FIiOWERS
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CONTRIBUTIONS
TO THE
Flora of Beaver County,
FROM THE
MANSFIELD HERBARIUM,
1865—1903,
BY IRA F, MANSFIELD,
• >4
Member of American Philosophical Society and A, A. A, S.
PUBLISHED BY THE
TRIBUNE PRINTING COMPANY,
BEAVER FALLS, PENNA.
I 903
' Mas'
"Herbarium! Herhariiim, Who zvrote iff
No, I never read Herbarium.
Then you have an immense pleasure to come."
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T'RE FA C E.
In preparing this check list it has been based upon a collec-
tion of wild flowers found within the county of Beaver, and for
thirty-seven years many varieties have been carefully studied to
prove they are indigenous to this locality. Although botany is
taught quite generally in the various schools of our county, yet
with few exceptions, little or no attention is igiven to the
systematic preparation or preservation of native wild flowers. In
carrying on the search and preparing herbarium, careful study
has been made of geographical distribution, fertilization, and
development. To assist teachers, young naturalists, and those
who would like a botany in plain EngHsh ; the list drops the
orders, retaining the genera, with names of species in Latin.
The object of this check list has been to localize the flora ; giving
a record of the author's owai experiences, aided by careful
references to the standard works, giving priority to old names;
using Gray's botany in all disputed points. I am under obligations
to Prof. Leo. Lesquereux, late of Columbus, Ohio, in naming
many of the flora, ferns and mosses; Mrs. Lois H. Mansfield,
l\Irs. Mary K. Moody. Mrs. Olive C. Beauchamp and parties of
lady school teachers, who have camped with me along the Ohio
and Beaver rivers ; all assisting in discovering and naming new
species ; also studying the problems as to nativity and objects of
life of all of our wild flowers. The influence of climate as to
plants is plainly shown in our county. The Ohio river, with its
low altitude, and mild influences, gives us many flowers that
range through our southern states, even to Carolina and Georgia ;
while the high ranges of hills, with altitudes of 1300 feet, along
Little Beaver river, with its colder climate, make the flora in
many respects like that of the Lake region and Canada. Our
entire county is covered with drift of shales and boulders from
the ice age, alternating sands, clays and gravels, and the flora of
any township depends chiefly on which of these soils happen to
lie uppermost. Bordering the streams in every township, the
hemlock spruce is abundant, and amid their gloomy recesses are
found the club mosses, parasites, the handsome pink ladies'
slippers Cypripediums, the Aspleniums and Phegopteris ferns in
abundance. Along the low valleys and in the peat bogs of Pine
swamp above New Gallilee, grow many varieties of Habenarias,
with other orchids ; also the three royal Osmunda ferns, with
fronds six feet high. Each year there is less opportunity for
collecting", the lumberman with his portable saw mill, moves on
to fresh spoils, leaving behind an inextricably confused mass of
tree tops, broken logs and upturned stumps. The best part of
botany after all is not in the books, and to any who find the
study dry, we commend camping out with nature herself ; that
boundless outdoor life, whose interest, beauty and mystery is
with us from the cradle to the grave, forever stimulating inquiry,
and ever lichly rewarding patient and loving toil.
Beaver, Pa., January ist, T903.
CHE C K. L IS T.
ACORUS,
Calamus ^^^^^ ^^^S
Pungent and aromatic, especially its thick
creeping root-stalk which forms the officinal
calamus aromaticus. This is now sparingly
used as a stomatic, also in confections, distilling
and brewing. Small bees and the Antiopa
butterfly may be included as among the fre-
quent early visitors.
ACTOEA,
^j^g^ White Baneberry
RUBRA R^d Baneberry
ACTINOMERIS,
HELiANTHOiDES Actinomcns
ACHILLEA,
MIU.EFOUUM •••.;•• ^«^^0^
Tradition claims this plant used by Achilles
to cure the wounds of his soldiers and the
genus is named fot that mighty hero. The
Scottish highlanders claim its value in an oint-
ment ; the Swedes use it as a substitute for
hops in beer, and the Swiss from it make the
celebrated Alpine vinegar.
ABUTILON,
AVIC15NNAE ^^^^'^^ Ma//0W
ADIANTUM,
PEDATUM Maiden Hair Fern
AMARYLLIS,
HYPOXis Yellow Star Grass
AGRIMONIA,
EuPATORi\ Common Agrimony
PARViFLORA ^^^^^^ AgTimouy
AGROSTIS,
VULGARIS Herd's Grass
ALLIUM,
CERNUM Nodding Onion
Canadense Nodding Garlic
AMPELOPSIS,
QUiNQUEFOLiA Virginia Creeper
AMPHICARPOEA,
MoNOiCA Hog-pca-nut
A graceful vine, bearing two sets of flowers
and fruit. The upper flowers are delicate lilac,
in drooping clusters ; the subterranean ones
without petals yielding fruit. The lower ones
are fertilized by ants.
ANEMONE,
Pennsylvanica Thimble Weed
ViRGiNiANA Thimble Weed
Thaijctroides Wind Floiver
Nemerosa Wind Flower
Canadense Wind Flower
Early and quite showy, the flowers are quite
often bright rose color. Fertilized by bees and
the small flies Syrphidoe. The fruit heads of
the two first gives the common name.
ANTENNARIA,
Margaritacea Everlasting
APLECTRUM— ORCHIS,
Hyemale Adam and Bve
10
E STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.
S26
APOCYNUM,
ANDROSAEMiFOLiUM Dog Bane
CANNABiNUM Indian Hemp
APHYLLON,
UNiFLORA Naked Broomrape
Parasitic with slender one-flowered scapes,
often called cancer root. The flowers have
yellow folds in tlie throat and fragrant. The
plant yields a bitter juice that is used as a
tonic. Cross fertilized by bees and flies.
AQUILEGIA,
Canadensis Columbine
cocciNEA Columbine
The last species is quite distinct with larger
flowers and short spurs, is found growing on
south banks of Ohio river. The bird like claws
of the blossoms furnishes the name. Largely
visited at night by the moths and millers.
ARETH USA— ORCHIS,
BUL«^osA Nymph of Diana
ARABIS,
HESPERiODES Rock Cress
HiRSUTA Hairy Cress
LOEViGATA Smooth Cress
Canadensis Sickle Cress
ARISTOLOCHIA,
serpentaria Snake Root
ARTEMISIA,
ABSINTHIUM Wormzvood
13
ARALIA,
RACSMOSA Spikenard
NUDiCAULis Sarsaparilla
TRiFOLiA Dwarf Ginseng
QUiNQUEFOLiA Giuscng
HiSPiDA ^^ild Elder
ARISOEMA,
TRiPHYLLUM Jack ill the Pulpit
Dracontium Green Dragon
The difference in color with the triphyUnm
indicates the sex, the purple stripe spathe
the "Lords" and the light green the "Ladies."
The law regulating the sex in flowers has
always had an interest and the ultimate con-
clusions are that in the earlier embryonic stages
it is not determined, as the leaf bud may in
all plants be either male or female. This is
determined by the amount of nutrition the
embryo is able to draw unto itself. In
dracontium the leaves are grotesquely formed
and resemble the claws and foot of a dragon.
The long spadix tapering to a long point beyond
the spathe for the purpose of attracting atten-
tion.
ASARUM,
Canadense Wild Ginger
The root has an aromatic odor and a warm,
]nmgent taste. I'he odd flowers are borne close
to the ground, often covered with leaves. A
few butterflies, but mostly gnats and flies look-
after distributing the pollen.
ASCLEPIAS,
CoRNUTi Silk Weed
QUADRiFoijA Silk Weed
TUBEROSA Pleurisy Root
14
u-
0^
FROM TRIMENS MEDICINAL PUNTS.
536
DANDELION.
(Taraxacum taraxacum).
ASTERS,
puNicEus Starwort
PATENS Starwort
SHORTii Starzvort
DUMOSis Starwort
CRiEODES Starzvort
AzuREUS Starwort
CARNEUS Starwort
LoNGiFOLius Starzvort
nova-Angita Starzvort
ASPIDIUM,
FELIX-MAS Male Fern
Thelypteris Lady Fern
MARCiNALE Shield Fern
Booth Wood Fern
NovABORACENSE New York Fern
SPiNULOSUM Spinnlose Fern
ACRosTiCHOiDES Dagger Fern
GoLDiANUM Goldie's Fern
CHRisTATUM Crested Fern
From recent researches the theory that in
growing ferns from the seed spores, that there
is a missing link, or in other words that ferns
have a grandfather^ but no father, has been
disproved. The spores of all cryptogamous
plants are the same in purpose and as perfect
in use as the seed of other flowering plants.
The spores have their antheridia and arche-
gonia or male and female organs, and some-
times are on different prothalli, or at least, not
perfected at the same time, on the same one.
ASPLENIUM,
FEEix-FEMiNA Ladies' Fern
TRiCHOMANES Dzvorf Spleeuwort
THRijPTERODES Silver Spleenzvort
EBENEUM Ebony Spleenwort
EBENOTDES Hybrid Spleenwort
The last named is a hybrid by nature from
A-ebeneum and C-rhizophyllis, the result of one
17
species being fertilized by the antheroides of
another species. If hybridity among ferns be
admitted, then A-Bootii is another hybrid form
A-christatum.
AZALEA,
viscosA Swamp Azalea
arbore;sce;ns Smooth Azalea
CALENDULACEA Flame Azalea
AZOLLA,
Caroliniana Azolla
BAPTISIA,
australis Blue False Indigo
LEucoPHEA Cream False Indigo
TiNCTORiA Wild Indigo
The plants are common, assigned as a native,
having been found in every part of the United
States. Also cultivated in gardens and used for
dyeing, but is a poor substitute. The root in
medicine is used as a laxative and in larger
doses as a cathartic and emetic. Bees and
butterflies constant visitors.
BELLIS,
INTEORTPOLIA Daisy
BIDENS,
BiPiNNATA Spanish Needles
CHRYSANTHEMOiDES Burr Marigold
CERNUA Small Marigold
BLEPHILIA,
ciLiATA Downy Blephila
HiRSUTA Hairy Blephila
18
2t^^r^
BOTRYCHIUM,
i^UNAROiDES Grape Fern
ViRGiNicuM Rattlesnake Fern
NEGLECTUM Moonwort
GUCHNERA,
Americana Blue Hearts
BRUNELLA,
VULGARIS Self Heal
BROMUS,
SECALiNus Cheat
CACALIA,
ATROPLiciFouA Indian Plantain
CALYSTEGIA,
SEPiUM Rutland Beauty
SPiTHAMAEA Bind Weed
CALTHA,
PALUSTRis Marsh Marigold
"The marigold that goes to bed with the sun,
And with him rises weeping."
Extensively used by boiling as a vegetable,
as a pot herb like spinach. So abundant is
the bloom in Johnson's swamp near Cannelton,
that the swamp seems paved with gold. The
flowers are rich in nectar and the yellow
Syrphidoe flies, with the Papilio butterflies
look after cross fertilization.
CAMPANULA,
Americana BeMower
21
CASSIA,
Marilandica Lenna
OBTUSIFOI.IA Lenna
Chamaecrista Partridge Pea
NicTiTANS Sensitive Plant
CANNABIS,
SATivA Hemp
CAMPTOSORUS,
RHizoPHYLLUS Walking Fern
The venation is peculiar and the disposition
of the sori depends on the reticulated veins
forming crooked lines and fruit dots. The
leaves are prolonged like a runner, which often
roots at the apex, and these in turn to others ;
hence the popular name.
CARDUUS,
NUTANS Musk Thistle
CARDAMINE,
HiRSUTA Bitter Cress
PURPUREA Spring Cress
RHOMBOiDEA Meadozv Cress
CELASTRUS,
SCANDENS Climbing Bittersweet
CEANOTHUS,
Americanus Jersey Tea
ovALr.s Red Rout
The leaves were used for tea during the Ameri-
can Revolution, and is still used by some, they
claiming that the action is as stinnilating as
Chinese teas. The flower spikes are slightly
fragrant and are visited by many kinds of
insects.
22
356
WILD COLUMBINE.
ic4quilegia Canadensis,)
TROM "NATURE'S GARDEN
COPYRIGHT 1900, Bf
DOUeLEOAY, PAGE & COMP/
CHELONE,
GLABRA Turtle Head
CHELIDONIUM,
M Ajus Celandine
CHRYSOSPLENIUM,
Americanum Golden Saxifrage
CHIMAPHILA,
UMBELLATA Pipsissewa
maculata spotted Pine
CIRSiUM,
MUTicuM Swamp Thistle
pu^[iLUM Pasture Thistle
ARVENSE Canada Thistle
Cylindrical heads with purple flowers, dispens-
ing- their seeds by the aid of a light globe of
pappus. Linnets, gold-finches and other birds
feed on the seeds ; and the larva of the plume
moth Pterophorus. with the painted lady
butterfly Vanessa, largely live on thistle heads.
The flowers are fragrant and rich in nectar,
which insects imbibe to abject intoxication.
CIMICIFUGA,
Americana Bu^hane
RACEMOSA Black Cohosh
CICUTA,
MACULATA Water Hemlock
CIRCIA,
LuTETL\NA Enchanter's Nightshade
25
CLEMATIS,
viORNA Leather Flower
ViRGiNiANA Virgin's Bower
CLINTONIA,
BORCALis Yellow Clintonia
UMBULLATA White Clintonia
CLAYTON! A,
Caroliniana spring Beauty
ViRGiNiCA Spring Beauty
CLEOME,
PUNGENS Spider Flower
COMMELYNA,
ViRGiNiCA Day Flower
CORALLORHIZA— ORCHIS,
ODONTORHIZA Coral Root
MULTiFLORA Coral Root
Prized by chemists, but disappointing to orchid
hunters. Simple scafe, with sheaths in place
of leaves, dull colored red flowers. Its clus-
tered coral roots speak its praises.
COLLINSONIA,
Canadensis Horse Balm
COLINSIA,
VERNiA Innocence
PARVTFEORA Blue Byes
CORYDALIS,
GLAUCA Pale Corydalis
AUREA Golden Corydalis
FEAVUEA Crestless Corvdalis
26
FROM KCEHLER'S MEOICINAL-PFLANZEN.
b76
MANDRAKE,
CHICAGO:
A.W, MUMFORO OUBLISHER.
COSMANTHES— P
PuRSHii Cosmanthes
FiMHRiATA Cosmanthes
CONOPHOLIS,
Americana Cancer Root
A sing'ular parasite growing in clusters of three
on the roots of oak trees. The upper scales
forming bracts to the yellow flowers, while the
lower scales covering each other in regular
order, not unlike those of a fir-cone.
CRYPTOTAENIA,
Canadensis Honewort
CUPHEA,
viscosissiMA Clammy Ciiphea
CUNILA,
Mariana Dittany
CUSCUTA,
ARVENis Dodder
Twining parasites of bad reputation, absolutely
without conscience and of uncanny ways, living
b>- sucking the life out of composites. Small
flies visit the clusters of tiny white flowers.
CYSTOPTERIS,
FRAGiLis Cliff Fern
BULBiFERA Bladder Fern
The last named has bulbs scattered at base
of pinnaes. which drop to the ground, send
cait rootlets and send up developed fronds the
second season.
29
CYNOGLOSSUM,
oFFiciNALS Hound's Tongue
ViRGiNicuM Wild Comfrey
MoRisoNi Beggars' Lice
CYPRIPEDIUM— ORCHIS,
CANDiDUM Small White Slipper
PUBRSCENS Large Yelloiv Slipper
PARViPLORUM Small Yclloxv Slipper
SPECTABiLE White and Pink Slipper
ACAULE Rose-purple Slipper
Orchids are the gypsies of the plant world,
being found in every country. They have a
geographical movement, a real traveling by
new tubes forming on the farther side of each
present plant. The flowers often showy, being
the only class of plants that show development.
Only a few are capable of self-fertilization.
They are distinguished from other flowers by a
twist in the ovary, having the upper petal
brought down, taking the place of the lower
petal. In the above species the lip is inflated
resembling a Lady's Slipper ; others take on
forms of insects. Some botanists claim these
changing forms are inherited, but later authori-
ties who have made orchids a study, show that
these modifications are associated with the
structure and habits of insects and their visits
to these flowers. The early Algonquins called
tliem "Indian's mawcahsin flower." Linnaeus
in 1740 named this group for Cypris the
"Divine Mother" of the Roman people. All
these species are visited by bumblebees carry-
ing the pollen on their backs
30
346
LADY'S SLIPPER.
(Cypripedium hirsutum ]
DATURA,
STRAMONIUM Jamestowfi Weed
DASYSTOMA,
FLAVA Foxglove
DALEA,
ALOPEUROiDES DaUa
DESMODIUM,
Acuminatum Chain Trefoil
NUDiFLORUM Bush TrefoU
Pauciflorum Trefoil
ROTUNDiFOLiA Trefoil
LiNEATUM Trefoil
Canadense Trefoil
The seeds form a chevaux-de-frise of beggar
ticks. Thoreau writes: "Though you were
running for your life, they would have time
to catch and cling to your clothes," and so the
seeds get what they wanted, deposited in a new
place. Butterflies are frequent visitors.
DELPHINIUM,
TRioiiNE Larkspur
EXALTUM ,• .Larkspur
AZUREUM Larkspur
DECODON— N
VERTiciELATus Looscstrife
Stems reroot themselves from their tips when-
ever they touch the water. Flowers trimor-
phous, and only fertilized from a stamen of
equal length in another flower.
33
DENTARIA,
LACiNATA Toothwort
MAXIMA Toothwort
HETEROPHYLivA Pepper Root
DiPH YLLA Crinkle Root
DIANTHERA,
Amb;ricana Water Willow
Favorite plant with cattle for food along our
creeks, producing a large flow of milk. The
flowers purplish and the separated cells give
appearance of two anthers. Fertilized by
butterflies and the so-called snake feeders.
DICENTRA,
CUCULI.ARIA Dutchman's Breeches
Canadensis Squirrel Corn
The firmly closed two spurred petals would
seem to prevent intrusion of insects, but by
means of gauze placed over flowers, no seeds
are set, proving pollen from other flowers is
necessary. The rounded spurs make the first
named, as they resemble Dutchman's breeches.
DIOSCOREA,
vii.U)SA Yam Root
The rhizomes are used in a medicinal way
and the roots or "yams" as articles of food.
A bad name, for the plant is never villous,
and often nearly smooth.
DROSERA,
ROTUNDiFOLiA Sundew
DYSODIA,
CHRYSANTHEMOiDES Fetid Marigold
84
V <•
DULCHIUM,
SPATHACEUM Spiked Sedge
ECHINODORUS,
RADiCANS Urchin's Sack
ECHIUM,
VULGARIS Viper's Bugloss
ECHONOCYSTIS,
LOBATo Balsam Apple
A beautiful rapid-growing climber with triple
tendrils, and is cross fertilized largely by
beetles. The name means hedgehog, in allusion
to the armed fruit.
ELEOCHARIS,
R0ST12LLATA Spiked Rush
ELODES,
ViRGiNiCA Marsh Wort
EPIPHEGUS,
ViRGiNiANA Beech Drops
Saprophytic plants, upper open flowers are
sterile, the lower ones which never expand,
accomplish the continuance of their kind.
EPIGOEA,
REPiiNS Trailing Arbutus
It is hard to realize the plant with its creeping
habits is actually a shrub. They were the first
flowers to greet our Pilgrim Fathers, and are
peddled every spring under the title of the
Plymouth Mayflower.
37
EPILOBiUM,
AuGusTiTiFOLiuM WUlow Herb
coLORATUM Rose Bay
EQUISETUM,
HYEMALE Scouring Rush
SYivVATicuM Horsetail
PRATENSE Branched Tail
ERYTHRONIUM,
Americanum Yellow Adder's Tongue
Ai^BiDUM White Adder's Tongue
These flowers are adapted to long tongued in-
sects. The bumblebee Bumpus Pennsylvanicus
and the butterfly Colias philodice are often seen
entering the flower bell and issue besprinkled
with pollen.
ERIGERON,
BELLiDiFOLiUM Robin's Plantain
Canadense flea Bane
ERECHTHITES,
hieracifolia Pire Weed
EUPHORBIA,
CORKOLLATA Plozverlng spurge
HYPERiciFOLiA Ploivcring Spurge
ESUEA Plozverlng Spurge
DEN TATA P lowering Spurge
EUONYMUS,
ATRoPURi'UREUS Burning Bush
Amekicanus Spindle Bush
38
EUPATORIUM,
PURPUREM Joe Pye Weed
AGERAToiDES White Snake Root
PERPOLiATUM Thorough Wort
SESSiLiEoiviUM upland Boneset
ATissiMUM Trumpet Weed
These heads of flowers show that in "union
there is strength" by being composite, attractive
to insects. The first-named to commemorate
Dr. Joe Pye an Indian doctor who had great
reputation in curing typhoid fever by its use.
FEDIA,
OLITORIA Lamb's Lettuce
Fagopyrum Corn Salad
FILAGO,
Germanica Cotton Rose
FLOERKEA,
PROSERPiNACOiDES Palse Mermaid
FRAGARIA,
iLtiNOENSis ^^'^^c? Strawberry
ve;sca Cliff Strawberry
Six natural species are recognized, ah belong-
ing to F-vesca. The lUinoensis is the source
of the famous Hovey's Seedling and later
Qf the Wilson's Albany, whose production
marked an epoch in strawberry culture. Some
botanists condemn calling it a berry as the
iruit or achaena are borne on its exterior.
Izaak Walton, in his Angler, quotes Dr. Boteler
as saying. "Doubtless, God could have made
a better berry, but, doubtless, God never did."
41
FUMARIA,
orFTCiNALis Smoke Plant
GAULTHERIA,
PROCUMBENS Wintcrgreen
MACULATUM Wintergreen
GALIUM,
TRiFLORUM Sweet-scented Bedstraw
CONCINNUM Rough Bedstraw
LATiFOLiUM Smooth Bedstraw
pii^osuM Hairy Bedstrazv
ASPRELLUM Hooked Bedstrazv
ciRCAEZANS Wild Liquorice
GAURA,
BIENNIS ■ . . Gaura
GENISTA,
TiNCTORiA Dyer's Weed
GENTIANA,
Saponaria Soapwort
OCHROLEUCA White Gentian
Andrewsii Blue Gentian
QUiNQUEFLORA Fivc-Howcred Gentian
They bloom with the late frosts, when birds
have flown. The closed flowers have been used
to disprove cross fertilization by insects, but
bees have been noted puncturing the petals of
the tight closed bottle shaped corolla. The
juices of the plant are very bitter and used
as a substitute for quinine.
GERARDIA,
TENNiFOLiA Purple Gerardia
PAUPERCULA Small Gerardia
42
YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER AND PAINTED CUP.
312
COPYRIGHT 1900, SY
NATURE STUDY PJB. CO., CHICAGO.
GEUM,
ALBUM Avens
GERANIUM,
PUSiLLUM Small Craneshill
MACULATUM Large Craneshill
I'he long fruit bearing beak resembling the bill
of cranes.
^^prungel, the German scholar, first noted the
close relation as to form between flowers and
insects. Others have noted the number of
species of insects is related to the number of
species of plants, each shaping those of the
oiher.
GILLENiA,
TRiF'oi.iATA Indian Physic
GOODYERA— ORCHIS,
REPK-VS Rattlsnake Plantain
PUBESCENS Rattlesnake Plantain
TESSELivATA Rattlesnake Plantain
GRATIOLA,
ViRuiNiANA Hedge Hyssop
HAMAMELIS,
ViRGiNiCA Witch Hazel
The polygamous showy flowers come out late in
autumn, maturing the next summer its torpedo
shaped seeds, which it expels with remarkable
force to a distance of forty feet. It has lately
been discovered that the pollen after germi-
nating upon the stigma, with comparative
rapidity until winter, when the upper part of
the pistil dies and the pollen tube passes the
winter in that part of the pistil which has a
protective covering of hairs. In the spring the
pollen tube resumes its growth and perfects
fertilization of the plant.
46
HABEN ARIA— ORCHIS,
BiGULOVii Large Fringed Orchis
HooKERiANA Small Fringed Orchis
CiLiARis Yellow Fringed Orchis
PSYCODES Purple Fringed Orchis
BLEPiiARiGLOTTis White Fringed Orchis
ORBicuLATA Spurred Fringed Orchis
DiLA'f ATA Green Fringed Orchis
PERAMOENA Oval Leaf Orchis
LACUNA Ragged Orchis
'.b&'
The difiference between these species is marked
and distinct year after year. Variation is the
universal rule in nature and this genus in
all species shows that it exists everywhere.
So there are no two faces exactly similar ; so
there are no two plants which do not vary to
some extent in structure ; and today the natural-
ist wants to know the cause of the variations.
HEPATICA,
TRiBOL A Liver Leaf
ACUTii.OBA Liver Leaf
On sunny sides of hills the leaves are tribola,
or round lobed, and in shady nooks, leaves
acute or pointed and sometimes five-lobed. The
ancients believed nature indicated by shape to
which her creations should be applied.
HEUCHERA,
Americana Alum Root
PUBKSCENS Alum Root
HEDEOMA,
PUi,EGioiDES Pennyroyal
HiSPiDA Pennyroyal
46
OSWEGO TEA OR BEE BALM.
(rMonarda didyma. )
PAGE A COM
HELIANTHUS,
TUBERosus Artichoke
GIGANTEUS Swi-floWCl
HiRsuTAS Sun-ilozver
DECAPETALUS Swi-flower
DivARicATus Siiu-flower
MiCROCEPHALUS SuH-flozver
The divaricatns is claimed to be original of
the artichoke. The other species in mythology
sacred ; as the flowers always face the sun.
They are used in the temples as symbolizing
constancy and service to the sun-god.
HIERACIUM,
VENOSUM Rattlesnake Weed
PANicuLATUM Pauicled Weed
SCABRUM Hawk Weed
HOUSTONIA,
TENNIFOLIA BluetS
LONGii'oiviA Innocence
COERULIA Quaker Ladies
They are dimorphous with short pistils and
and stamens. The tall secure pollen from taP
and short from short pistil or stamened plants,
thus preventing self-fertilization.
HYPOXIS,
ERECTA Star Grass
HYDROPHYLLUM,
ViRCiNicuM Water Leaf
APPENDicuEATUM Water Leaf
HYDRANGEA,
ARBORESCENS Wild Hydrangea
49
HYDROSOTYLE,
RANUNCUivOiDES Pennywort
HYPERICUM,
CoRYMBOSUM St. John's Wort
PROUFicuM St. John's Wort
DENSiFLORUM St. John's Wort
ELUPTicuM St. John's Wort
PERi?ORATUM St. John's Wort
ILEX,
vERTiciLLATA Black Alder
ILYSANTHES,
GRATioLOiDES Mire-Hower
IMPATIENS,
F ULVA Jewel Weed
PALLIDA J^'^^^l ^^^^
Cleistogamous flowers fertilized in the bud.
The seed pod bursting with violence, scatters
*he seed without aid of elements or animals.
lODANTHUS,
PINNATIIflDIA P<^1^^ Rocket
IRIS,
VERSICOLOR B/«^ ^'^ s
VERNA Dzvarf Flag
CRISTATA Crested Flag
ISANTHUS,
CAERULEUS ^(^^^^ Pennyroyal
JEFFER30N1A,
Twin-leaf
DIPHYLLA
60
#* .as.
JUNCUS,
EFFfisi-s Bog Rush
The soft pliant stems much sought after by-
basketry clubs, as they easily take up colors and
work up beautifully into baskets.
KALMiA,
LATiFOLiA Calico Bush
AUGusTiFOLiA Shecp Laurel
GI<AUCA Pale Laurel
Through Apollo and the emperors, Tiberias
and Augustus, the legends of laurel are dra-
matic. The use of same was forbidden to
;f:rofane services ; even today many count it
a good omen to decorate homes for Christmas.
Farmers persist in exterminating laurel as
poisonous to sheep. Others ruin many fine
groves hunting for the knotty roots to make
pipes and souveniers.
KRIGIA,
ViRGiNiCA Dandelion
LESPEDEZA,
TiNCTORiA Bush Clover
HiRTA Bush Clover
REPEjNS Bush Clover
DivERGENS Bush Clover
viOLACEA Bush Clover
They bear two kinds of flowers, the showy
ones with petals never fruit, the others without
petals extremely fertile. Butterflies and bees
are constant visitors. The plant named for a
Spanish governor of Florida.
LEPIDIUM,
iNTiiRMiSDiuM Pepperwort
53
LEDUM,
LATiFOLiUM Labrador Tea
LINUM,
USITATISSIMUM FlaX
LIPARIS— ORCHIS,
LoESELii Tivay Blade
Lii.i?OLiA Tway Blade
A pretty little orchid, the racemes with purplish
ilowers, and fat or shining leaves. To have
success in germinating the seeds they must be
town in fungus-infected soil.
LIATRIS,
SQUARROSA Biasing Star
SCARIOSA Biasing Star
Showy spikes of purplish flowers, often three
feet in length. Grows in great masses near
Islorado park, with polygala, golden rod and
lobelia. Flowers are visited by the honey bee
and orange banded hornets.
LILLIUM,
Can.\de;nse; Meadow Lily
SUPERBUM Wood Lily
The pollen is largely distributed by the hum-
ming birds ; the smallest, most exquisite and
unabashed tropical jewel, that assists in fertiliz-
ing all our tubular flowers. The bird's tongue
is perforated, forming cylindrical tubes, captur-
ing insects in flowers, as well as nectar. They
cover their nests with lichens and line them
Avith down of cat tails and ferns. In extracting
nectar from flowers, they poise on wing, and
the only bird that flies backward out of flower
tubes.
LINARIA,
VULGARIS Butter and Eggs
Canadensis Butter and Eggs
64
85
BUBY-TPlKOATKiJ HUMMING BII-;j
Lite-size
LIPPIA,
LANCEOLATA Fog Frilit
LONICERA,
PARviFLORA Small Honeysuckle
ciLiATA Fly Houeysuckle
GRATA Woodbine
LOBELIA,
SPiCATA Pale Lobelia
SYPH1I.ITICA Blue Cardinal
CARDiNALUS Red Cardinal
iNFLATA Indian Tobacco
DoRTMANNA Water Lobelia
LUDWIGIA,
ALTERNiFOLiA Seed-box
PALUSTRis Water Purslane
LYCHNIS,
\-ESPFj<TiNA Evening Cockle
GiTHAGO Corn Cockle
LYCOPUS,
ViRGiNicus Bugle Weed
EuROPAEus Water Horehound
siNLTATus Water Horehound
LYSIMACHIA,
ciLiATA Loosestrife
Thvrsifeora Tufted Loosestrife
STRicTA Loosestrife
QUADRiFOLiA Loosestrife
NUMMULARiA MoHcywort
The last is a pretty trailing vine growing in
the river channel beds among the gravel and
stones. The golden yellow flowers attracts
many insects.
57
LYCOPODIUM,
DENDROiDEUM Ground Pine
coMPLANATUM FestooH Pine
CLAVATUM Club Mos<;
Variation in these plants seem to be more
than evolution, being guided by some intelli-
gent power having definite and ordered results.
They were not left to chance, and always an
end in view, with regular methods adapted
to that end. The subtile spores discharge
copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder.
LYGODIUM,
PALMATUM Climbing Fern
Rootstalks with climbing fronds. From each
mid-vein veinlets arise obliquely curving out-
ward to edge of lobes. Connecticut passed a
blue law in 1869 with a penalty of one hundred
dollars for gathering this fern. This is the
only state law, where a wild plant has received
special protection on account of its beauty.
MAIANTHEMUM,
BiFOLiA Tivo-Leaved Seal
MARUTA,
CoTULA May Weed
MALVA,
MOSCH ATES Musk Mallozv
ROTUNDiEOLiA Common Mallow
58
334
GENISTA.
MELITOTUS,
^^^'^ Sweet-scented Clover
MEDICAGO,
LUPULiNA Medick
MEDEOLA,
\^iRr.iNiANA Cucumber Root
Named for the sorceress, Medea, from the im-
ag-inary notion that it possesses great medicinal
virtues. Always found growing with Orchids.
MENTHA,
SYLVKSTRis HoTse Mint
PIPERITA Pepper Mint
AQUATiCA Water Mint
viRTDiS Spear Mint
ARVKNSis Corn Mint
MERTENSIA,
ViRGiNicA Blue Bells
MELANTHIUM,
ViRGiNicuxM Bunch Flower
MICHELLA,
REP^^s Partridge Berry
The white fragrant flowers are rarely
dimorphous or completely confluent in one.
Cross fertilized mainly by small butterflies and
bees. The scarlet berries are edible remaining
through winter. This evergreen plant is com-
mon in America, Mexico, Asia and Japan.
Supposed to have had common origin, being
separated by descent of glacial periods.
61
MITELLA,
DiPH YLI.A Bishop's Cap
MIMULUS,
ALATus Monkey Flower
RiNC^NS Monkey Flower
Jamesii Monkey Flower
MOLLUGO,
VERTiciLLATA Carpet Weed
MONARDA,
DiDYMA Oswego Tea
i^iSTULOSA Red Burgamot
PUNCTATA Horse Balm
MOSSES,
TuNGERMANIA
Hypnum-adustum
Desmatodon-avenacens
Bartrania-ponisfomies
Cylindesthesium-seductria
PoivYTRICHIUM-EORMOSUM
Hypnum-tamarissimum
Merchantia-Polymorphia
Deeuhorn-Mushroon.
Mosses are interesting- on account of the
important part they play in the economy of
nature. The mossy coverinsj^s of the forest
collect the rainfall like a sponge, holding back
excessive torrents ; while the bog moss forms
peat and other mosses grow on rocks produc-
ing by decay a thin layer of humus in which
the seeds of higher plants take root. They
have capacity to endure droughts and of sus-
pending their growth in dry and resuming it
again in moist weather. Among plants none
of a higher order are closely allied and the
chasm which divides mosses from all other
plants, is the widest in the whole vegetable
kingdom.
62
A. W, MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, CHICAGO.
281
LADY'S SLIPPER.
RIGHT 1899, Br
NATURE STUDY PUB. CO.. CHICAGO.
MONOTROPA,
UNiFu^RA Indian Pipe
HiPOPiTYS Pine Sap
LANUGINOSA Falsc Bcech Drops
MYOSOTIS,
PALUbTRis Forget-me-not
LAXA Forget-me-not
VERVA Forget-me-not
MYRIOPHYLLUM,
VERTiciLLATUM Water Milfoil
TENiiLLUM Water Milfoil
NAPAEA,
DioiCA Marsh Mallow
NARDOSMIA,
PALAIATA Coltsfoot
NABULUS,
- ALTissiMus Drop Flower
ALBus White Lettuce
CREPiDiNEUS Rattlesnake Root
NEPETA,
GLECiiOM A Ground Ivy
Cataria Catnip
NICOTIANA,
rustica Wild Tobacco
Named for John Nicot, who introduced the
tobacco into Europe. The species number about
fifty, all of American origin. Common in old
fjelds ; a relic of cultivation by the Indians.
'J he family dependent upon insects for cross
fertilization.
65
NUPHAR,
ADVUNA Yelloiv Pond Lily
VARiDGATUM Y ellozv Poud Lily
PUMiLUM Yellow Pond Lily
Flowers produced all summer and from their
odor called "brandy bottles." Many use the
roots as food, as also its farinaceous seeds.
The sepals graduate into petals and the rows
of petals into stamens. Reproduction is accom-
plished by the seeds, buds, bulblets, bulbs, tubers,
cuttings, scions, and from leaves. Thus God's
boundless resources of skill can accomplish
either one purpose in a thousand different
ways, or a thousand different purposes by one
radical form and that form a leaf.
OENOTHERA,
CHRYSANTHRA Eveuijig Prinii'ose
PUMiLLA Bvening Primrose
BIENNIS Evening Primrose
GRANDiFLORA Evening Primrose
CRUCiATA Evening Primrose
Plant varies greatly. Of nocturnal habits, the
flowers opening near sunset and emit a fra-
grance to catch the large night moths. The
roots are eaten to provoke a relish for wine.
ONOCLEA,
SENSJ.BiLiS Sensitive fern
ORCHIS,
SPECTABiLis Shozvy Orchid
The flower is completely tiu-ned around and the
Up instead of being superior is anterior. The
number of species is over five thousand, exceed-
ing that of any other order. Twenty-eight
have been found in Beaver county.
66
FBOM KCEHLER'S ME0ICINAL-PFLAM2EN.
488
SWEET FLAG-.
(Acorus calamus.)
OSMORRHIZA,
LONGisTYLis Sweet Cicely
BREViSTYLis Szveet Cicely
OSMUNDA,
REGALis Royal Fern
ciNNAMOMEA Cinnamon Fern
iNTERRUPTus Flowering Fern
Named for St. Osmund, who came over from
Normandy in 1066 with William the Conqueror
and who was made chancellor and reformed
the liturgy. The root stalk continues many
years, forming crowns of fronds or hummocks
of imbricated stalk bases and interlacing
roots. The base of the stalks are winged
inwrapping the less developed like the scales of
an onion. In Pine swamp the fronds grow six
feet above the hummocks, curving outward and
form such stately beauty that they are deserv-
ing of name royal ferns. All the genera have
the stalks winged and woolly, nor is there any
absence of auricles or rounded lobes to dis-
tinguish the American from the European.
OXALIS,
viOLACEA Wood Sorrel
STRicTA Wood Sorrel
ACETOSELLA Wood Sorrel
These plants bear small cleistogamous flowers
underground that are self fertilized. They
yield the salt of lemons due to oxalic acid.
The triple leaves are reputed to have been
used by Saint Patrick as a symbol of the
Trinity.
OXYRIA,
DIGYNA
.Mountain Sorrel
69
PAPAVER,
DUBiUM Corn Poppy
SOMNiFERUM Com Poppy
PARONYCHIA,
DiCHOTOMA Whitlow Wort
Canadensis Betony
PENTHORUM,
SEDOiDES ^ione Crop
PEDICULARIS,
Canadensis Betony
The spikes bear the slender corolla as the
head of a walrus and even with the miniature
])rojections in imitation of his tusks. The pollen
is protected from rain, under the hooded upper
lip. Bees are common visitors.
PENSTEMON,
PUBESCENS Beard's Tongue
Digitalis Beard's Tongue
GR-\NOiFLOROUS Beard's Tongue
PHYTOLACCA,
DECANDRA ^oke Berry
PHORADENDRON,
FLAVESCENS ^aJse Mistletoe
Of seventy-six species only this one found
growing in our county. The plant much
blanched with scaly leaves, and having small
spikes of yellow flowers ; followed by white
berries with vicous pulp, that are eaten by
birds, thus scattering the seeds. The mistletoe
is parasitic, most common on the shad or June-
berry tree.
70
PHYRMA,
LEPTOSTACHYA Lopseed
PHYSOSTEGIA,
ViRGiNiANA Dragon Head
PHELIPOEA,
LuDOviciANA Broom Rape
PHEGOPTERIS,
Drvopte;ris Oak Fern
POLYPODIODES Beecli Fern
HEXOGONOPTERis Beech Fern
PHYSALIS,
ANGULATA Ground Cherry
viscosA Ground Cherry
Pennsylvanica , Ground Cherry
PHLOX,
divaricata Wood Pink
LYCHNiDiA Szuanip Phlox
MACULATA Sivcet William
SUBLATA Moss Pink
POLYGONUM,
DUAiETORUM Climbing Buckzvheat
orientals Prince's Feather
Hydropiper Sniartzveed
ACRE Red Smartweed
ARTicuLATA Jointzveed
aviculare Knotgrass
ARu^OEiuM Tear-thmnb
Pennsyevanicum Rose Feather
ViRGiNiANUM Rose Feather
POLYPODIUM,
vuLGARE Rock Fern
73
POLYGONATUM,
GiGANTEUM Solomofi's Seal
BiFLORUM Solomon's Seal
POLYGALA,
BREviFoiyiA Milkivorts
SANGUiNEA Milkworts
POLEMONIUM,
REPTANS Greek Valerian
PONTEDERIA,
coRDATA Pickerel Weed
PODOPHYLLUM,
peltatum May Apple
POTOMOGETON,
GRAMiNDUS Poud Weed
Those who desire to make further discoveries
can with a microscope take up the Algae, a
large group of cosmopoHtan plants. In the
order of Diatoms, many are found attached
to these pond weeds. They vary greatly,
showing plant forms that are very beautiful.
There are many genera, and millions of species,
growing and moving everywhere, but how, is
one of nature's secrets.
POTENTILLA,
Canadensis Pive Fingers
PSORALEA,
oNOHRYCHis Psoraka
PTEROSPORA,
Andromedea Pine Drops
74
N
IRIS
COPYRJGHT 1899. OOUBLEOAY <S MoCLUHE CO , NEW VORK.
PTERIS,
GRACiLUS Rock Brake
AQUiUNA Rock Brake
ATROPURPUREA Rock Brake
The genus Pteris consists of about one hundred
species, widely distributed in America, Mexico
cind Europe. The transverse section of stems
shows fibroid bundles of tissue ; likened in
appearance to "U. S." or the heraldic "dis-
played eagle" and in Europe it is also said they
show "King Charles in the oak."
PYROLA,
ROTUNDiFOLiA False Winter green
ELLiPTiCA Shin Leaf
PYCUANTHEMUM,
LANCEOivATUM Basil
QUAMOCLIT,
coccLNEA Cypress Vine
RANUNCULUS,
MURiCATus Buttercup
MULTiEiDus Buttercup
FASCicuLARis Buttercup
BULBOsus Buttercup
AETSMAEFOLius Spearzvort
ABORtius Small Crozvfoot
REPTENS Creeping Crozvfoot
ACRfS Buttercup
RHUS,
TYPHINA Staghorn Sumach
Toxicodendron Poison Ivy
COPALLINA Dwarf Sumach
VENENATA PoisoH Sumach
aromaTica Fragrant Sumach
77
RHODODENDRON,
MAXIMUM Great Laurel
Catawbiense: Great Laurel
Both species are abundant on hills back from
Monaca. They produce their new growth
below the beautiful flowers, forming a terminal
inflorescence destitute of leaves and developed
from a large scaly bud. The cultivated species
are R-Catawbiense hybridized with the tender
exotic R-aboreum. The flower stems are hairy
and sticky, keeping off insects not wanted,
•^vhile the flowers are fertilized by many kinds
of bees and night moths. They give us a broad
hint to adopt them as our National Flower.
RIBUS,
FLORiDUM Black Currant
CYNOSBATi Gooseberry
ROSA,
BLANDA Early Rose
LUCiDA Dzvarf Rose
Carolina Swamp Rose
RUBiGiNosA Szveet Brier Rose
MiCRANTHA Small Sweet Brier Rose
RUDBECKIA,
LACiNiATA Cone Flower
TRiBOLA Cone Flower
SPECiosA Cone Flower
FULGiDA Cone Flozver
HiRiA Cone Flozver
The last named species now common of recent
introduction, with clover seed from the west.
The small bee Halictus, bumble bees and larger
butterflies are constant visitors.
78
WILD YELLOW OR CANAOi^^
iLiUum C^nadense. )
FROM "NATURE'S GARDEN.'
COPYRIGHT 1900, BY
>OUeLeDAV, PAGE Sl compain
RUBUS,
ODORATus Flozvering Raspberry
viLLOSUS Blackberry
Canadensis Dewberry
occjDENTALis Thimble Berry
SARRACENIA,
PURPUREA Pitcher Plant
An interesting but almost extinct plant found
growing in the peat bogs of Pine swamp above
New Gallilee. The curious inflated leaves are
always partly filled with water and many
drowned insects, that not only contributed to
the fertilizing but now to the sustenance. This
species have leaf glands secreting a digestive
fluid which aids in assimilating the insects.
Now known that the pitcher leaves are kept
filled through the roots.
SAPONNARIA,
OFFICINALIS Bouncing Bet
SAGGITTARIA,
RiGiDA Narrozv Arrozv Head
OBTUSA Broad Arrozv Head
The genus remarkable for its variations in leaf
and flower characters. Most of the fourteen
named species can be traced in our county, but
tliey seem to be mere forms not varieties.
The pollen is largely distributed by the glassy
winged dragon fly.
SABBATIA,
ANGULARis American Century
BRACHiATA Rose-pink Century
81
SANICULA,
Marilandica Black Snake Root
SCROPHULARIA,
Canadensis Blood Root
Showy but fragile flowers, common every-
where. The blossom attracts insects which
gather pollen but no nectar. Named from the
color of the juice.
SAMOLUS,
Americanus Pimpernel
SAXIFRAGA,
ViRGiNiENSis Saxifrage
Pennsylvanica Saxifrage
SCROPULARiA,
RODOSA Figzvort
SCUTELLARIA,
LATERIELORA Skullcap
piLOSA Skullcap
VERSICOLOR Skullcap
SERRATA Skullcap
INTSGRIFOLIA Skullcap
canescens Skullcap
\ quack doctor having formerly vaunted its
virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia the genus
bears the name of Mad-Dog-Skullcap. Flowers
are fertilized by the bee Halictus and leaf cutter
Megachile.
SENECiO,
OBOVATus Groundsel
AURKNS Golden Ragwort
82
SISYRINCHIUM,
Bermudiana
.Blue-eyed Grass
SILENE,
ROTUMDiP^LORA RoMid Campioii
REGiA Royal Campion
STELLATA Starry Campion
ALBA White Campion
Pennsylvanica Pink Campion
NocTURNA Night Campion
iNFLATA Bladder Campion
Beautiful but delicate flowers. Some open in
sunshine and others at night, being visited by
large moths.
SIDA,
Napaea Sida
SMILACINA,
RACEMOSA
.Solomon's Seal
SMILAX,
ROTUNDiFOLiA Greenbrier
HERBACEA Carrion Flower
GLAUCA Sarsaparilla
SOLIDAGO,
COESIA Golden Rod
ivATiFOLiA Golden Rod
ULMIPOUA Golden Rod
Canadensis Golden Rod
Some twenty species have been collected in
this county, showing many forms of leaf and
flower. Flowers are visited day and night by
insects and there seems supply of pollen and
nectar for all.
85
SOLANUM,
Dulcamara False Bittersweet
NIGRUM Poison Nightshade
Caroline;use Horse Nettle
SPARGANUM,
SIMPLEX Burr Reed
EURYcarpum Large Reed
androcladum Branching Reed
SPECULARIA,
peri'oliata Venus Looking Glass
SPIRANTHES— ORCHIS,
cernua Ladies Traces
PROECox Ladies Traces
gracilis Ladies Traces
The name alludes to the spiral flower spike.
The odor of last named is peculiarly aromatic
reminiscent of the horse chestnut, but remark-
ably sweet, attracting many insects. The two
iirst abundant at 1200 feet above sea level, the
last in swamps.
SPIROEA,
OPULIFOLIA ^'i^ic Bark
LOBATo Prince's Feather
Arupjcus Goat's Beard
FiLTPENDULA Mcadozv's Pride
TOMENTOSA Steeple Bark
SALiciEOLiA Meadozv Sivect
STACHYS,
ARVENSIS Woundu'^r'
aspera Hedge Nettu
PALUSTRis Hedge Nettle
HYSSOPiFOLiA Hcdgc Nettle
GLABRA Hedge Nettle
86
STENANTHIUM,
AuGusTiFOLio Bunch Flower
One of the most handsome and showy plants,
with wand like leafy stem and conduplicate
keeled leaves. Numerous flowers in compound
racemes, waving' like plumes in the wind.
Spikes of flower heads often five to seven
feet high. Flowers are polygamous, staminate,
pistillate and perfect on same plant.
STRUTHIOPTERIS,
Germanica Ostrich Fern
STELLARIA,
LONGiFOLiA Stickworts
puBTvRA Chickzveed
uiviGNOSA Starwort
SYMPLOCARPUS,
FOETiDUS Skunk Cabbage
Tliis plant really has no season of rest. Flower
buds form in the fall as leaves drop away and
are constantly pushing upwards so that in the
first warm days of February they appear above
ground and by St. Patrick's day they are in full
bloom. It is the leader of the spring pageant
of flowers and insects find them out by the
fragrant smell they emit like unto old mustard
plasters and onions. Honey bees, banded flies
and millers patronize the flow^ers and often end
their lives there, as spiders spin a web across
the opening in spathe and leisurely feed on
the prisoners. Later the leaves appear and form
great tufted crowns.
89
TARAXACUM,
Dens-leonis Dandelion
Under date of November 30th, 1902, H. S.
McCauley told the Physicians' Club that
100,000 children in Chicago did not know a
rose from a dandelion. After an investigation
in three of the largest schools it was found
that the charges were true. With children as
old as fourteen years, "lilocks, daisies, lily
buds" were the joyous cries shrilled forth when
violets were exhibited. Largely in all the
graded schools of Beaver county, nature
studies are taught by displaying in school room
windows plants, nests and mounted insects.
TANACETUM,
VULGARE
Introduced into the county by Dr. Barney
Dustan, at Darlington in 1812. The doctor
was the first physician in the county to abandon
the barbarous and useless process of bleeding.
He was known as the "Botanical Doctor" and
With tansy, celandine, wormwood and whiskey,
obtained many marvelous cures.
TEUCRIUM,
Tansy
Canadense Germander
Sometimes called wood sage, the leaves being
rich in a volatile oil. Named for Teucer,
kmg of Troy. The lower lobe of flowers broad
and furnishes a good landing for the Andrea
ground bees, seeking the nectar and pollen.
90
TEPHROSIA,
ViRCiNiANA Goat's Rue
Of the 125 species, only this one extends
north into our county. The odd pinnate leaves
are remarkable for their peculiar veins, not
netted or branching-, but extending parallel to
each other obliquely from the midrib. The red,
purple and white flowers are conspicuously
papilionaceous, with petals borne on claws.
The plant is locally known from its long root-
lets as the devil's shoestrings.
THALICTRUM,
coRNUTi Meadozv Rue
DioicuM Early Rue
ANEMONOiDES Rite Anemone
PURPURASCEUS Piirplc Rue
Graceful, airy plants with plume clusters of
misty white flowers. The several species ail
seem to be favorites with bees and butterflies
tliough the flowers are polygamous.
TRIFOLIUM,
arvense; Rabbit' s-foot Clover
PRATENSE Red Clover
REFLEXUM Buffalo Clover
RIPENS White Clover
Pratense is the common red clover and de-
pendent upon bumble bees for fertilization ;
arvense, with fuzzy heads is an emigrant from
Europe ; repens is rich in nectar and fertilized
by the honey bee. Tradition makes it identical
with the Shamrock of Ireland.
93
TRADE3CANTIA,
ViRGiNiCA Spiderwort
ROSEA Spiderwort
piLOS A Spiderwort
A genus of plants, showing variety in leaf and
habit. They have been much improved by cul-
tivation. Named for John Tradescant, a noted
gardener to Charles I of England. Flowers
visited by the Papillo butterflies and humming birds.
TRILLIUM,
GRANDiFOLiUM White Nightshade
SESSii^E Wake Robin
EREOTUM Birthroot
ERYTHROCARPUM Painted Trillium
CERNUM Nodding Trillium
NiVALE Dwarf Trillium
MansfieIvDII Lobed Trillium
Several species have two and three stems from
the same root, and some flowers are double,
in which the various organs have reverted to
leafy bracts, showing several whorls of pure
white petals. Eiiorts have been made to dis-
cover our native plants and this genus has been
called a "native," but about as much progress
has been made as in the discovery of our native
inhabitants. Adventurers, tourists and emi-
grants both of flowering plants and men, have
settled in our county and become naturalized
citizens, but we are forced to conclude that
plants Hke men had one common origin. The
last species was named by Prof. Lesquereux,
showing each petal three lobed, like the liver-
leaf. Variation in these species have been com-
pared for many years, and they do not revert
to the parent form, the tendency to variation is
continuous.
94
.^-
-H-
^
2U0
GOLDEN ROD.
■•/b Life-size.
NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CMld*GO.
TRIENTALIS,
Americana Star Floivcr
TYPHA,
LATiFOLiA * Cat-tail-flag
AuGusTiFOLiA Cat-tail-flag
The upper half of the cyHndrical spike consists
of stamens only, the lower half are ovaries
or pistils. The powdery pollen of the staminate
flowers, scatters itself over the pistillate flowers
below and thus fertilizes them. The leaves of
this plant, with sedges and equisetams work
up beautifully into raffia or basketry, the popu-
lar fad, with young ladies.
UNIOLA,
PANicuLATA Spiked Grass
LATiFOLiA Spiked Grass
UTRICULARIA,
VULGARIS Bladderwort
An interesting plant, having no home being
blown from shore to shore by the winds.
Botanists have been unable to decide whether
the capillary dissected stems are leaves or
rootlets. The flowers are pouched, having
stomach like sacs, into which insects are
entrapped.
URTICA,
GRACILIS Nettle
UVALARIA,
PERFOLiATA Belhvort
GRANDIFLORA BellwOVt
SESSiFOLiA Bellwort
97
VACCINUM,
STAMiNEUM Sqiiaw Huckleberry
CORYMBOSUM Swamp Huckleberry
VALERIANA,
EDUus Valerian
PAUciFLORA Valerian
VERBASCUM,
Thapus Common Mullein
Blattani Moth Mullein
Lychnitis White Mullein
Picturesque weeds with velvety leaves, that are
prized in making liniment for strains. The last
species is rare and hybridizes spontaneously
with the first named.
VERBENA,
HASTATA Blue Vervain
STRicTA Hoary Vervain
OFFICINALIS European Vervain
URTiciFOLiA White Vervain
With its branches Roman priests swept the
altar of Jupiter. In Gaul, the vervain was
used in divination ; also by the Druids. The
botanist, Gerarde, says, "Manie old wives
fables are written of holy vervaine gainst
witchcraft made availing."
VERONICA,
ANAGAijs Water Spcedivcll
ViRGiNicA Culver's Root
Americana Brooklime
HEDERAEEOLiA /^'J Speedwell
VERNONIA,
NovEBORACENSis Iron Weed
VICIA,
Caroj.iniana Tare
SATRA Vetch
CRACCA Tufted Vetch
VIOLA,
PALusTRis Marsh Violet
PEDA 1 A Bird's-foot Violet
SAGi'iiATA Arroiv-leaved Violet
ROSi'KATA spurred Violet
LANCEOLATA Laiice Violet
ROTuxDiFOLiA Rouiid Violet
PUBE^CENS Doiuny Violet
ERiocARPA Woolly Violct
Can \densis Canada Violet
BLAXD White Violet
SeUvIrkii Rooster Violet
Several species have cleistogamous flowers
under ground, their own pollen fertilizing their
own ovules. Some of the flowers are so
irregular as to require insect agency. Children
take the spurred blossoms and fight until the
other has lost its head, which gives the common
name, "roosters."
WALDSTEINIA,
Fragarioides Barren Strazvberry
WOODSIA,
obTt:sa Rock Poly pod
IVof. Leo. Lesquereux. with Mr. Mansfield,
spent several } ears examining the fossil plants
and ferns of Beaver county, and from those
found in connection with Cannel Coals, decided
the present fern flora partook of the character
of the fossil flora, and that the evolutionary
theory could not be accepted.
101
XANTHIUM,
STRUMARiuM Cocklehur
ECHINATUM CocklebllY
XYLOSTEON,
ciLTATA Fly Honeysuckle
obi.oinCIFolia Sivamp Honeysuckle
ZIZIA,
INTRRREGNUM Goldcii Alexander
Mr. Andrew Carnegie startled our country by
offering ten million dollars for the founding of
a great university to be located at Washington,
P. C, with the aim to promote original research
and insure the publication of same. In the
C'Ctober issue of "The Plant World." published
at Washington, they show by reliable authority
that not one-half of the living flora is known
to science, and nothing like a final attempt
at classification can be made until all plants are
known and illustrated.
C- 10 ^
QK 131 .M35
'^^™N^'i!r,^.''';?r/ContrJbutions to t?t
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