LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
GIFT OF
Class
THE CONSTRUCTION WITH IUBEO
A Portion of a Dissertation treating of the Construction
with Verbs of Commanding
PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES
OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY,
1898,
BY
WILLIAM BEENEY SAFFOLD.
BALTIMORE:
JOHN MURPHY COMPANY,
1902.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
INTRODUCTION 5
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE 7
SIMPLE INFINITIVE 9
SUBJUNCTIVE WITH UT OB NE 22
SIMPLE SUBJUNCTIVE 33
TABLES. . 41
117632
F TH
ur. 3ITY
^r*
THE CONSTRUCTION WITH IUBEO.
INTRODUCTION.
The object of this investigation has been to ascertain the facts
with regard to the mood of the clause depending upon iubeo, i. e.,
whether this is an infinitive with subject accusative, an infinitive
with omitted subject (simple infinitive), a subjunctive with ut or ne,
or a simple subjunctive, and the reasons, where there are any, for
the use of the same. With this end in view, the works of a
number of authors, 1 representing different periods and different
departments of literature have been examined and their usage
given.
In the case of the simple infinitive, the subjunctive with ut or
ne, and the simple subjunctive, the results obtained by this exami-
nation have been stated both generally and specifically, that is,
general observations, conclusions, and statistics are given, and then
each author's use of the construction in question, together with
quotations of the more important examples, critical and explana-
tory notes, etc. These details were not thought necessary in the
case of the accusative and infinitive. Tables giving a compre-
hensive view of the range of each construction will be found
on p. 41 ff.
ETYMOLOGY OF IUBEO.
An etymology of iubeo which has found much favor is that
which derives it from ius-habeo. So Breal and Bailly, Diet.
Etymol. Lat. s. v. On trouve IOVBEATIS dans le Se"natus-consulte
des Bacchanals. Nous en pouvons conclure que la premiere syllable
tait longue & Porigine. *Joubeo est pour *jousbeo, qui lui-m^me
1 The order in which these authors have been arranged in the following pages
is in the main chronological.
5
6 The Construction with Iubeo.
vient de jous-habeo. La premiere syllable du second term a et
supprirne*e, comme dans pergo pour per-rigo. Pour la difference
de conjugaison entre habeo et son compose" jubeo, cf. lego et intellego.
See also "Wolfflin, Archiv f. Lat. Lexikog. 6, 434, where, speak-
ing of the disputed reading at Bell. Hisp. 27. 4, he says : " Wenn
Terenz in der Hec. 243 sagen konnte
Etsl scio ego, Philtimena, meum ius esse ut te cogam
Quae ego Imperem facere, e"go tamen patrio animo victus fdciam
So konnte man naturlich auch sagen iubeo (= ius habeo) ut facias-
quae imperem.
" So oft in der Formel velitis iubeatis ut, Cic. de domo 44, 47,
Pis. 72, Yerr, 2. 161 Senatus decrevit populusque iussit ut statuaa
Verris quaestores demoliendas locarent."
However well this may apply to the particular cases mentioned,
it does not meet all demands, for an examination of a large number
of examples has failed to show that iubeo has different meanings
according as it is followed by the infinitive or subjunctive. Be-
sides, jus habeo would more probably have yielded *juribeo. A
more probable etymology is that which derives this word from
yu-dh-eyo, from the root yeu- with the formative suffix -dh-. See
Lindsay, Lat. Lang., 481.
AUTHORS WHOSE WORKS HAVE BEEN EXAMINED.
Plautus (Goetz and Schoell 1 ), Terence (Dziatzko), Enniua
(Baehrens), Lucretius (Munro), Catullus (L. Muller), Caesar
Corpus (Hoffmann), Cicero (Muller), Auc. ad Herenn. (Muller),
Sallust (Jordan), Nepos (Dietsch), Vergil (Kibbeck), Tibullus
(Hiller), Propertius (Baehrens), Horace (Keller and Holder),
Livy (Weissenborn), Vitruvius (Rose and Miiller-Strubing), Ovid
(Merkel-Ehwald), Phaedrus (L. Muller), Persius (Jahn-Buecheler),
Curtius (Yogel), Petronius (Buecheler), Lucan (Hosius), Pliny the
Elder (Jan), Martial (Gilbert), Tacitus (Halm), Juvenal (Jahn-
Buecheler), Florus (Halm), Suetonius (Roth), Gellius (Hertz),
1 The names in the parentheses indicate that these texts were used as a rule in
the investigation.
The Construction with Iubeo. 7
Ampelius (Wolfflin), Tertullian (Corp. Script. Eccles. Lat. xx. I *),
Arnobius (Corp. Script. Eccles. Lat.), Scriptores Historiae Au-
gustae (Peter), F. Maternus (Corp. Script. Eccles. Lat.), Lactantius
(Corp. Script. Eccles. Lat. xix 2 ), Juvencus (Corp. Script. Eccles.
Lat.), Eutropius (Dietsch), Dictys (Meister), Ammianus Mar-
cellinus (Gardthausen), S. Severus (Halm), Aurelius Victor,
Pseudo-Aurelian (De Origine, Sepp De Viris Illustribus, Keil),
Augustine (Corp. Script. Eccles, Lat. xxv 1 and 2 s ), Porphyrio
(Meyer), Macrobius (Eyssenhardt), Orosius (Corp. Script. Eccles.
Lat. v), Sedulius (Corp. Script. Eccles. Lat. x), Dares (Meister),
Vulgate (Loch).
THE ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.
The prevailing construction with iubeo is, as is well known, the
accusative and infinitive when iubeo is active and the passive and
infinitive (or nominative and infinitive) when it is passive. In
proof of this, if proof is needed, it will be sufficient to state that
the number of instances of this construction in the authors whose
works have been examined is three thousand eight hundred and
forty-one, while the combined total of all the other possible con-
structions (simple infinitive, subjunctive with ut or ne, simple
subjunctive) is but four hundred and eight. The construction
that comes next is the simple infinitive with two hundred and
ninety-four, then the subjunctive with ut or ne with seventy-seven,
and last the simple subjunctive with thirty-seven.
This predominance is limited neither in period nor department
of literature, for it is found in prose and verse, in anteclassical,
classical, and post-classical writers, in history and theology, in
biography, and oratory. In fact, not one of these authors uses
any other construction so often.
For the statistics showing the use of this construction, see the
1 This contains De spectaculis, De idolatria, De oratione, De ieiunio adversus
psychichos, De baptismo, De pudicitia, De anima, Ad nationes, Scorpiace.
2 This contains Institutiones Divinae and the Epitome.
3 This contains De util. credendi, De duabus animabus, De nat. boni, Contra
Fortunatum, Contra Faustum, Contra Felicem, Contra Adimantum, Contra Epist.
Fund., Contra Secund.
8 The Construction with lubeo.
table on page 41, and for the authors and passages, where some
other construction is employed instead, see the appropriate sections
in the following pages.
DATIVE AND INFINITIVE.
At Catullus 66, 140 Ellis finds an instance of the dative and
infinitive with iubeo. He punctuates thus :
At non haec quondam nobis promissa dedisti
Voce : mini non haec miserae sperare iubeo.
And adds, mihi, dative with iubeo as in Cicero, Csesar, and other
good authors.
Riese, however, correctly makes the dative depend upon dedisti,
placing a comma after mihi, and in doing this he is in accord with
Baehrens, Schmalz and others. See Riese's note to the passage.
At Tacitus Ann. 4, 72 Nipperdey cites Curtius 5, 6, 8 and 10,
8, 4 as instances of the dative with iubeo. In both places the
accusative is now read. See the text of Vogel.
Instances of this construction, however, are to be found at
Juvencus 2, 11 ; 3, 93 Discipulis tune inde iubet conscendere
navem :
Am. Marcel. 25, 8, 12; 26, 8, 5; 27, 11, 4; Dares Phrygius
37 iubet eis dicere; Vulgate II Mach. 5, 12; I Mach. 1, 54;
Act. 24, 23 iussitque Centurioni custodire eum.
PASSIVE AND INFINITIVE.
The infinitive is as much the rule when iubeo is passive as when
it is active. It is somewhat surprising, however, that some authors
make little or no use of it. Compare for instance
ACC. AND INFIN. PASS. AND INFIN.
Plautus 179 instances. No instances.
Terence 30 " 1 "
Csesar 168 " 4 "
Nepos 20 " 2 "
Petronius... . 50 " 2 "
The Construction with lubeo.
AGO. AND INFIN. PASS. AND INFIN.
Lactantius 24 instances. 1 instance.
Juvencus.. . 35 1
wi
ith
Livy 713 301
Am. Marcel 82 " 41
Juvenal 21 " 10
Horace 20 " 8
Lucan 37 " 12
Cicero.., ,..304 42
SIMPLE INFINITIVE.
To determine what is a simple infinitive is a matter of very
great difficulty, for in every instance where the accusative has
been omitted it is possible with more or less difficulty to supply it.
It is therefore largely a matter of individual opinion as to whether
in any given instance the omission of the subject is sufficiently
striking to entitle the construction to be regarded as an instance of
the simple infinitive.
To prove this, one has but to compare the statistics that are
given by any two scholars as to the number of times this construc-
tion is found in an author. An examination of the lexicons to
Caesar by Meusel and Merguet will show this quite clearly.
More than this, the same scholar often does not seem to be
altogether consistent in his own classification. Take for examina-
tion Meusel again. It will be seen, if an examination is made,
that there is no hard and fast line of demarcation between what
he considers an accusative and infinitive and a simple infinitive.
This is true to even a greater extent of Eger in his " De Infin.
Curt." Compare for example 3, 13, 8, qui intentiora cura suos
quasi ad iustum proelium paucis adhortatus equis calcaria iubet
subdere et acri impetu in hoetem evehi, which he calls a simple
infinitive with 9, 6, 16, itaque singulos familiarius am plexus con-
sidere iubet, which he does not so classify.
Again, in such expressions as signa canere iubere, it is often a
matter for each investigator to decide whether signa is to be taken
10 The Construction with lubeo.
as subject or object. See, for example Sallust C. 59, 1 haec ubi
dixit, paululum conmoratus signa canere iubet and Kritz ad loc.,
who says that signa here is the subject. Compare with this, how-
ever, another passage from the same author, where signa is unde-
niably the object, i. e., J. 99, 1, item cohortium turmarum legionum
tubicines simul omnis signa canere . . . iubet.
The difficulty is even greater in the case of Livy, who uses,
apparently at will, cornicines (or tubicines) canere e. g. 2, 64, 10;
37, 29 etc. ; signa canere 10, 20, 9 ; 10, 19, 12 etc. ; receptui canere
29, 7, 6 ; 30, 34, 11 etc. ; cani receptui 26, 6, 7 ; 32, 42, 1.
In such cases little more can be done than to endeavor to find
what is the prevailing practice of the author under consideration,
and to classify accordingly.
Further, the text is often in doubt with reference to pronuntiare
and similar words. If the passive is read, all claims for the
simple infinitive vanish at once. See Caes. B. G. 5, 33, 3 ;
5, 34, 1 ; B. C. 2, 25, 6 (pronuntiare or pronuntiari ?) : B. G.
5, 50, 5 ; 2, 5, 6 ; B. C. 3, 65, 4 (munire or muniri) : B. C. 3, 13, 3
(metare or metari ?) etc.
In instances like these the best text, where there is one, has been
followed.
Since it is then so largely a matter of individual judgment a&
to what is a simple infinitive, it becomes necessary to state what
system has been employed in this investigation. This statement
will of necessity be quite general in character, since there are but
few instances in which the subject is omitted under exactly the
same circumstances.
The omission of the subject in the following cases has been
regarded as entitling the constructions to be called an example of
the simple infinitive.
I. When the identity of the subject is revealed by the nature
of the command e. g. praecones by iubet pronuntiare Caes. B. G.
5, 33, 3 ; B. C. 2, 25, 6 : tubicines by signa canere iubet Sail. C.
59, 1 ; Livy 10, 19, 12.
II. When the subject is indefinite. See the Elder Pliny
18, 303 ; 28, 11 ; 30, 137, and the philosophical writings of Cicero,
e. g. L. 1,19 itaque arbitrantur prudentiam esse legem, cuius ea
vis sit, ut recte facere iubeat, vetet delinquere.
The Construction with lubeo. 11
III. When the subject, though expressed in a preceding sentence,,
does not appear in the one under consideration. Tac. H. 3, 80, 4,
eo successu studia populi aucta ; vulgus urbanum arma cepit.
Faucis scuta militaria, plures raptis quod cuique obviurn telis sig-
nura pugnae exposcunt. Agit grates Vitellius et ad tuendam
urbem prorumpere iubet.
IV. When the subject must be inferred from the connection
e. g. Ovid. M. 14, 113-116,
Dixit. et auro
Fulgentem ramum silva lunonis Avernae
Monstravit, iussitque suo divellere trunco.
Paruit Aeneas,
H. 4, 10 Ter tecum conata loqui ter inutilis haesit
Lingua, ter in primo destitit ore sonus.
Qua licet et sequitur, pudor est miscendus amori.
Dicere quae puduit, scribere iussit amor.
V. Where the subject, usually a personal pronoun, is omitted
in dialogue. See the instances cited under Plautus and Terence.
As examples may be cited
Plautus Most. 377 Tuos venit pater?
lube abire rtirsum.
Mil. 1268
Erdm meam eduxl foras. PY. Vide6. MI lube ergo adire.
VI. Numerous instances which cannot be classified.
Having stated thus in a general way what has been considered a
simple infinitive, it remains to be added what has not been so
considered.
I. Those cases where two or more infinitives, joined by a par-
ticle, have a common subject, which is expressed with one verb
and not with the other or others.
II. Those cases in which the subject of the infinitive, having
been expressed in a preceding clause, is not repeated e. g. Livy
1, 27, 8 equitem clara increpans voce, ut hostes exaudirent, redire
in proelium iubet. Caes. B. C. 1, 8, 1 reliquas legiones ex hibernis
evocat et subsequi iubet.
III. Those cases in which there is an adjective or participle in
agreement with the unexpressed subject, e. g. Florus 1, 10, 8 et rex
12 The Construction with lubeo.
quidem tot tantisque virtu turn territus monstris valere liberosque
esse iussit.
According to this system of classification there are in the authors
examined two-hundred and ninety-four examples of the simple
infinitive. The infinitive in the majority of the cases is active,
the proportion being a : p : 219 : 75. This proves that there is
not, as has been sometimes asserted, greater freedom in omitting
the subject when the verb is passive.
With reference to the matter of distribution, it is observed that
it is of more frequent occurrence in the earlier authors. A glance
at the table on p. 43 will show that the construction nearly dies
away as the late periods of Roman literature are reached. It is
used with great freedom in colloquial speech. Note the fifty-one
instances in Plautus and Terence. It occurs frequently in Ovid,
who furnishes some of the best examples which have been found.
The Scriptores Historiae Augustae seem to make a special effort to
avoid it, expressing the accusative even when it is not necessary.
See p. 20.
Compare also
Vergil, 20 instances, *)
Ovid, 23 " -Vwith Juvenal, 1 instance.
Horace, 9 " J
Tacitus, 1 instance.
9 instance
'
^
^ Am.Marcellinus, no
^. , n . .,, f Lactantius, no instances.
Cicero, 49 instances, with <
{ St. Augustine, no "
STUDIES IN DETAIL OF THE AUTHORS USING THE
SIMPLE INFINITIVE.
Plautus 38 instances (a. 1 or d. 25 p. 13)
Most. 377, 420, 426, 618; Persa 269, 303, 314, 790; Mil. 70,
182, 981, 1034, 1268, 1278 ; Men. 225, 776, 797 ; Rud. 332, 659,
1094; St. 248; Trin. 779; Cure. 425, 526; Epid. 69; Aul. 244,
1 a. or d. indicates that the infinitive is active or deponent, p. indicates that
the infinitive is passive.
The Construction with lubeo. 13
353 ; As. 526, 594, 736 ; True. 444, 556, 582, 583, 585 ; Gas.
280 ; Merc. 777 ; Amph. frag, xn.
In most cases the omitted accusative is a personal pronoun.
Aul. 353
STA. Quid vis ? STR. H6s ut accipias coquos
Tibicinamque obs6niumque in ntiptias.
Megadorus iussit Euclioni haec mittere.
Rud. 1093
TR. Sine me ut occepi loqui.
Si scelesti illius est hie qu6ius dico vidulus,
Hae"c poterunt novisse : ostendere his iube.
Mil. 1268
Eram meam eduxl foras. PY. Vide6. MI. lube ergo adlre.
Terence 13 instances (a. or d. 5 p. 8)
And. 546, 687, 741, 955; Phorm. 409, 414; Ad. 416, 429;
Haut. 775, 1001 ; Eun. 262, 836 ; Hec. 185.
As in Plautus, the omitted subject is nearly always a personal
pronoun.
And. 687
PA. Mysls. MY. Quis est ? ehem Pdmphile, mihi te 6ptume
offers. PA. Quid id est?
MY. Orare iussit, si se ames, era, idm ut ad
sese venias.
And. 741
CH. Rev6rtor, postquam quae 6pus fuere ad ntiptias
Gnatae paravi, ut iubeam accersi.
Eun. 836
TH. Ubi is est? PY. Em ad sinisteram.
Viden ? TH. Video. PY. Conprendi iube, quantum potest.
Caesar 9 instances (a. or d. 6 p, 2 a. and p. 1 1)
B. G. 4, 37, 1 ; 5, 7, 7 ; 7, 60, 1 ; B. C. 1, 61, 4; 2, 20, 7 ; 2,
34, 5 ; 3, 45, 4 ; 3, 69, 4 ; 3, 98, 2.
B. G. 5, 7, 7 Caesar .... magnam partem equitatus ad eum
insequeodum mittit retrahique imperat; si vim faciat neque pareat,
inter fici iubet.
1 a. and p. indicates that there are two infinitives, one active, the other passive.
14 The Construction with lubeo.
B. C. 2, 34, 5 Ille unum elocutus, ut memoria tenerent milites
ea, quae pridie sibi confirmassent, sequi sese iubet et praecurrit
ante omnes.
There are seven other passages which may be regarded as con-
taining a simple infinitive, if the active voice is read. In these
the subject would be contained in the verb, pronuntiare, munire,
etc., being the person or persons whose particular function it is to
perform the act expressed by the verb. These are B. G. 5, 33, 3 ;
5, 34, 1 ; B. C. 2, 25, 6 pronuntiare : B. G. 5, 50, 5 ; 2, 5, 6 ;
B. C. 3, 65, 4 munire : B. C. 3, 13, 3 metare.
Merguet gives seven other instances of the simple infinitive in
Caesar, B. G. 5, 1, 6 ; 7, 40, 3 ; 7, 64, 5 ; B. C. 1, 8, 1 ; 1, 14, 4 ;
1, 37, 1 ; 1, 77, 1. Of these, B. C. 1, 77, 1, an instance of the
incorporation of the antecedent in the relative clause, Caesar, qui
milites venerant, remitti iubet, has the best claim to be so regarded.
Cf. B. G. 5, 1, 6 Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat cer-
tumque in locum con venire iubet, and B. C. 1, 8, 1 reliquas
legiones ex hibernis evocat et subsequi iubet.
Bellum Gallicum No instance.
Bellum Alexandrinum 1 instance (a).
68, 4 legionem autem earn, quam ex genere civium suorum
Deiotarus armatura disciplinaque nostra constitutam habebat,
equitatumque omnem ad bellum gerendum adducere iussit.
Bellum Africanum 1 instance (a)
34,6.
Bellum Hispaniense 1 instance (a)
3, 6 ita cum ad eum venerunt, iubet binos equos conscendere, et
recta per adversariorum praesidia ad oppidum contendunt.
Cicero 49 instances (a. or d. 41 p. 8)
Orations 20 (a. or d. 14- p. 6)
Phil. Writings 18 ( " 18 " 0)
Ehet. " 7 ( " 6" 1)
Letters 4 ( " 3" 1)
Orations Quint. 31; Verr. act. 2, 1. 1, 125; 138; 1. 2, 26; 1. 3,
183; 1.4,66; 1.5,14; 104; Caecin. 54; 88; 102; Cluent. 134;
Lex Agr. 2, 28 ; 59 ; Cat. 4, 7 ; Dom. 83 ; 83 ; Ligar. 12 ; Phil.
3,20; 13,6.
The Construction with lubeo. 15
Cluent. 134 dixit se scire ilium verbis conceptis peierasse; si
quid contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio : deinde
cum nemo contra diceret, iussit equum traducere.
Yerr. act. 2, 1. 5, 104 poterone eos adficere supplicio, qui
Cleomonem secuti sunt, ignoscere Cleomeni, qui secum fugere et
se consequi iussit.
Philosophical Writings L. 1, 19 ; 2, 24 ; 3, 11 ; 3, 29 ; 3, 42;
D. 1,20; 1,32; 1,62; 2, 77; 2,80; E. 3, 24; F. 2, 1 ; 3,73;
C. 41 ; T. 1, 17 ; 3, 35 ; O. 1, 48 ; 1, 41.
The omitted subject is usually indefinite.
E. 3, 24 sapientia iubet augere opes, amplificare divitias, pro-
ferre finis.
D. 1, 32 Tarquinius autem dixit se cogitasse cotem novacula
posse praecidi ; turn Attum iussisse experiri.
Ehetorical Writings Brutus 15; De Orat. 1, 102; 1, 181; 2,
80; 2,132; 2,326; Orat. 157.
De Orat. 2, 80 alii iubent, antequam peroretur, ornandi aut
augendi causa digredi, deinde concludere ac perorare.
Letters Att. 2, 20, 1 ; 10, 12 b, 1 ; 11, 9, 2 ; 13, 17, 1.
Att. 10, 12b, 1 iubes enim de profectione mea providere.
Sallust 3 instances (a. or d. 3)
J. 99, 1; 109,3; C. 59, 1.
J. 99, 1 is an instance of the accusative and infinitive passive
and the simple infinitive active depending upon the same verb,
silentium haberi iubet, ne signa quidem .... canere.
Kritz, Eeisig, and others regard canere at C. 59, 1 as intransitive,
having signa as its subject, haec ubi dixit, paululum conmoratus
signa canere iubet. Schmalz is of the same opinion with regard
to J. 99, 1, but in the same section tubicines signa canere iubet
occurs.
Nepos 3 instances (d. 1 p. 2)
9,4,1; 14,3,4; 18,11,3.
9, 4, 1 quibus coguitis rex tantum auctoritate eius motus est, ut
Tissaphernem hostem indicarit et Lacedaemonios bello persequi
iusserit.
Vergil 20 instances (a. 20)
E. 4, 33 ; 6, 86 ; A. 1, 648 ; 2, 3 ; 2, 37 ; 2, 186 ; 3, 9 ; 3, 88 ;
16 The Construction with lubeo.
3, 146 ; 3, 261 ; 3, 267 ; 3, 289 ; 3, 472 ; 4, 346 ; 5, 15 ; 5, 385 ;
5,773; 8,498; 8,646; 12, 584.
It is noteworthy that in every instance the infinitive is active.
E. 6, 86 and A. 5, 773 are instances of a simple infin. act. and
an accusative and infin. pass, depending upon the same verb.
A. 5, 773 tris Eryci vitulos et Tempestatibus agnam
caedere deinde iubet solvique ex ordine funem.
A. 3, 9 vix prima inceperat aestas
et pater Anchises dare fatis vela iubebat.
A. 3, 289
linquere turn portus iubeo et considere transtris.
Tibullus 2 instances (a. 2)
2, 3,39 f.; 2, 4,53 f.
2,4, 53 f
quin etiam sedes iubeat si vendere avitas,
ite sub imperium sub titulumque, lares.
Propertius 2 instances (a. 1 p. 1)
2,29,11; 4,7,91.
4, 7, 91
Luce iubent leges Lethaea ad stagna reverti.
Horace 9 instances (a. or d. 9)
C. 2, 3, 14; 2, 15, 19; 3, 21, 7 ; 3, 24, 42; Ep. 1, 7, 14;
S. 1, 6,61; 1,6, 93; 2,7,32.
5. 1, 6, 61 Respondes, ut tuus est mos,
pauca : abeo, et revocas nono post mense iubesque esse in amicorum
numero.
Livy 39 instances (a. or d. 35 p. 4)
1,41,5; 2,12,14; 2,28,8; 2,56,10; 3,17,6; 3,22,6;
4, 17, 3 ; 6, 16, 1 ; 8, 32, 16 ; 9, 15, 5 ; 10, 9, 1 ; 10, 19, 12 ;
10, 20, 9 ; 10, 40, 14 ; 23, 5, 4 ; 23, 16, 12 ; 23, 45, 1 ; 24, 21, 8 ;
24, 31, 3 ; 26, 45, 9 ; 26, 50, 12 ; 27, 14, 2 ; 29, 5, 3 ; 29, 7, 6 ;
29, 27, 9 ; 30, 9, 6 ; 30, 34, 11 ; 32, 11, 7 ; 34, 37, 4 ; 34, 38, 5 ;
34, 39, 13 ; 39, 14, 6 ; 35, 34, 8 ; 40, 12, 2 ; 41, 3, 6 ; 42, 25, 9 ;
42, 39, 6 ; 42, 59, 11 ; 42, 66.
3, 17, 6 Romule pater, tu nientem tuam, qua quondam arcem
The Construction with lubeo. 17
ab his isdem Sabinis auro captam recepisti, da stirpe tuae, iube
hanc ingredi viam, quam tu dux, quam tuus ingressus exercitus est.
3, 22, 6 ipse erat medius cum legionibus Romania, inde sigaum
observare iussit.
From this number a deduction must be made if in the following
nine passages canere is regarded as being intransitive; 10, 19, 12;
10, 20, 9 ; 10, 40, 14 ; 23, 16, 12 ; 27, 14, 2 ; where signa canere
occurs, 29, 7, 6 ; 30, 34, 11 ; 34, 39, 13 ; 42, 59, 11 where reeeptui
vanere is found.
10, 19, 12; 10, 40, 14; 23, 16, 12; 42, 59, 11 are instances of
the simple infinitive active and an accusative and infinitive passive
depending upon the same verb if canere is transitive.
10, 19, 12 armis arreptis in aciem descendunt, et Volumnius
signa canere ac vexilla efferri castris iussit.
Besides signa canere and reeeptui canere already mentioned, Livy
has two other uses of this verb, i. e. cornicines (or tubicines) canere
2, 64, 10 ; 37, 29 etc., and cani reeeptui 26, 6, 7 ; 32, 42, 1 etc.
Ovid 23 instances (a. or d. 18 p. 5)
F. 6, 688; Tr. 2,1,25; 2, 1,468; H. 4, 10; 7,137; 19,80;
A.A.I, 318; 3,719; E. A. 411; M. 2, 41 ; 2, 465 ; 3,701;
5,646; 7,306; 7,716; 9,706; 11,350; 13,122; 13,217;
13, 677; 15, 28; 15, 543; 14, 115.
This author furnishes some of the best examples that have been
found. See especially M. 13, 216 f.
Ecce lovis monitu, deceptus imagine somni.
Rex iubet incoepti curam dimittere belli.
M. 13, 677 f.
Cumque die surgunt, adeuntque oracula Phoebi :
Qui petere antiquam matrem coguataque iussit
Litora.
R. A. 411
Tune etiam iubeo totas aperire fenestras.
Turpiaque admisso membra notare die.
Ourtius 22 instances (a. 10 p. 11 a. and p. 1)
3,8,7; 3,12,7; 4,9,10; 4,15,19; 4,12,16; 5,2,15;
5,2,18; 5,3,23; 5,4,12; 5,5,8; 5,12,15; 6,7,18; 7,1,12;
2
18 The Construction with lubeo.
7,5,31; 7,8,8; 7,11,14; 8,2,12; 8,3,5; 8,14,21; 9,8,9;
9,9,14; 10,4,2.
7, 5, 31 Postero die occurrentibus Branchidis secum procedere
iubet.
8, 14, 21 Alius iungere aciem, alias dividere, stare quidam et
nonnulli circumvehi terga hostium iubebant.
At 3, 8, 7 ; 3, 12, 7 ; 7, 8, 8 there is some doubt as to whether
nuntiare or nuntiari is to be read.
7, 8, 8 lamque ad transeundum omnia aptaverant, cum legati
Scytharum, more gentis per castra equis vecti, nuntiare iubent regi,
velle ipsos ad eum mandata perferre.
On these passages, see Eger, De Infin. Curt. p. 48. In this
same study Eger gives a list of the simple infinitives in Curtius
according to his view, which differs to some extent from that
given above.
4, 12, 16 is an instance of the accusative and infinitive passive
and the simple infinitive active depending upon the same verb,
Alexander cognito pavore exercitus signum, ut consisterent, dari,
ante ipsos arrna deponere ac levare corpora iubet.
Petronius 1 instance (a.)
91 Supprimere ego querellam iubeo. The subject is easily
supplied from the context.
Lucan 8 instances (a. 8)
1,589; 4,149; 4,510; 7,349; 7,575; 8,41; 8,520; 10,348.
7,574
Ipse manu subicit gladios ac tela ministrat
Adversosque iubet ferro contundere voltus.
1, 589 and 10, 348 are instances of a simple infinitive active
and an accusative and infinitive passive.
10, 348
Tantum animi delicta dabant, ut colla ferire
Caesaris et socerum iungi tibi, Magne, iuberet,
The Elder Pliny 21 instances (a. or d. 8 p. 13)
7, 109; 7, 152; 15,60; 15,67; 17,128; 18,228; 18,303;
19,102; 20,25; 20,48; 20,85; 27,36; 28,11; 28,137;
30, 51 ; 30, 62 ; 30, 137 ; 20, 139 ; 23, 156 ; 28, 144 ; 33, 140.
The Construction with lubeo. 19
15, 60 M. Varro et in doliis harenae servari iubet, where the
subject must be drawn from the preceding sentence.
The simple infinitive in this author when it is active is used
principally in recipes, and iubeo means to direct, to recommend
rather than to command. In these instances the omitted subject
is usually indefinite, being the person or persons for whose benefit
the direction is given, e. g. 18, 303 sunt qui rubeta rana in limine
horrei pede e longioribus suspensa invehere iubeant.
28, 137 medicorum aliqui admixto anseris adipe taurorumque
sebo et oesypo ad podagras uti iubent.
33, 140 can be regarded as an instance where the subject can
readily be understood from the nature of the command, Poppaea
coniunx Neronis principis soleas delicatioribus iumentis suis ex
auro quoque induere.
23, 156 and 28, 144 are instances of an accusative and infinitive
passive and a simple infinitive active.
23, 156 quidam ad versus scorpionum ictus decem bacas iubent . . .
et in remedio uvae iacentis quadrantem pondo bacarum foliorumve
decoqui . . . earn calidam gargarizare et . . . conterere et calfacere,
the subject being indefinite.
Martial 4 instances (a. 3 d. 1)
1, 46, 3 ; 3, 5, 10 ; 10, 5, 18 ; 12, 78, 2.
12, 78, 2
Nil in te scripsi, Bithynice. Credere non vis
Et iurare iubes ? Malo satisfacere.
1, 46, 3
Cum dicis " Propero, fac si facis," Hedyle, languet
Protinus et cessat debilitata Venus.
Expectare iube : velocius ibo retentus.
Tacitus 1 instance (a.)
H. 3, 80, 4 paucis scuta militaria, plures raptis quod cuique
obvium telis signum pugnae exposcunt. Agit grates Vitellius et
ad tuendarn urbem prorumpere iubet.
At H. 1, 38, 13 the text is in doubt (aperire or aperiri?). If
the active voice is correct this is another instance.
Gerber and Greef do not give any instance of the simple infini-
20 The Construction with lubeo.
tive. H. 3, 80, 4 is considered an instance of the accusative and
infinitive.
Juvenal 1 instance (a.)
15, 134
Mollissima corda
humano generi dare se natura fatetur,
quae lacrimas dedit ; haec nostri pars optima sensus.
plorare ergo iubet casum lugentis amici
Florus 3 instances (a. 2 p. 1)
1, 17 (1, 22, 3); 1, 45 (3, 10, 6); 2, 33 (4, 12, 59).
1, 45 Aquitani, callidum genus, in speluncas se recipiebant; iussit
includi ; morabantur in silvis : iussit incendi.
Suetonius 2 instances (a. 1 p. 1)
Aug. 24 ; lul. 68.
Aug. 24 ut stare per totum diem iuberet ante praetorium, referring
to centuriones mentioned some lines before.
Gellius 2 instances (a. 1. p. 1)
6, 1, 11 ; 17, 9, 24.
17, 9, 24 His litteris, quae voluerat, perscripsit, hominem postea,
quoad capillus adolesceret, domo continuit. Ubi id factum est, ire
ad Aristagoran iubet.
Tertullian 1 instance (a.)
De ieiunio 2.
Arnobius 1 instance (a.)
5, 27 obiectanturque partes illae quas pudor communis abscondere.
SCRIPTORES HlSTOBIAE AtJGUSTAE.
Ael. Spartianus No instance.
Jul. Capitolinus " "
Yul. Gallicanus " "
Tr. Pollio " "
Fl. Vopiscus " "
Ael. Lampridius 2 instances (p. 2)
A.S. 15,4; 36,2.
The Construction with lubeo. 21
The avoidance by these six authors of the simple infin. is note-
worthy. Compare with this small total (two) the one hundred
and sixty-one instances of the ace. and infin. in the same authors.
At times they go so far as to express the subject when it is not
necessary, e. g. Ael. Spartianus Hadr. 18, 7 servos a dominis occidi
vetuit eosque iussit damnari per iudices.
Juvencus 1 instance (a.)
1, 107.
Dictys 3 instances (a. or d. 3)
2,35; 3,27; 5,11.
2, 35 igitur postquam tempus visum est et omnes in armis
nuntiabantur, iubet egredi.
S. Severus 1 instance (p.)
V. S. M. 20, 5 ad medium fere convivium, ut moris est, pateram
regi minister obtulit. Ille sancto admodum episcopo potius dari
iubet.
Orosius 1 instance (a.)
Adv. Pag. 6, 5, 5 Mithridates diu ex altissimo muro filium
frustra precatus, . . . exclamatur fertur ; " Quoniam Pharnaces,
inquit mori iubet.
Sedulius 2 instances (a. or d. 2.)
C. 2, 197; 3,78.
C. 3, 78 Tune Domini praecepta tremens exire iubentis
Spiritus infelix hominem non audet adire.
Dares Phrygius No instance,
25 might be so considered, iubet dicere si cui quid placeat.
Vulgate 4 instances (a. 3 p. 1)
Tab. 6, 7; I Mach. 11, 23; Math. 8, 18; 14, 9.
Math. 8, 18 videns autem lesus turbas rnultas circum se, iussit
ire trans f return.
22 The Construction with lubeo.
SUBJUNCTIVE WITH UT OR NE.
Seventy-two instances of the subjunctive with ut and five with
ne have been found. These are distributed through twenty-three *
authors, and are confined to no period or department.
In the majority of these seventy-seven instances it is difficult,
if not impossible, to find a valid reason for the use of the sub-
junctive rather than the normal construction. There are, however,
instances where a cause, more or less satisfactory, can be discovered.
I. The dependence of the subjunctive upon iubeo is in several
instances indirect and slight, owing to a change of construction,
from the infinitive to the subjunctive, the infinitive being the
construction that is directly dependent.
To this class belong two of the three examples in Plautus and
five of the eight in Livy; Plautus Poen. 4; Pseud. 1150: Livy
9, 2, 2 ; 36, 1, 9 ; 38, 35, 9 ; 41, 15, 11 ; 43, 12, 9.
This change of construction is often accompanied by a change
in the subjects of the dependent verbs, that is, in the persons
receiving the command. This is the case in the two Plautus
examples cited above, and at Livy 9, 2, 2 ; 41, 15, 11 ; 43, 12, 9.
II. When the command is that of a sovereign people or senate.
To this class belong four of the five examples in Cicero and
seven of the eight in Livy; 2 Cicero Verr. 2, 2, 161 ; Dom. 44;
47; Pis. 72: Livy 1, 17, 11; 28, 36, 1; 36, 1, 9; 38, 35, 9;
38,54,3; 41, 15,11; 43, 12, 9. 3
In the fifth example in Cicero (Verr. 2, 4, 28) the command
is that of a governor, the representative of the people, while
in the eighth example in Livy (9, 2, 2) it is a general who issues
the order.
The formula, velitis iubeatis ut, etc., occurs at Cicero Dom. 44 ;
47 ; Pis. 72 : Livy 38, 54, 3. In each instance this is really a
quotation. See also Gell. 15, 19, 9.
1 See p. 44 for a table giving a comprehensive view, and pp. 24-33 where the
examples are cited under the respective authors.
2 Macrob. 3, 17, 7, and Oros. Adv. Pag. 4, 18, 9 might be included in this class.
8 It is to be noted that four of the examples in Livy (36, 1, 9; 38, 35, 9; 41,
15, 11 ; 43, 12, 9) belong to I as well as to II.
The Construction with lubeo. 23
III. Where the construction is probably influenced by that
which is used with other verbs of commanding, e. g., impero.
This would seem to be the case when the dative (of the person
receiving the command) occurs.
These instances are Tac. Ann. 13, 40, 10; Jul. Cap. Max. Duo
3, 1 ; Fl. Vopisc. Prob. 14, 4 ; Dictys 2, 35 ; Vulg. Gen. 42, 25 ;
Dan. 3, 20. 1
IV. Three of the Script. Hist. August, use the subjunctive at
times with the formulae, litteras dedit quibus iusserat, misit litteras
quibus iussit, referimus litteras quibus iubetur, etc.
Examples of this are afforded by Jul. Cap. Cl. A. 2, 1 ; Ael.
Lamprid. A. H. 13, 6; Fl. Vopisc. Aurel. 19, 1.
Horace's single instance (S. 1, 4, 121) is probably due to
metrical convenience, and the same may be said of Vergil's single
instance (E. 5, 15). It is to be noted, however, that both here
and in the single example of the simple subjunctive in this author
(A. 10, 53) it is an imperative form of iubeo, iubeto, that is used.
At Fl. Vopisc. Aurel. 14, 7 also an imperative form of iubeo occurs.
The remaining forty-six examples of this construction ; thirty-
one having been cited in the preceding pages, are Plaut. Ana ph.
205; Curt. 5, 13, 19; 8, 1, 38; Lucan 9, 896; Suet. Tiber. 22;
Frag. De Vir. Illust. 103; Gell. 20, 4, 3 ; Tertull. De bapt. 18;
Ael. Spart. Hadr. 16, 1; Peso. 10, 6; 10, 7; Sever. 5, 5; 23, 6 ;
Jul. Cap. M. Ant. 11, 4; Gord. 29, 6 ; M. et B. 10, 2; 10, 3;
A. Lamprid. A.-S. 22, 8; 26, 3; 52, 4; A. H. 13, 5; 29, 7;
Fl. Vopisc. Sat. 9, 1 ; F. Matern. 28, 11 ; Lactant. Div. Instit.
4, 27, 12; 6, 19, 8; 7, 26, 8; Juvenc. 2, 145; St. Aug. Cont.
Ep. Fund. 5; 14; Cont. Faus. 12, 36; 22, 70; Cont. Felix 2,
20; Macrob. C. 2, 1, 10; Oros. Adv. Pag. 4, 22, 2; 6, 18, 24;
Lib. Apol. 26, 4 ; 26, 5 ; Vulgate I Par. 21, 17 ; II Par. 29, 27 ;
I Esdr. 5, 17 ; Jud. 13, 11 ; Esth. 1, 17 ; 4, 10 ; 13, 6 ; Isa. 38,
21 ; Dan. 13, 32.
It will be observed that all of these except the Amphitruo
example occur in late writers. It is, therefore, probable that in
some of these the subjunctive is due to the influence of such verbs
as impero, praecipio, etc. Coordination, too, has doubtless been
1 See also the forty-six unclassified instances on this page.
24 The Construction with lubeo.
a factor. See also the five examples of ne and the subjunctive
among the above; Sueton. Frag. 103; Ael. Spart. Peso. 10, 7; A.
Lamprid. A.-S. 22, 8; Fl. Vopisc. Sat. 9, 1 ; F. Matern. 28, 11.
Still, Curtius' use of the subjunctive with ut twice and the
infinitive three hundred and twenty times is remarkable, as is
also Suetonius' use of the subjunctive twice, the infinitive sixty-
four times.
STUDIES IN DETAIL OF THE AUTHORS USING THE
SUBJUNCTIVE WITH UT OR NE.
Plautus 3 instances.
Amphit. 205; Poen. 4; Pseud. 1150.
Poen. 4
" Sileteque et tacete atque animum adv6rtite :
Audire iubet vos imperator " histricus,
Bon6que ut animo sedea<n>t[e] in subselliis,
Et qui esurientes et qui saturi vene*rint.
Pseud. 1150
H6c tibi erus me itissit ferre P61ymachaeropldgides,
Quod deberet, a"tque ut mecum mltteres Phoenlcium.
Amphit. 205
Contlnuo Amphitruo de*legit vir6s primorum principes.
Eos legat : Telebois iubet sententiam ut dicdnt suam.
In the Poenulus and Pseudolus passages the dependence of the
subjunctive upon iubeo is indirect, as there is a change of con-
struction, from the accusative and infinitive to the subjunctive,
the infinitive in each instance coming first.
There is also change in the subject of the dependent verbs. In
the Poenulus passage Iubet is a variant for iubet.
Cicero 5 instances.
Yerr. act. 2, 2, 161 ; act. 2, 4, 28 ; Dom. 44 ; 47 ; Pis. 72.
Verr. 2, 2, 161 Centuripinorum senatus decrevit populusque
iussit, ut, quae statuae C. Verris ipsius et patris eius et filii essent,
eas quaestores demoliendas locarent.
Verr. 2, 4, 28 hie tibi in mentem non venit iubere, ut haec-
quoque referret.
The Construction with lubeo. 25
Dom. 44 quaero enim quid sit aliud proscribere : velitis inbeatis
ut M. Tullius in civitate ne sit bonaque eius ut mea sint.
Dom. 47 At quid tulit legum scriptor peritus et callidus?
velitis iubeatis ut M. Tullio aqua et igni interdicatur ?
Pis. 72 At hoc nusquam opinor scriptum fuisse in illo elogio,
quod te consule in sepulcro rei publicae incisum est : velitis
iubeatis, ut, quod M. Cicero versum fecerit, sed quod vindicarit.
At Verr. 2, 2, 161; Dom. 44; 47; Pis. 72, the command is
an expression of the will of a sovereign people, while in the fifth
passage, Verr. 2, 4, 28, it is that of a governor, the representative
of a sovereign people.
In three of the passages, Dom. 44 ; 47 ; Pis. 72, the formula,
velitis iubeatis ut, occurs.
Cicero's use of this construction is confined to the orations,
though an instance is found by some at Att. 13, 32, 3 by reading
iussi instead of misi.
Caesar. Corpus No instance.
Merguet, Hoffmann and others cite B. G. vin, 52, 5 as an
instance of. the subjunctive with ne, reading, quod ne fieret,
consules amicique Pompei iusserunt.
For iusserunt Holder conjectures intercesserunt, and Madvig
evicerunt, and the latter is found in Meusel, Kraner, Kubler,
Dob. Dint., and has been followed here.
Bell. Hisp. 27, 4 is often cited as an instance, the conventional
reading being, ita castris motis Ucubim Pompeius praesidium,
quod reliquit, iussit ut incenderent et deusto oppido in castra
maiora se reciperent.
Wolfflin, Arch. 6, 434, attacks the subjunctive, and would
insert in its stead the infinitive, which is found in the codex
Ashburnhamensis. This, then, is at best a doubtful instance.
Vergil 1 instance.
Eel. 5, 15
Tu deinde iubeto ut certet Amyntas.
Note the imperative form, and compare the single instance
(A. 10, 53) of the simple subjunctive in this author, where the
same form is found.
26 The Construction with lubeo.
For the accusative and infinitive after imperative forms of
iubeo, see A. 7, 430 ; 10, 242, etc.
Horace 1 instance.
S. 1, 4, 121
Sic me
formabat puerum dictis, et sive iubebat
ut facerem quid.
This single instance, compare the thirty-seven instances of the
infinitive in this author, may be due to metrical convenience.
Livy 8 instances.
1, 17, 11 ; 9, 2, 2; 28, 36, 1 ; 36, 1, 9 ; 38, 35, 9 ; 38, 54, 3 ;
41, 15, 11 ; 43, 12, 9.
In five passages (9, 2, 2; 36, 1, 9 ; 38, 35, 9; 41, 15, 11 ; 43,
12, 9) the dependence of the subjunctive upon iubeo is indirect, as
there is change of construction, from the infinitive to the subjunc-
tive, the infinitive being directly dependent.
9, 2, 2 inde ad Calatiam .... milites decem pastorum habitu
mittit, pecoraque .... procul Romanis pascere iubet praesidiis ;
ubi inciderint in praedatores, ut idem omnibus sermo constet.
36, 1, 9 Alter consul .... cum Boiis iussus bellurn gerere utro
exercitu mallet ex duobus, quos superiores consules habuissent,
alterum ut mitteret Romarn, eaeque urbanae legiones essent paratae
quo senatus censuisset.
Note the infinitive, then the subjunctive with ut, then the sub-
junctive alone.
38, 35, 9 Comparare inter se aut sortiri iussi, et novos exercitus,
binas legiones scribere, et ut sociis Latini nominis quina dena milia
peditum imperarent.
41, 15, 11 M. Titinius et T. Fonteius proconsules manere ....
in Hispania iussi ; et ut in supplementum his tria milia civium
Romanorum .... mitterentur.
43, 12, 9 in classem mille socii navales cives Romani libertini
ordinis, ex Italia quingenti scribi iussi, totidem ut ex Sicilia
scriberentur.
In three of these (9, 2, 2 ; 41, 15, 11 ; 43, 12, 9) there is also
a change of the subject of the dependent verb.
The Construction with Iubeo. 27
The remaining three instances are :
1, 17, 11 Adeo id gratum plebi fuit ut, ne victi beneficio vide-
rentur, id modo sciscerent iuberentque, ut senatus decerneret qui
Romae regnaret.
28, 36, 1 Magoni .... paranti traicere in Africam nuntiatum
ab Carthagine est iubere senatum ut classem quam Gadibus
baberet, in Italiam traiceret ; conducta ibi Gallorum ac Ligurum
quanta maxima posset iuventute coniungeret se Hannibali, neu
senescere bellum .... sineret.
38, 54, 3 fuit autem rogatio talis, velitis iubeatis, Quirites, ....
uti de ea re Ser. Sulpicius .... ad senatum referat.
Note the formula, velitis iubeatis ut.
In each of these eight instances, except 9, 2, 2, the command is
the expression of the will of a people or senate.
Ovid No instance.
At H. 1, 101 the subjunctive is explanatory of hoc, rather than
dependent upon iubeo.
Di, precor, hoc iubeant, ut euntibus ordine fatis
Ille meos oculos conprimat.
Curtius 2 instances.
5, 13, 19; 8, 1,38.
5, 13, 19 tria ferme milia resistentia occisa sunt, reliquum agmen
pecudum more intactum agebatur iubente rege, ut caedibus absti-
neretur.
8, 1, 38 dolorem tamen rex pressit, contentus iussisse, ut con-
vivio excederet.
Compare with this total of two the three hundred and twenty
instances of the infinitive with iubeo in this author.
Petronius No instance.
74 has been cited as an example ; occidi, however, seems
necessary. See the texts of Buecheler and Friedlander, dicto
citius de vicinia gallus allatus est, quern Trimalchio occidi iussit,
ut aeno coctus fieret.
Lucan 1 instance.
9, 896 Natura locorum
Iussit, ut inmunes mixtis serpentibus essent.
28 - The Construction with Iubeo.
Tacitus 1 instance.
A. 13, 40, 10 recepta inter ordines impedimenta, et tergum
mille equites tuebantur, quibus iusserat, ut instantibus comminus
resisterent.
Note the dative, which is probably responsible for this single
instance of the subjunctive, and compare the one hundred
and forty-eight instances of the infinitive with iubeo in this
author.
On the dative with iubeo see Draeg. Syn. d. Tac. 23; Nipperdey
to Ann. 4, 72, 3 ; Landgraf. n. to Keisig 369.
Suetonius Subjunc. with ut 1 instance.
Tiber. 22.
Subjunc. with ne 1 instance.
Fragm. DeVir. Illust. 103.
Tiber. 22 hunc tribunus militum custos appositus occidit, lectis
codicillis, quibus ut id faceret iubebatur.
Note the expression, lectis codicillis, and compare the somewhat
similar expressions at lul. Capitol. Cl. A. 2, 1 litteras dederat,
quibus iusserat; Ael. Lamprid. A. H. 13, 6 litteras quibus iussit;
Flav. Vopisc. Aurel. 19, 1 litteras quibus iubetur.
Fragm. De Vir. Illustr. 103 Graeci autem et Tusci primum
ferro in ceris scripserunt, postea Romani iusserunt, ne graphium
ferreum quis haberet.
Gellius 1 instance.
20, 4, 3 Misit ei verba haec ex Aristotelis libro exscripta, qui
.... inscriptus est, iussitque, uti ea cotidie lectitaret.
In the passage quoted at 5, 19, 9 the formula, velitis iubeatis
uti, occurs.
Tertullian 1 instance.
De bapt. 18 quern rursus spiritus ut se curriculo eunuchi
adiungeret iussit.
It is noteworthy that the person receiving the command is
expressed in the accusative.
The Construction with lubeo. 29
SCRIPTORES HlSTORIAE AlJGUSTAE.
Ael. Spartianus SubjuDc. with ut 4 instances.
Hadr. 16, 1 ; Sev. 5, 5 ; 23, 6 ; Pesc. 10, 6.
Subjunc. with ne 1 instance.
Pesc. 10, 7.
Hadr. 16, 1 famae .... tarn cupidus fuit ut libros vitae suae
scriptos a se libertis suis litteratis dederit iubens, ut eos suis
nominibus publicarent.
Sev. 5, 5 legatis .... missis, qui inherent ut ab eo milites
senatu praecipiente discederent.
Sev. 23, 6 sed cum videret, se perurgueri sub hora mortis,
iussisse fertur, ut alternis diebus apud filios imperatores in cubi-
culis Fortuna poneretur.
Pesc. 10, 6 iussit, ut denorum gallinaceorum pretia provinciali
redderent decem.
Pesc. 10, 7 idem iussit, ne zona milites ad bellum ituri aureos
vel argenteos nummos portarent.
Julius Capitolinus 7 instances.
Max. Duo 3, 1 ; M. Ant. Phil. 11, 4; 21, 5; Cl. Albin. 2, 1 ;
Gord. 29, 6 ; M. et B. 10, 2 ; 10, 3.
Max. Duo 3, 1 iussitque statim tribuno ut eum coherceret ac
Romanam disciplinam inbueret.
Note the dative.
At M. Ant. Phil. 21, 5 there is a change of construction,
subjunctive with ut, then ferenda, then subjunctive with ut
again.
Iussitque, ut statuae tantummodo filio mortuo decernerentur, et
imago aurea circensibus per pompam ferenda, et ut saliari carmini
nomen eius insereretur.
Cl. Albin. 2, 1 litteras dederat, quibus iusserat, ut Caesar esset.
M. Ant. Phil. 11, 4 temperavit etiam scaenicas donationes
iubens, ut quinos aureos scaenici acciperent.
Gord. 29, 6 sed cum milites fame vincerentur, imperium
Philippo mandatum est, iussumque a militibus, ut quasi tutor
eius Philippus cum eodem Gordiano pariter imperaret.
30 The Construction with lubeo.
M. et B. 10, 2 iussum tune tamen, ut omnia ex agris in civitates
colligerentur.
M. et B. 10, 3 iussumque, ut quicumque Maxirainnm iuuisset
in hostium numero duceretur.
Aelius Lampridius Subjunct. with ut 5 instances.
Anton. Heliogab. 13, 5; 13, 6; 29, 7 ; A.-S. 26, 3 ; 52, 4.
Subjunct. with ne 1 instance.
A. S. 22, 8.
Anton. Heliogab 13, 5 iussitque, ut trucidaretur iuuenis optimus.
A. H. 13, 6 misit et ad milites litteras quibus iussit ut abro-
garetur nomen Caesaris Alexandro.
A. H. 29, 7 si ius autem displicuisset, iubebat, ut semper id
comesset, quamdiu tamen melius inveniret.
A. S. 26, 3 postea tamen iussit ut semisses acciperent.
A. S. 52, 4 iussitque ut ante tribunum quattuor milites ambu-
larent.
A. S. 22, 8 sed iussit, ne quis suminatam occideret.
Flavius Vopiscus Subjunct. with ut 3 instances.
Aurel. 14, 7 ; 19, 1 ; Prob. 14, 4.
Subjunct. with ne 1 instance.
Saturn. 9, 1.
Aurel. 14, 7 iube igitur, ut lege agatur.
Note the imperative form of iubeo.
Aurel. 19, 1 referimus .... litteras, quibus iubetur ut inspi-
ciantur fatales libri.
Prob. 14, 4 dicitur iussisse his acrius, ut gladiis non uterentur.
Note the dative and compare Jul. Capitol. Max. Duo 3, 1.
Saturn. 9, 1 Aurelianus iusserat ne Saturninus Aegyptum
uideret.
Vulcatius Gallicanus No instance.
Trebellius Pollio No instance.
The number (twenty-two) of instances of the occurrence of this
construction in these authors is noteworthy, being nearly one-third
of the whole number (seventy-five) found in all the authors that
have been examined.
The Construction with lubeo. 31
Even here, however, the prevailing construction is the infini-
tive, there being one hundred and seventy-four instances of that.
The number of instances of ne, too, is quite large, being three
out of a total of five.
It is somewhat surprising that these authors furnish no example
of the simple subjunctive.
With regard to the voice of the dependent verb, it is to be
observed that when this is a subjunctive the proportion is act. :
pass. : 14 : 8, whereas when it is an infinitive it is act. : pass. :
37 : 137.
The verb of commanding which comes next in order of fre-
quency of occurrence in these authors is praecipio, and their use
of it shows a decided departure from the normal construction,
the subjunctive with ut y there being twenty-one instances of the
accusative and infinitive, and but one of the subjunctive.
Impero is used almost entirely with the meaning of " to rule "
or "to reign," being followed by a dependent clause but three
times, whereas there are one hundred and eight instances of its
use with the meaning given above. This meaning is found in all
of the authors alike, as is shown by the following figures :
Ael. Spartianus 16 instances.
Jul. Capitolinus 28 "
Vul. Gallicanus 2
Fr. Pollio, 31 "
Ael. Lampridius 8 "
Fl.Vopiscus 23 "
Firmicus Maternus 1 instance of the subjunctive with ne.
28, 11 ne hunc colas, ne hunc supplices .... interdicto vene-
randae legis iubetur.
Lactantius 3 instances.
Div. Instit. 4, 27, 12 iubeat utriusque sacerdos dei sui nomine
ut noceus ille spiritus excedat ex homine.
7, 26, 8 deo iubente ut quieti ac silentes arcanum eius in abdito
atque intra nostram conscientiam teneamus.
6, 19, 8 qui iubet uti maledicis et laedentibus non irascamur.
Juvencus 1 instance.
2, 145 Hinc iubet, ut snmmo tradant gustanda ministro.
32 The Construction with lubeo.
Dictys Cretensis 1 instance.
2, 35 quod ubi animadvertit, Hector coactus necessitate militibus
ut apud arma essent iubet.
Note the dative.
St. Augustine 5 instances.
Contra Ep. Fund, v, 14 ; Contra Faus. xn, 36 ; xxn, 70 ;
Contra Felix n, 20.
C. E. F. v, 14 infirmabis mihi catholicorum auctoritatem, qui
iubent ut tibi non credam.
C. Faus. xii, 70 dominus iussit ut ferrum discipuli eius ferrent,
sed non iusserat ut ferirent.
Macrobius 2 instances.
S. 3, 17, 7 ; C. 2, 1, 10.
5. 3, 17, 7 Licinia lex lata est a P. Licinio Crasso Divite, cuius
ferundae probandaeque tantum studium ab optimatibus impensum
est, ut consulto senatus iuberetur, ut ea tantum modo promulgata
priusquam trinundino confirmaretur.
C. 2, 1, 10 quos cum ferientium viribus adscribendos putaret,
iubet, ut inter se malleolos mutent.
Orosius 5 instances.
Adv. Pag. 4, 18, 9; 4, 22, 2; 6, 18, 24; Lib. Apol. 26, 4;
26, 5.
Adv. Pag. 4, 18, 9 iussusque a Carthaginiensibus, ut fratri cum
copiis iungeretur, magna secum auxilia .... deduceret.
4, 22, 2 Carthaginiensibus evocatis iussisque ut arma et naves
traderent.
6, 18, 24 Ventidium Syriae praefecit iussitque ut Antigone
bellum in ferret.
Vulgate 11 instances.
Gen. 42, 25; I Par. 21, 17; II Par. 29, 27; I Esdr. 5, 17;
lud. 13, 11; Esth. 1, 17; 4, 10; 13, 6; Isa. 38, 21; Dan. 3,
20; 13,32.
The dative is found at Gen. 42, 25, and Dan. 3, 20.
Gen. 42, 25 iussit ministris, ut implerent eorum saccos tritico et
reponerent pecunias singulorum in saculis suis.
The Construction with Iubeo. 33
Dan. 3, 20 Et viris fortissimis de exercitu suo iussit, lit ligatis
pedibus Sidrach, Misach, et Abednago, mitterent eos in fornacem
ignis ardentis.
SIMPLE SUBJUNCTIVE.
Thirty-seven instances in eleven authors. See table on page
45 and the studies in detail of the various authors, pages 35-41.
It is probable that the so-called simple subjunctive with iubeo
was not in the beginning dependent upon that verb, but was
coordinate in construction and jussive in force. Such a supposi-
tion finds support in the fact, that in every instance (in the authors
examined) down to Livy, this subjunctive occurs with an impera-
tive form of iubeo, iube nine times, iubeto once, and that in a
total of thirty-seven instances seventeen, or nearly one-half, follow
imperative forms of this verb.
In course of time the idea of coordination was lost sight of,
and the subjunctive was regarded as being dependent upon iubeo,
the construction being further influenced by that which was used
with such verbs as impero, praecipio, etc.
The seventeen instances referred to are the following :
Plautus, Men. 955 ; Most. 930 ; Persa 605 ; Eud. 708 ; Stich.
396. Five out of a total of five instances in this author.
Terence, Haut. 736 ; Eun. 691 ; Ad. 914. Three out of a
total of three.
Catullus 32, 3. The single instance in the author.
Vergil, A. 10, 53. The single instance.
Ovid, M. F. 58, A. A. 1, 507, M. 8, 792; 11, 587; 11, 627 ;
A. 1, 4, 29 ; 1, 11, 19. Seven out of a total of eleven occurrences.
It is to be noted, however, that these authors use the infinitive
also with imperative forms of iubeo ; e. g., Plautus at Most. 467 ;
Mil. 255; 1093; Pseud. 1054; Stich. 335; 620, etc. Terence at
And. 546 ; Haut. 585, etc. Vergil at A. 7, 430 ; 10, 242, etc.
In seven of the remaining twenty instances of this construction
the dependence of the subjunctive upon iubeo is indirect, inasmuch
as there is a change of construction, from the infinitive to the
subjunctive, the infinitive in each instance being the construction
that is directly dependent.
3
34 The Construction with lubeo.
.These are Livy 3, 27, 3-4; 24, 10, 3; 31, 8, 8; 31, 11, 10;
35, 5, 3 ; 40, 30, 4. Six instances out of a total of seven l in
this author, and Tacitus, H. 4, 34, 16, one in a total of four.
This change in the mood of the dependent verb is in several
cases accompanied by a change in the person, i. e., the subjects,
which is additional evidence that the dependence is indirect. This
is the case at Livy 3, 27, 3-4 ; 24, 10, 3 ; 31, 8, 8. See page 37.
In four of the eleven 2 examples in Ovid, the remaining seven
occurring after imperative forms of iubeo as has been already
stated, the subjunctive is probably due to metrical convenience.
These are P. 3, 1, 141; M. 4, 111; F. 4, 259; A. A. 2, 261.
See page 38.
At Tacitus, Ann. 13, 15, 7, the person receiving the command
is in the dative case. See page 40, and compare the single
instance (Ann. 13, 40, 10) in this author of ut and the subjunctive
with iubeo, where also the dative occurs.
For details with regard to the remaining seven instances of this
construction in the authors examined (Tac. Ann. 12, 49, 14; H.
2, 46, 4; Persius 5, 161 ; Curt. 6, 4, 1 ; 9, 4, 23; Suet. Vitell.
14 ; Tertul. De idol. 14), see the special studies of those authors.
The dependent subjunctive is usually in the third person, there
being thirty instances of this, as compared with two of the first
and five of the second.
It is to be observed also that in every instance it is in the
active voice, and that the form of iubeo is active thirty-one times.
The simple subjunctive is used less widely than the subjunctive
with ut (so far as the authors that have been examined are con-
cerned), occurring as it does only thirty-seven times, as compared
with seventy-seven instances of the latter, and in eleven authors
as compared with twenty-three.
Besides being of less frequent occurrence, it disappears earlier,
Tertullian being the last of these authors to use it. See page 44
for table showing the use of the subjunctive with ut.
An idea of the range of the two constructions may be obtained
from the following :
*At 42, 37, 2, the remaining example, the text is in doubt. See page 37.
3 If the subjunctive is to be read at A. 1, 4, 60, a twelfth example is found.
See page 39.
Ihe Construction with lubeo. 35
Authors that use both; Plautus, Vergil, Livy, Curtius, Tacitus,
Suetonius, Tertullian.
Authors that use the subjunctive with ut or ne, but not the
simple subjunctive : Cicero, Horace, Lucan, Gellius, Aelius Sparti-
anus, Julius Capitolinus, Aelius Lampridius, Flavius Vopiscus,
F. Maternus, Lactantius, Juvencus, Dictys, St. Augustine, Macro-
bius, Orosius, Vulgate.
Authors using the simple subjunctive, but not the subjunctive
with ut or ne-j Terence, Catullus, Ovid, Persius.
STUDIES IN DETAIL OF THE AUTHORS USING THE
SIMPLE SUBJUNCTIVE.
Plautus 5 instances.
Men. 955 ; Most. 930 ; Persa 605 ; Rud. 708 ; Stich. 396.
Men. 955 tu seru6s iube / Htinc ad me ferdnt.
Most. 930 Ctirriculo iube in tirbem ueniat iam simul tectim.
Persa 605 Itibedum ea hoc acc6dat ad me.
Rud. 708 itibe modo accedat prope.
Stich. 396 I intro, Pinacium, iube famulos rem diuinam mi
apparent.
It will be observed at once that an imperative form, iube, occurs
in each instance, indicating that the subjunctive is coordinate rather
than dependent.
For instances of the accusative and infinitive after imperative
forms of iubeo, see Most. 467; Mil. 255; 1093; Pseud. 1054;
Stich. 335 ; 620, etc.
Tu seruos iube, etc., Men. 955, by anticipation for iube serui
tui ferant. Cf. Stich. 396, where also the person receiving the
command is in the accusative.
For remarks upon the use of the subjunctive at these places,
see Brix to Men. 955 ; Sonnens. to Rud. 708 ; Lorenz to Most.
918 ; Wag. to Men. 955.
Terence 3 instances.
Haut. 737; Eun. 691; Ad. 914.
H. 737
Bacchis, m&ne, mane : quo mittis istam qua&so
lube maneat.
36 The Construction with lubeo.
Eun. 691
Eho tu, emin ego te? Do. Emisti. Py. lube mi denuo
Resp6ndeat.
Ad. 914
Ego lepidus ineo gratiam iube ntinciam
Dinumeret ille Bdbylo uigintl minas.
As was the case in Plautus, it is an imperative form of iubeo
that occurs in each instance.
The accusative and infinitive after imperative forms of iubeo
occur at And. 546 ; H. 586, etc.
At And. 914 iube dinurneret = dinumerato. Cf. Rud. 708,
iube rnodo accedat = just let him, and Haut. 737 iube maneat =
tell her she must stay.
Bentley found a fourth instance of the simple subjunctive at
And. 412, reading obseruarem for obseruare.
For remarks upon the use of the subjunctive at these places,
see Spengl. to Ad. 914; Bentley to Ad. 914; Dziat. to Ad. 914,.
who compares the use of the subjunctive with fac, facito, sine.
Catullus 1 instance.
32, 3 Meae deliciae, mei lepores,
lube ad te ueniam meridiatum.
Caesar. Corpus No instance.
Bellum Alex. 73, 3 has frequently been cited as an instance,
hue omnem comportatum aggerem ex castris seruitia agerent
iussit, but the correct reading is yet a matter of doubt. The
codices have agerentur, Nipperdey, agerent. Madvig proposed
gererent, while others have an infinitive, e. g., Winter, who reads
agere, and Hoffmann, who has aggerere. The passage is cited by
Draeger, H. S. 2, p. 287, as an example of the simple subjunctive
in the Caesarean corpus.
Since there is so much doubt, it has been considered best not to
regard this as an instance of the simple subjunctive.
Vergil 1 instance.
A. 10, 53 Magna dicione iubeto
Karthago premat Ausonian.
The Construction with lubeo. 37
Compare the single instance (E. 5, 15) of the subjunctive with u
in this author, where the same form, iubeto, is found.
Livy 7 occurrences.
3, 27, 3-4; 24, 10, 3; 31, 8, 8 ; 31, 11, 10; 35, 5, 3 ; 40, 30,
4; 42,37,2.
3, 27, 3-4 turn quicumque aetate militari essent, armati cum
cibariis in dies quinque coctis vallisque duodenis ante solis occa-
sum martio in campo adessent ; quibus aetas ad militandum gravior
esset, vicino militi, dum is arma pararet vallumque peteret, cibaria
coquere iussit.
24, 10, 3 iussique in provinciis manere, Ti. Gracchus Luceriae,
. . . . C. Terentius Varro in agro Piceno, M. Pomponius in Gallico,
et praetores prioris anni pro praetoribus Q. Mucius obtineret
Sardiniam, M. Valerius ad Brundisium orae maritimae intentus
ad versus omnes motus Philippi Macedonum regis praeesset.
35, 5, 3 equites earum extra aciem in locum patentem Q. et P.
Minucios tribunos militum educere iussit, unde, cum signum
dedisset, impetum ex aperto facerent.
42, 37, 2 Decimius missus est ad Gentium regem Illyriorum,
quern si aliquem respectum amicitiae cum populo Romano habere
cerneret, temptaret(?) aut etiam ad belli societatem perliceret (?)
iussus.
In all of these seven passages except 42, 37, 2, where it is
uncertain whether the infinitive or subjunctive should be read,
the dependence of the subjunctive upon iubeo is indirect, inas-
much as there is a change of construction, subjunctive with
infinitive, the infinitive in each instance being the construction
that is directly dependent. In some of the passages, the force
of iubeo has practically been lost sight of.
At 3, 27, 3-4 ; 24, 10, 3 ; 31, 8, 8 there is also a change in the
subject of the dependent verbs.
As to the reading at 42, 37, 2, whether infinitive or subjunctive,
see Weissenborn's critical note ad loc.
30, 19, 2 ; 32, 16, 8; 42, 39, 16 ; 44, 2, 5 which have some-
times been regarded as instances of this construction, have not been
so regarded in this investigation. See Weissenborn's text and
critical notes.
38 The Construction with lubeo.
Ovid 11 instances.
M. F. 58 ; A. A. 1, 507 ; 2, 261 ; M. 4, 111 ; 8, 792 ; 11, 587 ;
11, 627 ; A. 1, 11, 19 ; 1, 4, 29 ; P. 3, 1, 141 ; F. 4, 259.
In seven of these an imperative form of iubeo occurs, iube at
M. F. 58 ; A. A. 1, 507 ; M. 8, 793 ; 11, 587 ; 11, 627 ; iubeto at
A. 1,4,29; 1,11, 19;
M. F. 58
Haec ubi ventosas fuerint siccata per auras,
Lenta iube scabra frangat asella mola :
A. A. 1, 507
Ista iube faciant, quorum Cybeleia mater
Concinitur Phrygiis exululata modis.
M. 8, 792 Ea se in praecordia condat
Sacrilegi scelerata, iube.
A. 1, 4, 29
Quod tibi miscuerit, sapias, bibat ipse, iubeto :
A, 1, 11, 19
Nee mora, perlectis rescribat multa, iubeto :
M. 11, 587
Vise soporiferam Somni velociter aulam,
Exstinctique iube Ceycis imagine mittat
Somnia ad Alcyonen veros narrantia casus.
M. 11, 627
Somnia, quae veras aequent imitamine formas,
Herculea Trachine iube sub imagine regis
Alcyonen adeant.
In the remaining four instances (P. 3, 1, 141 ; M. 4, 111 ; F. 4,
259 ; A. A. 2, 261) the subjunctive is the last word in the verse, is-
in the second person, and is probably used for metrical convenience.
P. 3, 1, 141
Nee rursus iubeo, dum sit vacuissima, quaeras.
The Construction with lubeo. 39
M. 4, 111 Ego te, miseranda, peremi,
In loca plena metus qui iussi nocte venires.
F. 4, 259
" Mater abest ; Matrem iubeo, Bomane, requiras.
A. A. 2, 261
Nee dominam iubeo pretiosa munere dones :
A. 1, 4, 60, Separor a domina nocte iubente mea, is another
instance if separer instead of separor is read. If the subjunctive
is read, it differs from the other eleven instances in that it neither
depends upon an imperative form of iubeo, nor is it used for
metrical convenience. Moreover, the person receiving the com-
mand is in the accusative. The dependent verb too, is in the first
person, whereas it is invariably in the third or second in the other
instances.
Instances of the subjunctive without ut after other verbs of
commanding are to be found e. g. M. 1, 670 and 13, 658, where
impero is the verb ; M. 14, 23 and A. 1, 11, 17, where mando is
used, etc.
Persius 1 instance.
5, 161 "Dave, cito, hoc credas iubeo, finire dolores
praeteritos meditor " crudum Chaerestratus unguem
adrodens ait etc.
Curtius 2 instances.
6, 4, 1 summa militum alacritatem iubentium, quocumque
velle duceret, oratio excepta est.
9, 4, 23 non alias tarn alacer clamor ab exercitu est redditus
iubentium, duceret dis secundis aequaretque gloria, quos aemu-
laretur.
At 6, 4, 1 ducere is a variant reading.
It is a coincidence that iubentium is the form in each of the two
instances.
Tacitus 4 instances.
H. 2, 46, 4 ; 4, 34, 16; Ann. 12, 49, 14; 13, 15, 7.
H. 2, 46, 4 non expectavit militum ardor vocem imperatorem ;
bonum haberet animum iubebant ;
40 The Construction with lubeo.
H. 4, 34, 16 in conspectu castrorum constitui signa fossamque
et vallum circumdari Vocula iubet : depositis inpedimentis sarcin-
isque expediti certarent.
The dependence of the subjunctive is indirect, following as it
does the accusative and infinitive, which is directly dependent.
Ann. 12, 49, 14 igitur propere montem Taurum transgressus
moderatione plura quam vi composuerat, cum rediret in Suriam
iubetur.
Redire is a variant reading for rediret. See Halm's critical note
ad loc.
Ann. 13, 15, 7 ubi Britannico iussit exsurgeret progressusque
in medium cantum aliquem inciperet.
Note the dative, and compare the single instance of the sub-
junctive with ut (Ann. 13, 40, 10) after iubeo in this author, where
also the dative is found.
Suetonius 1 instance.
Vitell. 14 exacerbatus, quod post edictum suum, quo iubebat
intra Kl. Oct. urbe Italiaque mathematici excederent,
It is possible that the subjunctive is due to the words, edictum
suum. Compare the seventy-one instances of the infinitive with
iubeo in this author.
Vesp. 23 has not been considered an instance, ponere et being a
better reading than poneret or ponerent, nuntiantis legatos, decretam
ei publice non mediocris summae statuam colosseam, iussit vel
continuo ponere, et cavam manum ostentans et paratam basim
dicens.
Tertullian 1 instance.
De idol. 14 sed idem alibi iubet, omnibus placere curemus, where
the subjunctive may be taken as being wholly independent of iubet.
Scriptores Historiae Augustae No instance.
At Ael. Spartianus Hadr. 25, 1, iussam iterum Hadriano eadem
diceret(?), which has sometimes been cited, dicere is to be pre-
ferred. See Peter's text.
At Ael. Lampridius, A. S. 26, 3 ut should be read, postea tamen
iussit ut semisses acciperent. See Peter's text.
The Construction with lubeo.
41
Fl. Vopiscus, Tac. 5, 1, though sometimes cited, is not an
instance, as the subjunctive is independent of iubeo. "Ecquis
melius quam senex imperat ? " dixerunt decies. " Imperatorem
te, non militem facimus," dixerunt vicies. "Tu iube, milites
pugnent," dixerunt tricies.
When compared with their rather liberal use of the subjunctive
with ut after iubeo, the absence of the simple subjunctive in these
authors is surprising.
TABLE
SHOWING THE USE OF IUBEO WITH THE ACCUSATIVE AND
INFINITIVE AND WITH THE PASSIVE AND INFINITIVE.
ACCUSATIVE AND PASSIVE AND
INFINITIVE. INFINITIVE.
Plautus 179 instances No instance
Terence 30 " 1 "
Ennius 1
Lucretius " "
Catullus 2 "
Caesar 168 " 4 "
E.G. VIII 3
B. Alex 15 " "
B.Afr 37
B. Hisp 5
Cicero 304 " 42
Auct. ad Keren 5 " "
Sallust 38 " 5
Nepos 20 " 2
Vergil 40 " 5
Tibullus 9
Propertius 17 "
Horace 20 " 8
Livy 713 " 301
Vitruvius 9
Ovid 98 19
Phaedrus 14 " 1
Persius... 2 1
42 The Construction with lubeo.
Curtius 243 instances 55 instances
Petronius. 50 " 2 "
Lucan 37 " 12 "
Pliny, Elder 133 " 9 "
Martial 44 " 8 "
Tacitus 149 " 37 "
Juvenal 21 " 10 "
Florus 18 " 6 "
Suetonius 52 " 12 "
Gellius 29 " 4 "
Ampelius 1 " 1 "
Tertullian 8 " 3 "
Arnobius 11 3 "
Ael. Spartianus 34 " 3 "
Jul. Capitolinus 38 6 "
V. Gallicanus 7 .
Tr. Pollio 14 " "
Ael. Lampridius 49 " 2
Fl. Yopiscus 19 " "
F. Maternus 7 " "
Lactantius.. ., 24 " 1 "
Juvencus 35 " 1 "
Eutropius 15 " 4 "
Dictys 20 " 2 "
Amm. Marcellinus 82 " 41
S. Severus 41 " 1
Aurel. Victor 17 u 1 "
Ps.Aurelian 13 " 2
St. Augustine 38 " 15 "
Porphyrio 7 a 2
Macrobius 25 " 5 "
Orosius 38 11 "
Sedulius 23 " 10 "
Dares Phrygius 21 "
Vulgate 88 " 3 "
3180 661
The Construction with lubeo. 43
TABLE
SHOWING THE USE OF ITJBEO WITH THE SIMPLE INFINITIVE.
A. OB D.* P.* A. AND P.* TOTAL
Plautus 25 13 .. 38
Terence 5 8 .. 13
Caesar 621 9
Bel. Alex 1 1
Bel. Afr 1 ... .. 1
Bel.Hisp 1 1
Cicero 41 8 .. 49
Sallust 3 3
Nepos 1 2 .. 3
Vergil 20 ... .. 20
Tibullus 2 ... .. 2
Properties 11.. 2
Horace 9 ... .. 9
Livy 35 4 .. 39
Ovid 18 5 .. 23
Curtius 10 11 1 22
Petronius 1 ... .. 1
Lucan 8 ... .. 8
Pliny, Eld 8 13 .. 21
Martial 4 ... .. 4
Tacitus 1
Juvenal 1 ... .. 1
Florus 21..
Suetonius 11..
Gellius 11.. 2
Tertullian 1
Arnobius 1
Ael. Lampridius 2
Juvencus 1
Dictys 3 ... .. 3
S. Severus 1
Orosius 1
Sedulius 2 ... .. 2
Vulgate 3 1 .. 4
218 74 2 294
* a. or d. indicates that the infin. is active or deponent ; p. that it is passive ;
a. and p. that there is an act. and pass, infin.
44
The Construction with lubeo.
TABLE
SHOWING USE OF IUBEO WITH UT AND NE
AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
AUTHOR. No. OF EXAMPLES.
Plautus 3
Cicero 5
Vergil 1
Horace 1
Livy 8
Curtius 2
Lucan 1
Tacitus 1
Suetonius 2
Gellius 1
Tertullian , 1
Ael. Spartianus 5
Jul. Capitolinus 7
Ael. Lampridius 6
Fl. Vopiscus 4
F. Maternus 1
Lactantius 3
Juvencus 1
Dictys 1
Augustine 5
Macrobius 2
Orosius 5
Vulgate 11
77
The Construction with lubeo.
45
TABLE
SHOWING USE OF THE SIMPLE SUBJUNCTIVE.
Plautus
a
TOTAL
5
6 6
A P
5
c
1
c
2
c
3
5
d
A
5
d
P
Terence
3
3
3
3
Catullus
1
1
1
1
Vergil..
1
1
1
1
Livy
7
7
7
2
5
Ovid
11
11
4
7
11
Persius
1
1
1
1
Curtius
2
2
2
2
Tacitus.........
4
4
4
3
1
Suetonius
Tertullian..,
1
1
1
1
1
...
1
1
1
37 37
5 30
31 6
a, total number of examples in the author; 6, voice of the subjunctive;
c, person of the subjunctive ; d, voice of iubeo.
VITA.
I was born on July 11, 1867, at Selma, Alabama, and my early
education was received in the schools of that place. In the fall of
1884 I entered the University of Alabama, from which institution I
was graduated in 1887 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in
1888 with that of Bachelor of Laws. After teaching for several years
I entered the Johns Hopkins University October, 1894. During the
next three years I pursued graduate courses in Latin, Greek, and
Sanskrit, receiving successively the appointments of University Scholar
and Fellow in Latin. My work was done under the direction of
Professors Warren, Gildersleeve, Bloomfield, and Smith, to whom I am
under lasting obligations for inspiration, encouragement, and advice.
In February, 1898, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred
upon me by the University.
W. B. SAFFOLD.
