  u-  j.k/fiDiD,  u^ipigb.  S.  Thomas  L.  CIlugniAU,  Aeh«T}Ue- 

L  John  McQmen,  Mnrlboroagli  C.  H.         4.  Preston  S.  Brooks,  Nliioty-Bli. 

2.  WillLiiin  ALken.  Gluurlegtoa.  H.  JamaE  L.  Orr,  Andersoa. 

S.  LanronceM.  EmttjOuugobni^hCH.  6.  WHIlnia  W.  Boyco^  WlnuKboronglL 

Georgia. 
1.  Jamex  L.  Eeirard,  THomasvllle.  6.  £|[j»U  W.  dustali,  Ta«0Bli. 

S.  AJfrea  H.  OoJiinitt,  Nsnton.  6.  Jaalus  Iimyer,  Monroe,  Wslton  co. 

.   .i — ■>__!  >._i___..  ..   'olin  H.  Elliott,  PreBtonBlrarg. 

oho  0.  Bredwnbridge,  Lexington, 
leaader  M.  Cni,  eiemlagshorg. 

Br.  Taylor,  Hsppy  VjtHey.       6.  George  W.  Jotjes,  FajstleTlllB. 

frederick  P.  Stanton,  Mempbls. 

y,  CJndnnnli.  12.  Bdson  B.  Olds,  tSreleyltla. 

"      — ■"       B.  Llndsley,  SanduBfcy  City. 


0.  jS^^V^i^'wihi^tbe.  V^.  i^dron  Stniirt,^iilenTffi 

i   rph.n......  iji[..iijg^  Somerset. 

Itfir,  New  Orleg 


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i.  Wilej  P.  Harris,  MontleeUQ,  Law 
am  Baikedsle,  Colnmbns. 


1.  PMUp  PdUipe,  Mobile. 

2.  JBiaes  AbermYimliie,  Qii'acd. 

S.  Sprnpaon  W.  HsrriB,  WBtnmnka. 
i.  wmiam  R.  Smith,  Fayette  C.  H. 

1.  Mosea  McDomM,  Porllani 

£.  Samuel  Mavall,  Say. 

S.  1.  WiUer  f  arley,  NewcasUa. 


S.  WHlfinnson  R.  W.  Cobb.  BelleEmfe. 
-    -       5  r.  BowdeU,  dambera  0.  II. 


1.  a: 


^  JGd^vard  A  Waireii,  CAntddn. 


a  David  A.  Nobis,  Monroe. 

1.  Angnstus  E.  Mnxnell,  TallaliaiMee. 

1.  Geoige  "W.  Bmythe,  Jasper. 

1.  BernlinFt  Kenn,  rdtfleld. 


^cXrougal.  Sod  Franciei 


Wisaoasitt. 
Ctiiifimia. 


1.  JosS  Maiinal  Oall^os,  Dclogale,  Albnqoerque 
1.  John  M.  BenibiB«i,  Sele^tate,  Bait  Lslis  atj. 


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INDEX. 


THE  ANALYTICAL  INDKX  cr  -ens  CnssKTurio:)  ni 

BS  lOUSD  AI  PAEI  38,     TitE  FOLIOWISS  iNUKX  EET 


ABRIDGMENTS  nnd  Kgesls  of  llie  I.nws  of  Ihe  U.  3.    E=soriplion  of 

boots  of 4eS 

ACTS,  Recorda,  nnd  JiidicinL  Proceedings  of  one  Slalo  io  eTety  oUier  Slate, 

formlhaConBlHuIionof  IhaU.  S. 107 

ADAMS,  Pissidanl  of  lbs  U.  S.,  March  4,  ITOT.    Insugural  Addcesa  of  Jolm  27l> 

ADAMS,  Vice  Preiiflciil  of  Uia  U.S.    First  eleoUon  of  John 3IS 

ADAMS,  Vies  FteBident  of  lh«  U.S.    Second  eleclion  of  Jolm 316 

ADAMS,  saPresidemoflheU.  S.    Eleclion  of  John 31T 

ADAMS,  ssPiesidem  of  die  U.S.    Elecdonorjolin  ((oinoy 384,825 

ADAMS,  Vice  President,  in  Senaio  of  Ibe  U.S.    Atlenrianco  of  John 336 

ADDRESS  of  Georgs  Wsaliingtoii,  nccaiiljog  coniniieeioii  ns  commoader-in- 

ohisfoniiearmy,  June  10.1775 !!01 

e  PreBideat  of  CongrcaB  lo  George  WaalLinglon,  Augast  30, 


ADDRESS  of  Goocga  WnabingloQ  to  Congress,  on  resigning  liis  commisuon 

as  contmandec-ia-obiGroflbe  army,  December  83, 17ES SO 

ADDRESS  of  Thomus  Mifflin,  President  of  CongreBS,  m  nuewer  lo  Ibe  same  1» 
ADDRESS  of  George  Wisliiugloii,  se  President  of  liie  U.  S.,  April  30, 1780. 

ADDRESS  of  George  Wasbiiigloa  lo  Ibe  jwopie  of  lbs  U.  8.,  September  17, 

IJBG.    Farewell 81 

ALABAMA.    Cbroiiologicol  smtenienl  of  llie  Ibrmalion  of  the  goTCrnmenl  of  4B 
AMBASSADORS  nnd  Iheir  liomesUcs.     An  net  for  llie  (iroteclion  of  foreign  SB 

AMENDMlSNTSofllieOonslilulionoffheU.  a E 

AMENDMENTS  of  the  ConBlituUon  of  the  U.  &  by  lUe  Slalea.  Baiei  of  rali- 

fioationof  firBlleu 3 

AMENDMENTS  of  Ibe  Canelilalion  of  tlie  U,  S.    Some  of  IbB  eleventh  and 

twellUi a 

AIOENDHGNTS  of  Iba  Constimiioti,  vheit  rsllAuI  by  lbs  Slslei,  lo  lie  pub- 

llebodliylheSeBrsisryofSlBle SO 

ANALYTICAL  Indes  of  llie  ConBlilution  and  nniendmeiila.    -Vn 3 

ANNAPOLIS,  in  17BU,  lecommenamg  tlia   Coii^eution  to  Torn,  die  ConBljtn. 
gao  1  a  cornmissioncs  at ^.^^.... 


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49G  INDEX. 

APPOINTMENT  of  George  Waahlnglon  to  be  eommander-m-oliiof  of  lh« 

APPOINTMENT  of  George  Wosliington  lo  be  lieulensnl-geneial  and  com- 
rannaer-m-chlefofolllheiirinieaoflheU.  9.,  Ju]y3,179S 231-339 

APFOKTIONMEMT  of  KepreseutalirEa  smong  Uie  several  States  according 
to  the  SiiUi  Cenaus 300 

ARKANSAS.  Chioiiol<^ca!  slaleraent  of  the  fotmallon  of  iLe  gOTernment  of  48* 

ABMAMENTS  beii^  pfcpated  in  the  U.  S.  t^ginsl  foieign  powers  with 

ARMrF.3  of  the  V.  S.    Appointment  of  GeorgB  Waeliinglon  lo  be  lieutenant- 

Seneralandoommonaet-in-oliiefofilie 231-^839 

ARMY  of  the  United  CoLonief,  Jane  15,  IJM.    George  WaBhinglon  elected 

commandet-in-cluefoftlio SOI 

ARMY  of  tlie  United  Colonies  filed  at  B500  pet  month.    Pay  and  eipensea 

of  the  General  to  command  1)19 aol 

AEMYof  theU.  S.,DeeBml)6r  83,ire3.  Heaisualjon  by  George  W^aahinglon 

of  Ilia  cominisBioD  as  oommander-in-ehief  of  Ilie 909 

ATTORNEY  GENERALS  .of  tHH  U.  S.,  ftom  1739  to  1S61.    Nantes,  Slatei, 

service,  Sio.,  of  the 402 

AUDEBNCB  in  CongresB  granted  10  George  WaBlunKlon,comm8naor-ln-ohie5 

AtigoBi  ao,  irea K8 

AUDIENCE  in  Cougtesf^  Deoembei  SO,  17Si.  Gaoi^  Woshioglon,  eom- 
mandet-iii-cliiet;  adniitlcd  lo  apnblio SOfi 

AUTHENTICATION  of  Acts,  Records,  mid  Jndioial  Proceedings  of  one 
Slate  in  every  other  Stale,  Territory,  &c. «0O-2M 

BERRIEN,  Senator  of  Ills  U.S.    Leltsr  of  approbal[on  from  John  Macp-.,  i,ji 

BOOKS  and  other  sources  of  historical,  politica!,  statisUcsl,  and  other  iuror- 

malioit  telativs  to  the  aclion  of  the  Goverpment,  in  possession  of  the  pub- 

BOOK5,  pnbliBhed  onder  tlie  patronage  of  Congress  and  otherwise,  contain- 
ing usetbl  political,  statistical,  and  other  intbrmntion.  SescriptloHof  mis- 
eellaneous 4eS.4ri 

BOOKS  in  Congress  Library.    Description  of  selection  of  certain 47S 

BREESE,  Senator  of  the  U.  S.    Letter  of  approbation  ftora  Sidney Jdl 

BUKR,  as  Vies  Presidcnl  of  the  U.  8.    Election  of  Aaron 818 

BURR,  Vice  President,  in  the  Senate  of  the  U.  S.    Attendance  of  Aaron 338 

BURR,  as  Senator  of  the  U.  3.    Term  of  service  of  Aaron aM 

CALHOUN,  Vice  President  of  the  U.S,  First  election  of  John  C 324 

CALHOUN,  Vice  Presiileot  of  Hie  U.S.    Second  election  of  J.  C 320 

CALHOUN,  Vica  President,  in  Senate  of  the  U.  S.   Attendance  of  J.  C-.310-34S 

CALHOUN  resigned  83  Vice  President,  December  as,  1833.  John  C 342,  843 

CALHOUN,  as  Senator  of  the  U.  S.    Terms  of  service  of  John  C 367 

Cr.AT,  Senator  of  the  TJ.  S.    Jjettev  of  approbation  from  Henry ili 


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INDEX.  497 


loBtotliesaverBlStBMslo---. iai 

OliDED  by  tlie  States,  BhDuM  be  OispDSikl  of  fbr  tba  common  boaeflt  of  the  V.  S., 

CEDES  to  tHe  V.  S,  aoS  OaIsi  of  eee^oD.  Hamen  of  Ststea  by  vbtcb  W^tem 
laudanoie 42S 

CENSUS.  Appoi'Uonmsnt  of  Repreeen([illve3  smoiiE  tbs  serenil  States  oo- 
MirfmBWtbeaisUi 800 

States.    Proce&ilnga  which  leH  toUie--- 414 

CESSION  of  ifa  Wealoto  or  VBcmt  LsdiIb  to  tha  U.  B.    Act  of  New  York  for  the  41fl 

CIIKONOLOQICAL  alatsmeat  of  the  Cbsrteis  sjid  farrnntkio  of  the  OaFemDionts 

of  tboEoverid  States  ImJIercJlorJCB  of  then.  S. 405-iia 

CLERK  of  the  Houaa  of  KepicaantaliTOH  of  tha  U.  S.     Oaths  to  ba  taken  by 

ths 23,288,386 

CI.EKES  in  oU  the  Sepactmoats  of  OoTemmeal.    Oattaa  to  Iw  takes  by  Uio  390, 3Q1 
CLERKS  of  thti  IloueoofBepraBentatlTfSof  theU.  S.  fromlTSBto  1S51.    Hemah 
Slates,  serrioes,  Jte.  of  tho 3S8 


OUH'ION,Vi™Preaidenl,lnBoBat9of  Ilia  U.S.    Atlenaaoce  of  Georga SSB-340 

COLLBCIORS  of  tha  Onstome  authorizwl  to  dot^D  Tesa-lB  bnUt  ibr  wailike 

COLONXAI.  smJ  fieToliitlonsiy  Socumeutacj  History.  Eeoks  relating  to  Uio. .  462 
COLUMBIA  establiBhed  tha  ponnaneni  aeat  of  aorernmcnt.  The  Bisfcioi  of- . .  .4*9 
COiUfEKCK    BesDliitlon  of  Vlr^ula  for  a  unltbrm  ejstem  of  trade,  commerca, 

*o,  Jmuary  21, 1786 160 

COMMBltCB.    Proeeedlnga  of  Convenlion  Bt  Annapolis  appointed  (Op  said  pnr- 

pose,  Saptambar  M,  1788 IBl 

COMMBRCB.    Resolution  of  Congreas,  of  Pebmary  21, 1787,  railing  tha  OoiiVPn- 

UonitWcttoruieaUiBOooBKtution Iflfl 

COJIMBECB.    Acta  of  Bie  Bereral  States  for  the  appointment  of  deputies  to  said 

CoaTeution,  to  revise  and  report  the  means  of  enabling  Oongiesa  to  prorlde 

aiB  defects  of  the  IMersI^tem,  Sc. 16T 

CDMMEKCB.    She  tionstituUon  declares  that  "Tlie  Congress  sliall  liaTe  power 


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498  INDEX. 

COMMERCIAI.  Kegublions.    DEscripiion  of  bi^tika  ooiiIaj.Mns  TarllT  nnd 

Revenue  Laws,  &c. 407 

COMMITTEES  of  Congreii  lo  Hciiqinister  Oaihs.    Auftorily  for  ll.e  Chnir- 

COMMUKICATlOIf S 10  the  s.nIhDr  and  sompilfi'  in  lelolion  to  Ibig  work  li-iii 
COMPENSAITON  lo  Ihe  PreeiiJent  and  Vloo  President  of  Hie  U.  S.^  An  aci 

momiie - -■■■■■  W3 

COMPENSATION  lo  psTsona  appoinled  lo  deliver  the  Eleotoml  votes  of  Pre- 

aidem,  &c„  ITOa aoa 

COMPENSATrONlodo.  do.  do.,iea3 ■ 300 

C0~«FEDEIIAT1OI«,  showing  the  ineHcieney  of  tbot  ewemmant,  and  lead- 
ing lo  tho  adoption  of  the  Conslitntion.  Proceedinga  of  the  Congress  of  the  ISO 
COMF£D1':B.AT10N.    The  Ibrnialion  of  a  Convention  lo  frame  the  ConMitn- 
tion,  recommended  in  VtSB,  as  a  mesni  10  Temedy  the  defects  In  the  Ai- 

CONPEDBRATIOS.    The  Articles  of- 183 

CONFEDERATION,  until  Mareh  1, 1731.  Dates  of  Tntification  by  lbs  States, 

nndeauseofthe  delay  of  Maryland  lo  talify  the  Attioles  of 408-«W 

CONGRESS  of  the  ConTederalion,  whieh  led  to  the  adoption  of  Iha  Constitu- 
tion.   Proceedings  of  the ISB 

impotency  of  Uie  GoYernment  lo  provide  a  revenue  for  its  wants  and  ne- 

8of 131-139,140-143-140-150,151 

IS  to  the  aoveral  Stales,  May  S^  1.7^ 
151 

1787,  leooniniending  ibe  ConrenUon 


lion  of ie» 

CONGRESS  of  Ihe  Confederation  of  September  13,  ITSB,  proridlng  for  eom- 
lacDCingproceediiigannder  the  Constitution  of  the  U.S.  Resolution  of  the  190 
)f  July  8, 1770,  that  Tan  UsirKo  CoLotnKS  ahk,  and  or  biqht 
BE  Fnas  ABB  iBDEraSDKKT  SliTlM.    Kesolution  of 105 

for  proDiulgaling  the  Declatadon  of  Indejienilence.     ttcBoln- 


CONQRESS,  on  Aogusl  26, 1763,  lo  George  Washington,  on  the  lermini 

oftbe  war,  and  his  reply.    Address  of  the  President  of- 

Jeceiaber  SO,  1783,  Bdmitling  George  'Washmglon,  t 


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INDEX.  499 

CON0BBS9,  of  Deosmbet  90, 1783,  that  a  pnblio  enleilainment  be  given  to 

CONCfRESS,  SecomhBr  23, 1783,  anil  suswer  ofTliomaa  Mifflin,  PresidenL 

ReBigna^on,  by  Geoigs  'WiisLinglon,  of  liis  coimnissioii  to 808 

CONGRESS  on  the  deolhof  George  WBShiiiElDnbl70».    Proceedings  of  iMI>-aoa 
CONGKEHS  BbaiJ  be  in  Beaaion  ou  the  sacond  Weflnesday  in  Febrnarj-,  suo- 
ceeding  every  meelinE  o!  EIoqIocb  of  Fresidenl  and  Vice  President  of 

the  U.S. asa 

CONGRESS.  PtoTiiion  tot  divifling  States  into  dialricls  for  Iha  election  of 
KeprBseniatiTea  in 159-301 

CONGKEBS,  from  MBioh4,I78»,to  Match  3, 1851.  Commencement  and  ter- 
mination of,  and  number  of  dayg  in  each  session  of S3e-34S 

CONGRESS,  ftom  1789  10  1851.    Names  of  Senatora  in 84S-JSi 

CONGIU3BS,  alected  Speaker  of  House  of  Represenlalives,  from  1789  lo  1361. 

NsmosofHepEeaenlativesin 330 

CONGRESS  to  admit "  New  Stales"  into  Ibe  Union.  Remarks  on  the  right 
and  disore^onary  power  of -■  408 

CONGRESSoftbe  Confederation.    Books rclatinn  loUiHproocodingsofths-.  463 

CONGRESS  ftom  17S9  to  1S61.    Deseripnon  of  the  Books,  Newspapers,  Sea., 


CONNECTICUT,  in  1737,  appointing  deputies  !o  Convention  to  ftrm  the  Con- 
Btitnlion.    Act  of. 18 

CONNECTICUT.  Chronoli^ool  Btalementof  the  Chorlers.sna  ConstitntioiiB 
of- lU 

CONNECTICUT  ceiled  western  lands  to  II.  S.,  September  14, 1780,  and  May 

CONSTITUTION.  Introductory  remarks,  on  duty  of  every  citizen  to  under- 
stand the Hi 

CONSTITUTION  of  tbe  United  Slates  of  AmcrioB.    Tbe 

CONSTITUTION  iiy  the  Stoles.    Dates  of  raUScationofthe 9 

CONSTITUTION  of  the  U.  S.    Articles  in  addition  to,  end  gimendnienU  o^ 

the a 

CONSTITUTION  by  the  States.    Dates  of  iBtmcatiou  of  the  flrst  ten  amend- 

CONSTITUTION  by  liia  States.  Dales  of  raTification  of  eleventh  and  twelfth 
amcndmanla  of  the E 

CONSTITUTION  and  amendments.    An  analylicalindeioftlie ! 

CONSTITUTION  of  ths  U.  S.  Official  proceedings  and  proiimale  causes 
which  led  to  the  adoption  and  ratiEcationofthe li 

CONSTITUTION  of  the  U  S.    Bemarke  relative  to  the  Slates  that  were  pro- 

CONSTITUTION  fhrtheU.  5.  Rasolutionsof IheGencral AssemblyofNew 
York,  passed  July  31, 1'^,  recommending  a  Conven^n  to  tbrm  a II 

CONSTITUTION  ofihe  U.S.  was  formed.  Proceedings  of  Commissbners  at 
Annapolis,  in  1786,  recommending  the  appointment  of  deputies  to  meet  si 
Philadelphia,  Tjy  whom  the.- --■..»- u 


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500  INDEX. 

CONSm'UTION.    Recommendatioii  of  Congrejs  of  Ibe  Confeieri 

1T87,  for  appoimmeol  of  depulieH  to  Ihe  Convemion  whicb  formed 

CONSTITUTION  of  Ihs  U.  S.    Ab\b  of  the  seveiiU  Stales  for  the 

Of  New  JeiBsy,  on  November  33, 1786 

syivnnia,  oiii)eeemljet30,1783 

DfNorIhC8rolma,on  JannatyG,  1737 


Of  Mary  land,  on  May  SB,  1187 

Of  New  Hampsliire,  on  B71h  June, 
CONSTITUTION  of  Ibe  U.  S.  to  Congri 


iBtlieresC    ResDlulion  of  Con, 

CONSlTrUTEON  oftheU.a  Beeolmion  ofCongreBBof  Ihe  Confederation, 
Seplembw  13, 17S8,  rbr  commcooing  proceedings  under  the 

CONSTITUTION  in  oerlfflu  contingencies,  and  fiir  other  pnTpoaes.  Gcnei 
laws  providing  the  moons  of  clecating  Ibe 

CONSTlTUTIOMoftliBU.  S-istobelEdien.   {SesOolA.)  By  wliom  the  on 

CONSTITUTION,  when  ralified  by  Ihe  Stales,  to  be  pablisliefl  by  the  8eci 

tary  of  Stale,    AmendmontB  lo  Ihe 

CONVENTION  al  AnnapnUB,  September,  IJSB,    Prooeedings  of  llie 

CONVENTION  at  Piiiladelphia  to  form  a  ConBlilulion,  teoommeudad  by  Cc 

CONVENTION  which  formed  the  Cknislilution  reoommended  by  Congress, 
iver?,  as  a  meaoB  10  remedy  tbe  defects  in  the  Arlidea  of  Confederaliot 

CONVENTION  to  form  tbe  Conalitulion.  Acts  of  tlie  seTcral  Stales  for  i 
pointing  depnlies  10  the 

CONVENTION,  in  17S7,  transmitting  Hie  ConsUtution  lo  ConBiBas  of  I 
Confederation,  and  Bi^goaling  measures  for  commencing  proceedii 
under  the  Conslilulfon.    Letter  of  George  Washington,  and  resolulionf 

CONVENTIONS  of  the  States.    Bcsolnlion  of  Coogress,  of  September 

CONVENTION  that  fbrmed  Ihe  Constilntion.  BoooliarelatinstD  tbe  proce 

Ingaofthe 

COUKT.    i&s6  Sa/prrmB  Coutt  itf  the  U.  8.) 

COURTS  of  the  U.  a,  or  Slate  conrM  againat  a  foreign  Ambassador  or 


Hosiecb,  Google 


INDEX.  501 


COURTS  of  Iho  TJ.  S.    An  bci  to  provide  fiirlher  rfineilial  ji 
[Thia   acl  empowers  tlie  U.  S.  juitgeB  lo  grant  the  wril  of  hi 


COURTS  of  Ihe  V.  S.  and  of  Ite  eetetBl  Stataa.    Litlle  i  Brown's  ediiinn  of 

and 302,  M 

COURT  of  IhB  U.  S.  from  178S  lo  1861.    DeBoriplion  of  books  of  Reports  of 

deoiaiona  of  lh=  Bupteme 46 

CRANCH,  Chief  Juatica  of  llie  Circuit  Court  of  Ihe  U.  S.  tor  Ihs  Djstriol  of 

Colnmbia.    Letler  of  approbation  from  Wiilium li 

CRIMES  ogsinsl  the  U.  S.,  T^iQridiiig  for  the  protection  of  foreign  Axnljaasa^ 


le  V.  S.,  &e.,  for  preserving  their  nenttaliiy.    Aji  acl  in 


DALLAS,  Vice  President  of  the  U.  S-,  and  President  of  the  Seuale.  Beaica- 

lionlo,  and  lettef  of  npprobalJou  from  George  M. ii 

DALLAS,  as  Vloa  President  of  Hie  U,  S.    Election  of  Qeorge  JU. MO 

DALLAS,  Vice  President,  in  Ihe  Senate  of  Ihe  V.  S.  Allendaiice  of  Georga  M.  832 

DALLAS,  as  Senator  of  Ihe  U.S.    Term  of  servioe  of  George  M. SS8 

DAVIS,  Speaker  of  Iho  Hous*  of  Eepresenlattvos  of  the  U.  B.  Letter  of  ap- 
probation from  John  W. iti 

DEATH  of  Georgs  Washington.  Ptoccedings  of  liie  GoremnieBl  end  fune- 
ral oration  of  Henry  Lee  on  the  810-247 

DEBATES  in  the  two  Houbcb  of  Congress  from  17SD  to  1861.    Deseriptioa  of 

DECLARA'noN  of  IndopenaencB,  from  Jane  8  to  July  4, 1770.  Proceedings 
inCongiessoftheUnited  Colonies  respecting  the JSS 

DBCLARATiON  of  Indepenflenoe,  by  the  Represent  aUves  of  the  U.  9.  in 
Congress  naaemhled,  Jaiy  4, 1776 198 

DECLARATION  of  Independence.  Eesohilion  of  Congrsis  ibr  promulgat- 
ing the  900 

and  fcrtunos acs 

DELAWAEB,  in  IJW,  appointing  ilepnlies  lo  Convention  lo  form  llie  Consti- 
tution.   Act  of- - 157 

DELAWARE,    Chronological slBlenieut  of  ths  charters  and constitutionsof  IDS 
DEaJAWARB,  declaring  the  rommon  right  of  all  the  Stales  lo  Uia  western   , 

lerritory,&o.    Resolutions  of  the  Stole  of. 416 

DEPUTlESIo  the  Ckmvention  who  signed  the  Conalitution.    Nstnes  of- 83 


DIGESTS  ofihe  laws  of  the  U.S.    Deso 


Hosiecb,  Google 


502  INDEX. 

DISTRICT  of  ColuniWo,  eslablislioil  Ihe  peimBiiciil  seal  of  ilic  GaveintDenl 
oflhsU.  S. 4A 

DISTRICTS  for  election  of  RepiEaemstiTea  in  CkingreBB.  Frtmslon  for  di- 
vidii^ihe  SmiBjimo 3[ 

DOCUMENTS,  Journals,  anil  other  souroBS  of  historiooi,  poUtical,  ststistl- 


DOCUMENl'S  ordered  Id  be  printed  hy  the  Senale  and  lloiue  c 


ELECTIONS  under  and  by  virtue  of  tlis  Constilution,  (anal)1icolinflex)---61,  63 

ira  of  a  Preaident  and  Vioa  President,  in  case  of  Tncaa- 

ELECnONS  (or  Electors  of  Fresiaenl  and  Vice  Preaident  in  ail  Ihe  Stales. 

ELECTORAL  voles  ibr  President  and  Vice  Prosidenl  of  the  U.  S.    Provi- 
sions of  the  Conslilnlion  legnrdms  the 38 

ELECTORAL  votes  Ibr  Presideiit  and  Vice  President  of  llie  U.  S.    Regnla- 
llons,  by  law,  for  ilia  givinj,  maltiiig  lists  of,  Iranamilting  to  the  Seal  of 

Gorernrneiit,  opening,  andcountmg  the B»t 

ELECTORAL  voles.    Compensotion  10,  and  penalliea  of,  jiaraons  appoiuled 

to  deliver  Iho SB! 

ELECTORAL  votes.    Compcnsmioo  of  persons  appointed  to  deliver  Ilie 3(ffl 

ELECTORAL  votea  fbr  Presidenl  and  Vice  President  of  the  P.  S.,  vii. : 
First  term,  George  Washijigtoa  aud  John  Adaras,  cormnencing  March  4, 

IIS9 816 

Second  term,  George  Washington  and  John  Adems,  eomraencing  March  4, 

1793 ■'■ 318 

Third  lerm,  John  Adams  and  Thomas  JcirerBon,coninienolng  March  4,1707  aiT 
Fonrlh  lerm,  Tliomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron  Bun,  elected  by  the  House  of 

BeptesenlBlivta,  commencing  March  4,  ISOl SIS 

Finh  term,  Thomas  J  eOerson  and  GeorEe  Clmton,  cDmrnancingMarcbJ,  1S05  SIS 
Si£th  lerm,  James  Madlaon  and  George  Clinton,  commencing  March  4, 1309  820 
Seventh  lerm,  James  Madison  and  Elbrldge  Gerry,  eommenclng  Match  4, 

1813 sai 

E^Ui  term,  James  Monroa  end  Daniel  D,  Tomplcins,  commencing  March  4, 
1817 323 

Ninth  term,  James  Monroe  and  Daniel  D.  Tdmpkine,  commencing  March  4, 

1831 123 

in  Qaincy  Adams  and  John  C  Calhonn,  commencing  iVlarch 


4,lBa9'- 


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IHDB2.  608 


BLEOTOBAL  votes  for  Ptfaiiflot  and  Tics  PrcalQent  of  «is  U.  S.— tsmKnuei 
JileFenth  term,  Andrew  Jiw^mn  and  JdLd  0.  CaJhannj  comrasncing  Nsich 
4.1B2B M 


ifteenllk  Isnii,  James  K.  Folk  t>na  Qeorge  M.  BbIIu,  Mmmendng  HdatCh  4, 
liteanth  t^rni  Zichary  Taylor  and  M.  rUlmoro,  commencii^  MircH  i,  1819  3i 

anBinbetof  ] 

KLECI0B3  shall  1»  og.ual  to  the  number  of  Seaaiore  and  RepnseDtaUies  to 
Hhkh  tbo  Stilfii  may  te  onOtled  at  tlia  tlpi9  wtao  tlio  Praddont  and  Vfco 

Pteiident  should  come  Inlo  oIBm.    Tho a 

ELEOTOrs  of  President  anl  Vic*  President  of  tho  TJ.  B.    Bnnctmente  of  the  law 


ELECTOPa  of 


EVXPBMCE  In  all  tribunals  and  oflices  of  the  United  BIsleg,  and  of  the  indlildua] 
Stntee  Little  I  Bnnvn'a  edition  of  tlie  laws  of  the  V.  S.  declared  to  be 
competent  S02,  it 

BX2CDTIVB  offlcers  of  tlia  Qoreroiasnt  from  1189  to  1861.  Names,  Slates, 
serviee,*o,  of  sll  the  high 38 

E\TB\DmON  Troatli-B.    Act  glTing  effect  to SC 


FAllBWaiiL  AflSroEB  of  George  Wastingtnn,  Prosidont  of  the  D,  B,  Eoplsmljcr 

<'  FIR3T  in  War,  Tltst  in  Pesie,  and  Rrst  in  the  heaiti  of  his  Goautryiaen,"  u 
applicable  to  Qeor^  "Wiiflhlngton.    Originof  the  words-"'---"--"--- 2i 

EOKEION  Powers.    An  act  to  preserve  the  neutiiUty  of  the  U.  S.,  "la 2a 

FOREISN  NaUon  with  whom  the  U,  S.  are  at  peace.  An  act  (o  pteveut  aoy 
armament  by  land  or  waler  being  fitted  out  In  the  11.  S.  against  any- -------  29 

FOP.BIGiN'  ntate  oonRned  In  any  state  pilaon  in  certain  cases.  The  Ju^es  of  tho 
U.  S.  Conrt^  empowered  to  grant  the  writ  of  Habeas  Corpus,  and  to  dlsehaj^ 
tbeidaaeosofany SO 

BUHEBAL  Procession  and  Orsljon  of  llenry  Lee,  fn  honor  of  Gen.  George  Wiisb- 


Hosiecb,  Google 


504  INDEX. 

GEOIUjIA,In  17S7,  appolnling  depulleg  id  Conveiilion  lororni  Ihe  Conslitn- 
tion.    Aolof 17B 

GEORGIA.    ChioDoloELoalatatemenlofthBChailetsandCooalilationBof.-.  40S 

GEORGIA  cefleilweBIernlanilsIo  the  U.S.    April  21, 1803 iM 

GEBKY,  VioePresiiloDloflheU.  3.    Election  of  ElbriflB" sal 

GERRY,  VicB  Preaiflenl,  in  Ihe  Benate  ot  tlia  V.  9,    Anendanoe  of  Eftiridge  340 
GIBSON,  Chief  Jnsliee  of  Iha  SupreniB  Courl  of  PennsylTania.    Lellor  of  ap- 

iroviclB  for  its  snpport,  defence,  Jkj. 
3  of  CoQgreEB  ethibitlT^  the  iuel^ 

efenoyoflhe .lSl-I39,14D-14a-l  46-150,151 

GOVERNMl^T  under  ihe  Couilitnlion  of  the  U.  S.    Resolnlions  of  Con- 
gress of  the  Confederotian  of  September  13,  IJSS,  proriding  for  the  eom- 

tnenoementoflhB 100 

GOVERNMENT  under  the  Canstltatlon.    Brief  stUement  of  the  manner  of 

GOVEENMUNT.    George  Washington's  opinions  of  Hie  principles  and  po- 
licy of  our Sll-itS 

GOVERNMErrr,    lohuAaams', do. do. 370 

GOVERNMENT.    Tbomas  Jefferaon'B. -- do. do. xxsi.  OTS-^avO 

GOVERNMENT.    James  MadiBon'a. do. cio miiSSS 


mem  ofths  Charters  and  formaUon  of  the 405-449 

GOVERNMENT  of  Die  territory  of  the  U.  S,  iKMth-weat  of  tha  river  Ohio. 

An  ordinnnee  for  the 423 

GOVERNMEtJT  of  tlio  U.  8.  in  possession  of  the  public  offices.    Description 


UOU  DON'S  stauie 

HOUSE  of  Reprei 

noOSBofReptesi 
HOtrSEorRepreai 

&c.,  of  tlie  Cleri 

HOUSE  of  Beptesenlativei  of  the  U.  8,  Deaoription  of  the  Joornals  of  the  452-46B 
1  lOirSE  of  Reprosenlatiies  of  Ihe  U.  S.,  ftom  178S  to  1S61.    Remarka  desorip. 

live  oflhedocnmcnla  printed  by  oriieroftho 457,468,469 


hington  «  aiohmond,  Virginia. 

Remar 

kaandcor- 

ssoftheU.a.    OalhaofofflMt, 

,b«ta 

Jieu  by  the 

<,froral7S0.olS51.  Names  of  S] 
softheU.S.,f^oml7BI)toIS61. 

'tZ 

B  of  Ihe  SSe-i 
es,  service, 

Hosiecb,  Google 


IMPOST  dmiea  of  AprU  18, 1753,  waa  li. 
BiBlf  ly  led  lo  the  mJoplion  of  Ilia  Conol 
CongtoM  of  ConfcderBlion,  showing  iJ 

ilulion.  ReporlofOommilloaoflhB 

Ccmmerce.)    ResoluOons  of  Congraas 

of  Cougress,  April  IB,  1783.     Sea 

iNAUGURAI.  address  of  George  Watla. 

.gtan^PraaidaQtaflheU-B.    April 

INAUGURAL  addteBBofJolmAdninB,PreBident  of  the  U.S. 
INAUGUnAL  addresB  of  Tiiomss  Jefferson,  PresidenI  of  iha 
INAUQURAI.  addresa  of  ThoiuBs  JefferBoii,  PreBidsot  of  iho 
INAUGUHAL  address  of  Jamea  Madifon,  Ptesidenl  of  tte  U 


INDEPENDENCE.  Proceoduigs  in  Coagreas  of  llie  Uniled  Coloi 
June  8,  lo  July  4, 17TO,  rcBpeolIng  a  daolarBIion  of- 

INDEPENDENCE  by  the  KeprsseiHoliyes  of  the  United  Slates  in 
aaacmblBd,  Jnly  4,  irw.    The  Declaration  of- 

INDEPENDENCE.  Resolution  of  Congtes*  fot  pKimulgaling  the 
tionof 

INDEPENDENT  STATES.    Eeeolulion  of  Congress  of  July  2, 

THB  UHTfiD  COLOBIBS  ABK,  IMD  0»  BIOET  OnHHT  TO  BB,  FSBE 

INDEX  to  [be  ConBlitntion  and  aineDdmenls,    An  Analytical < 

INDBXF^  prepartd  by  order  of  the  two  Hoaaes  of  CkmgreBB.  DcBi 
INDIANA.  ClironolosicalaLalemeiit  of  Iha  rormalion  of  the  Govern 
INTRODUCTORY  rcmarkB  id  llie  woflt  and  lo  lIiB  BevortU  ehapL 

IOWA.    Chronological  stalcmciu  of  Uie  foniiaiiou  of  llio  Govetnmc 


JACKSON,  SB  Presi- 
JACKSON,  HB  I'resi 
JEFFERSON'S  decl 

JEFFERSON,  Pi'es 
addieas  of  Thorn 


sofThoinoi 

JEFFEKSON,  as  Pte 
senlBIives  of  Thor 
lEFFEBSOff,  as  President  of  Ihe  U, 


len.ofaeU.S,anMareh4, 

laof.    Firat  ina„garB! 

ent  of  llie  U.  S.,  on  Maroh  4, 1( 

WS.    Second  inaogniBl 

e  Praaidenl  of  Ihs  U.  9.    Eiectit 
sident  of  llie  U.  9.    First  elccli. 

DnbyHoaseof  Rcpie- 

Hosiecb,  Google 


506 


JEFPEE90N,  Vice  Presidenl,  in  Senate  of  the  B.S,    AllsndanoeofThomB!  838 
JOHNSON,  as  Vice  Presideut  of  Ihe  U.  B.   Election  by  Ibe  Senate  of  Kich- 

(Tlie  number  of  elECtotsJ  yoU9  leqoiiea  for  an  eleelion  beiDg  14S,  and 
E.  M.  Johnson  haying  teceiueil  only  147,  ilie  election  ilien  devolved 
upon  Ihe  Senste,  and  R.  M,  Johnion  was  eleo»d.) 
JOHNSON,  Vice  President,  in  Senalo  of  Ihe  U.  a    Attendance  of  Eich- 

ardM. M2-344 

JOHNSON,  as  Senator  of  tha  U.S.    Ternsof  lervlceofBlchard  IVL SIO 

JOURNALS  of  Ibe  Congress  of  the  ConfedeiaUon,  1774  lo  1789.    Description 

of  the 46» 

JOURNAL  of  the  Convenlion  thai  formed  the  Conslitntion  in  lisr.    DeBorip- 

lion  of  die 153 

JOURNAL  of  Ihe  House  of  RepresanlsUves  of  the  U.  S.  from  17S9  la  1361. 

Desciipdonot 464-460 

JOURNAL  of  (he  Senate  of  the  U.  8.  front  17S9  lo  1S51.    Sesciipllon  of  LC' 

JOURNAL  of  the  Senate  of  Ibe  U.  S.  from  1789  to  13EI1  (in  part).  Dosoiip- 
tion  of  Ihe  Eleootive Ut 

JOURNAL  or  record  ofUia  Senate  on  impeschmenls.tyomlTSO  to ISSt  De- 
scription of 458 

JOURNALS  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  U.  8.  Re- 
marks descriptive  of  the  contents  of  the  Jjegjslallve 1B8 

JUDGES  of  Courls  of  the  U.  S.  aulboriMd  lo  grant  writs  of  Habeas  Corpus 
in  oU  cases  of  foreigners  confined  in  Ihe  United  Slatea,  and  lo  discliarge 
Ihera.    The 391 

JUDGES  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  V.  3.,  from  1739  lo  1351.  Names,  stales, 
length  of  Bervice,&c.,  of  Iha 389 

JUDICIAL  proceedings  of  one  Slate  in  every  other  State,  terriloxy,  &c.  Au- 
IhenUcBlion  of 20O-SM 

JUSTICE  in  the  Cmirls  of  Ihe  U.  S.    An  act  to  provide  farliict  reniodial 301 


KANE,  Judge  of  the  Diairiol  Court  of  the  U.  S.  for  the  Eastern  D 

Pennsylvania.    Letter  of  approbation  from  J,  K. 

KENTUCKY.    Chronological  statement  of  the  formadon  of  the  Qover 
KNOWLEDGE    Remarks  on  the  proper  mode  of  aeijuirins  and  in 


LAND  in  the  north-western  and  weatorn  territory  of  the  U.  S.    Proceed 

whiehledlotheeessionbylheStates.oflhe 

LANDS  ID  the  U.  S.    Act  of  New  York  lor  Ihe  eesaion  of  its  weslen 

LANDS  to  llie  U.  S.    Besolgtion  of  Congless  cecommendbig  lo  the  Slate 


Hosiecb,  Google 


LANDS  ceded  by  Ihe 
Ihe  V.  a.,  and  a™ 
OcloberlO,l7SQ,l 

UlNDS  wers  oeded  1 

ntoR 

INDEX, 
epublioan  SlslB 

of  for  Uie  oomrr 
s.    Resolution  0 

5 

ion  benefit  of 
Coi^ess  of 

U.S 

,™n.»..r 

»«o 

«.    K^e 

ofSw 

tesbr 

LANDS  of  their,  a,  B 

LAW.    Definilionand 

LAWS,  relating  10  Hie 

Tidinstheoiithori 

Tar 

priva 

ciiiy 
linue 

s  land  ol^ms  to  Mar 

113,1851. 
relating  Id 

Desc 
thepn 

■ipiion 

d  orgoniialion 

°J.t 

l\Z 

ULWS  of  llie  IT,  e.,  including  the  Trenties.    Deseiip 
lainingllie 

LAWS  of  Ilia  U.  S.    Desciiplion  of  Books  of  Alirid 


LIJGISI-ATIVE  Jooriiais.  I 
LBB,  ontliBdeDlhofGeoreB 
LE'JTERS-OF-MARQUE  h 

LIBERTY  Definition  ot  tn 
IJBERTY  and  mdependenc 
LIBERTY,  &o   on  June  17, 


Wnsbinglon. 
einff  filled  oiilir 

Fnnera 
IbeU. 

oration  of  Henry 

.  against  foreign  powers. 

eoiiJmy4,m 
ir-S     Decior 

ion  of 

Congteaslbr  theinainle- 

tthaenjoy^en 

ande 

^nUie.uppor.andpr^ 

LIGUTENANT-anSNERAL  and  oommanaer-m-oliief  of  the  Armies  of  I 

U.  a,  July  3, 1108.    Appointmenl  of  George  Wailiinglon  to  be i 

LIGHT  e»  regardH  the  llinilamBntal  law.    Ruinarks  on  neceBoily  of  the  p. 


videnee  in  aU  tribunalG  and  offiees  of  Ibe  U.  S.,  and  of  I 
ESIANA.  Chronological  ElalemanloflhelbrmalioB  of  the  Gov 


^sldeniofihaU.S.  First  clee' 
?BldenIDf1heU.  8.  Second  el 
nologlcal  statemeiil  of  the  forr 


Hosiecb,  Google 


OU»  INDEX. 

MAESHALB  sileiHionl  on  Ihe  SnprBme  Conn  of  iLe  V.  S.,  from  1789  to  ISSJ. 

MARYLAND,  m  I7S7,  sppoinling  deputies  to  convention  lo  fotin  Ihe  ConsU- 
lulkia.    Act  of It 

MARYLAND  to  ralify  Ihe  Artidos  of  ConfederaiLon,  nntil  March  X,  1581. 
Dales  of  raUfloalion  by  the  Slates  and  caase  of  Ihe  delay  of 406-4] 

HABYLAND.    Chronoli^icHl  slaletneol  ofllie  Charlers  and  CoDsUtuliona  of  4( 

KARYLAND  to  ratify  Ihe  Anlcles  of  Confederatioa  antil  the  States  possess' 
mg  Iha  North-Weslern  and  Western  Territory  ahoald  cede  the  Eaine  to 
tlieU.S.lbi  Ihe  eonnQoa  benefit  of  all  the  Smtea.  SlUeiuent  of  the  causes 
of  delay  by 41 

MARYLAND  on  said  sabjeot.    InstruciionB  to  tlie  Delegwes  in  Oongress 

MARYLAND  to  ratify  the  Arlicies  of  ConfedeiatioD.    Resolution  of  Coogrfss 

FiIASSACHUSETTS,  Jn  I73J,  appolntmg  deputies  to  ConTentlon  10  (brni  the 
Conslllulion.    Act  of IS 

MASSACHUSETTS.  ChronologlcaJ  statement  of  Ibe  ChatlerB  and  Comtilu- 
lionsof. « 

MASSACHUSETTS  ceded  ^VeEtetll  lands  to  the  U.S.    April  19, 1785 4e 

MEMBERS  of  Ihe  SeiialB  and  House  of  KepresenlallTea  to  take  an  Oalb  to 


MICHIGAN.    Chronological  slalement  of  the  fcrmallon  of  Ihe  Government  of  43 
MIFFLIN,  President  of  Congress,  to  Georgs  Washington,  in  answer  to  resig- 
nation of  his  comniisslon.    Address  of  Thonms aoi 

MINESOTA  Territory.    Proceedlnga  In  Coj^ress  relatlTe  to  the U 

MINISTERS  and  tlieir  fiomesllca.    An  act  for  Ihe  protection  of  Foreign 28 

MISSISSIPPI.  Chronol(^loal81aleraentoftliBfcraiallonofibeGovernnientof« 
MISSOURI.    Clironologlenl  slalement  of  Ihe  Swmallon  of  Iho  Governmenl  of  4S 

MONROE,  President  of  Die  U.S.    Firel  election  of  James 82 

M0NEOE,PreBidentoflhaU.9.    Second  election  of  James S2 

MONUMENT  be  erected  to  General  Washinglo"  in  Ibe  Capllol  at  Wasblnp. 

ton.    ResolationofCongicfslhatamarbie Si 

MOURNING  of  Ibe  Government  on  the  Death  of  George  Washlnglnn.    Pro- 


NAVY  Horn  1189  to  18EI.    Names,  Slntea,  services,  &. 

NEBEASKA  Territory.    Ptoceeflingn  in  Congress  rcl 

NEUTRALITY  of  the  U.  S.  by  prohibiting  lis  liUiena 

pireparing  any  offensive  means  against  a  foreign  r 


Hosiecb,  Google 


IKDEX.  509 

MEW  HAMPSHIRE,  In  1737,  appointii^  depuUea  to  Comenilnn  (o  form  tta 

CoOfldtDlJDIL     Act  Of--"-'-- '....' '." -»■   ISG 

tjonsof 407 

KBW  JEBSBY,  at  «je  meeUng  st  AanBpolis,  in  1I8S,  haviug  more  enlarged 

ftir  colling  the  Conventifm  whlcli  fcnaed  the  Consljlation.    The  Commla- 

Bionorsof. laa 

KBW  JEKBBT,  In  17Se,  appointing  deputies  bt  ConvenUon  to  foim  Out  Oonetitit- 

Uon.    Aclaof. ITO 

NEW  JGK3G7.    Chronological  statement  of  the  Chaileca  and  Constitutions  ot  tOT 

the"  Western  Territory  nould  ti«  ceded  \/j  tbe  States  iu  pOEaesuDO  to  the 

U.  S.,  &0. 4M 

MEW  MEXICO  TBBMTOKY.    Proceedings  in  Coogress  relatlTB  t«  t]M M8 

mending  a  ConTentlon  to  Hmn  a  CousUtDUliD.  KeEolutionB  of  the  Qenersl 
AesemMjof 155 

NSW  TOBS,  in  173T,  sppoinUng  deputies  to  the  CoDrenUon  to  tbrm  the  OousU- 
tntlon.    Act  of- ISl 

KEW  YORK.    ChnmolDgical  statement  of  the  Charteta  and  ConstltuUons  of  ■  ■  -  40T 


NEW  TOKK.    Spedal  apjrot&tion  of  Congrcsa  Kit  this  act  of  ■  - 
NOBTH  CAROLINA,  in  1737,  appDlntlng  deputies  to  Coniend 


NORTH  OAROLIHA.    Cbronolo^cal  statemeat  of  tlie  Charters  aud  ConsUtu- 

tlouBof- 

NORTH  CAROLINA  ceded  Wcstam  landa  to  thB  U.  S.,  Pebruniy  25, 1700 

KORTH-WBSIBRN  and  Western  Territory  to  the  U.  S.    Proceedings  irhioh  led 

NORTH-WBSTERK  TerritoTy  ■xiii  to  tho  T7.  S.  by  Vir^nla,  Maccli  1, 17M 

NORTH-WESTERN  Tenitcrj.    An  ordinam^e  ft 


OATH  of  ofScc,  BB  PreaMent,  admimfltored  to  Geoi^  Waahii^on,  by  llie  Chan 

cellot  of  the  State  of  (few  Yort,  April  30, 1789 ■ 

OATH  of  John  Tjler,  Tica  President,  to  qnalifj  iim  as  President  ot  the  U.  a  -  -  ■ 

OATHa  to  Bnpport  tbe  ConslitnUon.  of  the  United  States,  and  for  pertijrmance  o 

offlrial  duty,  to  be  taten  by  the  follow Ing  ofBcots  and  persons,  tIs.  : 


S.  Tbe  Senators  of  the  D.  3 S^  S88 

i.  Tbe  Secretary  of  tbe  Sonnta 2%  288,  289 

fl.  TheSpeoher  of  the  Hoosoof  RepreBeuta.tlTes- ,..,.,..,...... flSS 

7,  ThomemberaDf  thcHouseof  RepresentatiTuof  theU.  S. SS,  383 


Hosiecb,  Google 


a  The  Clerk  of  the  Honse  of  RepteBenlaln-ei  S%  SFIS,  SPO 

8,  The  meintierBof  Iho  seretol  SIMe  LEgiBlBhires  S2,  SSS 

10.  The  eieeulive  and  jadicinl  officcva  both  of  Iha  U  S.  and  of  Ibe  sevEral 

StBlea SB,  288 

U.  All  offioers  appoimed  unfler  the  anlliorjly  of  Ihe  U  8  JSS 

IB.  Eneh  and  every  clerk  ond  other  officBtin  any  of  Iha  fleparimenls  of  Ihe 

U.S. ass 

"OATHSofoffice"BrelobeUken.    B>  whom  32, asS,  S£8, BOO.  S9l 

OATH9.    The  preaidhiK  ofBeeis  of  the  Iwo  Houees,  end  oLoirmen  of  mm 

loiueee  of  Got^cees,  aulboilzed  lo  Hdmimslec  301,  W5 

OATHS,  prtwnriblng  Ihe  Ibims,  &c.    An  act  10  legalate  IhB  time  and  mannec 

of  aflmlnisteriiig  oermai 287 

OFFIOEHS  required  lo  lake  an  oalh  to  support  the  ConsUluiion  of  iha  Uniiad 

BiMes • a2,33s,aSB  900,  891 

OFFICE  of  President  and  Vice  President  to  commence  March  4,  Ac    The 


ORATION  by  Henry  Lee  on  the  dealli  of  Gcjtge  Washington     Funet^        21' 
ORDINANCE  for  Ihe  soveinraent  of  the  lerrixory  of  Ihe  U  S  uorlh  wist  of 
the  river  Ohio.    An 43 


PASSPORT  issued  nnder  authority  of  the  U.  8.    PenaUy  for  violsling  a.--  SS 
FAY  and  expenses  oflhe  General  to  command  nil  the  continentHt  Ibtcei  fixed 

attaOOpermonth,  by  resolution  of  Congress BO 

PENALTY  foe  neglect  to  delitor  the  electoral  votes  by  the  messeneerB,  *c  20 
PENALTY  for  violaihis  the  laws  of  nenlralily  m  the  U.  a  (gainst  a  foreign 


PENNSYLVANIA,  in  1781,  appoinl. 

inff  depw 

ies  ,oCon.endo. 

■  tofomth. 

tatement 

of  the  charters. 

ind  oonsiiin- 

PEOPI.E  to  support  the  CoDsiilutlon.    Responeibilities  of  the xx 

POUTICAL  and  o«ier  inforioaiion  in  the  public  offices  at  the  Seat  of  Govern- 
ment.   DescriplLon  of  the  soutces  of d 

POLKaaPreaidenloftheU.S.    Election  ot  Tame.  I^. S 

POSTMASTER  GENERALS,  from  1789  lo  1861.   Names,  Slates,  service, 

&c.,ofihB i 

PREFACE  lo  thb  edition,  and  to  the  chapters.    (See  Bmuaka.) 

PRESIDENT  of  the  U.  B.  CerUllcaio  of  the  election  of  Geoige  WaslunKton  as  E 


Hosiecb,  Google 


PRESIDENT  ana  vice  P 
lis  Preside!  ill  case  [ 
deiil,  approTed  Maiel 

.^asnalty.    Pravttion 
FEESIDENT  or  Vice  Pi 

Becrelary  of  Stale.    . 
PKESIDENT  end  VioB 

Term  of  office  of  the. 
PEESIDENT  and  Vice  I 

11,1709,    Am 
President,  in 
for  Ibe  eleclloi 
resident  of  Uie 

President  of  ■ 

V.  S.,  and  declannj  the  ofScer  w  act 

asi 

case  of  vacancies  in  those  offic. 

;sby 

U.S.  lobe  delivered  into  the  offi 

ceof 

the  U.  S.  10  comnienca  Match  4. 

,  io. 

'^sideniofth. 

B  U.  S.    An  act  providing  compi 

maa- 

m 

PRESIDENT  «ad  Vice  I 

'resiaeul  of  thi 

!  U.  S.    Corapeinalion  to,  and  pa 

liaity 

FBESIDENT  and  Vice  i 
lo  deliver  elecurolT. 

PRESIDENT  and  Vice  I 
lime  [or  holding  elesl 

PEESIDENT  and  Vice! 
iwairolffl.)    Eloclori 

ceediDgsimtoduciDE 
PRESIDENT  of  the  Seni 
PHESlpENT  pro  tempt 

PREStDEaHTS  pro  temp. 

and  attendance  in  Sc 
PKINTEDliy  order  of  tl 

marks  desoriptiTB  of 
PRIVATEERS  being  fil 

PUBUOATION  of  aine 

,*c., 

?resitlenloflb 

President  of  U 
il  votes,  &o.,  ft 

John  Tylct  10 
lie  anlhoriied 

oSiae  of  Presii 
ore,  (mm  Mar 

le  two  Houses 

eU.S.    An  not  to  establish  aim 

[form 

lell.  S,firomn8»lol849.    (See 

Ela- 

Pro- 

■3S0, 
.288, 
S.in 

Re- 
■,458, 

of  Wm,  H.  Harrison,  Preaiflent. 

m 

,ate  to  aot  as  President  of  IheU. 
cb  4, 17SB,  ID  March  3, 186L    N 

UBS 

of  Congress,  Itora  1768  to  1351. 

";''.':^^';'!/"^f.!"r."r!.' 

ass 

SI 

RATIFICATION  of  Ibe  I 

.1  ten  amendm 

totes. 

RATIFICATION  of  the, 

slevenUiandl. 

11 

RECORDS  of  oae  Slate  1 

n  every  other 

Slate,  tertitory,  &c.    Anthenticat 

ion  of 

REMARKS  on  the  propi 

REMARKS  on  the  d=«K 
REMARKS  on  the  officii 

.lhe«oonded 
;ielyofteadLi| 

n  of  Uie  Alpha 
il  piooeedings. 

Til 

,  Dnd  the  causes  which  led  to  lbs  adop- 

37 

■an 

Hosiecb,  Google 


5t2 

REMARKS  as 


REMARKS  . 

nuder  the 

REMARKS  . 

Richnit 
lelatiT. 
meial  i 

ma,' 
ladC 

erofco^a^cu. 

ngs  of  the  GoTeramenl 

« 

,«ofG«,rgaW, 

«hl«Ei™,> 

s  token  liom  Bondon's 

REMARKS 

^3!"^";, 

^1<,mlt 

WashlnglonlDbeLieu- 
mieagfUieU-a  JuiyS, 

340 

REMARKS 

in  relslion  « 
BWashlnglo 

.rniKg  and 

Bolenuiitieson  the  death 

REMARKS. 

a  inauBural  Bddi 

esses  of  the 

mpon  i 

tBiia. 

■  lo  the  Gen«Bt  Laws,  (bra 

,ii«  B  peeullur  olaxs  of 

REMARJtS 

tight  and  power  of  CongreES  lo  adrail "  New  SlBtes" 

SOS 

id  Judiei 


REMARKS  descripliTS  of  the  contents  of  the  Le^ElntivB  Jon 
Senate  ond  House  of  HeptesenlaliveBofths  U.  S. ^... 

REMARKS  deacriptiTfi  of  the  regular  docniuents  ordered  lo  be  p 
Senate  and  House  of  Rep  tesentativea,  from  17S0  lo  1S51  ■  ~ . . 

REMARKS  in  relation  to  Ihe  boohs  procured  for  the  Cong 


eeof  Ih 
t  of  Stele 


REPORTS  of  decisions  of  Ihe  Eupreme  Conrl  of  the  U.  S.  from  t}£9  to  13S1. 

Description  of  the  boolts  of • 46T 

REPRESENTATIVES  In  Congress  eieeted  Speakers,  froni  March  4, 17S9,  to 

March  3. 1B51,  showing  Ihe  congmeneement  and  termination  of  their  ser- 

Tioe,  ana  Ihe  Slates  repreaenled  by  Ihem —..—..-..,„  386,387 

REPRESENTATIVES  tn  Congress  among  the  several  Btaten,  aeeording  to 

the  si  jlh  eensuB.    An  act  for  the  apportionment  of.    (See  Siotn.) SOtt 

B£PBESENTAT1VES  in  Confess.    Provision  Ibi  dividing  Slates  into  d!s- 

iricls  for  elecUon  of - — 301 

REPRESENTATIVES  of  the  U.  S.  in  CongresB  aasembled,  on  July  4,  liTO. 

Declnralionoflndependcnceby  the -" 195 

RESIGNATION  or  refusul  lo  ocoepl  the  ofBoB  of  President  or  Vice  Presidenl 

of  the  U,  S.  10  be  delivered  into  the  office  of  the  Secielnry  of  Stats W 


Hosiecb,  Google 


INDEX.  513 

ILESIOKATIOJI  to  CongreBB,  ty  Gem^  Waahlngtmi,  of  bk  coinmlasi™  as  Com- 

BiantlorJn-CMef  of  the  Amcrinan  army,  on  DcmmtGC  23,  1188 208 

EBVBNUB  ftom  impost  duties  as  rcmuimcndel  by  Congreffl  in.  1JS3,  maa  tbs 
c&nse  of  ptocfledinga  wbicli  led  to  the  adopUon  of  the  ConsUtutioa.  Beport 
of  Committee  of  Congress  of  Confsderatioo,  shonlug  that  tbe  lUiuro  of  the 
Stfttes  to  curry  Dot  Uis  eenariil  syeUm  of 131-IS9,  li0-142-l«-160,  IBl 

KETENHB  from  impost,  ea  prorided  by  iMolutioQ  of  ConBrera  of  April  18, 
was.    (Sea  Ommti-ix.)    BflBolnWonB  of  Cengtesa  of  Febroair  IS.  "Sfl,  rs- 


ESTENDIS  ana  Tariff  laws,  Sm.    DescrlpHoo  of  boots  relating  to 487 

REVOLU'nON.   Books  relating  to  tlie  history  of  tie  AmoriOEin  Colonics  and  the  iii 
RHODE  ISLAiSD.  ChiBnolojifcal  Btat*meut  of  the  cIiaj;teiB  and  coostitutjous  of  ior 


eATB-CONDUCI  isaned  uuder  the  ftutliorlty  of  tbo  U.  S.     Penalty  fb 

lallnga 

HBAT  of  Oovernment  of  tlia  U.  S.    Tho  District  of  Colombia  ertablishf 


tionaoftho   T 

8BNATG,  of  the  ViiK  PreEndents  tmd  Presidents  pro  tempore,  from  March  1, 

BEN  ATE  of  tie  V.  8,  Table  of  the  names,  aenJce,  4c,  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  38$ 
EEHATE  of  the  U.  B.    Begcrlption  of  the  LeglslatlTe  and  Bsecutiie  loumitle 

nnd  Becoida  of  InipeachmentB  of  the 406,458 

BENATE  of  Uie  U.  S.,  from  173»  to  1851.    Kemarhs  descriplive  of  tbo  Docu- 

mcnlB  printed  by  order  of  the 457,468,469 

SBNATOKS  of  the  U.  S.  in  ofQce,  ftom  March  i,  1J89  lo  March  8,  1351,  abow- 


-       G       from  PeonBjl™nia- 
2       -      'Fiom  Dalaware 


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[o  SDuth  Oarolina-  ■  - 


SJ 


of  Congrera  fcom  Matdi  4, 1739  to  Matcli  8,  1861.    Oi 
bppoibUTif  depnttca  to  Ooay^DUo' 
if  ILe  Chaiisis 


BOriH  CiKOLINi,  in 

SOUTH  OASOUNA.     ChroDoIogldl  etati 


SOniH  CAROMNA  CHled  Westfirn  lands  to  tie  TT.  9.    AuKuaJO.irSI 12 

SPEAKER  of  tliD  Houee  of  RfpieaeutativeB  eliiill  act  us  FresMeDt  ot  tlie  U.  S. 

In  oass  of  raami?,  to    PtoTlsioDS  tliat  the 2! 

8PBAKEK  of  ttie  Houfla  of  ReptesenlaHTM  anthorfMa  to  sdininislor  oaths. 


to  1851.  IMcriptioDofthe 


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STATE,  in  Ease  DfVBCgucIeB  in  Ibe  office  of  FceaideDlniitl  Vice  Presidenlor 

UibU.S.    DnliesofllieSecrelatyor 383 

STATK    A  r«signatiDU  or  ietaaa\  to  sooepl  of  the  office  of  President  or  Vice 

STATE,  cegsrdins  Hie  publication  of  smendmeata  to  tha  Coaslitution  of  tho 
U.S.    DuliesoftMSeerelarjof. 39Ii 

ncBof "■  MS 

STATE  Department,  Description  of  selection  of  cerlain  books  in  the  Library 
oftha - 479 

BTATS  DC  Terrilorr,  ke.  An  acl  tbr  tbe  BnthenlioalioD  of  Acts,  Records,  mid 
Jndioifll  prooeeiiiiiea  of  one  Stale  ot  Tet  riioty  in  every  oilier Mfr-aM 

STATE  iu  certain  cases— the  proceedings  in  Slate  Courts  in  sucti  cages  lobe 
null  and  Toid.    The  V.  S.  JudjcB  smpowered  to  granl  the  writ  of  Habeas 

prison  of  any 301 

STATES.    Dates  ofratificationofihe  Constitution  by  the — £4 

STATES.  Batea  of  ratification  of  first  ten  ajnendments  of  the  Constitnlion 
by  the M 

STATES.    Katification  of  UieelBvonUioJia  twelfth  amendmanlB  by  the 30 

eTAl^SS  in  providing  revenue  fbr  the  support  of  the  Federal  Oovemiaent, 
■s  recommendea  by  Oongiees  on  April  IB,  1783.  Reports  of  committees 
ahowing  mo  failure  of  the  scyeral - 131-139, 140-14B-148-160, 131 

STATES  that  were  prominent  in  the  proceeding!  wbicli  immediately  led  to 
lliaadoplionoftbeConstltutlonoflbeU.a    KomarkainielBlionlD  Ihe--  153 

BTAT^  Resolution  of  Coi^ess  of  tlie  Confederaiioa  of  Ma;  BS,  1J3S,  ap- 
pointing a  commitlee  to  represent  lbs  financial  and  commercial  diffionl- 
lies  to  the  several —  154 

STATES  to  form  a  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  Beaolnlions  of  (he  General  As- 
eembiy  of  New  York,  July  31, 1783,  reccnuncnding  a  Convention  of  the.  ■  Hi 

STATES  to  leroedy  the  diJBcnllies,  Beaolnlion  of  Ihe  Confederation  of  Vir- 
ginia, of  January  B1,1JS6,  for  a  Convention  of  Ibo WO 

STATES,  at  AunapoUs,  in  17Se,  teoo  nnie  dmg  ttie  spp;^  men  of  deputies 
lo  ibrm  Iha  Constitution.  Frooeed  i^  of  comnuas  o  e  s  f  om  several 
oflhe lei 

STATES,  (bi  tbe  appoinlment  ofdepn  es  o  Con  n  on  o  fo  m  the  Conati  n 
lionoftheU.S.    Acts  of  the  aeve  a     vz  167 

OfVirg^nia,  passed  October  16  1783  J67 

Of  New  Jersey,  passed  November  S3, 1783  0 

Of  Delaware,  pasaed  February  3    rr  17 

OfGeoi^ia,  passed  February  10  1  87  "T( 

Ot  New  York,  passed  February    9    7^7  11 

Of  Sontii  Carolina,  passed  March  8,      7  183 


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516  INDEX. 

OfMojBocUuseKa,  pSBSBd  March  in,  1  H7  If 

Of  ConnccUQUt,  passsd  Moy,  17S7  l'>4 

OfMatyland,  pnssedMoylM,  173J  1(15 

O  f  New  Hampsliire,  passed  June  37,  ITBT  la6 

STATES  by  which  it  wai  ralLBed.    Keaolution  of  CpngtEBa  of  Bcptember  S3, 

STATES.  Oalhs  lo  eupporl  ihe  Consliluuon  of  Ihe  U  S  to  bo  lot™  by  Ibo 
membsTS  of  Iha  Legielalures  and  by  all  Eieculiye  and  Judicial  officerg 
oftaeseTSTal  !%288 

STATES,  ec  ord  n"  lo  the  aiith  census  Appom  ment  of  Represenlat  ves 
BDio  g  the  se  erol— v  z.  300 


NcwJBiwiy 

6    iDOiaiiD                     II 

Cfalym    a 

Penn 

Or^mT 

Majl^d 

e    iOnbacis      "            1 

"16    Blina      ~      -       I 

JVsbJ/-™ 

tiTca     Pro. 

1643,  for  dv  din 

g  he 

BTATE9  may  by  law  provide  for  filling  yaca: 

Each  of  the - 30 

STATES  and  TerrilorisB  of  Ibe  U.  S,    Chronological  slatemeni  of  the  Cbarlcra 

STATES.    The  time  of  ralificalion  of  the  Articles  of  Confederalioa  by  Ihe-  •  40 

8TATfS'>  iniD  the  Unbn.  Rcmai-lis  on  the  latificalion  of  Ihe  Ccaatllution  by 
the  original  Slates,  and  the  right  and  diacrelionnry  powci  of  Congteas  to 
admit  "New .- 40 

STATES  in  posscesilin  Ibereof:  Prooeediuge  which  led  to  tbe  cession  of  the 
Norlh-Weslern  and  WeBtetn  Territory  lo  Ibe  U.  S.  by  the 41. 

STATES  to  cede  their  western  landH  to  Ibe  U.  8  Besolutkin  of  Congress  of 
Beplemher  fl,  17S0,  reeoiomenaiag  to  the 42- 

STATES  ehoitld  be  dispoeed  offer  Ihe  common  benefit  of  the  U.  S,  and  fbrm- 
ed  Into  Republican  States.  Kesolution  of  Congress  of  October  10,  ITEO, 
that  the  Laadi  eedefl  by  the 42 

STATES  by  wbioh  Itae  weslein  lands  were  ceded  lo  Ihe  II.  S.  and  dales  b( 

STATES  out  of  the  North- Western  Territory.  Provision  in  the  Ordinance 
ofJalyl3,1737,  RrfijrrabiB ^ -— - 42 

STATISTICAL  and  other  infoimaUon  in  the  public  offices  at  the  seat  of  Go- 


Hosiecb,  Google 


isDEx.  517 

STATUE  of  George  WosMiiglontynoudoii.    DescripsioQof  Ihe -.-SOS-EOT 

SUPEEME  BQd  oUier  Conrtt  of  Ihe  U.  S.  cmpowerea  to  grant  wiilB  of  Kateas 

tain  cases.    The  Juii^os  of  the ,,.-„ 301 

SUPREME  COURT  of  ihe  U.  S.,  from  1789  lo  1351.    NnmcB,  Stales,  com- 

mencemenl  and  teiminBliou  of  Becvice  of  the  Oliief  and  Associate  Juslices 

of  the 88^-392 

SUPREME  COURT  of  the  U.  S.,  from  178B  lo  IS61.    Names,  serviea,  &c  of 

Iho  Clark!,  Reporters  of  deciBJons  and  Mniahala  of  the 893 

SUPREME  COURT  of  !hs  U,  B.,  from  !789  lo  1861.    Description  of  Books  of 


TABLES  of  electoral  Totes  for  Ptesideni  and  Vice  President  of  the  U.  S., 
from  March  1, 17BD,  10  Mereh  4,  iaS3 —  316-38 

TABLE  of  tenns  of  office  end  length  of  service  in  the  Seimle,  of  the  Vice 
Presitlents  and  Fresidenls  pro  tempore  i  and  of  the  commeneemenl,  and 
lecniination,  and  nnmber  of  ds.rs  in  each  session  of  Congress,  and  special 
session  of  Iks  Senaie,  from  March  4, 178a,  to  Msioh  3, 1861 33B-3* 

TABLE  of  ±e  names,  clesses,  length  of  serriea  of,  and  Slates  represented  by 
all  the  Senators  ofike  U.S.,  from  March  4, 1788,  to  Maioh  3, 1S61-'-  34e-^ 

TABLE  of  tlie  names,  places  of  nalivily  oi  residence,  lime  of  appointmenl, 

ersofthe  Houes  ofRepTesenlativea  of  the  U.  S. 383,  38 

TABLEofihonames,  residence,  when  appointed,  and  lime  of  service  of,  itie 

Clerks  oflliB  House  ofRepieaenladves  of  di8  U.S. 38 

TANEY,  Chief  Jnslice  oflhe  Supreme  Coud  of  Iha  U.  S.    Leiter  of  approbe- 


of-... - 4] 

TERM  of  office  of  four  years,  of  PrafJdent  and  Vioa  PreindeBl,  lo  commenco 

onMnrcli4,&o.    The - W 

TERRITORIES.    An  act  for  Ibe  aulhentication  of  acts,  records,  and  Judicial 

proceedings  of  Slates  and --  390-39 

TEBHITOKYioihB  U.S.  Piooeedingswhichledlolhe  eeesbnofihe  Nonli- 

Weslem  and  Western — 41 

TERRITORY  of  Ihfl  U.  S.  iiorlh-weit  of  Ihe  river  Ohio.   An  ordinanoe  fijr 

Ihe  Government  of  Ihe - 4S 

TEXAS  was  aflmiltod  into  the  Union.    Joint  roaolulion  and  act  of  Congress 

by  which - ^ 

TOMPKINS,  Vice  Prssidentofihe  U.S.    First  election  of  Daniel  D 3S 

TOMPKINS,  Vice  Presidenl  of  the  U.  8.    Second  eleodon  ofDanlel  D. 32 

TOMPKINS,  Tine  Piatident,  in  Senaie  of  the  U.  B.    Altenoance  of  Daniel  D.  Si 


Hosiecb,  Google 


518  INDEX. 

TRADE  and  eomni=rca  foT  U.E  V.  S.    Eesolulioo  of  Virginia,  in  I76S,  lo  pvo- 

vidaageiieralEyetemof 160 

TREASURY,  from  1789 10  185L    Names,  Slates,  service,  &c.,  oi  the  SeiteW- 

riesoftha 39B 

TKEATO^  of  ths  U.  S.    Daaoription  of  Ihe  books  coalsinins  the  Lawa  mid  401 

TYLER,  as  Vice  Ftesidenloflhe  U.S.    Eiection  of  John ' 3I19-S31 

TYLER  to  office  ai  Boling  Prssideiil  of  Uie  U.  S.,  on  Ihe  daalb  of  W.  H.  Hat- 


UHIOIM  of  UiB  people  for  lliB  government  of  the  U.  S.  of  America.  The  Coo- 
sUlution  adoplcd  for  the  purpose  of  forming  Hmoreperfeol — 

UNION  supporiBd  by  ihe  Constilntlon.  Brief  remarlts  on  Ihe  importancs  of 
llie 1! 

UNION  bsEsided  by  Ihe  inefficiency  of  the  OoTernmenl  under  Ihe  old  Con- 
federation.   The  existence  of  tha IM-li 

UNION.  Declaration  in  tcBolodon  of  February  13, 1730,  that  the  Congieas 
of  [he  Coufederetton  were  denied  Ibemeaof  of  satisfying  ej^agemenlefbr 
Hie  common  benafil  of  the 

UNION.    Deciarulion  by  Ibe  convention  at  Annapolis,  September  11, 1780, 

tollie  eiigenciesoftiie - 

UNION.    Declaialion,  by  resolnliou  of  Congress,  February  Bl,  I?37,  Ibi 

render  the  Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  Ihe  exigencies  of  llieGoveri 


UTAH  TBiritary.    ProoeediDgs  in  COBEresa  relative  to  the ~,.^ 

TACAJSOIBS  in  rsprcaentaUon  of  CraiKross-b™  filled 

TAOANOIES  m  seats  ot  Senators  ta  Oongresa— how  fllM - 

TAOANCIES  Jn  offices  of  tlie  TT.  S.  Oiat  may  happen  daring  recess  of  the  S 

ntlieofflcesbothof  President  and  Vice  Preddent.    Anactde 

in  UiQ  college  of  electors,  £&    £acb  Btate  may  provide  by  law 


Hosiecb,  Google 


INDEX.  519 

TESSELS  being:  tilled  ont  or  armed,  in  whole  or  In  par!,  in  Ihe  U.  3.,  Bgaiiul 

any  Ibtdga  power  wilb  which  Ihe  U.  S.  a  d1  pesos.  An  acl  to  prevent'  ■  SBB 
VERMONT.  Chronological  BWlemenl  of  the  thrmation  of  the  Government  of  «E 
V10BPKESn>ENToriheU.S.froml7e»tol86B.  {&sa Etselata!  Vaia.)  Elec- 

loTBl  votes  for "~ -£15-333 

VICE  PRESIDENT  of  the  U.  S.  by  the  Semite,  he  not  having  a  majoriiy  of. 

electoral  Totes.    Richard  M.  JohnBon  eleelefl ~ —  828 

VICE  PRESIDENTS  and  Preaidanls  piQ  tempore  ftom  March  4,  1769,  to 

Maroh3,lSSl.    Atteiidance  in  Iho  Senate  of  Ihe 336-346 

VICE  PRESIDENT,    Act  telalive  lo  election  of  Preadent  and  Vice  Preai- 

deot,  and  declarii^  Tvhat  ofiioer  shall  act  ss  President  in  case  of  voesn- 

eiea  hi  olficeB  of  President  and — Sfll 

VICE  PRESIDENT  in  case  of  vacancies  in  those  officea.    Provision  fer  the 

elcelion  of  K  FreBidenl  and ~— 3B3 

VICE  PRESIDENT  to  be  delivered  into  the  office  of  Secieteiy  of  State.    A 

i4,  3ui.    Tormof  office  of  the-.- 21)3 


VICE  PRESIDENT  in  all  the  Stales.    An  act  to  establish  u  uniform  time  ibt 

eleeliona  of  electors  of  President  and 3€ 

VICE  PRESIDENT,  to  quality  htm  as  President  of  the  U.  3.    Oath  of  John 


VIRGINIA,  in  1786,  tor  s 


srycededlallieU.S.hT4^ 


VOTES  for  Fresidenl  and  Vice  President  of  the  U.  S.  from  1739  to  1S63. 

Electoral SlC-SSi 

VOTES  for  President  and  Vine  Prcaident  of  the  U.  S.    Enactineoia  of  law 


,  setvicBS,  &c.,  of  the  Secteianes  of  3 
imimder-in-chief  of  the  array  of  the 
)lnlinent  by  Congress  of  tbe  Confede- 


Hosiecb,  Google 


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