i rnitni States in Order to form a /nore perfect Vni on, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquil ity oiwidp <x
^4^?H^fiinjEt5haJJbev;ted inacongress of t^LtotaJaate^v^ichsKaii cons/st /k^nare^^^S^^n
o amon the swa;
pr . to tteir ,
,
*. TtKfitrs"-p^^^K Members Present. Ju
hall keeo A Journal cf its Proceedings,
^int^ entered JP the Journal
:s ^Vi KS-rve a Compensation forth
$&egy2g SSrifflSJffiWish
ieif QpnmvM f ~ \ifli n t! <ho Swji,..
J^M^S^
he entered jn tne journal . j\iei Mier tiousc
receive a Compensation for their Services, tc
tinuance i" Office. Section Z All BiUs fcrrajsinglfevenue sii
^
^ 585 ^^ ItSha " beoomB * lw - BLrt -""
KWSR
Tv*Con/^> rtn^ tf(n-jlWfe}farP rt^ #U TT. .
-" K23&&!
$$ >"^s ^PSSsa^SS^ 11 * *"* ** navaj **. *> prow*,,, l n J*
A " senaJ S, dock-yg^ 3^
,nf Section 9. The Migration or importation of SuchTbrsons as any of the States now existing shall
"t" 6 ^ u not be suspended, unlessv^en in cases of Rebel) ion or Invasion the public SafetVroay re
" c "nai 1 ,TMIC to the Tbrt of one State over those of another: norshaU\%sseIg bound to OTfroi
/me totime.T*>Tiu e< *,***. I[ jWy j ? haJ l be granted ty \teUnited States: And notigrs
ii- coin Money; emit Bills at Credit; mare any Thirtf but gold and" silver Coin a Tfern
n I^vv*5 and the net Produce oi all Duties and Imposts ,jajctiy any ,?tate on Import? or exports, shall j
n such imminent -Danger aswjll of delay. A rt i,j ett .sectionl.1hee*!cuti\cav
nhej- of Senators and RrpjesentatitfestflVhlch the SUlcrnay heenlrtled in the Condress but no Senator or]
transmit sailed w t>>e srat of anOocernmiBnt o theUn;tdStaies,*recK<<to th=WesuJBtf theSenatt.The
?rtS e am>ji< nay "CS.1 S
"KU- Continuance in?g|-. 1
fcetwee* t^or^fl^^rt, sh
trforemeotionad,* ^,
the UniMJ Mates rfAnenca the Twelfth LWi-
cu~ *nmH rf the ItxfcpatMiiM of *e United States ** /Vnenca the Iwelfth IwWi-
Consmt rf the sa present the AVWMO.U, ray of Somber in the yt oi w Uo itouwd sen J^edanS^iV " !%^2).Wlm, Kobt My, Oeo-CVmer, ThoS. BtzSmaw, *red b^a
wto-Ale.atxterHamilMri.IfetfJerwv:WitU\Tng^n,nav.dBreartey,Wra.atrrt<,J^ : ry^ , AbrSWt<.in. InComwitjon MoncBv,Septarta-i?in.i7g7 I
iht Ru Wiliiamson. feuth Camuna:J Sutie*e, charter Ottarorth JinoKncy, Charles Rnckney, Rerce BirUer. C* 01 )}"!."" """.^ri; , j_ f i,.R..cv, mm ..ii t jonaiitLMisiaj"re,*"thijAsenta>idRui.
,t ,i\, Ssotmion ">I *is Convention, it Aould jf erwN be lubmittjj to fflrvention of Del<- e t e s, c h-o 5<in incachSMK y the T>p * I, unot ^, n ,-j
*^^AKKtoia) u ldiS9embitiVTOfcrthePfnt,idtheTi iand Place * oei.cinJ ! p MC B<Ilngs uMer tfs GonatatuUon. IhttmwndUUdultm Oy-EtestorsshouW
^ ,1 ,^._^ it the Trnifi ^rvJ Fti.^* ,. . _ *. j ft-n cv^c
uves *<l i conver>e at Rao-aiSiened; at theStoatareshcuJd ~ nt* na cwMil* 9W; *J^ B8i ^
/\Alt ^(iJMl.M KVm t.J Ki i ^i (int. a t+>. ^ ^- , r j H^ti. \TUOB Wln* 4 " v l^poruwll OJ I1J>>-<A KaiJrk? I ui
h.- innTti imtas it &iii r; l 9J9 S ^ c , tj ? n A"*^ "ne WJr fiwn ihe ratification ^4 tt gJijaM Krural SM, rowjiled ,>ft) Constitution, v?thMf "S? ri
- t * *1 ^i? 8 b*nravn*(i ai an amendnrnt (iirtieOonstitutun by UTe !CtfisU txln sewm ye
1 tv,,rtoenforcii53rttcIe>l ap!Toprt>!le 1 Ji31.]<.-in-3 1 !>-- oi the P.,d indVxafPnaidonUhall.nd .tn-. .n the ->o>dv oi Jamnry.anJ the terms of Senatori and RepreaentatiWj it noon ->n .h. tt* M d,,
^ m f,rc this article W a^ ro pri 1 wW bt. T ..^NDMinirW[i9^S^ni i T^
%^w third JBV rf j^u.w.imle th^j^J IV li^r^ d^ ^-^^
bsr u iaw(<wii)ej*yc M ,w*pe.n 1 * t) ^ t ^^ 3^^*rS7romhM> Senate maychojse a We President whenever a r ^ht c< <* <= shall have Jewuvcrf upon them. Section 5- sectional md 1 shall take effect on the 151
" Kgnt >MaiDMsUxXl l 933ISOctiOIJ l.The e iphtnth 5^ttJ^g^^jS^^gfrB-*Sj^fflSiSoS^^
rrwident, ^f actina 96 P^aid^nt i during the terrn within wnic^i thjS ArticHt? become^ ppfiTistiv
tct confititwtiria t
O> 10* qy *-*" * c*o. fxrnftiwiri&nM. - -.- L" "V G,
, those appointed bv WwSutes/but theyshalj i* considered, for the purposos dft
^^tm^tha.^^t^.ou.^-.^^be.na.O^nto ^ ^^or *--. *>r F - V,cefr
i Secfaonl- ire right ,rf crt.zens ofthe-Un.w
infig
to oursekes an
a
^^QESiPWfcSifci
Electors m
itant of that Stale Jfi
rmined byaddjr^ to tf^ OJ
dudin^ those bound to Sendee
ShalJ --
K ahaJ/iectosaft.
, three fifths of a// after ftreonS.
|S^^
nts - When ,-itt.ng & r ^ ^^^
and to enjcyanyofr, ;_
^iMi^SS** 1 .*
KS- &
"^SSS^Sx
^^4^
ohaveco-ual Votes, the Senate shallchuse from them fcv Ballot tteVicePresideni Thp .
ly-ftve years, and t>eer> fourteen Yeare a Besjdent witmS thelLitSd Sate; In 5I <
cordmgly, until the inability W removed, or a President sbaij be ejected. The Treside
tear^r affirm) that rwjjlfeithfullv execute the Office of ftesidentoftfo -
* ^W? Jln* rf 1 b?_.P r ??JP^_??!?f l i n <S* ^f fSSa
theOnnjojvnwritJno , of the principal OB-JOT ;m each of the esecy live i*partmnu>, -K-" - ^ ^ fe a^Qansuls.JiKlBeSQf the supreme U)uj-t,^rfa;ioth
^r^Sr%l^le^S^r^i^l ^^SSfSSfSSSSSS theirs ^fenat,, ^^ tomiffiion. hft Aal/ wpire
lent bettwen them, with Resrect to the Time of Adjournment
ice on Impeachment for, and Omviction of, Treason, Bribery,
. We Jtr<toe
CMes affec
d foreign States.
rIi
le
i5cfe weanore.
aCbinpensati
two Witnesses to the same ever
And the OO^KK nay ly flwer.1 Uws jMscr^ tteMMner
nine. rfcRsreon held to senrioe or Labour in one
. , .
OK said Crimes shall live been mmmitted; but when rot committed Win ay State, theTriai Shille
ssion in of*n Court. The cb^ress shall have power to
o deoJare the
heManner in which such Acts, Eftxirds and Prooeerfin
e State up*r the Uws thereof, eswp.rTmto SofcST^r" * eBlfecr thercrf - ^rtioi, 2. The C.tnens of each Slate shall be <
int of the WPislatur-es of the da?^o&v..rr.^S^r; hal1 m ^se^ence ^ any Law ^ jfedulation therein , beAscteSif Ji^
proper,- he shall receive
hich ShaJ/ not be diminished
3ontro._..
/n all othc.
on shall work cbrr u
sStatis, or pares of states, without trie Consent of the legislatures of the StaWcoSwrna^"tT I " niuL >"
t ,j sto)i i""** 1 "* *"" ^"^ " ws " ; " AB " 1Mt ic * " <*" t^PS!re SSS^lS SS iJsjrs
r Amendments, whicfyn either ase, shajl be valid -wall Intents md Fbrposes as BS
e Ninth Section of the first Artidc; and that m Swte.without iu Consent^ at, h?*b ;
w^,.*rt^.r^-*eK^!!^^^5 fif
3 as a Qua!
!^2i. --
ti of a
^r
ves Jcted r Tnit
.the
t on tbeDay i
Jaco: Broom. Maryland:
Mr Haroiltoi) ft D mj*>/YcirK, 1 * !W3er8e > r ^. r) Sl va ", Delaware.
uW ve isi.^ice rtereof Wtl
for the Election of the Pres
cte<i and
^jte^-^fe
" " "n
ly
PjDmffavYc.rK, W Jerst y- "ntMyiVBna. DeJaware. Maryland, Virginia, ffcru, ^ "** *n*r, Banl CarS II T chl Sette - ^fcniei rtoi-h "!=* 8ottSS2*- fame
S?SfaM?t^^
^^o^^-ft !W J^^ s ^g^^^ < S^ ^*.
#^ftTOse(hTBrfjW!^iytalnBdaMrfpw^wafihej!^ 3,,
t he u S b c!S2^s ) 5*?-^ 11
-" tamed
to the
"asona ^^
y of the UnitBj States in Congress assejnfo^
* ^l*^ S^ps*^? ** * ...
, m trie a f eaf thefe3 h = > r other constrtutionaldisabiutyo^ the rnesident. -The p?j-son having the great^t number erf votesasw^ ^""/ rl ^ , e sha i"tw,sisto/a c S i ,;S :
jaent-^Se"Ie number shall bo necessary tea choice But no person ccnstitutignalh/ inelisibte to the office of Preset sS)i be iSfffi X .S!" t "* Vica -IW-aS,? ,
IJ^ Nl ffV Cisesj Section 1. Ail persons bim nuraHd in OK Wi.ted States, ,tnJ j^fct to K jwisdiction thereof, are c. t.ra ftte ?fes S^ ! ^ ftes) *^- /IMn
ss^asftaste^...-,.;-
-ii ^vaiinot he Tv^t .!!; JU uje
lhePrsiaent.Butrocnco^ I d;^ t fe2?f re ti f e ^t e a >dH U se</ I ,^ s wtj( J v. oj>en3iithecerLHta,tes anJie wtra.ihaii thenbeawn j. TV,- """ """ l ""
b " 1 atnelresrierit, *eites Sail be wKen by states, fte r^resenutjon from <sch stats hwiiw one wtefl SSSi fcTfuf^" hav "^ the ,ta>t
. ^ -^t .^^ S^
" , ,__ "^s T^ Vir- 7 vi. ""- wi u<>bwu(^qwju JJWLHJI^I in VJD diiun ui tie -idwi> UJB* em i l3 Jje/iscv" DRMl DITP i *;*
>rxJ "oporson wkc jto held the <,ce of ftesi*m t . or acted as B-e^deTit .rormoretnanrwoyeareofa -tern, to whSSe otter SSfS
h ^|rilma^fe.Tn^S?o^U^^/^S
ties* nnwi-dgj ^^t^lf to the whole number of Senators and Bepresentatiwes *!"5^^
welfthartjae of amendment. Section 2. The Congress shall ravep*
State; and they shall meet in thePistnct and perfurm such du
e moonless,
ticn.
I?" 2- VWjenever there is a vacancy in the office of the VicePreSJdent, the Prey den t
f o/hjsoffice, and until he transmits to them a written dedaj^tion tdl^ortrvr
tempo re of the Senate arrf the SpeaKer of the House of Representative
.
to pay any poll tax or other tax. Sections. The Grouse *,,
"^ t> VVer fe enfoh=e * lS ^^^
1 ^ rru^r
State, bll .
*
iheConstitution
of ttieUnited States
of America ::::i:^
^
y^ Jll 1W ^
Consii
of
United State
Inscribed and Illustrated by
Sam Fink
With Benjamin Franklin s Address to the Delegates
Upon the Signing of the Constitution
welcome
BOOKS
NEW YORK 6 SAN FRANCISCO
In memory
of my beloved wife, Adelle,
who encouraged me to dream.
And for Darwin DicK Bahm
wfto helped maKe
this dream come true.
ADDRESS TO THE DELEGATES
On September 77, ij8j, a letter from Benjamin Franklin was read by James Wilson of Pennsylvania,
after which the Constitution was signed and offered for ratification by the states.
I confess that I do not entirely approve of this Constitution at present, but Sir, I am not sure I shall
never approve it: For having lived long, I have experienced many Instances of being oblig d, by better
Information or fuller Consideration, to change Opinions even on important Subjects, which I once
thought right, but found to be otherwise. It is therefore that the older I grow the more apt I am to
doubt my own Judgment and to pay more Respect to the Judgment of others. Most Men indeed as
well as most Sects in Religion, think themselves in Possession of all Truth, and that wherever
others differ from them it is so far Error. Steele, a Protestant, in a Dedication tells the Pope, that
the only Difference between our two Churches in their opinions of the certainty of their Doctrine,
is, the Roman Church is infallible, and the Church of England is never in the wrong. But tho many
private Persons think almost as highly of their own Infallibility, as of that of their Sect, few express
it so naturally as a certain French lady, who in a little Dispute with her Sister, said, I don t know
how it happens, Sister, but I meet with no body but myself that s always in the right. // n y a que
moi qui a toujours raison.
In these Sentiments, Sir, I agree to this Constitution, with all its Faults, if they are such: because I
think a General Government necessary for us, and there is no Form of Government but what may
be a Blessing to the People if well administered: and I believe farther that this is likely to be well
administered for a Course of Years, and can only end in Despotism as other Forms have done
before it, when the People shall become so corrupted as to need Despotic Government, being
incapable of any other. I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to
make a better Constitution: For when you assemble a Number of Men to have the Advantage of
their joint Wisdom, you inevitably assemble with those Men, all their Prejudices, their Passions,
their Errors of Opinion, their local Interests, and their selfish Views. From such an Assembly can a
perfect Production be expected? It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this System approaching so
near to Perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our Enemies, who are waiting with
Confidence to hear that our Councils are confounded, like those of the Builders of Babel, and that
our States are on the Point of Separation, only to meet hereafter for the Purpose of cutting one
another s Throats. Thus I consent, Sir, to this Constitution because I expect no better, and because
I am not sure that it is not the best. The Opinions I have had of its Errors, I sacrifice to the Public
Good. I have never whisper d a Syllable of them abroad. Within these Walls they were born, 6 here
they shall die. If every one of us in returning to our Constituents were to report the Objections he
has had to it, and endeavor to gain Partizans in support of them, we might prevent its being
generally received, and thereby lose all the salutary Effects 6 great Advantages resulting naturally in
our favor among foreign Nations, as well as among ourselves, from our real or apparent Unanimity.
Much of the Strength and Efficiency of any, Government in procuring 6 securing Happiness to the
People depends on Opinion, on the general Opinion of the Goodness of that Government as well
as of the Wisdom 6 Integrity of its Governors. I hope therefore that for our own Sakes, as a Part
of the People, and for the Sake of our Posterity, we shall act heartily 6 unanimously in
recommending this Constitution, wherever our Influence may extend, and turn our future Thoughts
and Endeavors to the Means of having it well administred.
On the whole, Sir, I can not help expressing a Wish, that every Member of the Convention, who
may still have Objections to it, would with me on this Occasion doubt a little of his own
Infallibility, and to make manifest our Unanimity, put his Name to this Instrument.
IS is a BacKbone.
Man cannot stand erect without one. Neither can a country.
The bacKbone of the United States of America is her Constitutjon.
There are features in his face
orally different from what I ever
observed in that of any other
human being; the socKets of the eyes,
t)r instanc^ane larger and the upper
part of lus nose broader. All his fea
tures are indicative of the strongest
passions,yet his judgement and great
command make him appears
man of a different cast in the
eyes Of the World. SKBERTSIWHT
T i T^shington is the might-
l/V iest name on earth...
t T bn^ since mightiest /
in the cause of cjvjj liber
ty; stil] mightiest in
moral reformation.
On that name an
eulogy is expected
lt none attempt
it. In solemn \
awe, pronounce
the name, and in
its naKed deathless
splendor leave it on
shining. A&wtwwcotw
George Washington
as a boy was ignor
ant of the common
est accomplishments
of youth . fie could not
even lie.
A gentleman of one qf the
irst fortunes on the conti-
nent sacrificing his ease,
and hazarding all in the cause
Of his country. JOHNJDAMS
I_re errs as other men do but
I errs with dignity
There has scarcely appeared a
eaiiy great man whose character
ias been more greatly admired in
his lifetime or less correctly under-
stood by his admirers... his talents
were adopted to lead without dazzling
mankind, and to draw jbrth and
employ the talents of others without
being misled by them.
nis mind was great and powerful
without being of the very first
order; his penetration strong,
though not so acute as that of Newton,
Bacon or LocKe, and as fir as lie saw
no judgement was ever sounder It
was slow in operation being little aided
by invention or imagination but sure
in conclusion.
powerneur Morris of
\JPennsylvanialtis said lie
wrote the preamble and that
he did itquicKiyAsayoung
man he drove around
Philadelphia in a four wheej
carriage drawn by a pair
of spirited horses. One
day as he climbed aboard
the horses Doited. The
coach overturned and
landed on Morris. His leg
was smashed beyond
repair and had to be
amputated . Rr the
rest of his life
he pegged around
on a wooden leg-
Tliis disability
never stowed him
down nor diminished
his zest for life.
The Preamble
efliePeopie
.oltneoiited States,
in Order tpform a more
erfect ljniqn,estal>iisli Justice,
insure domestic Tnanquflit^
provide for tne common defence,
promote tne geneml)Velfari
and secure the Blessins Q
to ourselves and our
do ordain ana e;
this Constitution
for meunited States of America
Article r
Section i.
Section 2.
Section i All legislative
TDwers herein granted
shall be vested in a
Congress of the
United States,
which shall consist
and House of Representatives,
Section 2. The House of
Representatives sjia]] be
composed of Members
chosen every second ^ar by theT^opJe
of the several States, and the Electors in
each State shall have the Qualifications ,,
requisite for Electors of the most numerous
Branch of the State DegisJat tire.
. JMo Person shall be a Representative who shaJl not have
attained to the/^e of twenty-five ^ears ? and been seven lears
a Citizen of the United States, and who shajj not, wheji elected, be
an Inhabitant of that State in which he shaJJ be chosen.
Article i
Section 2.
(continued)
... leoresentatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned
among the several States which may be included within this Union,
xcordinto their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by
adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to
Service fora Term of ^ars, and excluding Indians
not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.
The actual Enumeration shall be made
within three^ars after the first
Meeting of the Congress of the
United States, and within every
subsequent Term of ten ^tars, in
such Manner as they shall hy Law
direct. The Number of Repre
sentatives shall not exceed
one for eveiy thirty
Thousand, but each state
Shall Iwe at Least
one Representative;
and until such
enumeration
shall be made,
the State of
New Hampshire
shall be entitled
to chuse three;
Massachusetts eight;
Rhode Island and
Providence
Plantations one;
Connecticut five;
Newark six;
New Jersey four *
Pennsylvania eight;
Delaware one;
Maryland six;
Virginia ten;
North Carolina five;
South Carolina five; and
Georgia three.
/ vacancies
happen in the
Representatior
from any State,
the Executive
Authority
thereof
shall
issue
of Election
to fill such
Vacancies.
The House
of Represent
atives shall
F chuse their
. Speaker and
other Officers;
and shall have the
soieR>wer of
Impeachment.
Article i
Sections.
lection 3. The Senate of the
United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, chosen
ty the Legislature thereof for
sixl&ars; and each Senator
Shall have one Vote.
jnmediatejy after they shall
be assembled in Consequence of
the first Election, they shall be
divided as equally as may be into
three CJasses. The Seats of the
Senators of the first Class
shall be vacated at the
Expiration of the second
Tfiar,of the second Gass
at the Expiration of the
fourth ^fean and of the
| third Class at the Expir
ation of the sixth Year,
so that one third may
be chosen every
second ^?ar; and
if \Scancies happen by
Resignation, or otherwise,
during the Recess of the
Legislature of any State,
the Executive thereof
may make temporary
Appointments until the
next Meeting of the
Legislature, which shall
then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be
a Senator who shall not
have attained to the Age of
thirty Years, and been nine
Yedrs a Citizen of the United
States, and who shall not
when elected, be an Inhabitant
of that State for which
he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the
United States shall be the President
of the Senate, but shall have
no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
Article!
Section 3.
(continued)
Section 4.
_ ie senate shall chuse their other Off Jeers and aJso a
Resident pro tempore,in the absence of the Mce President,
or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the
United States-
The Senate shall have the soJe Power to try
alj Impeachments. When sitting for that purpose,
they shall be on Oath or Mir/nation.
When the President of the United States is tried,
the Chief Justice shalj preside-. And no Person shall be
convicted without the Concurrence of two thinfc
of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall
not extend further than to removal from Office, and
disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office qf ftonor,
Trust or Profit under the United States:
but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be
liable and subject to Indictment /Ifial, Judgment
and Punjshment, according to Law.
(Section 4-. The Times,Places and Manner of hoJdini
Elections for senators and Representatives, shall be
prescribed in each State b7 the Legislature thereof;
but the Congress may at any time by Law make or
alter such Regulations,occept as to the Places of
Senators.
Article i
Section 4.
(continued)
Section 5.
e Congress shall -assemble at least once in every ^^ ,
and such Meeting shall be the first Monday in December, unless
they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Sections. Each House shall be the. Judge of
the Elections,Returns and Qualifications
of its own Members, and a
Majority of each shall con
stitute a Quorum to do
Business;but a smaller
Number may ad*
journ from day
.#*
and nw
be auth
orized to
compel the
Attendance
of absent Members,
in such Manner,
and under such Pen
alties as each
House may
provide.
Each
House nw de
termine the
Rules of its Pro
ceedings, punish its
Members for
disorderly
Behavior, and,
with the Concur
rence of two thirds,
expel a Member.
Each House
Shall Keep a Jour
nal cS its Proceed
ings, and from time _
to time publish thefsame, excepting ^^ 1 1 ^ ^ ao
in their Judgment I require Secrecy; and the leas and |Nays
of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire
of one fifth of those Present, he entered on the Journal.
It says in Gather] ne Dri nker Bowen s book,
"Mirade atPhiladelpia ; there were sufficient
numbers of doves of peace in the room where
the Delegates met so each one had a dove perched
on his shoulder as they wrote the Constitution .
Article i
Section 6-
Section z
Section 6. -The Senators
and Representatives shail
r receive a compensation tor
their Services, to be ascertained
byLaw,and paid out of the Treas
ury of the United Sates. They
sha]] in all Cases, except Treason,
Felony and Breach of the Peace, De
privileged from Arrest during
their attendance at the
Session of their respective
Houses, and in going to
and returninglromthe
same; and for any
Speech or Debate in
either House, they
Shall not t>e ques -
tioned in any other
Place.
>fc> Senator or
Representative shall,
during the Tinne for
which he was elected,
be appointed to any
civil Office under
the Authority of
the United States
which shall have
been created, or the
Emoluments
whereof shall have
been encreased
during such time; and
no Person holding any
Office under the United
States, shall be a Member
of either House during his
Continuance in Office.
Hi 7 All BOfe for raising Revenue
shall originate in the House of Represent
atives; but the Senate may propose to
concur with Amendments as on
other Bills.
Every Bill which shalj have passed
theflouse of Representatives and
the Senate shall, before it become a
Law, be presented to the President cf
the United States; If he approve he shalj
Sign /t, hut if not he shall return it,
with his Directions to that House
in which it shall have originated, who
Shall enter the ejections at large on
their Journal, and proceed to reconsid
er it. [f after such Reconsideration
two thirds cf that House shaj]
3gree to pass the BJJJ, it shall be
sent, together with the Objections,
to the other House,
Article
Section 7.
(continued)
m
which it shall JiKewise
be reconsidered, and if approved
by two thirds or
that House, it
shall become a
Law But in all
such Cases the
Votes of both
Houses shall be
determined
by Yeas and Nays,
and the Names
of the Persons
voting for and
against the Bill
shall be entered on
the Journal of each
House respectively
ff any Bill shall not be
returned by the President
within ten Days (Sundays
CKcepted) after it shall have
been presented to him,
the Same shall be a Law,
in liKe Manner as if he had
signed it, unless the Congress
bv their Adjournment
prevent its Return, in which
Case it shall not be a Law.
. ".niw
m
: :
eryOrdenResojution,
or Vote to which Concur
ence of the Senate and
House of Representatives
may be necessary (except
on a Question of Adjourn
ment) shaJJ be presented
to the President of the
United states; and
before the Same shall
take Effect, shall be approved
by him,or being disapproved by
him shall be repassed by two
w thirds cf the Senate and
House of Representatives accord
ing to the Rules and Limitations
prescribed in the Case of a BilJ.
Article i
Section 8.
Power To lay and collect Taxes,Duties,
Imposts and excises, to pay the Debts and
provide for the common Defence
and general Welfare cf die
United States; but aJJ
Imposts and Excises
shall be uniform
throughout the
United States?
TD borrow money
on the credit of the
United States;
To regulate
Commerce with
f * J L V *
foreign
Nations
o provide for the Punishment
of counterfeiting the
Securities and current
Coin of the United States;
Tb establish Post offices
and post Roads
ID promote theprogress of
.Science and useful Arts, by secur
ing for limited Times to Authors
and Inventors the exclusive Right
to their respective Writings and
Discoveries;
the several
States, and J
with the
Indian
Tribes;
estabish an uniform Rule of
^turalizatjoaand uniform
Laws on tie subject of Bankrupt-
cies throughout the United states,*
TD coin Mone^ regulate the
Value thereof, and of foreign coin,
and fix the Standard cf Weights
and Measures;
constitute Tribunals inferior
to the Supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies
and Felonies committed on the
high Seas, and Offences against the
Law of Nations;
To declare M&r, grant Jetters
of Marque and ^Reprisal, and maKe
Rules concerning Captures on
Land and Water;
Article i
Sections,
(continued)
To raise and support
Armies, but no
/ \pproprjation
cf Money to mat
Use shall be
for a longer
Term than
two Year^:
To provide and
maintain a Navy
To maKe Rules for
the Government and
Regulation of the land
and naval Forces;
To provide for callinj
forth the Militia to
execute the Laws of
the Union, suppress
Insurrections and
repe] Invasions;
To provide for organ-
izing, arming, and dis
ciplining the Militia,
and for governing such"
Part of them as may
be employed in the
Service of the
United
reserving
to the
States respectively the
.Appointment
of the
Officers, and the
Authority of training
the Militia according
to the discipline pre
scribed by Congress;
exercise exclusive
Legislation in all
cases whatsoever,
over such
District
(not exceed
ing ten Miles
square) as may,
by cession of par
ticular States, and the
Acceptance of Congress,
become the Seat of the
Government of the
United States, and to
exercise liKe Authority
overall Places purchased
by the Consent of the
Legislature of the state
in which the Same
shalJbe,for the Erection
of firts, Magazines,
Arsenals, dock-Yards,
and other needful
To maKe all Laws
which shall be
necessary
and
carrying
:J into
Execution the
foregoing Powers,
and all other
Powers vested by
this Constitution
in the
Government
of the
A United
4 States,
or in any
Department
or Officer
thereof.
Article i
Section 9.
bction 9. The Migration or Importation of 5ucn Ttrsons as
Jany of the States now existing shall thinK proper to admit,
Shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand
eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on
such importation, not exceeding ten doJJars for eacji Person.
Ihe privilege of the
Writ of Habeas Corpus
shall not be suspended,
unless when in Cases
of Rebellion or invasion
the public Safety may
recpreit.
No HI] of Attainder
or ex post facto Law
Shall be passed.
No captations
other direct,Tax shall
be laid, unless in Pro
portion to the Census
or Enumeration here
in before directed to
be taKen.
No Tax or Duty
shall be laid on Articfo
exported from any
State.
No Preference shall
be given by any Regula-i
tionof Commerce or
Revenue to the Ports
of one State over tho:
of another: nor shall
Vessels bound to, or
from, one State, be
obliged to enter,
clear, or pay Duties
in another.
JNo money shall
be drawn from the
Treasury, butincon-
sequence of Appro
priations made by
Law* and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and
Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from
time to time.
Article I
Section 9.
(continued)
Section 10.
o Title of Nobility shall be
granted by the United States--
And no Person holding any Office
of Profit or Trust under them,
shallwjthout the Consent of the
Congress, accept of any present
Emolument, Office, or Title,
ofanykinr
whatever,
from any
King,
Prince or
foreign
State.
-, emc
CveJ\v, mate am W
ev
Section 10.
No Slate shall
enter into any
Treaty Alliance,
confederation; grant
letters of Marque and .
Reprisal; coin Money? 1
emit Bills of Credit;
make any Tiding but
gold and silver Coin a
Tender in Payment of Debts $
pass any Bill of Attainder, ex
post facto Law or Law impairin
the Obligation of Contracts,
or grant any Title of Nobility.
No State shall,without the
Consent of the Congress, lay any
imposts orDuties oh imports
or Exports,except what
may be absolutely nec
essary for executing its
inspect! on Laws-- and
j|tne net produce cf all
m Duties and Imposts,
laid by any State on
Imports or Exports,
shall be lor the Use
of the Treasury of
the United States;
and all such Laws
shall be subject to
the Revision and Controul
of the congress.
b State shaJJ,wjthout
the Consent of the Congress,
Jay any duty of joo
4 na^e, Keep Troops,
orShipscfwann
time of Peace,
enter into any
Agreement or
Compact with
another State,or
with a foreign
Power, or engage
in War, unless
actually invaded, or in such
imminent Danger as will not
admit of delay.
My friend, CharlQ Feld man,
remember5 what people say
He remembers exactly. Yeans
ago he listened to. a
tDevj.sjon interview with
HugoLaFiA ette BiacK,
Associate J u 5tice of tfie
Supreme court for J\ years
When BlacK was asKed a
question on the Constitution,
he wrapped out a dog-eared
little Dock from his pocKet,a
copy of the Co
all in m
is jitTJe booK. I carry it
with me an tnetime, ; he sajd.
Article n
Section i.
Section 1- The execu
tive Power shall be
vested in a President
cf the United States
of America.He shall
hold his Office during
the Term of four
Years, and,
together
with
the
Senator or Represent
ative, or Person hold
ing an Office of Trust
or Profit under the
united States, Shall
be appointed
an Elector
The
Electors
shall
Number of Votes for
each;which list they
shall sign and certify,
and transmit sealed to
the Seat of the Govern
ment of the united
States, directed
the pres
ident of
the
Vice
Resi
dent,
chosen
Tor the
sameTenri,
be elected as
follows
Each State
Shall appoint, in such
Manner as the Leg-
is ature thereof may
djrecta Number of
Electors, equal to the
wholeNumberof
Senators and
Representatives to
which the state may
be entitled in the
Congress.- but no
meet m their respect
ive states, and vote
by Ballot Tor two
persons,of whom one
at least shall not be
an Inhabitant of the
same State with
themselves. /\nd
they shall maKe a
List of all Persons
voted lor, and of the
Washington is
e mightiest name
on earth -Tone since
\ mightiest in the cause
of cjvoberty; .still mightiest
in moral reformation. On that
name an eulogy is expected.
Let none attempt it.
jn solemn awe,pronounce the
name, and in its naKed dbathfes5
splendor leave it on shining.
Abraham Lincoln.
Senate. The president
of the Senate shalljn
the presence of the
Senate and House of
Representatives open
all the certificates,
and the Votes shai)
then be counted.
ArticJen
Section!,
(continued)
ie Person having
tne greatest Num
ber cf votes shall
be the President,
if such Number
DC a Majority of
tJiewhoieNumberi
of Elector^ ap
pointed; and if
there be more
than one who
nave such Majority
and have an equa]
Numberof votes,
then the House of
Representatives
shall immediately
chuse by Ballot one of
them for president; and
if no Person have a Major
ity then from the
five highest on the
List the said
House shall in
liKe Manner
use the Pres
ident. But in chus~
ing the President
r thevotes shalJ be
taKenbyStates,the
"Representation from
r ea(h State having one
Vote,- A quorum for
this Purpose shaJJ con
sist of a Member or
Members from two
thirds of tfie states,
and a Majority of
all the States shaJJ
be necessary to a
Choice, jn every
[ Qse, after the Choice
cf the President, the
Person haying the
greatest Number of
Votes of the Electors
shall be the v/ce Presi
dent. But if there
shoujd remain two or
more who have equal
votes the Senate shall-
*chM5P from them Dy
L Ba)Jot the wee President.
The Congress may determine
the Time of chusing the Electors,
and the Day on which they shall
give their Votes; which DaysnaJl
he the same throughout the
united states.
[ During the first weeM of July 1787, frustration
and disappointment crept Into the Convention.
1 Tne weather in Philadelphia was punishing.
/ Several pulled out and went home.
"S Mner Martin, >Jew Jersey Delegate, a States
I rights advocate, wrote.-"We were on the verge of
I dissolution... scarce held together t>y the
I strength ot an hair...."
In opposition to the National Government,
\ Luther Martin never did sign the Constitution.
Articleir
Section i.
(continued)
, or a Citizen of the
mcf .this Constitute
shalfDe^eii^arlnaturaJ RHhe^cjdent.neJmcr shajj any
roson beciiJeto^ T1 ^^rf^ jsstialj not have attained
._ to tne Age^ao ^ice $? been fourteen years a
Resident within
, In case of theRemovaj of the President from Office, or
of his Death,Resignation, or inaDi 1 ity to discharge tJ le Powers and
Duties of the saio Office, the same snail devolve on the vice
President, antf tne congress may by Law provide for the case of
Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability Doth of the President
and vice President, declaring what Officer shaj] then act as
President,and such Officer shajj act accordingly until the Disability
be removed, or a President shall be ejected.
ihe President shall, at stated Times, receive for nis Services, a
Cojijpeosatioawhicn shail neither be encreased nor diminished
during the Period for which he shall nave been elected, and he
Shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the
united states, or any of them.
Before he enter on the Execution cf his Office, he shall take
the following oath or Affirmation^"! do solemnly swear (or affirm)
that I will faitnf ully execute the Office of president of the united
States, and I will to the best of my Ability preserve, protect and
defend the constitution of the United States."
Article IT
Section z.
Section 2. me president shall be Commander in Chief of the Amy
and Navy of the Unto states,and of theMilitJa of the severe] States,
when called into the actual service of theunited states;he may
require the opinion,^ writing, of the principal Officer in each of the
executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of
their respective Offices, and he sjia) J have power to grant Reprieves
and Pardons Tor Offenses against the united states, except in cases
of Impeachment.
lie shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, to maKe Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur;
and he shall nomjnate,and by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors,other public Ministers and consuls,
Judges of the supreme Courtand all other Officers of the United States,
whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for and which
shall be established byLaw; but Die Congress may by Law vest
the Appointment of such inferior Officers,as they thinK proper, in the
President alone, in the Courts of Lawj or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Rower to fill up all Vacancies that may
happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions
which shall expire at end of their next session.
Articlen
Sections.
Sections.
Prodigious note-taker. Had jt not been/or his alertness and constant attendance
there, would not be so compJete a record of discussions, debates, compromises
Physically small, scholarly bright, ne was described as"no bigger than a bar of soap"
Section 3.He shall from time to
time give to the Congress Information of the state of the Union, and
recommend to their consideration sucn Measures as he shall Judge
necessary and expedient; he maj/; on extraordinary Occasions,
convene both Hquses,or either of them,and in case of Disagreement
between thenwith Respect to the Time of Adjournment he may ad-
journ them to such Time as he shaj] thinK piDpen he shall receive Ambassa
dors and other puaic Ministers; he shall taKe care that Layvs beTaitlifujfy
executed,and shall CDmmisston alj the officers of the United States.
Section^. The President, Vice president and all civjj Officers
of the united states, shall be removed from Office op impeachment
for,and Conviction of, TreasoaBriheiy or other high crimes and
Misdemeanors.
Articjem
Section i.
Section 2.
raenjamm flranklm was in his eighty
Usecond year. Despite failinghealtn he
attended ses5ion after 5ession and brought
wisdom and caJm to beared debates.
He said.- "we are sent here to consult,
potto contend with each other.. ..
"Fbsitiveness andvrarmtnonone
side natural/7 beget their line on the
other,- and tend, to create and augment
discord and division in a great concern,
wnerein harmony and union are
extremely necessary to give weight
to our councils, anq rencfer them
effectual in promoting and securing
tne common ood."
At a later session when progress
was bejng made he remembered how
delegates to the Continental Congress
prayed for Gods guidance for the revolution,
ftwas in the room.He said. . ..... I have
lived a long time,and the longer I live,
tne more convincing proofs I see or
this truth-
ttiat God governs in the affairs of men,
Section i. Tlie judicial Power of the United
States shall be vested in one supreme Courtand in sucft
inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time oniain
and establish. The Judges, hoth of the supreme and inferior
Courts; shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall,
at stated Tlmes,receive for. their Services a Compensation which
Shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Section 2. The judicial Fewer snail extend
to all cases jn Law and Equity arising under this Constitution,
the Laws of the united states,and Treaties made, or which shall
be made,under their Authority ;~
Article in
Section 2.
(continued)
Section 3.
all Cases affecting
Ambassadpr5,other
public Ministers and
ConsulsHo all cases,
of admiralty and
maritime Juris-
djctionrto con
troversies to
which the
United States
shall be a
Controversies
between two
or more States;
between a
State and
Citizens of
another State,
between Citizens
of different states^
between Citizens
of the same
State
claiming
Lands
under
Grants of
different
States, and
between
a State, or
the Citizens
thereof, and foreign
State&citjzens
or Subjects.
.n all Cases affecting Ambassadors,
r or other pubjicMinisters and Consuls,
and those in which a State shall be Party
the supreme Court shall have original
Jurisdiction. In all other cases before
mentioned, the supreme court shall
have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to
Law and F&ct,w/th such Exceptions,
and under such Regulations as the
Congress shall make.
Hie trial of all Crimes, except in
Cases of Impeachment ? shajj be by
jury,- and such Trial shall be held in the
State where the said crimes shall have
been committed; but when not com
mitted within any state, the Trial shall
be at such PJace or Places as the con -
gress may by Law have directed.
Sections. Treason against the
United States, shall consist only in
levying War against them, or in
adhering to thejr Enemies, giving
them Aid and Comfort. No
Person shall be convicted of"
Treason unless on the
Testimony of two
witnesses to the
same overt Act, or on confession
in open Court.
The Congress shall have power
to declare (he punishment of
Treason, but no Attainder of
Treason shall worK Corruption of
Blood, or Forfeiture except
during the Life of the
Percon attained.
Article IF
Section i.
Section ^.
Sectioni-Fuii
Faith and credit shall be
given in each State to the
public Acts,Records, and
judicial Proceedings of every
other State. And the Congress
may w general laws pre~
scribe the Manner in which
such Acts, Records and
Proceedings shall be proved
and the Effect thereof.
Section^ The Citizens of
each State shall De entitled
to all Pnyjje&s and
immunities of Citizens in
the several States.
A Person charged in any
State with Treason, Felony
or other Crime, who shall flee
from Justice, and be found in
another State, shall on demand
of the executive Authority of
the State from which he fled,
be delivered up, to be removed
to the State having jurisdiction
of the Crime.
No Person held to Service
or labour in one State, under
the Laws thereof, escaping into
another, shall Jn consequence
of any Law or Regulation therein,
De discharged from such
Service or Labour; but shall
be delivered up on claim
of the Party to whom
such ^rvjce or Labour
may be due.
Article ]y
Section 3.
Section -fc
EHOOD
Section 3. New .states may
be admitted by the Congress
into this Union; but no new
State dial] be formed or erected
within the Jurisdiction of any
other State; nor any state be
formed by the Junction of
two or more States, or parts
of States, without the Consent
of the LegisJatures of the
States concerned as wejj as
of the Congress.
The Congress sha)J have power
to dispose of and mate aJ] need-
fuJ Rules and Regulations re
specting the Territory or other
Property belonging to the
United States;and nothing in
this Constitution shall be so con
strued as to Prejudice any Claims
of the united States or or any
particular State.
Section 4-. The United
States shall guarantee to every
State in this Union a Republican
Form of Government, and
Shall protect each of them
against Invasioa-and on Appli
cation of the Legislature, or of
the Executive (when the Legis
lature cannot (x convened;
against domestic Violence.
Article v
t . The Congress, whenever two
thirds of Doth nouses shall deem it
necessary shall propose Amend
ments to this Constitution, or, on the
Application of the igisjatures
of two thirds of the sev
eral states, shall call a &
Convention for pro
posing Amendments,
whichJnejtherC9se,shall
be valid to all Intents and
Purposes, as part of this Consti-
tutipn,when ratified b^the
legislatures of three fourths of
of the several States,orby
conventions in three fourths
f am,
thereof, as the one or
the other Mode of Rat
ification may be pro-
! posed by the Congress;
/ Provided that no
1 Amendment which
maybe made prior to
the Year one thousand
eight hundred and eight
shall jn any Manner
affect the first and
fourth Clauses in the
Ninth Section of the first Article;
and that no State, without its
Consent shall be deprived of its
equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Article vr
~\ 7T
V
f JL
AIJ Debts contracted and Engage-
3 entered into, before (he
Adoption of this Constitution,
shall be as valid against the united states under this Constitu
tion, as under the confederation.
This Constitution, and the Laws of
the United States which shati De made in pursuance thereof;
and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Auth
ority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the
Land; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby
any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the
Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives
before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legis-
latyre&and ail executive and judicial Officers, bom of the
United states and of the several States, shall be bound by oath
or Affirm at ion, to support this constitution; but no religious
Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or
public Trust under the united States
Articlew
..le Ratification of the Conventions of nine
States snail be sufficient forme EStabfisDrnent of tnis
constitution between the state? so ratifying the 5ame.
Signatures
of Signers
_ in Convention by the Unani mous
consent of the States present the seventeenin Day of septem-
Denn me Year of our LORD one thousand seven hundred
and EigJity seven and of the Independence of the United
States of America the Twelfth IN WITNESS whereof We
nave hereunto subscribed our Names.
Attest WilliamJacKson.Secretary: QoWashir^ton-R-esjdt. and deputy from Virginia; New Hampshire J*nLanddon,NichoJas GjJman.
Massachusetts; Nathaniel Gorham, Fufus King, Connecticut: U Tn-Saml- Jbhnson- A T ewYprK= Alexander Hamilton . New Jersey: WiJ: Ljvin^stDn ,
David Brearley, Wn.Paterson, Jona--Dayton- PfennsyJvanig: B FranKJin, ThomasMiffiin, Bobt Morris, oeo aymer, Tnos fitzSimons,
jared Ingersol It James "WiJ.sorn OoovMcmiSi Delaware: Oeo:Bead^ Gunran^ Bedford jun, John Djckinson, BichanJ Bassett, Jaco.- Broom.
Maryland; JamesMcHenry, pan of St Thos Jenifer, Panl Carroj]. Virginia-- J*n Blair, James Madjson Jr-, North Carolina; Whi Blount,Richd Dc*bs Spaight,
Iiu Williamson- South Carolina: J.Butiedge, charJes CoteswortnpincKney, Charles RncKney, Pierce Butler. Oeorg/a: William Few, Abr Baldwin.
In Convention Monday, September ]7th, 1787
Tresent The states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New lorK, New Jersey, ftnnsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.
Resolved :
mat the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled,
and tnatitis the Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted
to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recom
mendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention
assenting to, and ratifying the same, should give Notice thereof to the United states
in conress assembled.
That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as
the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United
States in Congress assemDJed should fix a Day on which Electors should be appoint
ed by the States which shall have ratified the same, and a Day on which the
Electors should assemble to vote for the President; and the Time and Place for
commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors
should be appointed, ana the Senators and Representatives elected- That the Electors
should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the president, and shou/d transmit
their votes certified signed, sealed and directed, as the constitution requires, to the
Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Repre
sentatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators
should, appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole Purpose of receiving, opening and
counting the Votes for president; and, that after he shall he chosen, the Congress,
together with the president, should, without Delay proceed to execute this Constituoon.
By the Unanimous Order of the Convention.
secretary
Bill of Rights
Article i
- are Articles in Addition to, and Amendment
of, the Constitu don of the United States of America proposed
by congress and Ratified by the severaJ States, pursuant to the
fjfth Article of the original constitution. The first ten Amend-
nentSiTtieBiJJqfft gntSi were added within two years to
uarantee individual liberties which were felt to be missing
rom the Constitution.
Article i
Congress shall make no law respect
ing an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech,or of the press or the right of the peopJe
peaceably to assembJe,and to petition the Government
for a redress of grievances.
Bill of Rights
Article it
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to Keep and bear Arms,
shall not be infringed.
Bill of Rights
Article nr
. pSoJdjer sha]J,m time of peace be quartered in
any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time
of war, but in a manner ro De prescribed t^jaw:
Bill of Rights
ArticJeiv
I
right of the people to DC secure in their persons, houses,
papersand effects, agajnst unreasonaMe searches and seizures,
shall not be viojated,and no Warrants shaJ] issue, but upon
pnobabJe cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particular
ly describing the pJace to be searched, and the person or
things to be seized.
Bill of Rights
Article v
Article v
J^ NO person shaJJ be held to answer for a capj taJ , or other
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a.
Grand Jury except In cases arising in me land or naval forces, , or in
me Milltia,when in actual service jn time of war or public danger,-
nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twjce
put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of
life , liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private
property be taKenfor public use, without just compensation.
Dill of Rights
Article vr
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial
jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed, which district shall have been previously ascertain
ed by Jaw, and to be jnformed of. the nature and cause of the
accusation; to he confronted with the witnesses against him;
to have compulsory process Tor obtaining witnesses in his
Tavon and to have the Assistance of counsej for his defence.
Bill of Rights
/yrticlevn
In suits at common Jaw where the value in con
troversy snail exceed twenty dollars, the nght of triaj by
jury shall De preserved,and no fact tried by jury; shall be
otherwise reexamineo in any court of the united States,
than according to the rules of common Jaw
Bill of Rights
ArticJeYnr
Article
VIII
Excessive Dai] snajj not be
required,norexcessive fines
imposed, nor cruejand unusual
punishments inflicted.
Bill of Rights
Article ix
Tfte enumeration in the Constitution, of certain
rights,shal] not be construed to deny or disparage otliers
retained by the peopJe.
Bill of Rights
/aticlex
Aticlex
The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitutioanor prohibited by it to the States,are reserved
to the states respective^ or to the peopje.
Amendment xr
XI
The judicial power of the United States
Shall not be construed to extend to any suit in Jaw
or equity, commenced or prosecuted adainstone of
the united States by citizens of another State, or by
Citizens or Subjects of any foreign State.
Amendment xrr
V
sr
rn the race for the Presidency ^
I in 1800, the Federalist Party
nominated John Adams and
CharlesCPincKney the Republic-
an5(not the same as the party
todayjnominated IhomasJeffer-J
son and Aaron Burr.
wnen the votes in the
electoral college were count
ed Jefferson and Burr were
tied at 73 each,
Mams was next
k with 65, then Pind^
jneywith64and
I John Jay with one;
| This was the
i manner of voting
m the electoral
ge.- Each
^ elector had two
|votes,onesuppo:
I iv for President,-,..
lothertorVice-presida
line rotes, however,
^were not specified
TVith73wte5
, each there was nowavtotell wliich
\votes were for PresidentwhicJi for Vice-
\President.Afcer 36 ballots in to
Jiouse of Representatives, Jefferson
\ ftnaj/y wn 10 of tjie ]6 states,
whicn made him President and
^Burr, Vice President In 1803 the
\ J2th Amendment was passed to i
1 settle this problem forever.
-
J804
Ttie electors stialJ meet in tjiejr respective states, and vote
DaJlot Tor president and Vice-PresicJent,one ofwfiom,at Jeast,
shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves;
(hey shall name in their bai Jots the person voted ror as President,
and in distinct ballots theperson voted tor as Vice-President and
they shall maKe distinct Jists of alJ persons voted for as President,
and or all persons voted for as VJce-presioent, and of the number
of votes tor each, which lists tnevsnail 5jgn and certify and trans
mit sealed to tne seat of the government of the united states,
directed to the president of tne senate;
The President of the senate shall, in the presence of the
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates
and the votes shall men be counted?
The person haying the greatest number of votes for Presi
dential! be president Jf such number be a majority of the
wbole number of Electors appointee^ and if no person ftave
such majority; then from the persons Having the highest
numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted
Amendment xn
(continued)
AMENDMENT xii (continued)
for as President, the House of
Representatives snail choose
immediately, by balJottfie
president. But in choo
the president, the votes
shall De taken by
states, the repre
sentation from
each state bavin
one vote^ a quorum
for this purpose
shall consist of a
member or mem
bens from two-thirds of*
the states, and a majority
of all the States sha]] be ~
necessary to a choice
And if tne House of
Representatives shall
not choose a Presi
dent whenever tjie
right of choice shall
devolve upon them,
before the fourth day
of March next follow-/
ing, then theVice-Presi
dent shall act as President
as in the case of the deatn
or other constitutional
disability of the presi
dent.
-The person
fwjng the great
est number of
votes as Vice-
president, shall
bethevice~pres~
idenu f such number be
a majority of the whole
number of Electors appoint
ed, and if no person have a
majority then from the two
highest numbers on the list,
the Senate shall choose tire
Vice-President; a quorum for
the purpose shall consist of two-
thirds of X
the whole number (ts,
anc/ a majority of the wnoJe num
ber shal 1 be necessary to a
choice. But no person constitu
tionally ineligible to the office of
President shall be eligible to
that of Vice-President of
the United States.
Amendment xni
Amendment xm
3865
Section! Neither slaveiy nor involuntary servitude,
except as punishment for crime whereof the party shaij nave
peen duJy convicted, shall exist within the united states,
or anyplace subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropr i ate legisJati on .
Amendment XIV
amend ment n. i. A change for the
better. 2. A correction. 3. A revision
or change. 4-Atormal statement of
sucft a chani
Section i.AH persons born
or naturalized in the united
States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are
citizens of the united States
and of the state wherei
they neside. No State
shaj) make or enforce
any law which shall a
bridge the privileges or Jm
munities cf citizens of the
United states; nor shall any
State deprive any person cf
life, liberty or property without
due process of Jaw? nor deny
to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal pro
tection of the laws.
Section 2.^/Represent-
atives shall
be appor
tioned amom
the severa;
jtates ac~
r cording to tnsr resbec-
tive numbers, counting the
whole number of persons
in each State excluding
Indians not taxed. But
J when the right to vote at
^ ^i ^ - * / . \ i
r any ejection for the choice
i of electors for President
^ and vice-President of the
United States, Represent-
4 atives in congress.the
Executive and
judicial officers
of a State, or the members
of the Legislature thereof, is
denied to any. of the male
inhabitants of such State,
being twenty-one yeans of age,
and citizens of the United
States, or in any way abridged,
except for participation
in rebel lion, or other crime,
the basis of representation
therein shall be reduced in
the proportion which the
number of such male
citizens shai] bear to
the whole number or
male citizens twenty-one
years of age in such State.
Anendmentxiv
(continued)
The fifth flag of the Nation. Jt wears 34 stars,yet there were 37 states j n the Nation, me next f Ja,adopted in 1896
showed 45 stars. These are the States of the Nation in I8b8 and the dates of joining: New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware.. 1787; New Hamps hiVe,Massachusetts,ConnectJcut,NewYorK, Maryland, Vjrginia,South Carolina.
Georgia.. .]788; North Carolina i?89; Rhode Island 1790; Vermont 1791; Kentucky 1792; Tennessee 179^ Ohio 1803;
Ix)uisianai8i2; Indiana 18J6; Mississippi 1817; Illinois isig; Alabama 1819; Maine J820; Missouri i8Zi;ArKansasi836;Michi^an
1837.- Texas, Florida 18**5; Iowa 18%; Wisconsin 1848; California 1850; Minnesota 1858; Oregon 1859 ; Kansas 1861 ;
West Virginia 1853 ; Nevada i86t; NebrasKa 1867.
FourteenthAmendn lent (00/2 United)
Section 3. No person shall
be a senatoror Representa
tive in congress, or ejector of
president and Vlce^pjesi-
dent, or hold anyoffice,ciyi)
or military, under the unit
ed States, or under any
State, whQiwe previously
taKen an oath, as a member
of congress, or as an officer
of the United States, or as a
member of any State legis
lature, or as an executive or
judicial officer of any State,
to support the constitu
tion or tne United States,
shall have engaged in
insurrection or rebel
lion against the same,or
given aid or comfort to
the enemies thereof.
But Cbngress may by a
vote of two^thirds of
each House,remove
such disability
Section 4- The validity of
the public debt of the Unit
ed .states, autbori zed bylaw
including debts incurred for
payment of pensioi is and
bounties for .services in sup
pressing insurrection or
rebellion, shall not be ques
tioned. But neither tne unit
ed states nor any state shall
assume or pay any debt or
obligation incurred in aid of
insurrection or rebellion
against the United States, or
any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any
slave; but all such debts,
obligations and claims
shall be held illegal and
void.
Section 5. Tne Congress
shall have power to en
force, by approprl ate
p legislation, the provi
sions of this article.
ULYSSES S. GRANT
Eighteenth President, 1869-1877
Amendment XV
Amendment
^ JL 1870
Section i. me right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
or by any State on account of race,cojor, or previous
condition of servitude-
Section 2. me congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment XVT
ment
J9J3
! he Congress shall
nave power to
lay and collect
taxes on incomes,
from wnatever source
derived, without
apportionment among
the several stares,
and without regard
to any census or
enumeration.
Amendment xvn
1913
rphe senate of The United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, ejected by the peopJe
JL thereof, for six years; and eacn senator siialJ have one
vote. The ejectors in each state shall have the qualifications
requisite for ejectors of the most numerous branch of
State legislatures.
wnen vacancies happen in the representation of any
State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State
snail issue writs of election to till such vacancies:
Piwidea, mat the legislature of any state may empower
the executive thereof to maKe temporary appointments
until the people fill the vacancies by election as the
legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to
affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it
becomes valid as part of the constitution.
Amendment xvm
nent xvnr
J9J9
Section i. After
one year from the
ratification of this
article the manu-
Tacture,sale, or trans
portation of intox
icating liquors within, the im
portation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof fnom the
united States and all terri
tory subject to the jurisdic
tion thereof for beverage pur
poses is here by prohibited
Section 2. The congress
and me several States shall
have concurrent
1 power to enforce this
article by appropriate
legislation.
Section 3. mis
article shall be
inoperative unjessItshalJ
hav been ratified as an
amendment to the Consti
tution by the legislatures
of the several states, as .
provided in the constitutor
within seven years from the
date of submission hereof to
the states by the congress.
Amendment XIX
Amendment xix
1920
lie right of citizens
of the united .States
to vote shall not be
denied or abridged
by the United states
or by any State on
account of sex.
Congress snail
have power to
enforce this article
by appropriate
legislation.
Amendment XX
5ection j.
Section 2.
Section nne terms of the
President and Vice Pres
ident shall end at noon
on the 2otn day of January
and the terms of senators
and Representatives at noon
on the 3 d day of January of
the years in which such terns
would have ended if this
article had not been ratified;
and the terms of theirsuc-
cessors shall then begin.
(ection 2. Tne Congress
shall assemble at
least once in every
year, and such meeting
shall begin at noon on
the 3d day of January
unless theysliaiJ by Jaw
appoint a different day.
Amendment XX
Section 3.
Section 4.
Section 5.
((Amendment XX, continued^)
Section 3. if at the
Time fixed for
the beginning
of the term of the
President, the pres
ident elect shalJ nave/died,
the vice President elect
shall become President.
If a President shall not nave
been chosen before the
time fixed for the beginning
of his term, or if the pres
ident elect shall have failed
to quality, then the Vice
President elect shall act
as president until a Res
ident shall have qualified;
and the Congress may by
law provide for the case
wherein neither a pres
ident elect nor a vice
President elect shall
have qualified, declaring
who shall then act ss
President, or the manner
in which one who is
to act shall be selected,
and such person shall
act accordingly until
a President or
Vice president shall
have qualified.
i \ N
Section 4. The Congress
may DV Jaw provide for
the case of the death of
any persons from whom the
House of Representatives
may choose a president
whenever the right of choice
shall have devolved upon them,
and for the case of the death
of any of the persons from
whom the senate may choose
a Vice president whenever the
right of choice shall have
devolved upon them.
section 5- Sections]
and2snaiitaKeef~
r _ tect on the 5th day
of October following
the ratification of this
article.
Action 6. mis ar~
tficie shall Deinpp-
erative unless it
shall have been ratified
as an amendment
to the Constitution by
the legislatures of
three-fourths of the
several States within
seven years from the
date of its submission.
Amendment XXI
Amendment
XXI
193?
Section i- me eighteenth article of
amendment tome Constitution
of the united States is hereby
repealed.
Section 2. The transportation or
importation into any State,
Territory or possession of the
united states for delivery or use
therein of intoxicating liquors,
in violation of the jaws thereof,
is hereby prohibited.
Section.3.This article shall be
inoperative unless it snail nave
been ratified as an amendment
to the Constitution by conven
tions in the several states, as
provided in trie Constitution,
within seven years from the
date of submission
hereof to the States
by Congress.
Amendment xxii
Section i.
Section 2.
icndment xxu
lection i. NO person shall be
ejecred to the office of the
. President more than twice,
and no person who has field the
office of presidents acted as
President,for more than two
years of a term to which some
other person was ejected
President snail be elected to
the office of the President
more than once. Butthis
Article shall not apply to
any person holding the office
of President when this
Article was proposed by
the Congress, and
Shal] not pre
vent any per
son who may
beholding
the office cf President,oracting as
Pmsident.during the term within
which this Article becomes opera
tive from holding the office cf
president or acting as President
during the remainder of such term.
& Sections. This article
snail he inoperative un
less it snail nave Deen
ratified as an amend
ment To the Constitu
tion by the legislatures
of tnree-fourtns of tne
several states within
seven years from tne
dates of Jts sub-
mission to
tne states
Djme
congress.
Tie was Known as FDR ,
32 na president, originator cf the
f ire-^itfe chat" and the phrase
"we nave nothing to fear but fear itself."
Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
the one and only four term President,
served from 1933 to 195.
Tie died shortly
after fie began
Amendment xxjff
Section L
Section 2.
endment
1961
[Section! The
paDistrict constitut- 1
ing the seat of the
Government of the
united states snail
appoint In such man
ner as the congress
may direct:
A number of
ejectors of President
and vice President
equal to the whole
number of Senators
and Representatives
in congress to which
the District would be
entitled if it were a
State, hut in no event
more than the least
populous State?
they shall be in add. j-
lion to those appoint
ed by the States, but
they shall be consid
ered, Tor the purposes
of the election of presi
dent and Vice presi-
dcnt,fo be electors
appointed bya state;
and they shall meet
in the District and
perform such duties
as provided by the
twelfth article of
amendment.
Section 2. Tne
Congress shall have,
power to enforce this
article ty appro
priate legislation.
Amendment XXIV
Section i. The right of citizens of the united Slates
to vote in any primary or other election for
president or Vice president, for electors Tor president
or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative
in congress snail not be denied orat>nded by the
United States or any state by reason of failure to pay
any POJJ tax or other tax.
Section 2. me Congress shall nave power to enforce
this article Dy appropriate legislation.
Amendment xxv
Section i.
Section ^.
Section 3.
Section *
residents James GarfielcJ, Wxtfrow Wilson ,Dwight Eisenhower all had periods
of time when they were unable tohandJe the (Mies of office. Garf Jdd was shot
and cnticallFWounded. Wilson suffered a stroke-recovered. Eisenhower had
a heart attack from which he too recovered.
.Amendment
J967
Section i In case of the
removal of trie president
from office or of nis
death or resignation, tne
Vicepresldent Shall become
president.
Section 2. "Whenever
there is a vacancy in
the office of the vice
President, the president
shall nominate a vice
president who shall take
office upon confirmation
by a majority vote of Doth
Houses of Congress.
Section a Whenever the
president transmits to
the President pro tempore
of the Senate and the SpeaK-
er of the House of Represent
atives his written declara
tion that he is unable to
discharge the powers and
duties cf his office, and until
he transmits to them a
written declaration to the
contrary such powers and
duties shall be discharged
by the vice President as
Acting president
Section 4. Whenever
the Vice President and
a majority of other the
principal officers of the ex
ecutive departments or
of such other body as
congress may by jaw
provide, transmit to the
Amendment XXV
Section 4.
(continued)
Amendment j%y continued
president pro tempore of the Senate and
the SpeaKer of the House of Representatives
their written declaration that the president
is unable to discharge the powers and du
ties of his off jce,the vice president shaj] im
mediately assume the. powers and duties of
the office as Acting president.
Knee bone
shin bone
hereafter, when the President transmits
to the President pro tempore of the senate
and the SpeaKer of the House of Representatives
his written declaration that no jnahiJity exists,
he shall resume the powers and duties of hJS
office unless the Vice president and a majority
OF either the principal officers of the executive
department or of such other boc^as congress
may bylaw provide, transmit within four days to
the President pro tempore cf the senate and the
SpeaKer of the House of Representatives their
written declaration that the president is unable
to discharge the powers and duties of his office.
Thereupon congress shalj decide the issue,assembjj nj
within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not
in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days
after receipt of the latter written declaration, or
if congress is not in session, within
twenty-one days after Congress is re
quired to assemble, determines by two-
thirds vote of both Houses that the
President is unabje to discharge the
powers and duties of his office,
the vicepresident shall continue
to discharge the same as Act
ing President; otherwise, the
president shall resume,
the powers and
duties of
office.
tlm
SPine foot bone is connected to the an We bone; the anRlebone is connected
to the shin bone; the shin bone is connected to knee bone,- the Knee bone is connected to the thigb
bone; and the thigh bone is connected to the hip bone... Now hearthe word of the LORD...."
Amendment XXVI
nrtie ri^bt
1 of citizens
of the
United States,
wiio are
18 years,
or older,
to vote
snail not
De denied
or abridged
by the
united States
or by any state
on account
of age.
Tfte Congress
shall nave
the power
ID enforce
tliis article
by appro
priate .
l^lsiation.
Amendment xxvn
xx
1992
iw ? varying the compensation for the
services or the Senators and Representatives
Shall take effecfeuntil an ejection of
Representatives Shall have intervened.
Didnt
Stop us?
from r
our salaries.
Cost of living
adjustments
paved
the way.
On
Capital Hill
we call them
CHRONOLOGY
September 11, 1786
The Annapolis Convention assembles. At the urging
of Virginian James Madison, a national conference is
called to discuss the fledgling nation s problems with
commerce the main concern being that the national
government has no authority to regulate trade among
states. However, when Madison arrives in Annapolis, he
discovers that only Delaware, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia have sent delegates, and only
the first three states arrived with enough delegates to
achieve a quorum and enable them to speak for their
respective states.
Without the ability to hold an official conference on
commerce, those in Annapolis [including Alexander
Hamilton (NY) and George Reed (DE)] utilize the time
to discuss and debate the current state of the federal
government one that most were dissatisfied with. After
three days, a decision is made to request that Congress
call for a larger convention to be held the following
summer in Philadelphia, where all 13 states (Connecticut,
Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, New
Hamsphire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and
Virginia) could participate in a broad discussion on
amending the Articles of Confederation.
February 2 1,1 787
Congress approves the Constitutional Convention and
sets a date for May 14, 1787, with "the sole and express
purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation."
May 3
James Madison arrives early in Philadelphia to work on
his thoughts and to plan for the convention.
May 13
George Washington arrives in Philadelphia.
MayH
The Constitutional Convention is postponed due to a
failure to reach voting quorum. The Virginia delegation
gathers to discuss an overall blueprint for the
Confederation, later referred to as the Virginia Plan.
Madison s ideas are the basis for this plan, in which the
states become a republic with a strong national
government that is essentially run by the people.
May 25
Almost two weeks later than scheduled, the Constitutional
Convention achieves quorum with seven states
delegations present (DE, NC, NJ, NY, PA, SC, and VA).
Between this time and July 23, all 13 states, except Rhode
Island, will achieve voting quorum, though not all states
will maintain their quorum throughout the entire
convention. General orders of business are attended to
during the first days in Philadelphia, with the delegations
unanimously electing George Washington president of
the convention and a committee of Alexander Hamilton,
Charles Pinckney (SC), and George Wythe (VA) to
prepare the rules of the convention. It is agreed among
other things that: the deliberations at the convention will
be kept secret, each state will receive one vote, the issues
at hand can be resolved by the states present but with the
provision that delegates can request a return to any of the
issues already voted on later in the convention.
May 29
Virginia s governor, Edmund Randolph, presents the
Virginia Plan. Included in this plan are 15 resolutions
that propose creating a three-branch (executive, judiciary,
legislative) national government. Concerning the
legislative branch, the plan proposes a national legislature
with two houses or chambers in which the states
representation would be determined proportionately
according to their free population. The first house
(Congress) to be elected by the people, was subject to
recall and rotation, and elects the representatives to the
second house (Senate). Both houses would be able to
originate legislation. One of the plan s most controversial
128
proposed resolutions was that the national legislature
would have the power to veto any state legislation that
was deemed unconstitutional.
Under the Virginia Plan a national executive was to be
chosen by the legislative branch and, sensitive to the fears
of another monarchy, the executive was to be ineligible
for reelection. The national judiciary branch would
contain a supreme court that served for life and inferior
courts to serve the states. The judiciary branch would
have the ability to impeach national officers and to deal
with questions involving national peace and security. The
executive and judiciary branches would also be given the
right to form councils in order to consider and veto any
bills passed by the legislative branch.
After the Virginia Plan, Charles Pinckney presents his
own plan (The Pinckney Plan), which does not receive
the support of the convention.
Debate around the Virginia Plan begins, and the
committee of the whole (all delegates present at the
convention) resolves to establish a national government
with supreme executive, judiciary, and legislative branches.
May 31
Representation in the national legislature is debated,
but the Delaware delegates make it clear that they have
been instructed to leave the convention if the equality of
votes, as provided for in the Articles of the
Confederation, is changed.
The decision to establish a bicameral legislature is
reached, and the debate begins over how the two houses
are to be elected. It is agreed that the people should elect
the first house, but many are wary about giving the
people, many of whom are uneducated, the power to
elect representatives to both houses.
June 1-4
The question of executive power is raised. Should it
be a single person or a group? Should the people or the
legislature elect the executive?
A single executive is approved and given "executive
power" that can only be overridden by a two-thirds
majority in the legislature.
June 6
Pinckney asks the delegates to reconsider the method
of election for Congress, saying representatives should
be elected by the states legislatures in order for each
individual state to maintain power over the federal
government. Madison stands for a popular election,
arguing that the more people that are involved in the
political system, the less opportunity there is for one
group to rule and oppress others. After a vote, popular
election for Congress wins the majority.
June 1 1
After more debate about representation in Congress, the
convention comes to a deadlock. Smaller states want
equal representation whereas the larger states argue that
all representation should be based on population. This
highlights the large divide between Federalists and Anti-
Federalists should the new government be focused on
the states needs or individuals needs?
Roger Sherman (CT) proposes the Great Compromise
in which representation in Congress is based on state
population (giving the larger states more elected
representatives), while the Senate gives two votes for
each state (allowing for each state, no matter the size, to
have an equal amount of elected representatives).
June 13
The committee of the whole presents an amended version
of the Virginia Plan, now with 19 resolutions. There is an
adjournment for an alternate plan to be prepared.
129
June 15
William Paterson proposes the New Jersey Plan. Those
who want to protect state sovereignty and who believe
the convention s sole purpose is to amend the Articles of
the Confederation support the plan. Its nine resolutions
provide that the existing Congress has the power to
control federal taxes, importation, and the right to
appoint an executive who, in turn, would have the ability
to compel the states to obey any federal laws passed by
Congress. A supreme judicial court would rule on foreign
affairs, treaties, and federal trade.
June 18
Alexander Hamilton proposes his own plan based on
the British Constitution. This plan proposes an elected
assembly serving three-year terms, and an executive who
would serve for life and have absolute veto. The Senate
would be the strongest component, serving life terms
with the power to declare war, elect judges to serve in
state courts, and elect state governors.
June 19
Madison asks the convention to return to the Virginia
Plan, fearing that anything other than an absolute
overhaul of the Articles of Confederation will result in 13
completely sovereign states, with the smaller and weaker
states being unable to protect themselves against their
larger neighbors or that the nation s 13 states would divide
into two or more smaller confederacies. The committee of
the whole votes to return to the Virginia Plan.
JulyH
Sherman s Great Compromise as proposed on June n is
amended and approved.
July 17-1 9
Debate returns to the manner of electing the executive.
A concern is raised that, if elected by the legislative
branch, the executive would simply serve the needs of the
legislature, but others argue that the size of the country
would make it nearly impossible for the people to know
the merits of the candidates and to choose their
representation wisely. With the executive s independence
being paramount to the balance of the government,
Oliver Ellsworth (CT) moves that special electors, chosen
by state legislatures, select the executive. The motion is
approved, though it is later revoked, and finally approved
again on September 4.
July 26
The committee of the whole submits 23 resolutions based
on the Virginia Plan to the committee of detail and
adjourns until August 6.
August 6
The committee of detail distributes copies of the draft
with a preamble and 23 resolutions to the convention.
Debate resumes on key issues.
130
August 16
The question of which branch, legislative or executive,
should have the power to declare war is debated,
eventually deciding to give the right to the president, as
the convention feels he will only do so when he knows
the people will support it.
August 2 1
Slavery is debated, with the southern and the northern
states unable to reach a compromise as to whether to
continue to allow it. The issue is sent into committee,
which returns with the recommendation that Congress
be given the power to end the slave trade after 1800, and
adds a fugitive slave clause to the Constitution.
August 31
After unanimously voting to prohibit religious tests for
holding political office, the committee of the whole votes
to make the ratification of nine of the thirteen states
sufficient to put the Constitution into effect.
September 46
Debate continues on the powers of the president, with
the delegates deciding on an executive office with a four-
year term, eligible for reelection, and elected by specially
chosen electors, who are picked by the states legislatures.
September 10
The drafts are submitted to a committee of style to
prepare a finished text. The committee is made up of
William Samuel Johnson (CT), Gouverneur Morris
(PA), Madison, Hamilton, and Rufus King (MA).
September 12
The committee of style submits its draft, consisting of a
preamble and seven articles. There is a debate over
whether to include a Bill of Rights, with the winning
argument being that each state has a sufficient Bill of
Rights in place already, and it is unanimously decided not
to include one.
September 15
The final draft is printed.
September 1 7
After a speech written by Benjamin Franklin and read by
James Wilson (PA), all of the delegates present [except
for Eldridge Gerry (MA), Edmund Randolph (VA), and
George Mason (VA)] sign the Constitution. Signers are:
President: George Washington
Connecticut: William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman
Delaware: George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr.,
John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom
Georgia: William Few, Abraham Baldwin
Maryland: James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer,
Daniel Carroll
Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King
New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
New Jersey: William Livingston, David Brearley,
William Pater son, Jonathan Dayton
New York: Alexander Hamilton
J&
North Carolina: William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight,
Hugh Williamson
Pennsylvania: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin,
Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas FitzSimons,
Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris
South Carolina: John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth
Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler
Virginia: John Blair, James Madison, Jr.
Secretary: William Jackson
After four months, the convention concludes.
131
September 19
The Constitution is published in the Pennsylvania Packet
newspaper.
September 28
Congress approves the Constitution and sends it to the
states to begin the process of ratification.
December 7
Delaware ratifies.
December 1 2
Pennsylvania ratifies.
December 18
New Jersey ratifies.
January 9. 1788
Connecticut ratifies.
June 21
New Hampshire ratifies. With nine states now signing
off, the Constitution is officially ratified.
June 25
Virginia ratifies.
July 2
Congress is informed the Constitution has been ratified.
July 26
New York ratifies.
August 13
Congress votes to begin a new government on the
following March 4.
March 4, 1789
The Constitution goes into effect.
February 2
Georgia ratifies.
February 6
Massachusetts ratifies.
March 24
A Rhode Island referendum rejects the Constitution.
April 28
Maryland ratifies.
May 23
South Carolina ratifies.
September 25
The first ten amendments of the Constitution, known as
the Bill of Rights, are proposed as a group. They protect
individual liberties including: (I) freedom of speech, (II)
the right to bear arms, (III) the right not to house military
on your property, (IV) freedom from unreasonable
searches and seizures of personal property, (V VIII) the
right to a fair and public trial with counsel and jury, and
without excessive bail or fines inflicted, (IX) the right to
not be denied freedoms by the articles in the Constitution
and, (X) the rights not specified in the Constitution to be
given to the states and the people of the states.
November 2 1
North Carolina ratifies.
May 29, 1790
Rhode Island ratifies.
February 7, 1795
The Eleventh Amendment is ratified, stating that the
jurisdiction of the federal court cannot automatically
hear cases brought against a state by the citizens of
another state.
June 15. 1804
The Twelfth Amendment is ratified, further refining the
process of electing the president and the vice president
through the electoral college.
December 6. 1865
The Thirteenth Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery.
132
July 9. 1868
The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified, attempting to
ensure former slaves automatic United States citizenship,
with all the rights and privileges of any other citizen.
February 3. 1870
The Fifteenth Amendment is ratified, granting all men,
regardless of color, the right to vote.
February 3. 1913
The Sixteenth Amendment is ratified, granting the
federal government an income tax which doesn t require a
portion of the tax to go to the states.
April 8
The Seventeenth Amendment is ratified, requiring the
representatives in the Senate to be elected by the people,
and not by the state legislatures.
January 16, 1919
The Eighteenth Amendment is ratified, prohibiting the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.
August 18, 1920
The Nineteenth Amendment is ratified, giving women
the right to vote.
January 23, 1933
The Twentieth Amendment is ratified, establishing a
shorter time between the election of a president and the
induction of a president.
December 5
The Twenty-first Amendment is ratified, repealing the
Eighteenth Amendment.
February 2 1,1 951
The Twenty-second Amendment is ratified, setting a
two-term limit for the office of the president.
March 29, 1961
The Twenty-third Amendment is ratified, giving the
residents of the District of Columbia electors, and
thereby enabling them to vote in presidential elections.
January 23, 1964
The Twenty-fourth Amendment is ratified, barring
poll taxes.
February 10, 1967
The Twenty-fifth Amendment is ratified, defining the
order of succession in the case of presidential disability
or death.
July 1,1971
The Twenty-sixth Amendment is ratified, setting the
legal voting age at 18.
May 7, 1992
The Twenty-seventh Amendment is ratified, barring
Congressional pay increases from taking place until after
the next election year.
133
GLOSSARY
Amendment
A provision of a constitution adopted after its original
ratification. The U.S. Constitution has had only 27
amendments in over 200 years.
Appellate
Any court that can consider appeals and review the
decisions of lower courts.
Apportionment
A determination of how many legislators should be sent
to a legislative body from a given jurisdiction. The U.S.
Constitution provides that each state is entitled to two
senators and at least one representative.
Bill of attainder
A legislative act declaring an individual guilty of a crime
without a trial and sentencing him or her to death; any
legislatively instrumented punishment without a trial.
Bill of credit
A bill or promissory note issued by the government,
upon its faith and credit, designed to circulate in the
community as money.
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution,
concerning basic individual liberties.
Cession
Giving up (of rights, property, etc) to another;
surrendering.
Common law
The unwritten law of a country, based on custom, usage,
and judicial decisions, as distinguished from statutory
law. The common law tradition, based on precedent, is
still the foundation of the American legal system, though
much of what was originally common law has been
converted into statutes over the years.
Compulsory
Compelled, required, involuntary.
Compulsory process
Forcing the attendance of witnesses who may not wish
to testify in court.
Compulsion
Coercion; forcible inducement to the commission
of an act.
Corruption of blood
Devolve to pass (on) to another, said of duty, rights,
or authority.
Disparage
To lower in esteem; discredit; belittle.
Double jeopardy
The Fifth Amendment requirement, enforceable against
the state through the Fourteenth Amendment, that no
person "be subject for the same offense to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb." This clause prevents retrials in
either state or federal court of those already tried once
and thus placed in "jeopardy" once.
E pluribus unum
A Latin phrase meaning "one out of many;" the motto
on the Great Seal of the United States.
Emolument
Gain from employment or position; salary or wage.
Enumerated powers
Those rights and responsibilities of the U.S. government
specifically provided for and listed in the Constitution.
Ex post facto
Done or made after something, but having retroactive
effect.
Ex post facto law
A law that makes something retroactively illegal makes
unlawful an act that was not a crime when committed.
Laws are not considered ex post facto if they make
the punishment less severe than it was when the crime
was committed.
Excise Tax
A tax imposed on performance of an act, engaging in
and occupation or enjoyment of a privilege; a tax on the
manufacture, sale, or consumption of various commodities
within a country, such as liquor or tobacco.
134
Impeachment
Bringing a public official before the proper tribunal on
a charge of wrongdoing; the beginning of the process
by which the President, Vice President, federal judges,
and all civil officials of the U.S. may be removed
from office if convicted of the charges brought against
them; a written accusation.
,
Impost
A tax, especially a duty on imported goods; generic term
for taxes.
Infringe
Encroach on (the rights of others).
Jurisdiction
A territory, subject matter, or person over which lawful
authority may be exercised; the power of a court to act
on a case.
Letter of marque
A document grantable, by the law of nations, whenever
the subjects of one state are oppressed and injured
by those of another, and justice is denied by that sate to
which the oppressor belongs.
Naturalize
To confer citizenship upon (an alien).
Poll tax
A tax that is a prerequisite for voting, once widely used
by southern states to discourage blacks from voting.
Preamble
A clause at the beginning of a constitution or statute
explaining the reasons for its enactment and the
objectives to be accomplished; the first paragraph of the
U.S. Constitution, which begins "We the People "
Pro tempore
For the time being; temporary.
Quorum
The minimum number of members required to be
present at an assembly before it can validly proceed to
transact business.
Ratify
To approve; to give formal sanction to; to authorize.
Redress
To make amends to; to remedy, as a fault; satisfaction
for an injury or damages.
Repeal
The nullification of a law by the body that previously
enacted it.
Reprisal
Injury done in return for injury received; retaliation,
especially in war.
Republic
A state or nation in which the supreme power rests in
all the citizens and is exercised by representatives elected
by them.
Suffrage
The right to vote in political matters; franchise.
Tonnage
A duty or tax on ships, based on tons carried.
Transmit
To send or transfer from one person or place to another,
or to communicate.
Treason
Betrayal of one s country to an enemy; the only crime
defined by the Constitution.
Vested
Fixed, settled, absolute.
Welfare
Condition of health, happiness and prosperity, well-
being; public financial or in-kind assistance available to
citizens as a matter of right if they meet eligibility
requirements, as a means test of income or assets below
a preset minimum.
Writ
A formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some
action. Writs include arrest warrants, search warrants,
subpoenas, and summonses.
Writ of habeas corpus
A document directing a person detaining a prisoner to
bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the
lawfulness of the imprisonment.
135
Bertolt Brecht said, "Every man needs help from every human born." So does every project, particularly big ambitious projects,
of which this is one. My thanks go first and foremost to my amazing office, particularly to MAREN GREGERSON, whose work on
the chronology was so superb, GREGORY WAKABAYASHI, whose grace enhanced the design immeasurably at every turn, and
KATRINA FRIED, whose support was constant. To LINDA STORMES, the first "outside" fan, who brought me to BOB WlETRAK and
SALLYE LEVENTHAL, whose instant response and good advice influenced many publishing decisions. To ALAN KAHN, whose
friendship has been unstinting, and whose appreciation led the way to LEN RlGGIO, whose passion for the Constitution broadened
my own. To SKIP DYE, who turned his enthusiasm into action immediately. To SYLVIA and EARL SHORRIS, who introduced me to
The Library of America and SONDRA and MOREY MYERS, who simply took on the project as if it were their own. Amongst many
other gifts, Sondra brought me to JERRY and ROSEMARIE SHESTACK, whose intelligence, humanity, and commitment to things
that matter was yet another reassurance that we as a people can change anything for the good, if we put our hearts and minds to it.
And, is there a way for me to ever truly thank SAM FlNK who has become my lifetime friend,
who fertilizes the very ground upon which he walks wherever that may be.
Lena Tabori
A deluxe numbered edition limited to 1,500 copies of The Constitution of the United States of America
is also available as 15" x 22" loose full-color folios in a cloth-covered clamshell portfolio with
a reproduction of "The Constitution with Eagle" individually signed by the artist.
Published in 2006 by Welcome Books*
An imprint of Welcome Enterprises, Inc.
6 West :8th Street, New York, NY, icon
(212) 989-3200; Fax (212) 989-3205
www.welcomebooks.com
Publisher: Lena Tabori
Editor: Katrina Fried
Editorial Assistant: Maren Gregerson
Designer: Gregory Wakabayashi
Copyright 2006 by Welcome Enterprises, Inc.
Illustrations copyright 2006 by Sam Fink
"The Constitution with Eagle" is reproduced courtesy of The Collection of Joan and Darwin Bahm
Benjamin Franklin s signature is reproduced with permission of The Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN 10 : 0-941807-99-1
ISBN 13 : 978-0-941807-99-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
United States.
[Constitution]
The Constitution of the United States of America : with Benjamin Franklin s address
to the delegates upon the signing of the Constitution / illustrated and inscribed by Sam Fink.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-941807-99-1 (hardcover)
i. Constitutions United States. I. Fink, Sam. II. Title.
KF4525 2006
2006013894
First Edition
13579 10 8642
Printed in China through Palace Press International
JU 1 06 2006 11:09 UELCOHE ENTERPR I SES , IHC BIO B48J>008
welcome
enterprises, inc.
illustrated books
JULY B, 2OO6
CZESLAW JAN GRYCZ
INTERNET ARCHIVE
1 1 6 SHERIDAN AVENUE
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 941 29-O244
DEAR CHET,
THIS IS TO CERTIFY OUR AGREEMENT FOR THE INTERNET ARCHIVE TO
DIGITIZE AND MOUNT COPIES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED
STATES BY SAM FINK (ISBN O94 1 8O7-99-1 ) UNDER PRINCIPLES OF THE
OPEN CONTENT ALLIANCE.
THE FOLLOWING CREDIT LINE MUST RUN IN CONJUNCTION WITH THIS
PROMOTION: "FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA BY SAM FINK, PUBLISHED BY WELCOME BOOKS, COPYRIGHT
2OO6 WELCOME ENTERPRISES".
THIS PERMISSION PROVIDES FOR THE POSSIBLE DOWNLOADING IN BLACK-
AND-WHITE ONLY. EACH PAGE THAT IS DOWNLOADED MUST CARRY THE
FOLLOWING CREDIT LINE: "FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA BY SAM FINK, PUBLISHED BY WELCOME BOOKS,
COPYRIGHT 2OO6 WELCOME ENTERPRISES".
IN THE CASE THAT THE INTERNET ARCHIVE RECEIVES MONETARY
REMUNERATION FROM ANY USER, THEY AGREE TO SHARE THAT INCOME WITH
WELCOME 5O/5O%, WITHIN THIRTY DAYS OF RECEIPT.
SINCERELY,
LENA TABORI
PUBLISHER
6 West 18 Street, New York, New York 10011 Tel: (212) 989-3200 Fax: (212) 989-3205
^WUbked 3wtt*-"W^ th*?R*
*fi2SS^/"i5B53feBpBi "".
^ C Qa* ifica^-S^rtlMK 4aJi he apportioned amcntf the sweraj _
^jsATtteS* arition shall be made witK?/thrt?e years after the first Ateeift-
j*t***ju Miiy , ffonao B\fc
aBfieaaacsMBk
">*s?aB9
^ection
81 The rS SSr^S SgS^BB52tfSrJteES
ion of tt , _ lU ^ i^ ,9iic>iVaeanci<if.M3Tterson
ioV
Jfc^ < ra ( ieffi?te!yS i IS?^flife ** 2
jcorchng to Lav* section *. xte Tunes puS? ? ?R? MonSerawSLSf "fi 6
,35B58fflBHSS5SSSaS?3^
^HII^Sl^^^ b Atetoloe 32te ^ aag ^^^^K^^^^^^^^
^EsSSJj^djeaam.
rffKBJSS9f^gSS&99>^ ^^ -
T?l!||^t^t^i
- h Shajj 5? ?Peech fKSw^i
een eatttfr
tVtcc/
. , a *^ JIC31U1T4.V " .Y^lrS^ 1
convicted shall nff&ai w P
ji^s^SW
iu^. - c^cmMiS .fi 31
^feSSS* 3 * 3
uar- pr-h KHKV chall keep a Journal of its J toceedings, and from tirr*> i .
c-ssaa^^l^^^^Sslsfe^^^is^sasi
^^^^^ s ^ & ^^ vs ^^^ s ^^^^
\ durit^E) _ ^ ^i
or bei n^ di^pprbved by him
^ *"*"
"^ "
"^ " &
^
~oTOJin ten JW
^s^docf^^
8
/loney; emit Bius or Credit: maReany Thind
a^^ffi?^^^^^^^^ 1 ^^^**-*"-***
u-Jiu di*ULar OUILTUU; tf , r TJITU " V-^-rvirTs, ^CT-jie,
Section fi>. No State ShtOl ^^A or &S3w!iJ^i J
tor any Imposts ^ A P" u ^"^p^^^fe ia<
e ngr into ; nfe L> an V^ reem h MOT ^ 1 * 5 ^- aft" 4
silver coin a
_, _-, .ports or Exports,!
ArticleU.S* ltU - The e * acut *9i
Number of Senators : and pienlat,=s iflvvhich the SUUe may beentrtled in the O3Mrest : but no S*ntor o r Bprsentati:
w* transmit sealed to ths srat of 3i Oovernmoir c< the Unite<(Stat;.Jirtci ID thepftsident f tht S
nt f tht Senate. The Presi*ntof ft!
ofWtB,*^**
House oi
,nt^uves shall
: ? I S2*3 i Preside
**S l (Jl
immataielir chw ty Ballot
*eTfer.wn liaving the grestisrNumber of Vbtas cf the Hectors Aall be the Vice Presidenf. But if
We toth c Wioeo<?*esideiit; neither shall any Feon be eligible to that Off, ce who shall
. both a the Fru*nt and Vice Preside
entcr
----- ..^.v^...
what officer shall Uien^t as President, and S? c ,
la^SStiSten* rb^rnP yjStSent:" tecnngr: uy ; y .- >V "-" chief of tte Army and av^ ^ th Yhe WvSTwS Cbnsent <rf the Serafe . s, nwra Treaties, proved bn Wl* rfttoapatow BWKrt oaBOff?fi
BTOsSF&ot^an theVi^Tra. ^^^ ^^^ ^J^sh*! wgg^^JrS * ^"S^S^^S*"^ *e .Appointment of ah inferior Officers, as the/ think proper, ,n the r^e M e n t : 3S?,^faSa? u ^SS liS
he shan rave been ekcte!. vih6* 1 ""{^OOB 2^ ^0^ ^gbfisfced byUw;bu
aasaeawsa g ^c^^-^i^^^
s^^a^^^^rf^tarsite^ ^^^-^"^-r^^r^s^ir^^^^^
x?ts\?sen a ^MVCJ "* ->- rr:
^J^wchment , Shall MB
o rersSnshall be convicted
iubli<! fcts . Records, and judicial Proceeding s at e
p delivered up- toberernoeed to fhe State liavmtf Juri!
i or arrycrther State, nor any Stare be fwroed bythejuncoc
ithjfil/niona Jwpublxa^ 1
;, wbenever two third
k. Tia,iaires of two thirds of th? several SMtK, shall call a uroem
rtS e ^"*rt-^. -" W-An-*-*. l^^^ ^^^^^^h^KS^ * "/ Wnner a,,t the fflt and roun
ffiSS? 5 ; Ru ^ th ?- no Amendment wh,ch nay >* 3 iSS^ihS ^sSn be m^em ft,rsuance thereof; an.uurmxies m ** s ^ci, TO ii K ,.:. un rtf* J ,
""TSderation. 1^ S Constitution,**! ^^ ^/^^rtiation.to^upport this ConsOtution; but no relig.ou* 7e,st shall n
^
ixEtestorsahouldke appointed, and
i the whole number of ElK-Mrs appomwd i in^ 3 t C r v
the states shall be necessary to a choice. AM n
the list of those voted for as President , the Ho
n them, before the fourth day of March next -fbllowinii, then I
been duly convicted . ste] 1 exist w
itafeM
I Beomv
iipo n UKm." erti6n57sectlon9l and 2^ShaTl taKe Ctfect on (h^
">MNDME1T)CXI [ 933]SeciOn 1-The eighteenth article "i amcnclment tn theConatJtution of the Un,d sutes >S t*y j^fwiled. Section 2. ThetranS(ortauonOT importjtion imo any Slaw. Tirrie
..,UU.M ... . ^l9wtM, as provided in the Constitution- within sevwi/sarf from thedatt o( the sunrnission hCT*<x tntt* siane i lthecnngrM. 1MrrnMJIIT]PCU0eclioli 1- No person shall be deetwiotne off joe or tne r>e9jdent rr
y p>jiji houinj tC often erf PmMDt> > tom this ^.ifife urn jroposeJ by UK Congress, anj Shan not proventanypersonwho maybe tatting thecicrf Pwid<yit,oi-aetin l ja6PhMi<tent, d " r "V the term within which thjsArude becomes open
OiweitjtBJwfthin seasnjesrs from the Jateo ,u 9ubmission to t): state? (y Congress. *MENI>MENT XK1TI Section 1- fi%lj TTie District constituting the.^oat ol Government of the Wined States SMallappointjnSLich
^
i. " entect nw a <aein , ..
upon them , and^theSS- o( uiedeath of any <J the persons from v*on> the Senate may chcose a Vice President whsnever the right d choio shall nave
"" jMMENDMEKTXXJ (l9311ScjOn 1-The eiphtcenUi article "i amendment TnthjQinatJtutionof the Omwd sutes >S
c\miv3 in thefCwrslsww.aspnwidalmiiSeCoMtjtution. within sevwijearf from t>aate o( the submission n*ol to ttSta3iy the cawrats.
. .
,u,.n u> those appointed by theStates/but tneyshal; be consi*rej, for the purposes etoettfflffli of President ancf Vice JVesHent,
ow than the least popular 3e : *ey ^ be m add.twn to otf^-elecf ion for President or Vice President, fcr electors for President or Mce Bto
Sert.cn 1-The nght rfc.t,^ cf theTh,i-9-S to vole, n
lgislatwn.
transmits
ev
l y
S-^,
"*-
e of the
ate
r the prm
President from off ice or of his death o
j theH>use of Itoprttentaavea hisnn;icn L
rttoent5or jf suchather boc
nt transmits M the President
^eVicefteSJdent shaJJ
httete tunable to discharge
sc maybv btvirov-ide.tran,,*,
- -
of the jen^ aM theSxakerof theH
an election of Representative
^P^Sf S ^^S^n
-e^/S^|a nd beensev&f^ars a citizen
dain 3rd establish " US
^^^^^/^^^^^^ "** S?g*.-33r SSSSTm eacn ,u
ar.s.and been Sewn igais a i ^ ii habi tanr of Thar State Jfl ***
mined by addirg to tf w^ ote Number d
doordaui^^^%^^C to n_
i *xtyB3*E5\So stow ra,1j^**^Jggw ^Ja^jrf^SS:^.
-> be-a^fr
, incluohn^ those tound to Sendee for a.T* mc t* afs , aaii c K l ud ir# j^^ ^ taxed, three fifths
FOSSES
chosen .
of atf <*er ft^o*
Mg^|g^l?S^5l^ffieK3^Bfe8^ESat ^ * afS f ^Senators of the first Oas^y
an fS^hl^-l^^fq^fcrwh.chhc &S^^S c S^0ereof ar mal? temporary ^TyitmentSint^ ^u^ J
XlJte Wee Resident of the Uruted States Sha/i ft^^^S
rns; de f>t n
-SfeiQs,
Vb 6
azures;
> may,
"*&
10 exercise
>a>^
3JX-T to admit, S?~of*
SoBillof Atta^Ster, ^S s TWS*gE.vWw
B&c^
i becounted, ^^-sonbafln
**vlp|?<>
iouso shall in llKe Maraer *
../sX .J WtsK,,, ^Rfc5S I WBRo?At i HI^, 03n 8 l1e 5K
^
i - TV--.. ^t-c- . innn ATTV SUDlSCi TeU-UJlP LU CiJtJ_;U(JC^ >-u utcJt joo_^^wvo ^j.j ju^s, Jia DC Snail hstfa T^
stheC*nian^YWitijtf,of ihBprind|)tf otfi^ anJ(l)ifiuls f Obd(^c*fhezg3TOme(>iJW-Cj^#iot^
feSSS^^^j^Sf^t^S^i S^S^^^Sf^^^^^ *W* 0nSta hrt ^7 - PW
reof. Section 2. The C
and shall V
flraoximunts, which.m athar Gise , shall te valiJ
Mntii Section of the first Artidc; am that no Eiate.withoul its ConsentTAaTJ
S^sha.1 b
as a Qualificat
be sufficient /or the E3tat,i,sh
\Ve have hcreur.^*^
Vilasi. Gouv Morris. Delaw^r 6 "
and should transmit their
riQirwen
theCoqgre&s. cosher with tft*jesident, sno -"""^Oeby, proc^d to e*>" *. -"isudt. W. Jackson Setiv ^ <c ** w - W15UIUI *
, W resp^ng ^ ^ bl ^ I ^ t ^ ^*^. Probbitmrf ^fhe^
iner tP t* pn^$Crib0d bv Ijtv. AvfPimiMvwIV TK^ rioKr .-> TVJ. .~ _ j ~c~frc. ,ja. ,. .
J/s Const] tutioTi,
^^ssaaaBsse3i!i^SS55r
kftaa
a manner t be prescribed by law. AMENDMENT IVThe light ofpeoieKte
nd or tuwl forges orin tne ililltaA when , n aoual service in tirreSwo
-nurual
r/^al!
: j uu w**, wnen i n acavjl ^ervice in time of war c
J r21a Whe !S . n .? ?iC."!l?^??l B !? b ? e ^. c
(he Pr,*nt. But in
uun by states,
jnj seizures, shall not be vioifti
, j V"; 08 p ? ln J^Wrdy rflrfeor Lh* .^ ""tssnajj ,
to
I theoeru f J th , ,], *e^ M
tion from each state hfhrinc one vote,- a
f/tetf in njr"^ Jlr , lnal ^
SJS5Saa4^?5l
benaoessary toa cioice
joriW ^ T ^v [188J Section 1. All persons born ornnural
In Congress assembly
If at grievancnS.
Cht..
truss
tjnpo;
lists
Tr$aK&BlSfcSS 3S?SS^S "i""
_ _ ~*. oj any -State I^isJaturejOrtfjnexecutive er judicial oificvr of ^
ebellion. shaii t u> ,i^ it joni-d.BBt neither Ui United States nr any State JwiAi
:i States to vote shjTirS bSdenled or abridged by the umfaj States or tjSy&aS ;
nSof tfiisarucJe. AMENDTVCENTXVfiSTD: Section!. The rirtiic<titizen.s of the i/nitij %te0ta5iiB9!iSr>m.Sa<>F^ r died to the umtorf Slate? orbv -
tes, and without reea^i wary census" Numeration. AMENOMENTXVH f.913) rWS5S^M^Sfitff&fSSSS^aWSS5SS?iS/s2te
iSiS?,S8 thiSKS 1 v f" nc % : flwweo . Thatttie lerfisUture of any statemay enrpower the exoc.jtwe thereof to^^rSSrV^Jntrnants "ntil thep~d?jrSr,
^J^BffJ^Pi SrJSKffl 1 ,2" (ftm the UrateJ States and all teJ-ntory subject to <he jujudiction thereof for bwerage purposes M hereby pSL
* article. Secfion 6. hS ak.STaSi 1
^^^i^ffla^s^^sES SJ^effi 1 a^^l^^^4rf?^
S^S5K^ ^*?*W^is& 1 J!^^
mof tnellnited States ior delivery or use therein of intoxicatin.! IKiuors, m violation at the laws there
^ ^Trf f5." ftSiSS 01 1 ^, 1 ^, ! 1 ^ ? nt i acfaKI M KaKtSrS nwe KS two 5^ra of a term towhichso meV SiV^^ ,
Jto^Sl m^irfe/^^ft^S^^^^ ^^ ^^*- Secrton 2. Ih,s arttc* 3h.ll *5&
n . .Section * T^Oorj^shanas^wi Jt j
^ e^ittflnt uncu d p
"taw -n,..; !,.,,. i;
^UUtures at three
voee.
e cohourrMt
3 shall havepowwr
"1 b<V)natrxMv
JjftftC
; <ate ; and they ll meet in the District and perform such duties as providgj hr rT, n^?! to "^ ^h ^ number of SenatxJrS an<J BepresenfatrveS
esentauve m Oon^resa, Shall notbeder,,^ tffhanjcfe of amendment. Section 2. The^ngress shall have
abnd^a by theU<vtec< jfetes orany State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax orotterwx. Section2
r the r lii t of ?ij aj ^?"j-"" * Congress y
fti.ll3. ThisarticiesiailbemojHSratlve unfcss ,t sBajrhave keeVi-aS ? ^*WaiSS *J" h*ecfcvo]vttl
wM.ttoiHy.idem shall beeJMw to the office of the ftSSS? ^ JSAo^"^S^"^ So?S n w --
-e ^^.tahau ^ e bee. r^ied a, an ^ei^rneat^^^
^^vwMhm^,^
nn
teenforoathisaructe
of his t#i5ThereTOtf n Cbngress Shall decide the issue
/L^VidStstal7S f itin ue -to Jl - chsu K e *e same *s Act
Section 2. The Cb]
rice upor, Q.,,,.:
iSS^^BKBeer*^.
a H fcj5 WBafiSSWSteBaa
-fiR8Bawfti25S
AMENDMENT XXVa 1<*>O Nolaw. varym^ the compensation for SeriTces of Senators and JZ^^gaStivcs,
