presented to
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COPIOUS
LATIN GRAMMAR
BY
I. J. G. SCHELLER,
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN,
WITH
ALTERATIONS,
NOTES AND ADDITIONS,
BY GEORGE WALKER, M.A.
LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE J HEAD MASTER OF THE
GRAMMAR SCHOOL, LEEDS.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET.
1825.
HICHARD TAYLOR, FRINTEK,
SHOE-LANK.
,
CONTENTS.
VOL. II.
PART II. CHAP. I. (Continued.)
Page.
Sect. VI. Of the Use of the Dative 1
1. Of the Dative after Substantives ... 1
Adjectives .... 3
the Pronoun idem . 6
Verbs 7
various Particles . . 64
Sect. VII. Of the Use of the Accusative .... 56
1. Of the Accusative after Substantives . . 57
2. Adjectives . . 08
1 3. Verbs . . . . 6O
1 4. Adverbs ... 96
^ 5. Prepositions . . 97
6. Interjections . . 97
Sect. VIII. Of the Use of the Vocative .... 98
Sect. ix. Ablative .... 99
1. Of the Ablative after certain Prepositions 99
2. Of the Ablative in general without a Prep. 102
3. Of the Abl. without a Prep, in particular 127
1.) After Substantives 127
11.) After Adjectives 128
III.) After Verbs 135
IV.) After Adverbs ....... 163
Sect. x. Of the Parts of Verbs. 164
1. Of Persons 164
2. Of Number 166
| 3. Of Voices 166
4. Of Tenses and their dependences . . . 167
| 5. Of Modes 186
| 6. Of Supines 222
iv CONTENTS.
7. Of Gerunds . 226
$8. Of Participles 236
CHAP. II. Of the actual Order of Words .... 252
III. Of the Rhythm of Words 262
IV. Of the Conjunction of Words .... 264
V. Of the Interchange of Words . . . . 275
1. Of Substantives 275
2. Of Adjectives 277
3. Of Numerals 280
4. Of Pronouns 280
5. Of Verbs 284
6. Of Adverbs 291
7- Of Prepositions 294
8. Of Conjunctions 296
9. Of Interjections 298
10. Of the Causes of Interchange .... 298
CHAP. VI. Of Pleonasm 302
1. Of actual Pleonasm 302
2. Of apparent Pleonasm 306
CHAP. VII. Of Ellipsis 315
1. One Word for several 315
2. One Word for a whole Sentence . . . 320
3. Words omitted '. . 326
Of Anglicisms, apparent and real 336
Of certain peculiarities in the Ancients (Figures) . 338
CHAP. VIII. Of Prosody 349
Sect. I. Of Quantity 350
% 1. Of Quantity in general 351
2. Of the first Syllables 356
3. Of the final Syllables 373
Sect. II. Of Feet .380
Sect. in. Of Verses . 382
% 1. Of Scanning 382
2. Of Csesura . 385
| 3. Of the Kinds of Verse 386
4. Of their Union 400
Additions and Notes . 403
PART II.
OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.
CHAPTER I. (Continued.)
Of Government.
SECTION 6. Of the Use of the Dative.
THE Dative is generally used in answer to the ques-
tion, to or for whom or what ? whereto ? to whose ad-
vantage ? to what end ? &c. and therefore instead of
in, ad &c. : e. g. proximus sum egomet mild : pater de-
dit mild librum : accepi librum dono, for a gift : non
omnibus dormio, I sleep not for all, to please all. But
to speak more accurately, it is commonly joined to ad-
jectives and verbs, though sometimes to other words.
We shall, therefore, consider them in order.
Of the Dative with Substantives.
In the first place, the dative is at times used with
substantives ; as, lupus est homo homini, Plaut. Asin.
2.4.88: erit ille mihl semper deus, Virg. Eel. 1.7.
To these belongs the very common expression auctor
tibl sum, I advise thee : thus Cic. ad Coes. in Ep. ad
Att. 9, post Ep. 11, qui et illi semper et senatui
VOL. II. B
2 Of the Dative.
pacis nut-tor fui : Cic. Att. 10.6, fore auctores Casari:
Cic. ad Div. 10. 6, deinde et senatui bonisque omnibus
auctorem, principem, ducem (te) prsebeas. Particularly
the dative is very often used for the genitive ; e. g.
Cic. Rose. Am. 2, his de causis ego huic causa Patro-
nus exstiti : Cic. Cat. 2. 5, huic ego me bello ducem pro-
fiteer : Cic. Marc. 6, atque huius quidem rei M. Mar-
cello sum testls : Liv. 3.12, sed veniam errori atque
adolescent^ petendo, for erroris : cap. 53, libertati enim
ea pr&sidia petitis, non licentitf, for libertatis : Sail.
Cat. 40. 2, quern exltum tantis malls sperarent? for
malorum : ibid. lug. 7. 4, Scipionis, qui turn Romanis
imperator et morem &c., for Romanorum : ibid. Cat.
47. 2, se tertium (esse) cui fatum foret urbis potiri :
Cic. Fat. 11, si fatum tibi est ex hoc morbo con vales-
cere, for fatum tuum : Luccei. Cic. ad Div. 5. 14. 3,
qui nunc requietem quserit magnis occupationibus, for
magnarum occupationum : Mart. 10. 104, i nostro
comes, i libelle Flavo: Hor. Sat. 2. 5. 16, ne tamen illi
tu comes exterior, si postulet, ire recuses : Plaut. Merc.
5. 2. 1, divum atque hominum quae spectatrix atque
her a eadem es hommibus : Liv. 23. 35, ne qua e.rpro-
bratio cuiquam veteris fortunes discordiam sereret, for
cuiquam facta, seems more singular. The more recent
editors of ancient authors often substitute the dative for
the genitive, when the question, to or for whom ? or
what ? will apply instead of, whose ? To these belong
certain names of office, as triumviri ari, auro, argento
flando, fen undo : triumviri reipublictfconstituendtf, agro
dividundo : praetor lurl dicundo ; where the dative shows
the view or purpose for which these persons were
chosen. Whether the formula, est mihi nomen Petro,
lulo &c., for Petri, luli, can be hence explained, will
be considered hereafter.
Of the Dative. 3
2.
Of the Dative with Adjectives.
The dative is often used with adjectives in answer
to the question, to or for what? and other questions.
They can scarcely be divided into classes, on account
of their dissimilarity, e. g.
1 .) Those that denote advantageous or injurious to any per-
son or thing ; as utilis, inutilis, salutaris wholesome, noxius, per-
niciosus, periculosus, exitiosus &c. This is quite clear and easy,
since the question is asked, to whom or what ? Yet we also find
utilis ad rent.
2.) Those which signify like, unlike, equal &c. ; as similis,
dissimilis, consimilis, absimilis, aequalis, par, dispar, impar : this
is also clear, since the question is, to what? e.g. aequalemjM/r//',
Cic. Or. 56 : divitiis, Cic. Leg. 2. 10. and elsewhere : par
alicui, Cic. Phil. 1.14: Cic. ad Div. 4. 9 : 6. 6. and elsewhere :
impar, Hor. Od. 4. 6. 5 : Suet. Dom. 10: dispar, Cic. Off.
1. 30: absimilis, Suet. Oth. 1: Colum. 6. 17: consimilis,
Cic. Phil. 2. 12 : Terent. Heaut. 2. 4. 2 : of similis and dis-
similis see hereafter : consentaneus agreeable, accordant, e. g.
Cic. Or. 22 : Cic. Off. 1. 2. and elsewhere. Yet similis and
dissimilis often take a genitive ; and sometimes par, dispar, con-
similis, as was noticed above, Sect. V. 2. n. I. y, where ex-
amples of both cases were cited : we also have consentaneus
cum ; e. g. hoc est consentaneum cum veritate: Cic. ad Div. 3.
6, consentaneum cum Us literis. Par also is used with cum,
Cic. Phil. 1. 14. Ed. Ernest.: Sail. lug. 14: also with the ab-
lative nobilitate for nobilitati, Ovid. Fast. 6. 804: aequalis with
a genitive; e.g. illorum temporum, Cic. Div. 1. 18 : eius (viri),
Cic. Brut. 68, unless it here be used substantively. To these
are added the following adjectives, which are seldom followed by
a dative ; diversus, secundus next to or inferior, discolor, abso-
nus ; as Quiutil. 12. 10. 22, nihil tarn Lysia (i.e. a Lysia) diver-
sum quam Isocrates : and elsewhere; e. g. ibid. 2. 5, 22 : 9- 2.
B2
4 Of lite Dative.
15, 46 : Veil. 2. 75 : Virg. jEn. 1 1 . 441, nulli viitutesecundus,
second or inferior to none in valour: so Apul. Flor. 2: Ovid.
Trist. 5. 5. 8, vestis sumatur fat is discolor alba meis: so
Hor. Epist. 1. 18. 3 : Stat. Theb. 9- 338 : Liv. 1. 15, quorum
nihil absonumjidei divinae originis. Note : Diversus is also used
with a, Cic. Brut. 50 : also with a genitive to the question,
wherein ? e. g. animi, Tac. Hist. 4. 84 : moram, ibid. Ann.
14. 19-
3.) Those which mean fit, suitable, adapted to any thing ;
e.g.aptus, habilis, idoneus, accommodatus: as, aptus,C\c. Brut.
62: Cic. ad Div. 12. 30: Nep. Att. 16: habilis, Suet. Claud.
2 : Virg. Georg. 3. 62 : idoneus, Cic. ad Div. 6. 19 : Quintil.
2.3 : accommodatus, Cic. Agr. 2. 6 : Cic. Cluent. 1 : yet all these
may be followed by ad; as,culcei hakileset apti ad pedem, Cic.
Or. 1. 54 : accommodatus, Cic. ad Div. 5. 16 : Cic. Off. 1. 39 :
idoneus t Cic. Att. 5. 6: Cic. Leg. 2. 4: Cic. Cluent. 6: ka-
hilis, Liv. 21. 4: Quintil. 6. 3. To these also belongs bonus,
good for something ; Liv. 29.3 1, mons pecori bonus alendo : Sail,
lug. 17- 5, ager bonus pecori : so maturus, e. g. imperio, Liv.
1.3: iilia matura viro, Virg. JEn. 7. 53 : cf. Stat. Sylv. 3. 176 :
to these may be added alienus not adapted, which will be con-
sidered hereafter.
4.) Those which denote pleasant or unpleasant; as gratus,
iucundus, acceptus (agreeable), dulcis, suavis, ingratus, iniu-
cundus, molestus troublesome, gravis painful, acerbus bitter or
painful ; e. g. mors eius fuit popw/o acerba.
5.) Those which signify favourable, unfavourable, dear, op-
posite, inimical, hostile &c. ; as amicus, carus, propitius, infestus,
iufensus, inimicus, contrarius &c. : to these belongs alienus un-
favourable ; e. g. Cic. CaBcin. 9, hoc illi causa alienum est; and
elsewhere ; as Nep. Them. 4 : at other times it is often used by
Cicero with an ablative, both with and without a ; also with
a genitive, Cic. Fin. 1.4; to which Nep. Milt. 6. may be re-
ferred.
6.) Those which mean easy or difficult ; as, hoc mihi est
Of the Dative. 5
facile, tibi difficile, arduum. To these belongs durus ; also in-
vius pathless, inaccessible : Ovid. Met. 14. 113, invia virtuti
nulla est via, and elsewhere ; as Virg. jEn. 6. 154 : Plin. H. N .
12. 14.
7.) Those which denote inclined, disposed, ready; a.s,procli-
vissceleri, Sil. 13. 585 : promtus, e. g. seditioni, Tac. Ann. 1.
48: ultioni, ibid. 11. SQiJlagitio, ibid. 15. 45: Ubertati aut
ad mortem, ibid. 4. 46 : paratus, e. g. Liv. 33. 6 : Quintil. 8. 3 :
Virg. jn. 2. 334 : Ovid. Pont. 2. 2. 117: Tac. Ann. 12. 47 :
at other times it is followed by ad ; as, proclivis ad rem, paratus
ad dicendum, promtus ad &c. : a) paiatus ad aliquid, Cic. Att.
Q. 6 : Cic. Amic. 26 : Cic. ad Div. 6. 21 : also in, Suet. Galb.
19: b) promtus ad aliquid, Cic. Agr. 2. 30 : Cic. Off. 1. 24:
Cic.adDiv.3. 11 : Cffis. E.G. 3. 19: also in, Tac. Ann. 15.25:
ibid. Agric. 35: also adversus, Tac. Ann. 6. 48: c) proclivis
ad aliquid, Cic. Tusc. 4. 12 : 5. 12, 37 : Cic. Amic. 18 : Te-
rent. Andr. 1. 1. 51 : also in, e. g. Claudian. de Laud. Se-
rena? 133.
8.) Those which signify near, neighbouring; as finitimus,
vicinus: Cic. Acad. 4. 21, falsa veris finitima sunt: Cic. Or.
32, scientia vicina ei finitima eloquentia : Ovid. Rem. Am. 323,
et mala sunt vicina bortis : to these belong propior, proximus ;
e. g. vero, Liv. 4. 37 : sceleri, Cic. Verr. 4. 50 ; and often with
a dative : so proximus, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 20 : Caes. B. G. 1. 1.
Both these last are frequent with an accusative ; e. g. proximus
finem, Liv. 35. 27 : propior hostem, Hirt. B. G. 8. 9 : so Sail,
lug. 49 : Liv. 8. 32 : Ca3s. B. G. 3. 7 : also with a genitive ;
e. g. propiora^Mwzms, Tac. Hist. 5. 16. cf. Lucret. 4. 339.
9.) To these also belong proprius, communis, adfinis partici-
pant ; as Cic. Cat. 4. 3, huic (facinori) si paucos putatis adfines
esse ; which also take a genitive after them : see above, Sect. V.
^> 2. n. 1. 9. Also, particeps aliari homini alicuius rei, Curt. 6. 7.
To these may be added superstes and fidus, which al.^o, though
seldom, take a genitive: and cognatus ; e. g. Cic. Or. 3. 51,
nihil est autem tarn cognatum mentions nostris quam numeri,so
6 Of the Dative.
akin to our minds &c. : and elsewhere ; e. g. Cic. Univ. 7 : Hor.
Sat. '2. 3. 280.
10.) We may add to these necessarius, obnoxius subject to,
honestus, turpis, foedus &c., all to the question, to or for whom ?
also audiens (used adjectively) obedient : as, dicto (abl.) audiens
alicni: this was considered when treating of the genitive.
Further, the verbal adjectives in bilis', as Hor. Od. 1. 24. 9,
multis ille bonis flebilis occidit, nulli flebilior, quam tibi : Hor.
Epist. 1. 6. 23, hie tibi sit potius, quam tu mirabilis illi: the
reason is contained in the passive sense, since verbs passive with
the poets readily take a dative instead of the ablative with a ; as,
hie mihi laudatur, for a me.
3.
Of the Dative with the Pronoun idem.
The pronoun idem is sometimes followed by a dative,
in imitation of the Greek uvrog ; as, Hor. Art. 467, in-
vitum qui servat, idem facit occidmti, he who preserves
one against his will, does the same as he who kills
him. So, Homerus eadem allis sopitus quiete est, Lu-
cref. 3. 1051 : eadem facit turpi, ibid. 4. 1168 : nonne
tibi faciendum idem sit nihil dicenti, Cic. Fin. 3. 4 ;
i. e. idem ac dicenti, or idem, quod facit is, qui dicit.
Otherwise idem is followed by qui, ac, atque, ut, or
quam: e.g. idem valere debet ac &c., Cic. Sull. 18 :
idem videtur esse atque id, Cic. Dom. 20 : eandem po-
testatem quam si c., Cic. Agr. 2. 12 : eadem quse &c.,
Cic. Harusp. 1 1 : so Cic. Off. 3. 4, Peripateticis vestris,
qui quondam iidem erant, qui Academici &c., who were
the same as the Academics &c. : also in other ways ;
e. g. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 27, Dianam autem et Lunam
eandem esse putant, they think that Diana and Luna
Of the Dative. 7
are the same : also with cum, Tac. Ann. 15. 2. Also
Cic. ad Div. 9. 6. 8, quod non idem illis censuissem ;
where the sense is, which we should not also have ad-
vised for them ; and therefore illis depends on censuis-
sem, not on idem. Note : It is followed also by cum,
Cic. Cat. 1. 8 : Gell. 18. 11 ; but in a sense somewhat
different from that here considered.
4.
Of the Dative with Verbs.
The dative follows very many verbs.
I.) To the question, to or for whom or what ?
1.) It follows a great number of intransitives, i. e. verbs which
do not admit an accusative after them, and have not an entire
passive ; as, gratulari alicui, to congratulate any one, to wish
him good fortune ; suadere, to persuade ; and so consilium dare,
dissuadere to dissuade : obedire, parere, obtemperare, to obey ;
obsequi, morem gerere, to yield to ; favere, to favour ; placere,
to please; displicere, to displease; auxiliari, to help; opitulari,
opem ferre, presto esse, adesse, non deesse, to assist, aid &c. :
occurrere, obviam ire, to meet ; incumbere, to press upon, to be
bent upon ; cedere, to give way, yield, concedere &c.
2.) A great number of transitives, i. e. which naturally admit
an accusative, also take besides this a dative after them : e. g.
opto tibi omnia bona ; debeo tibi vitam meam, I owe to thee
my life : imperavit hoc militibus : praecipere crftaumulta : man-
dare alicui rem : but inhere is excepted, though Perizonius
maintains the contrary, and adduces Ca3s. B.C. 3.98, militibus-
que suis iussit, ut &c., which is the reading of several editions;
but Oudendorp has adopted in his text the reading commen-
davit for iussit : yet we find Cic. Att. 9. 13, has mihi literae
inherit reverti ; arid elsewhere: e. g. Liv. 7. 16: Tac. Ann.
13. 15, 40 : dare alicui aliquid, tribuere, dedere se alkui: tra-
8 Of the Dative.
dere urbem hostibus : operam dare alicui rei : operam navare
/itcris : impendere tempus literis, to devote one's time to study :
concedere alicui aiiquid, e.g. sedes suas : narrare aliquid alicui,
nuntiare, indicare, significare, demonstrare, ostendere, declarare,
dicere, scribere aliquid alicui : probare aliquid alicui, to approve
any thing to one, to make it probable or credible, or agreeable:
rapere alicui aliquid, abripere, eripere, adimere, subtrahere :
mittere aliquid alicui, remittere : comparare aliquid alicui, to
prepare something for one : parare, pario, e. g. gloriam sibi pe-
perit; also adquirere sibi aliquid &c.
3.) The dative follows certain impersonal verbs, which, how-
ever, are sometimes used personally, i. e. with a subject nomi-
native preceding; as, libet or lubet mihi, it pleases me; licet
mihi, tibi &c., it is permitted or lawful to me, thee &c. ; accidit
mihi, it happens to, or befalls me (unfavourably) ; contingit mihi,
it happens to me, it is my fortune (favourably) ; evenit nobis,
it turns out for us, occurs to us; conducit mihi, it is advan-
tageous to me ; expedit mihi, it is expedient for me ; convenit
nobis, it suits us; sufficit nobis, it suffices us; prasstat homini,
it is better for a man. These are generally followed by an ac-
cusative of the thing: e.g. Cic. Senect. 23, non lubet enim mihi
deplorare vitam : so, non licet otiose vivere ; except contingit,
accidit, evenit, which are rather followed by ut ; as, accidit patri
tuo, ut inveniret See. To these may be added, placet mihi, it
pleases me, it is my pleasure ; placebat senatui, it was the
pleasure of the senate : videtur mihi, it seems to me, it is my
determination ; senatui visum est, it seemed good to the senate
&c.
Observations.
a) Licet is often followed by an accusative and infinitive, in-
stead of a dative ; in which case the accusative is not governed
by licet, but is the accusative of the subject with the infinitive,
and is translated by that and a verb : e. g. for non licet mihi esse
otioso or otiosum, we may say non licet, me esse otiosum, it is
not permitted that I should be at ease : Cic. ad Div. 7. 1. 16,
quod si Romse esses, tamen neque nos (i. e. me) lepore tuo, ne-
Of the Dative. 9
que te, si qui est in me, meo frui liceret, for neque nobis neque
tibij yet it would neither be allowed, that 1 should enjoy thy wit,
nor thou mine: Cic. Off. 1. 26, haec praescripta servantem licet
magnifice, graviter, animoseque vivere, he who keeps these pre-
cepts may live &c. ; properly, it is allowed that he &c. : Virg.
Eel. 1.41, neque servitio me exire licebat, it was not permitted
that 1 should escape from servitude : so licet me abscedere,
Terent. Heaut. 4. 2. 5 : neminem ire liciturum, Liv. 42. 36 ;
and elsewhere.
b) We also find convenit inter nos de ista re, which is trans-
lated, we are agreed about that business.
c) To this place some refer latet, it lies hid or escapes notice,
or is unknown ; but it is properly a. personal verb, and is often
used personally with a nominative of the subject prefixed. It
stands partly without a case, e. g. id qua ratione consecutus
sit, latet, Nep. Lys. 1, it is unknown in what way &c. : causa
latet, Virg. Jn. 5.5: partly with a dative and accusative : a)
a dative, e. g. nihil moliris, quod mihi latere valeat in tempore,
Cic. Cat. 1. 6: ubi nobis haec auctoritas tarn diu latuit? Cic.
red. Sen. 6 : mihi lates, Lucan. 1. 419 : oculis et auribus, Varr.
L. L. 8. 52 : hosti, Sil. 12. 615 : b) an accusative, e. g. unum
(semen), quod latet nostrum sensum, Varr. R. R. 1. 40 : nee la-
tueredoli/r^rem,Virg. TEn. 1. 130(134): ilium, Ovid. Pont.
4. 9- 126 : Eumenem, lustin. 13. 8 : latet plerosq ue y Plin. H. N.
2. 20, and elsewhere ; as Ovid. Fast. 4.21 1 : Val. Flacc. 6. 703.
d) Also decet, which usually takes an accusative, has some-
times a dative: e. g. Terent. Ad. 5. 8. 5, ita nobis decet : vobis,
ibid. 4. 5. 45: nostro genm, Plaut. Amph. 2. I. 58: patri,
ibid. Capt. 2.2-71: atati, Gell. 9- 15 : victoribus, Sail. Fragm.
ap. Serv. ad Virg. jn. 8. 127 : tantae maiestati, Pand. 32. 20.
II.) To the question, whereto ? for what ? e. g. ve-
nire auxilio, to come to one's assistance, Nep. Thras.
3 : mittere aimlio, ibid. Timol. 1 : mbsidio, e. g. ire,
Nep. Ages. 8 : mittere, Caes. B. G. 2. 7 : accipere
10 Of the Dative.
dono, to receive as a gift, Tac. Ann. 15. 27 : dare dono,
Terent. Eun. 1. 2. 29 : Heaut. 5. 5. 6 : virginem alicui
dono emere, to buy for a present, ibid. Eun. 1. 2. 55 :
habeto mulierem dono tibi, Plaut. Pseud. 4. 6. 13 : so
Plaut. Capt. 3. 4. 122, nucleum amisi, reliquit pigneri
(pignori) putamina, fora pledge: Virg. JEu. 1.425
(429) pars optare (i. e. eligere) locum tecto, i. e. ad
tectum. Particularly the verb esse when it means, to
redound to, serve for, to be conducive ; as est laudi, it
redounds to praise, is laudable, procures praise : hoc
est impedimento, this is an impediment, a hindrance :
haec res est argumento, this thing serves for an argu-
ment, Cic. Verr. 5. 19 : Phil. 2. 16 : est signo, serves
for a sign, or is a sign, e. g. Cic. Invent. 1. 34, quae
signo suiit omnia, all which things are a sign : est
perniciei, exitio, serves for destruction; risui, for laugh-
ter, is laughable : terrori, for a terror, is terrible : hoc
est curae, e. g. institutio liberorum meorum est mihi
curae, is my care : hoc est utilitati, this redounds to
advantage, is useful : damno, to injury, oneri, lucro,
decori, dedecori &c. All these examples and others
of a like nature are very common : so radix est ves-
cendo, Plin. H. N. 21. 16 : quae humori extrahendo
sunt, Gels. 4. 1 : quae esui potuique non sunt, Pand.
50. 12. 9, cf. Gell. 4. 1. So also/en, e. g. fit dede-
cori, it becomes a disgrace. To these we add ducere,
dare, tribuere, vertere, when they mean, to explain a
thing in one way or the other, e. g. to reckon a thing
as faulty, as a fault ; as dare, tribuere, vertere aliquid
vitio, to impute any thing as a fault, to take it ill :
Terent. Adelph. 3. 3. 64, hoc vitio datur, this is taken
as a fault; for which vitio vertitur, tribuitur, or ducitur,
might have been used. Since all these verbs admit
Of the Dative. 1 1
not only a dative of the thing, to the question, where-
to ? but also of the person to the question, to or for
whom? according to the context, thence it happens
that they frequently take after them two such datives :
e. g. venio tibi auxillo^ I come to thee as an assistance :
misi tibi librum dono, I sent to thee a book for a pre-
sent : reliquit mihi pileum pignori, he left me his hat
for a pledge : hoc est mihi magnae laudi, this tells to
me for great praise, gets me great praise* : vindicibus
laudi cura fuit, Ovid. Fast. 5. 290 : ut sempiternae
laudi tibi sit, Cic. ad Div. 2. 7 : est mihi perniciei or
salutij Nep. Chabr. 4, and Thras. 2 : detrimento, ma-
culcE, invidi(E, inf amice nobis esse, Cic. Verr. 3. 62 :
crimini, ibid. 5. 6 : ignavia erit tibi magno dedecori,
cowardice will be a great disgrace to you : fit domino
dedecori, Cic. Off. 1. 39 : haec res fuit patri magnee
utilitati, this was a great advantage to his father : liber-
tati tempora sunt impediment^ Cic. Rose. Am. 4 : nihil
nobis esse potest maiori impedimento, nothing can more
redound to our hindrance : haec civitas prcedcE tibi et
qucestui fuit, Cic. Verr. 3. 37 : quibus occidi Roscium
bono (i. e. utilitati) fuit, Cic. Rose. Am. 5 : constat vir-
tutem hominibus summae esse utilitati, it is clear that
virtue serves for the greatest pleasure to men, procures
them the greatest pleasure : hoc mihi est cures : hoc
est mihi oneri, orgumento : Nep. Prsef. nemini fuit
turpitudini, this was a disgrace to none : hoc tibi omnes
vertunt vitio, this all impute to thee for a fault : Plaut.
Epid. 1. 2. 5, quis erit, vitio qui id vertat tibi: Cic.
ad Div. 7. 6, ne sibi vitio verterent : Matius Cic. ad
Div. 11. 28. 4, vitio mihi dant, quod mortem hominis
necessarii graviter fero, they impute it to me for a
fault, that &c. : Cic. Off. 1.21, Us non modo non laudi,
12 Of the Dative.
verum etiam vitlo dandum puto : Cic. Tusc. 1. 2, Fabio
laudi datur: crimini, Cic. in Csecil. 10: Liv. 7. 4:
Nep. Preef. laudi in Grsecia ducitur adolescentulis, it is
accounted an honour to young men, in Greece : ali-
quem despicatui ducere, Cic. Flacc. 27, to hold one in
contempt : tribuere alicui aliquid superbia, Nep. Timol.
4, to impute for pride, or as pride : quod itti tribue-
batur ignavitf, Cic. ad Div. 2. 1G.
Observations.
1 .) These datives both of the person and thing which follow
duco are not dependent on duco, but on esse omitted ; for duco
means, to believe, and ducitur adolescentulis laudi, is for ducitur,
esse adolescentulis laudi, it is believed, to be an honour to
young men : so, duco hoc mihi damno, sc. esse. It has already
been noticed that esse is often omitted after verbs of believing.
2.) Esse must not always be rendered in this case by the
same English, but the expression must be varied according to
circumstances: e. g. haec res fuit mihi magnae laetitiae, this affair
has caused me great joy : est laudi, it is laudable : magnae laudi,
very laudable : hoc est argumento, this serves for an argument :
hoc nemini est turpitudini, dedecori, brings disgrace to no one,
causes shame to none, is disgraceful to none : hoc tibi summo
erit dedecori, this will be very shameful to you, cause great
shame, bring great shame : literas tua3 fuerunt mihi magnae vo-
luptati, your letter has occasioned me great pleasure, I have
had much pleasure in your letter : hoc est mihi curae, I care
for this : est utilitati, it is useful : magnae utilitati, very useful &c.
3.) The dative of the thing in answer to the question, where-
to? seems after esse to be governed by an adjective omitted, e. g.
aptus, idoneus &c. : e. g. hoc est aptuin laudi meae, this is
adapted, suitable, fit for my praise; i. e. procures me praise.
The dative vitio after vertere is put for in vitium, and vertere
aliquid vitio properly means, to turn any thing to a fault, i. e. so
to turn it, that a fault may come out. That the dative is thus
Of the Dative, 13
sometimes to be explained by ad and in, for which it is used,
appears from the preceding remarks on the adjectives, e. g.
aptus, proclivis &c., and will be more clearly seen hereafter,
e. g. num. VI. So we find omnia vertere in peiorem partem,
Cic. Rose. Am. 36, to take all things on the worse side ; pro-
perly, to turn all things to the worse side : so, vertere in snam
contumeliam, Caes. B. G. 1. 8, to reckon it as a contempt to
himself, to take it as an insult.
Note. To these also belongs esse when it means a power
or ability, a being capable, or ready for anything : e. g. sum
solvendo, 1 am able to pay ; sum oneri ferendo, I am capable of
bearing the burden : here also idoneus or aptus seems to be un-
derstood ; properly, I am ready for paying, for bearing the burden
&c. : Cic. ad Div. 3. 8. 5, ad me detulerunt, sumtus decerni
legatis nimis rnagnos, cum solvendo civitates non essent : Liv.
2. 9, et tributo plebes liberata, ut divites conferrent, qui oneri
ferendo essent, who were capable of bearing the burden, sc.
idonei : Liv. 30. 6, qua? restinguendo igni forent, which would
serve for extinguishing the flame : Plin. H. N. 21. 16, radix
eius est vescendo, sc. apta, idonea ; where it stands passively :
so also in English, It is not for eating, i. e. not fit, not intended
to be eaten : for this Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 64, ad vescendum
apta.
III.) The dative also follows verbs, in answer to
the question, for whose enjoyment, advantage, injury ?
to please whom ? for whom ? To this case we may
refer the expression non omnibus dormio, which Ci-
cero quotes, ad Div. 7. 2, i. e. I do not sleep to please
all ; and immediately after, as an application of it, says,
sic ego non omnibus servio, i. e. even so I am not a
slave for all, the slave of all : Cic. ad Div. 2. 18. 6,
sin quid offenderit, sibl totum, nihil tibi, oifenderit, but
if he commit a fault, he will commit it entirely for
himself, and not for you, i. e. entirely to his own in-
14 Of the Dative.
jury, not yours : Cic. Amic. 3, factus est consul bis,
primum ante tempus, iterum (the second time) sibi (i.e.
in commodum suum) suo tempore (at the favourable
time) ; reipublica psene sero, he was made consul at
the right time for himself, but almost too late for the
commonwealth : Cic. ad Div. 6. 16, tibi gratulor, mihi
gaudeo, i. e. in commodum meum : Plaut. Capt. 4. 2.
86, mihi quidem esurio, non tibi, I hunger for myself,
not for you : Plaut. Aul. 4. 2. 16, id adeo tibi faciam
(sc. fideliam mulsi plenam), verum ego mihi bibam, I
will make it for you, but will drink it for myself, i. e.
I will enjoy it.
IV.) The dative often follows esse, when it means,
to belong ; where it may mostly be translated, to have :
as, liber est mihi, I have a book ; libri sunt mihi, I have
books ; otium est mihi, I have leisure ; est mihi nomen
lohannis, I have the name of John, am called John :
Cic. ad Div. 2. 11.4, quidquid (pantherarum) erit, tibi
erit, i. e. tuum erit, tu habebis, all that shall be collected,
shall be yours, shall belong to you, you shall have.
Here belongs Cic. ad Div. 2. 8, in eo mihi sunt omnia,
properly, I have all therein, i. e. all that belongs tome
depends upon it : Gees. B. G. 6. 27, his sunt arbores
pro cubilibus, they have trees instead of, for beds, trees
serve them instead of, for beds. Also an adjective is
often joined to it ; as, Sail. Cat. 37, nam semper in ci-
vitate, quibus opes nulltf sunt, invident bonis, those
who have no property: Sail. lug. 31, innocently plus
periculi, quam honoris est: Ovid. Her. 17. 66, an
nescis longas regibus esse manus ? Hor. Od. 3.2. 25,
est et fideli tuta silentio merces.
Of the Dative. 15
i*
Observation.
In the expression est mihi nomen, or cognomen, the name is
put in the nominative, genitive, or dative ; as, est mihi nomen
Petrus, Petri, Petro: e.g. 1.) in the Nominative ; Cic. Verr. 4.
52, fons aquae dulcis, cui nomen Arethma est ; and soon after,
altera autem est urbs Syracusis, cui nomen Acradina est : Cic.
Brut. 62, cui saltationi Titius nomen esset : Cic. Tusc. 4. 11,
eique morbo est nomen avaritia : Terent. Hec. Prol. Hecyra
est huic nomen fabula? : Liv. 40. 4, Theoxena et Archo nomina
his mulieribus erant : 2.) in the Genitive; Plaut. Amph. Prol.
19, nomen Mercurii est mihi : Veil. 2. 1 1, virtuti (Metelli) cog-
nomen Numidici inditum : 3.) in the Dative ; Plaut. Rud. Prol.
5, nomen Arcluro est mihi, I am called Arcturus : Virg. ^En.
1. 267 (271), cui nunc cognomen Jw/oadditur : Liv. 2. 5, Vin-
dieio ipsi nomen fuisse : ibid. 16, Clausus, cui postea Appio
Claudio fuit nomen : Sail. lug. 5. 4, a P. Scipione, cui postea
cognomen Africano ex virtute fuit : Liv. 25. 2, Scipio, cui post
Africano fuit cognomen : Liv. 1. 1, Troice et huic loco nomen
est, where the elder Gronovius conjectures, but perhaps without
reason, that the Roman writers, when they mentioned Roman
names, preferred the dative to the nominative, and only expressed
foreign names in the nominative : thence Liv. 35. 24, utrique
eorum Salinator cognomen erat, he prefers Salinatori. Also
with other verbs ; e. g. cui Egerio inditum nomen, Liv. 1. 34 :
artificibus nomen histrionibus inditum, Liv. 7. 2: inventus
nomen fecit Peniculo mihi, Plaut. Men. 1. 1. 1 : dare alicui cog-
nomen pingui f for pinguis, Hor. Sat. 1 . 3. 58 : addere alicui cog-
nomen Felicem, for Felicis, Plin. H . N. 22. 6. Note: Gabinio
Chaucius cognomen usurpare concessit, Suet. Claud. 24, for
Chaucii, where the nominative is remarkable.
V.) The dative is also put after the following verbs,
not to the question, to or for whom ? or whereto ? but the
question whom ? and some others : as parco, I spare ;
benedico, I praise or bless any one, properly, speak
10 Of the Dative.
good to one ; maledico, I revile, curse any one, pro-
perly, say ill to one : these are each really for two
words, bene dico, and male dico, and were so written :
studeo, I am busy about a thing, give my attention to it ;
persuadeo, persuade, convince ; medeor, I heal ; irascor,
I am angry, in a passion with any body ; caveo, I pro-
vide safety for, take care of any one by turning off in-
jury ; nubo, I marry, i. e. a husband ; invideo, I envy ;
arrideo, or adrideo, I smile on, please ; prospicio, I
provide for; consul o, I consult for ; succenseo, I am
angry with, (secretly) have a grudge against : e. g. par-
cere hostibus, to spare the enemy, to give them their
lives ; parcere vitae, to spare the life : cui ego bene-
dico, ei tu maledicis, whom I commend, thourevilest:
studeo virtu ti, I pay my attention to virtue ; literis, to
literature : tu mihi persuasisti de hac re, thou hast per-
suaded me in this business ; persuadebis mihi nun-
quam, thou wilt never persuade me ; persuasum mihi
est, I am persuaded : mederi morbo, to heal a disease ;
omnibus morbis mederi non est hominis (negotium), to
heal all diseases is not in the power of man : quid mihi
irasceris ? why art thou angry with me ? cavere clien-
tibus, to take care for his clients ; cavere alicui pecunia,
to give any one security in money : nupta est or nupsit
viro diviti, she is married to or has married a rich man :
haec res mihi arridet, this business pleases me : Deus
nobis prospexit, God has provided for us ; prospexit
nostrae vitas, has provided for our life : Deus vitae, fe-
licitati nostrae, consuluit, has taken care of &c. : cur
pater mihi succenset ? why is my father angry with me?
The following are examples from the ancients : 1.)
parco, Cic. ad Div. 11.2: Cic. Phil. 2. 24 : Caas. E.G.
Of the Dative. 17
7. 28 : Nep. Paus. 2 : 2.) bene dicere alicui, Cic. Sext.
52 : Ovid. Trist. 5. 9. 9 : 3.) male dicere alicui, Cic.
Ccel. 3 : Cic. Deiot. 3 : Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. 33 : Terent.
Hec. 4. 2. 14 : Hor. Sat. 2. 3. 140 : 4.) studeo alicui
rei, e. g. pr&turce, Cic. Ccel. 11 : virtuti, Cic. Fin. 4.
24 : so Cic. Fin. 4. 18 : Cses. B. G. 3. 10 : 4. 5 : also
homing i. e. to be friendly to, Cic. Mur. 36 : 5.) per-
suadeo, Cic. Rose. Am. 2: Cic. ad Div. 11. 5: Nep.
Euro. 3 : also with an accusative of the thing ; e. g. hoc
mihi, Cic. Att. 16. 5 : utrumque, Cic. Phil. 2. 10 : 6.)
medeor, e.g. morbo, Cic. Or. 2. 44 : malo, Cic. Agr. 1.
9 : rtipublktf adflictce, Cic. Sext. 13 : stultis, Cic. ad
Div. 7. 28 : 7.) irascor alicui, Cic. Phil. 8. 5 : Cic.
Att. 15. 17 : Caes. B. C. 1. 8 : admonitionibus, Quintii.
2. 6 : 8.) caveo, e. g. alicui, Cic. Phil. 1.2: securitati,
Suet. Tib. 6: sibi, Cic. Pis. 12: Cic. Verr. 1. 35:
9.) nubo, e. g. alicui, Cic. Div. 1. 46 : Liv. 1. 46: 2. 4 :
30. 15 : also infamiliam, Cic. Cluent. 66: in domum,
Liv. 3. 4 : we also find nuptam esse cum aliquo, to be
married to a man, e. g. Cic. Verr. 4. 6 : Cic. ad Div.
15. 3 : Terent. Hec. 4^ 1. 19 : Phorm. 5. 3. 34 : 10.)
invideo alicui, Cic. Or. 2. 52 : Cic. Acad. 4. 2 : Ovid.
Fast. 2. 591 : alicui rei, Cic. Agr. 2. 37 : Cic. Balb.6:
alicuius rei, Hor. Sat. 2. 6. 84 : also aliqua re, according
to Quintii. 9. 3 : also alicui aliquid, Cic. Tusc. 3. 2 :
Liv. 2. 40 : Hor. Sat. 1. 6. 50 : also merely aliquid,
e. g. florem, Ace. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3. 9 : 11.) adrideo,
Terent. Eun. 2. 2. 19 : Ad. 5. 4. 10 : Liv. 41. 20 : Cic.
Att. 13. 21 : 12.) prospicio, Cic. Verr. 3. 55 : Cic. Cat.
4. 2 : Nep. Phoc. 1 : Caes. B. G, 7. 50 : 13.) consulo,
Cic. ad Div. 4. 9 : 11. 29 : Cic. Off'. 1. 25 : 14.) me-
censeo, Cic. Deiot. 13: Cic. Tusc. 1. 41 : Terent.
VOL. II. C
18 Of the Dative.
Phorm. 2. 3. 14 : Ca3S. B. C. 1. 84. Note : Yet most
of them are also followed by an accusative : 1.) parco,
e. g. okas, Cato R. R. 58 : pecuniam, Plaut. Cure. 3.11:
talenta fill is, Virg. Mn. 10. 532 : also with an infini-
tive, Liv. 34. 32 : Terent. Hec. 3. 1.2: Ovid. Art. 2.
557 : 2.) bene dicer *e, e. g. deum, Apul. Asclep. : diem,
Lactant. 7. 14, i. e. to bless : 3.) male dicere aliquem,
Petron. 58 ; 74 ; 96 : Tertull. adv. Prax. 29 : 4.) studeo,
e. g. unum studetis, Cic. Phil. 6. 7 : eadem student, Te-
rent. Andr. 1.1.18: id studuisti, ibid. Heaut. 2. 4. 8 :
has res, Plaut. Mil. 5. 44 : liter as, Cic. Red. Sen. 6 ;
where, however, Edd. Graev. and Ernest, have literis :
also with a genitive ; e.g. tui, Ace. ap. Cic. Nat. Deor.
3. 29 : 5.) persuadeo aliquem, Petron. 62 ; 64 : Enn.
ap. Serv. ad Virg. ^En. 10. 100 : thence persuasus, a,
um, convinced, Cses. B. G. 7. 20 : Auct. ad Herenn. 1.
6 : Csecin. Cic. ad Div. 6. 7 : Ovid. Art. 3. 679 : 6.)
medeor, e. g. quas (sc. cupiditates) mederi posses, Te-
rent. Phorm. 5. 4. 3 : vitia, Vitruv. 8. 3 : so lustinian.
Instit. 2. tit. 7 : 7.) irascor, e. g. nostrum vicem, for
nobis, Liv. 34. 32 : also with an accusative of the cause ;
e. g, id, Cato ap. Gell. 7. 3 : nihil, i. e. ob nihil, Gell.
19. 12 : 8.) caveo with an accusative, to beware of: see
of the accus. : 9.) arrideo aliquem, Valer. Cato in Di-
ris 108: thence si arrideantur, Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat.
4 : 10.) prospicio, with an accusative, means somewhat
differently ; e. g. casusfuturos, Cic. Amic. 12, i.e. to fore-
see : yet aliquid alicui, to provide any thing for one ;
e. g. sedem senectuti, Liv. 4. 49 : ferramenta, Cic. Sull.
19 : maritumjili(je, Plin. Ep. 1.14: 11.) consulo, with an
accusative, means to consult or advise with ; also to
consider ; e. g. rent : 12.) mccenseo also is used with
Of the Dative. 19
an accusative of the cause ; e. g. id (propter id), Te-
rent. And. 2. 3. 3 : so quod, ibid. Phorm. 2. 1. 33 : all-
cui aliquid, i.e. paululum, Cic. Tusc. 1. 41.
VI.) The dative, in imitation of the Greek idiom, is
often used, particularly by the poets, instead of another
case with a preposition, and must be translated ac-
cordingly.
1.) Instead of a: this is frequent, a) after verbs which sig-
nify to be remote from, to differ from, not to coincide with, as
discrepare, discordare, differre, dissidere, distare &c. : as Hor.
Od. 1 . 27. 5, vino et lucernis Medus acinaces immane quantum
discrepat, is discordant with wine &c., for a lino et a lucernis :
sibi discrepantes, i.e. a se, Cic. Or. 3. 50: Hor. Art. 152,
primo ne medium, medio ne discrepet imum, i. e. a primo, a me-
dio: Hor. Epist. 2. 2. 194, scire volam, quantum simplex hi-
larisque nepoti discrepet, et quantum discordet parcus avaro, for
a nepote, ab avaro: Hor. Sat. 1. 4. 48, differt sermoni, i.e. a
sermone: ibid. Art. 236, colori: Nep. Ages. 1, cuivis, i.e. a
quovis : Plin. H. N. 9- 53, conchis, i.e. a conchis: Hor. Epist.
1. 7. 23, quid distent sera lupinis, i.e. a lupinis: Plin. H. N.
29- 4, nihil aconito distans, i. e. ab aconlto : dissidens plebi,
Hor. Od. 2. 2. 18, for a plebe : sceptris nostris dissidet, Virg.
^n. 7. 370. At other times discrepare is also used with cum,
Cic. Fin. 2. 30: 4. 12: with a, Cic. Or. 3. 30: Cic. Parad.
init. : Cic. Tusc. 3. 7 : with inter se, Cic. Off. 3. 12 : so discre-
pat inter scriptores or aiictores, Liv. 22. 6l : 29. 25: 28. 56,
i.e. there is a difference amongst writers : discordare with inter
se, Terent. Andr. 3. 3. 43 : with cum, Tac. An. 12. 28 : secum,
Cic. Fin. 1. 13: with a, Veil. 2. 53: Quintil. 8. 3 : 11.3: with
adversus, ibid. 5. 11 : so also differre inter se, Cic. Tusc. 4. 1 1 :
Cic. Or. 32 : ab aliquo, Cic. Phil. 8. 1 1 : cumre, Cic. Invent.
1 . 44 : cum tempore, ibid. 27 : distare inter se, Caes. B. G . 7- 27 :
Cic. Or. 1. 49 : with a, Cic. Off. 2. 4 : 3. 17 : Hirt. Alex. 7 :
dissidere inter se, Cic. Acad. 4. 47 : Cic. Att. 1. 13: wither,
Cic. Att. 7- 6: Cic. Balb. 13: Nep. Hann. 10 : cum aliquo,
c 2
20 Of the Dative.
Cic. Acad. 4. 47 : b) to keep off; as arcere, defendere &c. :
Virg. Georg.3. 15o,hunc quoque arcebis gravido pecori, for
a gravido pecore : ibid. Eel. 7.46, solstitium pecori defendite,
i.e. a pecore: Hor. Od. 1. 17-3, et igneam defendit aestatem
capellis usque meis, for a capellis meis : so also iniuriamybnTws,
Plaut. Most. 4. 2. 20: unless it here be an ablative, as defen-
sare se iniuria, for ab iniuria, ibid. Bacch. 3. S. 39. In other
places arcere is followed by a, or a bare ablative ; e. g. ab in-
iuria f Cic. Leg. 1. 14 : a tectis,dc. Cat. 1. 13 : aliquem aditu,
Cic. Leg. 1.14: reditu, Cic. Tusc. 1. 37 : so defendere hostes
a pinnisy Quadrig. ap. Cell. 9- 1 : ignem a tectis, Ovid. Hem.
625 : iniuriam/onfo/s, Plaut. cited above : c) especially after
passives it is very usual with the Greeks to use a dative, where
in English we use by ; and this is continually imitated by the
Latin poets : e. g. Hor. Od. 1.6. 1, scriberis Vario, i. e. a Pa-
rio : Ovid. Trist. 5. 10. 37, Barbarus hie ego sum,quia non in-
telligor ulli, i.e. ab ullo: yet this is not confined to the poets,
but occurs also frequently with prose writers. And indeed it
occurs not merely with the participle future passive and gerund
of necessity, after which the dative is almost constantly used, and
rarely a with an ablative: e.g. densest mihi amandus, God
must be loved by me, I must love God, for a me : virtus estom*
nibus colenda, virtue must be reverenced by all, all must reve-
rence virtue, for ab omnibus : literas tibi sunt scribenda, the letter
must be .written by thee, you must write the letter, for a te : eun-
dum e&tjratri, for afratre ; which examples are all very fami-
liar, must be explained by a with an ablative, and should be
imitated : but also occasionally with other parts of the passive;
e. g. liber est mihi tectus, for a me : Cic. ad Div. 1. 9- 60, nun-
quam enim pr&stantibus in republica gubernanda viris laudato,
est in una sententia perpetua permansio, where pr&stantibus
viris is the dative, and must be explained by a pr&stantibus vi-
ris : Cic, Off. 3. 9, honesta enim bonis viris, non occulta, qua-
runtur, for a bonis viris: Cic. ad Div. 4. 13. 16, ab iis ipsis,
quibus tenetur (respublica), i. e. a quibus tenetur : Liv. 1.31,
Romanis quoque abeodem prodigio novendiale sacrum publice
susceptum est, fora Romanis: Sail. lug. 107. 1, sa?pe antea
Of the Dative. 21
paucis strenuis adversum multitudinem bene pugnatum (esse),
for a paucis strenuis. This should be noticed, but not generally
imitated.
2.) Instead of ad or in, and indeed in two ways : a) to the
question, whither? Virg. ^En. 5. 451, it clamor codo, towards
heaven, for a d codum : ibid. 6. 152, sedibus hunc ante refer
suis, for in sedes suas, i. e. insepulcrum; and elsewhere : b) to
the question whereto ? or to what ? e. g. Virg. jEn. 1. 207 (211),
durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis, reserve yourselves for
prosperous circumstances, for ad res secundas: ibid. 7. 482,
&?//oque animos accendit agrestes, i. e. ad bellum : to these be-
longs Liv. 1. 23, me Albani ducem bello gerendo creavere, for
ad bellum gerendum : ibid. 4. 4, decemviros legibus scribendis
intra decem hos annos et creavimus &c., for ad leges scribendas,
legum scribendarum gratia. To these belong the formulas cited
above, n. II. dare and accipere dono, as a gift : vertere vitio :
hoc est mihi laudi : mittere auxilio, for which in auxilium is
used, Suet. Aug. 10. Also some adjectives, as proclivis sedi-
tioni, aptus rei &c. : also substantives, as triumviri reipubtica
const it uenda, which have all been noticed before.
3.) Instead of apud: e. g. purgare se alicui, to clear himself
to any one : so, excusare se alicui ; which are very usual, and
may, therefore, be imitated : e. g. purgo, Cic. ad Div. 12. 25.8,
quod te mihi de Sempronio purgas, that you clear yourself to me
about &c. : Plaut. Amph. 3. 2. 28, uti me purgarem tibi: Caes.
B.C. 1 . 8, velle se C&sari purgatum : and elsewhere ; as Cic. Phil.
14.6: Cic. Att. 1.17: Caes. B. G. 1. 28 : so also ercwso ; e.g.
Cic. ad Div. 11. 15, ut te mihi per literas excusaret : Cic. ad
Att. 15. 26, Farroni, quemadmodum tibi mandavi, memi-
neris excusare tarditatem literarum mearum : ibid. 28, Attica
me ita excuses: Plaut. Asin. 4. 2. 4, uxori excuses te: to these
belongs Terent. Eun. 5. 8. 23, mihii\\'dm laudas ? i. e. apudme :
Cic. Amic. 27, mihi quidem Scipio vivit, vivetque semper ;
where mihi is equivalent to apud me, in ammo meo.
4.) Instead of cum: to these belong: a) in the poets the
22 Of the Dative.
verbs to strive, to fight, to contend : as piignare, certare, Sec. :
e. g. Virg. Eel. 5. 8, montibus in nostris solus tibicertet Amyn-
tas, for tecum : ibid. 8. 55, certent et cycnis ululae : and elsewhere ;
e. g. ibid. Georg. 2. 138 : Hor. Od. 1. 3. 13, Africum decer-
tantcm (H/uiloiiibus: Virg. Mn. 4. 38,p/aaWoneetiam pugnabis
amort, for cum amore ; cf. 1 1. 600; and elsewhere : ibid. 1. 493
(497), audetque viris concurrere virgo, for cum viris ; and else-
where : e.g. ibid. 10.8: Ovid. Met. 5. 89: 12. 595: Art.
3. 5 : also Liv. 24. 15, quibus cum Numida3 concurrissent (also
we have concurrere alicui, i.e. to take a part with any one, e. g.
in hereditate, Pand. 5. 2. 16 : so ibid. 37. 11 . 2) : Virg. ^En. 12.
678, stat conferre manum JEnea, for cum JEnea, I am resolved to
fight with ^Eneas : so conferre se alicui, ibid. 10. 735, to come
close to, to attack : ibid. 1. 475 (479) impar congressus Achilli:
so ibid. 5. 809: Ovid. Met. 12. 76: (also congredi aliquem,
Virg. ^n. 12. 342, 510); Hor. Od. 1. 1. 15, luctantem Icariis
Jluctibiis Africum : ibid. Epist. 2. 2. 74 : Stat. Theb. 1 1. 522 :
also with an ablative, Lucan. 3. 503 : b) verbs of uniting, joining,
and the like : e. g. iungere is often used by Cicero and others
with a dative; e. g. iungere equos currui, iungere aliquid rei' 9
which may be imitated: so, coniungere aliquid alicui rei\ in-
stead of which there often occurs coniungere aliquid cum aliquo,
cum aliqua re, or re. But others, such as coire, concumbere,
8cc. are usual with the dative in the poets only ; e. g. Ovid.
Her. 4. 129, coitura pr ivigno : Hor. Art. 12, sed non ut pla-
cidis coeant immitia, for cum placidis : Virg. Mn. 1. 66 1, mixta
deo nmlier, i. e. cumdeo: miscere rem rei, Cic. Off. 2. 14:
Hirt. Alex. 56 : componere rem rei, Prop. 2. 64 : Ovid. Met.
10. 338, Cinyra concumbere, i. e. cum Cinyra: Prop. 2. 12. 16,
dicitur et nud& concubuisse de& : conferre castra castris, for con-
iungere, Cic. Div. 2. 55: Ca3s. B. C. S. 79: Liv. 4. 27; and
elsewhere : so concurrere alicui, Pand. see above : c) loquor
also is sometimes followed by a dative; as Plaut. Poen. 4. 2.63,
si herus meus me esse locutumcniquammortali sciat,forcwm quo-
quam mortali: Coel. Cic. ad Div. 8. 12. 3, turn quidem aliquot
amicis locutus sum, for cum aliquot amicis &c., yet Ernesti
has inserted cam. It is however used elsewhere with a dative,
Of the Dative. 23
e. g. Stat. Theb. 12. 26 &c. : d) comparare, conferre, to com-
pare, aliquid alicui rei, for cum aligua re, is very common ; e. g.
Cic. Senect. 5, equi fortis et victoris senectuti comparat suam,
for cum senectute : so Liv. 28. 28: Cic. Off. 1.22, Lycurgi
legibus et discipline confer endi sunt : so also Hor. Sat. 1. 5. 44 :
componere, to compare, Cic. Flacc. 26 : Virg. Georg. 4. 176 :
contendere, to compare, Hor. Epist. 1 . 10. 26 : Auson. Grat.
Act. 14.
5.) Instead of in after abdere : as abdere se literis, to devote
himself entirely to literature, literally to hide himself in litera-
ture, Cic. Arch. 6: to this place belongs Virg. ^n. 2. 553,
lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem, literally hid the sword in his
side, i. e. thrust the sword in his side, where latere is for in la-
tere : in other places in is expressed, e. g. abdit ferrurn in armo,
Ovid. Met. 4. 719- And thus, perhaps, more similar examples
of other verbs might be found.
VII.) The dative follows some verbs that are com-
pounded of the prepositions ad, ante, circum, con (for
cum), de, e, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, re, sub, super ;
partly to the question^ to or for whom ? and partly it
must be explained by the preposition, with which the
verb is compounded. The verbs of this sort are partly
intransitive, i. e. which have no accusative, and partly
transitive, which, besides the dative, have also an ac-
cusative : e. g.
Ad: as adsuescere ret, Liv. 1. 19 : Suet. Aug. 38, to be ac-
customed, to accustom one's self to a thing : adesse alicui,
to stand by, to aid any one : also alicui rei, to be present at
any thing ; e. g. amicis, Cic. Senect. 1 1 ; comitiis, Cic. Att.
1. 10; periculis, Nep. Pelop. 4: both are very common.
Thus also adha?rere alicui rei, to adhere to, to cleave to any-
thing, Liv. 5. 47 : 39- 25, and elsewhere : and adhaerescere,
to continue to adhere to anything, Cic. Off. 1. 25. So also
adspirare, adiacere, adiicere, adhibere, adferre &c. : Virg.
24 Of the Dative.
M\\. 2. 385, adspirat primo fortuna labori, fortune favours
the first labour ; and elsewhere : e. g. ibid. 10. 525 : Liv.
2. 49, Tuscus ager Romano adiacet, lies next to, adjoins the
'Roman : thus, adiicere oculum rei, to cast one's eye upon a
thing, to be eager after it : Cic. Verr. 2. 15, adiectum esse
oculum heredituti : adhibere aliquid alicui rei, to apply one
thing to another, to make use of in it : e. g. calcaria equo, to
apply spurs to a horse; as Cic. Brut. 56, alteri se calcaria ad-
hibere, atteri frenos, that he used spurs with one, the bit
with the other : thus, manus vecligalibus, Cic. Agr. 2. 18:
consolationern alicui, Cic. Brut. 9(3 : further, adferre vim
alicui, e. g. -cirgini, to do violence to, Liv. 4. 4 : advertere
proras terra, Virg. jEn. 7. 35 : balnearia occidenti, Colum.
1.6: vincta orienti, ibid. 3. 12. 6, and elsewhere. Yet both
ad and in are frequently used ; e. g. adhibere aliquem (ali-
quam rem) ad aliquid, to make use of person or thing in any-
thing ; e. g. aliquid ad panem, Cic. Tusc. 5. 34 : manus
medicas ad vulnera, Virg. Georg, 3. 455: aliquem ad con-
vivium, to bring one to table, Nep. Prref. : aliquem in comi-
iuirn, Cic. ad Div. 2. 7: 6. 1. 5, i. e. to make use of for
counsel : thus, oculos adiicere ad omnia, Cic. Agr. 2. 10 :
animum ad aliquid, Terent. Eun. 1. 2. 63 : adsuescere with
ad y Ca3s. B. G. 6. 28 : so aliqua re, e. g. genus pugnae, quo
adsueverant, Liv. 31. 35 : advertere aures ad vocem, Ovid.
Fast. 1. 180: classem in portum, Liv. 37. 9: so, admovere,
adnectere rem alicui rei, and rem ad rem : also adiaceo with
an accusative, e. g. mare, Etruriam, Nep. Timoth. 2 : Liv.
7. 12.
Ante: as anteponere, anteferre, aliquid (aliquem) alicui rei, to
prefer : to the question, to whom r which is quite regular.
Circum : as circumfundi alicui, to be put round anything, to
encompass, Liv. 22. 7, 14 : so, circumfundere se alicui, i. e.
to surround, encircle, Liv. 29. 34 : thus also, circumfusus, a,
um, e. g. Liv. 6. 15, circumfusa lateri meo turba, the multi-
tude which surrounded my side, for turba fusa circum latus
meum : so circumiicere, Liv. 38. 19: also circumicctus, a,
Of the Dative. 25
urn, e. g. Caes. B. G. 2. 6, circumiecta multitudine hominum
totis nicenibus, when a multitude of men entirely surrounded
the walls, for multitudine hominum iacta circum tota moenia :
so, aedificia circumiecta mur'iSj Liv. 9- 28, i. e. surrounding,
encompassing. So we find circumdare urbi murum, to carry
a wall round the city : fossam lecto, Cic. Tusc. 5. 20 : exer-
citum castris, Liv. 3. 28 : munitiones toto (for toti) oppido,
Hirt. B. G. 8. 34, and in other places. Yet we also find
circumstare aliquid aliqua re, i. e. to surround (actively),
Liv. 4. 47 : Cic. ad Div. 15. 14: quern circumfundit aer,
surrounds, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 10: JNep. Ages. 8: vectem
circumiectus, Cic. Div. 2. 28.
Con: e. g. comparare, contendere, componere, conferre, to com-
pare, aliquem alicui, for cum aliquo : Cic. Senect. 5, equi
fortis et victoris senectuti comparat suam, he compares his
own old age to that of &c. Yet comparare is most generally
followed by cum ; as Cic. ad Div. 3. 6. 1, cum meum factum
cum tuo comparo. Further, componere: Virg. Eel. 1. 24,
parvis componere magna solebam, for cum parvis, I used to
compare great things to small : thus also, contendere, Cic.
Flacc. 26 : Hor. Epist. 1. 10. 26 : conferre, Cic. Off. 1. 22 :
Liv. 28. 28, which have all been adduced already. Further,
conferre castra castris, to unite &c., Cic. Div. 2. 55 : Liv.
4. 27 : Ca3s. B. C. 3. 79 ' so also alicui congredi, concur-
rere, concumbere, coire &c. See before, n. VI. 4.
De : e. g. deesse alicui, not to assist one, is very common ; e. g.
Cic. ad Div. 1.9: Cic. Att. 14. 15, and elsewhere: also
with a dative of the thing ; as Liv. 6. 24, neque alter tribu-
nus rei defuit, nor did the other tribune act remissly in the
business : convivio, Cic. Phil. 2. 29 : bello, Cic. Q. Fr. 2. 6.
So deferre aliquid alicui, to carry to any one, for ad aliquem :
- e. g. Nep. Att. 4, omnia munera, qua3 acceperat, el iussit
deferri : thus some also say deferre honorem (honores) alicui,
to offer an honour or office to one : also studium alicui, Cic.
ad Div. 6. 10 : yet some also say, ad aliquem ; e. g. summam
imperil ad aliquem, Nep. Hann. 3: also, ad aliquem, i. e,
2G Of the Dative.
to lay before, to make known, to inform, Cic. Fin. 2. 17 :
Cic. ad Div. 5. 8 : Cic. Veir. 1. 25.
E: e. g. enperepericulo,malo: as periculo, Cass. B. G.4. 12 :
vitam suppliciis, Cic. Cat. 1. 8 : yet we also find expericulo y
out of danger, as in English : e. g. ex pericuto, Cic. Cluent.
26 : ex itisidiis, Cic. Mur. 38 : ex morte, Cic. Verr. 5. 6 :
also de for ex, Cic. Verr. 5. 67 : also an ablative only ; e.g.
Jiamma, Cic. Verr. 3. 48.
In : e. g. iniicere manum alicui, Liv. 3. 44 : Cic. Rose. Com.
16, to lay the hand on one : so alicui iniicere spem, metum,
terrorem, cupiditatem, to excite in one hope, fear, terror, de-
sire : e. g. spew, Cic. Att. 3. 22 : metum, Plaut. Cas. 4. 2. 26 :
formidinem, Cic. Verr. 3. 28: terrorem, Cic. Fin. 5. 11:
studium pugnandi, Caes. B. G. 1.46: mentem, Cic. Mil.
31 : pavorem, Liv. 4. 19- Inferre bellum alicui or terra
to make war on a person or country, is very common ; e. g.
Cic. Pis. 34: Cic. Att. 9- 10: Imponere fastigium operi:
Cic. Off. 3. 7, sed quoniam operi inchoato et prope iam ab-
soluto tanquam fastigium imponimus : Liv. 4 4, ue adfinita-
tibus ne propinquitatibus immisceamur, cavent. Also inci-
dere to fall upon, to press upon, is united to a dative ; as
Liv. 5. 26, prius quam pa ventes Aorta's inciderent, might press
into the gates : ibid. 2. 65, castris incidere\ 3. 3, portis in-
cidents.
Inter : as interesse rei, to be present at an affair, to have a part
in it; as interesse concioni, orationi, pugnae &c., to be pre-
sent at the fight : so prcelio, Caes. B. G. 7. 87 : negotiis, Cic.
ad Div. 1.6: comiliis, Cic. Att. 14. 22; and elsewhere :
we also find interesse in re, Cic. Rose. Am. 14, 38: Cic.
Cluent. 59 : interdicere alicui aliquid, e. g. usum purpurae :
Liv. 34. 7, feminis duntaxat purpuras usum interdicemus :
and in the formula of banishment, interdicere alicui aqua et
igni, Cic. Phil. 1.6: 6. 4: interponere aliquid rei, Hirt. B.
G. 8. 17: Plin. H. N. 28. 4.
Ob: as obequitare muris, to ride up to the walls, for equitare
Of the Dative. 27
ob (i. e. ad) muros : Liv. 23. 46, hunc Taurea cum diu per-
lustrans oculis obequitasset hostium turmis, i. e. equitasset ob
turmas, i. e. ad turmas&c. : so castris, Liv. 2. 45 : stationi-
bus, Liv. 9- 36 : so obducere, e. g. callum dolori, Cic. Tusc.
2. 15 : callum stomacho, Cic. ad Div. 9- 2. So obambulare,
e. g. muris, Liv. 36. 34 : gregibus, Virg. Georg. 3. 538 :
oberrare, e.g. tentoriis, Tacit. Ann. 1. 65. So obversari
oculis, to float before the eyes, Liv. 35. 11 : so Cic. Tusc.
2. 22, obversentur species honestae animo\ we also often find
obversari ante oculos, as Cic. Sext. 3. Thus again obsistere
alicui, to oppose, opponerese alicui, caputpm'cw/zsobiicere,
to expose ; offerre aliquid alicui. This however is regular,
since it answers the question, to whom ?
Post : postponere se alicui, to place one's self after another :
posthabere ; e. g. Virg. Eel. 7 17, posthabui tamen illorum
mea seria ludo : which is also regular to the question, to
whom ?
Prat : as praesse, to preside over, e. g. reipublica, exercitui
&c. : praeficere, to set over, as aliquem exercitui, castris &c.,
or praeponere, to set one over the camp ; these are common
in Cicero and others. Yet these three verbs are also found
without a dative ; e. g. provincia, in qua tu prsefuisti, Cic.
Verr. 3. 77, and in other places : in eo exercitu fratrem pr&-
fecerat, Cic. Sext. 18 : media acie Domitium praeposuerat,
Caes. B. C. 3. 89 : in ea ora, ubi pr&positi sumus, Cic. ad
Pompeium in Epp. ad Att. 8. 1 1. So also praBponere, prae-
ferre to prefer ; e. g. salutem reipublicaa vita sues, praponere,
Cic. Phil. 9, and elsewhere : all these also answer the ques-
tion, to whom ?
Pro : e. g. proponere, e. g. oculis, Cic. Sext. 7 : fastos populo t
Cic. Mur. 1 1 : prospicere alicui, to provide for one, Cic.
Verr. 4. 55: alicui rei, Cic. ibid. : Caes. B.G. 1. 23 : 7.50:
also providere, e. g. Cic. ad Div. 3. 2, si rationibus meispro-
visum esse intellexero : so Hor. Epist. 1. 18. 16, propugnat
armatus ; nugis seems to be the dative, instead ofpugnat
28 Of the Dative.
pro nugis, i. e. defendit nugas : sofratri, Apul. Met. 9- p. 234,
Elmenh.
Re: e. g. hos clam Xerxi remisit, Nep. Paus. 4, sent them
back to Xerxes : yet here the question is to whom ? and re
has no influence on the construction, since we find also mit-
tere aliquid alicui, and sometimes ad follows it ; in the place
above cited there soon follows, quam ob rem ad classem re-
niissus non est.
Sub : as subveriire alicni, to come to one's assistance, Cic. Off.
1. 43, and in other places: so also succurrere alicui, Cass.
B. G. 7. 80 : succedere, e. g. tectis, Virg. ^n. 1. 627 (631) :
nturist Liv. 23. 44 : castris, Ca?s. B. G. 2. 6 : at other times
also with an accusative, e. g. Cic. Dom. 44: Ca3s. B. G.
1. 24: Liv. 31. 45 : so also succumbere alicui, to yield to
any one ; and subiicere aliquid alicui, to subject : these are
all regular to the question, to whom ? Thus we often find
subiicere aliquid alicui rei, to place one thing beneath or
after another, e. g. praBceptis subiicere exempla, to place ex-
amples beneath precepts : also castris legiones, Ca3s. B. C.
3. 17: asdes colli, Liv. 2. 7 : something different is subiici
in equum, to be lifted or mounted on a horse ; e. g. Liv. 6. 24,
subiectus a circumstantibus in equum, and in other places.
Super: e. g. superesse : Liv. 1. 34, Lucumo superfuit patri,
survived his father: so also 27. 49 : ibid. 7. 24, stratis cor-
poribus hostium super statis, i. e. statis super &c., and else-
where, e. g. Liv. 10. 28 : 37. 27 : 38. 7 : yet it might be
the ablative : columna, Suet. Gal b. 23.
VIII.) The verbs adulor (adulo), allatro or adlatro,
antecedo, anteeo, antecello, antepolleo, adsideo, an-
testo, antevenio, anteverto, adtendo, inludo, incesso,
insulto, occumbo, with the same signification, have not
only a dative but also, on account of the preposition of
which they are compounded, an accusative. So also
the following verbs, with the same signification, take
Of the Dative. 29
both these cases, euro, deficio, despero, medicor, mo-
deror, prsecedo, praecurro, praeeo, praesto, praestolor,
praeverto, studeo, tempero.
Adulor (o) to Hatter, caress : Nep. Att. 8, neque eo magis po-
tenti adulatus est Antonio : so plebi, Liv. 3. 69 : pr&sentibm,
Liv. 36. 7 : JZsculapio, Tertull. de Pall. 4 : with an accusa-
tive, e. g. Cic. Pis. 41, adulantem omnes: so plebem, Liv.
23. 4 : Neronem, Tac. Ann. 16. 19 : furem, Colum. 7. 12. 5 :
adulari atque admirari fortunam alicuius, Cic. Div. 2. 2 :
also passively, e. g. nee adulari nos sinamus, Cic. Off. 1.26 :
adulati erant ab amicis, Hemin. ap. Prise. 8 : see Quintil.
9. 3, who says that in his time men said adulari alicui, though
the earlier usage had been adulari aliquem : the accusative
probably depends on the preposition, though we do not know
accurately whence the word is derived.
Allalro (adl.) alicui and aliquem: yet the accusative is more
usual : e. g. Liv. 38. 54, Cato, qui vivo quoque eo (Scipione)
allatrare (adl.) eius magnitudinem solitus erat : so, nos adla-
tres, Mart. 5. 6l. 1 : Scipionem, Quintil. 8. 6: quemque,
Colum. l.prsef. 9: nomen alicuius, Mart. 2. 61.6 : Oceanus
interna maria adlatrat, Plin. H. N. 2. 68 : oram totmaria
adlatrant, ibid. 4. 5 : the dative occurs, Aur. Viet. Vir. 111.
49, eunti nunquam canes adlatr aver tint : yet Edit. Arnzen.
has euntem latraverunt. The accusative depends on ad
in adlatro, for latrare ad aliquem.
Antecederej to excel: Cic. Off. 1. 30, quantum natura hominis
pecudibus reliquisque belluis antecedat : and often with the
dative ; e.g. Cic. Brut. 21 : Cic. Top. 23 : Nep. Ale. 9, ut
eum nemo inamicitia antecederet : and elsewhere with an ac*
cusative, e. g. ibid. 11 : Cic. Att. 8. 9- The accusative de-
pends on the preposition ante.
Antecello, to excel, alicui, Cic. Mur. 13 : Cic. Arch. 3 : Cic.
Verr. 4. 53 : aliquem, Tacit. Hist. 14. 55 : 2. 3 : thence pas-
sively, qui antecelluntur, Auct. ad Herenn. 2. 30.
30 Of the Dative.
Antepolleo, to excel, alicui, Apul. Met. 1. p. 104. Elmenh. ali-
quern, ibid. 7. p. 189.
Adsideo, to sit by something, with a dative, Cic. Plane. 1 1 : Cic.
Pis. 32: Liv. 21. 53: with an accusative, Virg. JRn. 1 1.
304: Sil. 9. 625.
Anteire, to excel, properly, to go before : Plaut. Amph. 2. 2.
18, virtus omnibus rebus anteit profecto: Cic. Tusc. \. 3,qui
its ffitate anteit : Nep. Thras. 1, cum eum nemo anteiret his
virtutibus: so ibid. Chabr. 4 : also Cic. Off. 2. 10, admi-
ratione adficiuntur ii, qui anteire ceteros virtuteputantur : so
animantes, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 61 : also Ovid. Met. 13. 366,
anteit remigis officiutn; and thus the accusative is ofted used,
e.g. Hor. Od.1.35. 17 : Virg. TEn, 12.84: Tac. Hist. 4.13.
Antestare, or antistare, to excel, to be more eminent, properly,
to stand before ; Nep. Arist, 1, quanto antistaret eloquentia
innocentitz : Cic. Inv. 2. 1, etenim quodarn tempore Croto-
niata? multum omnibus (sc. hominibus or populis) corporum
viribus et dignitatibus antesteterunt, excelled all in bodily
strength &c. : ceteris, Cell. 7.5: Mela 3. 6, Scandinovia
magnitudine alias (insulas) antestat : also without a case,
e.g. Herculis anlistare facta, Lucret. .5. 22, i. e. are more
eminent.
Antevenio 9 to come before, to excel : 1 .) to come before, Plaut.
Trin. 4. 2. 66 tempori huic hodie anteveni, came before him :
Sail. lug. 48, ac per tramites occultos exercitum Metelli an-
tevenit, came before the army: it is the same, ibid. 88, con-
siliaet insidias (regum) ajitevenire : ibid. 56, Metellum an te-
venit: 2.) to excel: Sail. lug. 4. 7, novi homines qui antea
per virtutem soliti erant nobi/itatem antevenire, to excel the
nobility : Plaut. Cas. 2. 3, omnibus rebus ego amorem credo
et nitoribus nitidis anlevenire, 1 believe that love excels all
things &c.
Anteverto, to come before: Terent. Eun. 4. 5. 12, miror, ubi
huic anteverterim, I wonder how 1 have come before him :
Of the Dative. 31
so Plaut. Capt. 4. 2. 60, pol moerores mi ant ever tunt gaudiis ;
which is the answer of Hegio, who was exhorted to be cheer-
ful, but was too much troubled to be so : as in English one
might say, I am nearer sorrow than laughter : so Caes. B. G.
7. 7, qua re nuntiata Caesar omnibus consiliis antevertendum
existimavit, ut Narbonem proficisceretur, he believed that he
must anticipate all his resolutions, if Lucterii be understood
after consiliis ; but if consiliis refer to Cassar, then we must
translate antevertere to prefer, and the sense will be, Caesar
believed that he must prefer to all his other plans, that of
going to Narbonne. It is used with an accusative ; Tac. Ann.
13.30, veneno damnationem antevertit;, he anticipated his
condemnation by poison : without a case after it, Cic. Nat.
Deor. 2. 20, three times over.
Atterido, or more correctly adtendo, to attend, to pay regard :
Plin. Pan. 65, cui dii magis, quam C&sari adtendant : so ser-
monibusj Plin. Ep. 7- 26 : more frequently with an accusative,
e. g. Cic. Sull. 11, me adtendite: Cic. Phil.. 2. 12, stuporem
hominis adtendite : Cic. Rab. Post. 6, adtendere versum :
Cic. Arch. 8, quoniam me adtenditis, on account of the
preposition ad: it is also followed by ad\ as, adtendere ali-
f or adtendere ad aliquid; both are usual.
Illudo f or more correctly wludo y to make sport of: Cic. Dom.
39, hie non illudit auctoritati : Cic Rose. Am. 19, dignitati
illudere: Virg. lEu. 2. 64, illudere capto: ibid. 9- 634 i,
verbis virtutem illude super bis : Ter. Phorm. 5, 4. 20, su-
perbe illuditis me: so also pracepta, Cic. Or. 1. 19: artes,
Ovid. Met. 9- 66 : also with z//, e. g. Terent. Eun. 5. 4. 20,
ulciscar, ut ne impune in nos illuseris : ibid. Andr. 4. 4. 18,
idonei, in quibus illudatis.
Incesso, to attack or invade : Liv. 4. 57, turn vero gravior cura
patribus incessit, then indeed a heavier care invaded the se-
nate: Liv. 1. 17, timor incessit pat res : Liv. 1. c6, cupido
incessit animos iuvenum sciscitandi, there came upon the young
men's minds a desire of inquiry : Liv. 3. 60, indignatio inces-
32 Of the Dative.
sit JEquox : ibid. 9- 8, tanta simul admiratio, miseratioque
viri incessit homines ; and thus often with an accusative :
also with in, Terent. Andr. 4. 3. 15, nova nunc religio in te
istaec incessit, cedo ?
Insilio, to jump or spring upon, with a dative, Ovid. Met. 8.
36? : 12. 345 : ibid. Trist. 1. 3. 9 : with an accusative, Hor.
Art. 465 : Ovid. Met. 8. 142 : Suet. Claud. 21 : also with in,
Liv. 6. 7 : Ca?s. B. G. 1. 52 : Plaut. Rud. 2. 3. 36.
Insulto : e. g. Cic. Verr. 5. 50, num tibi insult are in calamitate,
to insult: so Ovid. Trist. 2. 571, iacenti : ibid. 5. 8. 4, casi-
itfsalicuius: Virg. Georg. 3. 116, insult are solo, to stamp on
the ground, to leap upon it, to gallop : so ibid. 4. 1 \,Jioribus :
Hor. Od. 3. 3. 40, busto : Ovid. Met. 1. \<Z4,fuctibus : Tac.
Ann. 2. 8, aquis : Terent. Eun. 2. 2. 54, na? tu istam (forem
door) faxo calcibus sa?pe insult obis frustra ; therefore insultare
fores, to leap against the door : Tac. Ann. 4. 59, qui nunc
patientiam senis, et segnitiam iuvenis iuxta insultet, alike in-
sults : so aliquem, e. g. mulios bonos insult aver at, Sail. Fragni.
ap. Donat. ad Terent. Eun. 2. 2. 54: Serv. ad Virg. JEn. 9.
643 : so insultat te miserum, Lucil. ap. Non. 4. n. 262.
Occumbere morti and mortem, to die : the former occurs Virg.
/En. 2. 62, certa occumbere morti : the latter, Cic. Tusc. 1.
42 : Liv. 26. 45 : 31. 18 : the accusative is governed by ob :
we also find for these, occumbere morte, Liv. 1. 7, or letosegni,
Val. Flacc. 1. 633: also letum,S\\. 13.380: also neci, Ovid.
Met. 15. 499^ necern voluntariam, Sueton. Aug. 13. Ernest,
where other editions have nece voluntaria.
Curo to take care of, to care for, is commonly followed by an ac-
cusative ; as euro hanc rem: yet it is also joined to a dative,
as Plaut. True. 1. 2. 35, quia tuo vestimento et cibo, rebus
alienis curas : so also in other places, e.g. ibid. Hud. 1. 2. 92 :
ibid.Trin. 4.3. 50: Ace. ap. Macrob. Sat. 6. 1.
Dejicio, to fail, commonly with an accusative ; as Cic. Rose.
Am. 32, tempus te citius quam oratio deficeret, time would
Of the Dative. 33
fail thee, sooner than speech : so Cic. Brut. 24 : sometimes
also with a dative ; as Ca3s. B. G. 3. 5, ac non solum vires,
sed etiam tela nostris deficerent.
Desperare , to despair of any thing, to have no more hope ; Cces.
B. G. 3. 12, suis fortunis desperare cceperunt: ibid. 7* 50,
ac sibi desperam, i.e. on his own account: Cic. Mur. 21,
quoniam sibi hie ipse desperat : so saluti su&, Cic. Cluent.
25 : oppidoj Cic. Pis. 34. Also with an accusative ; as Cic.
Cat. 2. 9, honores, quos quieta republica desperans : Cic.
Mur. 21, ut honorem desperasse videatur : so pacem, Cic.
Att. 7- 20 : thence we find, homo a se desperatus : e. g. Cic.
Pis. 41, a te ipso desperatum et relictum (te) : thence despe-
ramur, i.e. desperat ur de nobis, Cic. Q. Fr. 1.3: essent de-
sperandi, Cic. Cat. 2. 5 : thence also the common expression,
rebus desperatis, all hope being lost, since all hope is dismissed.
The reason, why despero governs an accusative, seems to be,
that spero also governs one. We find, moreover, desperare
de aliqua re, e. g. de republica, Cic. ad Pomp, in Epp. ad
Att. 8. 11.
Medicor, to heal : Virg. Georg. 2. ?35, senibus medicantur an-
helis: and figuratively, e. g. gnato, Terent. Andr. 5. 1. 12:
mihif ibid. 5. 4. 41 : also with an accusative; e. g. Virg. /En.
7. 756, medicari cuspidis ictum evaluit: so venenum, Plin.
H. N. 1 1. 33 : and figuratively, e.g. metum, Plaut. Most. 2.
1. 40 : it is the same with medeor ; see above, n. 5.
Moderor, to moderate, tame, govern, regulate, guide, or manage
properly : Plaut. True. 4. 3. 57, non vinurn homini sed vino
homines modeiari solent: Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 1. 13, moderari
vero et animo et orationi cum sis iratus, et tacere, to mode-
rate &c. : Hor. Epist. 1. 2, 59, qui non moderabitur ira, mo-
derate, tame : so Liv. 4. 7 : so fortune su&j Liv. 37. 35 :
lingua, Plaut. Cure. 4. 1. 25 : also with an accusative, e. g.
Cic. Verr. 3. 98, Iota3 res rustics eiusmodi sunt, ut eas non
ratio, neque labor, sed res incertissimaB, venti tempestatesque
moderentur, regulate : ibid. Tusc. 5. 36, an tibicines, iique
qui fidibus utuntur, suo, non multitudinis, arbitrio, cantus nu-
VOL. II. D
34 Of the Dative.
tnerosque moderantur, govern, manage : so animos in secun-
dis, Liv. 42. 62 : gaudium, Tac. Ann. 2. 72 : dtiritiam legum,
Suet. Claud. 14: equuni, Lucret.5. 1297 : Caes. B. G. 4. 33 :
se moderari ac regere, Cic. Or. 1. 52. It seems that mode-
rari to moderate, to tame, is more commonly used with a da-
tive, and moderari to govern, with an accusative ; yet this is
conjectural : moderor may be compared with tempera, which
occurs hereafter.
Pr&cedo : 1 .) properly, to go before, to precede : e. g. with an
accusative, Virg. ^En. 9. 47, Turnus ut antevolans tardum
pracesserat agmen : so also opus esse (se) ipsos pracedere,
Caes. B. G. 7. 54: custodes suos pracedere coepit, Justin. 14.
4-: venturas pr&cedat sexta calendas, Ovid. Fast. 1. 705:
2.) to excel : Plaut. Asin. 3. 3. 39, ut vestrae fortunae meis
pr&cedunt : Caes. B. G. 1. 1 1, Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos
virtute pr&cedunt ; so, cunctas provinciarum cultu pracedit,
Plin. H.N. 3. 1 : aliquem retate, Quintil. 10. 1. 103 : merely
aliquem, ibid. 6 : Plin. Ep. 6. 7. In the sense of, to excel,
it also governs a dative and accusative, but the latter more
usually.
Pr&curro, properly, to run before, to excel : e. g. with a dative,
Cic. Div. 1. 52, ut certis rebus certa signa pr&currerent, i.e.
might precede: so Cic. Acad. 1. 12, cognitionietperceptwni
adsertionem pr&currere: Cic. Cat. 4. 9, vos qui mlhi studio
pasne pracurritis, almost surpass : with an accusative ; e. g.
Cic. Off. 1.29,efficiendum est,ut appetitus rationi obediant,
eamque neque pracurrant, and may not precede it, or rank
before it : uterque Isocratem aatate pracurrit, Cic. Or. 52 :
pr&currit amicitia iudicium, Cic. Amic. 17 : aliquem nobili-
tate, Nep. Thras. 1 : i.e. excel : so f amicos vita, Hor. Epist.
1.20. 33. cf. Auct.Dial.de Orat. (at the end of Tacitus) 22.
Pr&ire: 1.) to go before, with an accusative; e. g. is pr&ibat
eum, cuius &c., Tacit. Ann. 6. 21 : Jamam sui, ibid. 15. 4 :
2.) it is also used to express, to go before another in speaking,
praying &c., what another is to say or pray in the same words;
prceire alicui voce, praaire verba, or verbis : Cic. Mil. 2, in-
Of the Dative. 35
citati sunt, ut vobis voce prairentj quid iudicaretis, to repeat
to you beforehand what judgement you should pronounce:
Quintil. 2. 5, legentibus singulis praire &c. : Cic. Dom. 52,
ut mihi pr&eatis, i.e. repeat before me : de officio iudicis
praire me tibi vis, Gell. 14. 2: Liv. &.9,prai verba, quibus
me devoveam, repeat to me the words, the formula &c. :
Liv. 9 46, coactus verba pr^ire, to go over the words, the
formula: so 42. 28 : Plaut. Rud. 5. 2. 48, prai verbis quid-
vis, say before me what you please, i. e. as a formula of swear-
ing, which I will follow : pr&ire sacramentum, Tac. Hist. 2.
74, to rehearse the oath : so carmen, Liv. 31. 1? : Val. Max.
4. 1. 10: obsecrationeniy Sueton. Claud. 22: pr&ire aliciti
iusiurandum, Plin. Paneg. 64. It appears, therefore, that the
thing which a person says beforehand to another may be in
the accusative, but not the person to whom he says it, who
must be in the dative. Also without the dative or verba,
verbis, voce &c. : e. g. duumviris pr&euntibus, Liv. 4. 22 :
iurare alio praeunte, Plin. Paneg. 64, where verba may be
understood.
Prasto, to excel, literally, to stand before one, and therefore to
have a preference over him, is very common with the dative
and accusative : praestare alicui or aliquein in aliqua re, to
excel any one &c. : Cic. Or. 2. 67, Socratem longe lepore
et humanitate omnibus pr&stitisse : ibid. Fin. 4. 18, tantum-
que prastat ceteris rebus&c. : and elsewhere with the dative ;
e. g. Cic. Invent. 2. 1 : Cic. Or. 1. 44 : Sail. Cat. 1 : Nep.
Att. 3, civitatem, quag antiquitate, humanitate, doctrina pne-
staret omnes ; and in other places with the accusative, e. g.
Nep. Epam. 6 : Hann. 4 : Liv. 5. 36 : 44. 38.
Prtestolor, to wait for any one : Cic. ad Att. 2. 15, ut, quoniam
tu certi nihil scribis, in Formiano tibi prtsstoler usque ad &c.:
and elsewhere with a dative ; e. g. Cic. Cat. 1.9- huic spei t
Cic. Att. 3. 20, i. e. propter spem : Terent. Eun. ,5. 5. 6,
quern prastolare, Parmeno, hie ante ostium? for whom are
you waiting &c. ? and elsewhere with an accusative ; e. g.
aliquem,** ibid. 7 : Caes. B. C. 2. 23 : Plant. True. 2. 3.
D2
30 Of the Dative.
15: and with a genitive; e. g. cohortnun, Sisenn. ap. Non.
2. n. 709.
Praverto and pr aver tor, to come before, to excel, to precede, to
prefer, and to do in preference : e. g. Ca3s. B. G. 7- 33, Caesar
huic rei pr&vertendum existimavit, thought that this tiling must
come before, sc. others : it may also mean, must be done in
preference : Liv. 8. 16, quorum mum opportunitas pravertit,
comes before, makes unavailable : Ovid. Met. 2. 637, praver-
tunt me fata : Virg. JEn. 1 . 72 1 (725), animos amore, to preoc-
cupy : poculum,P\autM\\. 3. 1.59: Virg. JS.n.7. 807,sedproe-
lia virgo dura pati cursuque ])edum pmvertere ventos, may
be translated, preceded the winds, or excelled the winds, which
amounts to the same thing, though the first is closer to the origi-
nal. Yet we have pravertere to excel, Cic. Sull. 16, quern non
praverterhn, sc. by harsh speeches : yet it is uncertain, whe-
ther with a dative it denotes to excel. Some indeed cite Plaut.
Pseud. 1. 3. 59, sedquoniam pietatem amori video tuo pra-
vertere, but because I see that your filial affection excels your
love : but it may here be translated, to prefer, sc. because I
see that you prefer your filial affection to your love : at any
rate, this latter explanation is as applicable as the former.
Further, huic sermoni pravertendum, putes, Cic. Div. 1. 6,
i. e. to be preferred : so iusiurandi religionem amori, Gell.
4. 3, to prefer : so also with pr& ; e. g. uxorem prat republica,
Plaut. Amph. 1. 3. 30: rei mandate pr&verti decet, Plaut.
Merc. 2. 3. 40, i. e. to do in preference : so also pr caver ti ei
rei volo, ibid. Capt. 2. 3. 99 : huic rei pravertendum esse,
Ca3s. see above : litibus, Plaut. Pers. 5. 2. 20.
Studeo has indeed a dative after it, as was mentioned above ;
yet we also find has res sttideant, Plaut. Mil. 5. 44 : so studere
literas, e. g. Cic. Sen. p. red. 6, cum vero etiam liter as stu-
dere incepit&c., which seems singular, viz. that it is followed
by a substantive in the accusative; for pronouns of the neuter
gender, and nihil frequently follow it ; e. g. Terent. Andr. 1 .
1. 28, eadem student : Cic. ad Div. 6. 1, qui, si nihil aliud
studet, nisi id, quod agit Sec.: Terent. Andr. 1.1, 31,horum
Of the Dative. 37
ille nihil egregie prae cetera studebat : also unum studetis,
Cic. Phil. 6. 7. Yet from such neuters we can draw no in-
ference, since we find them used for almost all cases. Even
in the above-cited place from Cicero, Erriesti and Graevius
read literis studere.
Tempero: 1.) to moderate, tame, spare: 2.) to govern, guide:
e. g. temper are lingua, Liv. 28. 44 : Plant. Rud. 4. 7. 28,
to moderate, to subdue his tongue : so temperare lacrymis,
Liv. 30. 20, to moderate, spare, refrain his tears : temperare
ir&y Liv. 33. 5, or iras, Virg. ^En. 1. 57 (6l), to moderate
anger : temperare c&dibus, to moderate the slaughter, to re-
strain himself in slaughter, Liv. 2. 16 : latitia, Liv. 5. 7 :
sibi, Ca3s. B. G. 1. 18 : Liv. 34. 8 : or se a re, Liv. 39. 10:
victoria, Sail. Cat. 1 1 : victoriam, Cic. Marc. 3: calores solis,
Cic. Nat. Deor. 1 . 53, to moderate, to soften : so acerbita-
tem morum, Cic. Phil. 12. 11: temperare sociis, Cic. Verr.
1. 59, to spare the allies : but temperare rempublicam, to go-
vern the state : Cic. Tusc. 1. 1, rempublicam nostri maiores
certe melioribus temperavenint et institutis etlegibus : ratem,
to steer or manage a ship; Ovid. Met. 13. 366, quantoque,
ratem qui temperat, anteit remigis officium. Hence when it
means to govern, to guide, temperare seems to take an accu-
sative rather than a dative.
Note: To these some add the following :
Prwellere : 1) to excel, is used with an accusative; Tac. Ann.
2. 43, Liviam pr&cellebat : so Pand. 50. 2. 6 : 2.) to rule or
preside over, e.g. with the dative ; a,s,genti Adorsorum, Tacit.
Ann. 12. 15.
Pravenio, to come before, is joined to an accusative, Liv. 8. 16,
tamen, ut beneficio pravemrent desiderium plebis : and else-
where with an accusative ; e.g. ibid. 31 : 24. 25 : lustin. 42.
4. No example of the dative has been produced.
Adversor, to be against, to oppose, is always followed by a da-
tive ; as Cic. Or. 51, quis porro Isocrati est adversatus im-
pensius ? and elsewhere, e. g, Cic. Verr. 5. 31 : Cic. Still. 18 :
38 Of the Dative.
Terent. Hec. 4. 4. 3. With an accusative indeed it occurs
sometimes in Tacitus; as Hist. 1. 1 : 4. 84 ; but the learned
maintain that in all such instances aversari must be substi-
tuted : and this is the reading of Ernesti throughout.
IX.) Many verbs with the same, or not very different
significations, have at one time a dative, at another
time some other case : e. g.
Abdicare : e. g. abdicare magistratum, to abdicate the magi-
stracy, either by compulsion or otherwise; e. g. dictaturam,
Liv. 6. 18 : abdicare se magistrate, as consulatu, pratura
&c., Liv. 2. 2 : 3. 29 : Cic. Cat. 3. 6, to abdicate the office :
perhaps properly to depose one's self from the office. Note :
abdicare alicui magistratum apparently does not occur.
Adscribere civitati, in civitatem, in civitate, to admit, to enrol
as a citizen : e. g. Cic. Arch. 4, adscribi se in earn civitatem
voluit : ibid, si qui fotderatis civitatibus adscripti essent :
ibid. Heracleame esse turn adscript um negabis ? ibid. 5, pra3-
sertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus merit adscriptus. So
also in municipium, Cic. ad Div. 13. 30: in numerum, Cic.
Phil. 2. 13: also ad numerum tuum, Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 1. 5:
ad amicitiam, Cic. Off. 3. 10.
Adspergere alicui aliquid, to sprinkle any thing on one, and ad-
spergere aliquem aliqua re, to sprinkle one with any thing ;
e. g. Plin. H. N. 12. 10, Uquorem oat/is ; and figuratively,
Cic. Vat. 17, sed cum T. Annium tantopere laudes, et claris-
simo viro nonnullam laudatione tua labeculam adspergas :
Pand. 37- 14. 17, alicui notam: Cic. Mur. 31, si illius comi-
tatem et facilitatem tu& gravitati sereritatic[\\e adsperseris :
Plaut. Epid. 4. 1. 28, pectus aqua : and figuratively, e.g.
Cic. Plane. 12, hum tu vita3 splendorem maculis adspergis
istis? thence also adspergi mfamia, Nep. Ale. 3 : Cic.
Coel. 10.
dfferiur (adfertur}, news is brought : e. g. mihi and ad me :
Cic. Brut. 1, cum Rhodum vcnisscm, ct mihi de Q. Hor-
Of the Dative. 39
tensii morte esset allatum: Cic. ad Div. 3. 10, cum est ad
nos allatum de temeritate eorum : so adferre ad aliquem, to
bring word, to relate, Cic. Coel. 21. Also allatum est, with-
out a case after it, news came, Liv. 10. 45 : so adtulit, Liv.
6.6.
Circumdare: l.)aliquid alicui rei, to put one thing round an-
other ; e. g.fossam lecto, Cic. Tusc. 5. 20 : exercitum castris,
and elsewhere : 2.) aliquid re, to surround one thing with
another, e. g. oppidum vallo, Cic. ad Div. 15. 4: oppidum
corona, Liv. 4. 47 ; and elsewhere.
Coiifidere rei and re, to trust, to confide, as sibi, sua3 virtuti, sua
virtute &c., is very common : e. g. virtuti, Cic. Phil. 5. 1 :
area, Cic. Att. 1.1: militibus, Liv. 2. 45 : urbe, Cic. ad
Div. 12. 14: natura loci, Cass. B. G. 3. 9 : Jirmitate corpo-
ris, Cic. Tusc. 5. 14: also with de, when it means about,
with regard to; as Ca3s. B. C. 2. 5, de salute urbis coriftdere,
cf. Nep. Milt. 1.
Donare alicui aliquid, and aliquern aliqua re, as in English, to
present a thing to any one, or to present any one with some-
thing ; both are very usual : the first occurs Cic. Rose. Am.
8 : Cic. Pis. 3..: Cic. Tusc. 5. 3: Cic. Fin. 3. 5 : and else-
where : the second, Cic. Verr. 3. 80 : Cic. Arch. 3 : Cic.
Nat. Deor. 2. 2 : CaBS. B. C. 3. 54 : and in other places.
Excellere aliis, to excel others, and excellere inter alios, or super
alios, to excel amongst others, or beyond others : Cic. Invent.
2. 1, Zeuxin, qui turn longecetem excellere pictoribus existi-
mabatur : it also occurs with ceteris, Cic. Tusc. 2. 18 : with
aliis, Cic. Or. 2. 54 : Cic. Or. 2, quantum inter omnes unus
excellat : super ceteros, Liv. 28. 43 : ante ceteros, Apul. Flor.
3. p. 356. Elmenh. : also with an accusative, e. g. cum laude
excellet omnes, Macer. ^Emil. ap. Diomed. 1.
Exuere vestem alicui or sibi, to strip off; and se or aliquem
veste : e. g. aliquem veste, Suet. Ner. 32 : vinculas^i, Ovid.
Met. 7. 773 : telum e vulnere, Stat. Theb. 9- 287 : ensem
vagina, ibid. 76 : se ex laqueis, Cic. Verr. 5. 85 : se iugo,
Liv. 34. 13. The following are particularly common ; exuere
40 Of the Dative.
hostern caslris, to deprive the enemy of his camp, Liv. 31 . 42 :
armis, Liv. 34. '28 : impcdimentis, COBS. B. G. 7. 14 ? where
cxuere castra hosti would be incorrect: thence also exutus
castris, i. e. privatus. So the thing often occurs with a bare ac-
cusative, as iugum, Liv. 35. 15 : alas, Virg. JEn. 1.690(694),
to lay aside : cxuere hnmanitatem omnem, Cic. Ligar. 5, to
lay aside all humanity : mores antiques, Liv. 27. 8 : servitu-
tent't Liv. 34. 7 : animam, Ovid. Met. 14. 777, i. e. to die.
Habitare in loco or locum, as in English, to dwell in a place, or
to inhabit a place ; e.g. in urbe, Cic. Dom. 37 : sub terra,
Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 37 : apud aliquem, Cic. Acad. 4. 36 :
urbem, Virg. JEn. 3. 106 : casas, ibid. Eel. 2. 29 : sylvas,
ibid. 6. 2 : thence urbs habitatur, Cic. Verr. 4. 53 : so also
incolere locum, terrain &c., Cic. Verr. I. 17: 4. 10: Cic.
Tusc. 1. 6, and frequently incolere in loco, inter loca, trans,
&c. e. g. Ca33. B. G. 1. 1 : 2. 35 : Liv. 5. 32. &c.
Impertio, or also impertior, to impart any thing to one, to give
him a share, to make him participator, e. g. laudem alicui
impertiri, to impart praise : Cic. Manil. 8, me Lucullo tan-
turn impertiri laudis, to impart so much praise to Lucullus :
Cic. Amic. 19, ut, si quam praestantiam virtutis, ingenii,for-
tunas consecuti sint, impertiant earn suis, they may give a
share to their friends : also alicui de re familiari, Cic. Off.
2. 15: aliquem muitio, Plant. Stich. 2. 1. 17 : aliquem os-
culo, Suet. Ner. 37 : thence passively, doctrinis, quibus
(Etas puerilis impertiri debet, Nep. Att. 1 : thence also im-
pertire aliquem salute, Cic. Att. 2. 12 : and alicui salutem,
Terent. Eun. 2. 2. 40, to greet.
Incidere to engrave, to cut in, to imprint: rei, in rem, in re,
e. g. in as incidere: Cic. Phil. 1. 10, id lex erit, et in <es in-
cidi videbitis : nomcn saxis, Plin. Paneg. 54 : incidere cortici
literas, to cut letters on the bark, Plin. H. N. 16. 9 : carmen
incisum in sepulcro, Cic. Senect. 17 : nominam tabula, Cic.
ad Div. 13. 36. We also find incidere pennas alicui, to cut
any one's wings : e. g. Cic. Att. 4. 2, where Cicero, speaking
of himself, i>H} ; ? qui mihi pennas incidcrant, nolunt eas renasci :
Of the Dative. 41
so arborem, Caes. B. G. 2. 17, to cut into the tree, to make
an incision : yet it may mean to cut oft*: thence inciditur
(arbor) vitro, with glass, Plin. H. N. 12. 25, i. e. is cut into :
so spem incidere, to take away hope, Liv. 3. 58, where spe
incisa occurs : venas alicui, Cic. Har. 16, to open the veins :
incidere nervos populo Romano, to unnerve, Cic. Ag. 2. 18.
These accusatives are all governed by in : it properly means,
to cut into any thing.
Induere to put on, to draw on, to clothe : also to put into, to
thrust into, e. g. sibi or alicui vestem, and se or aliquem
veste, e. g. alicui tunicam t Cic. Tusc. 2. 8 : torquem sibi,
Cic. Fin. 2.22: vestes humeris, Ovid. Her. 21.90: indui
veste, Terent. Eun. 4. 4. 40 : indutus sociis, Cic. Or. 3. 32.
The following are various expressions ; falsam sibi scientiae
persuasionem induere, to assume a false persuasion of one's
knowledge, Quintil. 1.1: induere se mucrone, Virg. .ZEn.
10. 681, to stab himself: induere se in florem, to bloom,
Virg. Georg. 1. 188: pomis se induit arbor, ibid. 4. 143:
se in laqueum, Cic. Verr. 2. 42 : se in captiones, Cic. Div.
2. 17 : acutissimis vallis, Caes. B. G. 7. 73 : hastis, Liv.
44. 41 : cum venti se in nubem induerint, Cic. Div. 2. 19,
i. e. covered : illiquid in mentes hominum, Gell. 2. 29: induit
lacertos suos tons (meis), Ovid. Met. 9- 82, lays his arms
on my muscles, confines me. The accusative is governed
by in, though we do not exactly know whence the word is
derived.
Inspergere to sprinkle on : Plin. H. N. 12. 17, folia inspergere
potiouibus: so also far mam pot ioni, ibid. 26. 8 : cinerempo-
tioni, ibid. 28. 5 : so Cic. Div. 2. 16, molam et vinum in-
spergere; though without a dative: Cato R. R. 65, oleam
sale iiispergito, sprinkle with, strew with.
Inter dicere to interdict, to forbid, is generally reckoned with
these. But we always find interdicere aliquid alicui, e. g.
usum purpurae, Liv. 34. 7 : alicui usum coloris, Suet. Ner.
32 : alicui palriam, lustin. 16. 4 : and in other places.
Thence, passively, interdici non poteiat soce.ro gener, Nep.
42 Of the Dative.
Hamilc. 3 : pramio interdicto, Cic. Balb. 10 : also alicui
aliqua re, e. g. Romanis Gallia, Caes. B. G. 1. 46 : patribus
commercio plebis, Liv. 5. 3, and elsewhere : also passively,
amoribus interdictum iuventuti putet, Cic. Coel. 20 : cf. Cic.
Senect. 7 : thence in the formula of banishment, interdicere
alicui aqua et igni, Cic. Phil. 1 . 9 : 6. 4 : Caes. B. G. 6. 44 ;
never aliquem aliqua re. Some indeed cite from Caes. B. G.
1. 46, qua arrogantia Ariovistus omni Gallia Romanos
interdixisset, but erroneously : the reading in the most cele-
brated editions is Romanis* Yet Brutus in Epp. Cic. ad
Div. 11. 1.4, says, aqua et igni int erdicamur ; which is the
reading of Ernesti and other editors.
Intercludere alicui aliquid, and aliquem aliqua re, to refuse
any thing to any one, or to exclude any one from any thing :
e. g. Cass. B. G. 7. 11, quod pontis atque itinerum angustiae
multitudini fugam intercluserant : so Cic. Att. 7. 20: so
alicui aditus ad aliquem, Cic. Rose. Am. 38: alicui com-
meatum, Plaut. Mil. 2. 2. 68: alicui exitum, Liv. 22. 13:
Caes. B. G. 1. 48, eo consilio, utifrumento commeatuque
Casarem intercluderet : and in other places, e. g. re frumen-
laria, Cass. B. C. 1. 72 : itinere, ibid. 2. 20: Dyrrhachio,
ibid. 3. 42: also aliquem a re, e. g. ab exercitu, Caes. B. G.
7.1: a castris, Liv. 27. 42 ; and in other places.
Mitto tibi and ad te, e. g. literas ; both occur together, Nep.
Att. 0, nunquam ad suorum quenquam literas misit, quin
Attico mitteret, (i. e. wrote, sent word,) quid ageret : and so
also Cicero, e. g. literas alicui, Cic. Att. 6. 5 ; librum ad
aliquem, ibid. 8. 12.
Nubere viro : we also find nuptam esse cum aliquo : e. g. Plaut.
Amph. Prol. 97, quicum (i. e. quocum) Alcumena est
nupta : Cic. ad Div. 15. 3, quocum esset nupta regis Arme-
niorum soror : and elsewhere : e. g. Cic. Verr. 4. 6 : Te-
rent. Hec. 4. 1. 19: Phorm. 5. 3. 34. It seems, however,
that cum rather depends on esse, than nupta ; e. g. haec est
nupta cum illo seems properly to mean, she is with him, as a
married woman, or wife ; for esse cum aliquo means to be
Of the Dative. 43
with any one, and nupta seems to be in apposition. It is,
therefore, still uncertain whether it be correct to say, nubere
cum aliquo. At any rate, we have never found nubo, nu->
bam, and the tenses thence derived, followed by cum.
Scribere alicui, and ad aliquem, is usual : e. g. alicui, Cic. ad
Div. 7. 10: 9. 16: Cic. Att. 5. 11: 11. 7: Gas. B. G.
5. 46 : ad aliquem, Cic. ad Div. 2. 19 : 6. 23 : 14. 2 : Cic.
ad Att. 5. 11 : 11.7.
X.) Many verbs, when used with different signifi-
cations, are followed by different cases ; as
JEmulari aliquem, to imitate any one with emulation, to rival,
is very usual ; as Nep. Epam. 5, me Agamemnonem &mulari
putas : Hor. Od. 4. 2. 1, Pindarum quisquis studet &mu-
lari : also with an accusative of the thing, e. g. negligentiam,
Terent. Andr. Prol. 20 : studia alicuius amulari, to be the
scholar or disciple of any one, Liv. 1. 18, speaking of Py-
thagoras : iuvenum amulantium studia ccetus habuisse. On
the contrary, amulari alicui or cum aliquo is translated, to
envy: as Cic. Tusc. 1. 19, quod Us amulemur, qui ea ha-
beant, quas nos habere cupiamus : Liv. 28. 43, Scipio says
against his opponent Fabius, tanquam mini ab infimo quo-
que periculum sit, ne mecum temuletur. But in both places
it seems better to understand a rivalry or envious rivalry :
since rivalry is scarcely possible without dislike. It does
not seem that ffimulari can denote simply to envy. Thence
aemulari aliquem does not appear to differ much in use from
aemulari alicui or cum aliquo. It sometimes may be trans-
lated, to attain, to reach, e. g. Agamemnonem &c. Nep.
cited before : (uva3 basilica) aemulantur Albano vino, Plin.
H. N. 14. 2.
Accedo tibi, to accede or assent to : e. g. Quint. 9. 4, itaque
accedam in plerisque Ciceroni: so ibid. 3. 4: also ad, e. g.
ad consilium, Nep. Milt. 3 : but hoc tibi accedit ad illud,
this besides that, this in addition to the former comes to you :
Tcrcnt. And. 1. 3, 10, ad hsec mala hoc mi accedit ctiam, to
44 Of the Dative.
these my old misfortunes, this new one is added ; where Ed.
Zeun. has accidit : so desiderio nostro et labori tuo, Cic. Q.
Fr. 1. 1 : fortunis, Cic. Verr. 1.2. So we find accedere ad
aliqucm, nd illiquid, to approach any one, any thing ; as ac-
cedere ad hominem, ad ignem, ad urbem, ad rempublicam,
i. e. to begin to serve the state as a magistrate, in war &c. :
so ad deos, Cic. Ligar. 12 : ad similitudinem alicuius, Cic.
Att. 7, to be like any one ; and elsewhere.
Aitscultare alicui, 1.) to obey any one : Terent. Andr. 1. 3. 4,
Pamphilumne adiutem, an auscultem seni ? so Cic. Rose.
Am. 36, and elsewhere : 2.) to listen to, to attend to, Plant.
Mil. 2. 6. 16: Rud. 2. 6. 31. Auscultare aliquem means
1.) to hear : Plaut. Pcen. 4. 2. 19, et nimis eum ausculto li-
bens : so also ibid. Aul. 3. 5. 22: Catull. 66. 39 : 2.) to
obey : Plant. Trin. 3. 2. 36, nisi me auscultas atque hoc
facis. So audio is also used in the sense to obey : e. g. Cic.
ad Div. 2. 18, sed si me audies, vitabis inimicitias, if you will
attend to me &c. Thus in English we sometimes say, to
hear, instead of, to attend to, to obey.
Caveo alicui, Cic. Phil. 1. 2, to provide safety for any one, to
take care of his safety, by averting injury : so also sibi, Cic. Pis.
12 : Cic. Verr. 1. 35 : Terent. Eun. 4. 7. 12 : populo cavere
prsedibus, to give security to the people by bail, Liv. 21 . 60 :
Cic. Verr. 1.54. Cavere clientibus was said of jurists when
they gave certain forms or provisions to their clients, Cic. ad
Div. 7- 6 : cavere sibi ab aliquo, to take care of himself against
any one : also merely ab aliquo, Cic. Phil. 12. 10 : a veneno,
Cic. Fin. 5. 12: also cavere ab aliquo is translated to take
security from anyone, Cic. Verr. 2.23 : Cic. Brut. 5: cavere
alt quern to beware of any one; cavere aliquid to guard against
any thing : these are all very common ; e. g. aliquem, Cic.
Dom. 11 : aliquid, Cic. Att. 16. 11 : Cic.'ad Div. 11. 21 :
and in other places.
Consulo tibi, 1 take care for thee (not to give counsel) ; alicui
rei, Cic. ad Div 4. 9 : 11 . 29 : Cic. Phil 2. 2 : so consulere
alicuius commodis, to consult any one's advantage : consulere
Of the Dative. 45
aliquem, Cic. ad. Div. 9. 26 : Cic. Div. 2. 4 : Cic. Leg. 2.
16, to take any one's advice, to consult any one : consulere
in aliquem, e. g. graviter, crudeliter, to proceed harshly,
cruelly, against any one ; see Liv. 3. 36 and 59 : 8. 13 :
30. 43 : Terent. Heaut. 3. 1. 28: consulo boni, or cequi bo-
wzque, I am satisfied, pleased therewith, take it in good
part : see above Sect. V. 3. n. II. obs. 2. Consulere means
also, to consider, e. g. de re, Cic. Sail. 22 : rem, Liv. 2. 28.
Cnpio tibi, I am devoted to thee : cupio aliquid, I am desirous
after something ; e. g. alicui, Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 2. 3 : Caes. B.
G. 1. 18 : Terent. Andr. 5. 4. 2.
Deficit mihi, and me, it fails me : e. g. vires me deficiunt,
strength fails me : pecunia me, mihi, deficit. With the ac-
cusative it occurs, Cic. Brut. 24 : Cic. Rose. Am. 32 : with
the dative, Ca3S. B. G. 3. 5. Deficere ab aliquo, to fall oflf^
to revolt from any one ; e. g. deficere a rege, in Nepos : a vir-
tute, Cic. Amic. 11: ab amicitia, Nep. Con. 2 : a nobis,
Liv. 31.7: a repnblica, Cic. Plane. 35: also ad aliquem,
Liv. 22. 61, i. e. to go over to any one : also deficere aliquem
means to desert any one, Cic. Verr. 2. 21 : 3. 46.
Do alicui literas to give a letter to any one, i.e. to carry to
another ; do ad aliquem literas, to write to any one, is usual,
e. g. Cic. Att. 11. 25 : Cic. Cat. 3. 5, where both instances
occur together. Yet sometimes we have dare alicui literas,
to write to a person, e. g. Cic. ad Div. 16. 3, ex quo loco
tibi literas dederam, from which place I wrote to you.
Facere aliquid, to make, to do any thing, is familiar : quid huic
homini facias ? Cic. Crecin. 1 1, what will you do with this
man ? so, quid facias illi, Terent. Andr. 2. 1. 116 : at other
times we find homine &c.
Horreo, I shudder, am terrified, frightened : horreo tibi, I am
frightened for thee, on thy account, is the dative of advantage
in answer to the question for whom ? for whose advantage,
or from love for whom ? Horreo aliquid, I am frightened at
any thing, is very common ; e. g. horreo conspectum omnium,
4G Of the Dative.
Cic. ad Alt. 11.14: so crimen, ibid. 9. 2 : Cic. Verr. 5. 29 :
dolorem, Cic. Tusc. 5. 30 : so horreo pauperiem, mare &c. :
horrere aliqua re, to be stiff with any thing ; as, ager horret
liastis, Virg. jEn. 11. 602: phalanx horrens hastis, Liv.
44. 41 : terga horrentia setis, Ovid. Met. 8. 428.
Impono, to lay on, to place on, alicui aliquid ; as, irnponere
onus alicui, to lay a burden on any one, Cic. ad Div. 13. 56 :
alicui coronam, Cic. Flacc. 32 : also with in and an accusa-
tive; e. g. dextrain in caput, Liv. 1. 18. Ed. Drakenb.,
where other editions have in capite : aliquem in equum,
Liv. 35. 35 : in plaustrum, Liv. 5. 40 : pedem in navem,
Plaut. Rud. 2. 6. 6 : also aliquid in re, e. g. Liv. 8. 23, co-
loniam in agro : Nep. Cim. 4, custodem in hortis : Cic. Nat.
Deor. 1 . 20, itaque imposuistis in cervicibus nostris sempi-
ternum dominum : imponere alicui, to cheat, to overreach,
to impose upon : Cic. Q. Fr. 2. 6, cui tamen egregie impo-
suit Mflo noster : Nep. Eum. 5 : for which we have aliquid
imponere alicui, Cic. Att. 15, 26, sc. fraudis.
Incumbo rei, to lean, bend, or press upon any thing : e. g. remis,
Virg. jEn. 5. 15, and elsewhere : also in or ad aliquid, e. g.
ingladium, Cic. Invent. 2. 51 : or gladium without in, Plaut.
Cas. 2. 4. 29 : or gladio, Auct. ad Herenn. 1 . 11: in ali-
quem, Curt. 6. 9 : ad aliquem, Ovid. Met. 9. 385, i. e. to
bend one's self down : this denotes a great labour, and thence
incumbere in or ad aliquid, to exert great labour on anything ;
e. g. ad rempublicam, ad literas, to devote one's attention to
the state, to letters : so also in rempublicam, Cic. ad Div.
10. 1 : in causam, Cic. Phil. 4. 5 : in aliquod studium, Cic.
Or. 1. 18: in bellum, Ca3s. B. G. 7. 76: ad laudem, Cic.
ad Div. 10. 10: ad lenitatem, Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 1. 3. Thus
also with a dative, e. g. ceris et stylo, Plin. Ep. 7. 27 : ro-
gandis legibus, Flor. 3. 16 : labori, Sil. 4. 820.
Interest: 1 .) is between : murus interest, there is a wall be-
tween : so via interest perangusta, Liv. 22. 4 : Tiberis inter
eos interesset, Cic. Cat. 3. 5 : also, speaking of time, tres anni
interfuerunt, three years intervened : so, anni triginta inter-
Of the Dative. 47
fuere, Liv. 1.3: ni intejfuerint decem anni, Cic. Leg. 3. 3,
e Legg. XII. Tab. : inter primum et sextum consulatum sex
et quadraginta anni interfuerunt, Cic. Senect. 17 : 2.) there
is a difference : e. g. inter hominem et bestiam hoc maxime
interest, Cic. Off. 1. 4, there is principally this difference, cf.
Liv. 36. 2 : also with the dative, Ter. Eun. 2. 2. 2, stulto in-
telligens quid interest ? 3.) it is the concern, the interest of:
e. g. interest patris, mea, tua &c., it is the concern of the
father, of me Sec. : see before : 4.) interesse rei, to be present
at a thing, to have a part in a thing, e. g. sermoni, to be pre-
sent at a discourse : interfui pugna, I was (present) at the
battle: so prodio, Ca?s. B. G. 7. 87 : negotiis, Cic. ad Div.
1. 6: comiliis, Cic. Att. 14. 22: crudelitati, ibid. 9. 5:
rebus divinis, Cses. B. G. 6. 13 : we also find interesse in re,
e. g. Cic. Rose. Am. 14, ne in convivio quidem ullo inter-
fuisse : so ibid. 38, quibus in rebus ipsi interesse non possu-
mus : so in testamento, Cic. Cluent. 59.
Manet mihi h&c res, this thing remains for me : bellum tibi
manet, war remains for thee, i. e. thou hast not yet peace :
e. g. Liv. 1. 53, manere his bellum : manet me mors, poena
&c., death, punishment awaits me : Virg. Mn. 7. 596, te
manebit supplicium : so premia manent, sc. te, ibid. 3. 503 :
indigna manent victos, Liv. 26. 13 : Liv. 10. 35, qui nudus
atque inermis host em maneat, ei &c. Also manere is used
in the sense to await, but without a case following ; Liv.
24. 22, periculumque ingens manet, nisi Sec. for imminet.
In Cic. Phil. 2. 5, there stands, according to the edition of
Graevius, cuius (Clodii) quidem tibi fatum, sicut Curioni,
manet, i. e. awaits thee : in other editions, particularly in
the last of Ernesti, the reading is te and Curionem.
Merere sibi aliquid, to merit or earn something for one's self;
e. g. Plaut. Men. 1. 3, neque hodie, ut te perdam, meream
deum (for deorum) divitias mihi, I should not earn the wealth
of the Gods: so without sibi\ e.g. prcemia, COBS. B. G.
7. 35 : laudem, ibid. 14, and elsewhere; e. g. Cic. Rose.
Com. 6: also frequently without a dative and accusative,
48 Of the Dative.
as merere equo, to earn pay as a soldier, to serve on horse-
back : merere and merer! de, to deserve of another, bene or
male e. g. de homine, de patria &c. : as meruisse uptime de
republica, Cic. Att. 10. 4: merer! de &c., Cic. Amic. 24:
Cic. ad Div. 10. 5 ; and in other places.
Met uo titi, I fear for thee, on thy account, i. e. lest an evil be-
fall thee : e. g. pueris, Plaut. Am ph. 5. 1. 60 : senect&inopi,
Virg. Georg. 1. 156 : also sibi, e. g. sib! aliquem ; see here-
after. Metuo te t I fear thee, is very common : so metuere
aliquid, to fear any thing : Cic. Senect. 1 1 : Terent. Hec.
5. 2. 6: thence aliquem sibi, Plaut. Asin. 1. 1. 98 : moram
amori sno, ibid. Poen. 3. 1.6: so also molem sibi, Liv. 1.9:
also insidias ab aliquo, Cic. ad Div. 5. 6 : supplicia a vobis,
1. e. from your part, Cic. Rose. Am. 3 : also with de\ e. g.
de aliquo, Cic. Att. 10. 4 : de sua vita, ibid. : also with a or
ab; e. g. ab Hannibale, Liv. 23. 36.
Peto mihif I seek for myself, e. g. lignum, aquam ; thus also,
unde mihi peterem cibum, Terent. Heaut. 5. 2. 25 : also, I
ask or entreat for something : e. g. Curtio tribunatum a Cae-
sare petivi, Cic. Q. Fr. 2. 15 : qui petat Veneri Erycintf il-
lam hereditatem, Cic. Verr. 2. 8 : vitam nocenti, Tac. Ann.
2. 3 1 : peto aliquem, aliquid, I aim at somebody or some-
thing, whether in a friendly or hostile manner : e. g. petere
aliquem gladio, to attack, to aim at one, with a sword : so
belluam ferro, Hor. Epod. 5. 10: caput, Cic. Quint. 7, and
elsewhere : petere locum, urbem, to seek, or go to a place, a
city: e. g. Dyrrhachium, Cic. Plane. 41: castra, Nep.
Milt. 5 : loca calidiora, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 49 ; and in other
places : petere aliquid, aliquid ab aliquo, e. g. possessionem,
Cic. Flacc. 34, is very common.
Prastare : 1.) alicui or aliquem, to excel ; see above n. VIII. :
also to have preeminence, to be foremost, e. g. inter aquales,
Cic. Brut. 64 : 2.) prasstare aliquid, to be answerable for
something, to make it good, as damnum, to make good or
repair the injury : Cic. Off. 3. 16, emtori damnum pr&stari
oportere, the loss must be made good to the buyer : so cul-
Of the Dative. 49
pam prsestare, Cic. ad Div. 6. I : periculum, Cic. Mur. 2 :
vitiu.m, Cic. Off'. 3. iG : so aliquem, to be responsible for
one, to ensure ^him, Cic. Q. JFr. 1. 1.3: se, Cic. Att. 6. 2 :
in other places de re, Cic. Att. 10. 11: de homim y Cic. ad
Div. 15. Id. We also find pragstare a: e. g. Cic. ad. Div.
1. 4, ego tibi a vi prasstare nihil possum, 1 cannot at all en-
sure you from violence : 3.) praestare alicui officia, beneficia
&c., to render good offices, kindnesses : 4.) prasstare se vi-
rum, fortem, to prove or manifest himself a brave man :
prasta te virum, shew thyself a man : 5.) prasstat, it is
better: Cic. Nat. Deor. 3. 31, tacere prasstaret philosophis,
quam loqui : so multo mihi praestat, Cic. Sext. 69 : all these
instances are very common.
Prtebere alicui aliquid, to give or supply any thing to a person :
prasbere se fortem, prudentem, to exhibit himself as brave or
wise : Scipio semper se prasbuit fortem : thus also, se virum,
Cic. ad Div. 5. 18.
Prospicio alicui, to provide for any one, to take care for him :
see above n. V : prospicere aliquid, to foresee any thing : e. g.
tempestatem the weather, procellam 8cc. It is very usual ; e. g.
Cic. ad Div. 4. 3. 3, prospexi tempestatem futuram : ibid.
Amic. 12, prospicere oporteat futures casus reipublicae.
Qu&rere sibi aliquid, to seek something for himself: e. g. sibi
remedium, Cic. Cluent. 9 : so aliquid alicui rei ; e. g. sa-
lutem huic malo qucerant, Terent. Ad. 3. 2. 2 : quosrere ali-
quem, to seek any one, Terent. Heaut. 4. 8. 3 : Cic. Sext.
24 : aliquid, to inquire or ask about any thing, Liv. 4. 12 :
Cic. Verr. 1.1: quasrere ex aliquo, Cic. ad Div. 3. 6 : Cic.
Or. 1. 22 : or ab aliquo, Cic. Verr. 3. 83 : Nep. Epam. 4,
and Dion. 2, to question any one de aliqua re about any thing :
also de aliquo homine, Ovid. Pont. 4. 3. 18, about any one.
Sometimes also we find quasrere de aliquo for ab aliquo ; e. g.
Liv. 4. 40, quaero de te, arbitrerisne &c., I ask of thee &c.,
and in other places, e.g. Cic. Pis. 9 : Cic. Vatin. 4 : Cic. Att.
1. 14. At other times, qua^rere de aliquo homine, de aliqua
VOL. II. E
50 Of the Dative.
re, means, to institute an inquiry by torture about any person
or thing, also in aliquem, against any one ; which are very
common; e. g. Cic. Mil. 22, maiores nostri in dominum de
servis quaeri noluerunt, i. e. our ancestors forbade, that the
slaves should be examined by torture against their master.
Recipio tibi, I give you certain assurance, I undertake to you,
I pledge myself to you ; e. g. sibi, Cic. Att. 2. 22 : petenti,
Cic. ad Div. 10. 21. Plane. : also ad se or in se recipere : ad
se, Terent. Heaut. 5. 5. 12 : in se, Cic. ad Div. 13. 20: re-
cipio me in locum, e. g. in montem, I betake myself to, I re-
tire to the mountain : so Laodiceam, Cic. Att. 5. 21 : ad ali-
quem, ibid. 4. 15 : also e loco, Cic. Brut. Q2 : Plaut. Poen.
4. 1. 5: thus also Alexandria, Cic. Phil. 2. 26 : thence figu-
ratively ; e. g. recipere se ad bonam frugem, to better him-
self, Cic. Ccel. 12. Recipio aliquid : 1.) to recover, as res
amissas, Liv. 3. 63 : or to take again ; e. g. a city, Cic. Se-
nect. 4 : or to take back, Virg. JEn. 2. 525 : 9- 348 : also
simply to take, to receive, e. g. pecuniam, Cic. Rab. Post.
13 : qu&stus, Cic. Rose. Com. 8 : 2.) to take something on
one's self, to undertake something, e. g. onus, causam, a pro-
cess or suit, Cic. Rose. Am. 1 : mandatum, ibid. 39 : we
may also add in me ; e. g. periculum in se, Pand. 19. 2. 13,
i e. to take the risk on himself.
Referre alicui aliquid, to relate, to bring news of, Virg. Georg.
2. 118 : Terent. Phorm. 5. 1. 1 : also ad aliquem, Cic. Deiot.
9 : Ca3s. B. G. 1. 47 : referre ad aliquem aliquid or de ali-
qua re, to refer a matter to any one, or to refer to any one
about a matter, Cic. ad Div. 3. 12 : Cic. Dom. 53 : Nep.
Lys. 3 : particularly of the consul, referre ad senatum, to make
a proposition to the senate, to lay something before them, Cic.
Cat. 1.8: Cic. Phil. 8. 1 1 : referre aliquid also means to bring
something back, Cic. Verr. 4. 28 : Cic. Att. 15. 16 : Liv. 5.
23 : thence referre pedem or se, to go back, e. g. se, Cic. ad
Div. 7. 11 : Caes. B. C. 2. 8 : pedem, Liv. 7. 33, or gradum,
Liv. 1. 14: referre grati am, to return a favour, to repay a
Of the Dative. 5 1
kindness, Cic. lied. Quir. 10. Refert mea, tua &c. it is
my concern, it concerns me &c. magni much, parvi little
&c. : see above, sect. VI. 3. n. VII.
'Renuntiare rei, to renounce any thing, to resign, to give up, e. g.
muneri, an office : vitiis, to renounce one's faults : so officiis,
Quintil. 10. 7 : also alicui homini, Cic. Or. 1. 53 : also ali-
cui rem, to give up to any one, Cic. Verr. 1. 54 : Liv. 38. 3 1 :
renuntio tibi, to announce : renuntiare aliquem consulem, to
proclaim any one as consul : all these instances are very
common.
Respondere alicui, to answer any one : literis, to answer letters ;
also ad literas, ad aliquid, ad postulata : aliquid, to answer
something; respondere rei, to correspond to or with any
thing : as, exitus non respondet spei, the event does not cor-
respond to expectation : so verbis, Cic. Or. 12 : also, eventus
ad spem respondit, Liv. 9- 15.: 28. 6: these usages are all
familiar.
Solvo tibi pecuniam, I pay money to thee : solvo te, I free
thee, e. g. metu, from fear : solvere naves, to set sail : also
without naves or navem ; as Caes. B. G. 4. 23, nactus ido-
neam ad navigandum tempestatem, tertia fere vigilia sohit :
so Cic. Off. 3. 12 : Cic. Div. 16. 9 : also navis solvit, Ca?s.
B. G. 4. 28.
Timeo tibi, I fear for you ? on your account, Terent. Heaut.
3. 2. 20 : so also sibi, Caes. B. C. 3. 27 : libertati, Sail. lug.
39 : nostrte parti, Terent. And. 2. 5. 8 : also with de, Cic.
Att. 7. 5 : Caes. B. G. 5. 57 : also pro, Gell. 19- 1 : also a,
Cic. Sull. 20 : te, I fear thee, I am afraid of thee : also ali-
quid, Cic. ad Div. 1 5 : Cic. Div. 2. 55 : this is very
common.
Vacare, properly, to be at liberty, at leisure ; also to be with-
out something : e. g. vacare a re or re, to be free from a thing ;
as culpa, from a fault, Cic. ad Div. 7. 3 : molestia, Cic.
Acad. 4. 42 : morbo, Cels. 3. 22 : iustitia, Cic. Off. 1. 19 :
a metu, Liv. 7. 1 : a custodibus classium, Caes. B. C. 3. 2 :
E 2
52 Of the Dutirc.
vacare studiis, not to study, Cic. Orat. 3. 11, quibus studiis
vacant cives, peregrin! fruuntur, where studiis is the ablative :
locus vacat a custodibus &c. But vacare rei to turn one's
whole attention to a thing, to apply to a thing, properly, to
be free from all other affairs for that one : it is, therefore, the
so termed dative of advantage : e. g. vacare literis is properly,
perhaps, more usual than studere literis, viz. to be occupied
merely in study, to be devoted to letters : so philosophic, Cic.
Div. 1.6: libellis legendis, Suet. Aug. 45 : foroj Quintil.
10. 1. 114: homini, ibid. 1. 2. 8.
V alert rei, to be serviceable or useful, to avail any thing, is
perhaps rare : in this way it occurs, Pallad. Febr. 1, tanto
plus valebit nutriendis herbis : otherwise with ad, Cic. Fat.
4 : contra, Plin. H. N. 29. 4 : alicui ad gloriam, Cic. Cat.
4. 12. More usual is valere eloquentia to be effective by
eloquence, to be strong in eloquence : so dicendo, Cic. Brut.
14, i. e. to be strong in : so valere apud aliquem gratia &c. :
also equitatu, Cffis. B. G. 3. 20, i. e. to be strong in &c. :
so also animo, Cic. Div. 7. 1 : valere a pecunia is said jest-
ingly, Plaut. Aul. 2. 2. 9 : one is asked, ain' tu te valere ? to
which he replies, pol ego haud a pecunia perbene, I am not
very well on the side of money : a means on the side of, with
respect to. In the same way one says, Plaut. Epid. 1. 2. 26,
a morbo valui, ab animo a?ger fui, I was well with respect
to disease, with respect to feeling I was sick : so also ab
oculis, Gell. 13. 30. Further hoc valet in te, this avails
against thee, this tells upon thee : e. g. Cic. Div. 2. 56, vin-
cere te Romanes nihilo magis in se, quam in Romanos va-
lere : where the discourse is about the prediction of an ora-
cle, aio te, ^Eacida &c. : also to prevail with, to work upon,
to have influence with ; e. g. in aliquem, Liv. 7. 6 : ad, Cic.
Fat. 4 : Liv. 38. 28. Sometimes valere is said of the worth
of money, and similar things : e. g. Varro L. L. 4, cap. ult.
denarii dicti, quod denos tens valebant: Plin. H. N. 33. 3,
scrupulum valet sestertiis vicenis : also quanti valet, Pand. 9. 2.
33 : also with pro, e. g.pro argenteis decem aureus unus va-
Of the Dative. 53
leret, Liv. 38. 11: also to signify, to denote, e. g. quod idem
valet, Cic.Vm. 2.4: cf. Sueton. Vit. 18 : Varr. R. R. 1.31.
XL) The datives mihi, tibi, sibi, nobis, vobis, are
very often added to verbs, in a redundant manner,
particularly in confidential speeches, letters &c. : as is
the case in Greek, in English, and probably in all lan-
guages whatever : e. g. Plaut. Aul. 4. 10. 38, fur mihi
es, to me (i. e. in my opinion) thou art a thief : Cic.
Parad. 5. 2, an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat ? is
he to me a freeman, can I think him a freeman, whom
a woman commands ? Cic. Cat. 2. 2, Tongilium mihi
eduxit : Liv. Praef. ad ilia mihi quisque acriter inten-
dat animum : Terent. Heaut. 4. 5. 16, sed scin', ubi
nunc sit tibi Bacchis ? Cic. ad Div. 9. 2. 2, at tibi re-
pente paucis post diebus venit ad me Caninius
mane, where tibi may be translated, lo ! behold !
Cic. ad Att. 2. 15, cum hsec maxime scriberem, ecce
tibi Sebosus : Terent. Adelph. 5. 8. 35, suo sibi gladio
hunc iugulo ; which is more remarkable : yet sibi is
often redundant with suus ; e. g. Plaut. Amph. 1.1.
113: ibid. Capt. 1. 1. 12: Vitruv. 8. 7: Colum.
12. 54, and elsewhere ; further, Terent. Adelph. 2. 4.
12, quid ait tandem nobis Sannio? Virg. .ZEn. 5. 391,
ubi nunc nobis deus ille magister : Liv. 22. 60, Man-
lius in a speech says contemptuously, hsec vobis ipso-
rum per biduum militia fuit ; cum in acie stare ac
pugnare decuerat, in castra refugerunt, this was their
service for you &c. Yet these pronouns have gene-
rally a certain reference to the circumstances, and at
least denote a participation.
XII.) Since the infinitive esse, as was mentioned be-
fore, Sect. I. 2, has the same case after it as before
,>4 Of the Dative.
it, it is plain that esse must be followed by a dative -of
the predicate, when it is preceded by a dative of the
subject : e. g. after licet, where the dative is very com-
mon; as Cic, Tusc. 1. 15, licuit esse o^'oso Themistocli,
for otiosum, which also would have been correct : Cic.
ad Att. 1. 16, quo in genere mihi negligenti esse non
licet: Mart. Epig. 8. 11, nobis non licet esse tarn di-
sertis, for disertos; and in other places : e. g. Caes. B.
G. 6. 30 : Lucan. 3. 32. Yet the accusative also fol-
lows ; e. g. Cic. Balb. 12 : Cic. Att. 10. 8 : Cic. Ligar.
6: Quintil. 7. 1. 19. Later writers affix this dative
also to other infinitives ; as Veil. 2. 124, fratri, mihique
contigit destinari prcetoribus : Val. Max. 5. 4, 2, Maximo
tibi etcivi et duel evadere (i. e. fieri) contigit, for civem
et ducem. Also Liv. 3. 50, si (ei, i. e. Virginiae) libers
ac pudicce vivere licitum fuisset ; where, however, li-
berae, pudicae may be explained as an apposition, tan-
quam liberae, pudicae, as free &c.
5.
Of the Dative with certain Particles.
The dative follows
I.) Certain adverbs, to which the question to whom ?
is generally applicable; e. g. prope, propius, proxime,
are mostly joined to a dative : e. g. Virg. Georg. 1. 355,
propius stabulis armenta tenerent : thus also propius Ti-
berl, Nep. Hann. 8 : and in other places ; e. g. Virg.
Georg. 4. 47 : ,En. 8. 556 : Plin. H. N. 27. 9 : so also
proxime castris, Caes. B. C. 1. 71. Yet prope is often
followed by an accusative; e. g. prope me, Cic. ad Div.
7. 23 : prope aquam moveri, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 28 :
Of the Dative. 55
prope castra, Odes. B. G. 1. 22 ; and elsewhere : e. g.
ibid. 7. 36 : Liv. 27. 18 : so also propius, Cic. Phil. 7.
G : Cses*. B. G. 4. 9 ; and elsewhere : proxime, Cic.
Att. 6. 5: Sail. lug. 18,19. To these belongs obviam ;
as, obviam alicui ire, venire, esse &c., e. g. Cic. ad Div.
2. 16. 9, cum in Cumanum mihl obviam venisti : so
obviam alicui ire, Cic. Mur. 32 ; or prodire, ibid. 33 ;
or procedere, Cic. Phil. 2. 32 ; or proficisci, Caes. B. G.
7. 12; or esse, Plaut. Bacch. 4. 7. 17; or fari, Cic.
Mil. 10. Also pr&sto, e.g. esse alicui prsesto, to be
present, to be at hand, to appear, to shew himself, to
assist, to be serviceable, Cic. ad Div. 3. 5 : Cic. Att.
3. 1 : Cic. Div. 1. 27 : Cic. Verr. 2. 4 : saluti alicuius,
Cic. Verr. 4. 14. Also clam and cor am ; since, however,
these are reckoned amongst prepositions, see hereafter,
n. II. Particularly we may refer to this place certain
derivative adverbs, which govern a dative, because
their primitives do the same ; as Cic. Fin. 3. 7, con-
gruenter nature convenienterque vivere, agreeably to
nature &c. : since congruo, convenio, and therefore
congruens, conveniens, govern a dative: thus also sibi
const anter convenienterque dicere, Cic. Tusc. 5. 9, be-
cause we say sibi constare, sibi convenire : Cic. Off. 1.
26, haec praescripta servantem licet magnifice, graviter,
animoseque vivere, atque etiam simpliciter, fideliter,
v/Yieque hominum amice, and friendly to the life of men ;
because amicus governs a dative.
II.) A dative also follows certain prepositions ; e. g.
clam, contra, which at least are generally reckoned
amongst prepositions : thus mihi clam est, it is unknown
to me, Plaut. Mil. 3. 3. 9 : to which we may also refer
clam vobis, Cses. B. C. 2. 32, though vobis may also be
56 Of the Accusative.
an ablative. So also contra ; e. g. contra nobis, Plaut.
Stich. 5. 7. 3; and often in the same writer, e. g. ibid.
Mil. 2. 2. 43 : 3. 1. 64 : 4. 2. 84 : so also donb contra,
Terent. Eun. 2. 3. 63.
III.) Also certain interjections, as hei, vae, ecce, hem
&c. ; where, however, the dative is not perhaps go-
verned by these words, but in some other way : e. g.
Virg. jEn.2. 274, hei mihi! qualis erat ! Ovid. Pont. 1.
2. 7, hei mihi! quid faciam ? so we often find hei mihi !
alas ! me : ah! me : e. g. Terent. Andr. 2. 1. 22 : Ad.
4. 7. 35 : Plaut. Amph. 2. 2. 66 : also repeated, Plaut.
Bacch. 3. 3. 7 : also hei misero 'mihi! Terent. Ad. 2.
1. 19. So also V(2, e. g. vae mihi ! Terent. Eun. 4. 4.
41, i. e. wo's me! Plaut. True. 2. 3. 21 : Terent.
Heaut.2.3.9, vcz misero mihi! So also the well-known
expressions victis ! Flor. 1. 13; and vae victis esse !
Liv. 5. 48. Thus we find ecce tibi liber or librum, Lo !
here is a book for you. So Cic. ad Att. 2. 15, ecce tibi
Sebosus, Lo ! here Sebosus for you : so often ecce tibi,
e. g. Cic. Att. 3. 21 : Cic. Or. 2. 21 : Cic. Cluent.28:
where perhaps tibi is not governed by ecce, but is re-
dundant ; see above, 4. n. XI. It is the same with
hem : e. g. Plaut. True. 5. 1. 60, hem tibi talentum ar-
genti, Philippicum est ; tene tibi, there thou hast &c.
Note: vae is also used with an accusative, e. g. v<z te!
Plaut. Asin. 2. 4. 35 : v& me ! Senec. Apocol. ante
med.
SECTION SEVENTH.
Of the Use of the Accusative.
The accusative, according to the opinion of eminent
grammarians, is properly governed only by a preposi-
Of the Accusative. 57
tion, or an active, i.e. a transitive verb. Yet it follows
also other kinds of words, and is sometimes used even
without a word preceding it. Grammarians, therefore,
are generally agreed, that in such instances we must
understand a preposition or a verb transitive, to which
we must be guided by the context and experience, ac-
cording to the circumstances of the case. To avoid
any confusion, we shall here observe the same arrange-
ment as before.
Of the Accusative after Substantives.
Substantives are sometimes followed by an accusa-
tive, which must probably be explained by a preposi-
tion. Here we reckon
I.) The pronouns id, quid &c. : e. g. homo id aetatis,
a man of that age, of such an age, is very common for
eius aetatis, or ea aetate : where ad, i. e. at, may always
be understood : Cic. ad Att. 4. 16, si hominem zW aetatis
in tarn longo sermone diutius tenuisset : Cic. Rose.
Am. 2, id aetatis autem duo filii, two sons at that age :
Cic. Cluent. 51, se in balneis cum id astatis filio, with
a son at such an age : also without homo, Plaut. Merc.
2. 2. 19, quid tibi aetatis videor ? of what age do I ap-
pear to you ? for cuius tftatis homo tibi videor ? where
quid aetatis must be explained by ad quid aetatis. Here
belongs Terent. Adelph. 5. 8. 16, idne estis auctores
mihi ? do you advise that to me ? The order is, estisne
mihi auctores id, for ad id.
II.) The accusative sometimes follows verbal sub-
58 Of the Accusative.
stantives, when the verbs from which they are derived
take an accusative : e. g. Plaut. Amph. 1. 3. 21, quid
tibi hanc curatio est rem ? where hanc rem is governed
by curatio; for huius rei : Plaut. Asin. 5. 2. 70, quid
tibi hue receptio ad te est meum virum, what means your
receiving my husband ? or wherefore do you receive
my husband to you ? where meum virum is governed
by receptio, for mei viri : Plaut. True. 2. 7. 62, quid
tibi hanc aditio est ? where hanc is governed by aditio :
Caes. B. G. 1. 5, domum reditionis spe sublata, where
domum is governed by reditio, because we say redire
domum. And so in other places.
2.
Of the Accusative after Adjectives.
I.) After adjectives which signify long, broad, great,
wide, high, thick &c., the substantives which express
the measure or extent are put in the accusative : e. g.
fossa haec est centum pedes longa : turris estalta centum
cubitos, is a hundred cubits high : Cses. B. G. 7. 72,
fossa quindecim pedes lata : ferrum tres pedes longum,
Liv. 21. 8. edit. Drakenb. : umbilicus septem pedes Ion-
gus, Plin. H. N. 6. 34 : also when speaking of time :
mensis hie est triginta dies longus : e. g, Cic. Verr. 2.
52, decreverunt intercalarium (sc. mensem, an interca-
lary month) quinque et quadraginta dies longum. It is
uncertain by what this accusative is properly governed.
If ad be understood, it signifies up to, as far as, as much
as, about ; e. g. as much as a hundred cubits high ;
and therefore it does not express the length, breadth
&c. with sufficient accuracy. Perhaps the ancients did
Of the Accusative. 59
not understand any preposition as omitted, any more
than we do, when we say, a hundred feet high, ten feet
wide &c. Note : Instead of an accusative sometimes
a genitive is used ; e. g. Caes. B. C. 2. 10, musculum
pedum sexag'mta longum ; unless, rather, the genitive
depends on the substantive musculum ; as Caesar also
says,fossam pedum viginti, B. G. 7. 72 ; and ibid., val-
lum duodenum pedum exstruxit, where no adjective is
added. Yet the genitive is often also used with the
adjectives latus, longus, altus ; so that it can scarcely
depend on a substantive, e. g. longus pedum sex, Co-
lum. 5.6: areas longas pedum quinquagenum facito,
ibid. 2. 11. 3 : latera pedum lata tricenum, alta quin-
quagenum, Plin. H. N. 36. 13 : latae (sc. pyramides)
pedum septuagenum quinum, altae centum quinquage-
num, ibid. : triglyphi alti unius moduli, Vitruv. 4. 3 :
turrem non minus altam cubitorum sexaginta, ibid. 10,
19 : in all which examples the genitive seems to de-
pend on the adjective : non latior (sc. quam) pedibus
quinquaginta, Caes. B. G. 7. 19. Some also express
the extent or measure by the ablative longitudine^ alti-
tudine &c. : as Plin. 16. 32, Platanus longitudine quin-
decim cubitorum, crassitudine quatuor ulnarum, of the
height of fifteen cubits Sec. : frutex palmi altitudine,
ibid. 12. 13: duo actus iugerum efficiunt longitudine
pedum CCXL. latitudine pedum CXX, Colum. 5. 1. 6:
also, abies octo cubitorum in altitudine, in height, Plin.
H. N. 16. 31 : sulcumm quatuor pedes Ion gum, Colum.
de Arbor. 16. Also the measure itself is put in the
ablative ; e. g. longum sesquipede, latum pede, Plin. H.
N. 35. 14 : faciemus (scrobes) tribus pedibus altas,
duobus .semis latas, tribus longas, Pallad. in lanuar. 10 :
60 Of the Accusative.
non latior (sc. quam) pedibus quinquaginta, Caes. B. G.
7. 19.
II.) In imitation of the Greek idiom, particularly by
the poets, there is used after many adjectives, an accu-
sative instead of an ablative : e. g. Virg. ^En. 4. 558,
omnia Mercuric similis, vocemque, coloremque, for om-
nibus, voce, colore : it may be explained by as to, with
respect to, e. g. as to voice. So nudus membra, pedes,
brachia &c., naked on the feet &c. : e. g. Ovid. Met.
7. 183, Nudzpede?n &c. : so nudus membra, Virg. jEn.
8. 425.
III.) An accusative also sometimes follows cnquum
est, e. g. ut se aequum est, Plaut. Rud. Prol. 47 : yet it
may also be the ablative ; as ibid. Bacch. 3. 3. 8, plus
videret, quam me atque illo sequum foret: we find,
however, an accusative in other places ; e. g. utpisca-
torem sequum est, ibid. Rud. 2. 2. 6, unless it be go-
verned by agere understood from the preceding. So
propior occurs with an accusative, though it usually
takes a dative ; e. g. propior montem, Sail. lug. 49 :
propior hostem collocatus, Hist. B. G. 8. 9 : so proxi-
mus, e. g. Jinem, Liv. 35. 27 : tribunal, Liv. 8. 32 :
hostem, Liv. 28. 15 : mare, CEBS. B. G. 3. 7.
3.
Of the Accusative after Verbs.
The accusative especially follows a great number of
verbs, partly according to their nature, and partly, per-
haps, depending on a preposition understood.
I.) A great number of verbs, according to their na-
Of the Accusative. 61
ture, govern an accusative : a) verbs in 0, which de-
note an action passing on to a certain object, whether
person or thing, which are therefore called transitive,
or in a peculiar sense, active, and have an entire pas-
sive : so that conversely all verbs in 0, that have an en-
tire passive, govern an accusative : b) deponent verbs
in or ; which, however, denote an action passing on to
an object. These transitives and deponents should,
properly, all be cited here, in order that the learner
might be acquainted with them ; but since the number is
too great, they must be carefully noticed by the teacher
when they occur. Yet the following remarks will fa-
cilitate the knowledge of them.
The accusative generally follows verbs in o and or,
1.) In answer to the question whom ? or what ? e. g. amo,
(I) love ; odi, (T) hate ; complecti, embrace ; quasro, seek ; in-
venio, reperio, find ; do,tribuo, dono, give ; mitto, send ; amitto,
lose; perdo, lose; habeo, have; sumo, take; capio, take, seize;
possideo, possess ; teneo, hold ; scio, know ; nescio, know not ;
ignoro, know not ; calleo, well understand ; emo, buy ; vendo,
sell; aestimo, estimate; edo, eat; bi bo, drink; doceo, teach;
erudio, instruct ; lego, read ; facio, make ; ago, do ; gero, carry
on ; hortor, exhort ; moneo, remind ; punio, punish ; audio,
hear ; video, see ; cerno, see, discern ; gusto, taste ; olfacio,
smell, i. e. give out a smell; sentio, feel, perceive ; peto, seek ;
voco, call ; rogo, ask ; oro, entreat ; posco, demand ; desidero,
miss, am sorry for ; flagito, demand earnestly ; pono, place ;
colloco, place ; decerno, determine ; volo, will ; nolo ; malo ;
opto, wish; pello, drive away ; spero, hope; scribo, write;
fero, bear ; rego, guide, direct ; verbero, beat ; cogito, think ;
iudico, judge ; with their compounds, and many similar verbs :
e. g. amo te, 1 love thee ; quaerere aliquid, aliquem, to seek any
thing, any one ; hortor te t I exhort thee ; cohortor &c. Yet
some are to be excepted, which in English answer the question
(52 Of the Accusative.
whom r or what r but on account of the difference of idiom do
not govern an accusative : as parco, (I) spare ; benedico, bless ;
maledico, curse; persuadeo, persuade; medeor, heal; nubo,
take a husband; invideo, envy ; all which govern a dative : see
above of the dative, Sect. VI. % 4. n.V: utor,use; fungor,dis-
charge ; vescor, eat ; fruor, enjoy ; which govern an ablative :
see hereafter, Sect. VIII. % 3. n. XX. 1.
2.) The difference in the idioms of languages is so great, that
many verbs in Latin take a bare accusative after them, which
cannot be translated into English without a preposition; and
conversely, there are many Latin verbs followed by a dative,
which in English admit a bare accusative after them. The fol-
lowing are examples in which the idioms of the two languages
partly concur, and the contrary : a) iuvo, e. g. aliquem in re,
Cic. Att. 16. ep. ult. : aliquem auxilio, Ovid. Met. 9- 780 :
aliquem auxilio laboris, Cic. Balb. 9 : so alsoadiuvare aliquem,
Liv. 34. 37: Cic. ad Div. 10. 15. Plane.: aliquem auxilio,
Plaut. Rud. 1. 4. 39; aliquem auxiliis, Liv. 29- 5 : Cic. ad
Div. 1.7: we also find adiuvare alicui messem, Cell. 2.29 : so
adiutare aliquem, Terent. Andr. 1. 3. b\funHS> to assist at the
funeral, ibid. Phorm. 1. 2. 49; alicui, Petron. 6; Pacuv. ap.
Donat. ad Terent. Ad. Prol. 16 : also alicui aliquid, e.g.pue-
ris onera, Terent. Hec. 3. 2. 24 : b) celo ; e. g. aliquem, Terent.
Andr. 3. 4. 6 ; Cic. Deiot. 6 ; aliquem aliquid, Terent. Hec. 3.
3. 24; Cic. ad Div. 2. 16; Nep. Eum. 8: or aliquem de re,
Cic. ad Div. 7. 20; Cic. Att. 2. 16; Cic. Deiot. 6: thence
passively celor, celaris, celatur, it is concealed from me, thee &c.:
yet Nep. Alcib. 5, id Alcibiadi diu celari non potuit, for Alci-
biades &c. : c) effiigio rem, e. g, periculum, Ca3s. B. G. 4. 35 :
invidiam, Nep. Chabr. 3; and elsewhere : e.g. Cic. Verr. 1. 40;
Cic. Brut. 46. &c. : e manibus, Cic. Manil. 9 : de prselio, Cic.
Phil. 2. 29 : a ludis, Cic. Sext. 54 : d) sequor, e. g. aliguem,
Nep. Att. 6; Liv. 8. 45; Terent. Eun. 2.3.54: rem, Cic.
Harusp. 18 ; Cic. Amic. 29 ; Cic. ad Div. 9- 5 ; and elsewhere:
e) imitor, Cic. Or. 2. 22 ; Cic. Or. 19 ; Cic. Nat. Deor. 3. 30;
and elsewhere. To these we may add latere alicui and aliquem,
Of the Accusative. 03
to be unknown to any one; see Sect. VI. 4. n. I. obs. c:
also decet, it becomes me, or it is becoming to me : dedecet
me &c.
3.) Verbs followed by an accusative are translated into En-
glish by various prepositions: as, caveo te, I beware o/*thee;
fugio periculum, I fly from danger; curote, I take care ofthee ;
despero vitam, I despair of life ; rideo aliquid, I laugh at any
thing ; exsequias ire, to go to a funeral ; suppetias venire, to
come to one's assistance.
Note : Instead of the accusative we sometimes find after such
verbs transitive the preposition de : e. g. we may say exponere
vitam, to explain one's course of life ; and de vita, as it occurs
Nep. Prref. So we often find referre ad senatum-^e aliqua re,
foraliquam rem: e.g. Cic. Catil. 1. 8.
II.) Many verbs take an accusative after them, which
is governed by the preposition, of which they are com-
pounded. In these we may reckon ;
] .) Some transitive or active verbs, which besides their na-
tural accusative, also take an accusative governed by the pre-
position; as, transducer e (or traducere) copias Rhenum; where
copias is governed by transducere as a transitive verb, in an-
swer to the question what ? but Rhenum by trans, since it is
put for ducere copias trans Rhenum: e.g. Cres. B. G. 2 10,
Caesar omnein exercitum pontem transducit, where exerci-
tum is governed by ducit as a transitive verb to the question
whom ? or what ? and pontem by trans : it is for Caesar ducit
exercitum trans pontem; and so elsewhere: e. g. Cres. B. G.
1. 12 : Liv. 22. 45 : so traiicere or transiicere ; e.g. Nep. Ages.
4, Hellespontum copias traiecit\ where copias is governed by the
transitive verb, and Hellespontum by trans, of which traiecit or
transiecit is partly compounded : it should, properly, be, iecit
copias trans Hellespontum : so transiicere equitum partem^/??/-
vium, Ca?s. B. G. 1 . 83 : so also inducere aliquid animum, Cic.
Rose. Am. 1Q: Cic. Div. 1. 13: Cic. Att. 14. 12, to induce
64 Of the Accusative.
one's mind to any thing, for ducere aliquid in animum : further,
iniicere manum aliquem, for in aliquem, Plant. Pers. 1. 2. 18 :
True. 4. 2. 49 : so advertere, e. g. animum illud, for ad illud,
Cic. ad Div. 15.4: so postquam id animum advertit, Cass.
B. G. 1. 24, and elsewhere ; e. g. Lucret.2. 124 : Plaut. Pseud.
1. 3. 43 : at other times we find ad rent or alicui rei. Thus
also murum traiicere iaculo, Cic. Fin. 4. 9, to throw over the
wall with a javelin, where iaculum would be more natural.
Note : We sometimes find, perhaps for greater clearness, the
preposition repeated; e.g. CaBs. B. G. 1. 35, ne quam multi-
tudinem hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam transdu-
cer et : so traiicere copias trans fluvium, Liv. 2. 11 : 21. 26:
traiicere vexillum trans vallum, Liv. 25. 14: or signum trans
vallum, 41. 4 : so advertere animos ad religiones, Lucret. 3. 54 :
aures ad vocem, Ovid. Fast.l . 1 80 : advertere classem in portum,
Liv. 37. 9 : so in animum inducere, e. g. Terent. Adelph. 4. 3.
6: Liv. 2. 5 : 3. 71. From these examples some eminent
grammarians would infer, that in the preceding instances the
accusative is governed not by the preposition in the verb, but
by one which is omitted ; so that pontern transducit is for trans
pontem transducit &c. But it is impossible to determine what
words the ancients understood ; and both modes of expression
may have been equally regular.
2.) In particular a great number of verbs belong to this class,
which, in their nature, are intransitive, i.e. do not denote an ac-
tion passing on to an object ; but yet, because they are com-
pounded with a preposition, which governs an accusative, take
an accusative after them. We shall merely adduce the following
familiar instances : adeo aliquem, for eo ad aliquem, Cic. ad
Div. 3. 9- 6 : Nep. Timoth. 2, gentes, qua? mare illud adiacent,
for iacent ad mare illud : so also Etruriam adiacent, Liv. 7.12:
CSBS. B. G. 3. 15, cum singulas binae aut terna? naves circum-
steterant (alia? editt. circumsisterent), for steterant circum sin-
gulas: so circumjtuere, to flow round, Varr. R. R. 3. 13 : Ovid.
Met. 3. 74: 13. 779: obequitare agmen, Curt. 3. 10: succe-
dere, e. g. tecta, Cic. Dom. 44 : aciem, Cass. B. G. 1. 24 : tu-
Of the Accusative. 65
mulum, Liv. 22. 48 : at other times with a dative ; e. g. Caes.
B. G. 2. 6 : Liv. 22. 44 : adsuesco, e. g. ne adsuescite bella ani-
mis, Virg. JEin. 6. 833, i.e. do not accustom yourselves 8cc.,
unless it be rather a bypallage for animos bellis adsuescite (in-
stead of adsuefacite) : so we continually find circumvenire ali-
quem, to circumvent, to betray : inire societatem, to enter into
partnership or confederacy, inire consilium, to enter on a plan,
for ire in societatem, ire in consilium : invadere urbem, hostes
&c., for vadere in &c. : invenire aliquid, to find something, pro-
perly, to come upon something, for venire in aliquid : obire urbes,
provinciam, to travel over or through, for ire ob, i.e. ad urbes
&c. : so obire munus, to attend upon, to discharge an office :
obire diem, to attend at the appointed term : obire mortem, to
die: obsidere urbem, to blockade a city, for sedere ob, i. e. ad
nrbem : oppugnare urbem, for pugnare ob, i. c. ad urbem. So
also oppetere mortem, to die, properly, to fall into death, petere
ob mortem : pr&terire urbem, to go past a city, aliquid to pass
by any thing, to omit it, for ire prater urbem, aliquid : subire
montem, to go near a mountain, for ire sub montem ; so subire
periculum, fortunam adversam; ^r^ws/rcflumen; also transilire,
e.g. Liv. 1.6, Rernum novos tramiluisse muros: so transilui
Jtammas, Ovid. Fast. 4. 72? : tramire, e. g. Euphratem, Cic.
Fin. 3. 2 : mare, Cic. Or. 42 : Alpes, Nep. Hann. 2 : vimjlam-
m(, ibid. Alcib. 6 : campos, Lucret. 4. 464 : so also transmeare,
e. g. signa, Plin. H. N. 32. 11 : loca f Tacit. Ann. 12. 62. To
these also belong transitive verbs, when they are used intransi-
tively, e. g. traiicere and transmitter, for tramire ; e.g. traiicere
Trebiam, Liv. 21. 56: Tiberim, Claudian. de VI. Consul.
Honor. 486 : axem, Virg. .rEn. 6. 536 : trammittere mare, Cic.
Nat. Deor. 2. 49: Iberum, Liv. 21. 20: sinum utrumque, Cic.
Att. 16. 6, and elsewhere.
Observations.
a) Here all depends on usage : e. g. we may properly say
adire aliquem, but we cannot, therefore, say adesse aliquem:
yet we find adesse with an accusative ; e. g. adero cubicu-
VOL. II. F
66 Of the Accusative.
lum, Apul. Met. 2. p. 119, Elmenh. i. e. I shall go to the cham-
ber : aderunt scopulum, ibid. 5. p. 160: yet, since Apuleius is
a late writer, he ought not in this to be imitated, as it probably
does not occur in earlier authors : again, we may say obsidere
itrbem, obire loca; but we should be wrong in inferring, that we
might, therefore, say obstare aliquem, obsequi aliquem, occurrere
aliquem &c. : however, occurrere civitatem, for ad civitatem, is
found Cic. Verr. 3. 27, but, perhaps, nowhere else.
b) M ost of the above-mentioned verbs, since they take an accu-
sative, have also their passives entire in all their personal termina-
tions, e. g. locus aditur, locus adiri potest &c. : e.g. Cic. Quint.
Fr. 1. 2, neque pratores diebus aliquot adiri possent: Caes. B.
G. 7. 43, ne ab omnibus civitatibus circumsisteretur, lest he
should be surrounded &.c. : ibid. 2. 10, primes, qui transierant,
equitatu circumventos interfecerunt : and immediately afterwards,
de flumine transeundo : Sail. lug. 87, hostes invadi posse : Ovid.
Fast. 1 . 464, campus obitur aqua ; so mors obita, Cic. Sext. 38 :
mors obeunda, Cic. Cluent. 17: amnis traiectus, Liv. 21. 30:
37. 38. Of others the passives are still more usual; as, societas
iuita est : res invent a est : urbs obsessa et oppugnata est : for-
tuna subeunda est : also subeatur, Cic. Verr. 7.71. Whence it
is clear, that the Romans regarded these verbs as real transitives,
as if by means of their prepositions they became actually so :
since it is of little consequence, whether they are transitives na-
turally or by transformation. There are a few exceptions : for
instance, we do not say mare adiacetur gentibus.
c) With some of them we find the preposition frequently re-
peated : e. g. with adire, accedere, invadere &c. : Nep. Them.
7, adire ad magistratus noluit ; and elsewhere : accedere ad is
common in Cicero ; e. g. ad rempublicam : so accedere ad ami-
citiam, Nep. Eum. 1 : so ad manum, Cic. Att. 2. 1 : Varr. R.
R. 2. 7 : adsuescere ad homines, Caes. B. G. 5. 28. Invadere
is very usual with in; as Cic. ad Div. 1. 9. 15, num potui ma-
gis in arcem illius causa invadere : ibid. Phil. 2. 31, in collum
invasit, fell on his neck. Thence these prepositions are often
repeated also with the passive verbs : we find, cum ad me aditum
Of the Accusative. *67
esset : we may therefore say, locus non potuit adiri, and ad lo-
cum non potuit adiri; the former because tf adire locum, the
latter because of adire ad locum. Not unfrequently, another
preposition is used ; e. g. CaBs. B. G. 7. 8,3, utrisque ad animum
occurrit : transire ad aliquem, Nep. Dat. 6 : per castra, Sail,
lug. 107 : in fines, Caes. B. G. 1. 28 : per rimam, Ovid. Met.
4. 70, where perhaps the sense requires ad, in, per : so also obire
ad omnia, Liv. 10. 27.
Note: It has already been observed, that from the repetition
of the preposition, some conclude that even where it is not ex-
pressed, the verb is governed by the preposition understood ;
e. g. that adire aliquem is for adire ad aliquem. This, however,
is a mere conjecture, and most commonly the preposition is not
repeated ; e. g. for obsidere urbem, it is not easy to find obsidere
ad urbem : so ob scarcely occurs after oppugnare, obire &c., or
prater after prseterire, or in after invenire. They were more
probably considered by the ancients as transitive verbs, which
of themselves could take an accusative.
3.) Even some deponents, which in other places are properly
used intransitively, and therefore cannot have an accusative after
them, on account of the preposition with which they are com-
pounded, do occasionally take an accusative ; as aggredior all-
quid or aliquem, to undertake any thing, to attack any one, for
gradior ad, e. g. Cic. Phil. 2. 10 : Cic. Or. 2. 44 : iugredior
viam, i. e. gradior in viam, to go into, to enter a path, Cic. Se-
nect. 2 : aliquid, Cic. Rab. Post. 2. Yet we often find aggredi
ad rem, e.g. Cic. Leg. 2. 4 : Cic. Balb. 7 : ingredi in vitam,
Cic. Brut. 96 : in bellum, Cic. Cat. 2. 6. Thence in the use
of the future passive arises a twofold expression : ingredi viam,
via est ingredienda ; ingredi in viam, ingrediendum est in viam :
so transgredi Taurum, Cic. ad Div. 3. 8 : Padum, Liv. 23. 22.
cf. Caes. B. G. 2. 19 : so also adlabor, e. g. fama adlabitur a^res,
Virg. jn.9. 474.
4.) Even certain passives are followed by an accusative, on
account of the preposition with which they are compounded ;
F2
68 Of the Accusative.
e. g. Caes. B. G. 1. 37, ne maior multitude Germanoium Rhe-
num tramduceretur : ibid. 2. 4, Belgas ortos esse a Germanis,
R/te?iumque antiquitus transductos : thus zlsovectem circumiec-
tus fuisset, Cic. Div. 2. 28 : navem humeris travectam (for
transvectam) Alpes, Plin. H. N, 3. 18. Particularly to these
belongs prtetercehi ; as Cic. Ccel. 21 , sed quoniam emersisse iam
e vadis, et scopulos pratervecta videtur oratio mea : Cic. Balb.
1, orationi, qurenon pr&tervecta sit aures vestras : Cic. Phil. 7.
3, quoniam periculosissimum locum silentio sum pratervectus :
so Apolloniam pratervehuntur, Ca3s. B. C. 3. 30 : it hence ap-
pears that the ancients considered pretervehor rather as a depo-
nent than a passive: Cic. Verr. 5. 25, adpellitur navis Syra-
cusas : yet Syracusas is a city, of which the accusative is always
used without a preposition, in answer to the question whither ?
so that perhaps this passage does not belong to the present ; Virg.
$n. 7. 216, urbem adfefimuf) i. e. ad MTbem ferimur.
5.) Several verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, in, in-
ter, ob, post, sub, super, govern a dative ; partly as intransitives or
passives ; as adesse, adsuescere, adspirare, adiacere, adhaerere,
circumfundi, circumiici, interesse, obequitare, obversari: partly
as transitives besides their accusative ; as, adiicere oculos ret :
adhibere calcaria equo : adferre vim alicui : advertere proras
terra : anteferre and anteponere aliquid alicui rei : iniicere ma-
num alicui: imponere fastigium opt ri : interdicere alicui ali-
quid : obiicere se periculo : postponere se alicui : of which see
above, of the Dative, 4. n. VII. Likewise, on the contrary,
the verbs adulor, allatro (adlatro), antecedo, anteeo, antesto, an-
tevenio, anteverto, antecello, antepolleo, adsideo, adtendo, insi-
lio, illudo, incesso, insulto, occumbo, in some particular signi-
fications, take not only a dative, but on account of the preposi-
tion with which they are compounded, also an accusative : on
which, see of the Dative, n. VIII.
III.) It is very remarkable, that some verbs, which
not only in themselves are intransitive, but also are
compounded with prepositions that govern an ablative,
Of the Accusative. 69
still have an accusative after them ; as, convenire (for
cumvenire) aliquem, to meet one, to speak with one,
continually occurs : e. g. Cic. ad Div. 5. 11.2, eamque
conveniam, and will speak with her : so Cic. Rose.
Am. 18: Cic. ad Div. 9. 14: thus also the passive;
e. g. Cic. ad Div. 6. 20, ut se conveniri nolit, that he
is unwilling to be spoken with : cf. ibid. 1. 8. Socoire
sodetatem : Cic. Rose. Am. 31, qui societatem coieris
cum alienissimis ; where some understand ad: and
elsewhere; e. g. ibid. 34 : Cic. Phil. 2. 10: so con-
gredi aliquem, Virg. jn. 12. 342 and 510, for cum all-
quo. Soercedere: e. g. Liv. 2. 37, ut urbem e.vcederent
Volsci ; particularly excedere modum, to exceed the
measure, often occurs ; e. g. Liv. 2. 2 : 2. 3 : 5. 23 ;
where some understand extra, though, perhaps, unne-
cessarily. So pravenire aliquem, to come before one :
Liv. 8. 16, tamen ut beneficio pravenirent desiderium
plebis : and elsewhere ; e.g. Liv. 8. 31 : 24. 25 : lustin.
42. 4 : so also propugnare aliquid, Sueton. Caes. 23 :
Stat. Theb. 2. 540 : at other times pro re, or with a
dative. So also aversari aliquem and aliquid, to be
averse to or avoid a person or thing, is very common,
though it is properly equivalent to versari ab aliquo, to
turn himself away from a person : so erumpere nubem,
Virg. jEn. 1. 580 (584) : evaditque celer ripam &c.,
ibid. 6. 425 : and so in more instances. To these be-
long deficio, despero, proecedo, prsecurro, praeeo, prsesto
(to excel), prsestolor, praeverto, prsecello, which all take
an accusative, though also a dative : whence they have
already been adduced ; of the Dative, 4. n. VIII.
IV.) Some verbs take after them a dative as well as
an accusative ; as adulor, medicor, moderor, tempero,
70 Of the Accusative.
and euro, which seldom govern the dative ; and studeo,
which seldom governs the accusative : see above, of
the Dative, 4. n. VIII. To these may be added the
verbs, which in different significations govern either
the dative or the accusative ; as aemulor, ausculto, ca-
veo, consulo, cupio, maneo, metuo, timeo, prospicio,
recipio, renuntio, solvo &c., which were cited above
with interest and refert : see of the Dative, 4. n. X.
V.) After many intransitives, i.e. neuters, there often
follows an accusative, which is governed by a preposi-
tion omitted, after the Greek idiom, where %ar<x, is un-
derstood : unless it be rather supposed, that the Ro-
mans chose to use some of these intransitive verbs as
transitive, and, therefore, not to understand a preposi-
tion.
Here a distinction must be made between those in-
stances which are common, and others which are rare,
in order to determine which should and which should
not be imitated.
1.) To a verb there is often superfluously added the accusa-
tive of a substantive of the same origin as the verb : as, pugno
pugnam, iuro iusiurandum, vivo vitam, servio servitutem, furo
furorem, ludo lusum, prandeo prandium, spero spem, facio fa-
cinus, somnio somnium &c. Yet generally, a noun adjective,
pronoun adjective, or participle, is added to this substantive ;
e. g. pugnare pugnam acerrimam, or hanc pugnam pugnavi,
vivere vitam beatam, tristem &c., gaudere gaudium verum &c.;
as in English, he died the death of a hero ; I have fought the
good fight ; Mary lives a happy life. Many of these expressions
are usual with the best writers: e. g. Cic. ad Div. 5. 2. 17,
magna voce iuravi vermimum atc^uepu/cherrimum iusiurandum,
I swore the truest and most honourable oath : so iurant sacra-
menta dictata, Sil. 10, 448 : Cic. Verr. 2. 47, quo tutiorem vi-
Of the Accusative. 71
tarn sese meo prassidio victuros esse arbitrarentur : Liv. 8. 39,
hoc bellum a consulibus bellatum (esse) quidam auctores sunt
(i. e. tradunt) : Plaut. Rud. 3. 1. 5, mirum atquezwsczYwrasowz-
niavi somnium : so simile somnium, ibid. Mil. 2. 4. 47: ibid.
Pseud. 1. 5. 110, priusquam istam pugnam pugnabo: thus
claram pugnam, Liv. Q. 37 : inclytam pugnam, Liv. 6. 42 : and
passively, Nep. Harm. 5, hac pugna pugnata : Terent. Eun.
3. 5. 38, et quia consimilem luserat iam olim ille lusum: Hor.
Od. 3. 29- 50, lusum insolentem ludere : Virg. JEn. 12. 680,
huncfurerefurorem. Yet sometimes the adjective &c. fails ; e. g.
Plaut. Pers. 1. 1. 7, qui hero suo servire vult bene servus servi-
tutem ; where, however, bene seems to be used instead : Plaut.
Mil. 2. 6. 2, neque herile negotium plus curat, quam si non
servitutem serviat, than if he were not a slave ; where servitutem
is redundant : thus also vitam vivere modeste, ibid. Pers. 3.
1.18: vitam, quam turn vivebat, Cic. Cluent. 6l : vitam duram,
quam vixi, Terent. Ad. 5. 4. 5 : pugnare bellum, e. g. bella
pugnata, Hor. Epist. 1. 16. 25 : so also prodium male pugna-
tum, Sail. lug. 64 : spem speratam hanc obtulisti mihi, Plaut.
Merc. 3. 4. 13 : 5. 2. 2. Some suppose that these accusatives
are governed by a, preposition ; but the actual preposition can-
not be determined. Perhaps the ancients in these instances
did not understand a preposition, but by a bold idiom used the
intransitives for transitives, as we say, to die the death for our
country &c. : where death is the accusative after to die. Thus
also deponents are used, e. g. queror h&udfaciles questus, Stat.
Sylv. 4. 8. 32.
Note : To these instances some grammarians add Terent.
Andr. 5. 5, hunc scio mea solide solurn gavisurum esse gaudia,
that he alone will rejoice in my joys; and Cic. ad Div. 8. 2. 4,
Coel., ut suum gaudium gauderemus, that we might rejoice for
his joy. But these passages are different from the former ; since
in the first place mea gaudia, and in the second suum gaudium,
is evidently governed by propter omitted. Thus it would be
incorrect to refer to these, Cic. ad Brut. 3, hostes autem omnes
iudicati, qui M. Antonii sectam secuti sunt, who followed the
party of M. Antonius, and Cic. Arch. 1, pueritise memoriam re-
72 Of the Accusative.
cordari ultimam : since sequor and recorder regularly govern
an accusative, and sectam and memoriam are not redundant ;
viz. memoriam is equivalent to tempus.
2.) There is often added a second accusative, of which the ex-
planation occasions some difficulty : To avoid confusion we
must here make a distinction ; some can, others cannot be ex-
plained by a preposition omitted.
a) Where a preposition may be easily understood ;
1.) propter: here hoc, id, quid &c. are continually used for
propter hoc,propler id, propter quid &c. : as quid clamas ? quid
rides? Terent. Eun. 5. 1. 13, num id lacrumat virgo? i. e.
propter id, on account of it : Liv. 24. 8, nee tu id indignari
posses, for propter id : so also id furere, for propter id, Liv.
8. 31. To these we may add, doleo casum tuum, sc. propter:
Cic. Sext. 69, quia meum casum luctumquc doluerunt : so hor-
rere aliquid, sc. propter , ob : so desperare aliquid is explained
by propter. So also ardere aliquam or aliquem, to be inflamed
with love for, to love passionately, is probably for propter ali-
quem; Virg. Eel. 2. 1, formosum pastor Corydon ardebat
Alexin: yet we may also understand, in, erga, ad versus : so
deperire aliquam, to love one desperately, to die with love for
one; where propter is understood : Terent. Heaut. 3. 2. 14,
Clinia hanc si deperit : 2.) per : e. g. iurare aliquid, to swear
by one: Ovid. Met. 2. 101, Stygias iuravimus undas, i.e.
per Stygias\ and elsewhere; e. g. Virg. jEn. Q. 323, 351 : so
lovem lapidem, Cic. ad Div. 7. 12: at other times, we find
iurare per, e. g. Cic. Acad. 4. 28 : Quintil. 9. 2. 95. Thence
iuratus, a, um, one who is sworn by, e. g. numina iurata, Ovid.
Hir. 2. 25. So Cic. Fin. 2. 34, si Xerxes maria ambula-
visset, terram navigasset, for per maria, per terram : Virg. ./En.
1.67(71), gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aquor: so
also, perhaps, decurrere vitam, Prop. 2. 15 (14), 41, sc. per :
projicisci magnum iter ad doctas Athenas, Prop. 3. 21, for per
magnum. We also often find, pasci herbas, sylvas, where,
perhaps, per is deficient; e. g. Virg. Georg. 3. 314, pascuntur
Of the Accusative. 73
vero sylvas et summa Lycei, horrentesque rubos ; properly, they
are fed, or pastured through, i. e. they feed on ; unless some
other preposition be understood. 3.) ad: e. g. ire exsequias, to
go to a funeral : suppetias ire, mittere, accurrere : so ibo amicam
meam, Plaut. Stich. 3. 1. 33, for ad amicam : so pessum ire.
b) When a preposition cannot readily be understood : the
simplest examples are those where id, quid, and similar pro-
nouns are joined to a verb; e. g. hoc dubito, I doubt this, for
de hac re : si id dubitas, for de ea re : where propter cannot be
understood : yet there is no general way of explanation : thence
in some places, where none of the prepositions commonly enu-
merated, applies, and yet it is thought necessary to supply one,
some understand quoad inasmuch as, as if it corresponded to
the Greek xara : but since this is not a preposition, and cannot
readily govern a case, except perhaps Liv. 42. 6, quoad diem,
and Varr. L. L. 7. 23, quoad sexum, where others read quod,
it therefore could not be understood by the ancients : instead
of it we may understand ad as to; e. g. Virg. Georg. 3. 421,
tollentemque minas et sibila colla tumentem, for the ablative
sibilo collo ; properly, as to its hissing neck, ad or quod adtinet
ad, and so continually in the poets : Virg. .ZEn. 9. 656, cetera
parce puer bello, for quod ad cetera adtinet. Such accusatives
are also joined to passives, as will be mentioned hereafter.
Further, we should remark, peccare aliquidj e.g. Cic. Nat.
Deor. 1.12, Xenophon eadem fere peccat, for iniisdem or eodem
modo, errs in the same things, in the same way : perhaps we
must supply ad, quod adtinet ad eadem. Further, iurare all-
quid, i. e. to swear to anything, e. g. cineri bella, Sil. 3. 23 :
falsum iurare) Cic. Oft*. 3. 29 : so passively, quod ita iuratum
est, ibid. : somniare aliquem or aliquid, to dream of a person or
thing, Terent. Eun. 1. 2. 1 13 : Andr. 5. 6. 7 : Cic. Div. 2. 59 :
Plaut. Rud. 3. 4. 68 : so ludere, e. g. aleam, Suet. Claud. 33,
and Ner. 30 : pralia latronum, Ovid. Art. 3. 357 : at other times
with an ablative, e. g. ludere alea, Cic. Phil. 2. 23 : pila, Cic.
Or. 1. 50: further, furere opus caedis, Stat. Theb. 9- 5, i. e.
furiously to do &c. Particularly to these belong verbs signify-
ing to taste of, to smell of, which answer to the question where-
74 Of the Accusative.
of? of what? and in the best writers have an accusative after
them : e. g. redolere vinum, to smell of wine : Cic. Phil. 2. 25,
frustis esculentis vinum redolentibus : Cic. Clar. Or. 21, exi-
liores orationes et redolentes magis antiquitatem : Gic. Att.
2. 1, ideo bene olere, quia nihil oleant, because they smell of no-
thing; Hor. Sat. 1. 2. 27, pastillos Rufillus olet, Gorgonius
hircum: ibid. Epist. 1. 19. 5, vtna fere dulces oluerunt mane
Camenae : so olere ceram, crocum, Cic. Or. 3. 25 : so sapere
crocum to taste of saffron ; Cic. ap. Plin. H. N. 13. 2, meliora
unguenta sunt, qua? terrain, quam quae crocum sapiunt : Plin.
H. N. 11. 8, mella herbam sapiunt: Sen. Nat. Quaest. 3. 18,
piscis saperet ipsum mare. To these seems to belong the for-
mula magnam partem a great part, maximam partem the great-
est part : as libros meos magnam partem amisi, I have lost
a great part of my books ; perhaps ad as to is understood,
as to a great part. This expression is not unusual : Cic. ad
Div. 9. 15. y, mihi licere has res non omnino quidem sed
magnam partem relinquere : Cic. Tusc. 4. 5, quia Chrysippus
et Stoici magnam partem in his partiendis et definiendis oc-
cupati sunt: Cass. B. G. 4. 1, maximam partem lacte atque
pecore vivunt, for the greatest part they live on milk &c. After
clamo, crepo, queror, festino, &c. the accusative is remarkable ;
since aliquid clamare, crepare, queri seem to stand for aliquid
dicere (or proferre) clamando, crepando, querendo ; and festi-
nare aliquid, for festinando facere aliquid : e. g. Plaut. Mil.
3. 1. 57, nec[{\e publicas res clamo, nee leges crepo: Hor. Od.
1. 18. 5, quis post v'm&gravem militiam zutpauperiem crepat?
ibid. Sat. 2. 3. 33, si quid Stertinius veri crepat : Ovid. Met.
9. 304, moturaque duros verba queror silices : ibid. 11. 574,
et iam, quas induat \\\e,festinat vestes, i. e. festinanter conficit,
conficere festinat : so fugam festinare, Virg. JEn. 4. 575, i. e.
to hasten : id, Sail. lug. 81. Thus also, perhaps, we must
explain the remarkable expression, luv. 2. 3, qui Curios simu-
lant, et Bacchanalia vivunt, i. e. vivunt modo Bacchanalium,
or vivendo Bacchanalia exprimunt. Thus we find also the
passive moveri with Cyclopa, Hor. Epist. 2. 2. 125, utqui nunc
Satyrum mine agrestem Cyclopa movetur, i. e. movendo or
Of the Accusative. 75
saltando exprimit, now dances (like) the Satyr, now (like) the
Cyclops. And thus we have other examples : so lateo with an
accusative ; see above, Sect. VI. 4. n. I.
Note. We also find the passives of these intransitives, and
even used personally with their proper subjects : whence may
be inferred, that the ancients considered these intransitives some-
times as transitives: e. g. Ovid. Met. 12. 188, nunc tertia m-
vitur (etas : Catull. 5. 6, nox est dormienda : Mart. 13. 59, tota
mihi dormitur hyems : Cic. Oft". 1. 10, in republica mult a pec-
cantur: Cic. Parad. 3. 2, multa peccantur : Tac. Ann. 15.21,
plura peccantur : thence peccatum, which like erratum is pro-
perly a participle : Cic. Or. 1. 32, ista, qua3 abs te breviter de
arte decursa sunt, audire cupimus : Cic. Quint. 31, prope acta
iam aetate decursaque: Tac. Germ. 20, nee virgmesfestinantur :
iter festinatum, Ovid. Pont. 4. 5. 8, and elsewhere.
VI.) Even passives, particularly in the poets, are very
often followed by an accusative, which is put for an
ablative, and may be explained by ad as to, with re-
spect to : e. g. Virg. jEn. 3. 81, vittis et sacra redimitus
tempora lauro, i. e. temporibus, on the temples : ibid.
5. 135, nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitescit : ibid.
5. 269, puniceis ibant evincti tempora tseniis : ibid.
7. 796, et picti scuta Labici : ibid. 806, non ilia colo
calathisve Minervae femineas adsmta manus : Virg.
Eel. 7. 32, puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno :
Hor. Od. 1.1. 22, nunc viridi membra sub arbuto stra-
tus : sofractus membra, Hor. Sat. 1 . 1. 5 : indutus exu-
vias, Virg. MM. 2. 275 : indutus thoracem, Curt. 7. 5 :
indutus vestem, Liv. 27. 37.
VII.) Verbs signifying to live, to remain, to dwell
&c. in answer to the question how long'? take the sub-
stantive which denotes the length of time in the accu-
76 Of the Accusative.
sative ; where per is understood, which is also often
expressed : e. g. tres dies ibi fui, I was there three
days : sex annos ibi mansi, I stayed there six years :
Cic. Place. 26, septingentos iam annos vivunt : Plaut.
Mil. 4. 2. 87, mille annorum vivunt ; where mille is
used substantively in the accusative: Cic. Off. 1. ],
te iam annum audientem Cratippum &c. i. e. per annum,
for a year : Cic. Cat. 1.2, at nos vicesimum iam diem
patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis, now the
twentieth day : Cic. ad Div. 4. 3. 4, etsi enim abfui
magnam partem consulatus tui : ibid. 15. 4. 2, biduum
Laodicese fui. Nothing is more usual : yet per is very
frequently added ; as, per tres annos, per tres dies. We
also sometimes find the ablative ; as Cic. Off. 3. 2, tri-
ginta annis vixisse : Suet. Cal. 59, vixit annis viginti
novem, imperavit triennio : CCC annis vixisse, Plin.
H. N. 7. 48 : non amplius quam uno die vivere, ibid.
30. 16 : and also the genitive ; e. g. mille annorum,
Plaut. Mil. 4. 2. 87 : yet, as was before observed,
mille may here be a substantive in the accusative.
VIII.) The verbs distare, abesse, discedere and
others, in answer to the question how far? are often
followed by the substantive, which expresses the mea-
sure, in the accusative case : e. g. absum tres passus
a te, I am distant three paces from thee : Cic. ad Div.
15. 4. 7, abessemque ab Amano iter unius diei, one
day's journey: Cic. Acad. 4. 18, ab hac mihi non
licet transversum, ut aiunt, digitum discedere, not a
finger's breadth : Virg. Eel. 3. 104, die, quibus in terris
tres pateat cceli spatium non amplius ulnas : and so
continually. Yet sometimes we find the ablative : e. g.
Of the Accusative. 77
Cic. ad Div. 1O. 17, Plane., Vftitidius bidui spatio ab-
est ab eo : also the genitive, Cic. Att. 5. 16, quse aberant
bidui: ibid. 17 ; where, perhaps, spatio fails.
IX.) Many impersonal verbs are followed by an ac-
cusative of the person :
1.) pcenitet, pudet, piget, tsedet, miseret are followed by a
substantive in the accusative, which expresses the person that
feels penitence, shame &c. : as pcenitet wzefacti, 1 repent of the
deed ; pudet me, I am ashamed ; piget me, I am tired ; taedet me,
I am weary &c. : so pcenitet patrem, neminem pudet &c. Con-
cerning these verbs, see of the Genitive, Sect. V. 3. n. V. 4;
where also it was remarked that the thing of which one repents,
is ashamed &c. is generally put in the genitive ; and that they are
also used personally; as, me hce c conditio non panitet : non te hcec
pudetit, Terent. Ad. 4. 7. 36; and even pudeo, Plant. Cas. 5. 2. 3 ;
also that miserescit, miseretur, commiserescit, commiseretur,
are used impersonally; e.g. Terent. lleaut. 5. 4. 3, nunc iemi-
serescat mei : Cic. Lig. 5, cave te fratrum misereatur.
2.) decet it becomes, dedecet it does not become, are fol-
lowed by an accusative of the person, whom any thing becomes
8cc., as decet me, dedecet te : yet also by a dative, Terent.
Adelph. 5. 8. 5, ita nobis decet, for nos : vobis, ibid. 3. 5. 45 :
nostro generi, Plaut. Amph. 2. 1. 158 : patri, ibid. Capt. 2. 2.
71: (Stall, Gell. 9. 15: victoribus, Sail. Fragm. ap. Serv. ad
Virg. /En. 8. 127 : maiestati, Pand. 32. Leg. 20. The thing
which becomes any one, is in the infinitive ; as, decet me recte
vivere; also in the nominative of a substantive, when, therefore,
the verb is used personally; as Ovid. Art. 1. 509, forma viros
neglecta decet : ibid. Fast. 2. 106, qua (corona) possit crines,
Phoebe, decere tuos : Plaut Most. 1.3. 5, haec me vest-is de-
ceat : Cic. Off. 1.31, quam se aliena deceant : ibid, id quem-
que decet: Cic. Or. 3. 55, quiddeceat : ibid. 1. 26, id quod non
decet: Cic. Off. 1. 41, si quid dedeceat in aliis : Ovid. Am.
1. 7. 12, nee dominam motae dedecuere comas : Stat. Theb. 10.
334, si non (ego) dedecui tua iussa.
78 Of the Accusative.
3.) To these also are acrcled, fugit, praeterit, iuvat; since they
are sometimes used impersonally, and then retain the case
which they have when used personally : as, me fugit, 1 know
not, Cic. Att. 7. 18 : 13. 51 : non me fugit, I know, Cic. Att.
12. 42 : praeterit me, Cic. Caecin. 33 : non me praeterit, ibid. 35 :
iuvat me, Cic. ad Div. 3. 10. 23 : .5. 21. To these some add
latet it is concealed, unknown, which often occurs with an ac-
cusative, but commonly with a nominative, and, therefore, per-
sonally ; as Varr. R. R. 1. 40, unum quod latet nostrum sen-
sum: Virg. ^En. 1. 130(134), neclatueredolifratrem: Ovid.
Fast. 4. 211, res latuit patrem : ibid. 5. 361, quorum me causa
latebat : lustin. 13. 8, res Eumenem non latuit. It is clear
from these passages that lateo is not an impersonal verb : it is,
however, cited here, because many may consider it impersonal,
and look for it here. Yet it may be used impersonally : e. g.
latet plerosque ignes esse, Plin. H. N. 2. 20: that lateo also
occurs with a dative has been remarked, Sect. VI. 4. n. I.
observ. c.
X.) The verbs memini, recorder, reminiscor, obli-
viscor, take an accusative after them ; as memini diem,
recorder rem, oblitus sum istud &c. It has been
already noticed that these verbs also govern a genitive :
see of the Genitive, Sect. V. 3. n. Ill, where also
we considered their government of the accusative, and
cited examples.
XI.) The participles osus, exosus, perosus, pertse-
sus, are used as transitives or deponents with an accu-
sative ; e. g. Gell. 4. 8, osus cum fuit : Virg. Mn.
12. 517, exosum bella: ibid. 5. 687, si nondum exosus
(sc. es) Troianos : Ovid. Met. 1. 483, t&das exosa iu-
gales : Virg. ^En. 6. 435, lucemque perosi proiecere
animas : Ovid. Met. 8. 183, perosus exsllium ; and else-
where ; e. g. ibid. Fast. 3. 177 : Virg. JEn. 9. 141 :
Liv. 3. 58 : also with the verb esse, i. e. to hate, to
Of the Accusative. 79
hate exceedingly ; e. g. Liv. 3. "34, plebs consulum no-
men baud secus quam regnum perosa erat : August.
ap. Suet. Tib. 21, si non populum perosi sunt : Liv. 3.
39, superbiam perosos (sc. esse) regis : Suet. Caes. 7,
perttfsus ignaviam suam : yet pertsesus is also found
with a genitive, Tac. Ann. 15. 51, lentitudmis eorum
pertasa.
Note : 1 .) Osus is also followed by the infinitive ; as osa
sum obtueri inimicos, Plaut. Amph. 3. 2. 1Q. Also exosus and
perosus are used passively, i. e. hated : a) exosus, Gell. 2. 18 :
b) per osus, luvenc. 3, in Matth. cap. 19 : so the comparative
perosior, Tertull. de Anim. 1 : perosius, ibid, de Virg. Vel. 16 :
2.) some verbals in bundus are also followed by the accusative
of their verbs : as popula bundus agros, Gell. 11. 15: vitabun-
dus castra hostium, Liv. 25. 13. It is only necessary to sup-
pose that these verbals are used for the participle in ns t i. e. po-
pulabundus for populans, vitabundus for vitans, and we imme-
diately see whence the accusative is used.
XII.) After the verbs, to come, to go, to travel, and
the like, the name of the place, i. e. town, village &c.
also domus and rus, to which one comes or goes, is
put in the accusative, the preposition in being under-
stood ; as, proficisci Romam, to go to Rome ; ire Athe-
nas, venire Mutinam ; domum redire, to return home ;
abire rus, to go into the country : examples are ob-
vious; e.g. domum, Cic. Verr. Act. 1. 9: Cic. ad
Div. 3. 8 : also in the plural, domos ; e. g. Galli domos
abierant, Liv. 45. 34 : rus; e. g. rus ibo, Terent. Eun.
2. 1. 10, into the country, to my country-house.
Observations.
1.) We also find ad with the names of towns : thence some
have supposed that ad is understood, when we say Romam
80 Of the Accusative.
proficisci, venire &c. This, however, is incorrect; since it is
quite a different thing to say Romam venire to come to Rome,
i. e. into the city, and ad Romam venire, which very often oc-
curs, to come as far as, near Rome, to remain without the city.
So Romam ire, proficisci, contendere, to go to Rome, so as to
enter the city ; but ad Romam ire, proficisci &c. to go towards
Rome, though perhaps without the intention of entering the
city. Every governor and general, who expected a triumph in
Rome, might be said ire ad Romam, but not ire Romam ; since
he might not enter the city before the triumph, whicli was often
granted after a long delay. There is the same distinction be-
tween ire in urbem and ad urbem ; the former denotes to go
into the city, the other does not. It is thence manifest, that
before names of cities in the accusative, not ad but in is under-
stood; since ad could not be omitted without injury to the
sense. The following passage will illustrate the difference, Cic.
ad Div. 15. 3, cum ad me legati missi ab Antiocho venissent
in castra ad Iconium, into the camp at or near Iconium.
2.) To domum the possessive pronouns meam, tuam, suam,
nostram, vestram may also be added ; e. g. eum domum meam
venisse, Cic. ad Div. 9- 19: domum suam, Cic. Pis. 7 : but
scarcely any other adjectives, though we find aurum domum
regiam comportabant, Sail. lug. 76. The preposition inis fre-
quently prefixed, when an adjective or genitive accompanies ;
e. g. cur non introeo in nostram domum, Plaut. Amph. 1.1.
253 : in domum meretriciam deduci, Terent. Eun. 2. 3. 90 : ve-
nisse in domum Lecca, Cic. Cat. 1.4: Luculli Archiam in do-
mum suam receperunt, Cic. Arch. 3, in the edition of Graevius ;
but Ernesti and others omit in: it is also thus used without in,
e. g. Pompeium domum suam compulistis, Cic. Pis. 7 : eum
domum meam venisse, Cic. ad Div. 9. 19: aurum domum
regiam comportabant, Sail. lug. 7(> : domum (Jharonis devene-
runt, Nep. Pelop. 2.
3.) To this place the word humus is commonly referred : but
it is either preceded by in ; as cadere in humum\ deiicere in hu-
mum, Ovid. Met. 6. 605 ; or humi is used, particularly after
Of the Accusative. 81
pono, colloco, fundo, prosterno &c., e. g. colloco aliquid humi :
of which we treated before, of the Genitive, Sect. V. 3. n. V :
and humi seems to be more usual than in humum. Yet we
find, Hor. Od. 4. 14. 32, stravit humum.
4.) But to the names of countries or regions the preposition
in is^regularly prefixed; asproficisci in Italiam, in Galliam&c.
Yet the poets often omit it, as Virg. Mn. 1. 2 (6), Italiam
venit : sometimes even prose writers do the same, especially
before the names of islands, as Cic. Manil. 12, inde Sardimam
cum classe venit : Nep. Paus. 2, Pausaniam cum classe com-
muni Cyprum atque Hellespontum miserunt : sometimes also
before other names of countries ; as Nep. Dat. 4, JEgypt unique
proficisci parat : Liv. 45. 10, navigare jEgyptum pergit : Suet.
Tib. 72, rediens propere Campaniam.
XIII.) The verb sum is used with id cetatis for ea
tftate or ems <ztatis, of that age ; where perhaps ad
fails; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 6. 20 (21), et id atatis iam
sumus, ut &c., and we are now of such an age, of that
age, that &c. : also, quid atatis ? of what age ? Plaut.
Merc. 2. 2. 19, quid tibi ego cetatis videor ? sc. esse,
how old do I seem to you to be ? Otherwise homo is
added : as homo id cctatis, a man of that age : e. g.
7 o o
Cic. Verr. 2. 37, ut homo nefarius de homine nobili
atque id cetatis suoque hospite virgis supplicium su-
meret, that he might scourge a man of noble birth, of
such an age, i. e. so old &c.
XIV.) Sometimes, after the Greek idiom, a verb
transitive is followed by an accusative, which does not
belong to the verb, but to the following sentence, and
properly ought to be the nominative : it is, in fact, a
careless form of expression: e. g. Cees. B. G. 1. 39,
aut (se) rem frumentariam, ut satis commode suppor-
tari posset, timere dicebat : for aut, ut res J rumen t aria
satis &c. : Cic. ad Div. 8. 10. 8. Ccel. nosti Marcdlum,
VOL. II. G
82 Of the Accusative.
quam tardus et parum efficax sit, itemque Servium,
quam curictator, for nosti, quam tardus et parum effi-
cax sit Marcdlus, et quam cunctator Servius : Terent.
Eun. 1. 2. 81, istam nunc times, ne ilium talem tibi
praeripiat, for nunc times, ne ista ilium : ibid. 5. 8. 5,
scin' me in quibus sim gaudiis, for scin', in quibus ego
sim gaudiis : ibid. Adelph. 5. 4. 20, ilium, ut vivat,
optant, for optant, ut ilk vivat. These accusatives
seem to arise from the negligence of the speakers, as
in English, you know him, how tedious he is. Some
understand quod adtinet ad. It is still more peculiar,
when, at the beginning, an accusative is put instead of
a nominative, e. g. urbem, quam statuo, vestra est,
Virg. Mn. 1. 573 (577) for urbs : Terent. Eun. 3. 3. 18,
eunuchum, quern dedisti nobis, quantas dedit turbas,
for eunuchus : Plaut. Amph. 4. 1.1, Naucratem, quern
convenire volui, in navi non erat, for Naucrates:
ibid. Cure. 3. 49, sed istum, quern quaeris, ego sum,
for iste : the first three passages may indeed be ex-
plained by taking the accusative with the relative pro-
noun, as quam urbem statuo, ea vestra est : quern eu-
nuchum nobis dedisti, is &c. : quern Naucratem con-
venire volui, is &c. : but this explanation will not ap-
ply to the last example. It seems, in general, to be a
negligent mode of expression : perhaps quod adtinet ad
must be understood. We may suppose that the speaker
began with an accusative, since he intended to use
with it a transitive verb ; but that afterwards he used
another kind of verb, not recollecting the accusative
which preceded. A still more singular accusative is
found, Plaut. Rud. 4. 3. 23, vidulum istum, cuius ille
est, novi hominem, where the order is scarcely intelli-
gible : it stands for novi hominem, cuius ille vidulus
Of the Accusative. 83
est, and therefore vidulum istum is perhaps for quod
adtinet ad vidulum istum : ibid. Menaech. 2. 2. 37, nu~
mum istum, quern mihi dudum pollicitus dare, iubeas
porculum adferri tibi, for numo isto; properly, quodad-
tinet ad numum istum, quern mihi dare, eo iubeas
adferri &c.
XV.) Some transitive or active verbs beside their
regular accusative, have also a second, which cannot
be explained by a preposition understood. The fol-
lowing verbs are of this kind :
1.) Facio, reddo, to make; as facere aliquem doctum, to
make one learned : facere aliquem consulem, to make one consul,
Cic. Senect. 5 : Cic. Agr. 2. 1 : dictatorem, Liv. 2. 21 : here-
dem, Cic. Verr. 1. 48 : facere aliquem certiorem, to give one
information, literally, to make one more certain, Cic. Div. 2. 2 :
Cic. ad Div. 9. 2 : Ca3S. B. G. 1. 12 : so reddere aliquem doc-
tum,felicem &c. to render one learned, happy &c. : tu mered-
didisti, fecisti, sapientem : aliquem iraium y Cic. Cluent. 26 :
domum reddiderat nudam, Cic. Verr. 2. 34 : and elsewhere,
e. g. Cic. Att. 9. 17 : Caes. B. G. 2. 5 : dare is used in the
same way, e. g. aliquem inventum dare, for invenire, Terent.
Andr. 4. 1 : defensum dabit, for defendere, Virg. JEn. 12. 436,
cf. Terent. Eun. 2. 1.6. All these verbs have also in the pas-
sive a double nominative, as was observed, of the Nominative,
Sect. IV. 2. n. I. 2. e. g. tu fiesfelix, pater est redditusfelix.
2.) Verbs of naming, calling &c. ; as nuncupo; e. g. Liv. 1 . 3,
lulum gens lulia auctorem sui generis nuncupat, calls lulius
the author &c.: quern turba nuncupat Indigetem, Ovid.
Met. 14. 607 : so also voco, vocito, nomino, nominito, addico,
adpello, perhibeo, usurpo : as vocant me Caium : nominant te
Ciceronem : adpellare aliquem Magnum, or regem, to give any
one the title of Great, of king : e. g. Alexander, quern Magnum
adpellamus, whom we call the Great : Romani Deiotarum ad-
pellarunt regem ob merita, the Romans gave Deiotarus the title
G2
84 Of the Accusative.
of king on account of his merits : aliquem usurpare atque ad-
pe\\a.Yefratrem, Cic. Univ. 1 1 : so, aliquem adpellare sapientem,
Cic. Amic. 1 : motum, quern sensam nominitamus, Lucret.
3. 353 : dicere aliquem crudelem, Virg. Georg. 4. 355 : aliquem
vocare timidum, Sail. Cat. 53, cf. ibid. lug. 18 : aliquem vocare
tyrannum, Nep. Dion. 10, cf. Lucret. 6. 297 : Cic. Nat. Deor.
2. 43, ex Arat. : vatem hunc perhibebo optimum, Cic. Div. 2.
5. cf. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 42, ex Arat. : also salutare, e. g. ali-
quem regem, I u venal. 8. l6l, cf. Tac. Ann. 2. 18 : consalu-
tare, Cic. Phil. 2. 24. All these verbs have also a double no-
minative in the passive ; as Deiotarus adpellatus est rex : tu
vocaris Caius : see above, of the Nominative, 2.
3.) The verb habeo, when it denotes I hold any one to be,
I account ; e. g. habere aliquem doctum, to account any one
learned: so, aliquem habere parentem, Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 1. 10:
deum, Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. 15: also pro docto : aspatremlw-
bent doctum, and patrem habent pro docto: thus, pro host e,
Liv. 2. 20: pro certo, Cic. Att. 10. 6: thence also in the pas-
sive, pater habetur doctus, pater habetur pro docto : see above,
of the Nominative, 2. n. I. 5.
4.) Verbs of naming or electing to an office, as designo, no-
mino, dico, creo ; e. g. in Comitiis, nuncupo, I name, e. g. to an
inheritance, renuntio I proclaim any one, e. g. consul, praetor &c. :
as Romani designaverunt Ciceronem consulem, prtztorem, have
named him consul : consul dixit Fabium dictatorem, has named
Fabius dictator : dictator dixit Servilium magistrum equitum
&c. : in both which last passages dico is the appropriate word :
nominare aliquem interregem: creare aliquem consulem, qu&-
storem, pratorem&c. to elect any one consul, quaestor, prastor&c.
e. g. Romani creaverunt Ciceronem consulem : renuntiare ali-
quem consulem, praetorem &c., to proclaim any one consul &c. ;
e. g. pra3co renuntiavit Ciceronem consulem; unless here, per-
haps, esse fails, and it should be translated, proclaimed that Ci-
cero was consul. The following are examples from ancient
writers, quos (sc. decemviros) plebs designaverit, Cic. Agr.
2. 10 : dicere, e. g. dictatorem, Cic. Att. 9. 15: Liv. 5. 9 : tri-
bunes militum, Liv. 5. 13 : consules, Liv. 24. 9 : 27. 6 : nomi-
Of the Accusative. 85
ware, e. g. interregem (without aliquem), Liv. 1. 32 : sacer-
dotem, Plin. Ep. 2. I : aliquem sacerdotem, Suet. Claud. 22 :
creare, e. g. aliquem ducem, Liv. 1 . 23 : aliquem tribunum pie-
bis, Liv. 2. ,36 : aliquem dictatorem, Liv. ] . 23 : aliquem re-
nuntiare consulem, Cic. Or. 2. 64 : so, nuncupare aliquem here-
dem y Suet. Claud. 4 : aliquam nuncupare reginam, lustin. 24. 2,
i. e. to name or appoint : so reficere, to make again, to choose
again, is used with a double accusative; e. g. plebs Foleronem
tribunum reficit, Liv. 2. 56. All these verbs are used in the
passive with a double nominative ; as, Cicero creatus est con-
mi, &c. : see above, of the Nominative, Sect. IV. ^ 2. n. I. 4.
Note : to these some add verbs signifying to believe, or reckon ;
as puto, existimo, and similar verbs; as cognoscere to know, de-
prehendere to detect, reperire to find, declarare to declare, i. e.
one to be any thing. But here esse manifestly fails, and there-
fore the accusatives are not governed by these verbs : e. g. pu-
tant te doctum, they think thee learned, for putant te esse doc-
tum, they think that thou art learned : quern omnes sapientem
existimarunt, whom all thought wise, for quern omnes sapientem
esse existimarunt: cognovi te fortem, I have found thee a
brave man, for cognovi te esse fortem, I have found that thou
art a brave man : thus also, te mendacem depreheridi, hoc ve-
rum reperi, where esse is understood. So also Cic. Mur. 2,
illo die Murenam consulem declaravi, for declaravi esse consu-
lem. Yet after cognoscere, deprehendere, reperire, declarare,
we may also understand the particle tanquam, and consider the
second accusative as an apposition : as, cognovi te fortem, for
tanquam fortem : declaravi Murenam consulem, for tanquam
consulem. With these verbs also in the passive voice we find
a double nominative, where esse is understood : as, pater pu-
tatur doctus, the father is thought learned, for pater putatur
esse doctus : and so with the others ; as cognitus, repertus, or
inventus est fortis, he has been found a brave man, for cognitus
est esse fortis &c., he has been found to be a brave man. Thus
also with deprehendor, declarer : yet with all these verbs tan-
quam may be understood, except with those which mean to be-
lieve, as puto, existimo &c. : see above, of the Nominative, 2.
86 Of the Accusative.
5.) Praebere se, praestare se, to show one's self, to exhibit
one's self; e. g. praebere se fortem, to show himself a brave man ;
prsebere se prudentem, to show himself wise, humanum humane
&c. : praestare se fortem, benignum, prudentem 8tc. : praesta or
praebe te virum, show thyself a man, conduct thyself as a man :
debemus nos praebere or praestare fortes, benignos &c : all these
are usual, and have already been noticed Sect. VI. 4. n. X.
The second accusative must be explained as an apposition, tan-
quam fortem, fortes, &c.
6.) Other verbs also, besides their proper accusative, have a
second, which must be regarded as an apposition, and explained
by ut or tanquam. To these particularly belong verbs of join-
ing, affixing; as, adiungere aliquem sibi comitem,i.e. as a com-
panion, for tanquam comitem : Cic. Off. 3. 10, admiratus eorum
fidem tyrannus petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium adscriberent,
i.e. tanquam tertium, that they would add him, as a third.
With other verbs also we find the same apposition ; e. g. Cic.
Off. 3. 10, speaking of Romulus who killed his brother under
an empty pretext, et tamen muri causam apposuit, speciem ho-
nestatis neque probabilem neque satis idoneam, as an appear-
ance of honour, sc. tanquam : it is correct to understand tan-
quam, since it is continually expressed in such instances, and
preferably for the sake of clearness : so, filiam tuam mihi uxorem
posco, Plant. Aul. 2. 2. 42, i. e. to wife, sc. tanquam : so pos-
cere dictatorem reum, Liv. 9- 26.
XVI.) With some verbs transitive, besides an accu-
sative of the person, there is used another of the thing,
which probably, though not certainly, is governed by
a preposition omitted. Such verbs are celo, conceal ;
verbs of teaching, instructing, reminding, asking, de-
manding, questioning; as doceo, edoceo, dedoceo,
erudio, moneo, admoneo, rogo, ask or beg, oro, exoro,
precor, flagito, exigo, posco, reposco, interrogo, con-
sul o, percontor. Yet this second accusative is more
Of the Accusative. 87
common with one of these verbs than with another :
and with some de may be used instead of the accusa-
tive. Further, both accusatives are not always used
together, but sometimes we find alone an accusative
either of the person or the thing.
1 .) Celare aliquem aliquid often occurs ; as Cic. ad Div. 2.
16. 9, non enim te celavi ser mortem T. Ampii : yet we often find
celare aliquem de aliqua re; e. g. Cic. Deiot. 6, de armis, de
ferro, de insidiis celare te voluit.
2.) Verbs of asking, begging, demanding 8cc. : e. g. rogare or
orare aliquem aliquid, to ask any one for any thing : the accu-
sative of the thing seems to be governed by propter or ob omit-
ted : e. g. illud te oro, Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 1 : hoc te rogo, Cic. ad
Div. 12. 27 : 13. 43 : nunquam divitias deos rogavi, Mart. 4.
77. 1 : roga me viginti minas, Plaut. Pseud. 4. 5. 8. So poscere
aliquem aliquid, to demand any thing of one: Virg. JEn. 11.
362, pacem te poscimus omnes : Cic. Verr. 1. 3, qui paren-
tes pretium pro sepultura liberum posceret, who demanded
money of parents for the burial of their children: and so else-
where; e. g. Cic. Verr. 1. 17 : Liv. 27. 24 : Hor. Od. 1. 24.
12 : Ovid. Art. 3. 805. Thus also reposcere, Plaut. Aul. 4. 10.
33, aulam (ollam) aim te reposco, I demand back from thee the
pot : Cic. Verr. 4. 51, ut ad Verrem adirent, eteum simulacrum
Cereriset Victorias reposcerent : so Parthos signa, Virg. J&n. 7.
606 : also te hoc obsecrat, Cic. Quint. 31 : cf. Ter. Heaut. 4.
1.31. So zhojlagitare, Cic. Dom. 6, mefrumentum flagita-
bant: Cass. B. G. 1. 16, Cresar Mduos frumentum, quod essent
publice polliciti, flagitare : qua me Crassus flagitabat, Cic. Or.
2. 45 : orationesme duas postulas, Cic. Att. 2. 7 : hoc te depre-
cor, Val. Flacc. 8. 53 : <exorare aliquem aliquid, Plaut. Bacch.
5.2.82: ibid. Capt. 2. 1. 17: Stat. Sylv. 2. 7. 121. Also
rogo, oro &c., are often used without an accusative of the thing,
with a bare accusative of the person : so also flagitare, Cic. ad
Div. 10. 16. 3, flagitare senatus institit Cornutum, to desire of
Cornutus : metuo ne teflagitent, 1 fear, lest they shall urge you,
ibid. 9. 8: cf. Plaut. Pcen. 3. 1. 36 : so efflagitare aliquem,
88 Of the Accusative.
Auct. B. Hisp. 29, for ab aliquo: precari aliquem, Cic. Nat.
Deor. 1. 42, 44 : Verr. 4. 32 : deprecari aliquem, Liv. 34. 59 :
Cic. ad Div. 8. 1. Ccel.
Note : Peto ask, seek, desire, demand, is used not with an
accusative of the person, but only of the thing ; the person is
put in the ablative with a ; as, petere aliquid ab aliquo, Cic.
Tusc. 5. 2 : Caes. B. G. 2. 13, and elsewhere : also merely ab
aliquo, Cic. ad Div. 9. 13 : 13. 7 : aliquem in vincula, Quintil.
7. 1. 55, to desire, to demand, cf. ibid. 7. 6. 6. It is the same
with other verbs of the same signification ; as poscere, reposcere,
flagitare, efflagitare, postulare, precari, deprecari, contendere,
exigere, aliquam rem ab aliquo ; also merely aliquid, or ab ali-
quo ; all which expressions may be imitated : e. g. poscere mu-
nus ab aliquo, Cic. Verr. 2. 47, and elsewhere : e. g. Terent.
Heaut. 5. 1. 53 : Suet. Aug. 94: reposcere rationem vita3 ab
aliquo, Cic. in Cfficil. 9 : Cic. Verr. 3. 1 : Catilinam a me re-
poscebat, Cic. Red. Sen. 4 : flagitare promissa ab aliquo, Cic.
ad Div. 3.11: cf. Cic. Verr. 5. 4, and elsewhere : efflagitare sig-
num a ducibus, Liv. 2. 60 : postulare aliquid ab aliquo, Cic.
Amic. 22 : abs te postulo atque oro, Terent. Andr.5. 1.4: pre-
cari ab aliquo, Cic. Amic. 16 : Cic. Rab. Perd. 2: aliquid, Cic.
Pis. 20 : aliquid ab aliquo, ibid, and Nep. Timol. 5 : deprecari
ab aliquo, Auct. B. Afric. 85 : aliquid ab aliquo, Cic. Sull. 26 :
Cic. Mur. 1 : de aliquo, Cic. Or. 2. 28 : alicui, i. e. for any
one, Plaut. Asin. Epil. 5 : aliquem aliqua re, Prop. 2. 27 (32).
17 : aliquem ab aliquo, Cic. Agr. 2. 36 : Cic. Red. Quir. 3 :
Cic. Plane. 42: contendere ab aliquo, Cic. Brut. 14: Cic.
Quint. 24 : Cic. Att. 9- 17 : aliquid, Cic. Off. 1. 20 : Cic. Verr.
2. 53: exigere aliquid, Cic. ad Div. 13. 11 : Cic. Font. 5: ex
aliquo, Cic. Fin. 2. 35 : ab aliquo obsides, Ca3s. B. C. 3. 12:
veritatem a teste, Cic. Leg. 1.1: also we find exigere posnas de
aliquo, Ovid. Met. 8. 53, or alicui, ibid. Fast. 1. 230, i. e. to
punish : we also find oro, exoro,rogo, obsecro, qua?so ab aliquo;
Plaut. Am ph. Prol. 64, nunc hoc me orare a vobis iussit lupiter :
ibid. Trio. 2. 2, 44, quam (rem) volo ego me abs te exorare
ibid. Bacch. 4. 9- 102, me fas est obsecrare abs te : Cic. ad
Of the Accusative. 89
Div. 13. 1.4, nunc a te illud primum rogabo, ne &c. : ibid.
17. 4, magnopere a te quaeso, ut &c. : ibid. 3. 2, a te quaeso et
peto : Cic. Arch. 2, quseso a vobis, ut &c. We also find ro-
gare aliquem de re, Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 2. 3 : alsorogare pro aliquo,
to ask for any one, Petron. 39 : so pro vita, Suet. Aug. 13 :
Phaedr. 3. 2. l6,to beg for one's life : orare aliquem pro salute,
Brut, in Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 16. We also meet with precor te
bonas preces, Cato R. R. 134, 139 : also oro cum aliquo, to ask
of any one ; e. g. Plaut. Bacch. 3. 3. 90, and elsewhere; e. g.
ibid. Cure. 3. 62 : Terent. Hec. 4. 4. 64 : Cses. B. C. 1. 22,
ed. Oudend. : also petere de aliquo, for ab aliquo, Pand. 13. 6.5.
Note: Peto, however, is found with a double accusative, Ovid.
Met. 7. 296, in Burmann's edition, petit hoc JEetida munus ;
which was also the reading of Heinsius : the other editions have
capit hoc a Tethye munus. This reading of Burmann is very
peculiar; yet we find quidquid patrem petii, Quintil. Declam.
9. 2 : also without an accusative of the thing, e. g. vos peto at-
queobsecro, Plaut. Cure. 1. 2. 60 : eumque petiit literis, Capi-
tolin. in Pertin. 3 : to this we may refer Virg. JEn. 6. 115, ut
te supplex peterem. Note : Postulare also means to accuse, to
sue, e. g. aliquem de pecuniis repetundis, Cic. Fragm. Cornel. :
or repetundis &c. (sc. de), Tac. Ann. 3.4: or repetundarum,
Suet. Caes. 4 : capitis, Pand. 46. I. 53.
3.) Verbs signifying to teach, to instruct as a teacher : a)
doceo with two accusatives ; as, docere aliquem artes, musicam
&c. : e. g. Nep. Praef. quis musicam docuerit Epaminondam :
so aliquem literas, Cic. Pis. 30 : also when doceo means to teach,
i. e. to relate, to inform, to explain ; as, docere aliquem causam,
to instruct any one in a cause or suit, to explain it to him, is
very usual; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 7. 21, SiYii causam fedocui : but
in this latter sense we often find de aliqua re; as Caes. B. C. 1.
3, qui de his rebus eum doceant, who may inform him about
these things : cf. ibid. 7. 10: Cic. Verr. 4. 51. Also docere
aliquem is often used without mention of the thing, Cic. Off*. 1.
44 : Cic. Att. 8. 2 : also aliquem tacere, Cic. Agr. 3. 2 : ali-
quem sapere, Cic. Phil. 2. 4 : aliquem re, e. g.jidibus, Cic. ad
90 Of the Accusative.
Div. 9. 22 : equo, Liv. 29. 1 : sc. uti : b) edocere also stands
with two accusatives ; e.g. iuventutem mala facitiora, Sail. Cat.
16 : also when it means to say, to disclose ; e. g. Sail. Cat. 48.
4, eadem de itinere hostium senatum edocet, he discloses the
same things to the senate &c. : so Plin. Paneg. 26 : also merely
with an accusative of the thing; as Sail. lug. 94. 6, acta edocet
without a person : or with an accusative of the person, without
an accusative of the thing, which is then commonly expressed
by the ablative with de, or in some other way : Caes. B. C. 3.
108, hunc quae fieri vellet, literis nuntiisque edocet, informs
him : cf. ibid. B. G*. 7. 38 : Sail. lug. 49- 1, ewwque edocet
qua ageret. Some, indeed, also quote Sail. Decl. in Cic. 14,
quern Minerva omnes artes edocuit; but many doubt whether
this be a genuine work of Sallust : c) dedocere, to unteach an-
other, to make him unlearn it, is used with two accusatives, Cic.
Fin. 1. 6, si a Polyaeno geometriam discere maluisset quam
illam etiam ipsum dedocere : cf. Stat. Theb. 2. 408 : also ali-
quem with an infinitive, Hor. Od. 2. 2. 19 : d) erudire to in-
struct, is seldom used with an accusative of the thing, as Ovid.
Met. 8. 215, natum damnosas erudit artes: so Stat. Theb. 10.
507 : mostly with the ablative ; as, erudire aliquem artibus, Cic,
ad Div. 1.7: cf. Nep. Iphic. 2 : ibid. Them. 10: ibid. Att. 1 :
or also, in artibus, in iure civili, Cic. Or. 1. 59 : cf. Cic. Q. Fr.
1. 3. To these also belong instituere, informare, properly, to
form ; instruere, to instruct, properly, to fit out ; imbuere ; which
do not take an accusative of the thing, but an ablative; as insti-
tuere, informare, instruere, imbuere aliquem literis, artibus, sa-
pientia &c., or ad aliquid : e. g. instituere aliquem artibus, lyra,
Quintil. 1.3. 10 : also with ad, e. g. ad dicendum, Cic. Or. 2.
39 : ad munus, Cic. Verr. 3. 69 : latine scire, Colum. 1.1: in-
formare aBtatem puerilem ad humanitatem, Cic. Arch. 3 : in-
struere aliquem artibus, Cic. Ccel. 30: scientia rei, Quintil. 1.
pref. : dei ritibus, Ovid. Met. 6. 590: aliquem praceptis, Pe-
tron. 140: imbuere se studiis, Cic. Beiot. 10: bonis opinioni-
busj Cic. ad Anton. Cic. Ep. ad Att. 14. 13 : aliquem vitiis,
Liv. 26. 2 : ad officia, Tac. Ann. 12. 32 : ad legem non insti-
tuti sed imbuti sumus, Cic. Mil. 4. Even doceo is thus used,
Of the Accusative. 91
Cic. ad Div. 9- 22. 8, Socratem Jidibus docuit nobilissimus
fidicen, perhaps because fides is not a thing to be taught, but
merely an instrument; perhaps, also, canere is omitted ; as in
English some colloquially say, he taught on the harp, i. e. to
play on it: so aliquem docere equo, armisque, Liv. 24. 1, i.e.
uti. But when erudire means to inform, it is followed by de ;
as Cic. ad Div. 2. 12. 2, obviam mihi velim sint liters tua3, qua3
me erudiant de omni republica.
4.) Verbs of reminding, as monere, admonere &c. : yet these
verbs are always followed by an accusative of the person, seldom
by an accusative of the thing, except the pronouns hoc, id,
quod, quid, quidpiam &c. : e. g. hoc te admoneo, illud te admo-
nui : Cic. .Att. 14. 19, id ipsum, quod me mones : Fabiusea me
monuit, Cic. ad Div. 3. 3 : illud me praeclare admones, Cic.
Att. 9. 5. Yet from these pronouns no general usage can be
inferred, and an accusative of a substantive is actually very rare :
e.g. Sail. lug. 79. 1 9 eamrem locus admonuit: so also qua3 commo-
nefaceret istius turpem praturam, Cic. Verr. 4. 26: so, pas-
sively, commoner! officium, Plaut. Pseud. 1. 2. 17. Still more
rarely both accusatives occur together : formerly, indeed, we
read, Sail. lug. 79- 1, earn rem nos locus admonuit; but Cortius
omits nos. We more frequently find monere, admonere aliquem
de aliqua re, or alicuius ret; e.g. Cic. Att. 11. 16, te oro, ut
Terentiam moneas de testamento, about the testament : cf. Cic.
Q. Fr. 2. 3 : Cic. ad Div. 4. 10, putavi ea de re te esse admo-
nendum : de ade, Cic. Q. Fr. 3. 1 . 4 : Sail. Cat. 5, de moribus
civitatis tempus admonuit: Liv. 5. 51, adversae deinde res ad-
monuerunt religionum; without an accusative of the person :
Liv. 35. 13, qui admonerentyh?<fms eum Romani: aris alieni,
Cic. Top. 1 : egestatis, Sail. Cat. 21. Cort. : further, Tac.Ann.
1. 67, contractos temporis ac necessitatis monet: Sail. lug.
49, commonefacere quemque beneficii sui : Auct. ad Herenn. 4.
24, cum ipse te veteris amicitia commonefaceret : ibid. 33, non
illae te nuptiales tibiae eius matrimonii commonebant ? so mearum
me miseriarum commonet, Plaut. Rud. 3. 4. 38.
5.) Verbs of asking, interrogating See. : as, rogare aliquem
92 Of the Accusative.
sententiam, to ask any one bis opinion, e. g. in the Roman se-
nate, Cic. Q. Fr. 2. 1 : unum te rogare volo, Plaut. Amph. 2.
2. 76 : dicisne hoc, quod te rogo ? ibid. Most. 3. 1. 130 : rogare
aliquem camam rei, Phaed. 4. 18. 5 : also merely rem, e. g. die,
quod rogo, Ter. Andr. 4.4. 25 : populum rogare adiles, Liv. 6.
42 : 3. 6.5, to ask the people to elect a3diles : also de aliqua re,
Plaut. Pers. 4. 4. 90. Other verbs of interrogating are used in
the same way ; as interrogo, consulo, to ask counsel, percon-
tari, with an accusative both of the person and thing; e.g.
Plaut. Merc. 1. 2. 70, hoc, quod te interrogo : Cic. Tusc. 1. 24,
Pusionem quendam Socrates interrogavit quadam geometrica de
dimensione: also merely aliquid;e. g. sententias, Suet. Caes. 21 :
so also Liv. 8. 32, illud interrogo : Plaut. Men. 4. 3. 26, ibo
et consulam ham rem amicos, for de hac re, I will consult my
friends about this business : so also necteid consulo, Cic. Att.
7- 20 : also with an accusative of the thing only, Liv. 2. 28, sed
delatam (rent) consulere ordine non licuit : also, consulere ali-
quid cum aliquo, Plaut. Most. 5. 1. 43 : Plaut. Aul. 2. 2. 33,
qua3so, quod te percontabor, ne id te pigeat proloqui : so also
Hor. Epist. 1. 20. 26, meum si quis te percontabitur avum :
also aliquid only, to inquire about any thing, e. g. adventum,
Ter. Hec. 1. 2. 2. Yet we also find interrogare, consulere, per-
contari aliquem de aliqua re, e. g. interrogare aliquem de re,
Cic. Partit. 1 : consulere aliquem de re, Cic. Leg. 2. 16: per-
contari aliquem de re, Cic. Somn. Scip. 1 : also merely ali-
quem, Liv. 23. 47, and elsewhere. We also find rogare aliquid
de aliquo, Cic. Vatin. 4, i.e. to ask of any one: also percontari
(percunctari) ab or ex aliquo aliquid, or without aliquid ; e. g.
Cic. Brut. (deClar. Or.) 46, cum percontaretur (percunctaretur)
ex anicula quadarn quanti aliquid venderet : Plaut. Bacch. 2.
2. 12, istuc (i. e. istud) volebam ex te percontarier : so disci-
plinam ex aliquo, Cic. Div. 2. 36 : also aliquem, to inquire
about any one ; e. g. ad percontandum Homerum, Plin. H. N.
30. 2 : percontari aliquem ex aliquo, Plaut. Asin. 2. 4. 95, i.e.
to inquire of any one about any one : so scitari ex aliquo : Plaut.
Capt. 2. 2. 13, nam sunt, ex te qua solo scitari volo : Hor. Ep.
1. 7. 60, scitari libet ex ipso. Yet we find also Virg. Mn. 2.
Of the Accusative. 93
1 14, Eurypylum scitatum oracula mittimus. Note: rogare mi-
lites sacramento, Caes. B. G. 6. 1 : Liv. 32. 26 : 35. 2, i. e. to
swear-in soldiers.
Observations.
1.) The above-mentioned verbs, which, besides an accusative
of the person, have also an accusative of the thing, sometimes re-
tain this latter accusative even in the passive voice; yet so that
it is mostly a pronoun of the neut. gend. : as Cic. ad Div. 5. 8.
14, sin autem quidpiam aut a te essem admonitus : Cic. Coel.
3, illud te esse admonitum volo : Cic. Amic. 24, nee ea, qua
raonemur : Plin. Paneg. 26, reddebant illi, qua monebantur :
Ovid. Met. 4. 154, hoc estote rogati : or nihil, multa, pauca,
e. g. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 66, multa praeterea ostentis, multa in
extis admonemur ; unless this accusative be governed by ad in
admonemur : Ovid. Her. 1. 66, multa rogatus : Ovid, in Ibin.
64\,plura rogatis (particip.) : Ovid. Fast. 4. 418, pauca do-
cendus eris : Sail. Cat. 45, cuncta edoctus. Sometimes, how-
ever, we find substantives in the accusative with verbs of the
passive voice ; as Hor. Art. 68, doctus iter melius : Liv. 25.
40, vir impiger et sub Hannibale magistro omnes belli artes
edoctus : Sail. Cat. 52. 1, Cato rogatus sententiam (when he
was asked his opinion) huiuscemodi orationem habuit : so ibid.
50, Caesar rogatus sententiam a consule locutus est: Cic. Att.l.
13, rogatum esse sententiam : so also Cic. Dom. 7 : Liv. 42. 35,
rogati auxilia, being asked for help : Liv. 36. 7, Hannibal in-
terrogatus sententiam: cf. Veil. 2. 3,3: thus also Suet. Tib. 71,
interrogatus testimomum : Tac. Hist. 2. 53, interrogatus causam:
Ovid. Met. 1. 137, nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives
poscebatur humus : so Apollo poscitur verba, Prop. 4. 2. 74(76) :
rationem posceretur, Gell. 4. 19 : also without an accusative ;
e. g. poscitur Alcithoe, Ovid. Met. 4. 274, i. e. narrare, though
it may mean, is summoned : frumentum flagitarentur, Caes. B.
C. 1. 87 : also without an accusative, e. g. flagitabar, Cic. Dom.
7. Whether celari occurs with a substantive in the accusative
we cannot determine ; but it is found with quod, Cic. ad Q.Fr.
94 Of the Accusative.
3. 5, indicabo tibi, quod mehercule inprimis te celatum vole-
bam : Ter. Hec. 4. 4. 23, nos hoc celatos. Nepos even says,
hoc mihi celatur, e. g. Ale. 5, id Alcibiadi diutius celari non
potuit : Con. 5, id cum minus diligenter esset celatum : at other
times we find celor de re, e. g. non est de veneno celata mater,
Cic. Cluent. 66 : te maximis de rebus a. fratre esse celatum, Cic.
ad Div. 5. 2 : also absolutely, e. g. non quo celandus esses,
ibid. 19.
2.) In general we remark, that when the question is, whether
a verb governs two accusatives, we must draw no inference from
the accusatives hoc, id, illud, quid, and other pronouns of the
neuter gender, nihil which is often used for non, multa and pauca,
since these are used where no other accusative can stand ; e. g.
nihil te hortor, moneo, queror Sec. : nihil dubito de hac re :
quid dubitas ? si quid dubitas : hoc semper dubito : quid non
mortalia pectora cogis auri sacra fames ? Virg. IEn. 3. 56. So
Cicero ad Att. 6. 5, non quo me aliquid iuvare posses : Cic. ad
Div. 6. 7- 4. Caecin. qui multa deos venerati sint contra eius sa-
lutem, i. e. valde : Sail. Cat. 45, multa prius de salute sua Pom-
tinum obtestatus, i. e. valde : Sail. lug. 49, ac pauca pro tern-
pore milites hortatus, for paucis.
3.) There is also another kind of verbs which take two accu-
satives, one as verbs transitive, another on account of the pre-
position with which they are compounded ; as, transducere co-
pias Rhenurn, or pontem : these were considered before, n. 11.
XVII.) After the infinitive of sum and of other verbs
which are followed by a nominative, as fio &c., the pre-
dicate is put in the accusative, when the subject pre-
cedes in the accusative : e. g. scio patrem esse doctum,
where doctum is in the accusative because patrem is so :
audivi multos homines esse occisos. Thus also after vi-
deri ; as, audio hoc tibi videri mirum ; but here esse
generally fails : it should properly be audio hoc tibi
videri esse mirum : so video, hanc rem tibi videri pul-
Of the Accusative. 95
chram, sc. esse. So after the infinitives of other verbs,
which are followed by a nominative, the noun that per-
tains to the predicate follows in the accusative, when
the subject is an accusative ; as, video te creari con-
sulem: audio te creatum iri consulem: scio tenominari
Caium : &c.
XVIII.) The accusative of the subject very often also
precedes the infinitive : namely, when, by an abbre-
viated expression, the nominative, which is always the
subject of a sentence, together with the particles ut,
quod, quin, an (in English thai), is changed into the
accusative, and the verb, which belongs to it, into the
infinitive : e. g. scio, te vivere, that thoulivest : velim,
te venire, that thou come : scio, te esse sapientem. This
is commonly called the accusative with the infinitive ;
more clearly, the accusative of the subject with the in-
finitive. But how this should properly be formed, and
when it may or must happen, cannot be explained,
until we first explain when these particles ut, ne, quin,
an, are used : which will afterwards be considered.
XIX.) An accusative also is frequently used, which
is governed, or seems to be governed, by a verb omitted.
This happens I.) when the verb needs only to be re-
peated ; e. g. Liv. 6. 26, eventum senatus, quern vide-
bitur (sc. dare), dabit, which it shall seem right to give :
Liv. 31. 7, ut, quern videretur, mitteret, where mittere
fails : II.) particularly in passionate expressions, in
which words are often omitted : to these belongs 1.)
quid multa ? why should I say much ? for quid (i. e.
propter quid) multa dicam ? so ne multa, sc. dicam, Cic.
Cluent. 64 : 2.) quid ? i. e. further ; which is often
used by Cicero with an interrogation following it, as
96 Of the Accusative.
quid ? nonne &c. : here also dicam seems to fail, what
shall I say ? 3.) the expression quid? quod, Cic. Div.
2. 45 : Cic. Att. 6. 6 : Ovid. Rem. 247, which is com-
monly translated yea, or yea further : it stands properly
for quid de eo dicam, quod &c., what shall I say about
this, that &c., and thus it may be often translated ; e. g.
Cic. Manil. 5 : Cic. Cat. 1.8: it is therefore self-evi-
dent, that after quid ? quod, a verb must always follow ;
e. g. quid? quod multos innocentes occidi iussit. It
would be incorrect to say, odit omnes homines ; quid ?
quod parentes suos, he hates all men, yea even his own
parents : instead we must put imo or atque adeo. To
these belongs 4.) the accusative which is commonly
used in passionate exclamations of sorrow or joy : e. g.
me miserum! unhappy me ! Terent. Ad. 3. 2. 12 : so
also me miserum! ibid. 32, or miserum me! ibid. 3. 1.
4 : tefelicem ! happy thee ! Here some understand
vide, adspice, adspicite ; though this is quite uncer-
tain : it is quite clear that such an explanation will not
always apply. It is more probable that no verb at all
is understood by the speaker, no more than in the si-
milar expressions in English. This accusative is used
both with and without the interjection o ! whence it is
clear that it is independent of the interjection. Mise-
rum ! is also used as an interjection, alas ! wretched !
e. g. Virg. jEn. 6. 21, iussi, miserum! septena &c.
Of the Accusative with Adverbs.
Certain adverbs also are followed by an accusative :
e. g. 1.) bene : as, bene vos, bene vos, may it be well
Of the Accusative. 97
with you, Plant. Stich. 5. 4. 27 : so bene nos, bene fc,
Ovid. Fast. 2. 6. 36 : bene Messalam, Tibull. 2. 1. 31 :
at other times a dative follows : 2.) prope in particular
is often followed by an accusative, though at other
times by a dative : e. g. prope me, Cic. ad Div. 7. 23,
and elsewhere : so propius, proxime : see above, of the
Dative, Sect. VII. 5. n. I.
5.
Of the Accusative with Prepositions.
The prepositions which govern an accusative have
already been noticed, Part I. Chap. III. Sect. 7 ; and
it was at the same time observed, that some of these
prepositions are put after their case, and some used
adverbially without a case. Sometimes also the case
fails, where it might be expected ; e. g. redeo ad quce
mandas, for ad ea qu& mandas, Cic. Att. 5. 11. p. 665.
Ernest. : so sine is used without its case ; e. g. age iam,
cum fratre an sine ? sc. eo, ibid. 8. 3.
6.
Of the Accusative with Interjections.
Some interjections are followed by an accusative,
which however does not seem to be governed by them,
but by some verb which has been omitted in the warmth
of feeling : e. g. ah ! me miserum ! o ! me miser um !
o ! me infelicem ! Thus, Cic. Mil. 37, o ! me miserum !
o ! me infelicem ! oh unhappy me ! or, o ! how wretched
am I ! ibid. 38, o ! fortem et a vobis, indices, conser-
vandum virum ! o ! what a brave &c. : ibid, o ! terrain
illam beatam, quae hunc virum exceperit ! hanc ingra-
VOL. II. H
98 Of the Vocative.
tarn, si eiecerit ! miseram, si amiserit ! o ! happy land
&c. : o ! how happy will be the land Sec. : Terent.
Andr. 3. 4. 10, vah ! callidum consilium ! ah ! what a
cunning plan ! where also it may be the nominative :
ibid. 4. 1. 22, heu ! memisenim! Sail. lug. 14. 9,
eheu ! me miserum ! Virg. ^En. 7. 293, heu ! stirpem
invisam &c., ah ! hated race &c. : Plaut. True. 5. 1.
60, hem ! tibi talentum argenti, here is a talent of silver
for you ! so ecce me ! here am I ! ecce hominem mi-
serum &c. : Cic. Fin. 2. 30, ecce miserum hominem !
Virg. Eel. 5. 65, en ! quatuor aras &c. : Terent. Andr.
1. 5. 2, proh ! (pro !) deum atque hominum ; where in
the warmth of p&ssionjidem is omitted. It is uncertain
what kind of verb, or whether any, should be under-
stood. As was remarked just now, some understand
vide, videte, aspice, aspicite ; but it is probable that
the ancients did not understand any. Thus also vae
me ! Senec. Apocol. ante med. : vae te ! Plaut. Asin. 2.
4. 75, the deuce take thee ! At other times vae and ecce
are used with a dative : see above, Sect. VI. 5. n. III.
Also ecce with a nominative, Cic. Att. 3. 16 : 8. 3.
SECTION EIGHTH.
Of the Use of the Vocative.
The vocative is used when a person calls or ad-
dresses another. It may precede or follow certain
words, according to the intention of the speaker, and
the impulse of feeling : as in English, friend, do it not !
or do it not, friend ! wretch, die ! or die, wretch !
It is often preceded by interjections ; as, o miser !
ofili! hem Pamphile ! &c. : thus Virg. .En. 1. 198
Of the Ablative. 99
(202), o socii, o passi graviora ! c. : Virg. Eel. 2. 69,
ah ! Corydon, Corydon, quae te dementia cepit ! Plant
Pcen. 5. 3. 3, proh ! supreme lupiter ! Plaut. Pseud.
1. 5. 113, eho ! Pseudole ! Terent. Andr. 3. 5. 10, eho-
dum ! bone vir, quid ais ? Terent. Adelph. 2. 4. 17,
heus 1 heus ! Syre ! ibid. 3.4. 10, hem! Demea,haud
adspexeram te : Hor. Od. 4. 2. 49, io ! triumphe ! &c.
That these interjections do not govern the vocative is
self-evident ; since they are each often used without
the other.
SECTION NINTH.
Of the Use of the Ablative.
The ablative is used in so many ways, that it is
scarcely possible, accurately to distribute its usages
into classes. Many grammarians maintain, that it is
always governed by a preposition, either expressed or
understood. This may serve for explanation, though
we cannot always say with confidence, what preposi-
tion is omitted. We have, therefore, retained the com-
mon method of considering its use with reference to
the questions, with what ? through what ? of what ?
from what ? &c.
M
Of the Ablative after certain Prepositions.
The ablative is governed by the prepositions a, ab, abs,
absque, clam, coram, cum, de, e, ex, prse, pro, sine, te-
nus ; also by in, super, sub, subter ; to which some add
palam, procul, and simul, which others consider as ad-
verbs. We considered these before, Part I. Chap. III.
H 2
100 Of the Ablative.
Sect. VII, and there remarked what is most important
respecting them : e. g. that a and e are used only be-
fore consonants, but not before h ; ab and ex before a
vowel or h, and sometimes before other consonants : abs
only before t and q. We then also remarked their most
usual significations, which is of principal importance.
Of a, de, and cum we particularly observe :
A not only mezmsfrom, as, ab hoc die, from this day ; or by>
as ab aliquo amari to be loved by any one ; but very often
on the side of, with respect to, in; as, laborare a re fru-
mentaria, to be distressed in supplies : firmus a peditatu,
strong in infantry : locus copiosus a frumento, instructus a
re &c.: soperire ab animo, Plaut. True. 1.1. 26. Further,
a, where the efficient cause is denoted, is used not only after
passives, but frequently after intransitives with a passive sense,
and transitives : e. g. Cic. ad Att. 6. 2, salvebis a meo Cice-
rone, thou wilt be or art saluted, greeted or complimented, by
my son Cicero : Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 55, nam, quae spiritu in
pulmones anima ducitur, ea calescit primum ab eo spiritu, is
warmed by &c. : Quintil. 9- 2. 12, an a reo fustibus vapu-
lasset, for verberatus esset : ibid. 12. 1, respondit, a cive se
spoliari malle, quam ab hoste venire (from veneo), for vendi :
Ovid. Met. 13. 597, occidit a forte Achille, i. e. occisus est :
so cadere ab aliquo, ibid. 5. 192 : Suet. Oth. 5 : perire ab
aliquo, Plin. H. N. 11. 37, sect. 76 : mori ab ira patris, Val.
Fl. 7. 484. To these belongs the usual expression bene audire
ab aliquo, to be praised by one, to be in good repute with one :
Cic. Fin. 3. 17, esseque hominis ingenui etliberaliter educati,
velle bene audire a parentibus, a propinquis, a bonis etiam
viris. Yet here a seems properly to mean as to. Further,
a is sometimes used after substantives ; as Cic. ad Div. 9. 16.
19, haec levior est plaga ab amico, quam a debitore, this loss
is less from a friend &c. : so undae a fonfibus, forfontium :
Virg. Georg. 2. 243, homo ab aliquo, a person belonging to
anyone : e. g. Plaut. Mil. 2. 2. 5, quemquea militehoc vide-
Of the Ablative. 101
ritis hominem in nostris tegulis hunc deturbatote in viam, if
you see any person belonging to this officer, any of his people
&c. : Terent. Andr. 3. 1.3, ab Andria est ancilla ha?c : Cic.
Mur. 30, nostri illi a Platone, i. e. Platonici : homo ab urbe
aliqua : e. g. Turnus ab Aricia, Liv. 1. 50, of Aricia : solvere
ab aliquo, to pay by means of a person, from his money or
purse, or by assignment upon him, Cic. Att. 7. 18 : 5. 21.
De very often means on account of, about, concerning : e. g.
hac de re, on account of this affair : de hac re nihil timeo,
about this circumstance &c.
Cum means with, i. e. together with, and denotes an accompa-
niment or association, as when one talks, goes, contends, or
transacts business with another : as pugnare, loqui, ire cum
aliquo : habitare cum aliquo, to live with any one : secum ha-
bere libros, pecuniam &c., to have with one books, money
&c. : ego cumfratreinklix sum, I, together with my brother,
am unfortunate : homo deprehensus cum sica, with a dagger,
Cic. Phil. 2. 29 : in cella Concordise cum gladiis homines
collocati stent, men with swords, ibid. 8 : so, cum imperio esse,
Cic. ad Div. 1. 1, to have the command: seder e cum tunica,
to sit in a vest, Cic. Verr. 4. 24 : librum legere cum magna
voluptate, to read a book with great pleasure : all which in-
stances imply association. Also, cum prima luce, at the first
light, Cic. Off. 3.31: salinum cum sale, Plaut. Pers. 2. 3. 15 :
venire cum febri, Cic. Att. 6. 9 ' porcus cum humano capite,
Liv. 32. 9 : convenire cum silentio, Liv. 7. 35 : 38. 10: Te-
rent. Eun. Prol. 44 : quid mihi cum te ? what have I to do
with you ? Cic. Quint. 17: cum his dictis redit, Liv. 1. 32,
with these words : cum eo, with that condition, so far, with
that proviso, Cic. Att. 6. 1 : Liv. 8. 14 : cum aliquo consen-
tire, Nep. Phoc. 2. We shall immediately consider when
cum is omitted.
Note: sine is used without a case, Cic. Att. 8. 3, age iam,cum
fratre an sine, i. e. eo? also ad; e. g. redeo ad qua mandas,
for ad ea qua, ibid. 5. 11 : which was noticed before.
102 Of the Ablative.
2.
Of the Ablative in general without a Preposition.
The ablative, with a preposition omitted, is often
used in answer to the questions, with, through or by,
from or of, in, out of, as to, on, on account of, for
what ? where ? whence ? when ? Note: These questions
must be used with great caution, since they will not
always apply ; and sometimes several will apply to the
same circumstance. Thus confidere homine means, to
trust to a man, or to rely on a man ; and therefore we
may ask to what? or on what? In applying these
questions we must generally consider the sense of the
preceding word : e. g. to informare artibus many be-
ginners adapt the question, in what? since they sup-
pose that informare means to instruct ; but it really
means to form, and therefore the proper question is, by
what ? and thence arises the ablative.*
* Though it did not appear right in a translation to depart so far from
the intention of the author, it would, otherwise, have been preferable to
arrange the following instances, not according to the questions prefixed
to them, but according to the several notions which the ablative con-
veys. The arrangement, which the author has adopted, has necessarily
led to this inconvenience, that the same or similar instances occur under
different heads. Nothing can be more precarious than a division formed
upon the prepositions, since the same preposition in different languages
has extremely different uses. This is remarkably illustrated by comparing
the difference of the Latin, German, and English prepositions in the ex-
amples given by the author. The reader, therefore, must understand,
that the prepositions contained in the questions prefixed to each head, are
not to be used in translating all the examples, but are merely intended to
convey the leading notion of that class to which they are severally pre-
fixed.
Of the Ablative. 103
I.) Wherewith ? with what? Here the ablative by
itself without cum must be used, when it does not de-
note an accompaniment or association, or when the
English with cannot be altered into together with. This,
therefore, happens :
1 .) First, when an instrument, tool, or implement is denoted,
with which any thing is effected : e. g. loqui lingua, to speak
with the tongue, not cum lingua : cernere oculis, to see with the
eyes : gladio aliquem interficere : manibus apprehendere ali-
quid : naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret, Hor.
Epist. 1. 10. 24 : Plaut. Rud. 5. 2. 19, tetigisti acu sc. rem :
Virg. Eel. 3. 64, malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella, the spor-
tive girl, Galatea, aims at me with an apple. In all such in-
stances cum is improper, and must not be used.
Note : Yet in some places we find cum even when an instru-
ment is meant ; where, however, it may be commonly perceived
that a sort of association is implied : e. g. Cic. ad Div. 2. 10. 5,
interea cum meis copiis omnibus vexavi Amanienses, I with my
assembled forces have harassed the people of Mount Amanus :
here cum seems unnecessary, and without it we should translate,
I with, i. e. by my assembled forces; but since it is used by
Cicero, it will be better to translate, I together with &c. The
following passage is more remarkable, Ovid. Met. 1. 180, terri-
ficarn capitis concussit (lupiter) terque quaterque Cffisariem,
cum qua terram, mare, sidera movit. Here qua seems to de-
note the instrument, or means, with which Jupiter moves the
earth, sea and stars, and therefore cum would be incorrect :
but since the verb is not movet but movit, we may explain cum
as expressing an association, together with : we may therefore
translate, together with which he moved Sec. : i.e. when he shook
his air, he also shook the earth &c. : Plaut. Aul. 5.2. 3, equi-
dem quo earn, aut ubi sim, aut qui sim, nequeo cum animo cer-
tum investigare, I cannot with my mind certainly discover :
where cum animo is harshly used for animo ; since it merely
means with my mind, i. e. by my mind, as an instrument or
104 Of the Ablative.
mean, with which the investigation is made : yet exactly in the
same way we find recordari cum animo, Cic. Cluent. 25 : queri
cum aliquo, i. e. beside &c., Cic. ad Div. 3. 7 : 7.2?: we must
translate it in or beside: thus cum is often used for in\ e.g. iu-
venes cum equis, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 2, i. e. on horseback : nemo
cum magistratu, Suet. Tiber. 12, i. e. in magistrate : esse cum
imperio, Cic. ad Div. 1.1: ccenare cum toga pulla, Cic. Vatin.
13: forapud, e.g. habere secum, Cic. ad Div. 7. 25: Cic.
Verr. 2. 31 : so, habitare cum aliquo. Particularly we may here
refer the following expressions, where cum is manifestly redun-
dant ; Cato R. R. 77, cum melle oblinito : iuga cum loris ornata,
ibid. 10 : vehicula cum culeis onusta, Plin. H. N. 7- 20 : sul-
cum cum terra complere, Colum. de Arbor. 4 : cum voce maxima
conclamare, Gell. 9- 13 : ungere cum vino, Veget. de Re Veter.
1. 11: to which we may also add Liv. 1.51, instructus cum ar-
matorum manu venerat ; yet we may translate instructus abso-
lutely, Jitted out, in proper array, and separate it from cum.
2.) When a mean is denoted, with or by which any thing
happens, so that it may almost be represented as an instrument :
e. g. precibus plus saepe proficimus, with prayers we often
profit more : here also we may apply the question through what ?
Terent. Eun. 4. 7. 19, omnia prius experiri verbis, quam armis,
sapientem decet, a wise man must try every thing with or
through words, before &c. : aliquid silentio praeterire, Cic. Sull.
2 : Cic. Partit. 23 : transire, Cic. Att. 2. 19, to pass over with
silence : silentio is often used in the sense of silently, in silence,
without noise; as, to proceed in silence, Ca3s. B. G. 7- 11, 18 :
Liv. 8. 23 : Cic. Tusc. 2. 20 : yet in this latter sense we have
cum silentio, e. g. convenire, Liv. 7. 35 : adtendere, Terent.
Eun. Prol. 44. Yet we also find petere cum precibus, Liv. 9.
16 : at other times, merely precibus, Liv. 1. 16 : Cic. Sull. 19.
2.) With verbs of arraying, furnishing, adorning, loading, en-
dowing, filling &c., with any thing : as, instruere milites armis:
ornare parietem tabulis pictis, with pictures : obruere hominem
lapidibus, to overwhelm with stones : cumulare beneficiis, to
load with benefits : donare libris, to present with books : implere
Of the Ablative. 105
aliquem spe &c. Particularly we must mention here instruere,
when translated, to instruct : e. g. aliquem sapientia, artibus, to
furnish with wisdom, arts &c. So also the passives ornari, donai i,
cumulari, impleri rebus &c. To these we may also add pradi-
tus endowed, e.g. ingenio : refertus omnibus rebus. Yet we
find instructus cum, e. g. Liv. 1. 51, non dubitare quin in-
structus cum armatorum manu armatusque venturus sit. We
might infer from this passage, that in others also cum is properly
understood : but cum armatorum manu perhaps does not depend
on instructus, though Perizonius ad Sanct. so takes it, but to
venturus sit : instructus is often used without an ablative, and
means ready, prepared, arrayed, sc. with all things necessary :
e. g. exercitus ita stetit instructus, ut&c., Liv. 4. 18 : Romanus
exercitus instructus dimicationi, Liv. 1. 15: so instructi parati-
que cum ingenti clientium exercitu sic tribunes adorti sunt,
Liv. 3. 14 : where again cum is used, which may indeed be con-
nected with instructi paratique, but may also be referred to
adorti sunt, and translated, together with, as it may be in the
passage cited above, Liv. 1.51; at least there seems no neces-
sity for referring it to instructus. Yet we find such expressions
as sulcum complere cum terra, Colum. de Arbor. 4, where cum
might have been omitted : vehicula cum culeis onusta, Plin.
H. N. 7. 20: iuga cum loris ornata, Cato R. R. 10. It is dif-
ficult to determine, whether adfici tristitia, Ia3titia &c., belongs
here, since it is not certainly known what adficere signifies.
Note : Praeditus often seems to be omitted ; or, at least, we
may often suppose that word, as will be mentioned hereafter :
sometimes in, at other times cum may be understood ; as, homo
ea atate ; mu\\erformapulchra ; epistola vacillantibus literulis,
Cic. ad Div. 16. 15.
4.) With contentus, contented : as, nemo sua sorte conten-
tus, no one contented with his lot: here we must never use cum:
cf. Cic. Tusc. 5. 34 : Cic. Flacc. 28 : it is also with a genitive,
Diet. Cret. 2. 17.
5.) With facere, in the expression quid hoc homine facias?
Cic. Sext. 13: Cic. Verr. 2. 16, what can you do with this
106 Of the Ablative.
man? so also quid hoc homine faciatis? Cic. Verr. 1. 16: quid
capta Capua feceritis, Liv. 39. 37 : quid fecisti scipione? Plaut.
Cas. 5. 4. 6 : Plaut. Bacch. 2. 3. 100, nescit, quid facial auro,
what he shall do with the gold; where it may also be the dative,
which is often thus used ; e. g. Cic. Caecin. 11 : Cic. Acad. 4.
30: Cic. Att. 7. 3. Thus also in the passive; e.g. quid me
fiet ? what will be done with me ? quid hoc homine fiet ? Plaut.
Capt. 5. 1. 32, volo erogitare, meo minore quid sit factum^fto ?
what has been done w r ith my younger son ? what has become of
him f quid illo fiet ? Cic. Att. 6. 1 : si quid eo factum esset,
Cic. Manil. 20, i. e. if any thing (ill) had been done with him.
Yet in this instance we also find cum ; as Plaut. Capt. 4. 2. 22,
quid hie tantum incipissit facere cum tantis minis V Also with
de : e. g. quid de hac re factum est, i. e. as to, about : Cic. ad
Div. 14. 4, quid de Tulliola mea fiet ? cf. Terent. Ad. 5. 9- 39 :
Plaut. Epid. 1. 2. 48 : so esse is used, e. g. quidnam se futu-
rum esset, Liv. 33. 27, i. e. what would become of them.
6.) In some instances it is nearly indifferent whether cum be
expressed or not; namely, when no direct association or accompa-
niment is implied, nor any actual instrument or mean, but rather a
certain way or manner ; particularly when the ablative is accom-
panied by an adjective ; e. g. magna cum voluptate legi literas
tuas, or magna voluptate &c., I read your letter with great plea-
sure : feci hoc magna cura, or magna cum cura : cum prima
luce, or prima luce proficisci : so pace tua, vestra, with your
permission : and tua, vestra cum pace : so cum silentio, or si-
lentio. See a little before.
7 .) Cum often fails, even where an association is evidently im-
plied: yet in general only with historians, and perhaps only when
they speak of military forces : e. g. Caas. B. G. 2. 7, ad castra
Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt: ibid. 19> Caesar, equitatu
praemisso, subsequebatur omnibus copiis : and immediately after,
speaking of the Nervians, subito omnibus copiis provolarunt :
ibid. 29, Aduatici quum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis ve-
nirent: and elsewhere; e. g. ibid. 33: 4. 24: Nep. Milt. 4,
auderi ad versus se tain exiguis copiis dimicare : ibid. Reg. 1,
Of the Ablative. 107
quod maximis post hominum memoriam exercilibus terra ma-
rique intulit Graeciae : Sail. Cat. 57. 4, Antonius magno exer-
citu sequebatur : lug. 38. 4, multitudine Numidarum Auli
castra circuravenit : Liv. 10. 25, profectus (consul) apto exer-
citu : Liv. 3 1 . 36, postero die omnibus copiis consul in aciem
descendit : ibid. 36. 1, inde loto exercitu profectus : thus also
Cic. Mil. 10, obvius fit ei Clodius expeditus, nulla rheda, nullis
impediment** (luggage), nullis comitibus.
Observation.
The word with is often translated into Latin by adverbs : e. g,
vere with truth ; vere confirmare possum : prudenter with pru-
dence ; libenter with pleasure. Further, particular regard must
be paid to the accompanying verbs : as, I am joined with you,
iunctus tibi sum : he is angry with me, irascitur, succenset mihi.
II.) Through or by what? viz. when a mean, or
cause, or instrument is denoted : in this case we may
either use an accusative with per, or an ablative : e. g.
industria et ingenio homo fit doctus, through indus-
try and genius : here per industriam might be used :
virtute reddimur felices : sperando malum fit lenius,
through hope an evil is made &c. : docendo discimus :
Cic. ad Div. 16. 10, media et purgationibus et vi ipsius
morbi consumtus es, thou art wholly wasted through
fasting &c. : ibid. 4, nulla vi expulsus : and so conti-
nually. Nothing is more common : and except when
the gerund is used, per with an accusative may be
substituted, but an ablative is more concise.
Note : 1.) We can use an ablative to the question through
what ? only when we speak of things, not of men or animals :
e. g. I am fortunate through my brother, must not be translated
fratre meo, but perfratrem meum, orfratris ope. Thus, per
Sullam multi eiecti sunt, or a Sulla, but not Sulla : yet there
108 Of the Ablative.
are some exceptions to this remark; e. g. Liv. 29. 18, quibus
scelus expietis, i. e. per quos : Cic. Mil. 9* servos, quibus
sylvas publicas depopulatus erat, Etruriamque vexarat, i. e.
per quos: Sail. lug. 17, Cort. qui ferro aut bestiis interiere,
where some read a bestiis : 2.) through, when it does not denote
a mean, or cause, must not be translated by an ablative, but by
per with an accusative ; e. g. to run through the city, currere
per urbem, not urbe &c.
It is however uncertain, whence this ablative is de-
rived, since we have no preposition governing an ab-
lative, which can be used in such instances. Yet it
appears that a may often be understood, especially
with passives ; and sometimes with other verbs : par-
ticularly since it is thus expressed ; as Ovid. Art.
1. 724, candidus in nauta turpis color : sequoris undo,
debet et a radiis sideris esse niger, black through the
sea water and the sun's rays : ibid. 510, Minoida The-
seus abstulit, a nulla tempora comtus acu : yet this
is seldom, and in general a will not apply ; e. g. humani-
tate sua sibi comparavit amicos, by his politeness ;
where cum seems preferable ; and the same preposi-
tion may be understood in other places : sometimes
cum seems to be expressed for per, e. g. quantum cum
(through or by) maximo beneficio vestro negotii susti-
neam, Sail. lug. 85 : cum crepundiis, quibus cum ho-
die filiam inveni meam, Plaut. Rud. 5. 3. 7, i. e.
through which, by which ; though it may also be trans-
lated, together with which &c. : Macedonum animos
sibi conciliavit cum Heraclide, Liv. 32. 5, i. e. by the
arrest of Heraclides.
Note: Here belongs 1.) informare aliquem artibus, sapien-
tia &c. which is translated in : but it properly at all times
means, to form one by : therefore the ablative is used not in
Of the Ablative. 109
answer to the question, in what ? but through or by what ?
2.) delectari aliqua re, so oblectari, means to be delighted by or
through any thing, since it is really a passive : it is commonly
translated, to delight in any thing ; which is the same in effect :
so we find delectare aliquem aliqua re, to delight one by any
thing : 3.) florere, e. g. laude, divitiis, liberis, propinquis, inge-
nio &c., literally to blossom or flower, i. e. to be in good cir-
cumstances, or condition through &c. : Cic. ad Div. 2. 13. 3,
florentem (State, opibus, honoribus, ingenio, liberis, propinquis,
adfinibus, amicis.
III.) Whereof? ivherefroml 0/*or/hwzwhat? Here,
to avoid confusion, a distinction must be made :
1.) When the question of or from what? is the same as
through, by or with what ? and denotes a cause or mean, the
ablative is used without a preposition : as pinguescere glan-
dibus, to grow fat from or with acorns : perire fame, veneno,
from hunger, from poison : macrescere invidia, to grow lean
from envy : lassus cura tired of care, fessus eundo wearied of
going : seger curis ingentibus : corpus manat sudore : difHuere
otio : pallere metu : horrerejfrigore&c. : thus Liv. 7. 25, vivere
rapto : Goes. B. G. 4. 10, vivere piscibus atque ovis, to live on
fish &c. : carne, ibid. 5. 14: Virg. ^En. 6. 144, simili fron-
descit virga metallo : ibid. 209, lent crepitabat bractea vento,
with a gentle wind. Yet we also find vivitur ex rapto, Ovid.
Met. 1. 144: fessus de via, Cic. Somn. Scip. 1 : Cic. Acad.
1. 1, tired of the journey : so languere de via, Cic. Phil. 1.5:
vivere de arboribus, Cres. B. C. 3. 49, i. e. to live on the bark
of trees : so de vestro (on your own property) vivito, Plaut.
True. 5. 61. So de lucro vivere, to live on the kindness or
bounty of another, e. g. Cic. ad Div. 9. 17- 3, quia de lucro
prope iarn quadriennium vivimus : Liv. 40. 8, de lucro tibi vi-
vere me scito.
2.) But when the question of or from what ? has not the same
import as through or by what ? the prepositions a, ab, or de must
be used : and here we may inquire whether the usage of the
110 Of the Ablative.
language ever allows them to be omitted, a) De is scarcely
ever omitted : e. g. homines de te, bello, &c. loquuntur^ hac
de re audivi, scripsi, auditum est &c. ; where de must always
be expressed, b) A or ab is mostly expressed : as, pater a me
amatur : mundus a deo creatus est : hie locus distat ab urbe,
a monte, a sylva &c. trecentos passus : ivi ab urbe, a monte &c. :
ab adolescentia, a pueritia &c. hoc feci, I have done this from
my youth. There are a few instances, where a may be omitted :
e. g. 1.) when the verb is already compounded of a or ab ; as,
abesse, abire &c. : e. g. abesse domo etforo, Cic. ad Div. 4. 6 :
abesse nupta, Ovid. Remed. 773 : abire, e. g. domo, Plaut.
Merc. Prol. 12 : urbe, ibid. 3. 4. 69 : magistratu, to resign or
lay down a magistracy, Cic. Pis. 3 : Cic. ad Div. 5.2: Liv.
2. 31 : yet abesse is used with a, Cic. ad Div. 2. 1 : Cic. Sext.
12 : Liv. 29. 30 : also abire with a, de, ex ; e. g. abire a iure,
Cic. Verr. 1 . 44 : a sensibus, Cic. Acad. 4. 28 : de loco, Cic.
ad Div. 14. 1 : ex oculis, Liv. 25. 16 : 2.) with the names of
cities, as Roma, Carthagine &c. profectus est, he departed from
Rome &c. : so domo, rare venire, to come from home, from the
country ; humo surgere from the ground : yet sometimes a is
found with names of cities and with domus : 3.) with verbs
which denote to keep off, to liberate, to be free, or vacant,
where a may be either expressed or omitted ; as, arcere aliquem
ab aditu or aditu, liberare a periculo or periculo,', so liber is
used with or without a ; vacare a labore or labore ; so locus
vacuus a custodibus or custodibus : so also pellere, e. g. loco,
Liv. 10. 6: patria, Nep. Arist. 1 : civitate, Cic. Parad. 4:
foro, Cic. Harusp. 18: also with de, a, ex; e. g. de eo, Cic.
Acad. 4. 46 : ab agris, Ovid. Met. 14. 477 : ab aliqua, Terent.
Eun. 2. 1* 9 : e foro, Cic. Pis. 10: moestitiam ex animis, Cic.
Fin. 1. 17. Also movere, e. g. loco, Cffis. B. G. 3. 15 : Cic.
Div. 1. 35: with ex, Liv. 34. 20: Nep. Att. 7: with a, Ca-
tull. 3.8: 4.) with esse when used in description, as esse
magno natu, to be of great age ; summa dignitate, of high rank ;
pulchra specie 8tc. ; where, however, praeditus fails or may be
understood : 5.) with the participles natus, satus, ortus, genitus,
prognatus, cretus, editus, e. g. : a) natus, e. g. Pelope, Cic.
Of the Ablative. Ill
Tusc. 3. 12 : matre Musa, Cic. Nat. Deor. 3. 18 : eodem patre,
Nep. Cim. 1 : cf. Liv. 1. 39 : Ovid. Met. 12. 86 : also withe or
ex, Terent. Heaut. 5.4.7 : ibid. Ad. 1. 1. 15 : Cic. "Nat. Deor.
3. 19 : Nep. Dat. 2 : with a, Virg. ^n. 3. 98 : with de, Ovid.
Met. 4. 422 : Ovid, in Ibin. 407 : b)satus, e. g. Anchisa, i. e.
son of Anchises, Virg. jn. 5. 331 : Nereide, Ovid. Met. 12.
93 : satus stirpe divina, Liv. 38. 58 : c) ortus, e. g. nullis ma-
ioribusy Hor. Sat. 1. 6. 10: ortus se for a se, Liv. 2. 6: also
with ex or a, e. g. ex concubinu, Sail. lug. 108 : ab illo ortus
es, Cic. Mur. 31 : esse ortos a Germanis, Caes. B. G. 2. 4 :
so also oriundus : d) genitus, e. g. diis, Virg. JEn. 9. 642 : de
sanguine nostro, Ovid. Her. 16. 117: c terra, ibid. Met. 1.
615: e) prognatus, e.g. deo, Liv. 1. 40: bonis parentibus,
Terent. Phorm. 1. 2. 65, and elsewhere : also e Cimbris, Cses.
B. G. 2. 29 : a Dite patre, ibid. 6. 18 : f) cretus, e. g. aliquo,
sc. patre, Varr. L. L. 6. 2 : Virg. Mn. 9- 672 : also ab origine
eadem, Ovid. Met. 4. 606 : de chimterea gente, Claudian. in
Hercul. 76 : g) editus, e. g. atavis regibus, Hor. Od. 1. 1. 1 :
also de, e. g. de magrio flumine, Ovid. Her. 5. 10 : also nasci,
e. g. patre certo, Cic. Rose. Am. 16 : 6.) with all adjectives,
that are used in description ; as, ruber crime red in the hair : niger
ore : pulcher corpore : where, however, the ablative rather
means, as to, with respect to : 7.) poets often and other writers
sometimes omit a, as monte fugere, sylva fugere ; which has
already been noticed amongst the exceptions.
Note : \vhenfrom is equivalent to out of, ex is used : as, to
come from heaven, e coelo venire : ex animo, from the heart : e
periculo servari, to be preserved from danger. We shall here-
after consider, when treating of the question, out of what ? under
what circumstances ex may be omitted. When from or of is
the same as amongst, e. g. many of these &c., after adjectives,
after nihil, pars &c., and after the pronouns quis &c., the geni-
tive is used : as quis vestrum?- which of you ? nihil harum re-
rum, none of these things : also e, ex, de, in, inter : see above,
of the Genitive, Sect. V. 2. n. II. In the same way the ge-
nitive is used to the question whose ? or of whom ? e. g. a friend
of my father, or my father's friend, amicus patris.
]12 Of the Ablative.
IV.) Wherein ? in what ? when the notion of place
or situation is principally intended. Here the English
in must generally be translated into Latin by the pre-
position in with an ablative : e. g. in urbe esse, legi
in Livio varias narrationes &c. It is, however, some-
times omitted, when it is equivalent to, as to, in re-
spect to &c. : e. g.
1.) with certain adjectives, as rudis arte, in art e or artis:
so, peritus iure, consultus iure, where iuris might be used : see
these adjectives above, Sect. V. 2. n. I.
2.) angi animo, to be harassed in mind : Cic. ad Div. 16.
14. 3, audio te animo angi : Cic. Brut. 2 : valere ammo, to be
strong in mind, Cic. ad Div. ibid. : also cadere animis, Cic. ad
Div. 6. 1. 10: pendemus animis, Cic. Tusc. 1. 40: also, pen-
debit animi, Terent. Heaut. 4. 4. 5 : discrucior animi, Cic. ad
Div. 16. 14.
3.) levare aliquem aliqua re, to relieve in or of any thing, e. g.
onere, which is always used : Cic. ad Div. 16. 9- 4, literas, quae
me molestia valde levarunt : utinam omnino liberassent : from
which passage it is plain that levare cannot always be translated,
to deliver : so also, se are alieno liber are aut levare, Cic.
Att. 6. 2.
4.) With some verbs which mean to instruct; as imbuere,
instituere, erudire aliquem arte, literis &c. Note : instruere
and informare belong not to these, but to the question with or
through what? since instruere means to array, informare to
form : see above, Sect. VII. 3. n. XVI. 3.
5.) With esse to be, in a figurative sense to be situate,
when used with an adjective or pronoun, in may be either
expressed or omitted, as esse in magno dolore, or magno dolore,
esse in magna spe or magna spe&c.: Cic. ad Div. 6. 1. 17,
sis futurus non adflictiore conditione, not in more unfortu-
nate circumstances: ibid. 11. simus ea mente, let us be so
minded.
Of the Ablative. 113
(5.) With verbs of excelling, being superior, surpassing; as
exceilere, praestare, alicui aliqua re, in any thing : yet \ve also
find exceilere in re, as Cic. Fin. 5. 19, in hoc ipsa Philosophia
excelleret.
7.) Sometimes in reference to passages quoted ; as, dixit hoc
Cicero tertio capite ; quarto versu : yet in is more commonly
expressed.
8.) With the names of cities, in the plural number, or of
the third declension, e. g. fui Carthagine et Athenis. Yet since
the question where ? applies to these, we shall consider them
under that question : see hereafter.
9.) The poets often omit in where it would be expressed in
prose; as, navita^ppe sedens, Ovid. Fast. 6. 471, for in puppe :
so, media urbe, in the midst of the city : medio mari : medio tu-
tissimus ibis, Ovid. Met. 2. 137 : Virg. JEn. 4. 404, it nigrum
campis agmen, for in cam pis. Sometimes this happens in prose,
e. g. medio tedium sellis eburneis sedere, Liv. 5.41, for in medio,
in sellis: so sedere carpento, Liv. 1. 34 ; sede regia, ibid. 41,
for in carpento, &c.
10.) When a time is denoted; as hyeme in winter, pace et
bello ; where in is usual : so also hoc tempore : see hereafter,
under the question when f
V.) Out o/Vhat? Here e or ex can seldom be omitted :
e. g. we must say ex urbe fugere, e ccelo, e fenestra, c
nihilo nihil fit, e terra factus &c. : except, 1 .) when e or
ex is already expressed in the verb, as excedere urbe, exire
urbe, eiici urbe &c. : 2.) with the verb constat ; e. g. homo
constat animo et corpore, where ex is omitted, but might
be expressed : 3.) with names of cities ; as, Roma fugere,
to fly out of (from) Rome &c. : 4.) when out of is equi-
valent to through, on account of, e. g. desiderio out of
longing, amore out of love : 5.) it is often omitted by
the poets, as loco venire, sylva fugere, monte currere :
VOL. II. I
114 Of the Ablative.
since, in general, poetical writers aim at unusual ex-
pression : yet with some verbs the prose writers do the
same : e. g. pellere patria, Nep. Arist. 1 : civitate, Cic.
Parad. 4 : movere tribu, Cic. Or. 2. 67, to expel from
his tribe : senatu, Cic. Cluent. 43 : possessione, Cic.
Verr. 1. 45.
Note : the expression, He did it out of anger, is translated per
iram or ira motus fecit.
VI.) In what? when it is equivalent to, as to what?
and is added to adjectives and verbs to define their
extent or reference : this case was partly considered,
n. IV, but the following instances may be added : seger
pedibus, oculis, diseased in the feet, in the eyes : firmus
equitatu, sometimes ab equitatu : natu minor, minimus,
maior, maximus, the younger, youngest, older, oldest :
magnus ingenio, crine ruber, niger ore, brevis pede, lu-
mine laesus : contremisco corpore toto : so also contre-
misco tota mente&tque omnibus artubus, Cic. Or. 1. 26 :
perhorresco ammo, Cic. Verr. 4. 50 : Hor. Epist. 1. 6.
14, animoque et corpore torpet, is torpid in mind and
body : Nep. Phoc. 4, cum pedibus non valeret, since
he was weak in his feet ; captus mente, weak in under-
standing, Cic. Acad. 4. 17 : captus omnibus membris,
Liv. 2. 36 : Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, i. e. lame in &c. To
these belong verbs of abounding, wanting &c. ; as
abundare, carere aliqua re, to abound or be deficient
in any thing : as careo culpa, I am without fault : see
hereafter, n. IX. So praestare alicui or aliquem doc-
trina, humanitate, to excel one in learning, humanity
&c. : laborare morbo, re frumentaria, pedibus &c. to
suffer in &c. Some refer to these, delectari, oblectari
re, to delight in any thing : but improperly, since
Of the Ablative. 115
botli are passives, and the sense is, to be delighted by
any thing. To these we may add the ablative after
comparatives, where it expresses, by what quantity one
thing exceeds another : e. g. Cic. Verr. 3. 52, ager
CLXX aratoribus inanior, more empty in or by one
hundred and seventy husbandmen : Liv. 2. 7, uno plus
Etruscorum cecidisse : Liv. 5. 30, una plures tribus.
Note : Sometimes the English in does not admit to be trans-
lated by an ablative ; as, it lay not in me, per me non stetit : I
have a great interest in books, libros habere magni mea interest :
he was a partaker in the labour, erat particeps laboris.
VII.) As to what ? according to what ? where, how-
ever, the ablative may as often be translated by the
English in, and most of the examples may be referred
to the preceding case : as, primus ordine, first as to
order, in order : vicinior loco, nearer in or as to situa-
tion : qui prior tempore, potior lure, he who is prior in
time is preferable as to right : hie est mihi estate films,
beneficiis pater, amore frater, in years my son, in bene-
fits my father, in love my brother : Tercnt. Adelph.
1. 2. 46, natura tu illi pater es, ego consiliis, according
to nature thou art his father &c. : Cic. Off. 1. 35, Cy-
nici, qui reprehendunt et irrident, quod ea quae re
turpia non sint, nominibus ac verbis flagitiosa ducamus,
which in fact are not disgraceful &c. : Liv. 35. 32,
callida et audacia consilia prima specie (according to
first appearance) laeta sunt, tractatu dura, eventu tristia :
it may be translated, in first appearance pleasant, in
management hard, in event sorrowful. To this place
we refer mea sententia, meo iudicio, according to my
opinion, my judgement ; for de mea sententia, de meo
iudicio, both which are very usual : also metiri aliquid
i 2
116 Of the
ex aliqua re, or aliqua re without ex, to measure one
tiling by or according to another : Nep. Eum. 1, quod
magnos homines virtute metimur, nonfortiwa: usum
pecuniae non magnitudine sed rat lone metiri, Cic. ad
Div 7. 12: Cic. Pis. 18: also with e,r, e. g. metiri
aliquid ex sua causa, Plane. Cic. ad Div. 10. 4 : so iu-
dicare, e. g. aliquid non numero sed pondere, Cic. Off.
2. 22 : utilitate, Nep. Att. 13 : also with ex, e. g. ex
aquo, according to equity, Cic. Coecin. 23 : aliquid
ex aliorum ingeniis, Terent. Eun. 1. 2. 118 : also with
a, e. g. a vero sensu, Brut. Cic. ad Div. 11. 10. There
are perhaps no other general usages in which the ab-
lative corresponds to the question, according to what ?
i. e. as to what? in what? Learners, however, must
be careful not to be guided merely by the sameness of
prepositions, in English, but must attend to all the cir-
cumstances under which they are used.
VIII.) On what? Here the ablative is used only
after verbs which mean to lean, depend, trust, rely
&c., as confidere, fretus, niti : e. g. feci hoc fretus hu-
mamtate tua, relying on your kindness : niti aliqua re
or in aliqua re, to lean on any thing, as baculo, terra,
promissis &c. : confidere alicui rei (homini) or aliqua
re, e. g. amicitire tuse or amicitia tua confisus : in is
seldom used with it, e. g. sibi in multitudine, Auct. B.
Afric. 1 9 ; where sibi is redundant. Here also the learner
must be cautious not to be deceived by the sameness
of prepositions ; e. g. Believe me on my word, must
not be translated, crede mihi m-eis verbis, but crede
mihi ajfirmanti &c. : so consumere operam in aliqua
re, Cic. ad Div. 16. 15. 1, to spend one's labour on
any thing ; and dare operam alicui rei, but not re : so
Of the Ablative. 117
He sets the food on the table, not ponit cibum mcnsa
but in mensa. Note : he sits on the seat, sedet in
sella, Cic. Div. 1. 46 : in solio, Cic. Fin. 2. 21 : with-
out in, with an adjective, e. g. sede regia, Liv. 1.41:
eburneis sellis, Liv. 5. 41 : prima sella, Phsedr. 3. 6. 5 :
uno equo, Mart. 3. 7. 49 : and without an adjective,
e. g. carpento, Liv. 1. 34 : tergo aselli, Ovid. Fast.
3. 749.
IX.) On account of what ? for the sake 0/"what ? be-
cause 0/*what ? Here 1.) propter, ob, causa, are gene-
rally used ; as, fecit propter te, tua causa, propter lu-
crum, ob lucrum, lucri causa : also per ; e. g. fecit per
iram, per odium, through anger, on account of anger
&c. : 2.) frequently de ; as, hoc de causa, because of
this reason : 3.) the ablative with the participles
ductus, adductus, motus, incitatus &c. : as, fecit amore
tui ductus, he did it from love to you : desiderio in-
citatus, through longing desire : also impeditus ; as, I
cannot come to you on account of business, negotiis
impeditus : 4.) also without these participles, the sim-
ple ablative of the passion or affection, as love, hate,
hope, desire c., where in English from is used ; as,
fecit odio, from hatred. Sometimes also, other words
are put in the ablative ; e. g. Sail. lug. 37. 4, quod
quamquam et s&vitia ternporis et opportunitate loci ne-
que capi, neque obsideri poterat : particularly after
the verbs gaudere, laetari ; e. g. gaudere aliqua re, to
rejoice on account of any thing, where de is omitted,
which at other times is used : commoveri aliqua re, to
be troubled or violently affected on account of any
thing : per after licet is translated on account of; as,
tibi per patrem non licet, you dare not on account of
118 Of the Ablative.
your father. Here also as before it is necessary to
attend to the exact import of the English preposition,
before we can determine whether an ablative should
be used.
X.) For what ? i. e. instead of what? Here pro is
indicated, and must generally be expressed : e, g. I
will give you much for the book, dabo tibi pro libro
multum : to speak for, in behalf of, any one, dicere
pro aliquo. Yet after the words, to offer for sale, to
buy, to sell, to hire, the price is put in the ablative
without pro : e. g. vendere aliquid tribus drachmis,
magno pretio, parvo pretio ; in which latter examples
pretio also may be omitted. On the contrary, For
what do you take me ? qualis tibi videor ? or qualem
me iudicas or habes ? He takes thee for a learned man,
habet te doctum or pro docto : I cannot speak for tears,
prae 1 aery mis.
XL) Where ? Here the ablative is, in general, only
used with names of towns, of the plural number or of
the third declension, and with the word rus : e. g.
Cic. Off. 2. 24, Antipater Tyrius Athenis nuper mor-
tuus est : Nep. Reg. 2, Alexander Baby lone morbo
consumtus est : thus we often find Veiis, Delphis, Car-
thagine &c. ; Nep. Praef. nulla Lacedtemoni tarn est
nobilis vidua, where Lacedaemoni is the old ablative
for Laced aemone : Cic. Rab. Post. 10, Neapoliin cele-
berrimo oppido c. So continually rure or ruri (abl.)
esse, vivere &c., to be in the country, at one's farm :
e. g. Cic. Rose. Am. 18 : Cic. Off. 3. 31 : Terent. Ad.
1 . 1 . 20. Note : a) yet we sometimes find the names
of cities with hi ; as Suet. Aug. 96, in Philippic Thes-
salus quidam ei de futura victoria nuntiavit : and Au-
Of the Ablative. 119
gustus, for the sake of perspicuity, was accustomed to
use in before all names of cities ; as Suetonius relates
Aug. 86 : b) that, on the other hand, names of towns
of the first and second declension and singular number,
together with humus and domus, to the question where ?
must be put in the genitive, was observed before, of the
Genitive, Sect. V. 3. n. VI. e. g. fui Roma, domi :
iacui humi : though we also find in domo ; as, Cic.
Off. 1 . 39, in domo clari hominis : also domo for domi ;
e. g. se tenere domo, Cic. Red. Sen. 11 : Cic. Dom.
3 : c) sometimes also the ablative of a name of a town
is used to the question, near or at what ? for apud,
iuxta, ad; e. g. Veiis for apud Veios, Liv. 3. 12 : 5. 8,
12, and elsewhere.
On the contrary, with the names of countries and
islands, and with other words, in is used in answer to
the question where ? as, in Italia fui, in Cypro, in illo
monte &c. But even with these words the poets often
omit in ; as, Italia tota for in Italia tota, monte summo
for in monte summo &c. This also sometimes occurs
with prose writers ; as Sail. lug. 44. 4, plerumque
milites stativis castris habebat : ibid. lug. 88. 3, saepe
aggressus itinere, fuderat, for in itinere, on the march :
Liv. 25. 19, et ipse aliquantum voluntariorum itinere
in agris concivit, i. e. in itinere : Nep. Prsef. magnis
in laudibus fuit tota Gratia, for in tota Graecia : Cic.
ad Div. 16. 11, etsi opportunitatem operae tuae omnibus
locis desidero : so also in the common formula, terra
Twanque bella gerere, by land and sea. Especially
loco is often used in a figurative sense without in ; as
Cic. ad Div. 12. 28, res neque nunc difficili loco mihi
videtur esse, et fuisset facillimo : so peiore res loco non
120 Of the AbMHice.
potis est esse, Tereut. Adelph. 3. 2. 46 : ut meliore
simus loco, ne optandum quidem est, Cic. Harusp. 28.
So we often find summo loco, equestri loco, ignobili loco
natus c. when the family is indicated : honesto loco
natus, Cic. Flacc. 8, born of an honourable family :
also loco instead of, &$fratris loco aliquem habere, to
account one instead of a brother : tu es mihi patris, fra-
tris, loco is very usual : sometimes loco means, in pro-
per time, Cic. Leg. 3. 18 : otherwise in loco : thus also
statu ; as, deteriore autem statu ut simus, Cic. Harusp.
28 : res vestrse quo statu sunt? Liv. 3. 68: nihil suo
statu manet, Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. 12 : otherwise in statu;
e. g. cum in hoc statu res essent, Liv. 26. 5 : cum in
hoc statu res esset, Liv. 32. 11.
Note: 1 .) names of islands to the question where ? are also
often put in the genitive ; e. g. Corcyra, Cypri &c. for in Cor-
cyra : see above, Sect. V. 3. n. VI. 2.) we also find sedere
in sella and sedere sella, carpento : see examples lately quoted :
3.) the name of the water, i. e. sea, river &c. over which one
passes, is also put in the ablative : e.g. with traiicere ; asfreto
in Italiam, Liv. 22. 31 : Mg&o mari traiecit, Liv. 37. 14 : ex-
ercitus Pado traiectus, Liv. 21. ,56. Also introire porta, to
enter a door, is used four times successively, Cic. Pis. 23.
XII.) Whence ? from what ? from what place ? Here
the ablative is properly allowed, only with the names
of towns, and with the words domus, rus, humus,
where a is always omitted : as, venire Roma, Cartha-
gine, domo, rure (or rur'i), surgere humo, to come from
Rome, Carthage &c. : Cic. Att. 4. 13, te Roma profec-
tum : ad Div. 14. 4. 4, Brundisio profecti sumus : ibid.
16. 5, Leucade proficiscens : Off. 2. 23, Aratus pro-
ficiscens Sicyone : Nep. Timol. 3, deinde Corintho ar-
cessivit colonos : Nep. Milt. 2, turn id se facturos, cum
Of the Ablative. 121
ille dorno veniens c. : Terent. Eun. 3. 5. 63, paterne
rare redierit iam &c. : ibid. Hec. 1. 2. 115, rare hue
advenit: Plaut. True. 3. 2. 1, rurinon rediisse : Ovid.
Met. 2. 448, vix oculos adtollit humo. from the ground :
7 5?
ibid. Fast. 6. 735, surgit humo iuvenis : tollere se humo,
Virg. Georg. 3. 9. On the contrary, with the names
of countries and other words, a or ex is used, as venire
e Galiia, ex hortis : ab urbe longius progredi.
Note : yet these usages are sometimes reversed by the an-
cients : viz.
1.) With names of cities, and domus and humus, a or ex is
used : as Cic. Off. 3. 12, vir bonus ab Alexandria profectus :
Cffis. B. C. 3. 24, Libo discessit a Brundisio : Liv. 1. 47, non
tibi a Corintho, nee ab Tarquiniis (a city in Italy) peregrina
regna moliri necesse est : Cic. ad Div 4. 12. 2. Sulp. cum ab
Epidauro Pirseeum navi advectus essem : and immediately
after; eo consilio, ut ab Athenis in Bceotiam irem : and after-
wards, cum ab Athenis proficisci &c. : Liv. 40. 12, ab Roma re-
dii : Plaut. Mil. 2. 1. 48, fugere cupere ex hoc domu (for domo) ;
Cic. Senect. 23, tanquam ex domo: Virg. ln. 3. 25, viridem-
que ab humo convellere sylvam.
2.) On the contrary the preposition fails, a) with names of
countries ; as Nep. Phoc. 3, Cassander Macedonia pulsus est,
for e Macedonia : Liv. 45. 13, literas deinde Macedonia allatae :
Curt. 4. 3, classis Cypro advenit : Tac. Ann. 2. 69, Germa-
nicus JEgypto remeans : b) with other words, especially pel-
lere, movere, cedere &c. There often occurs pellere aliquem
patria, civitate, urbe, sedibus &c. : Mep. Arist. 1, scribentem,
ut patria pelleretur : Nep. Phoc. 3, capitis danmatos patria pe-
pulit : Virg. Jn. 6. 382, pulsus corde dolor : pellere loco, Liv.
10. 10: pellere civitate, Cic. Parad. 4. So we find loco mo-
vere, senatu movere to expel from the senate, tribu movere
from a tribe &c.: e. g. Cic. Cluent. 43, ut alter in ffirarios re-
ferri aut tribu moveri iubeat : Tusc. 3. 7, et reliquae partes to-
tumve corpus statu cum est motum : so cedere loco for de Ioco t
122 Of the Ablative.
is very usual. With poets the omission of a, ex or de is still
more common ; e. g. Virg. Mn. 5. I39 fi finibusomnes prosiluere
suis: ibid. 6. 182, advolvunt ingentes montibm ornos, i. e. de
montibus : and elsewhere. We need not remark here, that the
preposition is often omitted, when it is already contained in the
verb; as abesse loco, exire urbe &c. : see 3. n. II.
XIII.) When ? Here the preposition in is omitted :
e. g. hoc tempore, at this time : tempore in the time,
e. g. belli, of war : on the other hand, in tempore means
in time, at the right time ; e. g. in tempore venire, to
come in time, in proper time, Terent. Heaut. 2. 3. 123 :
Liv. 33. 5 : although tempore sometimes has the same
sense, e. g. tempore abest, Ovid. Her. 4. 109 : for
which tempori (abl.) or temperi is often used ; as Cic.
Sext. 37 : Plaut. Cas. 2. 6. 60 : so loco in right time,
Cic. Leg. 3. 18, for which elsewhere in loco is used,
Cic. ad Div. 11. 16 : Terent. Ad. 2. 2. 8. Further,
hoc die on this day, whence hodle is derived : superior!
anno, nocte &c. in a former year, a former night;
proxima nocte, last night : Nep. Hann. 3, proximo tri-
ennio omnes gentes Hispaniae bello subegit, in the first
three years : ibid. Att. 22, itaque die quinto decessit,
died on the fifth day : Caes. B. G. 2. 33, tertia vigilia
eruptionem fecerunt, in the third watch of the night :
Cic. Rab. Post. 15, his ipsis diebus hostem persequi :
ibid. Catil. 2. 7, triduo audietis, in three days : ibid,
ad Div. 2. 7. ,paucis diebus eram missurus tabellarios,
in a few days &c. : ibid. 16. 12. 12, ut aut aeger authyeme
naviges : and soon after, neque enim meas puto ad te
Jiteras tanta hyeme perferri : ibid. Off. 2. 23, quod tarn
longo spatio multa hereditatibus tenebantur, in so long
a time : ibid, ad Div. 5. 17. 3, et proxime recenti meo
adventu, at my recent arrival : Liv. 22. 9, Flaminius
Of the Ablative. 123
cum pridie soils occasu ad lacum pervenisset, at sun-
set : Sail. Cat. 3, vel pace vel bello clarum fieri licet :
so omni tempore, Cic. Phil. 14. 7 : hoc tempore, Cic.
Off. 1. 2. Particularly the following ablatives deserve
notice : ludis, at the time or on the day of the games ;
gladiator ibus, on the day of the shows of gladiators ;
Comitiis, on the day of the Comitia ; nuptiis, on a wed-
ding day ; e. g. Liv. 2. 36, ludis mane servum quidam
&c. : and immediately after, sibi ludis prsesultatorem
displicuisse, i. e. in ludis: Cic. Att. 1. 16, itaque et
ludis et gladiatoribus mirandus. All these instances
are usual. That in is omitted is evident : yet it some-
times is expressed : e. g. Terent. Andr. 1. 1. 77, in
diebus panels Chrysis vicina moritur : Plaut. Capt.
1. 2. 64, in his diebus : Liv. 35. 19, hoc me in pace pa-
tria mea expulit : ibid. 30. 37, indignatus Hannibal
dici ea in tali tempore, audirique : Cic. ad Div. 9. 16,
in tali re ac tempore : ibid. 11. 18. 4, ut qui in maxima
bello pacem velle se dixisset : Suet. Tib. 6, in paucis
diebus, quam Capreas attigit : in omni tempore, Lucret.
1. 27 : in hoc tempore, Cic. Quint. 1 : in tempore, Cic.
Catil. 1.6, at the time : in longo tempore, Catull. 63.
35 : in parvo tempore, Ovid. Met. 12. 512, quo in tern-
pore, Plin. H. N. 8. 22 : the use therefore of the pre-
position is not erroneous, though its omission is more
common.
Observations.
1.) To this question when f the ablative of the participle often
applies with or without u noun substantive or pronoun :
a) With a substantive or pronoun, which is called the abla-
tive absolute : as, patre moriente, the father dying, when the
father died : patre mortuoj the father being dead, when the
124 Of Ike Ablative.
father was dead : ducente fratre, his brother leading, i. e. under
the guidance of his brother : volente deo, God willing, if God
will. Instead of a participle a substantive is often used; as,
Cicerone consule, Cicero being consul, in the consulate of Ci-
cero, when Cicero was consul : Cicerone et Antonio consulibus,
when Cicero arid Antony were consuls, in the consulate of
Cicero and Antony : me consule, te consule &c. : so, patre sua-
sore, auctore &c., by the persuasion, the advice of his father :
so, me suasore, auctore, by my persuasion, advice Sec. : some-
times an adjective; as, patre conscio, inscio ; me conscio; te in-
scio : all which instances are common : Cic. ad Div. 7- 18, ni-
hil te ad me scripsisse demiror, praesertim tarn novis rebus, par-
ticularly when things were so new or unusual : ibid. 16. 15, nee
mirum, tarn gravi morbo, in so dangerous a sickness, where
perhaps in is omitted.
b) Without a noun or pronoun, which, however, is not so
common as the former usage : e. g. Liv. 34. 31, ibi permisso,
seu dicere prius seu audire mallet, ita coepit tyrannus, when it
was left to his choice, &c. : nondum comperto, quam in regionem
venisset, Liv. 33. 5, when it was not yet known &c. : audito,
Machanidam refugisse, Liv. 28. 7. An adjective also is used
instead of a participle; as Liv. 28. 17, haud cuiquam dubio,
quin hostium essent, since it was doubtful to none, that they be-
longed to the enemy.
2.) It would be wrung to suppose that the question when ?
might always be answered by an ablative : e. g. three days be-
fore, three days after; where we must use ante, post, which are
very common. The ablative is used only when the preposition
in may be supposed. The question when ? in other instances
is expressed in various ways :
a) By intra within, when the time must be accurately ex-
pressed ; e. g. intra biduum morietur, he will die within three
days, i. e. before three days are past.
b) Ad: e. g. Cic. ad Div. 16. 10. 4, nostra ad diem dictam
fient, by the appointed day.
Of the Ablative. 125
c) Per, when it denotes duration of time, or may be translated
during ; as, per tres dies te non vicli, I have not seen you during
three days.
d) In, with an accusative, when translated for : as, quanti
coenas in mensem, at what cost do you dine for a month ?
quanti habitas in menses tres? what does your lodging cost you
for three months ?
e) Sometimes by the accusative id: id temporis, at that
time : Cic. Cat. 1. 4, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris a me
ventures id temporis esse dixeram, i.e. eo tempore.
f ) By de, viz. when an action is denoted which takes place
at a certain time : it is generally used after surgere, proficisci,
mittere, vigilare, and similar verbs : e. g. Cass. B. G. 5. 9, Cae-
sar de tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit, at, i. e. at the be-
ginning of the third watch, as soon a? it commenced: ibid. 7-
45, hac re cognita Cassar mittit complures equitum turmas eo
de media nocte, at midnight, as soon as midnight : Cic. ad Att.
7. 4, multa de nocte eum profectum esse ad Caesarem : Cic.
Mur. 9, vigilas de node : Cic. Sext. 35, cum forum, comitium,
curiam multa de nocte occupavissent, long before day- break :
Hor Epist. 1. 2. 32, ut iugulent homines, surgunt de nocte la-
trones : ire de nocte, Terent. Ad. 5. 3. 55 : venire de nocte, Cic.
Mur. 33 : de die epulari, Liv. 23. 8: de die convivium adpa-
rare, Terent. Ad. 5. 9. 8 : de die potare, Plaut. Asin. 4.2. 16 :
vivere de die cum latronibus, Cic. Phil. 2. 34, i. e. to live all
day long: navigare de mense Decembri, Cic. Q. Fr. 2. 1.
g) By ante, before ; as, ante vesperam, before evening ; where
the ablative would be incorrect. Instead of ante we may use
1.) sub, when the near approach of a time is denoted; as, sub
vesperam, towards evening; sub id tempus, near that time;
yet sub is sometimes used for in, and denotes the exact time :
Nep. Att. 12, quod quidem sub ipsa proscription perillustre
fuit, i. e. tempore proscriptions : sub profectione, Ca3S. B. G.
3. 27, at the time of marching : sub noctem, Virg. lEn. 1. 662
(666), at night: sub luce, Ovid. Am. 3 14. 7, by day : sub
126 Of the Ablative.
tempus edendi, Hor. Epist. 1. 16. 22: 2) by abhinc, when one
reckons backwards, and speaks of a past time ; as three years
ago, abhinc tribus annis, or abhinc tres annos : e. g. Cic.
Verr. 2. 9, horum pater abhinc duo et viginti annos est mor-
tuus, their father died twenty -two years ago : Terent. Andr. 1.
1. 43, interea mulier quondam abhinc triennium ex Andro com-
migravit hue vicinia% three years since : Cic. Verr. 1. 12, ab-
hinc annos XIV : Cic. Phil. 2. 46, abhinc annos viginti : Cic.
Verr. 2. 52, abhinc XXX diebus: Cic. Att. 12. 17, abhinc am-
plius annis quinquaginta, more than fifty years ago : Plaut.
Most. 2. 2. 63, abhinc sexaginta annis occisus : Cic. Rose.
Com. 13, quo tempore ? (sc. decidit) ab hinc annis quatuor. Ab-
hinc properly means, from this, from this time: and the answer
to the question how long ? is put in the accusative : to the ques-
tion when? in ttie ablative, sc. in : 3.) pridie, as pridie Cal.
Maias.
h) Post, after; as, post longum tempus, longo post tempore,
after a long time, a long time after : for which ex is also used in
the sense of since ; as, ex illo tempore nemo dictus est dictator,
since that time no one has been named dictator : ex quo tem-
pore, since which time, is very usual: e. g. Cic. ad Div. 5. 8 :
for which ex quo, sc. tempore, occurs, Liv. 3. 24 ; 28.39 : so, ex
hoc tempore, Cic. Sext. 1 : ex eo, sc. tempore, Sueton. Ca3s.
23 : ex illo, sc. tempore, Virg. lEn. 2. 169, since that time : ex
pr&tura triumphare, Cic. Mur. 7. Instead of post, sub may be
used : e. g. Cic. ad Div. 10. 16, sub eas (literas) statim recitatas
sunt tuae, after that letter thine was immediately read : Liv. 25.
7, sub htzc dicta ad genua Marcelli procubuerunt, after these
words &c. We may also say interiectis tribus diebus, longo
tempore interiecto &c., for post tres dies, post longum tempus :
e. g. anno interiecto, after the interval of a year, Cic. Provinc.
8 : paucis interiectis diebus, after a few days, Liv. 1. 58 : so also
interiectis aliquot diebus, CaBs. B. C. 2. 14 : interiecto spatio,
ibid. B. G. 3. 4, after a time. Also postridie; postridie eius
diei : postridie Cal. Maias &c.
Of the Ablative. 127
.3.
Of the Ablative without a Preposition in particular.
The ablative is used
I.) With certain substantives.
1.) In the description of a quality or property, of the form,
age &c. : yet in such instances it is usually accompanied by an
adjective, pronoun or participle, as an epithet ; as, homo magno
natu, pulchra forma &c. ; and perhaps either prasditus or cum
is understood : e. g. Liv. 21. 34, magno natu principes castello-
rum : Nep. Dat. 1, maximo natujilius desciit: Caes. B. G. 1.
47, summa virtute et humanitate adolescentem : Terent. And.
1.1. 45, mulier quaedam egregia forma atque atate Integra ,
of peculiar beauty 8cc. sc. pra3dita: ibid. Eun. 2. 1.52, is ubi
hancceforma videt honesta virginem : ibid. Adelph. 3. 4. 79,
antiqua homo virtu te acjide : Sail. Cat. 48. 5, hominem nobilem,
maximis divitiis, summa potent ia : Cic. ad Div. 1. 7. 29, Len-
tulum nostrum, eximia spe, summreque virtutis adolescentem :
ibid. 16. 15. 4, accepi tuam epistolam vacillantibus literulis:
Cic. Cat. 1. 2, interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum sus-
piciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo pat-re, avo, maioribus. Also
without an epithet, but with a different sense : as, puer &tate, a
child in years : Cres. B. C. 3. 103, ibi casu rexerat Ptolema?us,
puer atate : of this see above under the question, as to, accord-
ing to what ? To these also belongs clypeus cere, a shield of
brass, where ex fails : Virg. JEn. 3. 286, are cavo clypeum t
magni gestamen Abantis.
2.) With opus, usus est, erat, fuit &c., it is, was, &c. neces-
sary, the thing needed is commonly put in the ablative : e. g.
opus est mihi libris, I have need of books : tibi opus est forti-
tudine &c. That a nominative also may be used with opus ;
e. g. libri mihi opus surit, fortitudo tibi opus est ; and that pro-
nouns of the neuter gender are rather put in the nominative, and
128 Of the A Unlive.
substantives in the ablative, was more at large observed, of the
Nominative, Sect. IV. 2: and we there inquired whether usus
may also be joined to a nominative.
II.) With certain adjectives : as,
1.) dignus worthy, indignus unworthy, to the question, of
what? as, dignus laude, Cic. Dom. 5, worthy of praise : indig-
nus beneficiis : honore y Cic. Vatin. 16: iniuria, Terent. Ad. 2.
1. 12 : hoc est te dignum, this is worthy of thee : ha3c nobis'm-
digna sunt, these things are unworthy of us: films patre dignus,
a son worthy of his father (when the father is a celebrated man) :
Cic. ad Div. 1. 7, quia te est dignus filius : viribus nostris dig-
num, ibid. 2. 1 1 : admittere indigna getiere nostro, Ter. Ad. 3.
3. 55 : vox populi maiestateet victoriis indigna, Cass. B. G.
7. 17, and elsewhere. Yet dignus and indignus, after the Greek
idiom, are sometimes used with a genitive ; e. g. Cic. ad Att. 8.
15, Balb. obsecro te, Cicero, suscipe curam et cogitationem
dignissimam tu& virtutis : Plaut. Trin. 5. 2. 29, non sum salu-
tis dignus : imperil, Cic. Harusp. 24, in some editions, others
add gloria : Ph^dr. 4. 20. 3, quidquid putabit esse dignum me-
moria : Virg. .ZEn. 12. 649, descendam magnorum haud unquam
indignus avorum. But when a verb is to follow, e. g. he is
worthy to be loved, esteemed &c., then dignus and indignus are
sometimes followed by ut, but more commonly by qui ; as, est
dignus qui ametur, for est dignus ut ametur : sometimes also an
infinitive follows ; as Virg. Eel. 5. 89, eterat turn dignus amari:
dignus alter eligi, alter eligere, Plin. Pan. 7 : indignus, Ovid.
Art. 1. 681. Note: Dignus is also used with a dative; e. g.
Peneri, Plaut. Pcen. 1. 2. 44 : proba, Ovid. Trist. 4. 3. 57, which
may also be the genitive : also with an accusative ; e. g. quid
sim dignus, Plaut. Capt. 5. 2. 6.
2.) Macte, a word expressing good wishes, and which has
the form of a vocative, as if it were derived from mactus, a, um,
or of an adverb, or of a participle from mago, xi, ctum, is also
used with an ablative : as Virg. Mn. 9-641, macte nova virtute
puer, sic itur ad astra, good luck to thee, youth ! with thy virtue :
Of the Ablative. 129
so also macte virtute, Cic. Tusc. 1. 17. This word is used in a
very singular way; for instance, Liv. 2. 12, Porsena says to
Mucius, who attempted to kill him, iuberem macte virtule esse,
si pro mea patria ista virtute staret, I should wish theegood luck
with thy valour : Liv. 7. 10, turn dictator : macte virtute ac
pietate esto : so, macte virtute diligentiaque esto, Liv. 10. 40 :
macte virtute esto, Sen. Ep.66: macte hac gloria, Plin. Pan.
46 : macte animo, Stat. Theb. 7- 280 : also Liv. 7. 36, macti
virtute milites romani este ; where macti appears to be a plural :
so, macti ingenio esse, Plin. H. N. 22. Ed. Hard. It is also
used with a genitive; as Stat. Sylv. 5. 1. 37 : ibid. Sylv. 5. 1.
35 : Mart. 12. 6. 7, macte animi: Sil. 12. 256, macte o virtu-
tis avitae. Also without a case following it : e. g. macte ! Cic.
Att. 15. 29, i- e. o excellent! also the nominative mactus oc-
curs : e. g. mactus fercto sis, Cato R. R. 134, i. e. contented,
satisfied with.
3.) Alienus, strange to, unsuitable to, not adapted to, foreign
to, is commonly used with a; as, alienum a dignitate, unsuit-
able to rank : yet in Cicero it is often used without a ; as, ad
Div. 11. 27. 14, quod esset alienum nostra dignitate, and else-
where; e. g. ibid. 14. 4 : Cic. Or. 26 : Cic. Div. 1. 38 : also
with a dative, Cic. Ca?cin. 9: Nep. Them. 4: or a genitive,
Cic. Fin. 1.4: Nep. Milt. 6.
4.) Many adjectives have been already considered under the
various questions proposed before : as, contentus aliqua re, con-
tented with any thing, to the question wherewith ? liber a labore
or labore, free from labour, to the question from what ? fret us
aliqua re, relying on any thing, to the question on what? unless
fretus be rather a participle : it is also united with esse ; e. g.
fretus sum, I relied on, I trusted : as, corsilio fretus sum, Te-
rent. Andr. 2. 1. 36: cf. ibid. 3. 5. 13: qui voce freti sunt,
Cic. Off. 1.31.
5.) Venalis exposed to sale, carus dear : Hor. Od. 2. 16. 7,
otium non gernmis neque purpura venale nee auro, not to be
sold for gems, nor purple, nor gold : Plin. H. N. 19- 4, cibus
VOL. II. K
130 Of the Ablative.
venalis itno asse: quod nonopus est, asse carum est, is dear at a
penny, Cato ap. Senec. Ep. 94.
6.) Magnus, grandis, maior, maximus, minor, minimus, are
followed by the ablative natu, to denote age, since the notion of
age is not contained in these adjectives by themselves : thence
when maior, maximus 8cc. are used without natu, it must never-
theless be understood.
7.) Other adjectives are also used with an ablative : e. g. ad-
suetus, besides a genitive and dative, takes also an ablative,
which has been already observed, Sect. V. 2 : further, aequus,
e. g. plus quam me atque illo aequum foret, Plaut. Bacch. 3. 3.
So : ut se aquum est, ibid. Rud. Prol. 47, where, however, it
may be an accusative, since there occurs piscatorem &quum est,
ibid. 2. 6, unless agere be here supplied from what precedes.
Also with the adjectives of measure and extent, the ablative is
used to the question how long ? how high ? how broad ? e. g.
faciemus (scrobes) tribus pedibus altas, duobus semis latas, tri-
bus longas, Pallad. in lanuar. 10 : longum sesquipede, latum
pede, Plin. H. N. 35. 14 : non latior (quam) pedibus quinqua-
ginta, Ca3s. B. G. 7. 19.
8.) Especially here we may reckon comparatives. They are
often united with ablatives of three different kinds, which should
be carefully distinguished.
a) First, an ablative of the thing or person with which an-
other is compared. Here quam is usually omitted, and instead,
the following subject, which is generally the nominative or some-
times the accusative with the infinitive, is put in the ablative :
e. g. tu es doctior patre, for quam pater : video te esse feliciorem
fratre, for quam fratrem, than thy brother: Cic. Att. 5. 21,
fame nihil miserius: Cic. Senect. 14, nihil est otiosa senectute
iucundius : Cic. ad Div. 9- 14. 10, nihil est enim virtute formo-
sius, nihil pulchrius : these instances are very common : so,
maior anuis sexaginta, Nep. Reg. 1, older than sixty years, more
than sixty years old : maior annis viginti, Suet. Ca?s. 42. On
the contrary, the expressions I know nothing more beautiful than
Of the Ablative. 131
virtue, I give it to you rather than to your brother, would be in-
correctly translated, novi nihil pulchrius virtute, do tibi liben-
tmsfratre ; here quam must be retained, and we must say quam
virtutem, quamfratri: since neither virtue nor brother is the
subject of the sentence, i. e. answers to the question who ? Te-
rent. Phorm. 4. 2. 1, ego hominem callidiorem vidi neminem
quam Phormionem, not Phormione. To these belong the
abridged expressions, spe citius, sooner than hope, than was
hoped: opinione celerius : tristior soli to : iusto longior: e.g.
perfecisti rem spe (opinione) citius, thou hast accomplished the
thing sooner than was expected : tu soli to tristior es, thou art
sadder than customary : base res est longior, brevior, iusto, is
longer, shorter, than what is right.
Note : 1.) This use of the ablative instead of quam, is not
to be considered more elegant ; both usages often occur : e. g.
laudem ampliorem quam earn, Cic. Marc. 2 : and elsewhere ;
e. g. Cic. Verr. 3. 16: 4. 20: Cic. Nat. Deor. 1.24: 2. ]?:
Cic. Fin. 1.3: Cic. Tusc. 2. 5.
2.) The comparatives of adverbs also are thus used : e. g. ni-
hil citius arescit lacryma, nothing dries sooner than a tear : and
to these belong the expressions spe citius, opinione celerius &c.
3.) This occurs not only with comparatives in or, but also with
those which are expressed bymagis: e.g. Cic. Off'. 1. 15, nul-
lum officium referenda gratia magis necessarium est.
4.) Sometimes the ablative is used instead of the accusative
of the object with quam; e.g. neminem vidi doctioremfratre
tuo, for quamfratrem tuum, which is harsh : e. g. Val. Max.
5. 3.2, neminem Lycurgo maiorem Lacedaemon genuit, for
quam Lycurgum. This should not be imitated.
5.) It is however uncertain by what these ablatives are go-
verned. Some understand pra, in comparison with, so that doc-
tior es patre stands for doctior es pr& patre. But since prae of
itself denotes preference, so that it is used with positives, e. g.
felixes pr<& me, it thence appears that it would be superfluous
with comparatives.
K2
132 Of the Ablative.
6.) Quam is often omitted, without the ablative being used :
which particularly occurs with plus, amplius, minus ; also with
longius, maior, minor; where plus and amplius are translated
above, and minus under : also more than, less than : e. g. ferre
plus dimidiati mensis cibaria, Cic. Tusc. 2. 16 : plus annum ob-
tinere provinciam, Cic. Att. 6. 6, above a year : Liv. 40. 2,
plus annum a?ger fuisset : Liv. '23. 46, hostium plus quinque
millia ca3si eo die, above five thousand &c., for plus quam : Te-
rent. Adelph. 2. 1 . 46, homini misero plus quingentos colaphos
infregit mihi : so, plus satis, more than enough, Terent. Eun. 1.
. 5, for plus quam satis: plus millies audivi, ibid. 3. 1. 32:
Cic. Rose. Com. 3, amplius sunt sex menses, there are above six
months, for amplius quam : so, amplius triennium est, ibid. : or
triennium amplius est, ibid., it is above three years ; for which
soon after triennio amplius is used: Ca3s. B. C. 3. 99 in eo
prcelio non amplius quingentos cives desideravit : ibid., sed in
deditionem venerunt amplius millia quatuor et viginti : Virg.
^En. 1.683 (687), tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam
falle dolo : Liv. 29. 34, inter eos constabat non minus ducentos
Carthaginiensium equites fuisse : minus decem tribunos facere,
Liv. 3. 64 : haud minus duo millia, Liv. 42. 6 : minus dena
millia, Varr. R. R. 3. 2: ne minus habeamus singulos homines,
ibid. 2. 2 : dona ne minus quinum millium (dare), Liv. 30. 17 :
minus quinquennium est, Plin. H. N. 15. 22 : maior es annorum
quinque et triginta, Suet. Aug. 38, i. e. above thirty-five years
old : minor viginti annorum, Pand. 50. 2. 6 : obsides minores
octonum denum annorum, minores quinum quadragenum, Liv.38.
38, i. e. under eighteen above forty-five years of age : navis
minor duum millium amphorum, Cic. ad Div. 12. 15. Lentul.
Thus also longius : e. g. Liv. 3. 20, longius ab urbe mille pas-
suum, above a mile farther &c. : so magis, e.g. annos natus ma-
gis quadraginta, Cic. Rose. Am. 14, above forty years of age.
So also latior, e. g. palusnon latiorpedibus ouinquaginta, Ca3S.
B. G. 7. 19, for quam pedibus ; for which also pecles may be
used. In all these instances no word is omitted besides quam.
Sometimes also quamis omitted, and an ablative follows ; which,
however, is not to be explained by quam, but would equally be
Of the Ablative. 133
used if quam were expressed : e. g. minus triginta diebus, Cic.
Div. 1. 32 : Nep. Them. 5, i.e. in less than thirty days, where
the ablative is governed by in omitted : so,abhinc ampliusawm's
quinquaginta, Plaut. Most. 2. 2. 63, above fifty years ago :
Ovid. Met. 1. ,501, nudos media plus parte lacertos : here the
ablative is not governed by plus, but by the preposition ex
omitted. Yet the ablative is sometimes used with these words,
when it must be explained by quam ; as, amplius triennio, Cic.
Rose. Com. 3.
b) Secondly. The comparative is also often accompanied by
an ablative of the thing in which one excells another : e. g. elo-
quentia Cicero clarior fuit Hortensio, in eloquence : virtute su-
perior est Caius Titio.
c) Thirdly. It is often accompanied by an ablative of the
measure, extent or degree, by which one thing is better, worse,
greater, less, longer, more learned &c., than another ; i. e. which
expresses how much or how far one thing surpasses another
This ablative is either a substantive, an adjective, or even a pro-
noun : e. g. he is taller than I by one cubit, est cubito uno lon-
gior me : wider, longer, by half, than this thing, dimidio latior,
longior, hac re : Plaut. Trin. 4. 2. 58, sesquipede quam tu lon-
gior, by a foot and half: Ca3S. B. G. 5. 13, Hibernia dimidio
minor quam Britannia: Cic. Acad.4. 19> aliquot annis minor,
some years younger : Horat. Epist. 2. 1. 40, minor uno mense :
Cic. Att. 13. 29, dimidio minoris constabit, it will cost less by
one half: Cic. Dom. 44, dimidio carius : Cic. Flacc. 20, dimi-
dio stultior: Hor. Sat. 2. 3. 118, dimidio maior : Liv. 10. 45,
parvo plures caperentur, a few more : uno plus cecidisse, Liv.
2. 7, more by one : una plures tribus antiquarunt, Liv. 5. 30,
more tribes by one : molestum est, uno digito plus habere, Cic_
Nat. Deor. 1. 38, to exceed by a finger, i. e. to have six fingers :
ager centum et septuaginta aratoribus inanior, Cic. Verr. 3. 52,
i. e. poorer by a hundred and seventy husbandmen : bis sex ce-
ciderunt, me minus uno, Ovid. Met. 12. 554, with the excep-
tion of me alone. Particularly the following adjectives and pro-
nouns of the neuter gender : multo, by much ; paulo, aliquanto ;
134 Of the Ablative.
tanto, by so much, quanto, by how much ; or quanto tutius
tanto melius, the safer the better &c. ; nimio, hoc, eo, quo ;
all which are very usual : e. g. multo doctior es patre, thou art
(by) much more learned than thy father : paulo felicior sum te,
I am a little more fortunate than thou : aliquanto crudelior illo :
tanto modestior esse debes, quanto doctior es, thou oughtest to
be more modest, as much as thou art more learned : quanto fe-
licior te sum ? Cic. Off. 1. 26, quanto sumus superiores, tanto
nos mbmissius geramus, the more we are eminent, the more sub-
missively let us behave : nimio plus, quam velira, nostrorumin-
genia sunt mobilia, Liv. 2. 27 : hocfelicior es me, or quam ego :
eo felicior &c. Eo and hoc are also used with quo either pre-
ceding or following ; as, hoc felicior me es, quo doctior es : eo
maior fuit lastitia, quo magis prater opinionem res accidit, the
more the thing happened beyond expectation, the greater was
the joy : quo magis repentina res erat, eo celerius &c. ; in which
instances it is indifferent whether the comparative end in or, or
be formed periphrastically with magis : it is also indifferent
whether the comparative be an adjective or adverb. Quo ge-
nerally precedes eo or hoc ; as, quo quis est doctior, eo submissius
se debet gerere : Cic. Q. Fr. 3. 1.5, quo suaviores erant, eoma-
iorem &c. : Cic. Off. 2. 9, quo quis est versutior et callidior,
hoc invisior et suspectior : Quintil. 2. 2, quo sapius monuerit
(magister), hoc rarius castigabit. So also with magis : quo ma-
gis me amas, eo minus officia mea tibi deerunt; quo minus me
amas, eo magis officia mea tibi deerunt : quo magis es doctus,
pius &c., eo magis placebis. Note: 1.) Many erroneously reckon
these ablatives amongst adverbs : 2.) instead of the ablatives
aliquanto, tanto, quanto, the accusatives aliquantum, tantum,
quantum, are often used adverbially, ad or in being understood :
e. g. quantum doctior, tantum modestior ; aliquantum longior :
Terent. Eun. 1. 2. 51,eius frater aliquantum est ad rem avi-
dior: 3.) for multo we may use longe ; as, longe doctior, fe-
licior &c., which frequently occurs. That multo and longe are
also added to superlatives in the same way as quam, for the sake
of amplification, belongs not to this place, though such instances
are very usual ; e. g. doctissimus, most learned; longe doctissi-
Of the Ablative. 135
in us, exceedingly learned ; quam doctissimus : op time, very
well ; quam optime, exceedingly well.
Observation.
Alius, another, sometimes imitates the construction of compa-
ratives, that is, takes an ablative after it instead of quam ; as,
Brut, et Cass. Cic. ad Div. 11. 2. 5, nos ab initio spectasse
otium, nee quidquam aliud libertate communi quaesisse &c., for
aliud quam libertatem : Hor. Epist. 1. 16. 20, neve putesalium
sapiente botioque beatum, for quam sapientem bonumque : ibid.
2. 1. 239, aut alius Lysippo duceret sera : Phaedr. 3. Prolog. 41,
quod si accusator alius Seiano foret, for quam Seianus : these
instances are singular, and should not be imitated.
III.) The ablative is used with many different verbs :
1.) It is continually used with esse; in which case the sub-
stantive in the ablative is generally accompanied by an adjective,
pronoun, or participle :
x a) In the description of a thing or person, according to its pro-
perties, form, age &c., where esse is often translated, to be of,
or to have: e. g. sum bono ingenio,pulchra forma, agro corpore,
summa virtute, I have a good understanding, a beautiful form
&c., where perhaps pr&ditus, or sometimes in, must be under-
stood : Terent. Hec. 5. 1. 10, nam iam atate ea sum, ut non
siet peccato mihi ignosci a3quum, for I am now of such an age
&c. : Cic. ad Div. 6. 15, 5, quare fac, ammo magno fortique
sis, take care to have a great and firm mind : Terent. Eun. 1.
2. 4 : bono animo es, be in good spirits, of good courage : Cic.
Quir. p. Red. 1, qui nunquam^gro corpore fuerunt, who were
never sick : Cic. ad Div. 3. 10. 8, tamen ea stultitia certe non
fuissem, yet 1 certainly should not have been so foolish : and
soon after he says, quod si essem ea perfidia, so perfidious : ibid.
6. 1. 11, simus igitur ea mente, let us, therefore, have that mind :
Cses. B. G. 1. 18, ipsum esse Dumnorigem summa audacia,
magna apud plebem gratia, was very bold, and of much in-
136 Of the Ablative.
tiuence with the populace : ibid. 5. 40, ipse Cicero, cum tennis-
sima valetudine esset y though he was very ill : Nep. Iph. 3, fuit
autem et magno anirno et corpore, imperatoriaque forma : Sail,
lug. 63, novus nemo tarn clarus, neque tarn egregiis factis erat,
no one not a noble was so illustrious, nor had performed such
remarkable exploits : ibid. 5, primum, quia (bellum) magnum,
et atrox, variac[ue victoria fuit, and of or with alternate victory :
sometimes esse is omitted, as Sail. lug. 95. 3, Sulla animo
ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed glorias cupidior : otio luxurioso
&c., where after luxurioso Kortte has omitted esse, which oc-
curs in the common editions: Cic. ad Div. 5. 11. 1, quam-
obrem reliquis tuis rebus omnibuspari me studio erga te et eadem
voluntate cognosces, thou wilt find me of equal devotion &c.
b) also in other places where esse may be translated to be
in any situation or circumstances, either literally or figuratively.
Yet in this case also the ablative is usually accompanied by an
adjective or pronoun : as sum spe bona, summo honore &c.,
where perhaps praeditus or in fails : Cic. Verr. 2. 35, Qifuit
tota in Graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine, was
in the highest honour and renown : Cic. ad Div. 12. 28. 4, ego
sum spe bona, I am in good hopes, entertain good hope : ibid,
res neque nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse, etfuissetfacillimo,
the thing seems to be in no difficult situation &c. : ibid. 16. 15.
2, incredibili sum sollicitudine de tua valetudine, I am in inde-
scribable anxiety &c. : ibid. 4. 15. 2, ne quopericulo te proprio
existimares esse, sc. in : ibid. 6. 4. 11, quantofuerim dolore
meministi : ibid, ad Att. 1. 12, rem esse insigni infamia: ibid.
5. 14, tamen magno timore sum: Nep. Eum. 7, credens minore
se inmdiafore : Liv. 1. 40, non apud regem modo sed apud
patres plebemque longe maximo honore Servius Tullius erat :
Liv. 1. 54, apud milites vero tanta caritate esse, ut &c., was in
so great estimation. All these and similar expressions are very
usual, and may properly be imitated. Yet in is very often
added : e. g. Liv. 5. 47, interim arx Romas capitoliumque in
ingenti periculofuit ; where, however, Gronovius disapproves
in : Cic. OIF. 2. 19, iuris civilis summo semper in honore fuit
cognitio : Cic. ad Att. 2. 9, non enim poteramus ulla esse in
Of the Ablative. 137
invidia: Cic. ad Div. 13. 19. 2, etsi eramm in magna spe, te
&c. though we were in great hope, that thou &c. : Caes. B.
C. 2. 17, magna esse in spe : Cic. ad Div. 2. 3. 5, summa scito
te in exspectatione esse, that men expect much from thee ; pas-
sively, for te exspectari: ibid. 6 3. 6, nihilo te nunc maiore in
discrimine esse : Cic. ad. Div. 12. 14. 3, Lent, cuius rei tanto
in timorefui. If, however, the adjective, pronoun or participle
fails, then in is generally expressed : e. g. esse inspe f in honore t
in amore, in deliciis : Cic. ad. Div. 2. 12. 5, si non essetn qui-
dem tamdiu in desiderio rerum mihi carissimarum : ibid. 14
3. 4, sed tamen, quamdiu vos eritis in spe, non deficiam : esse
in vitio, to be in fault : Cic. Off. 1. 7, qui autem non defendit,
nee obsistit, si potest, iniuriae, tarn est invitiOj quam si parentes
deserat : Caes. B. G. 7. 24, duaeque (legiones) partitis tem-
poribus erant in opere, were at work : in gratia esse cum aliquo ;
Cic. ad Att. 2. 9, si erit nebulo iste cum his dynastis in gratia :
Cic. Verr. 4. 1, ab ea civitate, quae tibi una in amore atque
in deliciis fuit '? which alone was in favour with you &c. : Cic.
ad Div. 10. 4. 10, Plane, sum in exspectatione omnium rerum,
quid in Gallia citeriore ; geratur, i. e. exspecto, lam waiting
eagerly to know. In such instances the omission of in would
be harsh and occasion obscurity. It is therefore not incorrect
to add in even when an adjective &c. is used : but to omit it,
when an adjective &c. is not used. Note : esse also when it is
put forjieri is joined to an ablative : e. g. quid sefuturum esset f
Liv. 33. 27> what would become of them : as was noticed be-
fore, 2. n. I. 5.
II.) The ablative, without a preposition, is used after certain
verbs compounded of the prepositions a, ab, ex, e, de, super ;
as, abscedere loco, and a loco, exire urbe and ex urbe, eiicere
urbe and ez urbe; where the preposition may be omitted, since
it is contained in the verb, yet it is often repeated : Liv. 26. 7,
abscedere irrito incepto, gave up his design; where the ablative
depends on abscedere: Terent. Hec. 5. 4. 14, cito ab eo hasc
ira abscedet, this irritation will soon leave him: decedere pro-
vincia ; Cic. Ligar. 1, Confidius decedensprovincia, where the ab-
lative is governed by de in decedens : decedere officio, Liv. 27.
138 Of the Ablative.
10 : de officio, Cic. Verr. 2. 10 : thus also decedere via and
de via, vita and de vita, decedere de st at tone vita, also decedere,
to die: decedere de iure suo, Cic. Off. 2. 18 : Rose. Am. C 27 :
decedere imtituto suo, Liv. 37. 54, to depart from his intention :
decedere de vallo, Caes. B. G. 5. 43. Also decedere ex,
Nep. Timol. 1 : Nep. Cat. 1. So abire magistrate, Liv. 3.
51: abire ex oculis, Liv. 25. 16 : e vita, Cic. Tusc. 1. 30 :
exire domo, Cic. ad Div. 1 . 9- 13: exire ex urbe, ibid. 4. 1 :
exire vita, Cic. Amic. 3. To these belongs abdicare se ma-
gistratu, to remove himself from an office, to resign an office ;
where magistratu is governed by ab in abdicare : e. g. dictatura,
Liv. 4. 24 : pr&tura, Cic. Cat. 3. 6 : yet we also find abdicare
magistratum, e. g. dictaturam, Liv. 6. 18. Excedere^/zwT/ws,
Caes. B. G. 4. 18 : ex ephebis, Ter. Andr. 1. 1. 24: ex pueris,
Cic. Arch. 3, to cease being a child : excedere e vita, Cic. Off*.
1. 43, to die: also vita, without e, Cic. Tusc. 1. 13. So exce-
dere pugna, pralio, to retire from the fight, when one is wounded
&c. : e. g. prcdio, Caes. B. G. 2. 25 : or e pralio, ibid. 4. 33 :
pugna, ibid. 3. 4: ex acie, Nep. Hann. 4: via, Liv. 24. 20:
ex via, Caes. B. G. 5. 19: loco, ibid. B. C. 1. 44: ex loco,
Terent. And. 4. 4. 21. So egredi officio, to overstep his duty,
Ter. Phorm. 4. 5. 10 : egredi urbe, Suet. Aug. 23 : ex urbe,
Cic. Cat. 1. 8 : ab urbe, Suet. Claud. 23 : navi, Caas. B. G.
4. 2, or e navi, Cic. Vatin. 5 : eiicere urbe, e. g. Nep. Cim. 2,
possessores veteres urbe insulaque eiecit : Caes. B. G. 4. 15,
Germani se e castris eiecerunt : demigrare de oppidis, Caes. B.
G. 4. 19 : ex adificiis, ibid. 4 : ex imula, Nep. Milt. 2 : loco,
Plaut. Amph. 1. 1. 85 : emigrare domo or ex domo: e vita,
Cic. Leg. 2. 19 : pedem porta non efFerre, Cic. Att. 6. 8, Bi-
bulus, qui pedem porta non plus extulit quam domo sua: exci-
dere ; e. g. excidit e manibus victoria, Cic. ad Brut. 10 : exci-
dere e memoria, to escape the memory, Liv. 27. 3 : Terent.
Andr. 2. 5. 12, uxore excidit: Ovid. Met. 7. 172, quod excidit
orepio scelus? soexcidere animo ; Virg. /En. 1. 26 (30) necdum
etiam causae irarum saevique dolores exciderant animo (lunonis)
unless perhaps this be the dative, as Cic. ad Div. 5. 13. 3, quae
cogitatio cum mihi non omnino excidis?et : excidere ausis, to
Of the Ablative. 139
fail in, not to be prosperous in our attempts : of Phaeton, Ovid.
Met. 2. 528, magnis tamen excidit ausis : so fine, Quintil. 2.
17 : decidere de spe : Terent. Heaut. 2. 3. 9, vas misero mihi,
quanta de spe decidi ! from what great hope have L fallen ! To
these belongs exsolvere aliquem periculo ; abstinere aliqua re ;
abstinere se or manum a re and re, which are very common :
e. g. manus a se, Cic. Tusc. 4. 37 : se scelere, Cic. Phil. 2. 3 :
abstinere maledicto, Cic. ibid. : supersedere re to be exempt
from, to spare one's self, is very common : as supersedere labore
itineris, to spare one's self the fatigue of a journey, Cic. ad Div.
4. 2. 10 : supersede istis verbis, Plaut. Poen. 1. 3. 5, spare
those words : also with an infinitive : Liv. 21. 40, supersedissem
loqui apud vos. To these belongs abundare aliqua re : see soon
after, n. III. Here much depends on usage: e. g. inesse can
scarcely be found with an ablative, although in governs one :
but we either find in repeated, or it is followed by a dative ; as
Terent. Andr. 5. 2. 16, tristis severitas inest in vultu : ibid.
Eun. 1. 1. 14, in amore hsec omnia insunt vitia : Cic. Amic.
21, digni sunt amicitia, quibus in ipsis inest causa, cur diligantur :
and elsewhere, e. g. Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. 42 : Cic. ad Div. 5.
15 : with a dative it is as usual, e. g. huic rei insunt multa
vitia: so universitati, Cic. Nat. Deor. 1.43: and elsewhere,
e. g. Sail. Cat. 40: Ovid. Her. 17. 130: Fast. 4. 688: Am.
1. 14.31 : Piin. H. N. 10. 36.
Observations.
1.) It is self-evident, that with verbs thus compounded of a,
ex, de, these ablatives can only be used, when the question
from what? whence? or out of what? applies. When other
relations are expressed these verbs are followed by other prepo-
sitions and cases : e. g. descendere in forum, to go down to the
market-place : this is a common expression, because the market
was in a low situation : unless it simply means to go to the
market, without any notion of descent, as we find descendere
in rostra, Cic. Off. 3. 20, Ed. Graev. : domum abire, to go
home, Liv. 2. 37 : abire in ora hominum pro ludibrio, Liv. 2.
36, to pass* into people's mouths : abire in semen, to run to seed,
140 Of the Ablative.
speaking of plants, Plin. H. N. 21. 12 : so, exire in semen, ibid. :
abire ad deos, Cic. Tusc. 1. 14 : degredi in campum : equites
degressi ad pedes, having dismounted, Liv. 3. 62: deducere in
portum, Liv. 24. 1 : evocare ad colloquium, ibid. : ut Rhegium de-
veherentur, ibid. : deferre naves in terram, ibid. : elici ad pug-
nam, Liv. 26. 7 : evadere in muros, Liv. 4. 34 : egredi in terram,
Cic. Verr. 5. 51 : ad portam, to the door, Liv. 33. 47 : exire
ad bell um civile, Cic. ad Div. 2. 16. 10 : exire in vulgus, Nep.
Dat. 6, to spread abroad amongst the people, to become
known
2.) We also find excedere, exire, egredi with an accusative ;
as, a) excedere, Liv. 2. 37, factoque senatus consulto, ut urbem
excederent Volsci : some think that extra is understood : mo-
dum excedere, to exceed the measure, often occurs in Livy :
e. g. 2. 2 : 2. 3 : fidem excedere, in Velleius : b) exire : e. g.
tela, to parry off, to yield in battle : Virg. l&n. 5. 438, corpore
tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit : c) egredi, e. g.Jiu-
men, to pass a river, Sail. lug. 101, egojiumen Mulucham noa
egrediar; where some think that trans, ultra, or extra is under-
stood, but unnecessarily: so urbem egredi, Liv. 1. 29 : 3. 57 :
22. 6. Sometimes extra follows : as Nep. Hann. 5, ut egredi
extra vallum nemo sit ausus : so extra after excedere, Liv. 9- 23,
ferte signa in hostem : ubi extra vallum agmen excesserit, cas-
tra, quibus imperatum est, incendant. We also find an accu-
sative after other verbs, which are compounded of a preposition
that governs an ablative ; as, abhorrere aliquid, aversari aliquem,
praevenire aliquem, desperare aliquid. Some have both dative
and accusative ; as, hoc me deficit, hoc mihi deficit : further,
praecedere, praecellere, praecurrere, praeire, praestare to excel),
praevertere : some a dative only ; which we considered before,
of the Dative, Sect. VI. 4. n. VII. VIII. IX. X.
III.) The ablative without a preposition, is used with verbs
which denote plenty or want of any thing: 1.) plenty; as
abundare divitiis, copia frumenti : also abundare pr&ceptis phi-
losophiae, Cic. Off. 1. 1 : which is very usual: redundare to
overflow, to be abundant; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 3. 10. 14, praeser-
Of the Ablative. 141
tim cum tu omnibus vel ornamentis, vel prtuidii* redundares.
To these some add fluo; e. g. Liv. 38. 17, fluuntsWore et lassi-
tudine membra, drip with sweat; which scarcely belongs to
this place. But adfluere aliqua re y to overflow with any thing,
often occurs : e. g. voluptatibus, Cic. Fin. 2. 28 : divitiis, ho-
nore, Lucret. 6. 12 : Cic. Arch. 3, celebri quondam urbe et
copiosa atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimisque studiis
adfluenti, i. e. redundante : diffluere, e.g. Cic. Off. 1.30,quam
sit turpe diffluere luxuria, et delicate ac molliter vivere, to be
dissolved in luxury : circumfluere rebus, to have an abundance,
Cic. Verr. 3. 4: scatere to be full, to sprinkle over, is used
with an ablative, Mela 1. 9, Nilus scatet piscibus : Plaut. Aul.
3. 6. 22, si vino scateat : Plin.H.N. 3.3, metallis scatet Hispania :
manare to flow, Cic. Div. 1.34, Herculis simulacrum multo
sudore manavit, dripped with much sweat : 2.) want ; as,
egere and indigere re, to want any thing, are very usual: Cic.
Off. 2. 20, malo virum, qwpecwua egeat, quam pecuniam, quae
viro: oculis, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 57: consilio, Cic. ad Div. 10.
16 : Nep. Att. 21, ut annos triginta medicina non indiguisset :
Cic. Rose. Com. 15, magis mea adolescentia indiget illorum
bona existimatione : so Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 3 : Ca3s. B. C. 2. 35 :
carere not to have, to be without, to miss : e. g.febri, to be
without fever, Cic. ad Div. 16. 15 : culpa without fault: sensu
doloris without feeling of pain : dolore, Cic. Amic. 6 : culpa,
Terent, Hec. 4. 4. 41 : voluptatibus, Cic. Senect. 3 : crimine,
Cic. Ligar. 2 : vitiis to be free from defects or vices : carere
hoc re cogor, I am compelled to dispense with this : facile careo
ista re, facile re possum carere: e. g. Nep. Phoc. 1, si ipse his
facile careret, if himself could easily dispense with them : carere
foro, Cic. Mil. 7, not to go into public: carere publico, Cic.
ibid.: luceforensi, Cic. Brut. 8: carere senatu, not to go into
the senate, Cic. Mil. 7 : patria, to be out of one's country, in
exile : these are the most usual significations : carere does not
mean to want : vacare, properly, to be empty, free from any
thing ; as vacare culpa magnum est solatium, Cic. ad Div. 7.
3. 14: Cic. Off. 1. 19, sed ea animi elatio, qua? cernitur in pe-
riculis, si iustitia vacat, if it be destitute of justice: ibid.
142 Of the Ablative.
nihil enim honestum esse potest, quod iustitia vacat; yet we often
find vacare a: e. g. vacareametu &c periculis, Liv. 7. 1 : Caes.
B. C. 3. 25, haec a custodibus classium loca maxime vacabant :
Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. l,abomnicurationeetadministrationererum
vacant, and elsewhere. Note : Vacare is often also used with-
out an ablative ; as, agri vacant, the fields lie empty, desolate :
also vacat, impersonally : vacat mihi. We also find vacare rei,
to be devoted to any thing, e. g. literis : properly, to be at liberty
from all other pursuits, so as to be given to that alone : this in-
stance does not belong to our present subject, but is mentioned
here to avoid confusion. Finally, to these belongs deficere, where
it means, to be weak, to faint ; as, deficere viribus, ammo : e. g.
Cic. Rose. Am. 4, tamen ammo non deficiam, ] will not faint
in spirit : also in the passive ; Cic. Cluent. 65, mulier abundat
audacia : consilio et ratione deficitur, abounds in audacity, is
deficient in judgement and counsel : Tibull. 2.5. 76, sol defectus
famine, i.e. carens lumine, obscuratus.
Observation.
Egeo and indigeo are also often used with a genitive : e. g.
Cic. ad Att. 7. 22, egeo consilii : simedicinte, Cic. ad Div. 9.
3 : Ter. And. 5. 3. 19, quasi tu huius indigeas pam : consilii,
Cic. Att. 12. 35: artis, Cic. Or. 1. 34: ingenii, Cic. ad Div.
6. 4. Also careo is sometimes used with a genitive ; Ter. Heaut.
2. 4. 20, prasterquam tui carendum quod erat, for te : Nsev. ap.
Gell. 19- 7. Also scateo and abundo; e. g. terra scatit (for
scatet) ferarum, Lucret. 5. 40: fons scatit dulcis aquai, for
aqua, ibid. 6. 891 : Xanthippe irarum et molestiarum mu-
liebrium scatebat, Gell. 1. 17 : quarum abundamus rerum, Lu-
cil. ap. Non. 9' 6 : abundans with a genitive, Nep. Eum. 8 :
Virg. Eel. 2. 20. We also find careo, egeo, indigeo, scateo,
with pronouns of the neuter gender, as id, quod, quidquam &c. :
e. g. Plaut. Men. 1. 2. 12, nee quidquam eges ; which, how-
ever, is not surprising, nor is it to be imitated, as we remarked
when considering the accusative. Akopauca egebat, Sail. lug.
98. (103), according to Wasse; but Ed. Cort. has quaerebat :
Of the Ablative. 143
so indigere, e. g. nihil, Varr. L. L. 4. 17 : Apul. Met. 1. p. 1 13.
Elmenh. : qui nos indigent, Afran. ap. Non. 9. 19 * careo, e.g.
id, Plaut. Cure. 1. 2. 46 : meos parentes careo, Turpil. ap. Non.
6. 104 : 9. 5 : scateo, e. g. id tuus scatet animus, Plaut. Pers.
2. 1 . 9, for ea re.
IV.) The ablative without a preposition is used with verbs of
filling, loading, burdening, satisfying, enriching, &c., to the ques-
tion wherewith ? Such verbs are, impleo, compleo, expleo, op-
pleo, suppleo to supply, satio, saturo, farcio, refercio to cram
full, ingurgito, cumulo, augeo, locupleto, obruo 8cc. : e. g. cu-
mulare beneficiis, to load with benefits : obruere aliquem lapidi-
busj augere aliquem honor ibus, divitiis &c : which were consi-
dered under the question wherewith ? Yet some of them for
instance, impleo, compleo, expleo, saturo, obsaturo after the
Greek idiom, sometimes take a genitive to the question where-
with? as Plaut. Men. 5. 5. 3, parasitus, qui me complevit^a-
gitii et formidinis : complere urbes ararum, Lucret. 5. 1161,
and elsewhere; e. g. Plaut. Amph. 1.2.9 : 4. 1.8: Cic. ad Div.
9. 18, implere ollam denariorum: Liv. 1. 46, aliquem implere
temeritatis : Liv. 5. 28, aliquem religionis : Liv. 10. 4, implere
hostesfuga et formidinis : Virg. JEn. 1. 215 (219), implentur
veteris Bacchi (i.e. vini) pinguisque/m'//<z : ibid. 2. 586, aui-
mumque explesse iuvabit ultricisflamnKK : Plaut. Stich. 1.1. 18,
has res vita me saturant, make me sick of life : Terent. Heaut.
4. 7. 29, nae tu propediem istius obsaturabere, will soon be sick
of him.
V.) Verbs of freeing, acquitting &c., have an ablative to the
question from what ? Yet some also have a : e. g. liberare ali-
quem re and a re : both are very common : e. g. aliquem culpa,
Cic. Att. 13. 22 : invidia, Cic. Nat. Deor. 1.6: suspicione, Cic.
ad Div. 1.2: periculo, Caes. B. C. 3. 83 : obsidione, ibid. B.G.
4. 19 : ab ornni erratione, Cic. Univ. 6 : a quartana, Cic. Att.
10. 15 : a scelere, Cic. Marc. 5 : also ex ; e. g. ex incommodis,
Cic. Verr, 5. 9 : so solvo, to untie, loose, free, with an ablative,
and with a; e.g. comas cosside. Ovid. Fast. 3. 2: redimicula
collo, ibid. 4. 136 : rates litore, Lucan. 4. 583 : rates a liiore,
144 Of the Ablative.
ibid. 2. 649 : civitatem religione, Cic. Caecin. 34 : rempubli-
cam religione, Liv. 7. 3 : aliquein dementia, Hor. Epod. 17. 4:
aliquem legibus, Liv. 2 1 . 50 : Cic. Rah. Post. 5, i. e. to give a
dispensation from : so, solvi legibus, to be exempt from the laws,
is very usual: e. g. Liv. 10. 13 : also solvere navem (or naves)
sc. liiore, Liv. 45. 6 : Ca3s. B. G. 4. 36 : B. C. 1. 28 : 3. 6 :
Nep. Hann. 8, to set sail : for which solvere, by itself, is used,
Cic. Off. 3. 12 : Cic. ad Div. 16. 9 ' exsolvere se suspicions,
Ter. Hec. 4. 2. 23 : 5. 2. 26, to free himself from suspicion :
so occupationibus, Cic. ad Div. 7. 1 : populum religione, Liv.
3. 20 : aliquem are alieno, Liv. 6. 14 : vinculis aliquem, Plaut.
True. 4. 3. 10 : pugionem a latere, Tac. Hist. 3. 68 : se e ner-
vis, Lucret. 3. 696 : relaxare se occupationibus, to free one's self
from business, e. g. Cic. ad Div. 7- 1. 16, quibus (occupationi-
bus molestissimis) si me relaxaro : nam, ut plane exsolv am, non
postulo : se occupatione relaxare, Cic. Att. 16. 16 : laxare se
molestiis, Cic. ad Div. 5. 14. Luce. : animumai adsiduis labo-
ribus, Liv. 32. 5 : expedire se, to set himself at liberty ; e. g.
cura, Ter. Phorm. 5. 4. 4 : arumnis, from trouble, Ter. Hec. 3.
1.8: crimine, ibid. 5. 1. 28 : se ab omni occupatione expedire,
Cic. Att. 3. 20 : se ex laqueis, Cic. Verr. 2. 42. To these some
also add levchre, which properly means, to lighten ; and thence
levare aliquem onere, cura &c., means, literally, to lighten one of
a burden, of care &c., and so partly to free him from it : e. g.
se (Ere alieno liber are aut levare, Cic. Att. 6. 2 : me molestia
levarunt ; utinam omnino liber assent, Cic. ad Div. 16. 9 : hence
in general, to free, to deliver ; e. g. se infamia, Cic. Verr. 3. 6l :
aliquem metu, Liv. 3. 22 : animos religione, Liv. 21. 62 : ali-
quem fasce, Virg. Eel. 9. 65 : also with a genitive ; e. g. me om-
nium laborum levas, Plaut. Rud. 1. 4. 27. That all these verbs
take also an accusative is quite manifest : e. g. solvere funem,
to loose, to let go the rope : debitum, to discharge the debt :
so exsolvere, expedire, rem, negotia, to disentangle from its dif-
ficulties, hindrances ; thence, to place in good circumstances :
levare onus, to lighten a burden.
VI.) Verbs of robbing, spoiling, depriving, take an ablative
Of the Ablative. 145
of the thing of which a person is deprived : as privare, spoliare,
orbare, aliquem aliqua re, vestibus &c. : privare aliquem vita,
Cic. Phil. 9- 4 : Cic. Rab. Perd. 3 : aliquem somno, Cic. Att.
Q. 10 : se oculiSf Cic. Fin. 5. 29, and elsewhere : spoliare ali-
quem vesle, Nep. Thras. 2 : aliquem omni argento, Cic. Verr.
4. 17: dignitate, Cic. Mur. 41 : rz'fa, Virg. JEn. 6. l6S; and
elsewhere: orbare, e.g. aliquem sensibus, Cic. Acad. 1.23:
Italiam iuventute, Cic. Pis. 24, and elsewhere : so in the passive,
privari rebus suis, capite : orbari parentibus, liberis : spoliari
reb?is&c. : Cic. Off. 1. I0,jilio orbatus : Cic. Cluent. 15, mater
orbata j/2*o. Note : Privare is also used with a genitive ; e. g.
me privas tui, Afran. ap. Non. 9. 6 : also with an accusative ;
e. g. res vis hanc privari pulckras, Nsev. ibid, for rebus pulchris.
VII.) Teneor, [ am held or bound to any thing in duty &c.,
is followed by an ablative ; as, teneri legibus, poena, iureiurando
&c. : Cic. Off. 3. 27, quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur,
non esse se senatorem, that as long as he was bound by the oath
to the enemy &c. : Cic. ad Q. Fi. 2. 3, lexque de iis ferretur,
ut, qui non discessissent, ea pana, qua? est de vi, tenerentur,
should be liable to that punishment 8tc. : Cic. Harusp. 8, eos
lege de vi teneri : so, tenenfoedere, Liv. 24.9- Note : With
the genitive, Cic. Leg. 3. 13, nisi cupiditatis eiusdem tene-
rentur: sofurti, Pand. 6. 1. 4, i. e. to be guilty of: also with
in, e. g. inpeccatu (for peccato) manifesto tenebatur, Cic. Verr.
2. 78; where however it may be translated, he was in an evident
transgression : so, ineofoedere teneantur, Liv. 1. 52; where we
may read, iam eo fcedere : tenere also occurs with an infinitive,
Plaut. Merc. 1. 1. 52, omnes tenerent mutui tanti credere, all
should beware of lending me money.
Note : 1 .) Teneor with an infinitive ; e. g. facere, I am bound
to any thing, apparently is not used amongst the ancients :
2.) obstringi is also used with an ablative ; Cic. Verr. 5. 14, sic
eos (magistratus) accepi, ut me omnium officiorum religione
obstrictum arbitrarer, that I thought myself bound to &c. : so
legibus, Cic. Invent. 2. 45 : obstringere aliquem iureiurando,
VOL. jr. L
146 Of the Ablative.
Cres. B. G. 1. 31 : fader e, Cic. Pis. 13: also obligari, e. g.
fadere, Liv. 38. 33 : obligare aliquem sponsione, Liv. 9. 11 :
vadem tribus millibus aeris, Liv. 3. 13 : also with a dative ; e.g.
hereditas obligat nos &ri alieno, Pand. 29. 2. 8 : also with in;
e. g. obligare fidem in aliquid, Liv. 30. 12 : so, in acta alicuius,
Suet. Tib. 47.
VIII.) Adficio (of which the exact sense is unknown) has,
besides an accusative of the person, an ablative of the thing ; as,
adficere aliquem dolore, to affect one with trouble, to trouble :
honor e, to treat one with honour : 1&litia, to occasion one joy :
pra/niis, to reward : testimonio, to bear one witness : pozna, to
punish : gram pana, to punish severely : ignominia, to disgrace :
lau de, to praise : honoribus, to honour : muneribus, to endow :
beneficiis f to do good offices to. Examples everywhere occur :
e. g. aliquem benejicio, Cic. Agr. 1. 4: pr&mio, Cic. Pis. 37 :
honoribus, Cic. Mil. 29: dolore, Cic. ad Div. 6. 19 : l&titia,
Cic. Mil. 28 : ignominia, Cic. Rose. Am. 39: p(zna,ib\d.:
iniuria, Terent. Phorm. 5. 1.3, i. e. to do injustice to : laude,
Cic. Off'. 2. 13 : gloria, Plaut. Amph. 5. 2. 20 : morte, to kill,
Cic. Invent. 1. 25 : sepultura, to bury, Cic. Div. 1. 27 : exsiho,
Cic. Par. 4 : admiratione, Cic. Off. 3. 10, to astonish : stipendia,
Cic. Balb. 27, i. e. to give pay to : nomine, Cic. Deiot. 5 : Cic.
Top. 25 : to give a name to : macula, Cic. Rose. Am. 39, to
stain. So also in the passive ; as, adfici latitia, to be rejoiced :
dolore, to be troubled : laude, to be praised : ignominia, to be
disgraced : beneficiis, to be benefited : vulnere, Cass. B. C. 3.
46, to be wounded : metu adfici, Cic. Verr. 5. 38, to be fright-
ened : adfectus audacia, i.e. pra?ditus, Terent. Phorm. 5. 7-
84 : virtutibus,vitiis, Cic. Partit. 10 : magno animo, Cic. Verr.
3. 24.
IX.) Induo, exuo, dono, impertio, adspergo, inspergo, inter-
cludo, circumdo ; piohibeo, have either an accusative of the per-
son with an ablative of the thing, or a dative of the person with
an accusative of the thing : as, induo me veste, induo mihi ves-
tem : exuo me veste, exuo mihi vestem. Yet both these verbs,
when they do not mean the precise putting on or oft' of clothes,
Of the Ablative. 147
admit only an accusative of the person and an ablative of the
thing : as Cres. B. G. 7. 73, se ipsi acutissimisvallis induebant,
not sibi vallos : so, exuere hostem impediments, castris, to de-
prive the enemy of his baggage, his camp, is usual ; but not ex-
uere hosti castra. Yet donare aliquem libro, alicui librum, are
indifferently used ; as in English, to present one with a book,
or to present a book to one : impertire aliquem salute, alicui sa~
lutem : adspergere aliquem labe, alicui labem. So also prohi-
bere : Plaut. Cure. 5. 2. 7, parentes meos mihi prohibeas ? Ca3S.
B. C. 3. 2 1, eum consul senatu prohibuit ; yet the latter is more
common : we also find prohibere aliquem a re, which is com-
mon in Cicero and Ca3sar. Thus also intercludere : Cass. B.
G. 1. 48, uti frumento commeatuque Casarem intercluderet :
ibid. 7. 11, angu.stia3 multitudini fugam intercluserant : see
above, of the Dative, n. IX.
X.) Florere, to be in good circumstances with respect to
any thing, to be foremost or eminent in any thing, and laborare,
to suffer pain in any thing, to labour or be oppressed, are con-
tinually used with an ablative ; as, florere divitiis, to be very
rich : exMmatione, dignitate, to be in good repute : gratia, to
be much liked, Cic. ad Div. 4. 3 : laudibus,fama, nominis ce-
lebritate, to be much praised, to be in great honour : atate, to
be in one's prime : studiis et artibus, Cic. ad Div. 4. 13 : mul-
tis virtutibus ac benejiciis, Cic. Verr. 5. 49. These ablatives,
properly, should all be explained by, through, on account of, as
to : Cic. ad Div. 2. 13. 3, cur mihi uonin optatis sit complecti
hominem florentem atate, opibus, honoribus, ingenio, liberis,pro-
pinquis, adfinibus, amicis &c., a man who is very fortunate as
to age, property &c. : florere in re, Cic. ad Div. 1.9: Nep.
Epam. 5 : laborare frigore,fame &c., to suffer from cold, hunger
&c., or briefly to freeze, to hunger : the first occurs Colum. 2.
10, the last, Pliri. H. N. 17. 24: morbo laborare, to suffer from
sickness, Cic. Fin. 1. 18 : podagra. Martial. 1. 99- 1 : annona,
Liv. 3. 32 : odio, Liv. 6. 2, to be hated : vitiis, Liv. 34. 4, di-
versisque duobus vitiis, avaritia et luxuria, civitatem laborare,
the state suffers from two opposite faults &c. So Livy in his
L2
148 Of the Ablative.
preface, speaking of Rome, says, qua? eo creverit, ut iam
magnitudine laboret sua, that it now suffers from its greatness.
Sometimes a or ex is used ; as, laborare ex invidia, Cic. Rose.
Am. 51 : Cic. Cluent. 7i : ex pedibm, Cic. ad Div. Q.23, to
have the gout : ex renibus, Cic. Tusc. 2. 25, to suffer from the
stone : e dolore, Terent. And. 1 . 5. 33 : utero, Hor. Od. 3. 22, to
be in labour: ex intestinis, Cic. ad Div. 26, to have the dysen-
tery : ex inscientia, Cic. Invent. 2. 2 : ex are alieno, Cass. B. C.
2. 6 : laborare a re frumentaria, to be in difficulty about sup-
plies (of food), Ca3s. B. G. 7- 10 : afrigore, Plin. H. N. 32. 10 :
also with ob ; e. g. ob avaritiam et ambitione, Hor. Sat. 1. 4.
26 ; where the double construction is remarkable : also without
a, ex, or an ablative ; e. g. Caes-. B. G. 4. 26 : 7. 6? : B. C. 2.
6 : te prorsus laborare sc. morbo, Cic. Att. 7. 2.
XI.) Cerni and verti require attention in the following signi-
fications : res cernitur eo, in eo, the thing consists in that : e. g.
virtutes cernuntur in agenda, Cic. Partit. 22 : causa certis per-
sonis, locis cernitur, Cic. Top. 21 : res vertitur in eo, the thing
depends thereon, the thing rests in that : both may be imitated :
Liv. 37. 7, sed totum id vertitur in voluntate Philippi, but it
all depends on the will of Philip : in eo vertitur spes civitatis,
on that rests the hope of the state, Liv. 4. 31 : res vertitur in eo,
Liv. 1.30: cf. 4. 31 : 32. 15: puncto sa?pe temporis maxima-
rum rerum momenta verti, Liv. 3. 27. Verti often means, to
be, to be situated, e. g. Cic. Verr. Act. 1. 7.
XII.) Verbs of buying, selling, agreeing, hiring, renting &c.,
are used with an ablative to the question for what? or at what
price ? e. g. emi librum tribus denariis : Terent. And. 2. 6. 20,
vix drachmis est obsonatus decem, he scarcely marketed for ten
drachmas : vendere aliquid pecunia grandi, Cic. Sext. 26 : se
vendere trecentis talent is, Cic. Pis. 34 : Virg. ^En. 6. 621, ven-
didit hie auro patriam, sold his country for gold : Nep. Pra?f.
nulla Laceda3inoni tarn est nobilis vidua qua3 non ad scenam
eat met cede conducta, for a stipulated price : so veneo, e. g. pur-
puras libra centum venibat denariis, Nep. ap. Plin. H. N. 9. 39 :
cf. Hor. Sat. 2. 2. 23 : and so with others ; as redimere, con-
Of the Ablative. 149
ducere, to rent or hire, e. g. agrum viginti aureis : locare, to
let out to hire : addicere alicui aliquid, to knock down anything
at an auction, e. g. panels sestertiis, numo Sec. : licet, it is for
sale, e. g. tribus denariis. These verbs are especially often used
with the ablative pretio ; as Ter. Adelph. 2. 2. 11, ego spem
pretio non emo, I do not buy hope for money : venclere aliquid
suo pretio, Plaut. Pers. 4. 4. 30 : Phaed. 4. 24. 6, certoconduxit
pretio, he (Simonides) undertook it, i. e. to write a poem, at a
fixed price : particularly with the following adjectives, magno,
permagno, tanto, quanto, parvo, plurimo, ndnimo, vili, paululo,
wmio,dimidio, tantulo, duplo&c. : e.g. Cic. Verr. 4. 60, et parvo
pretio ea, quae accepisset a maioribus, vendidisse atque alienasse,
to have sold at a low price: Ca3s. B. G. 1. 18, reliqua omnia
JEduorum vectigalia, parvo pretio redemta habere, to have all
the other taxes of the ./Edui farmed out at a low price : so we
may say, magno pretio emere, vendere, locare, conducere, to buy,
sell, let, hire, at a high price : Cic. Invent. 2. 1, magno pretio
conductum adhibuerunt, they made use of the painter Zeuxis,
hired at a high rate : so vili, parvo pretio, at a low price, cheap;
minori pretio, at a less price, cheaper ; minimo pretio, at the
least price, e. g. emere, vendere &c. : so, licet parvo pretio , it is
offered to sale at a low price, Martial. 6. 6,5. However, this
ablative pretio is mostly omitted by the ancients ; they say, e. g.
vendere magno, parvo &c. : Cic.Verr.3. \9, magno tu decumas
vendidisti, dear : ibid. 53, cur non ita magno vendidisti ? ibid.
39, permagno decumas vendidisti : conducere domum nonmag-
no, to hire a house cheaply, Cic. Coel. 7 : vendere quam plu-
rimo, at the highest rate, Cic. Verr. 3. 53 : Cic. Off. 3. 12 : so,
venire quam plurimo (from veneo), Cic. ad Div. 7-2. 1 : so,
tantulo venire, e.g. Cic. Rose. Am. 45, deinde, cur tantulo ve-
nierint, why were they sold for so little : cum magno venissent,
Cic. Verr. 3. 39 : emere magno, Cic. Att. 13. 29 : parvo, ibid. :
minimo addicere aliquid alicui, Suet. Cass. 5 : redimere se, to
redeem one's self, is used with the same ablative ; as Terent.
Eun. 1.1. 29, quid agas? nisi ut te redimas captum quam
queas minimo: sPnequeas paululo, at quanti queas, what canst
thou do, but redeem thyself from captivity at the lowest price
150 Of the Ablative.
thou canst ? if thou canst not for little, yet for as little as thou
canst: in which place the genitive quantifor quanta should be
noticed, of which usage we shall speak immediately. Note :
Frequently instead of these ablatives magno, parvo, quanto &c.,
the genitives magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris &c., are
used : e. g. Cic. Oft'. 3. 14, emit homo cupidus et locuples
tanti, quanti Pythius voluit, bought it as dear, as Pythius
wished : Cic. ad Div. 7. 2, illud minoris veneat : Cic. Verr. 3.
39, quanti venierant: ibid. 53, dixit quanti cuiusque agri de-
cumas vendiderit, at what price: Cic. Off. 3. !2', vendo meum
(frumentum) non pluris (dearer) quam ceteri, fortasse etiam
minoris (cheaper) : Cic. Verr. 3. 19, cum dices, te pluris, quam
ceteros, decumas vendidisse : emere minoris aut pluris, Cic.
Verr. 4.7. Note. Instead of these ablatives we also find adverbs;
as care, dearly ; carius } more dearly ; e. g. care emere, carius 9
Cic. Dom. 44 : so, care vendere : we should especially notice
bene emere, Cic. Att. 1. 13, to buy well or cheap: bene ven-
dere, to sell well, i. e. dear: so quam optime vendere, to sell ex-
ceedingly well, e. g. Cic. Off. 3. 12 : recte vendere, to sell well
or dear, occurs Cic. Verr. 3. 98. On the contrary, male ven-
dere, to sell ill, i. e. too low, occurs ibid. : male emere, Cic.
Att. 2. 4 : also pulchre occurs for recte, bene ; e. g. pulchre
vendere, Plaut. Pers. 4. 4. 31. Thus in English, to buy well,
i. e. cheap ; to sell well, i. e. dear &c.
Observations.
We may here notice some other verbs :
1.) Stare, to stand in or cost so much, is used with an abla-
tive of the price : e. g. Liv. 23. 30, multoque sanguine ac vul-
neribus ea Pcenis victoria stetit, that victory cost the Carthagi-
nians much blood and many wounds : Liv. 34. 50, quod Poly-
bius scribit, centum talentiseam rem Achasis stetisse, that thing
cost the Acha3ans a hundred talents : magno detrimcnto statu-
rum, Liv. 3. 60 : stare magno pretio, to cost much, to stand a
person in much, as is said in English: Hor. Sat. 1. 2. 122,
Of the Ablative. 151
quae neque magno stetpretio : also stare parvo, \v\thouipretio;
e. g. Virg. jEn. 1 0. 494, hand illi stabant JEneia parvo hospitia,
his hospitality to /Eneas will stand him in no little, will cost him
dear, i.e. will occasion him the loss of his son : quanta stetit,
Ovid. Fast. 2. 82: magno, Val. Max. 5. 6. 1. It occurs with
the genitive, Senec. de Ira, 1. 2, nulla pestis humano generi
pluris stetit. Note : We here take occasion to remark, stare
promissis, conditionibus &c., to stand to one's promises, agree-
ments &c., though it does not belong to this place.
2.) Constare also signifies to cost, to stand in so much ; as
minoris, to cost less : Cic. Att. 13.29, prope dimidio minoris
constabit, will cost less by nearly a half: Ovid. Her. 7. 47, pre-
tiosaodia, etconstantia magno, and costing much : so also tanto,
Plin. H. N. 12. 18: quadringentis millibus, Varr. R. R. 2. 1.
15 : morte, Cses. B. G. 7. 19 : also with adverbs ; e. g. vilissime,
Colum. 8. 1.6: gratis, Cic. Verr. 5. 19? cost nothing. Note :
We here remark, constare mente, to continue in one's senses,
still to be master of one's understanding, Cic. Tusc. 4. 17, mente
vix constat : non constat ei color, neque wilt us, Liv. 39- 34,
neither his colour nor look is steady : which instances do not
belong to this place.
3.) Esse, to let for, to be worth, to cost, to be sold for any
price, is used with a substantive in the ablative, as denario,
sestertiis, and with a neuter adjective in the genitive, as tanti &c.:
e.g. Cic. Verr. 3.75, tanti enim est illo tempore medimnum,
for so much at that time is the measure worth : ibid, fuit autein
te prastore sestertiis duobus, but it cost two sesterces in thy
praetorship : ibid, sed fuerit sestertiis tribus: multo minoris sunt
(horti), Cic. Att. 13. 29. Also with other genitives; e. g. dena-
rium, Cic. Off. 3. 23 : an emat denario, quod sit mille denarium,
i.e. denariorum r shall he buy for one denarius, what is worth a
thousand ? So esse is used figuratively with the genitives magrii,
quanti Sic. ; as, magni esse apud aliquem, to be much valued by
any one, Cic. ad Div. 13. 72 : see before, of the Genitive, Sect.
V. 3. n. 2.
XIII.) JEstimarc aliquem or aliquid, to value or estimate a
152 Of the Ablative.
person or thing : a) with ex, i. e. according to : aestimare ex ali-
qua re, to value or rate according to any thing; e. g. ex veritate,
Cic. Rose. Com. 10 : ex artificio, ibid. : or without ex, Cic.
Verr. .3. 9, deinde hasc expendite, atque {estimate pecuuia, and
then calculate their value in money : b) with a bare ablative
without ex, to denote how highly any thing is estimated ; e. g.
modium tribm sestertiis, Cic. Verr. 3. 92 : Nep. Milt. 7, ea lis
quinquaginta talentis aestimala est, i. e. that business, viz. the
indemnification of the expenses, was rated at fifty talents: so
Cic. -Verr. 4. 10, sestertiorum octodecim millibus lis aestimata
est: Cic. Verr. 3. 7-5, estenim modius sestertiis tribm aestimata.
So estimate magno, sc. pretio, Cic. Parad. 6. 3 : thence, figu-
ratively, in general to value highly ; e. g. Cic. Fin. 3. 3, nae ego
istam gloriosam memorabilemque virtutemnon magnovdstiman-
dam putem, can I think such virtue not to be highly valued ?
quid ? tu ista permagno aestimas ? Cic. Verr. 4. 7 : ass ti mare
nonnihilo, to value in some degree, not entirely to despise : Cic.
Fin. 4. 23, non quia sit bonum valere, sed quia sit nonnihilo
asstimaiidum : in such figurative expressions, aestimare, like fa-
cere, pendere, is often used with the genitives magni, parvi,
pluris, minoris ; as, Eestimare or facere aliquid magni, parvi &c.,
to rate it highly, meanly ; nihili, to value it at nothing : see be-
fore, of the Genitive, Sect. V. 3. n. II.
Note : So also pondei are, metiri aliquid aliqua re, to weigh
or measure, and hence to judge of: e. g. consilia eventis pon-
derare, to judge of counsels b}' their events, Cic. Rab. Post. 1 :
so also Cic. Or. 3. 37, atque is (delectus verborum) aurium
quodam iudicio ponderandus : and elsewhere; e.g. Cic. Casein.
21 : Cic. Verr. 1. 16: Cic. Font. 6 : also with ex, e. g. ex for-
tuna, Cic. Partit. 34 : Cic. Pis. 28, omnes res voluptate
metiri : Nep. Eum. 1, quod magnos homines virtute metimur,
non for tuna, according to their qualities, not their fortune : and
elsewhere; e. g. Nep. Att. 14 : Cic. Phil. 2. 34 : Cic. Tusc. 1.
27. We also find metiri ex re, e. g. Cic. ad Div. 10. 4. Plane.,
metiri ex conscientia. So iudicare aliqua re, e. g. Nep. Prasf. 3,
ornnia maiorum institutis iudicari : Nep. Att. 13, si utilitate
iudicandum est : Cic. Or. 3. 37, sed quodam sensu iudicatur ;
Of the Ablative. 153
though it here may mean, by a sort of feeling : aliquid non nu-
mero sed pondere, Cic. Oft*. 2. 22 : aliquid sensu oculorum, ra-
tione, Cic. Div. 2. 43. Yet we also find iudicare ex re, e. g. ex
aequo, according to equity, Cic. Caecin. 23 : aliquem ex aliorum
ingeniis, Terent. Eun. 1.2. 118: also a; e.g. a vero sensu, Cic.
ad Div. 11. 10. Brut.
XIV.) Collocare pecuniam in re, to lay out; e. g. in f undo,
domo 8cc., Cic. Casein. 5. Yet we also say, pecuniam collocare
fenort) to lend at interest, Cic. Flacc. 21 : Suet. Aug. 39 : fe-
nore sumere, to borrow on interest, Plaut. Asin. 1. 3. 95.
Also collocare filiam in matrimonium, Cic. Div. .1 . 46, to give
in marriage; for which collocare merely is used, Nep. Epam. 3 :
collocare milites in hibernis, Ca3s. B. G. 3. 29 : exercitum in
provinciam, Sail. lug. 6l.
XV.) Fidere, confidere, to trust, to confide in, take both a
dative and ablative to denote in what a man trusts or confides :
as fidere, couftdere, fortune, or fortuna, to trust on, or in, for-
tune. On the contrary, niti, to lean on, to depend on, takes an
ablative with or without in : niti alicuius consilio, auctoritate
&c., to depend on one's advice, authority. These are all usual
in the best writers ; the following are instances : a)Jido ; e. g.
sibi, Cic. Alt. 6. 6 : Hor. Epod. 4. 13 : nocti, Virg. JEn. 9. 378:
rebus suis, Cic. Att. 6. 8: prudentia, Cic. Off. 1. 23: hac
duce, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 4. ex Arat. : fuga, Virg. Georg.
3. 31 : fuga, ibid. lEn. 1 1. 35 1 : fidere in re, e. g. in mari fiden-
tes, Liv. 30. 10, where, however, it may be used adjectively,
and mean, confident, in good spirits ; as in other places, e. g.
Cic. Tusc. 3. 7, est fidens : also, fidere sibi in multitudine,
Auct. B. Afric. 19: b) confido, e.g.virtuti, Cic. Phil. 5. 1 :
area, Cic. Att. 1. 9: opibus, Caes. B. C. 2. 5 : natura loci,
ibid. 3. 9 : adjinitate, ibid. 3. 83 : facilitate, Cic. Rose. Com.
1 : firmitate corporis, Cic. Tusc. 5. 14 : c) nitor, e. g. baculo,
Ovid. Pont. 1. 8. 52: hastili, Cic. Rab. Perd. 5 : stirpibus
suis, Cic. Tusc. 5. 13 : muliercula, Cic. Verr. 5. 33 : mendacio,
Cic. Or. 2. 7 : aqmtate, Cic. Cluent. 57 : in vita alicuius, Cic.
Mil. 7 : ea, in quibus causa nititur, Cic. Ccel. 10 : tu eris unus,
154 Of the Ablative.
in quo nitatnr salus, Cic. Somn. Scip. 2 : coniectura, in qua ni-
titur flivinatio, Cic. Divin. 2. 26. They also say niti ad aliquid,
to strive after any thing ; as, cfd gloriam immortalem, Cic. Se-
nect. 23 : adsumma, Quintil. l.Praef. 20: ad optima, ibid. 12.
11 : ad victoriam, ibid. 10. 1. 29: ad sidera, Virg. Georg. 2.
427 : also in the same sense with in; as Ovid. Am. 3. 4. 17,
nitimur in vetitum : so also 2*71 medium, Lucret. 1. 1055 : in ad-
versum, Ovid. Met. 2. 72 : in aera pennis motis, ibid. Pont. 2.
7.27, i.e. to fly : in interiora, Plin. H. N. 2. 65. Also niti pro
aliquo, to undergo toil for any one, Liv. 35. 10: pro libertate,
Sail. lug. 31 : also with de ; e. g. de causa regia, Cic. ad Div.
1. 5. Whence it appears that different prepositions are used
according to the difference of significations. Niti is also used
with ut, Nep. Milt. 4 : with ?ie, Sail. lug. 13 : with an infini-
tive, Nep. Pelop. 2 :, Sail. lug. 25 : absolutely, e. g. simul ac
primum niti possunt, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 48 : niti per loca, Pa-
cuv. ap. Non. 2. 320.
X VI.) Lsetari and gaudere, to rejoice, take an ablative to the
question in, for, at, what? e.g. laetor tuo adventu, at thy ar-
rival: gaudeo hac re, for this thing: gaudere bono, Cic. Marc.
6 : laetari dignitate, Cic. ad Div. 2. 9. De is omitted, which at
times also is expressed; as, gaudere de Bursa, Cic. ad Div. 7-
2, i.e. on account of, concerning : tetari de triumphis, Cic.
Marc. 2. So Cicero says, exsultare gaudio, to leap for joy, Phil.
2. 27 ; l&titia, Top. 22 : triumphare gaudio, Cluent. 5. Note :
a) There occurs, Cic. ad Div. 7. 1.2, utrumque laetor, I rejoice
for both, instead of utraque, or utraque re: so Manil. 1, illud
inprimis mihi l&tandwm iure esse video, for illo : Ovid. Pont. 1 . 8.
64, quod Ia3tor : Terent. And. 2. 2. 25, id gaudeo : cf. Eun. 5.8.
11: in which instances propter must be understood. We have
already observed, that from the use of these accusatives in the
neuter gender, we cannot infer that any verb with which they
are used generally governs an accusative : yet in this instance a
substantive in the accusative also occurs; gaudere alicuius gau-
dium, sc. propter, Cic. ad Div. 8. 2. Coel. : Terent. Andr. 5. 8. 5 :
and thus gaudere is often found with an accusative ; e. g. do-
Of the Ablative. 155
loretn alicuius, Cic. ad Div. 8.14. Ccel. : lituos, Stat. Theb. 9.
724 : fata alicuius, ibid. 4. 231 : b) laetor occurs with a geni-
tive, Virg. JEn. 11. 280, but associated with memini : nee ve-
tcrum memini l&torve ma/orum ; where it is uncertain whether
the genitive is governed by laBtor, or by memini, and so Iretor is
added without a case : yet we find gaudere elsewhere with a ge-
nitive ; e. g. voti, Apul. Met. 1. p. 113, Elmenh. : also in re,
in any thing: e. g. gaudere in funere fratris, Lucret. 3. 72: Ia3-
tari in omnium gemitu, Cic. Verr. ,5. 46: in hoc est laetatus,
quod &c., Cic. Phil. 11.4: c) to these are commonly added
delectari and oblectari aliqua re, to delight in any thing : but
they are really passives, and mean to be delighted by or through
any thing, as has been already noticed: both are usual; e. g.
delectari re, Cic. Pis. 20 : Cic. Q. Fr. 3. 3 : oblectari re, Cic.
Mur. 19: Cic. ad Div. 2. 16 : delectari in re, ibid. 6.4 : Cic.
Leg. 2. 7 : oblectari in aliquo homine, Terent. Ad. 1. 2. 23,
where in may be omitted : also delectari ab aliqua re, Cic. in
Cagcil. 13, whence it is plain that it is a passive : we also find
delectare se for delectari, oblectare se for oblectari.
XV I T.) Gloriari, to boast of, to glory in, takes an accusative
with and without de : as, gloriari de doctrina, or doctrina : e. g.
victoria, Cass. B. G. 1. 14: nominibtts, Cic. Or. 50: de divitiis,
Cic. Vatin. 12 : de vita misera aut beata, Cic. Fin. 3. 8. It is
also used with in : e. g. Cic. Nat. Deor. 3. 36, propter virtutem
enim iure laudamur : et in virtute recte gloriamur : so, in eo,
quod &c., Cic. Tusc. 1. 21 : in aliis, Liv. 1. 28 : whence it ap-
pears that in is only used about the actual possession of a thing
in which one glories : but to express, one boasts, e.g. of learning
which he has not, in doctrina would be improper, and we must
use doctrina, or de doctrina : also aliquid, e.g. idem, Cic. Senect.
10. To this we may add, se iactare aliqua re, to boast in, to
make a display of: e.g. supplicio levando, Cic. Cat. 4. 5: cf.
Liv. 3. 1 : Virg. Eel. 6. 74: so with the same sense, iactare
aliquid', as, suam doctrinam iactare, to boast of, or display, his
learning : we also find se iactare de; e. g. Cic. Verr. 4. 21, iac-
tat se dudum de Calidio, he makes a great display of himself
156 Of the Ablative.
about Calidius : also in re\ e. g. in popular iratione, Cic. Sext.
53 : in eo, Cic. Att. 2. 1 : in bonis Roscii, Cic. Rose. Am. 9.
XVIII.) Vivere, to live, in various senses is construed in
various ways : vivere in re, to pass one's life in any thing, e.g.
vivere in literis, to be continually engaged in literary pursuits,
Cic. ad Div. 9- 26 : vivere cum aliquo, to live with any one as
an intimate, and consequently to have continual intercourse
with, Cic. Or. 3 : Cic. Att. 6. 6 : Nep. Att. 10 : vivere aliqua
re, on or by any thing, to support life by it, e.g. vivere studiisor
literis, to support his life by learning, i. e. by philosophy, Cic.
ad Div. 13. 28. 4, by the consolations which it affords. So,
vivere cibo, came', e. g. Caes. B. G- 4. I, neque inultumy'rM-
mentosed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt: ibid. 4. 10,
piscibus atque ovis avium vivere : ibid. 5. 14, lacte et came vi-
vunt : vivere parvo, e. g. Hor. Od. 2. 16. 15, vivitur parvo bene,
man lives well on a little : rapto vivere, to live on plunder, Liv.
7. 25 : ex rapto ; e. g. Ovid. Met. 1. 144, vivitur ex rapto, non
hospes ab hospite tutus : Plaut. True. 5. 6l, de vestro vivito,
live on your own property : vivere de lucro, to live by the bounty
of another, to be indebted to another for sparing one's life, Cic.
ad Div. 9. 17. 3: Liv. 40.8. We also find vivo tibi, Terent.
Eun. 3. 2. 28, I live for thy advantage : vivere in diem, Cic. Or.
2. 40, to live from day to day, without care, unconcernedly :
properly, to live for one day, for the present day, without caring
for the future : in diem vivere, Cic. Tusc. V. 11, is said of one
who changes his opinions according to his circumstances : vic-
titare lolio occurs Plaut. True. 2. 3. 50.
XIX.) Stare aliqua re, to stand to any thing, to abide by it,
not to depart from it: e. g. promissis, to one's promises, Cic.
Off. 1. 10 : conditionibus, Cic. Att. 7. 16 ifadere, Liv. 21. 19 :
pacto, Liv. 9-11: legibus dictis, ibid. 5 : iureiurando, Quintil.
5. 6 : conventis, Cic. Off. 3. 25 : meo iudicio stare nolo, Cic.
Att. 12. 21 : Liv. 7. Q5,civili standum esse exercitu, one must
abide by, i. e. be satisfied with, an army of citizens : stare de-
creto senatus, to abide by a decree of the senate, to observe it :
Cic. Cluent. 43, censores ipsi sa3penumero superiorum censo-
Of the Ablative. 157
rum iudicirs non steterunt, have not adhered to the decisions of
former censors : it appears that in all these instances in is un-
derstood, because it is sometimes expressed ; e. g. Liv. 4. 44,
stetitque in eadem sententia : injide, Cic. Rab. Perd. 10 : in eo,
Cic. Att. 2. 4: Cic. Fin. 1. 14: and indeed the very sense
proves it : it is therefore plain that stare promissis is not literally
translated, to keep one's promises. It is also used with a da-
tive ; e*. g. sententia, Pand. 4. 7. 23 : convention}, ibid. 2. 1. 18 :
religioni, ibid. 4. 3. 21 : emtioni,\b\d. 19- 1. 13 : rei indicate,
ibid. 42. 1. 32: voluntati patris, ibid. 26. 7. 3 : voluntati de-
functi, ibid. 36. 3. 6. The expression stare a partibus alicuius,
to be of any one's party, is something different, and instead of it,
they more briefly say stare ab aliquo : also stare cum aliquo, e. g.
Nep. Dat.l) : Ages. 5 : Cic. Invent. 1.3: all which expressions
are common. We also find stat mihi sententia, my determina-
nation is fixed, e.g. Hannibali, Liv. 21. 130 : also without sen-
tentia, Nep. Att. 21 : Cic. ad Div. 9- 2.
XX.) Adsuescere is used with a dative, with ad, or with an
ablative : e. g. labori, ad laborem, labore: thus quibus (legibus)
adsuescere, Liv. 1. 19 : reipublica, Suet. Aug. 38 : ad homines,
Ca3s. B. G. 6. 18: genus pugnag, quo adsueverant, Liv. 3 1. 35 :
cui adsuescitur, Liv. 2. 1 : so also adsuetus., Cic. Or. 3. 15,
labore adsueti : mendaciis, Cic. Plane. 9 : militia, Veil. 2. 117:
sanguine, Flor. 1.1: also with in and ad, e. g. adsuetus in iura,
Liv. 24. 5 : ad omnes vis, Sail. ap. Prise. : ad sceptra, Senec.
Troad. 152: also with a genitive, e. g. Gallici tumultus, Liv.
38. 17 : so adsuefacere, e. g. ad aliquid, Liv. 3. 52 : se armis,
Cic. Brut. 2 : sermoni, Val. Max. 8. 7- 15 : sermone, Cic. Or.
3. 10 : frigore, Cic. Cat. 2. 5 : also with a genitive, e. g. rerum
adsuefiam, Lucil. ap, Non. 1. 172 : Liv. 24. 48. where see
Gronov.
XXI.) Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, dignor (both ac-
tively and passively) are used with an ablative.
a) Utor, to use, make use of, have, have intercourse with as
a friend &c. : e. g. uti libris recte scio, I know how to use
books properly, to make a proper use of them : occasions to
158 Of the Ablative.
make use of an opportunity, to profit by it : armis bene, Cic.
Deiot. 10 : vitio aetatis, Cic. ad Div. 2. 16 : lacte et herbis,
Ovid. Fast. 4. 369, to live upon them : uti patre indulgente, to
have an indulgent father, to find him indulgent, Nep. Att. 1 :
ibid. Cim. 1, Cimon duro admodum initio usus est adolescentia?,
experienced a very rude beginning of youth : uti homine, to be
intimate with a person, Nep. Att. 5: Cic. ad Div. 1.3: Cic.
Cluent. 16: so uti familiariter aliquo, to have confidential in-
tercourse with any one : homo, quo multos per annos familiaris-
sime usus sum, a man, with whom 1 have lived confidentially
for many years : uti also means to live on any thing, e. g. unde
utatur, Terent. Ad. 5. 9- 24 : habere, qui (i. e. quo) utatur,
Cic. Att. 13. 23 : cf. 1 1. 11. So also its compounds abuti re :
1) to use very much, to consume or waste; e. g. Cic. Verr. 1. 9,
nisi omni tempore, quod mihi lege concessum est, abusus ero,
querere, unless I shall have consumed all the time &c. : 2.) to
misapply, misuse, abuse; as abuti otio, to abuse leisure : abuti
alicuius patientia t Cic. Cat. 1. 1, to abuse one's patience: le-
gibus ac maiestate, Cic. Rose. Am. 19, and elsewhere: 3.) to
use, to make use of, e. g. libertate, Cic. Verr. 5. 43 : studiis,
Cic. ad Div. 9. 6, and elsewhere. Deuti is rare : it occurs
Nep. Bum. 11, non enim hoc convenire Antigoni prudentise, ut
sic deuteretur victo, so to misuse a conquered person : it is
nearly the same as abuti.
b) fruor to enjoy, e. g. voluptate, Cic. Red. Quir. 1, to enjoy
pleasure : vita, Cic. Cluent. 6l, and elsewhere : frui denotes an
advantage or pleasure derived from the use of any thing ; as, frui
vita, otio, to profit from, to apply properly, life, leisure &c. :
thence fructus, profit, enjoyment. So perfrui, e. g. gaudio, to
experience joy : so tetitid,C\c. Cat. 1. 10: auctoritate, gloria,
laude, Cic. Brut. 2, and elsewhere.
c) fungor to discharge, to perform, to fulfill : e. g. munere, to
discharge an office or duty, Cic. Off. 2. 16, 20 : officio, to do
his duty : so ojficiis iustitiag, Cic. Off. 2. 13 : voto, lustin. 9. 2,
to fulfill a vow : lacrymis pro somno, Ovid. Her. 8. 109, i e. to
weep : also to meet with, to pass through, e. g.fato, Quintil.
Of the Ablative. 159
3. 7. 10: vita, Pand. 48. o. 1 1, \. e. to die. So also its com-
pounds : defungi to pass through, to accomplish, to bring to an
end ; as vita, Virg. Georg. 4. 475, to bring his life to an end,
i. e. to die : thence also defungi without vita, Ovid. Am. 1. 8.
108 : Plin. Epist. 9. 9 : means to die : periculo to undergo a
danger, Cic. Rose. Am. 8 : pralio, Liv. 1.25: bello, Liv. 25. 5 :
cura, Liv. 5. 5 : honoribus, Cic. Verr. 5. 68 : defungi aliqua re,
to come off with any thing, as a small loss, suffering &c. : e. g.
felix es, si hoc damno (malo, pcena) defungi tibi licet, thou art
fortunate, if thou canst come off with this loss, i. e. escape any
greater loss : thus we find pana, Liv. 2. 35 : 29. 21 : tribusde-
cumis, Cic. Verr. 3. 16: mendaciOj Cic. ad Div. 8. 1, Ccel.
come off with a lie : cupio in hac re defungi, Terent. Phorm.
5. 8. 32, i.e. to escape with this, i. e. that it may proceed no
farther: perfungi to discharge, to fulfill, to perform, e. g. hono-
ribus, places of honour, Cic. Or. 1. 45 : Cic. ad Div. 1.8: mu-
nere, Cic. Senect. 1.2: it also means, like defungi, to go through,
to sustain, e. g. Cic. Marc. 10, perfuncta respublicaest hoc mi-
sero, Jatalic[ue bello, has gone through this unfortunate war :
laboribus, Cic. Dom. 52 : periculis, Cic. Mur. 2 : fato per-
functus, Liv. 8. 1, or vita perfunctus, Lucret. 3. 93 : also to
enjoy, e, g. epulis, Ovid. Art. 2. 227 : bonis, Cic. ad Div. 4. 5,
Sulpic.
d) potior 1) to become master of, to attain, to get, to be-
come sharer of, to reach, e. g. urbe, to become master of, to
take, a city, Cic. Tusc. 1. 37 : so occasions, victoria, to obtain
an opportunity, the victory, Cses. B. G. 3. 24: imperio, ibid.
1. 2: voluptatibus, Cic. Senect. 14 : pr&da, Liv. 3. 8 : monte,
Ovid. Met. 5. 254, to reach : morte, to die, Auson. Idyll. 15.
50 : cade, Stat. Theb. I. 637, i. e. to commit : votis, to attain
the object of one's vows, one's wish : 2.) to partake of, to be
in possession of, to have; e. g. mari, Liv. 25. 11 : oppido, Liv.
6. 33 : vo/uptatibus, Cic. Senect. 14, cited above.
e) vescor to eat, to partake of: e. g. lacte, Sail. lug. 89, to
feed on milk : came, ibid. : nee escis nee potionibus, Cic. Nat.
Deor. 2. 3 : pane, caseo &c., to eat bread &c. : also to partake.
160 Of the Ablative.
to use, to benefit from, e. g. aura vesci, to live : Virg. jEn. 3.
339, quid puer Ascanius ? superatne et vescitur aura ? what of
the young Ascanius ? does he still live &c. : so aura atheria,
ibid. 1. 540(550): voluptatibus, Cic. Fin. 5. 20: armis, Pa-
cuv. ap. Non. 4. 478.
f) dignor to think or judge worthy, e. g. aliquem honore, to
think one worthy of honour, Virg. flLn. 1. 335 (::)39) : Suet.
Vesp. 21 : venia, Ovid. Trist. 3. 14. 51 : laude, to esteem
worthy of praise, often occurs ; also as a passive, e. g. Cic. In-
vent. 53, observantia est, per qua in homines aliqua dignitate
antecedentes cultu quodam et honore dignantur, i. e. are thought
worthy : yet it may in this instance be translated actively, they,
i. e. men, think worthy, as we use aiunt, they say ; admirantur,
they wonder at, Cic. Off. 2.11: we must then understand homines
again ; but the first seems more natural, and in fact it often
occurs passively, e. g. qui tali honore dignati sunt, ibid. 39 :
res qua? laude dignentur, Cic. Or. 3. 7 : since the ancients also
used the active digno, e. g. dignavi, Ace. ap. Non. 2. 227 : dig-
net honoribus, Pacuv. ibid.
Observations.
1.) potior also occurs with a genitive : a) rerum, when it de-
notes the highest power in a country or state, the sovereignty,
or at least superiority, supremacy : the ancients continually use
this expression, potiri rerum, but in a double sense : 1) to at-
tain the sovereignty, to become master of the supreme power,
e. g. Sulla rerum est potitus : Caesar potitus est rerum, i. e.
reipublicaB : here rebus is not used : e. g. Nep. Att. 9, nemini
enim in mentem veniebat, Antonium rerum potiturum : so also
eum necesse rerum potiri, Cic. Att. 10. 8 : 2.) to possess, to
enjoy the sovereignty; e. g. Cic. Rose. Am. 25, Atheniensium
respubliqa, dum ea rerum potita est : so also, quod ii, qui poti-
untur rerum 8cc., Cic. ad Div. 1. 8. 88, where Pompey, Cras-
sus and Caesar are denoted : qua3 rerum potita? sunt (civitates),
ibid. 5. 17, which were free states : we also refer hither from
the preceding instances, Cic. Att. 10. 8, eum rerum potiri :
Of the Ablative. 161
further, solem dominari et rerum potiri, Cic. Acad. 4. 41 :
b) also with other genitives ; as Nep. Lys. 2, hie simulatque im-
peril potitus est : ibid. Eum. 7, si potius ipse alienigena summi
imperil potiretur : Cic. ad Div. 1.7.11, posse ieilliusregni po-
tiri, thou mightest become master of, conquer, the kingdom of
Egypt : Sail. Cat. 47- 2, se tertiurn (esse), cui fatum foret urbis
(Romas) potiri : ibid. lug. 74, Romani, signorum et armorum
aliquanto numero, hostium paucorum potiti ; where both an ab-
lative and a genitive are used, unless hostium be rather governed
by numero supplied from the preceding sentence : vexilh, Liv.
25. 14: voti, Sil. 15. 331 : Spartiata? Atheniensium potiti sunt,
Auct. ad Herenn. 4. 25, and elsewhere: potior also occurs
with an accusative, Cic. Tusc. 1. 37, gentem aliquam urbem
nostram potituram putem : Nep. Eum. 3, qui summam imperil
potirentur : gaudia, Terent. Ad. 5. 4. 22: commoda, ibid. 17 :
sceptra, Lucret. 3. 1051 : victoriam, lustin. 6. 4: ultionem,
ibid. 9- 7 : oppidum, Auct. B. Hisp. 13 : regiam, Tac. Ann.
11. 10.
2.) fungor is also used with an accusative : e. g. Nep. Dat.
1, Datames militare munus fungens : Terent. Adelph. 3. 4. 18,
neque liberalis functus qfficium viri est : officia servorum, ibid.
Heaut. 1. 1. 14: qfficium frugi hominis, ibid. 3. 3. 19 : mumis
senatorium, Suet. Aug. 35 : quid aratorem muneris fungi ac
sustinere velitis, Cic. Verr. 3. 86, and elsewhere ; e. g. Plaut.
Most. 1. 1. 44 : ibid. Men. 1. 4. 4 : Lucret. 3. 734 : 5. 359 :
thence Cicero uses the participle fungendus, Tusc. 3. 7, ad mu-
nus suum fungendum : in munerefungendo, Cic. Att. 1.1: mi-
lituefungend&t Liv. 24. 21. Also perfungi is used with an ac-
cusative, e. g. timorem, Apul. Met. 8. p. 208, Elmenh. to which
we may also add mihi tarn multa pro se perpesso et perfuncto
concederet, Cic. ad Div. 1.9- 19 : thence passively, periculum
perfumtum, Cic. Sext. 4.
3.) utor is sometimes used with an accusative ; as Cat. R. R.
143, and ap. Gell. 13. 23 : Varro R. R. 3. \6: so quern utare,
Lucil. ap. Non. 7. 1 12 : mea, Terent. Ad. 5. 3. 29 : Cic. Att.
12. 22, ne quidem quidquam utitur; unless hortis suis be un-
VOL. II. M
162 Of the Ablative.
derstood. Also abutor, as Terent. Andr. Prol. 5, nam in pro-
logis scribendis operam abutitur: and elsewhere ; e. g. Plaut.
Bacch. 2. 3. 126 : ibid. Pers. 2. 3. 10 : Trin. 3. 2. 56. The
participle utendus also occurs, Cic. Verr. 2. 18, omnia utenda
et possidenda tradiderat : Terent. Heaut. 1. 1. 81, quod ilia
aetas magis ad ha3C utenda idonea est : cf. Ovid. Art. 1. 433 :
so also abutendus, Suet. Galb. 14. Note: the ancients used
also uto for utor, e. g. utito, Cat. R. R. 96, 107.
4.) fruor occurs with the accusative, Terent. Heaut. 2. 4. 21 :
Cato R. R. 149: Lucret. 3. 953: nuptias, Apul. Met. 8.
p. 206, Elmenh. Moreover the participle future passive occurs,
Cic. Off. 1. 30, tenendum esse eius fruenda modum : Liv. 22.
14: 27. 11 : 32. 7 : Pand. 6. 3. 1.
5.) vescor also occurs with an accusative; e. g. tauros, Tibull.
2. 5. 63 : iecur, Plin. H. N. 8. 50 : infirmissimos, Tac. Agric.
28 : singulos, Phdr. 1.31.11: dapem, Ace. ap. Non. 4. 478 :
we also find vesco; e. g. vescat carne, Tertull. de ieiun. 5.
Note: there are probably still more verbs which are used
with an ablative. Yet they perhaps may be referred to the
questions with, through &c. what ? To these we may refer furere
aliqua, to be furious for one, to be desperately in love with,
Hor. Epod. 11.6: also facere; e. g. quid hoc homine facias ?
Cic., what can you make of, do with, this man ? see above,
Sect. IX. 2. n. I. 5, where it was remarked that fieri and esse
are also so used. It is only necessary that these verbs with an
ablative should be understood in their literal sense ; e. g. destitui
spe means, to be forsaken by hope, sc. a : but if it be translated,
to have no hope, it does not appear whence the ablative is used.
It is the same with obsidione cingere urbem : if it be translated,
to blockade a city, it does not appear why the ablative is used ;
but it literally means, to gird a city about with a blockade, and
then the use of the ablative is plain. It is the same with obsi-
dione liberare urbem : the use of the ablative is plain when it is
literally translated. A literal translation should precede the
use of all more elegant phrases, as they are called ; or at least,
when a literal translation is possible, which is scarcely the case
Of the Ablative. 163
in some instances, as of the verb adficere, the literal meaning of
which is unknown.
IV.) Of the ablative with adverbs. The following
observations are important The ablative cannot pro-
perly be governed by an adverb : when it is used with
adverbs, it is governed by another word : e. g. longo
post tempore, a long time after, for post longum tempus ;
where the ablative longo ternpore is used to the ques-
tion when? and depends on the preposition in omitted :
so, paucis post diebus, Cic. ad Div. 1. 9. 17 : post pau-
cls diebus y Liv. 32. 5 : 40. 47, 57 : paucis diebus post,
Plaut. Men. Prol. 36 : paucis post annis, Cic. ad Div.
4. 5. Sulpic. It is the same with multis abhinc diebus,
many days since, sc. in : see above, of abhinc, 2.
n. XIII. g. The following passage, Virg. $ln. 8. 114,
is peculiar, where Pallas asks the unknown Trojans
who approach him, qui genus? (sc. estis) unde domo ?
sc. venitis or estis : here unde domo is a peculiar con-
struction ; but it apparently stands for unde a domo.
Seneca has probably imitated this passage, ad Helv. 6,
et, unde domo quisque sit, quaere. Further, palam,
procul, simul are sometimes used with an ablative :
see above, of Prepositions, Part I. Chap. III. Sect.
VII. n. II. after Not. 3. Also made, if it be an ad-
verb, is used with an ablative ; yet as it may be a vo-
cative, it is included amongst adjectives, Sect. IX. 3.
n. II. 1. Digne also is used with an ablative; e. g.
peccat cruce dignius, Hor. Sat. 2. 7. 47.
V.) Of the ablative with prepositions, see above,
Sect. IX. 1 : and Part I. Chap. III. Sect. VII. n. II.
M2
164 Of the Parts of the Verb.
SECTION TENTH.
Of the Use of the Parts of the Verb : viz. Persons,
Number, Tense, Mode.
Of the Use of the Personal Terminations, or Persons.
I.) Before the first personal termination of the sin-
gular, only ego can be used ; before the second person,
only tu ; before the third person, all other nominatives
of the singular number may be used as subjects. Thus
also in the plural ; only nos can stand before the first
personal termination ; only vos before the second ; but
all other nominatives of the plural number before the
third. If the nominative is not expressed, it must be
understood : e. g. consul clLri, I have spoken as consul,
sc. ego ; since consul cannot be the principal nomina-
tive or subject before dixi : so, praetor fecisti, for tu
prsetor fecisti : so diximus, sc. nos.
Note: yet qui is an exception to the above rule, since it
may indifferently be united to all the terminations of the verb,
accordingly as it refers to the first, second, or third person : e. g.
ego qui te magmfacio, non possum non mirari &c. : odisti me,
qui te semper amavi; where qui refers to me: tu qui tam dives
es, potes mihi succurrere : nos qui caremus : vos qui scitis &c.
It is the same with is in the following instances, where perhaps
in English the third person follows ; as, non sum is, qui omnia
sciam, I am not the man, that knows all things, i. e. such a
man as to know all things : non is es, qui omnia scire possis,
thou art not the man, who is able to know all things : nos non
sumus ii, qui alios derideamus: vos non estis ii, qui alios deri-
dealis : where it would be incorrect to say, qui sciat, qui possil,
<jui derideant. It is the same when qui is put for ut\ as, dignus
Of the Parts of the Verb, 165
sum, qui lander, I deserve to be praised : dignus es, qui lau-
deris: pater dignus est, qui laudetur : digni sum us, qui laude-
mur : digni estis, qui laudem'ud : parentes sunt digni, qui lau-
dentur. So also when qui stands for cum ; as, ego, qui videam,
I, since I see : tu, qui videas &c.
II.) In general, sentences which in English begin
with, men, they, people &c. believe, say, &c. : one be-
lieves &c. 1.) the third person of the plural number is
used without a nominative ; as aiunt, dicunt, they say ;
where homines is understood : according to the sub-
ject treated of, philosophi, rhetores, oratores &c. may
be understood ; as, virtutem prcEcipiunt propter se ip-
sam esse amandam, they teach that virtue must be
loved for her own sake ; sc. philosophi : 2.) the third
person singular of the passive voice, a) impersonally ;
e. g. creditur, men believe; dicitur, fertur, men say :
b) personally ; e. g. res creditur, men believe the thing :
also in the plural with a preceding subject nominative ;
as, tales res non amantur, people do not love such
things : 3.) also the first person plural, when the dis-
course is about something in which we, i. e. the people,
who speak or write, have a share ; e. g. hinc videmus,
hence one sees ; properly, we see : non decet ea vitu-
perare, quse non intelligamus, it is not right to blame
those things which one does not understand : 4.) some-
times even the second person singular ; e. g. nam si vis
fieri doctus, debes etiam &c., for if one would be
learned, one must &c. Particularly with the infinitive ;
as, non decet ea docere alios quae non didiceris, it is
not fit to teach others what one has not learned : stul-
tum est ea loqui quse non intelligas, it is foolish to say
those things which one does not understand.
1 66 Of the Parts of the Verb.
2.
Of the Number of the Verb.
We have already remarked, when treating of the
Nominative, that the number of the verb, 1.) agrees
with the number of the principal nominative or sub-
ject; e. g. pater amatur, nuptise sunt factse &c. 2.) that
when the subject is in the singular, but is a collective
noun, i. e. denotes a multitude, there often follows
a verb in the plural ; as, turba ruunt, pars capti sunt
&c. 3.) that sometimes the ancients made the verb
agree with the predicate instead of the subject; as,
amantium irce amoris integratio est : and to these were
added remarks on the instances where two nominatives
were used with one verb &c.
3.
Of the different Kinds or Voices of Verbs.
It has been already noticed, that transitive or active
verbs govern an accusative ; and that intransitives fre-
quently take an accusative. We must further observe,
1.) The transitive verb is often used without a case, viz. when
no case is required after it ; as, amat he loves, is in love, has a
mistress ; e. g. Terent. Andr. 1.2. 11, meum gnatum rumor est
araare, there is a rumour that my son is in love, has a mistress :
so we say, cur non scribis, legis ? why dost thou not write,
read? &c.
2.) Some transitives are at times used passively, and recipro-
cally : e. g. vertere, pracipitare, for verti, praecipitari, or for
vertere se and pra3cipitare se : both frequently occur; e. g. Liv.
2. 52, omnis ira belli ad populationem vertit, sc. se or versa
est, all the fury of war was turned to plunder : Liv. 5. 59, i
Of the Parts of the Verb. 1 67
verterat fortuna, sc. se, was turned : so, anno vertente, sc. se, in
a year, Nep. Ages. 4: Cic. Quint. 12: Cass. B. C. 3. 25,
hyems iam pr&cipitaverat, sc. se, the winter was now at its
close: respublica pmcipitans, Cic. Sull. 31, perishing: sol
pr&cipitans, Cic. Or. 3. 55, almost setting : Virg. Jn. 2. 9,
nox humida crelo pracipitat, approaches its close, properly,
sinks into the sea : Cic. Cluent. 6, pr<zcipitantemimipe\\ere, to
push one who is falling headlong. The same happens with
other verbs ; e. g. movere, for movere se, to set off, proceed :
Liv. 24. 44: 25. 9 : 31. 23 : Cic. Att. 9. 1 : res moventes, sc.
se, moveable things, Liv. 5. 25 : mutare, e. g. mores mutaverint,
sc. se, Liv. 39. 5.
3.) It was observed in the First Part, that deponents are
sometimes used passively, particularly the participles of the
perfect tense : e. g. pactus covenanted, agreed ; expertus tried :
as, pacta merces, experta virtus &c.
4.) The passives also are often used reciprocally ; e. g. mo-
veor for moveo me, Virg. JEn. 6. 256: Ovid. Met. 10. 115 :
so also mutari for egredi, e. g. finibus, Liv. 5. 46 : ne quis in-
vitus civitate mutetur, Cic. Balb. 13 : i. e. exeat, eiiciatur, prive-
tur : so volutari to roll about, Varr. R. R. 3. 9 : Suet. Cal. 42 :
Cic. ad Div. 9. 3 ; and elsewhere.
4.
Of the Tenses.
We must here remark the proper use and dependence
of the tenses, wherein the Latin often differs from the
English language.
I.) Of the use of the tenses in themselves.
1.) The Present denotes a thing or action that is now pre-
sent : as scribo, I write, viz. now. Si quis dicat, obiiciat, if
any one should (shall) say, object, not diceret &c. So velim I
could wish : veniat he might come : utinam veniat ! oh ! that he
168 Of the Parts of the Verb.
might (may) come : ut venial (suppose) that he should come;
not generally veniret : si videam te, if I should (shall) see thee :
in all which instances the English generally say, should, would
&.c. for shall, will &c. though speaking of an instant event.
2.) The Imperfect, as in English, generally denotes an ac-
tion not yet finished; heri meditabar, yesterday I was meditat-
ing, or meditated ; which denotes that I was meditating, but
had not yet come to an end with it. In particular it is used
where another action intervenes ; as, dum pater moriebatur, ego
scribebam, whilst my father was dying, I was writing ; I had
not yet left off writing : hence dum, whilst, is often used by the
ancients with the imperfect. Yet they often use the imperfect
when they simply denote that an action happened, and, there-
fore, in the place of the perfect; as, Caesar proficiscebatur, Caesar
proceeded : heri multa videbam, yesterday I saw many things.
3.) The Perfect denotes an action entirely completed, yet so,
that no other action thereupon succeeds ; as, heri pater mortuus
est ; here the dying is complete : Caesar scripsit ; which shews
that Caesar has left off writing. This tense, therefore, the Ro-
mans generally use in narrations, when they would simply de-
note any thing that has happened ; where the English rather
use the past indefinite, e. g. Caesar wrote ; my father died.
Note : yet the ancients also use the perfect when they connect
with it an action thereon following, where properly the pluper-
fect should be used : as, Cic. ad Div. 3. 10, cum est ad nos /-
latum de temeritate eorum etsi graviter primo nuntio, com-
motus sum -* tamen cetera mihi facillima videbantur, when
word was brought me though I was powerfully affected at
the first tidings &c. ; where it should properly have been alla-
tum esset : Cic. ad Div. 4. 5. Sulpic. posteaquam mihi renunti-
atumest de obitu Tulliee filiae tuae, sane quam, pro eo ac debui,
graviter molesteque tuli, after tidings were brought me of the
death of your daughter, which indeed I sorely felt &c., for re-
nuntiatum erat: eo postquam Caesar pervenit poposcit, Caes.
13. G. 1. 27 : also the imperfect; e.g. postquam res prospera
videbaiur, invidia orta est } Sail. Cat. 6 ; and the present, which
Of the Parts of the Verb. 169
in narrations is often put for the imperfect and perfect ; e. g.
postquam video nescio quid suspicarier, magis ccepi instare,
Terent. Hec. 5. 3. 28 : so also when the sentence with post-
quam follows ; e. g. abeo ab illis, postquam video me sic ludi-
ficarier, Plaut. Capt. 3. 1. 27.
4.) The Pluperfect properly denotes an action more than per-
fect, or an action that is complete in reference to another that
follows it : that is, it shows not only that an action is perfect,
but also that another action followed it ; e. g. vix hoc factum
erat, cum pater venit, this had scarcely happened, when my
father came. Here the occurrence has not only happened, but
it thereon follows, that after it happened, the father came. So
also, cum hoc audissem, gaudebam, when I had heard this, I re-
joiced,: cum pater venisset, ei dixi, when my father had come, I
said to him. In English we here often use the past indefinite,
or so termed imperfect, instead of the pluperfect, when I heard,
I rejoiced ; when my father came, I told him : but this should
not be imitated in Latin. It would be incorrect to say, cum
pater veniret, ei dixi ; since the father must have come, before
one tells him : it would also be incorrect to say, cum audirem
patrem mortuum esse, statim dornum cucurri, for audissem.
5.) The simple Future, e. g. ero, amabo, denotes an event
simply future ; as, eras proficiscar, J shall set out to-morrow :
so, cum proficiscar, ad te ante veniam, when I shall set out, I
shall first come to you.
6.) The Future perfect, as fuero, amavero, lectus fuero, de-
notes indeed a future action, but one which is considered as
finished, with reference to another action, that follows it : or
more briefly, it denotes a future action with reference to another
which follows it ; as, cum profectus fuero, mox redibo, when I
shall have departed, I shall soon return. Here in English we
generally use the simple future; as, when I shall depart, I shall
soon return : which induces the learner incorrectly to write, cum
proficiscar, for profectus fuero. Thus in English we say, when
I shall hear about it, I shall write to you : when my father comes,
1 70 Of the Parts of the Verb.
I shall tell him: which, however, must not be translated, quando
de ea re audiam : quando pater veniet, but audivero, venerit ;
since we must first have heard of a thing before we can write
about it &c. Yet we must here except those verbs which are
defective in the present, and therefore have no simple future; as
memini, ccepi &c., where the future perfect is used instead of
the simple future ; as meminero, I shall remember &c. Note :
in other instances the future perfect is used for the simple future ;
as videro for videbo ; e. g. satis te mature videro, Cic. ad Div.
16. 4; which change is frequent; e.g. Cic. Verr. 2. 6l : 4. 16 :
Cic. Ccel. 15 : Cic. Acad. 4. 24: Cic. Tusc. 2. 11 : Terent.
Andr. 2. 6. 25 : ibid. Hec. 4. 4. 78 : so fecero for faciam; e.g.
at si restitero, idem fecero quod &c., Cic. Att. 8.3 : credidero;
e.g. si hoc non credis, ego credidero, Plaut. Trin. 3. 1.6: ro-
garo, e. g. respondeto ad ea, qua? de te ipso rogaro, Cic. Vatin.
4 : gessero, e. g. et me hac suspicione exsolvam, et illis morem
gesseroj Terent. Hec. 4. 2. 23 : to which also we may refer from
the preceding, at si restitero, Cic. Att. 8. 3, for resistam : also
viderimus, for videbimus, Cic. Quint. 23 : not to mention those
instances where the similarity of termination makes it impossible
to decide whether it be the future perfect, or the perfect sub-
junctive.
We observe thus much in general of the proper use of the
tenses ; to which we may add the following remarks :
1.) In letter- writing the Romans commonly use the imperfect
or perfect instead of the present, when they speak of a thing
which indeed is present when they write, but is subject to an
alteration, and may be already past when their letter reaches
its destination: e. g. people say, there is a report, I am
sick &c., homines narrabant, rumor erat, aggrotabam, or eram
asgrotus, volebam proficisci, or profecturus eram, since this
talk amongst people, the report, the sickness, may be past at the
time when the letter reaches one's friend : e. g. Cic. ad Div. 1.
8. 12, rem te valde bene gessisse rumor erat, there is a report
that thou hast well managed the business: ibid.exspectabantur
liters tuae, thy letters are expected, for exspectantur : ibid. 1 . 2.
Of the Parts of the Verb. 171
8, eo die senatus eratfuturus, to-day there will be a meeting of
the senate, for futurus est : ibid. 7. 18. 9, eram enim abfuturus
mense Aprili, I shall be from home in April : so, tenebamur,
for teneor, ibid. 16. 7 : exspectabam, for exspecto, ibid. 13, and
elsewhere. But if the discourse is about something unchange-
able, or at least about things which will not probably be changed
within the time that the letter will come to hand, the present
must be used ; as, Deus est iustus, Roma est urbs Latii. So,
when the Romans send any thing to a friend, they use the per-
fect, where in English the present is common ; as, misi tibi li-
brum, I send you a book ; since at the time when the friend
reads the letter, the book will already have been sent : Cic. ad
Div. 7. 22, tamen id caput notavi, et tibi descriptum misi, and
send it to thee : ibid. 16. 1, Marionem ad te misi : Cic. ad Div.
1. 2. 8, ha?c scripsi a. d. XVI Kal. Febr. ante lucem, this I
write &c. Whence it appears that in their correspondence the
Romans from politeness placed themselves in the situation of
their friends.
2.) The present is very often used in narrations even of past
events, instead of the perfect or imperfect, as is common also in
English : e. g. Cses. B. G. 5. 1, Ca?sar legatis imperat, commands
his lieutenants ; and so continually : proficiscitur, consilium
convocat : as we say the enemy advances, we fight, we conquer
&c., instead of, the enemy advanced, we fought, we conquered
&. ; so imiiSy venimus, videmus, Terent. Phorm. 1. 2. 53 : we
go &c. : illi veniunt, Cic. Verr. 4. 44 : eo cum venio in-
quiunt ostendo,laudant; incipio, ibid. 14, where Ernesti, be-
cause he suspected the accuracy of the reading, has changed it
to veni: such instances are common; e. g. Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 1. 13
&c. This especially occurs in lively narration, where the nar-
rator represents to himself the affair as present, and therefore
gives a more lively representation of it to his hearers and
readers.
3.) The present is used for the future a) when one speaks of
a future thing as certain, or with passionate emotion : e. g. hanc
rem non accipis, this thing thou receivest not : eras apud fratrem
172 Of the Paris of the Verb.
coeno, to-morrow I dine with my brother : so in English, I come
to thee in the morning &c., for I shall come &c. Also in other
instances the Romans frequently use a present, where in English
we should use a future : e. g. mitto haec omnia, I shall send all
these, Cic. Verr. 4. 52 : unum illud dico, I shall say only that,
Cic. Quint. 21, and in many other similar expressions : b) this
also happens when the verb has no future infinitive ; as, spero
me hoc facere posse : spero hoc a te mox disci, that this will soon
be learnt by you: Cic. Att. 4. 16, Cato adfirmat se non trium-
phare y i.e. triumphaturum : Liv. 2. 5, bona reddi censuerant,
i.e. reddenda esse : so, spero nobis projicij Cic. Att. 1.1: ce-
tera spero prolixa esse, ibid. : sperat a me avellere, Tererit. Eun.
3. 3. 14, and elsewhere : e. g. Virg. JE>n. 6. 3?6 : Liv. 28. 35 :
so also after credo, Virg. JEn. 6. 463.
4.) Very frequently the perfect conjunctive is used for the pre-
sent conjunctive ; e.g. dixerit aliquis, someone may say: so,
hoc non dixerim, this I cannot say: vix crediderim, I can
scarcely believe : ne feceris, do it not : ne dixeris, say it not :
si quis dixerit, obiecerit, if any one shall say, reply : Cic. Off.
3. 6, forsitan quispiam dixerit : Cic. Fin. 5. 31, quis nostrum
dixerit: Cic. Mur. 31, nihil ignoveris ; and immediately after-
wards, nihil gratiae causayecms; and then, misericordia commo-
tus ne sis.
5.) In the very common formula memini me legere, dicere
&c,, I remember that I read, that I said &c., for dixisse, legisse,
which are also correct, dicere and legere are not the present, as
some erroneously affirm, but the imperfect. For memory refers
to something past, and not to any thing present. This, besides,
appears from the following passage, Cic. ad Div. 3. 10. 19, ad
me adire quosdam memini, qui dicerent : since Cicero uses di-
cerent, he must have taken adire for an imperfect, and not for a
present ; since the imperfect follows the imperfect, and the pre-
sent follows the present : Cicero therefore would have used
if adire had been a present.
Of the Parts of the Verb. 1 73
6.) The Future is often used for the present imperative ; as
valebis, farewell ; salvebis, be well, I wish you well ; facies, do ;
scribes, write &c. This is a courtly form of expression ; as in
English, You will stay with me to-day, you will do me the favour
&c. : Cic. ad Div. 7. 20, valebis meaque negotia videbis : ibid.
23, rescribes : Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 1. 16, facies perpetuo, ut &c. :
Cic. Att. 6. 2, salvebis a Cicerone, accept Cicero's good
wishes &c.
Note: This is the general use of the tenses. Yet often, and
particularly in the poets, the tenses are interchanged in a very
harsh and questionable manner : e. g. Virg. .ZEn. 2. 599, et, ni
mea cura resistat, iam flammae tulerint, inimicus et hauserit eri-
sis, for restitisset, tulisset, hausisset : ibid. 6. 34, omnia perlege-
rent, ni Achates adforet, for perlegissent adfuisset: ibid.
6. 292, ni clocta comes sine corpore vitas admoneat volitare cava
sub imagine formae, irruat et frustra ferro diverberet umbras, for
admonuisset, irruisset, diverberasset, and unless his experienced
companion had reminded him &c. : which is very singular and
incorrect, and ought not to be reckoned a figure of speech, as
some have very strangely termed it. The poets also often use
the perfect infinitive for the present ; e. g. fuge imposuisse, for
imponere, Ovid . Her. 9- 75.
II.) The correct dependence of the tenses on each
other should be particularly remarked. We observe
as follows :
A.) After the words ut that, ne lest, that not, quo,
especially quo minus for ne, quin, qui, quse, quod, cum,
and other particles, a present is commonly used when a
present or future precedes ; but an imperfect when an
imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect precedes. Yet regard
must always here be paid to the proper meaning of the
tenses, and consequently to the sense.
1.) The present follows the present when the discourse is of
] 74 Of the Parts of the Verb.
a present circumstance; e. g. a) after ut ; rogo te, ut venias, I
ask thee to come, i. e. that thou mayest come: hortor te utdis-
cas, I exhort thee to learn : velim ut istud moxfat, not fieret, I
wish that it may soon be done: but if vellem precedes, then
fierem must follow : timeo ut facias, I fear thou wilt not do
it, not faceres : si accidat, ut pater moriatur, if it shall happen,
that the father die: si res efficiat, ut tu lauderis, if the circum-
stance shall effect, that thou be praised ; where in English, as
in similar instances, we may say, that thou shouldst be praised,
but not in Latin laudareris : si fieri posstt, ut istam rem conse-
quar, if it be possible, that 1 obtain that thing, not consequerer :
nemo optet ut hocjiat, no one must wish that this may happen :
nemo est tarn stultus ut non (quin) intelligat, no one is so foolish,
that he does not understand, not intelligeret : ita te amo, ut pa-
trem magis amare non possim, that I cannot love a father more,
not possem. To these belongs sperofore &c. ; since/ore is a pre-
sent or imperfect according to the context : e. g. non spero fore,
ut mei obliviscaris, I hope that thou wilt not forget me ; where
fore is the present : which also appears from spero. So also
sperofore, ut mei semper memineris, me non oderis, because
memineris and oderis are used for presents. On the contrary,
if we say sperabam fore, fore is the imperfect ; as, non spera-
bam fore, ut me oblimscereris. Even the perfect conjunctive,
when it is used for the present conjunctive, as was lately noticed,
is followed by a present, because it is then considered as a pre-
sent; as, si quis optaverit (i. e. optet), ut hoc fiat, if any one
shall wish that this be done, not fieret : optaverim (optem) ut hoc
verum sit, I can wish, that this be true, not esset: si quispostu-
laverit (postulet), ut hocfaciam, if any one demand that I do
this, not facerem : b) after m ; e. g. timeo ne pater veniat, I
fear lest my father may come, not veniret : si forte timeas, ne
pater veniat, if perhaps thou fear, lest thy father come, not ve-
niret : vix puto periculum esse, ne pater moriatur, I scarcely
think there is danger, that thy father will die, not moreretur ;
because esse is the present : taceo ne putes, I am silent, that
thou mayest not think : tu me impedire conaris, ne dicam, thou
triest to hinder me, that I may not say : to these we may also
Of the Parts of the Verb. 175
add the perfect conjunctive, when used for a present; as, vix
timuerim ne cadas, I can scarcely fear, that thou wilt fall, not
caderes : c) after quo ; e.g. impedis me, quo minus scribam,
that I may not write : si tu me impedias quo minus scribam, if
thou hinderest me, that I may not write, not scriberem : audio te
a patre impediri, quo minus scribere possis, I hear that thou art
hindered by thy father, that thou canst not write, not posset, be-
cause impediri is the present ; but if audiebam te impediri had
preceded, then posses must have been used : non te impediverim
(for impediam) quo minus scribas, I shall not hinder thee from
writing : d) after quin : e g. non dubito, quin pater hoc sciat,
I doubt not, but my father knows this : quomodo dubitare
potes, quinhvec res omnibus notasit? how canst thou doubt but
that this affair is known to all ? not esset : nemo dubitat, quin
hoc efficere possis, no one doubts, but that thou canst effect this :
so, non dubitaverim (for dubitem) quin hoc efficere possis : sua-
deo tibi illud, non, quin sciam, te rem asque intelligere, I advise
thee, not but that I know &c., not scirem : e) after qui, qua,
quod ; e. g. sunt, qui dicant, there are persons who say : si qui
sint, qui dicant, if there are any who say, not dicerent : multos
esse puto, qui hoc audeant, I think there are many who will dare
this, not auderent : non credere possum esse homines, qui de ea
re dubitent, who can doubt about it : non puto hominem esse,
qui discere nolit, who is unwilling to learn, not nollet : an putas
me eum esse, qui id facere possim V thinkest thou that I am one
who can do that ? not possem : f ) after quis, quid, utrum, an,
cur, ubi, quomodo, quando ; e. g. scio, quis hodie veniat, who
will come to-day : nescit, quidfaciat, he knows not what he
shall do : si scias, quid vetim, if you know what I wish : audio
te velle scire, ubi sim, et quid agam, where I am, and what I
am doing : si quis queer at, an hoc efficere velim aut possim ,
if any one ask, whether I will or can do this, not vellem or pos-
sem : miraris, quomodo hoc fieri possit, how this can happen,
not posset : mirari scribis homines quomodo talia audere possim,
quia non eredibile sit, hominem &c., how I am able to venture
such things, since it is not probable that a man &c., not possem
or esset : neminem amare possim, si videam esse improbum, I
1 76 Of the Parts of the Verb.
can love no one, if I see that he is not upright, not viderem :
scribis te mirari, quomodo films tuus doctus fieri possit, si pe-
cunia non abundet, thou writest, that thou wonderest how thy
son can become learned, if he have not plenty of money ; we
might also say, cum pecunia non abundet, since he has not plenty
of money : qu&ris an illud agere debeas, thou askest whether
thou ought to do that : quarts an ita loqui debeamus, whether
we ought so to speak, should so speak, not deberemus : dicis te
non posse ibi esse,ubi inimici tui sint 9 thou sayest that thou canst
not be there, where thy enemies are, not essent. This is the
common usage with the ancients : yet we shall immediately re-
mark, that the imperfect often follows the present.
Observations.
Yet the present must often be followed by the perfect, when
the discourse is of a past subject, and by the future when it is
about a future subject.
a) By the Perfect: 1.) after lit ; e.g. hinc sequitur, ut Deus
mundum creaverit, hence it follows, that God has created the
world: hinc sequitur ut Cicero erraverit, hence it follows, that
Cicero erred; where creet, erret, would be erroneous: necesse
est (ut) homo multa ante didicerit, quam alios erudire velit, a
man must first have learned something, before Sic. ; here the
perfect didicerit must follow the present esse : stulti opt ant 9 ut
nunquam nati sint 9 that they were not born, not essent : opto
ut pater salvus Romam venerit t I wish my father may have come
safe to Rome : vereor ut frater venerit, I fear my brother may
not have come safe: 2.) after ne; e.g. timeo ne libros meos
amiserim, 1 fear lest I have lost my books : 3.) after quin ; as,
non dubitas, quin hocfecerim, thou doubtest not, but I have
done this : non dubium est, quin Ca3sar Pompeium vicerit, has
overcome Pompey : 4.) after qui, quis, an, and other particles ;
as, sunt qui dijcerint, there are persons who have said : sunt qui
seepe admoniti sint 9 who have been often admonished : non is
sum qui talia dicere potuerim, who could have said such things,
Of the Parts of the Verb. 1 7 7
not potuissem : scio quidfeceris, I know what thou hast done :
scribe mi hi, cur hoc feceris, why thou hast done this &c., an et
quando hocfactum sit &c.
b) By the Future : e. g. hinc sequitur ut ludaei lesum olim
pro Messia habituri sint, will hereafter hold Jesus to be Mes-
siah : die mihi, quando rediturus sis : though sis, sit &c., be
properly the present.
Note : It is a question whether the present may be followed
also by the imperfect and pluperfect. There are certain places
where perspicuity requires it; e.g. die mihi, quid faceres, sila-
trones te invaderent, what thou wouldst do &c. : die mihi quid
fecisses (orfacturus fuisses) si te heri latrones invasisseht, what
thou wouldst have done, if yesterday robbers had attacked thee :
scire velim an librum emisses, or emturus fuisses, whether thou
wouldst have bought &c. Moreover, in many passages of the
ancients an imperfect follows a present, where one would have
expected a present : a) in narrations, where the preceding pre-
sent occupies the place of an imperfect ; petit (ut) iuberet,
Ca3s. B. G. 6. 10: legates mittunt, ut impetrarent, ibid. 1.9:
ut consequi posset, curat, ibid. 1. 13 : certiores milites facit (ut)
intermit terent, ibid. 3. 5 : mittit qui mtntiarent, ibid. 4. 11:
qui dederent Falerios, projficiscuntur, Liv. 5. 27 : locum quern
communirent, capiunt, ibid. 6. 29 : quid pararet, edocet, ibid.
27. 43 : eo inclinant sentential, ut tern pus pugna> differretur,
ibid. 27. 46 : a QuintiopetaV, ut rem differret, ibid. 32. 3 : Hi
hominem admonent eum patronum, quern adire/?osse, habere
neminem : esse in illo testamento, quo ille heres esset, scriptum
&c., Cic. Verr. 2. 14, where habere and esse are presents on
account of admonent, and possit, sit, should stand for posset,
esset. Ernesti, by virtue of the grammatical rule, has printed
possit y but left esset unaltered : b) without narration ; e. g. mo-
riar, si gauderem, Cic. Att. 8. 6 : velim ut velles, Plaut. Most.
3. 2. 53 : nunc ut veniret miles, velim, ibid. True. 2. 5. 20 : ve-
lim, fieri posset, Cic. Agr. 2. 24; where, however, Ernesti, ques-
tioning its correctness, has printed possit : hortatur, ut mande-
VOL. II. N
178 Of the Parts of the Verb.
rem, Cic. Or. 3. 58, from an old poet: Cic. Verr. 4. 6, verisi-
mile non est, ut ille religion! suae pecuniam anteponeret :
Cic. Marc. 6, ut dubitare debeat nemo, quin multos, si fieri pos-
set, Cffisar ab inferis excitaret, would raise up : Cic. Agr. 2. 3,
neque enim ullo modo facere possum, ut non essem popu-
laris ; instead of which Ernesti has adopted the reading sim.
2.) The present also follows the future : this is usual after ut,
ne, quo, quin; e. g. rogabo patrem, ut librum mihi emat : eras
necesse erit (ut) scribam, to-morrow it will be necessary that I
write : coges me, ut tandem dicam, thou wilt compel me at length
to speak, not dicturus sim : particularly after verbs of making,
effecting &c. ; as facio, efHcio, perficio, fit, accidit &c : tu efficies
ut nemo te amet, thou wilt occasion, that no one will love thee,
not amaturus sit : Cic. ad Div. 3. 7 9> nonperficiet, quo minus
tua causa velim, he will not effect, that I be not your friend, not
vellem : nunquam accidet, ut literas spernam : nunquam dubi-
tabo, quin me ames, I shall never doubt but that you love me :
Cic. ad Div. 3. 8. 3, si quid egero, scribam ad te, neque domum
ad me literas mittam, quin adiungam eas (literas) quas tibi reddi
velim, if I should do any thing, I will write to you, nor shall I
send a letter to my own family, and not add a letter to you, not
adiungerem, on account of mittam. So qui, quae, quod, in the
expression semper erunt, qui dicant, there will always be per-
sons to say, not dicent, or dicturi sint : reperientur semper, qui
id agantj there will always be found persons who will do it, not
agent : reperietur, quod tibi placeat.
Exception : The future is also followed by the perfect when
the discourse is of a past event ; e. g. eras necesse erit, ut labor
finitus sit, to-morrow it will be necessary that the labour have
been finished : si pater eras non redierit, timebo forsan, ne peri-
erit, I shall fear perhaps, lest he may have perished ; or, ne occi-
sus sit latronibus, lest he may have been killed by robbers : nun-
quam dubitabo, quin Cassar Pompeium vicerit, but that Ca3sar
conquered Pompey : so also with other particles ; e. g. eras tibi
narrabo ubi Caiusfuerit, where Caius was : anmortuus sit &c.
This is self-evident. The future must also follow when it is re-
Of the Parts of the Verb. 179
quired for perspicuity ; e. g. I will tell you to-morrow whether
my father will come before the market-day, eras tibi dicam, an
pater ante nundinas venturus sit. It may be questioned whe-
ther the future ever can or need be followed by the imperfect or
pluperfect. We answer, not readily; because the present is
used for the imperfect; for sperabam/bre, ut pater veniret t be-
longs not to this question, since though an imperfect follows, yet
fore itself is really an imperfect. Yet there are places where
the imperfect and pluperfect must be used ; e. g. I will tell you
what I would do, if you should attack me, dicam tibi, quid fa-
cerem, orfacturus essem : further, I will tell you what I should
have done, dicam tibi quidjfeczssem, orfacturusfuissem&c.
3.) The imperfect also follows the imperfect; e.g. rogabat
me, ut venirem, he asked me to come, not veniam : heri me im-
pediebas, quo minus scriberem ; interrogabat me, cur nollem fa-
cere, not nolim. So also with quis, quid &c. : heri nesciebam
quid ageres, what thou wouldst do, not agas : Cic. ad Div. 3.
6. 11, literas accept, qua? me docerent, quid ageres, aut ubi te
visurus essem, which informed me what thou wert doing, and
where I might see thee, not agas, nor visurus sim, though we may
translate it, what thou art doing, when I shall see thee : memini
te ea dicere, qua? vera essent, which were true, since dicere is
the imperfect. To these belongs the instance, sperabamybre,
ut me obliviscereris, not obliviscaris, sinecure is the imperfect.
Exception : Yet the pluperfect often follows when the sense
requires it ; e. g. stultus ille nuper optabat, ut nunquam natus
esset, that he had never been born: heri omnes optabant, ut
ilia res nunquam accidisset, that the thing had never happened :
vellem, nunquam te vidissem, I could wish I had never seen
thee: Cic. ad Div. 7- 16. 3, vellem, eum tecum adduxisses, I
wish you had taken him with you : timebam heri, ne periissem,
lest I should have perished : metuebam heri, ne libros mihi abs-
tulisses, that you would have taken the books from me : Caesar
non dubitabatj quin victoria amissa esset : sciebam quid audi-
visses : Cains narrabat mihi, quando pater eius mortuus esset.
x 2
180 Of the Parts of the Verb.
Also; erant, qui audivissent, there were people who had heard :
Plaut. Pseud. 4. 1.8, metuebam ne abisset : further, rogabam
eum, ut mihi narraret, si quid audivisset, if he had heard any
thing : in all which instances the pluperfect is necessary. We
also sometimes find in the ancients the perfect after the imper-
fect, where we should expect the imperfect ; e. g. quid erat,
quod Capitonem primum scire valuer it? Cic. Rose. Am. 35 :
qui in ilia re quid facere potuerit, non habebat, Cic. Verr. 1 . 30 :
also the present; e. g. dicerent, rogare, ut liceat, Caes. B. G.
K 7.
4.) The imperfect follows the perfect ; frequently where in
English the present or perfect follows, which is very apt to de-
ceive beginners : a) after ut; as, rogavi patrem, ut librum erne-
ret, I asked my father to buy the book : persuasit mihi, ut hoc
facerem, he persuaded me to do this, noifecerim: tufecisti ut
miser essem, thou hast caused, that I am miserable : virtus tua
effecitj ut ab omnibus laudareris t has caused, that thou art
praised by all, not laudatus sis : so tua virtute factum est, ut
laudareris : tot libros mihi misisti, ut non omnes legere possem,
that I cannot read them all, not potuerim. Yet in these in-
stances, in ancient authors, the perfect often follows the per-
fect ; e. g. Nep. Ages. 5, tantum abfuit ab insolentia, ut com-
miseratus sit, for commiseraretur : Nep. Att. 21, subito tanta
vis morbi in unum intestinum prorupit, ut extreme tempore
perlumbos fistula putris eruperit, for erumperet : ibid. Them. 4,
tarn angusto mari conflixit ut non potuerit : ita se gessit in
tribunatu, ut nihil cogitarit, Cic. Sull. 23 : tanta diligentia
fuit, ut dixerit, Cic. Arch. 5 : itafuit infirma et levis, ut
coegerit, Cic. Mur. 5 : Asiam sic obiit, ut vestigium relique-
rit, ibid. 9 : tantum consilio valuit, ut se renovarit, ibid.
15 : tantum in unius anima posuit, ut iudicarit, ibid. 16:
ita cecidit victus, ut victor idem regnaverit, Cic. Harusp. 25 :
nos ita addixit, ut reliquerit, Cic. Phil. 5. 12 : in earn par-
tern accepta sunt, ut adfeceris, Cic. Deiot. 5 : so also ha3c
omm^fecisse dico, ut ementiretur, ut fingeret, ut diceret,
4it passus non sit, Cic. Rose. Am. 44, for pateretur. We
Of the Parts of the Verb. 1 8 1
also find the present where the imperfect should follow : e. g.
JSep. Alcib. 1, in hoc natura, quid efficere possit, videtur ex-
perta, for posset, since experta precedes : Cic. Q. Fr. 3. 1, ne
nunc quidem, quid velim, rogavit, for vellem. Yet there are
places where partly the perfect, partly the present, must follow
the perfect : 1 .) the perfect ; e. g. thou hast always been so at-
tached to virtue, that thou couldst not commit so great a crime,
virtutem semper tantopere amasti, ut tantum flagitium commit-
tere non potueris,for posses : here potueris is preferable to posses,
because the latter might be translated, that thou couldst not, i.e.
hereafter. So also, tu virtutis tarn amans semper fuisti, ut ne-
minem tibi similem invenerim, that I have found none like thee,
for invenirem : but the former is preferable, because invenirem
might be translated, that 1 could not (hereafter) find ; which alters
the sense. We have lately remarked that in many instances
the ancients used, after the perfect, the perfect instead of the im-
perfect. 2.) often the present; viz. where the discourse is of a pre-
sent circumstance, or where the consequence or effect only ex-
tends to the present time ; e. g. hie homo bona sua ita dissipa-
vit f utnunc pauperrimus sit, this man has so wasted his property,
that he is now very poor. Here esset cannot be used, otherwise
the sense would be, that he might now be very poor. The fol-
lowing example deserves notice, since it shews the difference
between the present and imperfect : hie homo tarn pauca didi-
cit, ut ne legere quidem sciat, that he cannot even read, i.e.
now : but ut ne legere quidem sciret would mean, that he could
not even read, i. e. formerly, but not now. Both expressions
are correct, according to the different intentions of the speaker.
Further, consecutus sum id, ut omnes me laudent, I have
brought it to pass, that all praise me : but laudarent would
mean, I brought it to pass that all praised me, i . e. formerly : Cic.
ad Div. 5.6.7, ego autem meis rebus gestis hoc sum adsecutus,
ut bonum nomen existimer, I have by my exploits effected so
much, that 1 am thought a good debtor : existimarer would mean,
that 1 was thought a good debtor, i. e. formerly, not now : so
Ovid. Trist. 5. 79, curscribam, docui: Nep. Att. 1 1, tiic fecit,
ut vere dictum, videatur. Yet we also find the present where
182 Of the Parts of the Verb.
the imperfect would be more accurate ; e. g. natura, quid efficere
possit, videtur experta, Nep. Alcib. 1, for posset : ne nunc qui-
dem, quid velim, rogavit, Cic. Q. Fr. 3. 1, for vellem : qui sibi
hoc sumsit, ut corrigat, ne reprehendat, Cic. Verr. 3. 1 : petie-
runt ne patiantur, Liv. 43. 2 : sa3pe usuifuerunt, ut tegant,
et excipiant, Liv. 38. 22. The future also must be used
when the sense requires it; e. g. tu perfidia tu&fecisti, ut nemo
tuis verbis in posterum fidem haUtarus sit: b) after ne ; e. g.
semper timui, ne id' accideret, I have always feared lest that
should happen, not accidat : dixi hoc propterea, ne crederes me
noluisse, I have said this on purpose lest you should believe &c.,
not credas. But the pluperfect also follows when the sense re-
quires it; e. g. heri timui ne pater occisus esset, or periisset,
yesterday I feared lest my father might have been slain : c) after
quo; e. g. non te impedivi, quo minus ires, or ire posses, I have
not prevented thee so that thou mightst not go, i. e. from going :
also impeditus sum, quo minus id facerem, or facere possem, not
fecerim or facere potuerim, I have been hindered so that I could
not do it, from doing it : Cic. ad Div. 6. 23, non ea res me de-
terruit, quo minus literas ad te mitterem, that circumstance
did not deter me from sending letters to you : so quo, as though,
Cic. ad Div. 9. 17.7, haec tibi antea non rescripsi, non quo ces-
sator esse solerem, not as though I were used to be a loiterer :
d) after quin; e.g. nunquam dubitavi quin tu istam rem per-
ficere posses, I never doubted, but that thou wouldst be able to
perform that : nemo dubitavit adhuc, quin deus esset, no one
yet doubted, but that there was a God, not sit : nunquam mihi
fuit dubium, quin tibi essem carissimus, but that I was very clear
to you ; so Cic. ad Div 5. 19, not sim : e) after qui in the ex-
pressions fuerunt qui dicerent, there were people who said, not
dixerint or dixerunt ifuit, qui diceret : repertus est, qmfaceret,
there was a person found to do it: reperti sunt, qui dicerent, scri-
berent &c., not dixerunt, scripserunt, who might say, write &c.
So, inventus est amicus, qui ei mortem adferret, Cic. ad Div. 4.
12.6.Sulp.,there was found a friend who might tell him, i.e. to
tell him. So also after dignus ; e. g. pater dignusfuit, qui ama-
retur, his father was worthy to be loved, not amatus sit : audivi
Of the Parts of the Verb. 183
te ea locutum esse, qua? nemini placerent, that thou spakest
things which pleased nobody, not placeant : aiunt aliquem ad-
venisse, qui vellet, not velit, they say, that one came, who wished.
When, however, the sense requires it, a pluperfect is used ; as
dicunt, libros eos combustos esse, quos nuper emisset &c., they
say that those books were burnt which he had lately bought :
f ) after quis, quid, ubi, quam, an, and other particles ; e. g.
sero cognovi, quis esset, I learnt too late who he was, or is, not
sit nor est : scripsit mihi frater, quid ibi gereretur, what was
passing there, not geratur : dixi igitur tibi, quid vellem, quid
sentirem, quid optarem, I therefore told thee, what I wished,
thought &c., not velim, sentiam, nor volo : iam perspexisti, quam
pra3clara esset virtus, thou hast now seen how illustrious is virtue :
Cic. ad Div. 4. 5. 2, nam, quam fortiter ferres communes mise-
rias non perspexi, for I did not see (from the letter) how bravely
thou wert bearing the common calamity, not feras : dixit mihi
ubi habitaret, he told me where he lived : tu non mihi dixisti,
ubi dormires, thou didst not tell me where thou slept. Yet
where a past circumstance is denoted, the perfect or pluperfect
is used ; e. g. cur non mihi dixisti, (juid patri scripseris, what
thou wrote, hast written ; also scripsisses, hadst written : non
satis perspexi, quam fortiter tuleris communes miserias, how re-
solutely thou hast borne, or barest, i. e. formerly : also tulisses :
dixit mihi, ubi habitaverit, dormiverit : also habitasset, dormis-
set, where he has dwelt, slept, where he had dwelt, slept &c.
Note: Memini, novi &c,, are here, as in all other instances, con-
sidered as presents : so also the perfect conjunctive; e. g. si me
rogaveris (i. e. roges) ut veniam, if thou ask me to come : ne-
cessefuerit (for szV), pater moriatur, it must be unavoidable, that
my father die : quasieris forsan ex me, quid agam, you may per-
haps ask me, what I shall do, not agerem, since quassieris is here
equivalent to quaras.
5.) The imperfect follows the pluperfect a) after ut : dudum
te rogaveram, ut id faceres, I had long since asked thee to do
184 Of the Parts oj the Verb.
it : si mi hi suasisses, ut idjacerem, if thou hadst persuaded me
to do it: nemo praeter te hoc efficere potuisset, ut patria quieta
uteremur, no one besides thee would have been able to bring it
to pass, that we should enjoy our country in quiet, not usi esse-
mus : ego facile effedssem, ut literas amare inciperesj I could easily
have brought it to pass, that you should begin to love your stu-
dies, not incepisses : hanc gratiam tibi retulissem, ut omnia quae
haberem, tibi darem, I should have repaid thee this favour, so
that 1 should give thee all that 1 have, not dedissem : omnes op-
t aver ant, ut moreretur, all had wished that he should die ; mor-
tuus esset , that he were dead, had died before: b) after ne :
timueram ne in morbum inciderem, I had feared that I should
fall sick : yet the pluperfect follows where the sense requires it ;
e. g. timueram ne in morbum incidisset, lest he had fallen &c. :
c) after quo ; e. g. nulla re impeditus eras, quo minus venire
posses, thou wast prevented by nothing, from being able to come,
not potuisses : si tu me impedivisses, quo minus rem perficerem,
if thou hadst so hindered me, that I might not accomplish the
thing, not perfecissem : d) after quin : nunquam dubitaveram,
quin rem perjiceres, I had never doubted, but thou wouldst
finish the business. Yet the pluperfect is used where it is re-
quired by the sense ; e. g. non dubitaveram, quin rem perfecisses,
but thou wouldst have &c. : quin mortuus esset, but that he was
dead, had died : e) after qui ; e. g.fuerant, qui dicer ent, there
had been persons who said, to say, not dixissent nor dixerant :
sifuissent, qui hoc facerent : f ) after quis, quid, cur, an, ubi
&c. ; e. g. cum vidissem, quid sentiret, when [ had seen what he
thought, not sensisset : audiveram, qualis esset, I had heard
what sort of man he was, not sit. Yet the pluperfect is used
when the sense requires it ; e. g. audiveram, qualisjuisset, I had
heard what sort of man he had been, i. e. formerly: qu&sive-
rant ex me, ubi fuisses, quando scripsisses &c., they had in-
quired of me where you had been, when you had written &c.
B.) There is another kind of dependence in the
tenses : viz. where they are connected by the conjunc-
tions et, ac, atque, que, non modo sed etiam, cum
Of the Parts of the Verb. 185
turn, turn turn ; &c. some of which, as is well known,
are occasionally omitted ; e. g. veni, vidi, vici &c. : here
all depends on the sense : and the common rule, that
these conjunctions connect the same tenses, is true only
so far as when the same tense is intended ; e. g. te
amo et colo : or without et ; vitium odi, virtutem amo :
nuper apud tefui et tuos libros vidi Sec. On the con-
trary, to express different modifications of time, corre-
sponding tenses are used ; e. g. a) the present and per-
fect ; as, cum hoc certo sciam et ab omnibus audiverim :
amavisti me et adhuc amas &c. Sometimes historians
in their narrative unite both these tenses with the same
sense ; as, Caesar copias educit et instnmt, or eduxit
et instruit : so, iubet rellquit proficiscitur, Caes.
B. G. 5. 2. Ed. Oudend., since the present is here used
for the perfect ; yet such examples should not be imi-
tated : b) the imperfect and pluperfect ; e. g. cum ipse
scirem et ex aliis cognovissem : speraveram semper et
turn sperabam : c) the present and future ; e. g. amo te
et per omnem vitam amabo : in all which instances it
would be incorrect to use the same tense : d) we some-
times find the present and imperfect together, and the
imperfect and future : Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. 28, naevus
delectat Alcseum : illi tamen hoc lumen videbat-ur,
where delectat is for delectabat. Also the imperfect
and perfect ; e. g. Mtfingeret, ut diceret utpassus non
sit, for pateretur, Cic. Rose. Am. 44.
186 Of the Parts of the Verb.
5.
Of the Modes.
I.) The indicative is used when there is no reason
to use the conjunctive ; i. e. when we speak of a thing
absolutely, definitely, and with certainty ; and there-
fore no particle precedes which requires the conjunc-
tive. It follows, therefore, that the particles etsi, ta-
metsi, quamquam, si, nisi, quam after ante, simul ac,
quamvis although, cum when, quando, ubi, and all
interrogatives when used directly, are followed by an
indicative ; e. g. etsi scio, though I know : tametsi,
quamquam, or quamvis credo, though I believe : si
video, if I see : nisi scis, if thou dost not know : ve-
niam ante, quam ex animo tuo effluo, Cic. ad Div. 7. 14,
I shall come, before I vanish from your memory : so
also priusquam : gaudeo cum te video, when I see you :
simul ac venero, as soon as I shall have come : simul
ac venerat, as soon as he had come : ubi es ? where art
thou ? quando rediisti ? when didst thou return ? unde
cognovisti ? whence hast thou learnt ? But all these
particles and others, as quia, quod ; also quis, quid,
qualis, quantus c., under certain circumstances take
the conjunctive ; which, however, is not governed by
them, but its use is determined by the circumstances
of the thing expressed ; which we shall soon consider.
Note: 1.) Yet we also find quanquam with a conjunc-
tive, where generally an indicative is used ; e. g. quam-
quam variarent, Liv. 38. 57 : quamquam regula sit,
Pand. 26. 8. 1 : quamquam curasset, Suet. Dom. 20 :
quamquam darct, ibid. Galb. 14 : quamquam receptum
Of the Parts of the Verb. 187
sit, Quintil. 1. 3 (4) : so also antequam and priusquam ;
e. g. providentia est, per quam futurum aliquid videtur,
ante quam factum sit, Cic. Invent. 2. 53 : nunquam eris
dives ante quam tibi tantum rejiciatur, Cic. Parad.
6. 1 : ante videmus fulgurationem, quamsouum audia-
mus, Senec. Nat. Quoest. 2. 12 : priusquam conetur
segro adhibere medicinam natura corporis cognos-
cenda est, Cic. Or. 2. 44 : quod priusquam veniret
arbitrabatur. Nep. Milt. 5 : non prius aggressus est
quam rex reciperet, ibid. Them. 8 : nunquam inde
prius discessit, quam ad finem sermo esset adductus,
ibid. Epam. 3 : also quod that, instead of the accusa-
tive with the infinitive ; e. g. scio, quod filius amet me-
retricem, Plaut. Asin. 1. 1.37,70: cognito, quod filius
nonfuisset, Pand. 22. 3. 15 : recordatus, quod nihil
pr&stitisset, Suet. Tit. 8 : also quod because ; e. g.
laudabat fortunam Bruti, quod occubuisset, Liv.2.7: ex-
pulsus est, quod iustus esset, Cic. Tusc. 5. 36 : 2.) the
ancients also often use the indicative where in En-
glish we use the conjunctive ; e. g. non dari melius
fuit, Cic. Nat. Deor. 3. 31, itwere better not to be given :
et id ipsum quod fecit, potuit diligentius facere, he
would have been able to do more diligently ; though
both these instances may be translated in the indica-
tive.
II.) The conjunctive, subjunctive or potential, is
used by the ancients
A. Without particles, when a thing is spoken of as
uncertain or contingent, possible, credible, desirable,
or to be conceded ; which in English is expressed by
the auxiliaries shall, will, may, can, should, would,
188 Of the Parts of the Verb.
might, could &c. : e. g. dicat aliquis, one might or may
say : obiiciat aliquis, one may object : veniat, may
come : dicas or dixeris, you may say : sit innocens, one
may be innocent : diu vivat ! may he live long : at pa-
ter moriatur interea, but in the mean time my father
may die : so also with particles ; e. g. etsi scias, although
you may know : quamquam vix credam or crediderim,
though I can scarcely believe : si quis veniat, dicat or
dixerit, if any one come, he may say : quamquam non
negem, although I may not deny : si neges, if thou shalt
deny : non dicerem, etsi scirem, I would not say, even
if I should know : cum videas, when thou shalt see :
and so with others ; as, ne credas, thou must not be-
lieve, do not believe : so dicas for die : ne dicas, say
not : and in other places, where we command or wish
any thing of a person : thence the plural is used when
the speaker connects himself with others, and expresses
a participation ; e. g. eamus, let us go, or we will go :
scribamus, let us write, or we will write. Thence in de-
finitions, not of a certain particular individual thing, but
of a certain particular case or instance, qui, quse, quod,
is often followed by the conjunctive, which is translated
by an auxiliary verb ; e. g. inventio est excogitatio re-
rum qua causam probabilem reddant, Cic. Invent.
1 . 7, such as may make a cause &c. : pietatem (adpel-
lant) qua erga patriam aut parentes officium conser-
vare moneat : gratiam qua observantiam teneat, ibid.
2. 22 : so also profecto fuit qusedam vis, qua generi
consuleret humano nee idgigneret aut aleret, quod&c.,
Cic. Tusc. 1.49. for consulebat, gignebat, alebat : yet it
may be the same as the form fuit qui diceret, for dice-
bat or dixit.
Of the Parts of the Verb. 189
B. After certain particles, the nature of which re-
quires a conjunctive, and which, if not all, yet mostly
assert or imply a contingency. They are ut that, in
order that, suppose that : ne, that not, that : quo, in
order that, that (e. g. quo minus, that not) : quin,
but that, that not : utinam, oh that ! I would that !
o! si, if only, oh ! if: licet, although : quasi, as if: cum,
since : quamvis, although : an, whether : utrum an,
whether or : with all interrogatives used indirectly :
further, dum, donee, quoad until : qui, quae, quod,
when used for utor cum and is. It will, however, ge-
nerally be found, that a contingency is implied, and
that these words are mostly used to express something
doubtful, desirable, or to be conceded.
1.) Ul or uti, a) that : e.g. after ita, tails &c. ; also after
verbs ; e. g. rogo, ut venias, I ask, that you may come, I ask you
to come : tantum abest ut &c., so much is wanting, that &c. :
also in explanations instead of namely : b) oh ! that, in wishes ;
ut veniat ! oh ! that he may come, where opto is understood :
yet in this sense utinam is more usual, which, however, is
merely a compound of uti and the adjunct nam : c) in order
that ; e. g. ut vero scias, cur fecerim, but in order that you
may know why I did so : d) suppose that, grant that ; where
fac is understood, since facere sometimes means, to suppose, to
take for granted : therefore fac ut means, suppose a case that,
or, more simply, suppose that : e. g. ut pater veniat, quid facies ?
suppose that your father shall come, what will you do ? ut desint
vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas, suppose that strength fails,
yet the intention deserves praise. Some from this erroneously
believe that ut means, although ; for though it may sometimes
be so translated, yet it is only when tamen either follows, or is
understood after : e) after verbs of fearing, caring &c., it means,
that not; e. g. timeo, ut pater vivat, 1 fear that my father is
not living : f ) that also, where a consequence is expressed, for,
190 Of the Paris of the Verb.
therefore : see more at large on this subject, of the Infinitive,
n. IX. C. 1. On the contrary, ut, as, since, is an adverb, and
generally is followed by an indicative. .
2.) Ne a) that not, lest ; e. g. tu impedis me, ne scribam,
you hinder me, that I cannot write : ne vero credas, me nescire,
but that you may not believe that I am ignorant : also after fa-
cio ; e. g. factum est, ne &c., Caes. B. C. 3. 37 : after sic, Co-
lum. 3. 29. 16 : b) after verbs of fearing or providing it m6ans,
that; e.g. timeo ne pluat, I fear that it will rain, I fear it
may rain : timeo ne non pluat, I fear that it will not rain : c) it
is also used in adjurations ; e. g. ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo,
ac sentio, may 1 perish if &c., where opto seems to fail, for opto
ne sim. So ne vivam, si tibi concede, may I not live if &c., Cic.
ad Div. 7. 23. 19. Note: Ut ne is often used for ne; e. g.
Cic. Off. 1. 7 : ibid. 10, and elsewhere.
3.) Quo, a) in order that; as, quo scias, in order that thou
mayst know : b) that, when minus follows, which, taken toge-
ther, signify that not, after verbs of hindering, for ne ; as, im-
peditus sum, quo minus scriberem, I was hindered, that I could
not write, for ne scriberem, which also is correct: c) as if;
e. g. dico hoc, non quo putem, not as if I thought : Cic. ad Div.
Q. 17. 7, base tibi antea non rescripsi, non quo cessator esseso-
lerem, not as if I were usually a loiterer.
4.) Quin, a) for ut non ; e. g. non fieri potest, quin virtus
homines reddat felices, it cannot happen that virtue shall not
make men happy, for non fieri potest, ut virtus non, which also
is correct, and often occurs. To this belongs parum abest,
quin, there wants little, why not&c. ; e.g. parum abest, quin
credam, there wants little, why I cannot believe it : so also pa-
rum aberat, quin crederem, there wanted little, but that I should
believe, why I should not believe &c. : thence it follows est for
ut non; e. g. nunquam est, quin velimus, Auct. ad Heren. 3.
24, it never happens, but that we wish : see hereafter, IV. C. b :
b) for quod non, that not ; e. g. suadeo tibi hoc, non quin
credam, te ipsum esse sapientem, I advise thee this, not that I
Of the Parts of the Verb. 1 9 1
do not believe, that thou thyself art wise : which is very usual.
Here belongs, non dubito, quin, I doubt not, but that; e.g.
non dubito, quin hoc verum sit, i doubt not, but that this is
true : c) for qui non, which is very usual ; e. g. quis est, quin
credat, who is there, who does not believe, for qui non, which
also would be correct. Note : When, however, quin denotes
a) yea, rather : b) why not ; e. g. quin curris? why do you not
run ? it is an adverb, and generally followed by an indicative.
5.) Utinam and o ! si ! o ! that, o ! if, would that, since they
express a wish, naturally take a conjunctive ; as, utinam veniat,
o ! that he may come ! would God he may come ! o ! si veniat,
o ! if he shall come. Yet we observe that utinam properly
means, no more than, that, since it is merely ut or uti with the
syllable nam affixed ; as in quisnam, ubinam &c. So ut, in the
same way as ut or uti, is used in wishes ; as, ut veniat, may he
come ! ut venerit &c., where opto fails. So it is easy to see that
utinam is used in the same way : opto is always understood ;
e. g. utinam veniat, o ! that he may come ! for opto ut veniat !
So utinam non fecerim, for opto utinam non fecerim; and so in
all other instances. Hence it is clear why the Latins used the
present instead of the imperfect, and the perfect instead of the
pluperfect, though the contrary usage prevails in English ; as,
utinam veniat, I would he were come, not veniret : utinam non
fecerim, would I might not have done it, not fecissem. Though
utinam is often translated would God ! yet the idea of God is
not contained in it, and it is better omitted, as appears from the
example, utinam deus nos iuvet, would (i. e. I would, I wish)
that God may help us.
6.) Licet, although, is properly the well-known impersonal
verb, it is lawful or allowed: therefore when a conjunctive fol-
lows it, ut is understood ; as, licet verum sit, although it be true,
for licet, ut verum sit, it is allowed or granted that it is true :
thence it is used adverbially, and translated although-. Note :
Licet is also followed by the indicative ; e. g. licet rescripsit,
Pand. 30. leg. 73 : and elsewhere ; e. g. ibid. 2. 15. 8 : 28. 7.
2 : JMacrob. Sat. 1. 11 : Ammian. 22. 8 (11).
1 92 Of the Parts of the Verb.
7.) Quasi, as if, as though, is formed from quam si, as we
may also say tanquam si, as if, and naturally takes the conjunc-
tive after it, since it denotes a possible or doubtful circumstance;
e. g. tu taces, quasi nescias, thou art silent, as if thou wert ig-
norant. Note : When a present precedes, quasi is always
followed by a present, when the discourse is about something
present, though in English the imperfect is commonly used in
similar expressions, as in the example given above. On the con-
trary, when the discourse is of any thing past, the perfect is used,
in correspondence to the English pluperfect ; as, tu taces, quasi
nihil audiveris, as though thou hadst heard nothing, for audi-
visses : Gags. B. C. 2. 31, discedimus : quasi concilient :
Cic. Quint. 2, qui, quasi agatur gerunt : Cic. ad Div. 3.
7, sic scribis : quasi debuerint. But if an imperfect, perfect,
or pluperfect precedes, quasi must be followed either by the im-
perfect or pluperfect, viz. according to the nature of the circum-
stance; e.g. heri tacebas, quasi nihil scires, yesterday thou wast
silent, as if thou knewest nothing : heri tacebas, quasi nihil au-
divisses, as if thou hadst heard nothing : Cic. Senect. 8, sic ar-
ripui, quasi vellem. It is the same with the other comparative
particles, when they denote something doubtful ; as tanquam,
as if: perinde ac, or proinde ac, just as if: but if quasi is used
in comparisons between certain things, or signifies as, like other
similar particles, it is followed by an indicative. Note : Yet
with quasi we also find an imperfect or pluperfect after a pre-
sent; e.g. illud queruntur, quasi desciscerem (Ed. Ernest.de-
scissem) a causa, Cic. ad Div. 1 . 9. 42, for desciverim : it should
properly be, me desciscere, or descisse.
8.) Quum or cum, when or since : viz. where it denotes an
established and acknowledged reason ; or at least a reason
which is assumed as established and known : it therefore im-
plies more than because; e. g. cum sciam te essedoctum, when
I know &c. : cum scirem, when I knew : cum hoc verum sit,
since this is true. Two senses are commonly given to this word
which do not belong to it : a) because : b) although : it can-
not be denied that it may be sometimes translated by them both ;
Of the Parts of the Verb. 193
e. g. non possum tibi librum dare, cum non habeam, because I
have it not : librum mihi non das, cum habeas, although thou
hast it : but it does not follow that these are the true meanings
of the word, nor is there any necessity so to translate it, since
the sense when applies in all cases, but instances occur where
neither of the others is applicable ; e.g. Cic. ad Div. 9- 17, non
tu homo ridiculus es, qui, cum Balbus noster apud tefuerit, ex
me quasras, quid de istis agris futurum putem ? art thou not
a ridiculous man, to ask me what will become of those lands,
when our Balbus is with you r Yet we find cum, when, i. e.
since, with an indicative ; e. g. quam cum secuti sunt, Cic. Phil.
14. 11 ; where, however, Ernesti, who is offended by it, sub-
stitutes sint : but it often occurs ; e. g. cum eo tempore mecuin
esse non potuisti, Cic. ad Div. 16. 1 ( 2: tu cum instituisti et
vides &c., ibid. 5. 32 ; where again Ernesti reads quando.
Note: When cum denotes time, it is generally used with an in-
dicative; as, gaudeo cum te video, I rejoice when I see you :
yet it is often used with the imperfect and pluperfect conjunc-
tive ; as, cum scirem, viderem, vidissem, when I knew, saw,
had seen &c. : e. g. cum viderem, Cic. Marc. 4 : cum ibi essem,
audiebam, Cic. Tusc. 2. 14 : cum Athenis essem, Cic. Nat. Deor.
1. 21 : turn, cum te audirem, ibid. : fuit, cum arbitrarer, Cic.
Or. 1. 1 : cum peteret, Cic. Brut. 92 : cum maxicneniteremur,
Cic. ad Div. 1.5: cum in Africam venissem, Cic. Somn. Scip.
1: cum patria pulsus esset, Cic. Fin. 5. 19 : cum aquam bibis-
set, Cic. Tusc. 5. 34, and elsewhere : cum venisset, when he was
come, Nep. Ep. 3 : cum captus esset, ibid. : also with the per-
fect conjunctive ; e. g. cum fecerint vel cum diu steterint,
Colum. 6. 30. 3 : also with an infinitive ; cum Appius dicere,
Liv. 2. 27.
9.) Quamvis, however, as you will, from quam, as, and vis,
thou wilt ; e. g. quamvis sit miser, tamen non es me miserior,
be as miserable as you will, you are not more so than I am ;
however miserable &c. : it stands for sis miser quam veils. But
quamvis, although, takes an indicative: it may also be followed
by a conjunctive ; e. g. quamvis sciam, although I may know :
VOL. n. o
194 Of the Parts of the Verb.
either after an accusative and infinitive, or after the conjunctive:
but this belongs to a different place.
10.) An, whether, num, whether; also utrum or the enclitic
ne, when followed by an or, always take the conjunctive. It is
the same with all indirect interrogatives, which follow a sentence,
to which they refer : also with ut (as), quemadmodum (as),
when they refer to a preceding sentence ; e. g. nescio an pater
venturus sit, will come, not veniet : die mihi, utrum pater vivat
an mortuus sit, whether your father be living or dead : nescio
quis tu sis, I know not who you may be : die mihi, quid velis,
undevenias, quando rediturus sis, tell me, what you wish, whence
you come, when you are to return : die mihi ut, or quemadmo-
dum vivas, tell me, how you live &c.
11.) Dum until, donee until, quoad until, dummodo whilst,
if only, take a conjunctive; as exspectabo, dum or donee ve-
nias, until you come : res est praeclara, dummodo sit vera, whilst
only, if only it be true : so, dummodo ne, if only not; e. g. dum-
modo ne sit vera, if only it be not true. Note : a) instead of
dummodo we may use either dum or modo ; as, res est prseclara,
modo sit vera, or dum sit vera : oderint, dum metuant : so, dum
ne, or modo ne, for dummodo ne : b) donee, until, is also used
with an indicative ; e. g. Terent. Andr. 4. 1. 37 : Ad. 4. 6. 6 :
Phorm. 4. 1. 24: Virg. JEn. 1.274(278), and elsewhere. But
donee, so long as, takes an indicative ; as, donee eris felix, mul-
tos numerabis amicos, Ovid. Trist. 1. 9- 6 : donee abibant, Liv.
6. 13, and elsewhere: e. g. Liv. 2. 49 : Horat. Od. 1. 9. 17,
and elsewhere. So dum, whilst, takes an indicative : c) quoad,
until, is also followed by an indicative; as Cic. Mil. 10, Milo
cum in senatu fuisset eo die, quoad senatus dimissus est : Nep.
Epam. 9> quoad renuntiatum est, and elsewhere ; e. g. Caes.
B. G. 5. 17 : but when it means, so long as, it has always an
indicative : d) dum until, has also an indicative ; e. g. dumre-
iecti sunt, Cic. Verr. Act. 1.6, and elsewhere; e.g. Terent.
Eun. 1. 2. 26 : Heaut. 1. 1. 54 : Phorm. 3. 2. 28: 5. 7. 89.
12.) Qui, qua, quod, besides the three general cases, in which
Of the Parts of the Verb. 195
all particles take a conjunctive, viz. a) when they imply con-
tingency, b) after the conjunctive, c) after the accusative with
the infinitive, is also continually followed by a conjunctive in
the following cases :
a) After esse, inveniri, reperiri, and similar verbs, when they
represent the predicate, of which qui with its appended verb is
the subject ; e. g. sunt qui dicant, there are people who say :
sunt qui dixerint, who have said : fuerunt qui dicerent, there
were people who might say, to say, instead of dixerunt or dice-
bant : erunt qui dicant, there will be people who will say : so
also when reperiri, inveniri &c. are used for esse ; e. g. inveni-
untur qui dicant : reperti sunt, qui dicerent, narrarent &c. Yet
we also find the indicative ; e. g. sunt, quos iuvat, Hor. Od.
1. 1.4: sunt, quibus opus est, ibid. 1.7- 5 : sunt, qu& pr&terii,
Cic. Att. 10. 4. Ed. Ernest. : sunt vestrum aliquammulti, qui
cognoverunt, Cic. Verr. 4. 25, Ernest. : hasc erunt, qua
dicentur, Cic. Invent. 1. 54. Ernest. : sunt, qui abducunt
sunt qui putant sunt qui colligunt, Cic. Tusc. 3. 31, where
however Ernesti, in compliance with the grammatical rule, has
printed abducant, putent, colligant; as in many other places,
to comply with the same rule, he has altered the indicative into
the conjunctive, but perhaps without ground.
b) When qui, qua?, quod, is used for ut ego, ut tu, ut is, ea,
id, through all cases ; e. g. misit aliquem, qui nuntiaret, that he
might announce, or who might announce, for ut is : misit mihi
librurn, quern legerem, i. e. ut eum legerem : Nep. Iphig. 2,
petivit ducem, quern praficeret exercitui : Cic. ad Div. 4. 3,
nemini concedo, qui traxerit : Cic. Sull. 16, litera? repert
sunt, qua, possent : particularly after dignus ; e. g. sum dignus,
qui amer, for ut ego, I am worthy to be loved : sum dignus,
quern ames, for ut me ames : dignus es, qui ameris, for ut tu
ameris : dignus es, cui faveam, for ut tibi faveam : pater est
dignus, qui ametur, for ut is ametur : dignus est, ad quern sub-
levandum accurramus, for ut ad eum &c. : mater est digna,
qua? ametur, for ut ea &c. : digna est, quam amemus, for uteara
amemus : nos sumus digni, qui amemur, for ut nos amemur :
02
196 Of the Parts of the Verb.
sumus digni, quos adiuvetis, for ut nos Sec. : vos estis digni, qui
amemini, for ut vos &c. : estis digni, quibus utamur, for ut vo-
bis &c. Further, dignus sum, cuius fortunam adiuvet, i. e. ut
meam &c. : dignus es, cuius libros legam, i. e. ut tuos&c.: digni
sunt parentes, quorum curam magni faciamus, i. e. ut eorum
curam&c. : digni estis, quorum virtutes laudentur, i. e. ut vir-
tutes vestrae &c. And thus qui is regularly put after dignus,
and seldom ut : except when qui has been already used ; e. g.
homines vidi, qui, ut laudarentur, digni erant, for qui digni erant,
qui laudarentur: Liv. 23. 42, quos, ut haberes, dignos duxisti.
The reason why in such instances qui takes a conjunctive is,
that ut is implied. Yet it cannot be denied, that sometimes ut
is moreover expressed; e.g. Liv. 24. 16 : Plant. Mil. 4. 4. 4.
We may also reckon here, non is sum, qui putem, I am not the
man to think so : and similar instances : also where qui is used
after comparatives ; e. g. majora, quam quae possent, Liv. 3. 72 :
cf. 10. 4.
c) When qui, quae, quod, is used for cum ego, cum tu, cum
is, ea, id, and that through all cases ; e. g. ego, qui crederem,
hsec vera esse, eo profectus sum, I, since I believed &c. : tu libros
hos spernis, quos ne legeris quidem, for cum eos ne legeris qui-
dem, when you have not even read them : quid me laudas, quern
ne noris quidem, whom you do not even know, for cum me ne
&c. : libros misisti, quorum me non cupidum esse scires, you
have sent me books, when you know &c., for cum eorum : miror
te virtutem non amare, cuius prasstantiam bene noris, for cum
eius : and this is the regular expression of Cicero. Qui, in such
instances, governs a subjunctive, because cum is understood :
Cic. Verr. 1. 25, hospes, qui nihil suspicaretur : Cic. Att. 5. 9,
malumus iter facere pedibus, qui (i. e. cum) incommodissime
navigassemus, and so continually ; e. g. non solum (videris) sa-
piens, qui hinc absis, Cic. ad Div. 7. 28 : meum consilium lau-
dandum est, qui noluerim, ibid. 1. Q. 31: te incusamus, qui
abieriSf Terent. 3. 1. 7: naturam accusa, qua abstruserit,
Cic. Acad. 4. 10, and elsewhere.
d) In the formula, est quod, for est cur ; e. g. est quod gau-
Of the Parts of the Verb. 197
deas, rideas, fleas &c., thou hast cause to rejoice, to laugh, to
weep : so, non est quod rideam, fleam &c., I have not cause to
laugh, weep &c. : quod is an accusative, and stands for propter
quod, and aliquid or negotium is understood with est. Est
quod gaudeas occurs Cic. ad Div. 7. 10 : so, nihil est, quod te
desj ibid. 14. 12 : nee est, quod &c., Cic. Fin. 2. 3 : so alsone-
que habeo, quod te accusem, Cic. ad Div. 2. 8 : non est, cur
infringatur, Cic. Or. 2 : so also quid est quod ; quid est cur &c.
C. All particles which in themselves do not govern
the conjunctive, as etsi, tametsi, quamquam, quamvis
although, si, sin, cum when, ut as, quemadmodum as,
quod because, that, dum while, donee so long as, quoad
so long as, quia, quoniam, quando,quandocunque when-
soever, for which sometimes quandoque occurs, quam
as ; and all interrogatives, ubi, qualis, quantus, quan-
do, quis, quid, and particularly qui, quse, quod, have,
in the following circumstances, a conjunctive after
them :
1 .) Where the discourse is of a thing merely possible, desir-
able, or to be granted, where in English the auxiliaries shall,
will, should, would &c., are commonly used ; e. g. si quis qua3-
rat, if any one shall ask : quanquam vix credam, though I
scarcely can believe : quamvis non negaverim, or negem, al-
though I cannot deny : si vidisses, if thou hadst seen : nisi putes,
unless thou shalt think : etiamsi quis dicat, if any one shall say.
Note : Etiamsi is always used for si etiam, and is therefore dif-
ferent from quanquam although. Veniam ante, quam tu mei
plane obliviscaris, I shall come before you may entirely forget
me : an tu hoc facere possis ? will you be able to do this ? num
hoc credi bile sit ? can this be credible? ubi sit pater? where
may your father be ? ubi fueris ? where may you have been ?
quis hoc credat ? who can believe this ? quis crederet, who could
believe? &c. : Cic. Verr. 3. 34, quid f deer ent miseri? autquid
recusarent ? what could the unhappy people do ? or what refuse ?
198 Of the Parts of the Verb.
Note: It is easy to see that the conjunctive here does not de-
pend on the particle but on the sense.
2.) When a conjunctive in the same period, according to the
order of construction immediately precedes, and the sentence
which begins with one of these particles is closely connected
with the verb in the conjunctive that precedes ; e. g. rogo te, ut
librum mihi des, si habeas, if thou hast it: orrogote, utlibrum,
si habeas, mihi des : or rogo te, ut, si librum habeas, mihi des :
here habeas is used for habes, because des precedes in the order
of construction. Rogo te, ut fratrem tuum ames, quanquam,
or quamois te oderit : here oderit is used for odit, on account of
ames : squum est, ut mortem cogitemus, cum (quando) sani si-
mus, it is proper that we think of death, when we are in health;
not sumus, because cogitemus precedes. We may also say,
aequum est, ut, cum sani simus, mortem cogitemus ; since the
order of construction is the same. Saspe accidit, ut ii nobis
eripiantur, quos maxime amemus, whom we most love : here
quos is used with the conjunctive amemus, because eripiantur
precedes : so, rex imperavit, ut, qua bello opus essent, pararen-
tur: Cic. ad Div. 3. 7. 4, primum cum ad me aditum esset ab
iis, qui dicerent, who said, not dicebant, on account of esset :
ibid. 3. 8. 19, sin hoc genere delectaris, ut, qua tibi in mentem
veniant, aliis attribuas, not veniunt, on account of attribuas :
ibid. 3. 5. 14, quod te a Sca3vola petiisse dicis, ut, dum tu ab-
esses provincial prreesset : here dum means so long as, whilst,
and takes the conjunctive abesses, because praesset precedes :
ibid. 3. 6, 12, ut, dum tempus anni esset idoneum, aliquid ne-
gotii gerere possem. Yet we often find the indicative instead,
when the thing must be expressed very distinctly, and all ambi-
guity avoided ; e. g. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 59, efficit, ut ea, qua
ignoramus, discere possimus : Cic. ad Div. 2. 4. 4, utneque
ea, qua nunc sentio, velim scribere, for sentiam, what I think,
my meaning : where sentiam also would have been correct.
3.) When an accusative of the subject with its infinitive pre-
cedes, and the particle refers to it ; e. g. scio te, si quid scias, id
reticere solere, I know that thou, when thou knowest anything,
Of the Parts of the Verb. 199
art accustomed to be silent about it ; where si is followed by
scias, because le solere precedes : credas me, rem nonfacturum,
quanquam sciam, although I know, for scio y because mefactu-
rum precedes : decet sapientem ita vivere, ut loquatur, as he
speaks, not loquitur: credo patrem, quia non scripserit,mox re-
versurum, not scripsit, because pair em reversurum precedes :
decet wo5 non rem ante suscipere, quam parati simus, that we
are prepared, not sumus : scio, te nobis ea, qu& egeris, narratu-
rum, what thou hast done, not egisti : Cic. ad Div. 3. 7. 8, sed
scito, plures esse, qui de tributis reatsettt, quam qui exigi velint,
who refuse, than who are willing, not recusant, volunt : ibid. 3.
8. 8, studia mihi eorum placere, quod in te grati essent, because
they were grateful &c. : and this is the general usage. Yet we
sometimes find the indicative where the sense must be definite,
and all obscurity avoided ; as Cic. ad Div. 2. 4. 6, si hoc statueris
quibus artibus ese laudes comparantur, in iis esse laboran-
dum, for comparentur, which also is correct after laborandum
esse : so also iucundiorem esse quam sermones eorum, qui
frequentant, ibid. 5. 21 : disrumpi necesse est earn, qua maxime
est, Cic. Off. 3. 5.
III.) The imperative is used when one bids, orders,
exhorts, or, in a word, when one commands or decrees
% any thing : it is thence more appropriately named, the
iussive mode. There is nothing to remark upon it, ex-
cept 1.) that we do not use non with it, but ne ; as ne
scribe, write not : for which we may also say, ne scri-
bas, when we would express ourselves more mildly or
courteously : we also say, cave scribas, dicas c., which
means, write not, beware of writing &c. ; when we
speak emphatically : 2.) that the second person in to is
not always to be translated, thou shalt ; scribito, write,
as well as, thou shalt write : ito go, scitote know &c.
IV.) The infinitive is used in many ways :
A. As a subject; e. g. errare humanum est, to err is
200 Of the Parts of the Verb.
human : we may alter the order ; e. g. humanum est
errare, it is human to err ; where errare does not de-
pend on humanum, but still continues the subject, and
the order of construction remains unaltered. It is the
same with the words of Tiberius, boni pastoris est ton-
dere pecus &c. ; the infinitive tondere is the subject ;
to shear, or the shearing of the sheep c. : so, dulce et
decorum est pro patria mori, where mori is the subject:
the order is, mori pro patria est dulce c. It is the
same with all similar instances ; as, parentum estalere
liberos, stands for alere liberos est parentum (negotium
or ofncium) : equorum est hinnire : in all which in-
stances, the infinitive is the subject, and is also a no-
minative : see above, of the Nominative.
B. The infinitive also follows, and is governed by
certain verbs : in which case it is used without an ac-
cusative of the subject ; e. g. possum facere, volo ire &c.
Note : The rule that when two verbs come together,
the latter is put in the infinitive, is too general and un-
defined : it leads the learner to put the infinitive after
all verbs indiscriminately ; even to use such expres-
sions as, operam do consequi, I labour to attain : pater
me impellit discere, my father urges me to learn : which
are incorrect. Nor, in prose, can we say, quaero com-
parare, I seek to gain, for studeo &c. : though poets
speak thus ; e. g. Ovid. Her. 12. 176 : Trist. 5. 4. 7 :
Am. 1.8. 51 : Phsedr. 3. prol. 24. There are only some
particular verbs which admit an infinitive after them ;
e.g. volo, nolo, malo, cupio, conor, tento, audeo, paro, I
am preparing or intending, e. g. to travel, proficisci ;
dubito, when it means, to hesitate ; e. g. non dubito fa-
teri, I do not hesitate to confess : yet instead of this we
Of the Parts of the Verb. 20 i
often find non dubito quin ; e. g. Cic. Sull. 2, non du-
bitasse quin defenderet, for defendere : and elsewhere;
e.g. Cic. Agr. 2. 26 : Cic. Flacc. 17 : Cic. Manil. 16,
23 : Cic. Mil. 23 : studeo, cogito, I intend, or design :
possum, queo, nequeo ; obliviscor, e. g. oblitus sum di-
cere : debeo, incipio, ccepi, constituo to determine, to re-
solve : so statuo, e. g. statui ire, I have resolved to go :
so also decerno, e. g. decrevi ire, I have decreed to go :
desino : consuesco, to be accustomed : videor, I seem :
dicor, feror, I am reputed ; e. g. pater dicitur essedoc-
tus, your father is said to be learned, which is the cor-
rect order, and not dicitur pater esse &c. : habeo, I have
it in my power, e. g. habeo polliceri, Cic. ad Div. 1.5,
I can promise : habeo dicerc, Cic. Rose. Am. 35 : Cic.
Fin. 3. 19 : adjirmare, Liv. 44. 22 : so habeo, I ought
or should ; as, rogas ut habeam curare, Varr. R. R. 1 . 1 :
pontus habet tolli, i. e. debet, Val. Flacc. 1. 671 : also
in certain instances, disco, doceo; as, disco scribere : ex-
perienti&docet prudenter vivere : cogo, cogor; as, coactus
sum fugere : recuso, e. g. ire recusat, for which we
also find quin, quo minus, and ne ; e. g. te recusare
quin restituas, Liv. 8. 7 : so also quin acciperet, non re-
cusasse, for accipere, Cic. Quint. 20 : non recusavit,
quo minus pcenam subiret, for subire, Nep. Epam. 8 :
sententiam ne diceret, recusavit, for dicere, Cic. Off. 3.
27 : further, after the impersonal verbs ; as stat, sc. sen-
tentia, it is determined : Nep. Att. 21, stat alere mor-
bum : stat renovare, Virg. ^Sn. 2. 750 : also with sen-
tentia, e. g. Hannibali sententia stetit pergere ire, Liv.
21. 30: after licet, libet, pcenitet, pudet, piget &c. ; as,
licet videre, it is allowed to see. It is thus used after
est for licet ; e. g. est scire, one may know, Terent. Ad.
5. 3. 42 : and thus est is often used with an infinitive,
202 Of the Parts of the Verb.
e. g. Ovid. Trist. 5. 11. 19 : Plin. H. N. 8. 23 : Tac.
Ann. 16. 34 : Liv. 42. 41 : Sail. lug. 1 10 : Hor. Epist.
1. 1. 32 : Virg. Eel. 10. 46. Also parce and/w^e, espe-
cially in the poets, are followed by an infinitive ; as,
parce queerer?, fuge quarere, ask not : Liv. 34. 32 7
parce iactare, refrain from boasting : parcite deprendere,
Ovid. Art. 2. 557 : vitam parsi perdere, Terent. Hec.
3. 1. 2: parce contemnere, Ovid. Her. 16. 279 : fuge
quccrere, Hor. Od. 1. 9. 13: fuge credere, Tibull. 1.4.
69 (9) : non fugis imposuisse, for imponere, Ovid. Her.
9. 75. Also after tempero, Plaut. Pcen. Prol. 22 : 5. 2.
76 : Cic. Div. 1. 22, e poeta : Gell. 4. 9 : after inter-
mitto, Cic. Tusc. 1. 28 : Cic. ad Div. 7. 12 : Cses. B.
G. 4. 31 : after praterm itio, Nep, Com. 4 : Cses. B. C.
2. 39. Note : We also find the infinitive after adjec-
tives in the poets, and elsewhere ; e. g. after pavidus,
Sil. 1. 406 : toilers, Hor. Od.4. 8. 8 : Ovid. Am. 2.7.
17 : felLr, Virg. ,En. 9. 772 : ingens, Sil. 10. 216 : la-
tus, Sil. 9. 223 : mamfestm, Tac. Ann. 2. 57 : Pand.
30. leg. 33 : Auct. Dial, de Orat. (at the end of Ta-
citus) 16: segnis, Hor. Od. 3. 21. 22: Ovid. Trist.
5. 7. 19: insuetus, e. g. vinci, Liv. 4. 31 : and after
others.
C. The infinitive in particular is used with the ac-
cusative of the subject, where in English, and most
other languages, that and a nominative are used ; e. g.
audio, patrem esse doctum, I hear that your father is
learned : scio, matrem venisse, I know that my mother
is come. This is concisely called the accusative with
the infinitive, which is too indefinite ; because in the
expressions, patris est, llberos alere ; boni pastoris est,
tonderepecus ; the accusative is used with an infinitive.
Of the Parts of the Verb. 203
It is more perspicuously termed, the accusative of the
subject with the infinitive. Since it is frequently used,
where in English we have that with a nominative and
personal verb, the Latin particles therefore which ex-
press that, viz. quod, ut, quin, and sometimes an, are
in certain instances omitted, and the nominative of the
subject changed into the accusative ; as audio, patrem
venisse, for audio, quod pater venit. Since this mode
of speaking is very common in the ancients, and the
whole subject requires precise limitations, it shall here
be explained at large. To understand it correctly, we
must know where these particles should be used, and,
thence, when they must be omitted.
1 .) Where these particles must be used :
a) An whether, is the easiest : it is put whenever whether
is used in English without being followed by or ; e.g. dubito
an pater venturus sit, I doubt whether my father will come.
b) Quin that not, sometimes that, follows non dubito, non
dubium est, and similar expressions ; as, non dubito, quin pater
venturus sit, I doubt not that my father will come : and so in all
other instances, where to doubt is connected with a negative.
To these belong interrogations, where a negative is not ex-
pressed, but which have the same force as if it were ; as, quis
dubitat quin pater venturus sit ? who doubts that my father will
come ? since this is equivalent to, no man doubts &c. : so, cui
dubium est, quin deus iustus sit ? which is equivalent to, nemini
est dubium quin &c. We also find quin after non dubito, I do
not hesitate, where usually an infinitive follows : see a little be-
fore. Further, quin is often used after non facere possum, non
fieri potest, parum abest &c., for ut non ; as, nonjieri potest, quin
credam, it is not possible that L should not believe it ; more
briefly, I must believe it : non potui facere, quin irem, I could
not but go: non possum facere, quin mittam, Cic. Att. 1'2. <27 :
204 Of ike Parts of Ike Verb.
here for quin, ut non is used ; e. g. non possum facere, ut non
&c., ibid. 11. 21 : facere non possum, ut nihil dem lilerarum,
ibid. 14 : non fieri potest, ut non &c., Cic. Amic. 21 : also merely
ui, when it means, it is not possible, that ; e. g. Cic.Tusc. 1.3 :
further, parum abest, quin credam, there wants little of my
believing : parum aberat quin caderet, there wanted little, but
that he should fall : parum aberat quin cecidissem, there wanted
little, but that I had fallen : so, non multum abest, abfuit, quin
&c., there wants, wanted, not much, but that &c. : so also nihil
abest, quin sim miserrimus, Cic. Att. 11. 15. So, mihi non
possum temperare, I cannot refrain, govern myself, e. g. quin
clamem, but that I must exclaim : nequesibi temperaturos, quin
&c., Cses. B. G. 1. 33 : vix temperavere animis quin &c., Liv.
5. 45 : <zgre temperatum est, quin &c., Liv. 32. 10 : nee tempe-
ravit, quin iactaret, Suet. Caes. 22 : instead of which quo minus
is used ; e. g. nequeo mihi temperare t quo minus adferam,
Plin. H. N. 18. 6 : also ne, Plaut. Stich. 1. 2. 60 : also the in-
finitive; e. g. Plaut. Poen. Prol. 22 : ibid. 34: ibid. 5. 2. 76:
Gell. 4. 9 : Cic. Div. 1. 22, e poeta. Also in more instances ;
e. g. Cic. Phil. 2. 10, ego nihil pr&termisi, quin Pompeium
a Caesaris coniunctione avocarem, I have omitted nothing to
separate Pompey from his connection with Cassar : Terent.
Adelph. 3. 1.6, nam nunquam unum intermittit diem, quin
semper veniat, for he never omits one day, but that he always
comes : Cic. Marc. 8, non fuit recusandum in tanto civili bello,
quin respublica multa perderet, we could not refuse in so
great a civil war, but that the state should lose something : and
thus quin is often used after recusare ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 6. 18
(19): Cic. Acad. 4. 4: Caes. B. G. 4. 7 : at other times ne is
used instead, Nep. Hann. 12 : Caes. B. C. 3. 82 : or quo mi-
nus, Cic. Fin. 1.3: 3. 19 : also, quin, ne, quo minus, follow
recuso, where properly the infinitive should be used ; e. g. non
recusasse, quin acciperet, for accipere, Cic. Quint. 20 : further,
Cic. ad Div. 5. 12. 5, deesse mihi nolui, quin te admonerem, 1
was unwilling to injure myself by not reminding you : so, non
fas est exorari, quin &.C., for ut non, Cic. Quir. Red. 9 : obsi-
stere quin, for ut non, Liv. 22. 60 : otherwise ne, Nep. Milt. 3.
Of the Parts of the Verb. 205
There is something singular Plant. Mil. 4. 8. 33, nequeo quin
fleam, I cannot refrain from weeping, where facere may be un-
derstood : so nequeo, quin lacrumem, Terent. Hec. 3. 3. 35 : so
non possum, quin exclamem, i. e. I must exclaim, Plaut. Trin.
3. 2. 79: which words are repeated, Cic. Or. 2. 10: so, non
potest (sc. fieri) quin obsit, Plaut. Mil. 3. 1.7: video non po-
tesse (for posse) quin eloquar, ibid. Bacch. 3. 6. 30. Further,
Caes. B. C. 3. 94, neque vero Csesm'emfefellit, quin ab iis co-
hortibus initium victorias oriretur, nor did it escape Caesar,
that the victory would begin with those cohorts : so also after
other words, as dicere, negare, suspicio, where otherwise the
accusative is used : yet there is generally a negative expressed
or implied ; e. g. alterum did non potest, quin ii beati sint,
for eos non beatos esse, Cic. Tusc. 5. 7 : negare non posse, quin
rectius sit, Liv. 40. 36 : non abest suspicio, quin ipse consci-
verit, Caes. B. G. 1.4: so after ignorare ; e. g. quis ignorat,
quin tria Grsecorum genera sint? for tria Graecorum genera esse,
Cic. Flacc. 27 : also after exspectare ; e. g. non modo non ne-
cesse sit, sed ne utile quidem, quin mox indicium fiat, exspectare,
Cic. Invent. 2. 28 : yet Ernesti has printed quam for quin.
c) Ut or uti, that, is used 1.) when it is equivalent to, in
order that, and therefore denotes the end or cause ; as, feci hoc
ut videres, I did this that you might see : tu abis ut ditior re-
deas, you go away that you may return richer : so also, ut vere
dicam, Cic. Verr. o. 69, that I may say the truth : so also, ut
veriusdicam, Cic. Pis. 26 : ut ita dicam, Quintil. 8. 3. 37 : so
also ut nihil dicam de eo, or ut taceam &C M that I may say no-
thing about that, or to be silent about that : 2.) to denote a con-
sequence or inference ; e. g. Croesus ille tandem infelix fuit :
ut verum sit, neminem semper felicem esse, so that it is true,
that no one &c. : Cic. Marc. 6, ut dubitare debeat nemo, so
that no one ought to doubt: and elsewhere; e.g. Cic. ad Div.7.
7 : 12. 3: 8cc. 3.) after words expressing comparison, as ita,
sic, tarn, tantopere, tantus, talis, tot, adeo, tantum so much, is
for talis, hactenus so far &c. ; e. g. ita te amo, ut neminem ma-
gis amare possim : talis est vir, ut &c. : eas mini literas misisti
206 Of the Parts of the. Verb.
ut &c., you have sent me such letters, that &c. : ea est virtute,
w&c., he is so virtuous, that &c. : so also after comparatives;
e.g. videtur esse altius, quam ut possimus, Cic. Or. 3. 6, i.e.
higher than that, or too high for &c. : so after inferius, Cic. Pis.
26: antiquius, Cic. ad Div. 11. 5 : potius, Liv, 9. 14: magis,
Quintil. 8. 3. Yet we must carefully observe whether the
English that refers to the words above mentioned ; otherwise
ut is not used, even though they precede : e. g. quemadmodum
tu illud negas, ita credo, verum esse, so I believe, thai it is true :
here that does not refer to so, but to / believe, and therefore it
would be incorrect to say, ut verum sit. Further, Cicero often
says velim ita credas, or tibi ita persuadeas, me per omnia fac-
turum &c. : here ita has scarcely any meaning, or simply means
so much, or this, instead of hoc : and the sentence me omnia fac-
turum refers not to ita, but credas, persuadeas. Thus it would
be incorrect to say, tantus hie vir putavit, ut res aliter se ha-
beat, for rem se aliter habere ; since the latter sentence does not
refer to tantus, but to putavit. 4.) After any expressions, par-
ticularly verbs or even substantives, which do, or should and
might contain the cause of the following sentence, and express
the events, from which the events contained in the following sen-
tence which begins with that, arise as a consequence, or for
which they do happen, or should and might happen. Such are
those expressions, particularly verbs, which denote to will, wish,
bid, exhort, remind, urge, command, permit, provide, take pains,
advise, cause, to be necessary, expedient, reasonable, to happen,
come to pass, follow ; e. g. rogo, ut venias, I ask thee to come :
volo, ut scribas, I wish thee to write : opto, ut illud fiat, I wish
that it may be done : pater me hortatus est, ut discerem, my
father exhorted me to learn, not discere : cur me impellis, ut
festinem ? why do you urge me to hasten ? rex imperavit, ut
ha3c fierent, the king commanded that these things should be
done : and so all verbs of commanding ; even iubeo, which ge-
nerally takes an infinitive, is sometimes followed by ut ; e. g.
iussit, ut peterent, Liv. 32. 16 : iuberentque ut &c., Liv. 1. 17 :
iubere ut, Cic. Verr. 4. 22 : senatus decrevit, populus iussit, ut
&c., ibid. 2. 67 : velitis iubeatis,ut &c., Gell. 5. 19, from the
Of the Parts of the Verb. 207
formula of arrogation : dii iubeant, ut &c., Ovid. Her. K 101 :
inhere senatum, ut traiiceret, Liv. 28. 36 : iubebat, ut face-
rem, Hor. Sat. 1. 4. 121 : iubet, ut dicant &c., Plaut. Amph.
1. 50 : quibus iusserat, ut resisterent, Tac. Ann. 13. 40, and
elsewhere : also without ut, and with a bare conjunctive ; e. g.
tube, mihi respondeat, Terent. Eun. 4. 4. 24, and elsewhere : fur-
ther, patior ut haec sint, I allow these things to be : cura ut valeas,
take care that you be well, of your health : operamdabo,utdiscam,
1 will take pains that I may learn, to learn, not discere : operam
omnem dedi, ut istas res invenirem, I used all my pains that I
might find those things : suadeo tibi, ut domi maneas, I per-
suade you to remain at home : haec res faciet, ut miser sim, this
thing makes me miserable : necesse est, ut venias, it is necessary
that thou come : Gell. 2. 29, necesse est, uti vos auferam ; yet
this is rare, and ut is more usually omitted ; e. g. audacia osten-
datur necesse est, Cic. Rose. Am. 22 : videant necesse est, ibid.
40 : vendat necesse est, Cic, Verr. 3. 86, and elsewhere : or in-
stead, the accusative with the infinitive is used : so oportet is
seldom used with ut ; e. g. Cic. Invent. 2.19, multum oportet,
ut diu consistat ; where Ernesti has changed ut into et : it is
more commonly used with a bare conjunctive, or with the ac-
cusative and infinitive ; e. g. oportet pater scribat, or oportet pa-
trem scribere: so also after opus est we sometimes find ut; e.g.
Plaut. True. 2. 3. 7 : 2. 6. 19 : 5. 1 1 : more frequently the ac-
cusative and infinitive : further, utile est, ut discamus, it is pro-
fitable for us to learn : though we are uncertain whether utile
followed by ut, occurs in ancient writers : it is commonly used
with an infinitive, or an accusative and infinitive : aequumestut
hoc fiat, it is reasonable that this happen : Plaut. Rud. 4. 7. 4,
sequum est ut &c., and elsewhere ; e. g. Pand. 45. 9. 3 : so also
after ajquitas, e.g. quam habet aquitatem, ut amittat? Cic. Off.
2. 22 : also after officium est, Plaut. Pseud. 4. 1.9: Terent.
Andr. 1. 1. 141 : Cic. Fin. 3. 6: Cels. 3.4: Colum. 12. 13:
after praeclarum illud est, et rectum et verum, Cic. Tusc. 3. 29 :
saepe fit ut homines moriantur, it often happens that men die :
accidit heri, ut domi nori essem, it chanced yesterday that 1
was not at home : non omnibus contingit utdivitessint, it does
208 Of the Parts of the Verb.
not befall all to be rich, all have not the good luck to be rich :
hinc sequitur ut verum sit, hence it follows that it is true. Ex-
amples, where ut follows fit, accidit, contingit, are frequent in
the ancients : so evenit, Cic. Or. 2. 5. To these belongs fiitu-
ruin est, futurum esse or fore ; as, spero/bre ?/discas, 1 hope it
will happen, that thou mayst learn ; more briefly, I hope thou
wilt learn : futurum esse, ut pellerentur, Caes. B. G. 1. 32, for
pulsum iri ; so, hinc futurum est, ut segrotes, hence it will
happen, that thou wilt be sick. Also est, when it is used in
circumlocutions ; as, est ut velim, for volo ; Cic. Or. 59, est ut
id deceat, for id decet: Terent. Phorm. 2. 1. 40, si est, pa-
true, culpam ut Antipho in se admiserit, if it be true that An-
tipho has committed a fault, or if Antipho has committed a fault :
Cic. Or. 2. 36, est ut philosophi tradant, for philosophi tradunt :
Hor. Od. 3. 1. 9, est ut viro vir latius ordinet arbusta sulcis&c.,
1. e. it sometimes happens that See. : so, quandofuit, ut non li-
ceret ? for quando non licuit c $ Cic. Coel. 20 : si est, ut dicat,
for si dicit, Ter. Hec. 4. 1. 43 : non est, ut copia maior donari
possit, i. e. non potest copia &c., Hor. Epist. 1. 12. 2 : non erat
ut fieri posset, for non fieri poterat, Lucret. 5. 977 : also after
potest, it is possible; e. g. potest, ut arbitrentur, Plaut. Pseud.
2. 2. 38 : potest, ut admiserit, Cic. Cluent. 37 : also after est,
i. e. there is cause, e. g. neque est ut putemus, Plin. H. N. 18.
1 : ille erat, ut odisset, Cic. Mil. 13 : magis est, ut ipse moleste
ferat, Cic. Coel. 6. Particularly here belong the expressions,
mos est, ut &c., it is the custom that 8cc., Cic. Brut. 21 : moris
est, ut &c.. Cic. Verr. 1. 26 : in more.ni renerat, ut &c., Liv.
42. 27 : at other times the infinitive follows ; e. g. Virg. JSn. 1.
336 (340) : Liv. 32. 5 : 39. 43 : also the gerund, Cic. ad Div.
12. 17 : reliquum est, ut &c., it still remains that &c., Nep.
Att. 21 : Cic. ad Div. 7. 31 : so also restat, ut dicamus &c., it
still remains, that &c. : Cic. Acad. 4. 2, restat, ut respondeam :
Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 16, restat ut sit'&c. To these also belongs
the expression, tantum abest,ut Sec. ; e.g. tantum abest, ut ad-
sidue discas, ut potius literas omnes oderis, thou art so far from
learning assiduously, that thou rather hatest all learning. In this
instance ut is repeated, and for perspicuity often takes potius or
Of the Purls of the Verb. 209
contra with it : yet ut is only used once, when tantum abest fol-
lows another sentence ; as,tu odisti omnes literas, tantum abest
ut adsidue discas, thou hatest all learning, so far art thou from
learning assiduously. It is also used once only in other instances ;
as, tantum abest a cupiditate gloria?, ut omni fortuna contentus
sit, he is so far from the desire of glory, that he is contented with
any fortune. Also ut is sometimes used after integrum est, Cic.
Tusc. 5. 21 : parum est, Quintil. 6. 1. 38 : 10. 7. 24: praeter-
missum est, Cic. Att. 13. 21 : probari potest, Cic. Tusc. 3. 3 :
obsequi, Liv. 42. 21: verum est, Nep. Hann. 1: verisimile
est, Cic. Verr. 4. 6 : also ut is used after substantives; as,
tuae voluntati ut venirem, parui, thy wish, tfiat I should
come : after sententia, Cic. Fin. 2. 11 : defensio, Quintil. 7. 1.
35 : 5.) in an explanation ; e. g. altera res est, ut rem ge-
ras, Cic. Off. 1. 20, the other thing is, or consists in this, that
&c. : 6.) finally, it is used after verbs of fearing, where it means
that not ; as, timeo ut pater veniat, I fear that my father will not
come. Note : We also find facere quod for ut ; e. g. utinam dii
fecissent, quod ea lex esset constiluta, Vitruv. 10. praef. On
the contrary, we find ut after verum est, Nep. Hann. 1 : after
verisimile est, Cic. Verr. 4. 6 : see above, and hereafter more
at large.
d) Quod, that or because, which is properly the accusative of
the relative qui, with propter or ad understood, to speak gene-
rally, is used or should be used to denote the cause of what pre-
cedes, and may therefore always be rendered because, and hence
is entirely different in sense and use from ut ; as also when any
thing precedes, which cannot be the cause of the sentence which
follows, and begins with that : e. g. gaudeo quod sanus es, I.
rejoice that thou art well : here my joy is not the cause that
you are well, since you would be equally well without it : on
the contrary, thy being well is the cause of my joy. But in par-
ticular, quod is or should be used after expressions, particularly
verbs and substantives, which denote 1 .) a taking heed, remark-
ing, perceiving, whether by the senses or the understanding ; as
to hear, see, feel, think, understand, observe, conceive, mark,
remark, notice, retain in mind, recollect, forget, judge, suspect,
VOL. II. P
210 Of the Parts of the Verb.
conjecture, imagine, conclude, wonder, know, be ignorant : far-
ther, it is certain, clear, manifest, well-known &c. : 2.) after ex-
pressions and modes of feeling ; as to rejoice, grieve, be unwill-
ing, be angry, weep, lament, be uneasy, tremble, hope : except
to fear, which does not belong to these, since verbs of fearing are
followed by ne or ut : ne that, and ne non, or ut, that not :
3.) after expressions, especially verbs and substantives, which
signify an indication or notice, whether by words, looks, gestures,
or any other way : amongst which are verbs denoting to say,
write, confess, lie, reveal, betray, indicate, give to understand,
make known, relate, report, proclaim, notice, keep secret, testify,
assure, swear to : also after substantives which denote a report,
narration, rumour &c.
2.) When and under what circumstances these particles are
omitted, must be now explained : an, quin, ut and quod are
omitted, and the nominative of the subject with its indicative or
conjunctive is changed into the accusative with the infinitive ;
where it is evident that the verb must be retained in the same
tense. But when this should take place is hard to define, and
requires much caution ; for in some instances it is necessary,
and principally instead of quod : sometimes either way is in-
different, the particle with the nominative, or the accusative
with the infinitive : sometimes the particle must be retained,
and the accusative with the infinitive would be incorrect.
This point will now be considered :
A. An (whether) must be retained after all verbs
which it regularly follows; except after dubito, dubium
est, where it is allowed to use the accusative with the
infinitive ; as, dubito an pater venturus sit ; or dubito,
patrem venturum esse : dubito an &c. occurs Nep.
Thras. 1 : dubito followed by an accusative and infini-
tive, Liv. 5. 2.
B. Quin may be omitted, and the accusative with
the infinitive substituted, only after non dubito, non
Of the Parts of the Verb. 211
dubium est, and similar expressions ; as, nemo dubitat,
quis dubitat? where however it may with equal cor-
rectness be used ; e. g. non dubito, quin hoc verum sit,
or hoc verum esse. Thus Nep. Praef. non dubito fore
plerosque : so Liv. 26. 15 : Plin. Epist. 6. 21 : quin is
used Cic. Att. 6. 2, non dubitabat, quin &c. : so cave,
dubites (for ne dubita) quin &c., Cic. ad Div. 5. 20 :
non est dubium, quin c., Cic, Or. 2. 8. On the con-
trary, after all other similar expressions ; as, non fieri
potest, non facere possum, parum abest &c., quin must
invariably be used ; and the accusative with the infini-
tive would be a gross fault. Note : There also occurs
non dubium est, quin non &c., where what follows is
denied, Terent. And. 2. 3. 17. So, non dubito, quin
non fiat, I am confident that it will not happen.
C. Ut requires the most caution : viz.
I.) Ut in the following instances must be retained :
1.) When it is the same as, in order that; e. g. feci propter-
ea, ut videret, I did it on purpose, that he might see.
2.) When it denotes a consequence, as in the following ex-
ample ; Caesar misere periit : ut ii valde errent, qui eum pro fe-
licissimo habeant, so that they are wrong &c. ; here the accu-
sative eos errare would be incorrect.
3.) After the words signifying comparison, ita, sic, tarn, talis,
tantus, tantum so much, tot, adeo, tantopere, hactenus so far,
and the like; also after is for talis. Here also the accusative
would be incorrect : we must always say, ita te amo ut &c. :
talis fuisti tit &c. : ea virtute prsditus es, ut omnes te laudent,
thou art a person of such virtue, that all praise thee : maior est
quam ut eum satis laud a re queam &c.
4.) After many verbs and various phrases : e.g. 1.) to make;
P 2
212 Of the Parts of the Verb.
as facio, efficio, perficio : tu fades ut miser sis, not te esse mi-
serum : except where facere is the same as fingere, ponere, sup-
pose that; e. g. faciamus, deum non esse, let us suppose that
there is no God : so Cic. ad Div. 7. 23. 1, fac qui ego sum,
esse te, suppose that thou wert in my place : so, fac animos non
remawre, Cic. Tusc. 1. 34: facio me alias res agere, Cic. ad
Div. 15. 18, I suppose &c. : fac potuisse (sc. te) Phil. 2. 3:
also in other places, where it may be translated partly to make,
partly to allege, partly to allow ; e. g. facit macrescere volucres,
Varr. R. R. 3. o : facito infervere, Colum. 12. 38. 5 : fecit
decesse (for decessisse) populum, Terent. Heaut. Prol. 31 : Plato
mundum a deo adificarifadt, i. e. dicit, Cic. Nat. Deor. 1.8:
Homerus Herculem ab Ulysse conveniri facit, ibid. 3. 16 :
hanc herbam nervos gltitinarefaciunt, i. e. dicunt, putant, Plin.
H. N. 25. 5 : me cernere letum ntitifecisti, Virg. JEn. 2. 538 :
ilium forma timere facit, Ovid. Her. 17. 174. Further, utmust
be retained after efficio, perficio ; as, effecisti ut tua virtus ap-
pareret, not virtutem tuam apparere : yet sometimes the accu-
sative with the infinitive follows efficio ; e. g. vult efficere, ani-
mos esse, Cic. Tusc. 1. 31: ex quo efficitur hominem non
posse, ibid. 3. 5 : voluptates ad exitum perficit procedere, Ar-
nob. 4. So also 2.) after verbs denoting to care, provide, take
pains ; as, curavit ut res fieret, not rem fieri : operam dabo, or
navabo, ut libri tibi mittantur, I will take care that the books be
sent to you, not libros mitti. But studeo is more rarely followed
by ut; e. g. Hirt. Alex. 1 : Pand. 43. 10. 1, twice repeated :
Cato R. R. 5 : or ne, Pand. ibid. : Phaedr. 2. Epil. 6 : more
commonly by the infinitive : sometimes even the accusative with
the infinitive ; e. g. gratum se videri studet, Cic. Off*. 2. 20, and
elsewhere; e. g. Terent. Hec. 2. 2. 23 : Sail. Cat. 1 : Cic. ad
Div. 11. 28. Mat. 3.) after the expression, to carry a thing so
far, rem eo producere, id efficere, id consequi : 4.) after id
agere, spectare, to have that view or intention : 5.) after verbs
denoting to persuade, exhort, urge, compel, command : a) to
persuade ; e. g. suadeo tibi ut scribas : b) to urge ; as impello te,
ut discas : c) to compel; e. g. coe'git me, ut facerem : d) to
command ; as impero to command, pvsecipio to direct or enjoin.
Of the Parts of the Verb. 213
mando to commission : rex imperavit,prgecepit, ut ista fierent :
mandavit mihi ut emerem : iubeo, however, has more com-
monly the accusative with the infinitive ; as, rex iussit rem fieri,
not ut Sec. : yet we find it riot unfrequently with ut ; e. g. Liv.
1.17: 32. 6 : Cic. Verr. 4. 22 ; as was lately remarked : it also
occurs without ut, with a conjunctive ; as iube res fiat : iube,
films veni at : Ter. Eun. 4. 4. 24, iube mihi respondeat : cf.
Ovid. Am. 1.11. 29 : Art. 1. 56? : Liv. 44. 2. Also veto to for-
bid, to say in a commanding, beseeching, persuasive manner,
that a thing shall not be, is commonly used with an accusative
and infinitive; e.g. vetat earn mirari, Liv. 29- 10: rationes ve-
tabant.me reipublicas diffidere, Cic. ad Div. 5. 13 : yet m also
is used, Hor. Sat. 2. 3. 187 : also the conjunctive without ne,
e. g. vetabo sit &c., Hor. Od. 3. 2. 26. On the contrary, dico,
scribo, nuntio, and similar verbs, when they contain the notion
of a command, or at least of an urgent wish or demand, belong
to these, and must be followed by ut ; e. g. die tuo filio, ut ad
me veniat, tell your son to come to me : senatus ei scripsit, ut
rediret, the senate wrote to him, that he should return : 6.) after
the verbs fit, accidit, contingit, evenit, ut must be retained :
hincfactum est, ut ab omnibus laudaretur: accidit ut pater mo -
reretur, not patrem mori : non fieri potest, ut miser sis &c. : so
also, 7.) ut must follow reliquum est, restat &c. : also est, fore,
futurum est; e. g. est ut dicat: see above, IV. C. c : 8) also
after verbs denoting to beg or entreat.
Note : Yet exceptions to these rules are not wanting in the
ancients ; e. g. after imperare we find an accusative and infini-
tive, Terent.Andr.5.2. 1 : Cic. Cat. 1.11: Nep. Hann. 11, and
elsewhere : so also after praecipere an infinitive, Ovid. Art. 2.
415 : Plin. H. N. 25. 4: so after cogere ; e. g. te emere coegit,
Cic. Off. 3. 13 : me vivere, Cic. Att. 3.3 : after suadere, Virg.
Geor. 4. 264 : Ptuedr. 1. 15. 6 : also with an accusative of the
person and infinitive, Terent. Hec. 3. 5.31: Virg. ^En. 12.
238 : after euro, Colum. 9. 9 : particularly when it may be
translated, to be willing ; e. g. neque redire curavit, Cic. ad Div.
1.9: nee docti legerc ctirarent, Cic. Acad. 1.2: curabis esse,
214 Of the Purls of the Verb.
Auct. ad Herenn. 3. 53 : also with the accusative and infinitive
when it means, to let or cause ; e. g. euro rem parari; for which
euro rem parandam is more usual ; e. g. signum avellendum cu-
ravit, Cic. Verr. 4. 49 : curavit buculam faciendam, Cic. Div.
1. 24, and elsewhere, e. g. Nep. Dion. 6: so also Cic. Arch. 3,
contigit ei, antecellere, for ut antecelleret : so Hor. Epist. 1. 17.
36 : so after accidit ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 6, 11. (12), nee enim
acciderat, mi hi opus esse, for ut opus mihi esset. Also for est
ut (e. g. est ut dicat pater, for pater dicit) we find est with an
infinitive ; e. g. est interdum prastare mercaturis rem quaarere,
for prastat interdum &c., Cato R. R. 1 : so also fuerit mihi
eguisse amicitias tua?, for eguerim, Sail. lug. 110 : magis est
deficere, Pand.46.3. 72 : also after esto it may be, esto, alioste-
neri, Horat. Epist. 1. 1. 81. Also ut often fails before the con-
junctive; e. g. huic mandat, Rhemos adeat, Cass. B. G. 3. 11 :
prascipit, omnes petant, ibid. 5. 58 : te rogo atqueoro, tecolli-
gas, Cic. ad Div. 5. 18 : rogat, tentes, Ovid. Am. 3. 14. 4, and
elsewhere : after reliquum est, Cic. ad Div. 9- 9: 15. 21 : so
also sometimes after permitto, sino, iubeo, and other verbs.
II.) After the following, ut may be retained, or
changed into the accusative with the infinitive ; as, to
he willing, unwilling, to wish, allow, permit ; it is rea-
sonable, expedient, necessary, it follows &c. : e. g, vo-
lui te id facere, and ut tu id faceres : nolo id fieri, and
nolo ut id fiat : cupio, rempublicam esse salvam, and
ut respublica salva sit : patior, fero, sino, rem ita fieri, I
allow the thing so to happen, and ut res ita fiat : sequum
est nos deum amare, it is reasonable that we love God,
and ut amemus c. : so also after iustum and verum,
i.e. -cequum est; utile est, or expedit, libros hos legi,
and ut hi libri legantur : yet after aequum, iustum, ve-
rum, utile est, expedit, the infinitive with the accusa-
tive seems to be more usual ; and it is doubtful whe-
ther utile est can be found with ut. Oportet hominem
Of the Parts of the Verb. 2 1 5
discere, and (ut) homo discat, a man must learn, it is
necessary or expedient that a man learn : both are very
usual, but in the second instance ut is more commonly
omitted : it is the same with necesse est, e. g. necesse
est hominem mori, and (ut) homo moriatur, it is un-
avoidable, absolutely necessary, that man die, for a
man to die : hinc sequitur, deum esse iustum, and ut
deus sit iustus, hence it follows that God is just : both
are very common : so, hinc consequens est, hence it
follows, with ut, or an accusative and infinitive. It
hence appears, that it is not an error to place ut after
the above-mentioned verbs, unless perhaps after iubeo,
where the accusative with the infinitive is more usual,
though it is scarcely a fault to say iubeo ut. We
may also remark, that in absolute expressions, without
reference to particular persons, these verbs are more
commonly followed by a passive than an active ; e. g.
rex iussit captivos redimi, in preference to rex iussit
captivos redimere. Yet we sometimes find the active;
e. g. Virg. ^En. 3. 9, Anchises dare fatis vela iubebat,
for dan; and elsewhere, e. g. ibid. 5. 773 : 12. 584 :
Hor. Od. 3. 24. 42 : so caste iubet lex adire deos, for
adiri, Cic. Leg. 2. 10.
D. Quod involves the least difficulty, if we observe,
that it must always be omitted, and the nominative
with the personal verb changed into the accusative
with the infinitive, when it is not the same as because,
seeing that, wherefore, or why ; for in all these senses
it may be used : on the other hand, when it merely
means because, seeing that, and cannot be converted
into that, it must always be retained, nor can it be
changed into the accusative with the infinitive : there-
216 Of the Purl* uf the Verb.
fore it is retained in the forms est quod, non est qucd,
diu est quod c. We more precisely remark :
1.) It is rejected, and the accusative with the infinitive used
after verbs and other expressions which imply a) notice, ob-
servation, perception, whether by the senses or understanding ;
e. g. to hear, see, feel, think, understand, discern, find, observe,
recognise, mark, remark, attend to, keep in mind, remember,
forget, judge, suspect, conjecture, believe, be of opinion, be of
the mind, presume, take for granted, be convinced, be confident,
wonder, know, be ignorant, conclude, consider, reflect, deliberate
on, experience, receive information of &c. : further, it is certain,
true, manifest, clear, known, made plain, and the like ; also after
substantives denoting persuasion, conjecture, conviction : b)
notice or information, however imparted, whether by words,
writing, gesture &c. ; and, therefore, after the verbs to say,
write, inform, lie, reveal, betray, indicate, convey intelligence,
show, make known, lay open, conceal, keep silent, tell, let out
to Dotice, proclaim, instruct, promise, ensure, be surety, testify,
swear to &c. : to which belong substantives which denote,
tidings, report, discovery, and the like ; also the expressions,
there is a report, men believe &c. In all these instances that
does not mean because, seeing that, as to the circumstance that,
and therefore quod would be incorrect ; e. g. audivi patrem esse
segrotum, not quod pater est segrotus, much lessszY: since quod
in itself takes no conjunctive : so, scio patrem venisse, not quod
pater &c. : dicunt, narrant, patrem mortuum esse : literae tua3
mihi significarunt, declaraverunt, pacem nobis donatum iri : no-
tum est mundum a deo creatum esse : fama, regem venturum
esse, multos exhilaravit, the report that the king would come
exhilarated many : constat inter erudites, rem esse utilem, it is
agreed amongst the learned, that &c. : in all which, and similar
instances, quod would be incorrect. Also after sic est in libro,
in epistola &c. ; e.g. erat dc (for hoc) in tuis literis, eum ven-
turum, Cic. Att. 10, 16.
Of the Paris of I lie Verb. 217
Observations.
a) Since after all these verbs, the accusative with the infini-
tive must be used, it is incorrect for the teacher to say that the
accusative with the infinitive is more elegant than quod. It is
not merely more elegant, but we must speak thus, because usage
requires it. It is maintained, and not without reason, by Peri-
zonius in Sanctii Minerva, against Gronovius, that the ancients
have also used quod after such verbs ; e. g. after scio, Plaut.
Asin. 1.1. 37, scio, filius quod ctmet meus : Liv. 3. 52, scituros
quod in concordiam res redigi nequeant : Pha3dr. 5. 2. 11,
scio quod virtuti non sit credendum tuae ; in all which places
Gronovius would read quam : but the passages in which quod
is found, instead of an accusative and infinitive, are too many to
justify this alteration ; e.g. scio, quod omnes putant, Salvian.
de Avarit. 4. p. 165, Rittersh. : so also after cognosce, credo,
sentio, opinor, notum facio &c. : e. g. cognito, quod filius non
fuisset, Pand. 22. 3. 15: posse credere, quod tu quidquam
cogitaris, Apul. Met. 3. p. 135. Elmenh. : nee credit, quod ser-
vet, quod rubeant, Claud. Proserp. 3. 223 : quando sensis-
sent, quod irrigarentur, Flor. 1. 23 : opinantes, quod tangatur,
for tactum iri, Pallad. in Feb. 24. 5 : notum facere, quod sit
praegnans, Pand. 25. 3. 1 : after recorder and ostendo; e. g.
recordatus, quod nihil pra3stitisset, Suet. Tit. 8 : ut ostenderet,
quod erat minor, ibid. Aug. 43 : yet we may here under-
stand eum after ostenderet, in which case quod would mean be-
cause : after dico, e. g. dicam, quod bonum sit, Cato ap. Plin. H.
N. 29. 1 : so also facile est, quod habeant conservam, Varr.
R. R. 2. 10. 16, for habere : querebatur, quod homines essent,
Cic. Amic. 17 : particularly after illud, id &c. ; e.g. videndum
illud est, quod manet gratia, Cic. Off. 2. 20 ; illud nosse opor-
tet, quod potio perniciosissima est, Cels. 1.3: ego z'ofrespon-
deo, quod animadverti, Cic. Amic. 2. However numerous such
instances may be, yet they are so few when compared with the
others, where the accusative and infinitive are used, that they can-
not be considered of moment, and are a proof that the ancients
preferred the Mher usage.
218 Of the Parts of the Verb.
b) Dico, scribo &c., when they include the notion of com-
mand, will, desire, do not belong to this place, since they must
then be followed by ut ; e. g. pater dixit mihi, ut ad se venirem :
scripsi ei, ut festinaret, I have written to him that he should
hasten &c. : so, nuntiavit ei, utveniret: nuntius venit, ut re-
diret &c.
c) Exceptions from these general usages occur in the ancients :
e. g. we find adde quod, add thereto, that, i. e. further; e.g.
Ovid. Pont. 2. 9. 47 : 4. 1 1. 21 : 4. 14. 45 ; where, in fact, the
sense of adde requires an accusative with an infinitive. So we
often find accedit ut, hereto there is added that, e. g. Cic. Or.
2. 48 : Liv. 1. 49 : Caes. B. G. 3. 13, where, usually, quod oc-
curs ; e. g. Cic. Harusp. 3. So we find ut after certum est,
Cic. Att. 10. 4, nihil esse certius, quam ut omnes restitue-
rentur, for restitutum iri : so also after verum est, verisimile
est; e. g. Nep. Hann. 1, si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut
populus Romanus superarit, if it be true, that the Roman
people &.C., for populum Romanum superasse : Cic. Rose.
Am. 41, non verisimile est ut Chrysogonus horum literas ada-
marit, it is not probable, that &c.,* for Chrysogonum ada-
masse ; unless, perhaps, ut be translated how, how Chrysogonus
&c. ; yet this is unnecessary : Cic. Verr. 4. 6, verisimile non est,
ut ille homo locuples religioni sua3 pecuniam antepone-
ret, for ilium hominem anteposuisse. Yet here, though it
is unnecessary, ut may be translated how; it is not probable how
he &c. For ut how is often used with the conjunctive, and may
deceive the inexperienced ; e. g. Cic. Rose. Am. 24, videtisne,
quos poetae tradiderunt supplicium de matre sumsisse, ut
eos agitent furiae &c., where ut depends on videtis ; do ye
not see, how the furies &c. Yet on the other hand we find ut
after verisimile est, Cic. Sext. 36 : after inusitatum est, Cic.
Manil. 21 : after integrum est, Cic. Tusc. 5. 21 : after prsecla-
rum illud est, et rectum et verum, ibid. 3. 29 : after parumest,
Quintil. 6. 1. 38 : 10. 7. 24 : after praetermissum est, Cic. Att.
13. 21 : after dubium est, Plin. Paneg. 8 : after obliviscor, e.g.
oblitine sumus, ut desierit, ibid. ; where, however, it may be
Of the Parts of the Verb. 219
explained by how: after probari potest, Cic. Tusc. 3. 3: after
obsequi, Liv. 44. 21 : after confido, Plin. Epist. 2. 5.7 - after
sententia, Cic. Fin. 2. 11 Barter defensio, Quintil. 7. 1. 35.
There are other places, where ut, that, follows obliviscor and du-
bium est, where it must be explained by how, or in the order of
construction must depend on some other verb. Thus quin fol-
lows ignoro, Cic. Flacc. 27 : and nego, Liv. 40. 36 : mirum,
Plaut. Amph. 2. 2. 118: Rud. .5. 3. 37. &c. We also find
quasi for the accusative and infinitive ; e. g. illud queruntur
quasi desciscerem (Ed. Ernesti descissem) a causa, Cic. ad Div.
1. Q. 42, for me desciscere (descisse) : adsimulabo, quasi exeam,
for me exire, Terent. Eun. 3. 2. 8.
d) With certain passives, the nominative instead of the ac-
cusative of the subject is joined to the infinitive. This especially
takes place with dicor, feror, videor ; e.g. ego videoresse miser,
I seem to be unhappy, not videtur me esse miserum, though we
may translate, it seems that I am unhappy : tu videris miser
esse : pater videtur miser esse, not videtur te esse miserum, pa-
trem esse miserum : so, videmur esse miseri &c. Here the no-
minative precedes the verb videri, and therefore is not connected
with esse, which follows videri : so, videor tibi esse doctus, I
seem to thee to be learned, thou esteemest me learned : mater
videtur mini esse proba, your mother appears to me to be up-
right : videmur vobis esse docti : visus es mihi doctus : videbe-
ris mihi felix &c. It is the same with dicor and feror : ego dicor
esse felix, I am said to be happy, they say that I am happy, not
dicitur or fertur me esse felicem : tu diceris esse felix : nos di-
cimur esse felices : ego dictus sum esse felix &c. This is the
general usage. Yet we sometimes find dicitur used imper-
sonally, and followed by an accusative ; e. g. Nep. Paus. 5, di-
citur eo tempore matrem Pausanias vixisse, where, mater is more
usual and more correct : Cic. Or. 2. 74, ad quern (Themisto-
clem) quidam doctus homo accessisse dicitur, eique artem
memories pollicitum esse, se traditurum, for pollicitus : and
soon after, dixisse ilium doctorem et ei Themistoclem respon-
&c,, for ille doctor and Themistocles ; since they are both.
220 Of the Parts of t/ie Verb.
subjects to dicitur. It is probable that Cicero here imagined
that he had said dicunt instead of dicitur : yet dicitur may be
used, as in Nepos, impersonally. In Ernesti's edition, pollici-
tum is altered according to the general rule into pollicitus, but
the other accusatives remain unaltered. The following passage
seems peculiar, Cic. Off'. .'>. 17, eaquemalitia, quae vultilla qui-
dem videri, se esse prudentiam, for videri esse prudentia : but it
ceases to be peculiar, if we recollect that the order of construc-
tion is,vultillaquidem,se videri esse prudentiam : so Gell. 18.
8, we find, qui se Isocratios videri volunt : ibid. 9- 12, qui vi-
deri se esse tranquillos volunt : yet videri may be used imper-
sonally by Cicero, as elsewhere ; e. g. non mihi videtur, ad beate
vivendum satis posse virtu tern (for virtus), Cic. Tusc. 5. 5.
Such places must be noticed, that we may not misunderstand
similar instances in the ancients. Other passives also in the
ancients are followed by an infinitive with the nominative ; e. g.
pater creditur esse probus : homines existimantur esse probi :
where, however, the accusative is often used ; as, creditur pa-
trem &c., Nep. Phoc. 2, bene mereri exist imabantur : Cic. Or.
2. 66, ut exist imabatur, as was thought : credebar sanguinis
auctor, Ovid. Fast. 3. 190: cf. Trist. 3. 11. 73: voluntaria
morte interiisse creditus, Tac. Hist. 4. 67 : cf. Ann. 5. 4.
Note : Credor also means, they believe me ; e. g. credemur,
Ovid. Fast. 3. 351 : vix credar, ibid. Trist. 3. 10. 35 : also
creditus, a, um, ibid. Met. 7. 98 : Virg. jn. 2. 247. So we
find nuntior used ; e. g. adesse equites nuntiabantur, Cres. B. G.
1. 14: nuntiatus est Silitis vitam jinisse, Plin. Epist. 3. 7 : cf.
Plaut. Most. 1. 3. 76: also audior; e.g. Bibulus audiebatur
esse in Syria, Cic. Att. 5. 18. Here also the following expres-
sions may be referred : volo esse pius, cupio esse doctus, which
last is correct, for cupio, me esse doctum &c. This depends on
the rule, that the same case follows esse that precedes it ; as,
licet mihi esse felici, for felicem : licet nobis esse beatis, for
beatos.
e) The infinitive is often understood in the accusative ; as,
homines putant te doctum (sc. esse), men account thee as
Of the Parts of the Verb. 221
learned, properly, believe that thou art learned : so in the passive,
pater existimatur bonus, films inventus est malus ; where it
must not be supposed that puto, existimo, reperio, invenio &c.,
take a double accusative, and their passives a double nomina-
tive, but that esse is understood : it is the same with homo visus
est felix, sc. esse ; sorores dicta3 sunt felices, sc. esse.
f ) We also find cum, when or since, before the accusative
and infinitive ; e. g. iacere sanctiones, cum interim legem exer-
ceri, et tantam vim habere, Liv. 4. 51, for cum lex exerceretur
habeat : further, cum se non novam rem petere, Liv. 1. 35 :
yet this latter instance is not like the first, but cum would be
preferably omitted, or changed into iam.
.) Amongst those verbs which denote passions or affections,
we must note the four principal kinds, joy, sorrow, hope, fear,
a) verbs and substantives which denote joy or sorrow may be
followed not only by the accusative and infinitive, but also by
quod with the nominative, because in such instances that is
equivalent to because, e.g. gaudeo, ketor patrem vivere, and
quod pater vivit : doleo, inatrem regrotare, and quod mater regro-
tat, not vivat, aegrotet, since quod governs the indicative, [ am
rejoiced that (because) my fatner lives &c. : b) after verbs and
substantives that denote hope, the accusative and infinitive must
always be used, and never quod ; e. g. spero, or spes me tenet,
patrem esse venturum, not quod veniet, since here that is not
the same as because. Note : Verbs of hoping are always fol-
lowed by the future infinitive, when the hope refers to something
future, though in English the present be used ; as, I hope to-
morrow to see my parents, I hope to-morrow to receive the
books, must not be translated spero parentes videre, spero libros
accipere (or spe teneor, in spe sum), but spero, me visurum esse
parentes ; spero, me accepturum esse libros. Yet we some-
times find the present for the future; e. g. spero nobis profai,
Cic. Att. 1. 1 : spero te mihi ignoscere, Cic. ad Div. 1.6:
sperat, a me avellere, Ter. Eun. 3. 4. 14 : cetera spero
prolixa e.s.se, Gic. Att. 1. 1: and elsewhere; e.g. Liv. 28.
.0.5 : Virg. JEn.6. 376: c) verbs of fearing do not belong
222 Of the Parts of the Verb.
to this place : for after them, that is translated ne, and that
not, ne non, or ut ; e. g. timeo ne hostes veniant : metuo nenon
pluat, or ut pluat, that it will not rain. The accusative with
the infinitive is rare; e. g. ni cedenti instaturum (esse) alterura
timuissent, Liv. 10. 36. The infinitive also follows timeo, Ilor.
Epist. 1. 5.2: Ovid. t 3 ont. 3. 1. 119: Plin. H. N. 17. 14: so
also after metuo, Hor. Od. 2. C Z. 1 : 4. 5. 20; in both which
places metuo is used for caveo. Note : After spero we also
find 1.) ut ; e. g. qui, ut habeant, sperent, for se habituros esse,
Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 5 : so ut after spes ; e. g. consul ut ipse
foret, spes mihi certa fuit, Auson. idyll. 2. 46 : 2.) the future
participle in the nominative ; e. g. visura quamvis magnum spe-
raret (sc. Penelope) Ulyssem, Prop. 2. Q. 7 (5), for se visuram
esse.
6.
Of the Supines.
I.) Of the supine in urn we remark : a) when it should
be used : b) what it governs.
1.) It is used after verbs 10 show the view or intention with
which any thing happens, where in English to t i. e. in order to,
is used ; e.g. spectatum veniunt, Ovid. Art. i. 99, they come
to see : Nep.Them.8, Argos habit atum concessit, to live there :
Nep. Ages. 3, Ephesum hyematum exercitum reduxit, to take
their winter quarters there ; more briefly, into winter quarters :
Liv. 2. 35, in Volscos ersulatum abiit, he went to the Volscans
to pass his exile there, to live there in banishment : Plaut. Aul.
3. 3. 9, coctum ego, non vapulatum, conductus fui, I was hired
to cook, not to be beaten : Caes. B. G. 1. 30, ad Cassarem gra-
tulatum convenerunt, to congratulate him: Virg. Eel. 7. 11,
hue ipsi potum venient iuvenci, will come hither to drink:
Terent. Heaut. 1.1. 65, in Asiarn ad regem militatum abiit,
he went to Asia to be a soldier : Sail. lug. 54, exploratum mi-
sit, he sent people to look out, to bring tidings : Liv. 2. 37, non
tamen admissum quidquam ab iis criminatum venio, sed cmttum
Of the Paris of the Verb. 223
ne admittant, I do not come to accuse, but to caution Sec. :
venatum proficisci, Nep. Dat. 4, to go out to hunt : canes du-
cere venatum, Plaut. Stich. 1. 2. 28, to lead out to hunt: ire
cubitum, Cic. Rose. Am. 23, to go to bed, to go to rest.
2.) When they are followed by a case, it is the case which
their verbs govern; e. g. Nep. Eum. 3, ipse JEgyptum oppug-
natum adversus Ptolemaeum erat profectus, to attack Egypt :
Nep. Hann. 6, patriam defensum revocatus, recalled to defend
his country : Nep. Reg. 2, cum spectatum ludosiret, to see the
plays: Caes. B. G. !. 11, legates mittunt rogatum auxilium, to
ask for assistance : Liv. 28. 39, ob hagc gratias actum nos
decem legatos Saguntinus senatus populusque ad vos misit, to
give thanks : ibid, petentibus, ut Italiam spectatum irent, that
they might go to see Italy : Sail. lug. 103, Marius proficis-
citur in loca sola obsessum turrim regiam : Terent. And. 1. I.
107, Pamphilus says to Gly cerium, who went too near the fu-
neral pile, mea Glycerium quid agis? cur te is perdititm *4 why
art thou going to, i. e. why wilt thou destroy thyself? In this way
ire is often used with a supine for the future ; e. g. eunt ereptum,
Sail. lug. 85 : mihi ire opitulatum, Plaut. Cist. 1 . 1 . 39 : some-
times it is entirely superfluous ; e. g. ire habitum, for habere,
Plaut. Cist. 1.1.4: ut desistas ire oppugnatum, for oppugnare,
ibid. Bacch. 5. 2. 52 : oportet ire operam datum, ibid. Poen. 3.
1. 9: ire deiectum, Hor. Od. 1. 2. 15: non gen tern perdi-
tum iret, Liv. 32. 22 : ereptum eunt, Sail, cited above : so,
cur te is perditum ? Terent. cited above : where perdis would
have been sufficient.
Observations.
a) Instead of this supine in um, we may use the gerunds,
participles in dus and rus, or ut with a conjunctive; e. g. eo
spectatum, ad spectandum, spectandi causa, ludorum spectando-
rum causa or gratia, ad spectandos ludos, spectaturus, and ut
spectem, which are all equivalents, and all very usual. Some-
times even the infinitive is used ; e. g. Terent. Phorm. 1.2. 52,
224 Of the Parts of the Verb.
vultisne, eamus visere? which is harsh and unusual, for visuri t
visum, ut videamus, videndi causa, ad videndum, any of which
would have been correct and usual: it visere, ibid. Hec. 1. Q.
114: ibatferire, Propert. 1. 1. 12: and elsewhere; e. g. ibid.
1. 6. 34: Plaut. Most. 1. 1.63.
i
b) The supines of many verbs are never or seldom used ;
thence the use of the gerunds, participles in dus and rus, andut
with the conjunctive, is far more common.
c) According to the opinion of celebrated grammarians, the
supine in um is, properly, the accusative of a substantive of the
fourth declension, and therefore visum, spectatum &c., are for
ad visum, ad spectatum 8cc.,from the nominatives visus, specta-
tus, the seeing &c : so, eo vetiatum, for eo ad (in) venatum ;
and so the supine in u is the ablative of the same substantive.
This deserves attention ; yet it is difficult to show, how the su-
pines in um should govern the cases of their verbs, unless they
were really parts of them : we must have recourse to an ellip-
sis ; e.g. eo spectatum (quod adtinet ad) ludos.
d) It has already been noticed that the supines in um with the
passive infinitive m', are a circumlocution for the passive infinitive
future of verbs, as amatum iri, doctum iri &c.: thence they have
no change for gender or number. This is more easily conceived
by comparing the expressions eo spectatum, and spectatum iri.
II.) Of the supines in u we remark :
1.) They are generally used with adjectives which denote
quality, form &c., and serve for description, such as, easy, hard,
fine, hateful, shameful, incredible, good &c.; and sometimes
great, little &c. ; e. g. facile dictu, easy to say : difficile intel-
lectu, hard to understand : Terent. Heaut. 4. 3. 26, res factu
facilis: ibid. Hec. 3. 1. \ 5, facile estseitu: Nep. Dion. 9, fa-
cile est intellectu: Nep. Att. 15, ut difficile esset inte/lectu,
utrum &c. : Sail. lug. 9 J, locus nobis aditu difficilis, hard to
approach, hard of access: ibid. 113, tumulum facillimum visu
insidiantibus, easy to see &c. : Virg. Mn. 3. 62! , nee visufaci-
Of the Parts of the Verb. 225
/is, nee dicta adfabilis ulli : Sail. Cat. 6. 2, incredibile memo-
ratuest : Ovid. Pont. 2. 3. 4, turpe quidem dictu, shameful to
say : Cic. Verr. 1. 12, quae mihi turpia dicta videbuntur : Liv.
Prsef. fadum incept u f fadum exitu, shameful in beginning,
shameful in event: Cic. ad Div. 10.27, tu, quid optimum fact u,
sit, videbis, what is best to be done : b) after certain substan-
tives, as fas, nefas, opus ; e. g. Cic. Tusc. 5. 13, cum ipso deo,
si hoc fas est dictu, comparari potest, if this is right or no
sin to say, if one may or dare say so : Cic. Senect. 5, quia
videtis, nefas esse dictu miseram fuisse talem senectutem, that
it is not allowed, that it is wrong to say &c. : Terent. Heaut. 5.
1. 68, sed ita dictu opus est, but one must say so : c) also with
verbs to the question from what? e. g. Plaut. Men. 2. 2. 5, ob-
sonatu redeo : Cat. R. R. 5, primus cubitu surgat, he must first
rise from bed.
2.) These supines, in all probability, are no more than sub-
stantives of the third declension and ablative case, of which the
nominative and most of the other cases are defective : like the
ablative in general, they mean in, as to : facile est dictu, it is easy
in, as to, saying : factu, with respect to doing : turpe visu,
shameful as to seeing : this is proved by the place cited from
Livy; foedum inceptu, foedum exitu, since the nominative exitus
is in general use. It is also plain from fas dictu, nefas dictu &c. :
especially opus dictu, where dictu is plainly the ablative : also
after verbs, as obsonatu redeo, cubitu surgat, where a or ab is
understood to the question from what? Note : 1.) facilis and
difficilis are continually followed by the infinitive ; as, facile est
videre, it is easy to see : facile est iudicari, it is easy to be
judged : BO, facile est invenire, Cic. Fin. .20 : facile est noscere t
Terent. Ad. 5. 4. 8: facilis cor rumpi, Tac. Hist. 4. 39 : Roma
capi facilis, Lucan. 2. 656 : materia facilis in te dicta dicere,
for ad dicendum, Cic. Phil. 2. 17 : so, difficile iudicari, Nep.
Att. 16. We also find facile est adiud'icandum, e.g. Cic. Off.
3. 6 : facile est ad credendutn, Cic. Tusc. I. 14 : palmse faciles
ad scandendum, Plin. H. N. 13.4: materia facilis ad exar-
descendum, Cic. Or. 2. 45 : we also find ut; e. g.facilius est,
VOL. II. Q
226 Of the Parts of the Verb.
ut esse aliquis possit, Plin. Paneg. 44 : 2.) also instead of the
supine in u, the passive participle often follows opus est; e. g.
opus est facto, it is necessary to do, for factu : maturate, to
hasten &c. : e. g. si quid opus sit facto, Nep. Eum. 9 : prius
quam incipias, consulto (deliberation), et ubi consulueris, ma-
ture facto opus est, Sail. Cat. 1 : \ta facto et mat urato opus est,
for fieri, maturari, or factu, maturatu, Liv. 1. 58 : cur prope-
rato opus esset, Cic. Mil. 19: further, opus est tibi seivata
puella, for servare puellam, Ovid. Am. 2. 19. 1 : opus est in-
ventis minis, for inveniri minas, Plaut. Pseud. 2. 4. 42 : opus
ne est hac tibi emta ? for emere or emi, ibid. Pers. 4. 35.
7.
Of the Gerunds.
The gerund, properly, is nothing else than the neuter
of the passive participle future, which is declined
through all cases of the singular except the vocative ;
as amandum, G. amandi, D. amando, A. amandum.
Ab. amando. All verbs, even those which because they
do not govern an accusative have not an entire passive,
and therefore not an entire participle future passive,
nevertheless have the gerund. For since they retain
the third person singular through all tenses of the pas-
sive voice, though used impersonally, i. e. without a
nominative or grammatical person prefixed, they have
also the neuter of the passive participles, both perfect
and future. Further, since all the participles are used
like adjectives, so this participle, termed a gerund, is
used like adjectives when they are taken impersonally,
i. e. without a preceding nominative. As, therefore,
we say, est bonum, it is good ; so, est eundum, one
must go ; est amandurn, one must love ; est legendum,
Of the Parts of the Verb. 227
one must read. Again, as the adjective, when a sub-
ject or substantive is joined with it, agrees with it in
gender, number and case ; e. g. liber est bonus, not
bonum est liber ; so also does the gerund ; e. g. pater
est amandus, ego sum amandus, virtus est amanda, li-
bri sunt legendi &c.
Of the gerunds we make the three following obser-
vations ; 1.) by what they are governed: 2.) what
they govern : 3.) how, when joined to a substantive or
personal pronoun, as ego, tu, or an adjective used sub-
stantively, as bonum, malum evil, mala &e., they are
changed for the entire passive participle future, of
which they are a part.
I.) The gerunds are governed like adjectives of the
neuter gender, when they stand without a substantive ;
e. g. Nom. eundum est, one must go, since est is united
to a nominative, in the same way as we say bonum est,
or est bonum, it is good : if we wish to express the
person who must go, it is put in the dative ; as, est
eundum (amandum) mihi, tibi, patri, nobis &c., I, thou,
my father, we c., must go : for which a me, a te &c.,
are rarely used. In the English we are obliged to
translate these expressions personally, and in the ac-
tive voice, because the passive impersonal is not agree-
able to our language : but the more literal sense and
construction with the dative is seen in such expres-
sions as, pater amandus est illi, for ab illo, his father
must be loved by him ; non cernitur ulli y for ab ullo.
Gen. eundi, amandi, are governed by the same sub-
stantives which in other instances govern a genitive ;
e. g. as we say, cupidus rei, desirous of a thing, mali
Q2
228 Of the Parts of the Verb.
of evil ; so we say, cupidus eundi, amandi, scribendi,
desirous of going, loving, writing : and as we say cu-
piditas mali, desire of evil ; cupiditas rei, desire of
any thing ; occasio rei, occasion of any thing : so cu-
piditas eundi, scribendi &c., desire of going, writing ;
occasio scribendi, discendi, opportunity of writing,
learning &c. : tempus eundi, legendi, docendi, time of
going, reading, teaching : as we say, temporis causa,
for the sake of time &c. : so, petendi causa, for the sake
of asking. It is the same with all the cases ; as Dat.
par oner I : so, par ferendo, equal to bearing it, capable
of bearing it, because par governs a dative : Accus. im-
pello te ad virtutem : so, impelio te ad scribendum, le-
gendum c. To this belongs the so-named accusative
with t le infinitive, where, however, the accusative of
the subject fails ; as puto, esse bormm, I think that it
is good : so, puto, esse scribendum, legendum &c., I
think that I must write, read &c., or that one must &c. ;
where esse is often omitted : thus putavi bonum (sc.
esse), so scribendum putavi. The ablative is used to
the question through or with what ? as, delector vir-
tute, bono &c. ; so, delector legendo, I am delighted
with reading : as we say, in bono, in good ; in virtute,
in virtue ; so, in legendo, in reading ; in amando, in
loving &c. As we say, versor in literis, I am occupied
in study ; so, versor in legendo, discendo, I am occu-
pied in reading, learning &c. : avocare aliquem a bono,
from good ; a virtute, from virtue ; so, a discendo, from
learning.
II.) The gerunds, since they are parts of their verbs,
govern the same cases as their verbs do ; since the
case which any verb governs is governed by all its
Of the Parts of the Verb. 229
parts : 1 .) the gerund in dum, as a nominative : est par-
cendum homini, one must spare man, or man must be
spared : studendum est literis, one must give attention
to literature, or literature must be attended to : uten-
dum est tempore, one must use time, or time must be
used. In the same manner we might say, amandum
est virtutem, est petendum pacem ; but here the gerund
is not usual, but we rather say, virtus est amanda, pax
est petenda, virtue must be loved, peace must be
sought ; since these verbs have an entire passive, and
consequently an entire passive participle future, with
three terminations ; on this very account indeed, be-
cause they govern an accusative. It is the same with
all verbs which govern an accusative ; as, liber est le-
gendus, not est legendum librum &c. The person by
whom any thing must be done, as we before remarked,
is put in the dative ; as, mini utendum est tempore,
time must be used by me ; or actively, I must make use
of time : so also, virtus est amanda mihi. 2.) The ge-
rund in di as a genitive ; e. g. sum cupidus discendi li-
teras, scribendi epistolam, parcendi inimicis, utendi tem-
pore : est tempus scribendi literas, studendi literis, fru-
emh voluptate &c. 3.) The gerund in do as a dative ;
par sum ferendo onus, parcendo inimicis, sum aptus
utenda occasione &c. 4.) The gerund in dum as an ac-
cusative j impello te adscribendum epistolam, ad discen-
dum liter as, ad parcendum inimicis, ad studendum literis,
ad utendum occasione &c. 5.) The gerund in do as an
ablative ; discendo literas sapientiores reddimur, by
acquiring knowledge we are made wiser : in amando
virtutem est suavitas, in loving virtue &c. : parcendo
inimicis nos prsestamus humanos, by sparing our ene-
mies we show ourselves &c. : utendo occasione, by
230 Of the Parts of the Verb.
making use of an opportunity : fruendo voluptate, by
enjoying pleasure : in fruendo voluptate, in enjoying
pleasure : a discendo literas avocare, from acquiring
knowledge : a parcendo inimicis, from sparing one's
enemies : a fruendo voluptate, from enjoying pleasure :
and so throughout. All the preceding instances are
correct, and often occur in the ancients : yet of verbs
which govern an accusative, when the gerund would
be followed by a substantive, the gerund is changed
into the participle in dus, which agrees with the sub-
stantive in gender and number, whilst the substantive
is put in the case of the gerund, as will be noticed
hereafter.
III.) The gerund, when it was accompanied by a
substantive, was most usually exchanged by the an-
cients for the passive participle future in dus, when it
was possible ; that is, when there was an entire parti-
ciple, or in other words, when the verb governed an
accusative ; e. g. amo, doceo, lego, iuvo, sequor &c.
The change takes place as follows : the substantive or
pronoun, which would have been governed by the ge-
rund, must be put in the same case as the gerund
would have been; whilst the gerund must be turned
into the participle in dus, and as usual, agree with
the substantive in gender, number and case ; e. g. for
amandum est virtutem, scribendum est literas, legendum
est librum, we must say, virtus est amanda, liters sunt
scribenda, liber est legendus : so also libri sunt legendi,
not legendum est libros. For sum cupidus discendi literas,
scribendi epistolam* we say, sum cupidus Uterarum dis-
cendarum, scribendce epistolce &c. : for sum ^vferendo
onus, we say, sum pwrferendo oneri : for impellimur
Of the Parts of the Verb. 23 1
ad amandum virtutem, ad colendum literas, we say, im-
pellimur ad virtutem amandam, ad liter as colendas : for
discendo linguam, discendo artes, in discendo linguam, in
scribendo epistolam, we say, lingua discenda, artibus
discendis, in lingua discenda, in scribenda epistola, and
so in all instances. On the contrary, after the verbs
which do not govern an accusative, as parco, persuadeo,
utor, fruor &c., this change does not take place, since
they have not the entire participle, but only the neuter
gender, or, what is the same thing, the gerund. In such
instances therefore the gerund must be retained ; e. g.
we must say, Nom. parcendurn est inimicis, we must
spare our enemies, not inimici sunt parcendi : so, uten-
dum est tempore, fruendum est voluptate &c. : Gen.
sum cupidus parcendi inimicis, I am desirous of spa-
ring my enemies, not parcendorum inimicorum : so,
utendi tempore, fruendi voluptatibus &c. : Dai. aptus
sum parcendo inimicis, utendo occasione, not inimicis
parcendis, occasioni utendae : Accus. impellimur ad
parcendum inimicis, ad recte utendum tempore &c.,
not ad inimicos parcendos, ad tempus recte utendum
&c. : Ablat. parcendo inimicis, by sparing one's ene-
mies, not inimicis parcendis : so, recte utendo occa-
sione, by rightly using an opportunity, not recte occa-
sione utenda : so, in parcendo inimicis, in utendo oc-
casione, in fruendo voluptatibus, not in parcendis ini-
micis, in occasione utenda, in voluptatibus fruendis.
This is the rule : yet we often meet with exceptions ;
e. g. utendus, a, urn, fruendus, a, um, fungendus, a,
urn, with a substantive in the same case.
232 Of the I'tn-taofl/ie Verb.
Observations.
1.) When the gerund of verbs which govern an accusative is
in the abovementioned manner changed into a participle, this
usage must not merely be called more elegant, but more com-
mon ; since the ancients always prefer the participle to the
gerund. Yet the use of the gerund in such verbs, except in the
nominative, is not only not incorrect, but not altogether uncom-
mon ; e. g. Nep. Themist. 2, maritimos pr&dones comectando
mare tutum reddidit ; where he might have said maritimis pr&-
donibus consectandis : so also Sail. lug. 85. 2, eoruin fortia
f act a memoranda : Cic. ad Div. 5. 17, neque ad levandumfor-
tunam tuam, for levandam : Cic. Cat. 3.8, ad placandum deos,
for placandos : and especially in Livy, the gerund is often used
for the participle. Sometimes even when the participle might be
used, the gerund is preferable for the sake of perspicuity ; e. g.
sum cupidus multa discendi, hoc faciendi must be used, and not
multorum discendorum, huius faciendi; since multorum and hu-
ius might be taken for masculines ; and it is the same with ad-
jectives and pronouns of the neuter gender: Cic. invent. 1.25,
consilium est aliquid faciendi autnonyacze/zdiexcogitata ratio :
Cic. Or. 2. 38, traderet artem bene disserendi et vera ac falsa
diiudicandi. But the nominative of the gerund is rarely used
for the participle ; e. g. amandum est virtutem, deum &c., for
amanda est virtus, amandus est deus &c. ; or discendum est li-
teras, for discenda3 sunt literae : yet we find some instances ;
e. g. canes potius acres paucos habendum, quam multos, Varr.
R. R. 1. 2, for canes multi habendi pauci : mihi agi-
tandum est vigilias, for agitandae sunt vigilia3, Plaut. Trin. 4. 2.
27 : multa nobis clarandum est, Lucret. 4. 779, for claranda
sunt: multa cum sit agendum, ibid. 1. 139 : and elsewhere :
also Virg. ^En. 1 1. 230, pacem a rege petendum, as Serviusand
Donatus read ; yet Burmann and Heyne prefer petendam. Peri-
zonius ad Sanct. JVJin. p. 128, also adduces, Cic. Senect. 2,
quam (sc. viam) nobis ingrediendum sit : but though Cicero
might correctly have said qua? nobis ingredienda sit, since u^-,
Of the Paris of the Verb. 233
gredi on account of its preposition takes an accusative, the other
is equally correct ; because he considers ingredi as an intransi-
tive, and the accusative to be governed by the preposition in.
Verbs compounded of prepositions which govern an accusative,
should not be alleged as examples, particularly if the simple verb
be an intransitive, i. e. do not govern an accusative.
2.) Both after the gerund, viz. when it is the gerund of ne-
cessity, i. e. is used impersonally in the nominative with est, sit
8cc., or in the accusative with esse, fuisse &c., and also after
the passive participle future in dus, the person by whom some-
thing must be done, or who is to do any thing, is put in the da-
tive ; e. g. scribendum est mihi, I must write, not a me: literse
sunt scribendae mihi, not a me : and so generally. Yet we some-
times find a, particularly when perspicuity requires it; e.g.
Cic. Manil. 2, aguntur bona civium, quibus est a vobis con-
sulendum, for which you must provide : here a perhaps was ne-
cessary, otherwise we might have translated, which must provide
for you. We must not, therefore, when it would occasion ob-
scurity, say mihi est parcendum hostibus, but a me, otherwise
it might be translated, the enemy must spare me. Also a is often
used in other instances ; e. g. ne forte a vobis contemnenda
videantur, Cic. Manil. 18. It appears then that the reason above
assigned is unfounded, and that we may indifferently say mihi
or a me &c. : yet the dative is far more common : thus Cic. Or.
1. 23, gerendus est tibi mos adolescentibus.
3.) Even of some verbs which do not govern an accusative
we find the participle for the gerund ; e.g. of fruor, utor, fungor
&c. : a) utor; e. g. Cic. Verr. 2. 18, huic iieraclio omnia
utenda et possidenda tradiderat, for ad utendum : Cic. Tusc. 3.
17, quod utendum acceperis, reddidisse : Terent. Heaut. I. 1.
8 1 , ad hfEC utenda : Plant. Men. 4. 2. 94, illam utendam
dedi : ibid. Aul. 1. 2. 18, utenda vasa: and elsewhere; e. g.
ibid. 2. Q. 4 : ibid. Pers. 1. 3. 96 : Mil. 2. 3. 76 : Ovid. Art.
1. 433 : b) fruor ; e. g. Cic. Off. 1. 30, diligenter ei tenendum
esse eiusfruendte modum, for fruendi ea : so,fruenda sapientia,
Cic. Fin. 1. 1 : ad quem f mend um, Cic, Senect. 16 -.fades ista
234 Of the Parts of the Verb.
fruenda mini, Ovid. Her. 20. 119: c) fungor; e.g. Cic. Tusc.
3. 7, non e?t probe adfectus ad suum munus fungendum t for
ad fungendum munere suo : omni munere fun gendo, Cic. Alt.
3.1, where also it may be the gerund : militia fungenda, Liv.
24. 21. The cause perhaps is, that these verbs are also found
with an accusative, as has already been noticed in the proper
place.
4.) Of the gerund in di, or the genitive, we have something
further to remark :
a) We sometimes find instead of the case of its verb a geni-
tive in the plural number ; e. g. Cic. Invent. 2. 2, ex maiore
enim copia nobis, quam illi, fuit ejcemplorum eligendi potestas ;
where, properly, it should either have been exempla or eligen-
dorum : Cic. Phil. 5.3, agitur utrum Antonio facultas detur
diripienda3 urbis, agrorum suis latronibus condonandi; where
agros or condonandorum should be expressed : Suet. Aug. 98,
permissa, imo exacta, iocandi licentia, diripiendic[ue pomorum,
et obsoniorum rerum<\ue missilium: Plaut. Capt. 4. 2. 72, no-
minandi tibi istorum (neut. gend.) erit magis, quam edundi co-
pia, i. e. thou wilt here have rather the opportunity of naming
than of eating those things, for ista. These genitives must be
explained by respectu, ratione, in negotio, with respect to, un-
less they rather be considered as incorrect. Perhaps Cicero in-
tended to write exemplorum eligendorum ; but actually put eli-
gendi, from imagining that he had used exempla. Further, here
in a certain degree belongs the plural genitive sui, with the ge-
rund in di\ as Ca3s. B. G. 4. 13, in castra venerunt, simul
sui purgandi causa, for the sake of excusing themselves : Cic.
Div. 2. 1 7, doleo tantam Stoicos vestros Epicureis irridendi sui
facultatem dedisse : so, vestri adhortandi, Liv. 21. 41, non ve-
reor, ne quis me hoc vestri adhortandi causa magnifice loqui
existimet. It would perhaps have been more usual to put vos
for vestri, and se for sui.
b) Instead of the gerund in di, sometimes we find the prepo-
sition ad with its case; e. g. Cic. Font. 14, quod si aut, quan-
Of the Parts of the Verb. 235
tarn voluntatem habent ad hunc opprimendum, for voluntatem
opprimendi : Cic. Manil. 2, alter lacessitus occasionem sibi ad
occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur, for occasionem oc-
cupanda3 Asia? or occupandi Asiam : so, occasiones ad opitu-
landum habere, Cic. ad Div. 10. 8. Plane, for opitulandi : so
also after tempus ; e. g. speculators omnia visendi, et Scipioad
comparanda ea, qua3 in rem erant, tempus habuit, Liv. 30. 4,
where the double construction visendi and ad comparanda is re-
mark able.
c) Instead of the gerund in di after certain substantives we
find the infinitive ; e. g. Nep. Lys. 3, in quo dolore incensus
iniit consilia reges Laceda3moniorum tollere, for tollendi : Cic.
Att. 14. 13, consilium cepi legari ab Ca?sare : Plaut. Capt. 2.
3. 64, mine adest occasio benefacta cumulare, for cumulan di :
particularly after tempus ; Nep. Hann. 13, sed nunc tempus est
huius \\br\facere finem, for faciendi I: Cic. Or. 2. 42, tempus
esset iam de ordine argumentorum et de collocatione aliquid
dicere: Cic. Top. I, sed iam tempus est ad id, quodinstituimus,
accedere: Liv. 6. 18, tempus est iam maiora conari : so, cor-
pora curare tempus est, Liv. 21. 54: and elsewhere ; e.g. Virg.
^n. 6. 46 : Colum. 11.2. 40, 79 : Plaut. Asin. 5. 2. 62. Tem-
pus est is also followed by the accusative with the infinitive ;
e.g. with passives, tempus estremincipi orjieri; and with other
words, as tempus est patrem venire : nor indeed could the ge-
rund be used in these instances : we ought, therefore, not to he-
sitate in such cases to use the accusative with the infinitive after
tempus est : Virg. ^En. 5. 630, tempus (est) agi res : tempus
esse id iam agi, ut bellum in Hispania finiretur, Liv. 25, cited
by Gronovius ad Liv. 6. 18: tempus est iam hinc abire me,
Cic. Tusc. 1.41. Note: Sometimes the infinitive is used by
the ancients, even when the end or cause is denoted, where
properly the gerund in di with causa, or the gerund in dum with
ad, or the supine, or ut with the conjunctive, should be used;
e. g. Ter. Hec. 3. 2. 10, films tuus introiit lidere, for visum,
ad videndum, ~cidendi causa, ut videret : so, it visere, ibid. Hec.
1. 2. Ill : eamus viwe, Ibid. Phorm. 1. 2. 52 : abi qnarcre,
23G Of the Parts of the Verb.
Plaut. Cist. 2. 1. 26 : atrrit arcessere, ibid. Asin. 5. 2. 6, and
elsewhere ; e. g. ibid. Cure. 1. 3. 50 : Most. 1. 1.63 : Prop. 1.
12 : 1. 6. 34 : Gell. 6. 9. Sometimes also the infinitive is used
for ad with the gerund in dum, or also for ut\ e.g. Nep. Phoc.
1, legatique hortarentur accipere, for ad accipiendam, or ut ac-
cioeret, sc. pecuniam. The following passages are peculiar:
Piaut. Aul. 2. 5. 15, neoperam perdas poscere, for in poscetido:
ibid. Epid. 2. 2. 13, quern sum fessus quarere, whom i am tired
of seeking, for in qua^rendo, or quasrendo. We also find wJfor
the gerund in di\ e. g. after cOnsilium, Cic. ad Div. 2. 16 : Cic.
Att. 7. 16: Cic. Verr. 1. 54: after occasio, Plaut. Epid. 5. 1.
38: Cic. Partit. 8 : after tempus est, Plaut. Mil. 1. 1. 72.
8.
Of the Use of the Participles.
The use of the participles, which many reckon a
great elegance, though they only serve for concise ex-
pression, is generally a difficult subject to learners, be-
cause they are not acquainted with them soon enough,
nor accustomed to consider them as adjectives. We
remark of them, in general, as follows : a) in order
that a verb may be turned into a participle, it is always
necessary that there should be two sentences, which
are so closely connected together, that the one expresses
the cause or consequence of the other, or in some way
defines its time or preliminary condition upon which
it is to take place, or at least is an explanation of the
other. The definition of the time is expressed by the
particles when, since, after &c. (cum, quando, post-
quam, ubi &c.), the definition of the condition by if (si),
and the explanation by the pronoun who or which ;
e. g. when I sleep, then I do not write : here are two
Of the Parts of the Verb. 237
sentences, I sleep, and I write not, of which one de-
pends on the other. ' So also, when the enemy were
conquered, they fled (or we pursued) : here are two
sentences, the enemy conquered, and they fled (or we
pursued) : of which the second follows from the first,
or the first is the cause of the second. Further, I love
the men, which God loves : here are two sentences, I
love the men, and which God loves ; and the latter is
a definition, or explanation, viz. of the word men.
b) Here it may be inquired, which sentence should be
changed into a participle : we answer, that which in
the order of time was first conceived ; or, what is the
same thing, that to which the terms of definition or ex-
planation, which, when, since, after, because &c., are
prefixed ; e. g. in the words, I love the men which
God loves, the sentence, which God loves, is changed
into a participle. On the contrary, when the enemy
were conquered, they fled ; the former sentence is ex-
pressed by a participle. Thus also, I rejoice, when I
see you ; here the latter sentence is expressed by the
participle, c) The participle must remain in the same
tense as the verb for which it is substituted ; e. g. the
present remains a present &c. Yet the active participle
present may always be used to express the imperfect,
when no obscurity can be apprehended ; and the per-
fect participle of the passive or deponent verb, may
always express the pluperfect, if no ambiguity will
arise. On the other hand we have no perfect participle
active, nor present participle passive ; and therefore
these tenses cannot be expressed by the participle :
e.g. homo, qul a deo amatur, est felix, must remain un-
altered ; since there is no participle corresponding to
amatur, we must have recourse to a deponent, homo
Of the Paris oj the Verb.
fruens amore del c. So also filius, qui patrem ama-
vit, cannot be expressed by a participle, unless we take
a deponent ; as, filius complexus amore patrem &c.
d) Participles, like adjectives, agree with substantives
and personal pronouns, i. e. ego, tu &c., in gender,
number, and case : we must therefore first consider the
substantive with which it agrees, and attend to its cor-
rect use, before we determine the participle, e) When
both sentences have the same subject ; e. g. the man is
prosperous, who loves God; or, when my father writes,
he does not speak ; the usage is clear : then the sub-
ject remains in its proper case, and the participle
agrees with it: but if they have different subjects, the
participle with its subject is put in the ablative ; as,
when my father writes, I read, patre scribente, ego lego.
Hence the connection of the two sentences is twofold ;
they either have one common subject, or each has its
separate subject.
I.) Of the participle, when both sentences have one
common subject ; e. g. when my father writes, he does
not read ; where the person who writes, and does not
read, is the same, we remark
L) The participle is used instead of qui, qua3, quod, and the
verb which agrees with it ; e. g. for homo, qui deum amat, est
felix, we say, homo, amans deum, est felix ; and so through all
cases : for felicitas hominis, qui deum amat, estmagna, we say,
felicitas hominis, deum amautis, estmagna: for homimm, qui
amat literas, amo, we say, hominem amantem Sec. : for homine,
qui literas amat, libenter utor, we say, homine amante Sic. : so,
homines amantes, legentes Sec., for homines qui amant, legunt,
or qui amabant, legebant. So in the imperfect ; e. g. for nemi-
nem, qui turn vivebat, videbam, we may say. neminem turn vi-
Of the Parts of the Verb. 239
venteni : so also in the future, for latrones, qui fratrem occi-
suvi erant, impedivi, we may say, latrones occisuros &c.
Observations.
a) If is, ea, id, occur with or without a substantive, when it
is equivalent to the article the, and does not refer to what pre-
cedes, it must be omitted as being expressed in the participle ;
e. g. for amo eos homines, qui deum amant, I love the men &c.,
we say amo homines, amantes deum : for amo eos, qui deum
amant, we say, amo amantes deum. Further, for felix est is,
qui deum amat, we say, felix est deum amans : forfelicitas eius
qui deum amat, est magna, the happiness of the man 6cc., we
say, felicitas amantis deum 8tc. Thus we may not say utor iis
amantibus deum, I associate with those who love God, but utor
amantibus &c. But if is, ea, id, be translated by the pronoun
he, she See., and refer to something that precedes, it must not
be omitted ; e. g. if we say, where is thy brother ? him, who
loves us so much, I have long missed ; ubi est frater tuus ? eum
amantem nos tantopere diu desideravi : also hostes fugati sunt :
eosfugient.es persecuti sumus, them, when they fled &c. Yet
we may often omit it without injuring perspicuity ; as in the ex-
ample above, hostes fugati sunt, fugientes persecuti sumus :
where, however, eos must be understood, and may be easily
supplied from the context.
b) The following instances, homo, qui a deo amatur, est fe-
lix; homo, qui deum amavit ; is, qui a deo amatur; is, qui
deum amavit ; cannot be expressed by a participle, because the
passive has no participle present, nor the active a participle per-
fect. If a participle must be used, we must find an equivalent
deponent; e. g. amore alicuius frui, for amari ; amore aliquem
complecti, for amare; and then we may say, homo dei amore
fruens est felix, for homo, qui a deo amatur &c., and homo deum
amore complexus, for homo, qui deum amavit &c. In general,
the deponents may most readily be used in the participle, since
they have participles of all tenses.
240 Of the Parts of the Verb.
2.) Sometimes the participle is used for the verb with si and
quia; but only when these participles may be interchanged
with qui, quce, quod, poslquam, cum when or since, dum whilst;
that is, when the sense remains unaltered, the participle may be
explained by which, because, since, after that ; but otherwise
the participle must not be used, since it would occasion obscu-
rity; e. g. for homo, si deum amat, estfelix, or homo quia deum
amat, est felix, we may say, homo deum amans est felix : here
si and quia may be interchanged with qui ; and there is no great
difference whether we say, the man is happy if he loves God,
because he loves God, or who loves God. But si and quia
cannot always be changed into a participle, since they cannot
always be interchanged with qui ; e. g. homo, si crederet virtu-
tern esse pulchram,ei studeret, could not properly be changed into
homo credetis &c. Further, it is indifferent whether we say
homo, si deum amat, est felix; si homo deum amat, est felix ;
homo, quia deum amat, est felix ; quia homo deum amat, est
felix; therefore the English, if the man love God, he is happy,
because the man loves God, he is happy, may be alike trans-
lated, homo deum amans, est felix, since it makes no difference
which sentence actually precedes. It is the same with qui :
whether we say felix est is, qui deum amat, or qui deum amat,
est felix : we may therefore substitute for both, deum amans est
felix, or felix est deum amans : Cic. Oft*. 2. 7, Dionysius cul-
tros met uens tonsorios sibi adurebat capillum, because he
feared, since he feared Sic. : Nep. Alcib. 7, nam corruptum (il-
ium) a rege capere Cymen noluisse &c.,i. e. corrupted, because
he was corrupted, after that he was corrupted &c.
3.) The participle is also used for the particles dum whilst,
cum when or since, posteaquam after that, and other particles
denoting time, as ut when, ubi when &c. But they must al-
ways be such as may be interchanged with qui, at least pro-
bably ; that is, the participle which is used instead of these par-
ticles must admit of being translated by which, without remark-
ably altering the sense; e. g. for pater, dum loquebatur, morie-
batur, we say, pater loquens moriebatur, since we may here sup-
Of the Parts of the Verb. 241
pose, pater, qui loquebatur, moriebatur, the father, who was
speaking &c. For gaudeo, cum (quando) te video, when I see
you, we may say, gaudeo te videns, which also may be trans-
lated, I, who see you, rejoice. For pater, posteaqaam mortuus
erat, sepeliebatur, we may say, pater mortuus sepeliebatur; pro-
perly, the father, who &c. In general it is indifferent whether
we say pater dum loquebatur, moriebatur, or dum pater loque-
batur, moriebatur, for the subject pater belongs to both sen-
tences : we may therefore change the words dum pater loqueba-
tur, moriebatur, into pater loquens moriebatur. It is the same
with pater, posteaquam mortuus erat, sepeliebatur, and postea-
quam pater mortuus erat, sepeliebatur, which are in all respects
equivalent : instead therefore of posteaquam pater mortuus erat
&c., we may say, pater mortuus &c. In the same way we may
often put although instead of whilst, which, since &c. : we may
therefore use a participle ; e. g. you speak, though you do not
understand, loqueris non intelligens : Cic. Or. 2. 3, quern ego
toties tentans ad clisputandum elicere non potui, for quamquam
or cum : risus ita repente erumpat, ut eum cupientes tenere, ne-
queamus, ibid. 58, i.e. quamquam, licet &c. : ingratus est
civis, qui armorurn periculo liber aim animum tamen retinet
armatum, Cic. Marc. 10, i. e. etsi, or posteaquam, or cum li-
beratus sit.
Note : Posteaquam in the active voice cannot be expressed
by a participle of the perfect or pluperfect, since there is none ;
e. g. after I had read the book, I sent it back : we must there-
fore turn the first sentence into the passive form; either thus,
after the book was read by me &c. ; where there are two differ-
ent subjects, and the ablative must be used, as will be noticed
num. II ; or thus, the book, after it was read by me, I sent back ;
where we can use a participle, as, librum a me lectum remisi,
or librum lectum, without a me, which may be readily under-
stood : and thus in other instances. The learner should be ac-
customed to arrange sentences in various forms, either active or
passive, but so that the sense may remain unaltered : he should
also learn to translate the participle in various ways without
VOL. II. K
242 Of the Parts oj the Verb.
altering the sense. It is the same with qui ; e. g. librum, quern
emisti, nonduni vidi, the book which you have bought, I have
not yet seen : here we cannot directly use a participle : but in-
stead we suppose liber, qui a te emtus est, nonduni vidi, and
then we have a participle ; as, librum a te emtum nondum vidi :
and so in other instances.
4.) We may often use a participle instead of et and a verb
But this only happens when it may be interchanged with dum,
postquam, or similar particles ; e. g. he read the book and died,
legens librum moriebatur, i. e. whilst he was reading &c. Fur-
ther, he read the book and sent it back, librum lectum remisit,
properly, the book which had been read by him, which he had
read, he sent back : Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 49, grues, cum loca ca-
lidiora petentes maria transmittant, trianguli efficere formam,
for cum petarit et transmittant : or also for durn or cum pe-
tant : cum triginta tyranni plurimorum bona publicata inter se
divisissent, Nep. Thras. 1, i. e. cum bona publicassent et
divisissent : but, properly, for cum bona, postquam (ea) publicata
erant (or postquam publicaverant) divisissent. And so nu-
merous passages may and must be explained, particularly in
Livy, if we would translate perspicuously. But this usage does
not apply generally, since it would be unintelligible to translate,
he eats and drinks, edit bibens, oredens bibit: he neither dances
nor sings, non saltans non canit&c. Sometimes we must trans-
late the participle by but instead of and; e. g. qui re consen-
tientes, vocabulis differebant, who agreed about things, but dif-
fered about names, or who, when they agreed &c.
II.) Of the participle, when the two sentences have
different subjects, we observe : that when the two sen-
tences are so united that each has its own proper and
distinct subject, the sentence which is first conceived,
or to which are prefixed the particles denoting time,
when, whilst, since, after that c., cum, quando, ubi,
nt, postquam c., because, when it is the same as when
Of the Parts of the Verb. 243
or since, although, when it may be interchanged with
since, whilst, when &c., must be expressed by the sub-
ject in the ablative, and the participle agreeing with
it ; that is, if a participle be used at all, since it is al-
ways arbitrary, whether or no a participle shall be
used. This ablative is commonly called the ablative
absolute ; e. g. for dum ego scribebarn, pater morieba-
tur, we may say, me scribente, pater moriebatur, since
here there are two sentences, of which each has its
distinct subject : the first, 1, the second, my father. So
for gaudeo, cum venis, I rejoice when thou comest, we
may say, gaudeo te veniente, since these two sentences
have also distinct subjects. Again, for postquam pater
profectus est, venerunt ad me amici, we say, patre pro-
fecto venerunt c. For here also are two sentences
with two entirely different subjects, in the first pater,
in the last amid. But if the expression were postquam
pater profectus est, non scripsit, the nominative pater
remains, and we must say, pater profectus, non scrip-
sit, because pater belongs to both subjects. To explain
the matter clearly, and .show when the ablative must
be used, and when the nominative retained, we shall
give the two following examples : 1.) sol oriens fugat
stellas, when the sun rises it puts to flight the stars, or,
what is the same thing, the sun, when it rises, puts to
flight the stars ; here sol and oriens must remain in the
nominative, because the same that rises, i. e. the sun,
also puts to flight the stars : where sole oriente would
be unintelligible, because then fugat would have no
nominative or subject : on the contrary, we must say,
sole oriente Stellas fugiunt, when the sun rises, the
stars fly away, because here are two different subjects,
the sun and the stars ; the sun rises, and the stars fly
n 2
244 Of the Parts of the Verb.
away : 2.) sol ortus lucet, when tlie sun has risen, it
shines : what has risen ? the sun ; what shines ?
the same sun ; therefore the nominative is retained.
On the contrary, we say, sole orto lego, when the sun
has risen, I read : what has risen ? the sun ; who reads?
I. Here then are two different subjects, and therefore
the ablative is necessary. We here remark : a) that
sometimes for conciseness we may turn this ablative
absolute into another case, which will depend on a
noun, preposition, or another verb ; e. g. postquam pa-
ter mortuus erat, eius libros vendidimus : this we will
first turn into the ablative ; patre mortuo, eius libros
vendidimus ; next more concisely, patris mortui libros
vendidimus : here eius is omitted, and the ablative
changed into its case : but it must properly be thus ex-
plained, libros patris, postquam or qui mortuus erat,
vendidimus, the books of my father, after he was dead,
we sold ; which is equivalent to, after my father was
dead, we sold his books. Also postquam pater mor-
tuus est, eum sepelivimus, we first change into patre
mortuo, eum sepelivimus ; next into patrem mortuum
sepelivimus ; which properly means, we buried my
father after he was dead, or my father who was dead ;
and is equivalent to, after my father was dead, we
buried him. Hence appears how simple is the use of
the participles, if their equivalence to qui and the verb
be previously and correctly apprehended, b) The
transitive or active, if we wish to use the participle,
must often be changed into a passive ; e. g. after I had
seen thee, I departed, te viso abii, properly, after thou
wast seen (by me) : so, viso lupo oves fugerunt, the
sheep fled, when they had seen the wolf; properly,
after the wolf was seen (by them) ; where ab iis is
Of the Parts of the Verb. 245
omitted, because it may be readily supplied. This also
occurs with the future perfect ; e. g. when I shall have
read the book, I will send it to you, libro lecto eum
tibi mittam, or more concisely, librum lectum tibi mit-
tam. We make the same change when qui is put in
the accusative ; e. g. liber, quern emisti, mihi placuit,
from which we form liber a te emtus mihi placuit : so,
for hominem, quern tu vidisti, ego non vidi, we say,
hominem a te visum, ego non vidi.
Observation.
Of the participles in general we remark as follows :
1.) The learner must be accustomed to translate them in va-
rious ways, since if they are always expressed by some fixed
form, there is a want of perspicuity and correctness. Thus
they may often be translated as substantives ; e. g. videns pa~
trem ibam, at the sight of my father I went ; and in the same
way, viso patre ibam, may be translated : so, viso lupo fugerunt
oves, at the sight of the wolf the sheep fled : we may therefore
imitate this and say, at the sight of the city, of the books, I re-
joiced, videns urbem, libros, gaudebam, or visa urbe, visislibris
&c. : gratiam tibi etiam mortuo habebo, I will thank you even
after your death : Cic. Fin. 2. 22, quis Aristidem non mortuum
diligit ? i. e. posteius mortem: further, abi bat, meum ad ventum
non exspectans, or meo adventu non exspectato, that is, with-
out waiting my arrival : flebat, non dicens causam, without men-
tioning the reason. So also, in consideranda hac re, may be
translated, in the consideration of this matter, as if it were, in
consideratione huius rei ; for which we may also say, conside-
rans hanc rem &c. Further, moriens dicebat mihi, at his death
he said to me : morienti illi dicebam, I said to him at his death :
redeuntem patrem excepi, I received my father at his return :
moriente illo flebam, at his death I wept : mortuo Alexandro
246 Of the Paris of I he Verb.
I'lolcnueus JEgyptum occupavit, after Alexander's death &,c. It
may sometimes be translated by and : legens librum ridebat, he
read the book and laughed : lecto libro scribebat, he read the
book and wrote : lectum iibrum remisi, 1 read the book and
sent it back : videns gaudebam, I saw and rejoiced. Yet all
these instances must be referred to the particles cum, dum, post-
quam, or qui, and admit an explanation by these means. Some-
limes the participle may be retained in the translation, and even
must be used for conciseness; e. g. librum a te scriptum non
legi, I have not read the book written by you.
2.) Two or more participles in the same case cannot correctly
come together without the conjunctions et, ac &c. For each
participle demands a personal verb, upon which it depends. But
two participles connected by et may be considered as one, and
referred to one personal verb; e. g. hac re visa efaudita abii :
urbe pugnata et civibus captis, exercitus reverti iussus est. But
two participles in different cases are continually used without
et; e. g. libris lectis videns, me non alios habere, valde dolui,
after I read the books, and saw that I had no others, I was very
much grieved ; where et videns would be incorrect : it properly
means, when I, after the books had been read by me, saw&c. :
videns and dolui are connected : Cass. B. G. 4. C 25, atque, nos-
tris militibus cunctantibus, contestatus deos inq nit, when
our soldiers delayed, he called the Gods to witness, and said ;
or, after he had called the Gods to witness, he said : Liv. 1.15,
itaque non c astris positis, non exspectato hostium exercitu f rap-
tarn ex agris prasdam portantes, Veios rediere, without first
pitching their camp, and without waiting for the enemy, they
carried the booty which they had plundered from the fields, and
returned to Veii.
Note : Here also two participles are used in the same case,
non castris positis, non exspectato exercitu : the reason is, that
et. is understood, which is allowable and common in emphatical
and passionate passages : though properly it should have been
expressed. Similar instances are often found.
Of the Parts of the Verb. 247
3.) The participles are not always in use, though they might
be formed analogically ; e. g. ignoturus ; dans, fans, in the no-
minative, though regularly formed, do not occur. Thus sciens
is seldom used but as an adjective, knowing, aware of : so ne-
sciens is used adjectively, not knowing, unawares ; e. g. feci hoc
sciens, I have done this with knowledge : feci insciens, I have
done it without knowing, ignorantly : but we rarely find feci
hoc, sciens rem ita se habere, I did it, because I knew &c. :
but in preference, non ignorans. These peculiarities must be
noticed in reading the ancients. Note : Nesciens as a partici-
ple, and followed by an accusative and infinitive, occurs Te-
rent. Heaut. 3. 1. 59 : but I know not whether it can be found
elsewhere.
4.) Here it may be asked, whether those participles which
are in use may at all times be used. We answer in the nega-
tive ; because the excessive use of them occasions sameness : we
must often in preference use qui, cum, ubi, postquam &c., as
is the practice of Cicero, Ca3sar, and others. It may next be
inquired, when they should, and when they should not be
used.
a) It may be asked when and why they should be used :
1.) to occasion variety, which is a great source of pleasure in
composition: 2.) especially for conciseness ; whence they are
much more common in historians than speakers, because the
former are obliged to express many little circumstances and gra-
dations of time : and it would be tedious if all these were de-
noted by qui, cum, postquam &c. It is therefore a great mis-
take to suppose that there is a peculiar elegance in the use of
the participles. All elegance and ornament depends more on
thoughts than words ; e. g. it is the same thing to say, Cresar,
cum Alpes traiecisset, venit in Galliam, or Ca3sar, traiectis Al-
pibus, venit in Galliam : but the last is more concise, and in
small particulars conciseness is preferable. 3.) Sometimes for
perspicuity, which is often promoted by conciseness ; e. g.
homo alios peccantes vituperans ipse deh^t carere vitiis, is
clearer than homo qui alios, qui peccant &c. ; where the repe-
248 Of the Varl. of the Verb.
tition of qui occasions difficulty. 4.) Sometimes for the sake
of a pleasing mode of expression, not only to promote concise-
ness, but also to avoid the disagreeable repetition of particles
and monosyllables ; e. g. homo alios peccantes vituperans ipse
debet vitiis carere, or homo, qui alios peccantes vituperat,debet
&c., or homo alios qui peccant vituperans, debet Sec., sounds
better than homo qui alios, qui peccant, vituperat, debet &c.,
since the unpleasant repetition of qui is thereby avoided. Fur-
ther, cum exercitus Alpibus traiectisin Galliam venisset, sounds
better than cum exercitus Alpes traiecisset et in Galliam vent's-
set, since the repetition of the syllable issetis avoided. For the
proper use of the participles Caesar and Livy should be particu-
larly studied, in which writers they are very frequent.
b) When should participles not be used? 1.) In the expres-
sion of an important thought, which should always be expressed
more at length, since conciseness is not natural in such circum-
stances ; e. g. Deum, cum nos innumeris beueficiis cumulare
gestiat, omnique ratione nostrae commoditati et voluptati pro-
spiciat, non summo amore prosequi, est summainsania,is more
emphatical than Deum nos gestientem et prospicientem
&c., on account of cum. So in an oration Cicero would prefer
homo, qui ea est inhumanitate, ut, per quos hanc lucem aclspex-
erit, eos ista luce privare non dubitet, hominis nomine non digna
est, to homo parentes suos occidens, non hominis nomine dig-
nus est. Yet here all depends on the connection of the speech,
the intention of the speaker, and the subject itself. 2.) When
they occasion obscurity or ambiguity ; e. g. hominem deum
amantem, hominem virtutem colentem, besides the bad sound,
are less perspicuous than hominem, qui deum amat, hominem,
qui virtutem colit, since hominem deum amantem might mean
deum, qui hominem amat. 3.) When they occasion a disagree-
able expression, as in the former instances, hominem deum
amantem &c. : so, homines deos am antes, has a bad effect on
the ear. So also, in his terris multis hominibus vitiis oppletis
uti saspe cogimur.
5.) It is self-evident that the participles of transitive, in-
/ Of the Part* of the Verb. 249
transitive, and deponent verbs govern the case of their verbs^of
which in fact they are a certain part or form ; e. g. homo amans
virtutem, studem virtuti, utens tempore, usurus tempore, sequens
me, secuturus alias &c. Yet we before observed that participles
in ns are used as adjectives, and take another case, and admit
the degrees of comparison ; e.g. amans virtutis, amantior mei,
amantissimus tui &c. : see Part I. Chap. III. Sect. V. and
Part II. Chap. I. Sect. V. 2. n. I. 7.
6.) We have still to notice a peculiar use of the passive par-
ticiple perfect and future after certain verbs :
a) The passive participle perfect sometimes follows the verbs
do, volo, cupio, euro, in two ways : 1.) for a periphrasis ; as,
volo me excusatum, for excuso me : Cic. Verr. 1. 40, his me
vehementer excusatum volo: Cic. Cat. 2. 12, nunc illos -cowi-
monitos etiam atque etiam volo, for nunc illos etiam atqueetiam
commoneo, or commonere volo : Terent. Heaut. Prol. 26, quam
ob rem omnes vos oratos volo, for oro, or orare volo : Terent.
Andr. 4. 2. 1, iam, ubiubi erit, invention tibi curabo et mecum
adductum, for inveniam et adducam, I will find and bring.
After all these participles esse seems deficient, and therefore
they are rather infinitives than mere participles, where the per-
fect seems used for the present ; as, excusatum volo, rogatos volo,
for volo me excusari, vos rogari. To these belongs effectum dabo,
Terent. Eun. 2. 1.6, for efficiam : ibid. Andr. 4. 1, iam hoc
tibi inventum dabo, for inveniam : Virg. JEn. 12. 436, nunc te
mea dextera defensum dabit, i. e. defendet : so, eEstimatum des>
i. e. aestimes, Plaut. Capt. 2. 2. 90 : 2.) further, it is used for
the infinitive, to which some of the examples above cited may
be referred ; as, oratos vos volo, sc. esse, i. e. orare vos volo, or
oro : so, excusatum me volo : that in such instances esse is
omitted appears from Plaut. Poen.5.2, qui illam convent am esse
vult, i.e. convenire vutt : so,factum volo, for volo facere, Plaut.
Asin. 3. 3. 95 : Terent. Ad. 5. 7. 21 : Cic. Rose. Am. 1, ne
istius quidem laudis ita sum cupidus, ut aliis earn pr&reptum
^im, for prseripere velim : Liv. 3. 58, nee cum eo in gratiam
redisse, cuius adversae fortunes velit succursum, for succurrere,
250 Of the Parts of tic Verb.
or succurri, be would assist : so, nobis consultant vu/ebatis,
Liv. 4. 5 : cupio numeratum, for cupio numerare, Cic. ad Div.
5. 20, unless, perhaps, numeratum be taken for the nominative,
and joined to erat, and dare be understood after cuperem : cupio
te conventual, for con venire, Plaut. Cure. 2. 3. 25 : cuperefac-
tum, ibid. Gas. 2. 4. 7.
b) The passive participle future is used : 1.) often after euro,
to take care, to procure, or have any thing done; as, euro Hberos
raeos erudiendos, I have my children educated, forerudiri or ut
liberi erudiantur, both which are correct : Nep. Dion. 6, He-
raclidemque iriterficiendum curavit, he procured for Hera-
elides to be killed : Nep. Con. 4, Conon muros dirutos a Ly-
sandro refidendos curavit : Cic. Verr. 4. 49, Cereris signum
avellendum asportandumque curavit, procure that the statue of
Ceres should be taken down and carried away : so, curavit bu-
cu\&m faciendanij Cic. Div. 1.24: cures fasciculum perferen-
dum, Cic. Att. 8. 5 : 2.) after other verbs, as to give, to deliver,
to agree for, to send &c., when an intention is expressed ; e. g.
Liv. 1.28, the king Tullus says to Fufetius, corpus passim distra-
hendum dabis, thou wilt give thy body to be torn : locare domum,
aedem &c., eedificandam, to let out a house, a temple to be built,
to contract for their building, is very common : Cic. Verr. 2.
67, senatus decrevit, ut eas (statuas) quaestores demoliendas lo-
carent, the senate decreed that the Quaestors should contract
for the destruction of these statues : ibid. 4. 34, simulacrum
DianaB tollendum locatur, the taking away of the statue is con-
tracted for : Cic. Div. 2. 21, columnam conduxerat faciendam :
Nep. Eum. 13, Antigorms autem Eurnenem mortuum propin-
quis eius sepeliendum tradidit, to be buried : Cic. Cat. 4. 6,
adtribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, ceteros cives interfidendos
Gabinio, urbem iriflammandam Cassio, he gave us up to be
butchered &c. : Terent. Eun. 5. 8. 57, hunc comedendum et de-
ridendum vobis propino (praebeo), him I give up to you, to be de-
voured, and made sport of. So we say rem agendam suscepi,
I have undertaken to do any thing : accept rem agendam &c.
c) The change of the gerunds into participles in dus, was
noticed before when we considered the gerunds.
Of the Parts of the Verb. 251
Note: Cicero also often says, faciendum putavi, existimavi,
duxi, for feci or facere volui : scribendum putavi, literas ad te
dandas, mittendas, censui, for scripsi, scribere volui, literas dare,
mittere volui &c. ; literally, I thought that I must write to you
&c., as it may often be translated. Also habeo is used : 1.)
with a passive participle, as a mere circumlocution ; e. g. habeo
animum Clodii perspectum, cognitum, iudicatum, Cic. ad Brut.
1, for perspexi &c. : bellum indicium habuitj for indixit, Cic.
Verr. 5. 72 : habeo absolutnm opus, for absolvi, Cic. Q. Fr. 3.
9 : quse habes instituta perpolies, for quae instituisti, Cic. ad
Div. 5. 12 : habent despicatum, for despicati sunt, or despican-
tur, Terent. Eun. 2. 3. 92, where Bentley' reads despicatui :
2.) with the future passive ; e. g. enitendum haberemus, Plin.
Ep. 1. 8, we should have to strive : impetrandwn a bonitate tua
habet, ibid. 10. 95, he has to obtain it : etsi statuendum habere-
muSf Tac. Ann. 14. 44: de spatiis pr&cipiendum habemus, i. e.
debemus pra3cipere, Colum. 5. 5.
7.) Video, audio, and similar verbs, are also followed by a
participle in the accusative, instead of an infinitive; e.g. audio
aliquetn querentem, Nep. Timol. 4 : disserentem, Cic. Acad. 4.
4 : dicentem, Cic. Fin. 2. 28 : video aliquem exeuntem, forexire,
Cic. Tusc. 3. 15 : iam videbis (eum) furentem, ibid. 4. 24: in
all which instances the infinitive is generally usual : so offendi,
i. e. inveni, eum sedentem et disputantem, Cic. Nat. Deor.
1.6: offendi, i. e. inveni, collocatam jiliam, Terent. Phorm.
5. 1. 32 ; as in English, I found him selling &c.
( 252 )
CHAPTER II.
Of the Syntax or Construction of Words, with respect to
their Order.
1 HE order of construction or government, i. e. the de-
pendence of one word on another as to case, number,
tense, mode &c., is very different from the actual order
or arrangement of the words in composition. Of this
we remark,
I.) That the actual order of many words is fixed with-
out any probable cause being given :
1.) Nam, namque, at, verum but, sed, are commonly used
at the beginning of a sentence : so quare, quamobrem, qua de
causa, inasmuch as qui has the same place : so also si, nisi,
quamquam, etsi, tametsi, quamvis, licet, quia, quoniam, cum or
quum when or since, are generally used at the beginning, and
but occasionally allow one or more words to precede them, as
qui si, qua de re etsi &c. On the contrary, enim, vero, autem,
quoque, quidem, should not be used at the commencement :
vero, autem, and enim, are commonly used in the second place,
seldom in the third : yet enimvero, and etenim, may be consi-
dered as one word, and placed at the beginning : quidem is
commonly affixed to the word to which it refers ; e. g. ego qui-
dem ita sentio, 1 at least think so, not ego ita sentio quidem : so,
ne quidem, of which we shall soon speak. In the same way
quoque is put after the word to which it belongs; as, ego quo-
que : Hehetii quoque, Ca3s. B. G. 1. 1 : ilium quoque, Cic.
Of the Order of Words. 253
Rab. Post. 12 : te quoque, Virg. Eel. 3. 1. Note : There are
exceptions : a) nam is used after other words ; e. g. Virg. JEn.
10. 585 : Hor. Sat. 2. 3. 20, 41 : ibid. Epist. 2. 1. 186: so
namque, Varr. ap. GelL 3. 10: Plin. H. N. 25. 2: ;36. 11 :
Flor. 1. 5 : Veget. de Re Milit. 3. 6: Virg. /En. 6. 72, 117 :
10. 614: b) on the contrary, enim begins a sentence; e. g.
Plant. Aul. 3. 5. 26: ibid. Gas. 5.2. 14: ibid. Bacch.4.4.51 :
Terent. Her. 2. 1. 41 : Lucret. 6. 1275: also vero,but; Plant.
Rud. 4. 3. 56 : in the sense indeed, yea, it often precedes, though
not joined to another word ; e. g. vero ac libenter, Cic. Tusc.
2. 11 : so Cic. Div. 1. 47 : Cic. Mur. 31 : Cic. Brut. 87 :
Terent. Eun. 4. 1. 12.
2.) Ne quidem, not even, are two words, which must always
be separated by some other words, viz. by that upon which the
emphasis falls ; as, he has not learnt even to read, ne legere qui-
dem didicit, where legere is emphatical : whence it would be
wrong to say, ne quidem didicit legere, or ne didicit quidem &c.
Further, in the sentence, thou wilt not even lend me a book,
quidem may be subjoined to various words according to the in-
tention of the speaker : if the emphasis be on book, we must say,
tu ne librum quidem mihi commodare vis, thou wilt not lend
me even a book, much less what is more valuable : but if the
emphasis be on me, not even me, much less a stranger, we must
say, ne mihi quidem librum : so, tu ne commodare quidem mihi
librum vis, not lend even, much less give. The position of qui-
dem, therefore, depends on the context, and the intention of the
speaker. Examples continually occur ; e, g. concessum est
ne mulieri quidem, Cic. Tusc. 2. 23 : ne mulieribus quidem,
Caes. B. G. 7. 47 : ne in versu quidem, Cic. Or. 64 : ne in op-
pidis quidem, Cic. Verr. 4. 1 : sed ne quomodo fieri quidem pos-
sint, Cic. Pis. 27 : ne si ita quidem venissent, Cic. Phil. 5. 9.
Yet ne quidem occur together, Cic. Att. 2. 16.
3.) When two substantives are so connected that the latter
stands for alius or alter, or may be translated in English, the
other, they must stand together ; e. g. cuneus cuneum trudit,
manus manum lavat, homo hominem odit &c., not cuneus tru-
254 Of the Order of Words.
dit cuneum &c. : Cic. Off. 1. 7, homines hominum causa esse
generates : ibid. 2. 3, homines hominibus maxime utiles esse pos-
sunt : hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum
est contra naturam, ibid. 3. 5 : ratio fecit hominem hominum
adpetentem, Cic. Fin. 2. 14: cives enim czvifa/s parcere aequum
censebat, Nep. Thras. 2 : nulla-Mrtas'wrtafacontrariaest, Sen.
de Clement. 2. 3 : apud alios timorem timor vicit, Plin. Epist.6.
16. 10: so, alms alium odit, one hates another: aliud ex alio
malum : Cic. Att. 16. 14, aliud ex (i. e. post) alio: Cic. ad
Div. 9- 19, nie quotidie aliud ex alio impedit, one thing after
another : alius alio plus habet virium, Cic. Leg. 1. 2, one has
more strength than another : aliud alio melius, Cic. Fin. 4. 19,
one better than another : alium alio nequiorem, Cic. ad Div. 7.
24 : aliam rem ex alia, Terent. Eun. 4. 2. 3 : aliud ex alio
malum, ibid. 5. 5. 17 : alium post alium. Sail. lug. 63 r alius
super alium, Liv. 1. o: so, milvo est bellum cum corvo :
ergo alter allerius ova frangit, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 49.
4.) Quisque is generally placed after suus, sibi, se &c. ; as,
se quisque amat: suum cuique pulchrum : suos quisqueliberos
amat, not quisque amat suos liberos Sec. : Cic. Nat. Deor. 3.
1 1, cum suo cuique iudicio sit utendum : ibid. 3. 34, id in suum
quidque fanum referret : Liv. 2 1 . 33, sibi quoque tendente, and
often elsewhere : thence the common formula pro se quisque.
Yet sometimes quisque stands first ; e. g. in civitates quemque
suas dimisit, Liv. 21. 48 : quisque suo loco paratus esset, Auct.
B. Afric. 31: cuique sua adnumeravimus, Colum. 12. 3:
quanti quisque se ipse faceret, Cic. Amic. 16: and elsewhere;
e. g. Virg; ^En. 6. 743 : Ovid. Am. 3. 58.
5.) Quisque is always put after the superlative when with
it, it denotes a universality; e. g. doctissimus quisque est mo-
destissimus, the most learned are the most modest : lego libros
cptimos quosque, I read all the best books : amas optimos quos-
que, thou lovest the best men: Cic. Fin. 2. 15, optimum quid-
que rarissimum est: Cic. ad Div. 9. 14, infimo cuique gratis-
sima : Cic. Acad. 1. 4, recenlissima qud'que suntcorrecta ma-
xime, and elsewhere.
Of the Order of Words.
255
Note: Quisque is not redundant, it denotes a universality:
doctissimus denotes a very learned man, i.e. a single one ; but
doctissimus quisque, all the most learned men, or the most
learned man, where an individual is put for the whole, as, the
most learned does not know every thing.
6.) Quisque is put after ordinal numbers andquotus, to denote
a universality ; e. g. decimum quemque capite privavit, he be-
headed every tenth man, that is, many tenth men : but decimum
without quemque means one tenth man : tertio quoque mense
proficisci cogor, I am compelled to go every third month : sep-
timus quisque dies est sacris faciundis destinatus, every seventh
day is devoted to divine service : quotus quisque hoc facit ? how
many do this ? i. e. few do it : Cic. Rab. Post. 12, tertio quoque
verbo, at every third word : Cic. Verr. 2. 6, quinto quoque anno
Sicilia censetur, i. e. every fifth year : vix decimus quisque est,
qui 8cc., Plant. Pseud. 4. 2. 17 : quotus enim quisque philoso-
phorum invenitur &c., Cic. Tusc. 2. 14 : quotus enim quisque
disertus? Cic. Plane. 25 : quoto cuique &c., Plin. Epist. 3.
20 : forma quota qu&que, Ovid. Art. 3. 103. Alsoprimo quo-
que tempore, at the first possible time, Cic. Phil. 3. 15 : Cic.
ad Div. 13. 51 : Nep. Milt 4 : so, primo quoque die, Cic. Phil.
8. 1 1, i. e. on the first possible day.
Note : Without quisque, the sense is quite different : no uni-
versality, but merely an individual is denoted ; quotus es ? which
in point of number, art thou ?
7.) Prepositions must precede their cases : yet in the ancients
we find instances where they follow : see above, Part I. Sect.
VII ; e. g. tenus, de, cum in mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum,
vobiscum &.c. The reason given by Cicero (ad Div. 9. 22. and
Orat. 45: cf. Quintil. 8. 3.) has not much weight: it seems to
have been a casual usage, such as occur in most languages ; and
particularly since many other prepositions follow their case,
there seems to be no reason for a particular explanation in the
case of cum.
8.) In proverbs, titles, and other ancient formulae and expres-
256 Of the Order of Words.
sions, the order which has once been introduced prevails ; e. g.
cuneus cuneum trudit : manus manum lavat: terra manque, by
land and sea; e. g. Cic. Manil. 19 : Sail. Cat. 13 : Cic. ad Div.
5. 9. Vatin. : not mari terraque ; e. g. bellum gerere : lupiter
optimus maximus, notmaximusoptimus lupiter: pontifex ma-
ximus : pater patratus : populus romanus. Yet there are ex-
ceptions ; e. g. mari et terra, Nep. Ale. 1 : manque femzque,
Plaut. Pcen. Prol. 105.
9.) Ecce, o ! vse ! precede the words to which they belong ;
as, ecce me ! not me ecce! vae mihi ! not mihi va3 !
10.) Non generally precedes its verb, as non credo, non pos-
sum, not credo non &c. : it generally precedes any of the words
to which it belongs ; e. g. homo non aptissimus, Cic. Nat.
Deor. 2. 17 : hominis non beatissimi suspicionem prseberet,
Nep. Ages. 8.
1 1 .) The verb inquam, inquit, is usually placed so that one
or more of the words which it introduces precede; as, Pater :
mox, inquit veniam : Nep. Ale. 8, Alcibiades quoniam, inquit,
victoria repugnas : Cic. Cat. 3. 5, est vero, inquam, signum .
Terent. Heaut. 4. 7. 1, eccum me, inque, i. e. say, here am I :
Cic. Verr. 2. 18, ergo, inquiet aliquis, donavit.
II.) Th.e actual order of words generally follows the
order of ideas ; viz. that precedes which first entered
the mind : the more emphatical commonly precedes
the less emphatical : and perspicuity, emphasis, eu-
phony, often occasion a word to be placed out of its
syntactical order ; e. g.
1.) The proper name often precedes the appellative, since it
first occurs to the mind ; e. g. Cicero consul, Roma urbs, JEtna
mons, Rhenus flumen, not consul Cicero &c. Yet exceptions
are common in the ancients ; e. g. novus pontifex M. Cornelius
Cethegus, Liv. 25. 5 : uxorem Theben, for Theben uxorem, Cic.
Off. C 2. 7 : promncia Sicilia, Cic. Verr. 2. 6. and elsewhere.
Of the Order of Words. 257
2.) Qui must always begin the sentence ; e. g. laudo eum,
qui deum colit, not deum qui colit, except where perspicuity,
emphasis, or a better sound, requires an alteration. In parti-
cular, it must stand at the beginning of a period when it is
used for hie vero, is vero, et hie &c., since it then connects the
two periods ; e. g. factum hoc est. Quod quis negat ? notquis
quod negat. The following are examples where it follows one
or more words; h&c qui facit, non ego eum cum summis viris
compare, sed &c., Cic. Marc. 3 : verum etiam amicum qui in-
tuetur, tanquam exemplar intuetur sui, Cic. Amic. 7 : cae-
lestiumergo admirabilem ordinem incredibilemque constantiam,
ex qua conservatio oritur, qui vacare mente putat, is &c.,
Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 21 : ad rem gerendam autem qui accedit,
caveat, ne &c., Cic. Off. 1.21: quodita putat dici abillo, recta
et honesta qua sint, ea facere ipsa per se laetitiam, Cic. Fin. 1.
7 : all which exceptions are for perspicuity, to exhibit more
clearly the connection of the sentences.
3.) The vocative has no definite place: it must be fixed by
the feeling of the speaker or writer. Yet in a letter, for per-
spicuity and courtesy, it is placed a) at an early part, not far
from the beginning of a letter or speech : b) next to the person
to whom one speaks ; e. g. ego tibi, frater, not ego frater, librum
tibi Sec. : so, credo ego vos, iudices &c.
4.) Qui is placed so as to be as near as possible to the word
to which it refers, which is required for the sake of perspicuity ;
e. g. felix est haud dubie is, qui deum amat, not is haud dubie
felix est, qui &c. : thus hominem qui libros amat, valde amo, is
better than, hominem valde amo, qui literas amat. This is a
fundamental principle in long periods. To these we may refer
the passages lately cited, Cic. Marc. 3 : Cic. Amic. 7 : Cic.
Nat. Deor. 2. 21 : Cic. Off. 1.21 : Cic. Fin. 1. 7.
5.) Terms of comparison, as ut, quantus &c. ; words denot-
ing the cause, as cur, propter &c. ; words denoting time, place,
or condition, generally precede : a) terms of comparison : for
ego te amo ut patrem meum, we rather say, ego, ut patrem, ita
VOL. II. S
258 Of the Order of Words.
te amo : for tu es tantus, tails, quantus, qualis pater fuit, we
say, quantus, qualis pater fuit, tantus, talis tu es : b) words
denoting the cause ; as, for nescio cur fleas, we say, cur fleas,
nescio : c) words of time and place : for nescio quando ven.
turus sit, we say, quando venturus sit nescio : for nescio ubi
sit, ubi sit nescio : d) words denoting a condition ; thence si
with its dependent sentence, readily precedes; as, for librum
hunc da mihi, si potes, we rather say, hunc librum, si potes,
mini da.
6.) Between a substantive and its epithet, the words which
belong to it are frequently interposed in order to mark their con-
nection ; e. g. magnus patris amor : meus in te amor : tuus erga
patrem amor &c.
7.) To avoid a disagreeable sound, monosyllables are prefixed
to words of more than one syllable, to which they belong ; e. g.
vir clarissimus : non potero : urbs pulcherrima : in the same
way we should say urbs Roma : but for a reason noticed above,
urbs is here put last.
8.) Words which are used antithetically are generally put near
each other, that their opposition may be more readily perceived ;
e. g. otium negotiosum : dum tacent, clamant: appetis pecu-
niam, virtutem abiicis, or pecuniam appetis t abiicis virtutem, is
better than appetis pecuniam et abiicis &c. : Cic. ad Div. 7. 1,
cum homo imbecilius a valentissima bestia laniatur : so also non
enim video, quomodo sedare possint mala pr&sentia pr&teritce
voluptates, Cic. Tusc. 5. 26 : fragile corpus animus sempiter-
nus movet, Cic. Somn. Scip. 8 : patris dictum sapiens temeri-
tas filii comprobavit, Carbo ap. Cic. Or. 63.
9.) Emphatical words are often put at the beginning ; as,
grave mihi vulnus inflixit mors patris tui : Cic. ad Div. 2. 2,
gravi teste privatus sum amoris summi erga te mei. This is the
natural effect of emotion : so, fortune gravissimo percussus vul-
nere, Cic. Acad. 1. 3. Sometimes, however, the strongest word
is put last; viz. where a writer proceeds gradually to a climax
Of the Order of Words. 259
in the description of any thing ; as, abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit,
Cic. Cat. 2. 1.
10.) In general, words must not be misplaced : i.e. words
must not be separated which belong to each other ; e. g. patris
mi hi cara et magna fratri est benevolentia, would be childish
and obscure, for magna patris benevolentia mihi et fratri cara
est.
Observation.
The order of sentences is founded on the order of words.
We remark, that sentences are prefixed to others, or interposed
between parts of others.
1.) They are often prefixed. Those sentences are most gene-
rally prefixed which occur first in the order of thought. Such
sentences are those in which a cause, a condition, a previous
time, a comparison &c., are expressed : and in general those
which begin with cum, quia, quoniam, etsi, quanquam, quam-
vis, licet, ubi, postquam, quando, qui, quantus, qualis, quot, ut
as, quemadmodum, and similar words ; e. g. quia literas odisti,
non potes doctus fieri, is more correct than non potes doctus
fieri, quia literas odisti : since hatred to letters is first supposed
as the cause. So, si potero, ad te veniam, for ad te veniam, si
potero: further, postquam mihi mors patris tui nuritiata est,
valde dolui, is more correct than valde dolui, postquam &c. So,
qui me amat, eum amo, is better than eum amo, qui me amat :
further, scio, quanta prudentia patris tui fuerit, tantam tuam esse,
for scio, tuam prudentiam esse tantam, quanta &c. : so quot is
prefixed to tot, ut to ita &c. ; as, ut patrem meum amavi, ita te
amabo, for amabo te ita, ut amavi. Note : Yet much here
depends on the subject and connection ; since a) sometimes an
emphasis is intended in a sentence which usually follows, and
then it is put first ; e. g. graviter erras, cum putas &c., you are
very wrong, when you think &c. b) Sometimes the sentence
which should properly precede, cannot stand first on account of
its length; e. g. laetatus sum, cum audissem, teomnia ea, quae
260 Of the Order of Words.
tibi mandata essent a patre tuo, prseclare egisse, is neater than
cum audissem &c., Status sum : particularly where the follow-
ing sentence is closely connected with it, since otherwise the
sense would be obscured.
2.) One sentence is very often interposed between the parts
of another. Such instances are termed periods ; for a period
properly means when one sentence is broken by another, or
when the subject and predicate of one sentence are separated by
another sentence ; e.g. homines, quia male vivis, te oderunt.
Here the sentence homines te oderunt is divided : between the
subject homines, and the predicate te oderunt, another sentence
is inserted, which is better than homines te oderunt, quia male
vivis. So multij si virtutem accuratius nossent, eammelius co-
lerent, is better than multi virtutem melius colerent, si earn ac-
curatius nossent : so also audio esse, qui, etsi nihil sciant,
tamen multa narrare velint. It is not always necessary that the
predicate and subject be divided, the division may take place in
other parts of the sentence ; e. g. rogo te, ut, si quid scias, mihi
dicas : miror, quo modo, cum ego te tantopere amaverim, me
odisse possis. Note : The ancients, particularly Cicero, gene-
rally write in this periodic form : and thence they often use the
particles cum, posteaquam, ubi, and qui, for the participles ;
e. g. scio te, quicunque virtutem ament, Us favere, for scio te
omnibus virtutem amantibus favere : non fieri potest, ut, qui
deum non colat, homines amet, for ut deum non colens homines
amet: Cic. Or. 3. 9, diligentissimeque est eis, qui instituunt
aliquos atque erudiunt, videndum &c., for diligentissimeque est
instituentibus &c. : ibid. 1. 16, ut, qui pila ludunt, non utuntur
&c., for ut pila ludentes &c. To preserve this form of composi-
tion, they even placed ut with its entire dependent sentence be-
fore the verb by which it is governed ; e. g. Cic. Verr. 4. 39,
continue, signum ut demolirentur, imperavit : Liv. 38. 11,
Mtoli tandem, ut conditiones pacis convenient, effecerunt.
Particularly after dignus ; e. g. mortuus est vir, qui, ut diutius
viveret, dignus erat : or with qui : pater tuus, qui amaretur,
semper dignus fuit.
Of the Order of Words. 261
Observations.
a) To write in this style, it is necessary to find out a proper
sentence to interpose : Pompeius misere periit is a simple sen-
tence, but Pompeius, quia nimis confisus erat fortune, misere
periit is periodic : so, for eras ad te veniam, we may say, eras,
si potero, ad te veniam : so, for tu quidem me non amas, et ego
tamen te amo, we may say, te, licet me non ames, tamen amo :
for amo te propter hurnanitatem tuam ; te, quia es humanus,
amo, and so in other instances.
b) Periods must not be too long ; i. e. the inserted sentences
must not be too many, and should be concise.
c) The periodic form should also be varied by simple sen-
tences.
d) The periodic style is best acquired from Cicero, Livy, and
Ca3sar; if the learner takes the interposed sentences and con-
siders how they would have been expressed directly, and why
they were interposed, and how the subject matter allowed it.
This particular is more copiously considered Praecept. Styli
P. I. Chap. 5 : and I have treated of the arrangement of words
and sentences, ibid. Chap. 3 and 4.
( 262 )
CHAPTER III.
Of the Construction of Words with respect to Rhythm
(Numerui).
1.
XvHYTHM (numerus) is the same as time in music,
and consists in the equivalence or proportion of the
sentences, or members of sentences, which are mutually
connected : particularly when they are opposed to one
another ; e. g. if we say, he was not brave, but bold, we
speak rhythmically ; since brave and bold are single
words which correspond. But if we say, he was not
brave, but in all things displayed only boldness, there
is a violation of rhythm ; since the last member is far
longer than the first. Further : by earnest endeavours
after learning, he reached the highest degrees of ho-
nour, is a rhythmical expression, since the two members
a) by earnest endeavours after learning, b) the high-
est degrees of honour, are equivalent : but, by learning
he reached the highest degrees of honour, is not
rhythmical. This is more evident when the words are
of the same kind ; e. g. not called by the voice of duty,
but deceived by the illusions of fancy ; where every
part corresponds.
2.
Single words therefore may answer to single words,
wo to two, three to three, and so on : yet, as far as
>ssible, they should be of the same kind ; e. g. Cic.
Of Rhythm. 263
Mil. 4., est haec non scripta, sed nata lex &c. : where
scripta and nata are opposed. And immediately after-
wards, quam non didicimus, accepimus, legimus, verum
ex natura ipsa arripuimus, hausimus, expresslmus.
Here the first three words are opposed to the latter
three. Cic. ad Div. 6. 2. 5, si armis aut conditione po-
sitis, aut defatigatione abiectis, aut victoria detrac-
tis, ci vitas respiraverit ; where there is a double corre-
spondence of three words, and these of the same kind ;
three ablatives, three participles.
3.
The proper rhythm may be attained by considering
what words may be introduced ; e. g. for olim vivebas
cum laude, nunc non, we may say, olim vivebas
cum laude, nunc cum ignominia. The following ex-
ample will illustrate this : nemo sine labor e ad doctri-
nam accedere potest, is rhythmical ; since labore and
doctrinam correspond : but if we say nemo sine laboris
assiduitate, ad doctrinam accedere potest, the rhythm is
destroyed ; which may be retained by writing ad doc-
trinae elegantiam or suavitatem. Further : ut miles
sine tells pugnare nequit, ita nos sine libris discere non
possumus, is numerous : but the number is destroyed
by saying ut miles sine telis pugnare nequit, sic nos
sine usu librorum &c. : it may be restored by putting
telis in the genitive depending upon some ablative,
which may correspond to usu.
Note: Rhythm is not only pleasing to the ear, but on every
account deserves to be considered in a grammar. Yet we
must be careful not to make the sense subservient to the rhythm.
I have treated this subject more at large Praecept. Styli P. I.
Chap. 6.
( 264 )
CHAPTER IV.
Of the Construction of Words with respect to their
Conjunction.
J. HE ancients conjoin
I.) Words, which are connected, in various ways.
1 .) By et, ac, atque and que ; e. g. pater et mater, pater ma-
terque. Que is always put after : and ac, as some suppose, is
scarcely used before a vowel : we should not, therefore, say ac
ego, ac ille, but atque ego &c. Yet there are many exceptions,
and would have been more, if critics had not changed it into
atque or et; e. g. Ac ego scio, Sail. lug. 85. 12. Ed. Cort. :
ac etiam, Varr. R. R. 1. 47 : Colum. 9- 12. 4: ac emergenti-
bus malis, Liv. 3. 16 : ac invisos, Liv. 41. 24 : ac eo properavi,
Cic. Att. 13. 48 : simul ac ille venerit, Cic. Q. Fr. 2. 6 : ac ab
omni, Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. ] . Ed. Davis., where Ernesti omits ac :
ac insignes, Cic. Phil. 11.5, where Ernesti reads et: ac in ems
corpore, ibid, 3. Edit. Larnbin. (1580), where Graevius and
Ernesti read atque. Further, by turn turn, or cum turn,
so well as also, as amotum patrem,tum matrem, or cum pa-
trem, turn matrem : also by non solum, non modo, non tantum,
not only, followed by sed etiam, verum etiam, verum quoque,
sed quoque, but also : by aequejust so, followed by ac, atque,
quarn as : also by tarn quam ; e. g. amo tarn patrem, quam
matrem, amo te asque ac (or atque, quam) me.
2.) Especially words are often connected a) by et repeated,
where, in English, and is used only once ; as, my father and
mother love me, et pater et mater me amat : I love my father
and mother, et patrem et matrem amo : I love and honour thee,
Of the Conjunction of Words. 265
te et amo et colo : yet the two words must be really different,
since et repeated literally means both and, and it would be
improper to use et et, where they might not be thus trans-
lated ; e. g. we should not say et auctoritas et consilium, since
they are scarcely enough distinguished, but rather auctoritas et
consilium : on the contrary, Socrates despised riches and death,
would be properly translated, et divitias et mortem contemsit :
b) by ut, where it a follows, literally, as so ; e. g. amo ut pa-
trem ita matrem, 1 love father and mother ; properly, as my
father, so my mother : cum tu mihi, ut olim, ita nuper signi-
ficasses, since you told me, as formerly, so now, formerly and
now : so literas, ut nunc valde colo, ita semper colam, literature
I both now cultivate and always shall. Yet in the use of these
particles a comparison must always be implied, and therefore
they cannot always be used for et et, or non solum sed
etiam : c) by the repetition of a particle or qui which precedes :
this occurs when men speak emphatically; e. g. sz'deum, si vir-
tutem amas, for si deum et virtutem amas ; but the first expresses
more emphasis and emotion : so, omnia faciam, qua recta, qu<
iusta sint, for et iusta : Cic. Verr. 5. 58, si quis rex, si qua ci-
vitas exterarum gentium, si qua natio fecisset &c., where it oc-
curs three times : Cic. ad Div. 5. 5. 2, omnia enim a me in te
profecta sunt, qua ad tuum commodum, qua ad honorem, qua
ad dignitatem pertinerent, for quae ad tuum commodum, ad ho-
norem etad dignitatem &c.
II.) Words, of which the sense should be distin-
guished, are by the ancients often connected by aut
or vel ; as. pater aut mater : but vel and aut are very
frequently repeated, like the English either or ;
e. g. yesterday or to-day, aut heri aut hodie : write or
read, aut scribe aut lege : sell either house or land,
vende aut domum aut agrum : Cic. Verr. 4. 35, quern
tibi aut hominem aut vero deum auxilio futurum
putas ? what man or God ? Vel or aut may be repeated
more than twice ; e. g. Cic. Or. 1. 1, et, quantum mihi
266 Of the Conjunction of Words.
vel fraus inimicorum vel causoe amicorum vel respublica
tribuet otii, ad scribendum conferam, whatever time
the fraud of my enemies, or the causes of my friends,
or the state will allow me &c.
III.) Words, of which the sense is to be denied or
negatived, are often connected, 1.) especially by ne-
que or nee repeated, i. e. neither nor, though they
are not always so translated ; e. g. my father and
mother are not at home, nee pater, nee mater domi est;
thou dost not love nor honour thy father, patrem tuum
nee amas, nee colis : Cic. ad Div. 4. 4. 3, illam partem
excusationis nee nosco, nee probo, that part of the plea
I neither know nor approve : 2.) by the repetition of
a preceding negative ; e. g. nemo te colit, nemo te amat,
no one honours nor loves thee : non ingenium, non doc-
trina ei defuit, neither ability nor learning failed him :
3.) by ne quidem, not even, followed by nedum, much
less ; as, ne legere quidem didicit, nedum scribere, he
has not even learnt to read, much less to write : 4.) by
non modo, for non modo non, followed by ne quidem ;
since by the ancients non modo is often used for
non modo non, the last non being omitted when ne
quidem follows ; e. g. non modo scribere, sed ne legere
quidem didicit, he has not only not learned to write,
but not even to read: Cic. Verr. 3. 2, etenim non modo
accusator, sed ne obiurgator quidem ferendus est &c.,
for not only not an accuser, but not even &c. : and
elsewhere; e. g. Cic. Off. 3. 19 : Cic. Rose. Am. 23 :
Cic. ad Div. 1. 9. 23: yet the ancients often used
non modo non, followed by ne quidem ; e. g.
Cic. Caecin. 18: Cic, Att. 10. 4: Liv. 4. 3, 35:
5.38.
Of the Conjunction of Words. 267
IV.) There are also other ways of conjoining words ;
e. g. 1.) by utrum or ne, followed by an, interroga-
tively, or not ; as, utrum legisti Livium an Nepotem ?
or Liviumne legisti an Nepotem ? We may omit utrum
or ne ; as, legisti Livium an Nepotem ? So without a
question ; as nescio, utrum legeris Livium an Nepotem,
or nescio, legerisne Livium an Nepotem, or also nescio,
legeris Livium an Nepotem : in these instances neither
aut nor vel can be used for an : 2.) by et is, or isque,
or idemque, translated in English, and indeed ; e. g.
habes multos libros, et eos pulchros, thou hast many
and indeed beautiful books, or and those beautiful
books : Cic. Cat. 4. 4, vincula, et ea sempiterna, capti-
vity, and that perpetual : Cic. ad Div. 2. 1. 2, a te vero
bis terve summum (literas), et eas perbreves accepi, I
have twice or thrice at most received letters from you,
and those short : so, nee is, for et non is, Cic. Brut.
(Clar. Or.) 76, erant in eo plurimse literae, nee ece vul-
gares, sed interiores, there was in him (or he possessed)
much learning, and indeed not of a common kind :
where it refers to the whole sentence, et, id, or idque is
used ; e. g. exspectabam tuas literas, idque cum multis,
Cic. ad Div. 10. 14 : te annum iam audientem Cratip-
pum, idque Athenis, Cic. Off. 1. 1 : and elsewhere;
e. g. satis esse duo canes et id marem et feminam,
Varr. R. R. 2. 9 : plurimis, idque angustis fenestris,
Colum. 1. 3.
Here it is necessary to make some remarks on the
connection or conjunction of sentences, whole periods
and arguments, or other extensive parts of any compo-
sition ; since they all consist of words : whence their
conjunction belongs to the conjunction of words.
268 Of the Conjunction of Words.
I.) Sentences are united in many ways ; viz. by et,
ac, atque, que and ; aut, vel or; utrum, ne whether
an or ; as, die mihi utrum pax tibi placeat an bellum
tibi praeoptandum videatur : for which we may also say,
die mihi, tibine pax placeat &c., or without utrum or ne,
die mihi pax tibi placeat, an &c. : all these are usual ;
nor here can vel or aut be used for an. Further, by non
tantum sed etiam, sed quoque, verum etiam, verum
quoque : also by seque ac, atque, quam : also by
cum turn, or turn turn, as was observed when we
treated of the conjunction of words. But particularly,
1.) By et, aut, vel, neque, nee, repeated more than once,
though often but once translated in English ; e. g. deus nobisef
vitam dedit et mentem donavit, God gave us life, and endowed
us with understanding : aut pater tibi libros mittet, aut ego tibi
eos emam, your father will send you books, or I shall buy them
for you : yet such sentences must always admit being translated
with the conjunction repeated ; si neque tu me adiuvas, neque
alii mihi opem ferre volunt, if neither you help me, nor others
will bring me assistance: Cic. Amic. 20, atque in omni recon-
siderandum est, et quid postules ab amico, et quid patiare a te
impetrari, in every thing we must consider, both what one's self
may ask of a friend, and what one must suffer to be obtained
from one's self: yet it may be translated, as well as, not only
but, partly partly &c. When non accompanies, et non is
often changed into neque or nee, which the learner should care-
fully observe; as Cic. ad Div. 4. 7- 3, itaque neque tu multum
interfuisti rebus gerendis, et ego id semper egi, ne interessem,
for itaque et tu non multum, therefore thou wast not much con-
cerned in the conduct of affairs, and I always contrived &c. :
ibid. 10. 1. 7, Furnium nostrum a te tanti fieri nee miror et
gaudeo, for et non miror &c. : ibid. 4. 13. 6, careo enim fa-
miliarissimis multis, quos aut mors eripuit nobis, aut distraxit
fuga, which death has torn from me, or flight has dispersed :
Cic. Or. 2. 4, qui aut, tempus quid postulet, non videt, aut
Of the Conjunction of Words. 269
plura loquitur, aut se ostentat, aut eorum is ineptus dicitur,
who does not see, what the occasion requires, or speaks &c. :
Caes. B. G. 4. 17, sed navibus transire neque satis tutum esse
arbitrabatur, neque suse dignitatis esse putabat, for non satis
&c., but to pass over on shipboard, he did not think quite safe,
nor &c. : yet we may translate it, neither nor. All the pre-
ceding instances are common, and may be imitated.
2.) Often also by ut, for quare, itaque &c. ; e. g. tu neminem
amas, ut non mirari debeas, te a nemine amari, so that you
ought not to wonder &c., for nine, igitur, itaque non mirum est
&c. : Cic. Marc. 6, quos amisimus cives, eos Martis visperculit,
non ira victorias (i.e. Caasaris) : ut dubitare debeat nemo, quin
multos,si fieri posset, C. Caesar ab inferisexcitaret, the citizens,
which we have lost, the violence of war has struck down, not
the anger of victory ; therefore no one ought to doubt, but that
Caesar &c. : and so elsewhere ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 7. 7 : 12.3:
Cic. Verr. 2. 69.
3.) Very often by ita, tarn, sic, with ut following, where in
English and is used ; as, deus est tarn benignus ut det nobis,
God is good, and gives us ; where it would be wrong to say et
dat : so, sis tarn benignus, ut mihi opem feras, dicas &c., be
kind, and help me, tell me &c. : so, thou wilt not be cruel and
kill me, tu non eris tam crudelis, ut me occidas &c.
4.) Often by ita ut, for quidem sed; e. g. parentes debent
filios ita amare, ut eorum vitiis non indulgeant, parents ought
indeed to love their children, but not to indulge their faults ;
where properly, ita means, to such an extent, with such a limita-
tion : Cic. Rose. Am. 26, speaking of parricides, ita vivunt, ut
ducere animam de ccelo nequeant, ita moriuntur &c., they live
indeed, but cannot draw their breath from heaven &c. : Cic. ad
Div. 5. 21, quod ita libenter accipio, ut tibi tamen non conce-
dam &c. : so, ita concedunt, ut 8tc., Cic. Cat. 4. 7 : ita fama
variat, ut tamen &c., Liv. 27. 25 : ita admissi, ne &c. Liv. 22.
6l : for which occurs ut ita; e. g. ut credere, ita malle,
Liv. 3. 65.
270 Of the Conjunction of Words.
5.) By is, tails, tantus, tot, which are often followed by qui,
qualis, quantus, quot, for ut ego, tu, is, ut talis, ut tantus See. ;
e. g. non ego is sum, cui talia dicas, I am not the man, or such
a man, that you should say such things to me ; where cui is
used for ut mihi : pater meus non is fuit, qui mentiretur, my
father was not the man to lie, or such a man that he would lie,
for ut is mentiretur: tantus erat pater tuns, quantus si tu
esses, felix fores, thy father was so great a man, that if thou
wert as great &c., for ut, si tu tantus &c. It is the same with
talis qualis : talis erat pater meus, qualis si ego essem, pro feli-
cissimo haberer, for ut si ego talis essem : Cic. ad Div. 9- 14. 6,
gratulor tibi, cum (i. e. that) tantum vales apud Dolabellam,
quantum si ego apud sororisfilium valerem, salvi esse possemus :
where quantum si ego, is for ut, si ego tantum &c.
6.) By cum since, quia because, which are prefixed, and
quare, hinc, which otherwise would follow 7 , are omitted ; e. g.
for tu nihil didicisti, hinc non mirari debes, te a nemine coli,
we may say, cum nihil didiceris, non mirari debes &c. : such
expressions are very common in Cicero.
7.) By tantum abest, which is followed by ut twice repeated,
when in English we say, so far from &c. : as, so far from re-
joicing, 1 must weep, tantum abest ut gaudeam, ut potius flere
cogar : but if tantum abest follows, ut is only once used ; as,
fleo nunc, tantum abest, ut gaudeam, 1 weep, so far am I from
rejoicing, much less do I rejoice.
8.) By the particles expressing comparison, ut, sicut, quem
admodum, which are followed by sic, ita, where in English
we have merely and, or not only but also ; e. g. ego te, ut
semper amavi, ita per omnem vitam amabo, I have always loved
you, and will love you all my life long ; or, I not only have always
loved you, but also &c. : Dolabellam, ut Tarsenses, ita Laodi-
ceni acceperunt, Cic. ad Div. 12. 13. Cass. : ut Titanis, ita
Gigantibus, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 28.
9.) By etsi for quidem, quia for nam &c. : a) etsi for qui-
dem ; I am not learned indeed, but wise, etsi non doctus sum,
Of the Conjunction of Words. 271
tamen scio, for non quidem doctus sum &c. : b) quia for nam
or enim ; e. g. for patris reditum nescio, nam ille non scripsit,
we may say, patris reditum, quia ille non scripsit, nescio.
These various methods facilitate composition, and should be no-
ticed.
10.) By nee or neque for et non : this is to be recommended
for its conciseness ; e. g. amo te nee possum dicere, quare, I
love thee and cannot tell why, is better than amo te et non pos-
sum &c. Thence et non should generally be changed into nee
or neque. So, nee ullus, nee quisquam, are more common than
et nullus, et nemo : nee quidquam than et nihil: nee unquam
than et nunquam : nee usquam than et nusquam : e. g. for hoc
omnes fatentur, et nemo negat, we say, hoc omnes fatentur, nee
quisquam (or ullus) negat : for omnia feci et nihil prastermisi,
we say, omnia feci, nee quidquam pra3termisi : for semper te
amavi, et nunquam desinam te amare, we say, semper te amavi,
nee unquam &c. : for quaBsivi patrem ubique, et tamen nusquam
inveni^ we say, qusivi patrem ubique, nee tamen usquam in-
veni. Such expressions should be observed and imitated : Cic.
Senect. 12, prsestringit oculos, 7zechabetw//Mwcumvirtutecom-
mercium, for et habetnullum &c. : dissimillimi inter se Zeuxis,
Aglaophon, Apelles, neque eorum quisquam est, cui &c., Cic.
Or. 3. 7 ' talibus aures tuas vocibus circumsonare : nee eas
quidquam aliud audire, Cic. Off. 3. 2 : nee mihi magis unquam
videor &c., Cic. Div. 2. 68, for et nunquam.
II.) Entire periods as they are termed, that is, com-
plete and perfect sentences between two full stops, are
united :
1.) By qui, qua3, quod, for is, ea, id, hie, haec, hoc, or even
for ego, tu, nos, vos : in which case the conjunctions et, vero,
autem, enim, ergo &c., must be omitted ; e.g. heri apud fratrem
fui. Cui cum dixissem, me &c., for et cum ei dixissem &c., or
cum igitur ei dixissem &c. : it would be wrong to say cui igitur
cum dixissem &c. Further, fratri de ea re dixi. Qui cum nol-
let &c., but since he was unwilling &c., for cum vero is nollet;
where qui vero cum nollet would be incorrect : Cic. ad Div. 5.
272 Of the Conjunction of Words.
2. 15, satis habeas, nihil me etiam tecum de tui fratris iniuria
conqueri. Quern ego cum comperissem omnem sui tribunatus
conatum in meam perniciem parare &c., be contented that I
make no complaints to you of the injustice of your brother ; for
when I found that he &c. This should be imitated : yet enim
cannot always be exchanged for qui, except where the cause is
quite obvious, and for may be omitted in English.
2.) By nee or neque in two ways :
a) For et non, as in the connection of two shorter sentences,
whether it mean also not, or and not ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 3. 7.
15, nee mehercule aliter vidi existimare vel Pompeium vel
Lentulum &c., and also I have not seen &c. Here nee quis-
quam or riec ullus is used for et nullus or etiam nullus, et nemo or
nemo etiam : nee quidquam, for et or etiam nihil : nee unquam,
for et nunquam or nunquam etiam : nee usquam for et nus-
quam, or nusquam etiam: Cic. Off. 1. 16, neque ulla re &c.,
for et nulla re &c. : nee quisquam rex, Cic. Div. 1. 41:
neque quisquam, Nep. Thras. 2 : neque unquam, ibid. Alt. 14.
Here also neque non is very common for et, i. e. and or also,
whence it is clear how readily the ancients commenced periods
with neque or nee ; e. g. Cic. Cat. 4. 2, neque meam mentetn
non domum saspe revocat exanimata uxor &c., and my lifeless
wife &c. : for et meam mentem &c. : Cic. Rose. Am. 32, neque
ego non possum &c.
b) Instead of non ; e.g. neque or nee vero credibile est &c.,
but it is not credible, for non vero &c. : so, neque or nee nega-
verim &c., yet I will not deny &c., for non vero &c. : neque (nee)
enim possum &c. : Cic. ad Div. 1. 9. 15, neque vero hac in
causa modo, sed &c., but not only &c. : ibid. 2. 6. 5, neque enim
sum veritus &c., for I do not fear &c. : ibid. 7.1.3, neque tamen
dubito &c. : so, neque vero, and neque tamen, Nep. Thras. 2.
So, neque vero quisquam, quidquam, usquam, unquam, for
nemo vero, nihil vero, nusquam vero, nunquam vero : so, neque
tamen quisquam, quidquam, unquam, usquam, for nemo tamen
&c. : so, neque enim quisquam Sec., for nemo enim &c. : and so
in other instances : Cic. Or. 1. 8, neque vero mihi quidquam &c. :
Of the Conjunction of Words. 273
Nep. Dat. 5, neque tamen quidquam fecit : ibid. Alt. 13, neque
tamen horum quenquam : so we often find neque vero non, for
vero : neque tamen non, for tamen : neque enim non f for enim :
Cic. Or. 2. 85, we^we fa/?zera ilia non ornant, for ilia tamen or-
nant : Nep. Att. 13, neque tamen non bene habitavit. In
these instances non is often quite apart from neque or nee; e. g.
Cic. ad Div. 6. 1.5, nee enim is, qui in te adhuc iniustior fuit,
non magna signa dedit animi erga te mitigati, for is enim, qui in
te adhuc iniustior fuit, magna signa &c. All these expressions
deserve imitation.
Note : The ancients said neque vero rather than neque autem :
the latter is rare : it occurs Cic. ad Div. 5. 12. 21 : Cels. 2. 17.
So nee autem, Lucret. 6. 779-
3.) Also in other ways ; e. g. a) by nam cum, which is more
usual than cum enim : b) by quod r for quod adtinet ad id quod,
as to what concerns the circumstance that &c. ; e. g. quod autem
nonnulli dicunt &c., as to the circumstance, that some say &c. :
Cic. ad Div. 5. 2. 12, 13, quod scribis : c) by at, in objections
which one supposes and answers ; for at obiici possit, at obii-
ciunt, but they object &c. ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 9. 6. 9, at in
perturbata republica vivimus, but thou wilt say, we live &c.
Also at vero, Cic. ad Div. 4. 5. 7- Sulpic., at vero malum est
amittere liberos : d) by hie, or hac in re, on this occasion, here,
which often occurs in Nepos, Cicero &c.
III.) The separate arguments and larger divisions of
a writing or speech, were seldom marked by the Ro-
mans by means of primo, secundo, tertio &c. The
Romans rather said, in thejirst place, next, further &c.,
and closed with family. In the first place, primum ;
secondly, delnde ; thirdly, i. e. finally, denique, postremo
&c. When there were four divisions, they said pri-
mum, deinde, turn, postremo &c. When there were
more, they also used prgeterea and insuper, and repeated
deinde and turn ; and closed with denique &c. as be-
fore. That deinde and turn have not a definite place
VOL. n. T
274 Of the Conjunction of Words.
appears from Cic. Font. 14, where Cicero enumerates
primum, turn, deinde, postremo. The ancients also
made use of other formulae ; as accedit, quod, to which
is added, that &c. : or hue, accedit, quod ; accedit, ut
&c. : further, reliquum est, ut &c. ; restat, ut &c., it
remains that &c. : and also others. That this is a more
elegant way of enumerating is quite obvious. Some-
times, however, they used primum, secundo &c. ; e. g.
primum secundo, Varr. R. R. 1. 2. 4 : primum se-
cundo deinde, Cic. Leg. 1. 13 : primum se-
cundo tertium, Cic. Plane. 20 : primo secundo
Phsedr. 4. 10. 16 : whence it is not incorrect so to enu-
merate ; and it is sometimes more perspicuous.
( 275 )
CHAPTER V.
Of the, Construction of Words with respect to their
Interchange.
A VARIETY of expression is both necessary and
agreeable. Yet here caution is requisite, that the in-
terchange of words may not embarrass the meaning.
All depends on the context, our knowledge of words,
and a correct judgement.
1.
Of the Interchange of Substantives.
I.) Substantives are sometimes interchanged with
substantives; e.g. cognitio knowledge, with notitiaand
scientia ; eruditio with doctrina ; yet, where the con-
text determines it, eruditio may also mean instruction :
anni with aetas, the age or years of a man : auctoritas
with consilium ; yet auctoritas may be determined by
the context to mean command : adolescentia is used
for adolescentes : so iuventus, Cic. Or. 3. 34 : Caes. B.
G. 3. 16 : so senectus for senes ; mens for cogitationes ;
e. g. mentem meam tibi declarabo, I will declare to you
my mind : so, mors, obitus, finis vitae, are equivalent :
dies is used for tempus ; e. g. dies levat luctum, Cic.
Att. 3. 15 : dies, quae stultis quoque mederi solet, Cic.
ad Div. 7. 28. cf. 5. 16, and elsewhere : nihil for
nemo ; e.g.'mkil illo fuisse excellentius, for neminem
T2
276 Of the Interchange of Words.
excellentiorem, Nep. Ale. 1 : nil fortunatius Catulo,
Cic. Att. 2. 24 : Dolabella tuo nihil mihi scito esse iu-
cundius, Cic. ad Att. 9. 16. Caes. On the contrary,
sententia may not be used for opinio ; since the former
means a deliberate opinion, the latter a conjectural opi-
nion : vitium, error, and peccatum differ ; vitium, a
fault generally ; e. g. vitium hominis, vestis, parietis
&c. ; peccatum, a transgression or departure from a
rule ; error, a mistake or error, though perhaps only of
the understanding : hence error fratris and peccatum
fratris are not always equivalent : and so of many other
words. So a puero is used for a pueritia, from child-
hood, Cic. Acad. 4. 36 : Cic. Or. 1. 1 : apueris, Cic.
Tusc. 1. 24 : Ter. Heaut. 2. 1. 2.
II.) Substantives are used for their corresponding
adjectives ; e. g. victor exercitus, the victorious army,
Cic. Manil. 9 : Nep. Ages. 4. We must particularly
remark Cic. ad Div. 5. 2. 22, hums temeritati si non re-
stitissem, forhuic temerario homini sinon&c. : Phaedr.
1. 12. 6, crurum nimiam tenuitatem vituperat, forcrura
nimis tenuia. This much deserves to be imitated where
it applies : so, nihil rei, for nulla res : nihil pecunise,
no money : nihil mali, no evil, Cic. Att. 8. 4 : so nemo
for nullus ; e. g. nemo civis, Cic. Dom. 42 : nemo Ro-
manus, Liv. 3. ^0 : nemo homo, Cic. Nat. Deor.2. 38 :
Cic. ad Div. 13. 55 : Terent. Ad. 2. 3. 6.
III.) A substantive is used for a pronoun for the sake
of emphasis ; e. g. Cic. Cat. 1. 1, o tempora ! o mores !
senatus hsec intelligit, Consul videt, hie tamen vivit :
here Consul videt is put for ego video ; Cicero being
then consul.
Of the Interchange of Words. 277
IV.) A proper name is sometimes put to denote some
general character, as Hector, Achilles, for heros; Nes-
tor for senex prudens &c.
V.) Two substantives are often used for one ; e. g.
he has offended his father, offendit patris animum : he
has wounded his brother, corpus fratris vulneravit;
since, properly, the whole man is not offended or
wounded, but the mind is offended, the body wounded.
So saevitia maris is used for mare, when reference is
had to the fierceness or commotion of the sea ; where
saevitia maris is, in fact, put for saevum mare, and the
accompanying substantive is not redundant, but adds
emphasis, clearness &c.
VI.) A substantive both with and without a prepo-
sition is sometimes used as an adverb ; as, praeter opi-
nionem for repente : per insidias craftily, for insidiose :
singulis diebus, for quotidie : summo studio, for stu-
diosissime &c. We are often obliged to speak in this
way when there is no appropriate adverb ; as, singulis
mensibus, monthly &c.
2.
Of the Interchange of Adjectives.
I.) Adjectives are interchanged with adjectives ; as
fessus and lassus, tired : certus, indubitatus, exploratus,
certain : pulcher beautifu , both o the body and soul :
formosus, beautiful, of the body : magnus great, gravis
great, said of bad things, as, gravis morbus, a great
sickness, grave bellum &c. : praeclarus, egregius, exi-
mius, praestans, excellens, excellent : sometimes also
278 Of the Interchange of Words.
insignis, which properly means remarkable, and sin-
gularis, singular; though these two last are used also of
bad things ; as insignis and singularis audacia : &c.
We particularly observe : a) after sine, ullus is used for
omnis ; e. g. sine ulla dubitatione, Cic. Cat. 3. 6 : Cic.
Or. 2. 49, without all doubt, not sine omni &c. : sine
ulla mora, Cic. Cat. 3. 2 : sine ulla vituperatione, Cic.
Csecil. 8 : yet we also find omni ; e. g. sine omni pe-
riculo, Terent. Andr. 2. 3. 17 : sine omni sapientia, Cic.
Or. 2. 1 : and elsewhere ; e. g. Plaut. Bacch. 5. 2. 13:
Ovid. Trist. 4. 8. 33. b) The comparative is often used
for the superlative ; e. g. te nemo est doctior, thou art
the most learned : particularly after qui ; as, quo nemo
doctior, felicior est, who is the most learned, the most
fortunate man : quo nihil pulchrius vidi, which is the
most beautiful that I have seen : c) quantum is used
for quot ; as, quantum librorum, how many books ?
When how many is equivalent to a few or how few!
quot is rarely used, but instead of it quotusquisque ;
e. g. quotusquisque hoc credit ? how many believe this ?
that is, few believe it, no one believes it. Thus nullus
is used for vilis, levis, of no value ; e. g. nullum id ar-
gumentum est, Cic. Tusc. 2. 5 : ob rem nullam, Terent.
Hec. 5. 3. 2, i. e. a trifle ; and elsewhere.
II.) Adjectives for substantives ; e. g. dixit hoc vivus,
he said this in his lifetime : me vivo factum est, it has
been done in my lifetime : didicit hoc senex, he learnt
this in his old age, where senex is for in senectute :
so the participles ; as, dixit moriens, i. e. at his death :
proficiscens, at his departure ; mortuo patre ibam, after
may father's death I went : verum dicere, to say the
truth, rather than veritatem : yet veritates dicere, Gell.
Of the Interchange of Words. 279
18. 7 : further, civis Romanus, Albanus, a citizen of
Rome, of Alba, not civis e Roma &c. : so, Epaminon-
das Thebanus, of Thebes &c. : further, mortales is often
used for homines ; e. g. Cic. in Caecil. 2 : Cic. Pis.
40 : Cic. Fin. 2. 3 : Cic. Nat. Deor. 3. 36. &c.
III.) Adjectives for adverbs ; e. g. nullus dubito,
I doubt not, for non dubito : so nullus is often used
for non; e. g. tametsi nullus moneas, Ter. Eun. 2. 1.
10: Sextus ab armis nullus discedit, Cic. Att. 15. 52 :
nullus dixeris, Terent. Hec. 1. 2. 3 : haec bona nulla
redierunt, Cic. Rose. Am. 44 : misericordia, quae tibi
nulla debetur, Cic. Cat. 1.7: auspicia, quae nulla sunt,
Cic. Div. 2. 33 : so nulla when speaking of females ;
e. g. nulla colum novit, Virg. in Ciri, 177 : especially
primus, solus, unus, &c., are readily used for primum
&c. ; as, mater venit prima, my mother came first :
Neutonus primus invenit, Newton first invented : mihi
soli (uni) dixit, he told me only : amat solam pecuniam ,
he loves only money : virtus sola hominem reddit fe-
licem, virtue alone &c. This deserves imitation : so
also priori Remo augurium venisse fertur, Liv. 1.7:
urbs, quae quia postrema aedificata est &c., Cic. Verr.
4. 53, i. e. last : Hispania postrema omnium perdomita
est, Liv. 28. 12. Further, Cic. Rose. Am. 6, erat ille
Romae frequens, for frequenter : ibid. 7, decem horis
nocturnis sex et quinquaginta millia passuuin cisiis
pervolavit, for decem horis noctu &c. : see Chap. L
Sect. IV. 2.
280 Of the Interchange of Words.
3.
Of the Interchange of Numerals.
I.) With each other ; e. g. duodeviginti, Cic. Acad.
4. 41 : decem et octo, Liv. 9. 33 : Hirt. B. G. 8. 4 :
Cic. Cluent. 9, where, however, Ernesti reads XVIII :
octodecim, Frontin. Strat. 2. 7. 37 : undeviginti, Cic.
Brut. 64 : decem novem, Cses. B. G. 1. 8 : novemde-
cim, Epit. Liv. 119 : Liv. 3. 24. Drakenb. : decem et
tres, Cic. Rose. Am. 7, for tredecim : decem et sex, Cic.
Cluent. 7, where Ernesti has XVI : Liv, 33. 4 : sex-
decim, Nep. Att. 16: decem et septem, Liv. 33. 21 :
Cic. Phil. 5. 7 : septem et decem, Cic. Senect. 6 : see
before, Part I. Chap. III. Sect. II.
II.) Numerals for other adjectives ; as sexcenti, cen-
tum, mille &c., for very many, innumerable ; so centies,
sexcenties, &c. i. e. ssepissime. Yet attention must al-
ways be paid to the literal sense ; a man forty years old
cannot say, I have kept my birth-day, centies, sexcen-
ties, millies, for, very often : and so in other instances.
Further, ut uno verbo dicam, i. e. paucis verbis.
4.
Of the Interchange of Pronouns.
I.) With each other ; e.g. a) nos, nobis &c., are
continually used by Cicero for ego, me, mihi &c. b)id
quod for quod ; e. g. amas virtutem ; id quod valde
laudo, which also I much praise : c) nescio quis, quid
&c., for quidam or aliquis, i. e. a certain one. It is often
Of the Interchange of Words. 281
applied to persons or things which one considers as
unknown or of mean account ; as, vidi hominem nescio
quern, a man, I know not whom, or an unknown per-
spn : but it often merely means, some one, any one :
scripsit librum nescio quern, a book not very valuable :
also libri nescio quid. Yet nescio quid is used in
a good sense, Cic. Arch. 5, illud nescio quid praecla-
rum, that valuable something, or that something valu-
able : nescio quid may be commonly translated some-
what : d) ipse is continually used for ille, when the
discourse is of a principal person who is to be separated
from his followers ; e. g. Caesar praemisit legates,
ipse post aliquot dies secutus est, but himself followed
&c. : e) qui, quse, quod, for is, ea, id, or ego, tu, in
the conjunction of periods ; e. g. doleo te non adfuisse,
Qui si adfuisses &c., since if thou hadst been &e., for
si tu : further, tu nos non amas. Quos si amares, i. e.
si nos &c. : virtus est pulchra. Quam si &c, for earn si :
particularly dignus sum, es, est, quern ament, L e. ut
me, te, ilium ament. Further, misit mihi librum, quem
(i. e. ut eum) legerem &c. : f ) si quis for si aliquis,
is very common, and more common than the latter :
and so through all cases &c. ; e. g. si quid, si cuius.
So ne quis, quo quis &c., for ne aliquis, quo aliquis
&c. Also literae tuse, a letter from you, is often used ;
e. g. raras tuas quidem accipio literas, Cic. ad Div.
2. 13, and elsewhere : thus we may translate ibid. 12.
25, Liberalibus literas accepi tuas, a letter from you :
exspectabam tuas literas, ibid. 10. 14, a letter from
you.
II.) Pronouns for adjectives; e. g. 1.) ipse for in-
teger, totus whole, with numerals, or just, exactly ; e.g.
282 Of the Interchange of Words.
tres ipsos dies ibi fui, I was there three whole days, or
just three days: Cic. Att. 3. 21, triginta erant dies
ipsi : Cic. ad Div. 2. 8, cum Athenis decem ipsos dies
fuissem : Cic. Verr. 2. 9, ipso vicesimo anno, just&c. :
2.) is for talis ; e. g. tu es ea doctrina, ut &c., thou hast
such learning &c. 3.) hie for prsesens ; e. g. hie homo,
the man here standing, sitting &c., or the man now liv-
ing : haec tempora, the present times : 4.) hie for prox-
imus ; as, his diebus accidit, it happened on the pre-
ceding day : 5.) ille is commonly used for prior, when
it may be translated the former, to which hie for poste-
rior, the latter, corresponds ; as, Cicero et Livius sunt
legendi ; ille ob eloquentiam, hie propter historiam, the
former the latter : 6.) quicunque and quisquis are
continually used for omnis qui ; e. g. quicunque deum
amant, eos amo ; for omnes eos, qui deum &c., I love all
that love God : quisquis ita loquitur, mentitur, every
one that so speaks, lies : quemcunque amas, eum amo,
I love every one that you love : quidquid cupies, tibi
dabo, all that you desire, I shall give you : qusecunque
dixisti, ea vera sunt, all that you have said, is true. All
these instances are to be imitated : also 7.) quisorqui
for qualis ; e. g. Xenophon, qui vir et quantus ! Cic.
Div. 1. 25 : quis videor? Terent. And. 4. 2. 19 : sed
quis ego sum ? aut quae &c., Cic. Amic. 5 : quid mu-
lieris habes? Terent. Hec. 4. 4.2, i. e. what sort of
woman &c.
III.) Pronouns for adverbs ; e. g. l.)quid, i.e. cur?
as, quid fles ? 2.) ipse for adeo ; e. g. ipse Caesar, licet
inimicus esset, laudavit Pompeium : Cic. ad Div. 6.
10, neque eum ipse Caesar &c., even Caesar &c. : Cic.
Verr. 4. 14, in his ipsis rebus : thus we say, Caesar him-
Of the Interchange of Words. 283
self, for even Caesar : 3.) idem through all its cases is
used for item, porro, or etiam, even, also, further, with
the pronouns is, ego, tu &c. ; e. g. Virgilius scripsit
Bucolica : idem JEneida fecit, he also composed the
,/Eneid : Caesar vicit Gallos et Pompeium : idem fuit
magnus orator, he was also &c. : fratrem laudat : eun-
dem donavit, he also rewarded him : a patre accepi
Horatium : ab eodem exspecto Virgilium, from him also
&c., for ab eo etiam : ego multos libros nuper emi :
idem plures emam, I also shall buy more, for ego etiam
&c. : so also it may be used for tu etiam : 4.) ipse for
commodum, just, exactly ; e. g. triginta erant dies ipsi,
Cic. Att. 3. 21 : see above : so ipsis Nonis, Cic. Sext.
63 : nunc ipsum, exactly now, Cic. Att. 7. 3 : 12. 16,
40.
IV.) Pronouns for prepositions ; as, quae tua est hu-
manitas, benevolentia &c., i. e. pro tua humanitate, be-
nevolentia &c. : qui tuus est amor, for pro tuo amore &c.
V.) Pronouns for conjunctions ; 1.) is for quidem ;
e. g. habeo multos libros, et eos (eosque, or eosdemque)
pulchros, and indeed fine ones : see above, Chap. IV.
n. IV. 2.) idem for etiam ; as, Cicero multas orationes
scripsit : idem edidit alios libros : 3.) especially qui
is used for ut or cum, followed by other pronouns ; as,
a) for ut ; dignus sum, qui lauder, i, e. ut ego lauder :
dignus es, cuius libros legam, i. e. ut tuos &c. : b) for
cum when or since, quod that : laudandus es, qui id
feceris, since or because you have done &c. It is also
used for connecting periods, partly instead of autem,
vero, et &c. ; as, tu non adfuisti. Qui si adfuisses &c.,
as was noticed before. We also find qui (at other times
for quo modo) instead of ut that ; e. g. ilium tanti fa-
284 Of the Interchange of Words.
cio, qui non Csesarem magis diligam, Cic. ad Att. 3.
15. Balb. : efficite, qui detur, Terent. And. 2. 1. 34 :
homines sunt hac lege generati, qui tuerentur ilium
globum, Cic. Somn. Scip. 3, and elsewhere.
5.
Of the Interchange of Verbs.
I.) With each other ; e. g. a) pati, ferre, sinere, to
suffer, permit, allow : also permittere, or potestatem ali-
cui dare : b) ferre, tolerare, perferre, perpeti, to bear,
suffer, or endure ; e. g. onus, fortunam adversam : also
subire and sustinere : c) suadere, consilium dare, cen-
sere ; e. g. censeo eundum : but not consulere alicui,
which means to care for : d) habeo vestes, sunt mihi
vestes, sum vestibus prseditus, instructus, ornatus : so
utor ; e. g. parentibus bonis, libris, or non careo re, non
sum expers rei. Yet here, as in the former instances,
we must attend to the literal and proper sense, other-
wise the interchange might be incorrect : thus versari
is sometimes equivalent to esse, but properly means, to
turn round in, to continue a long time in a place ;
thence, to be there : verba facere is the same as dicere,
loqui, Nep. Them. 10: Liv. 29. 12 : thence, to make
a speech, Cic. Ver . 4. 66. So, prodere memoriae, to
hand down to remembrance, is different from narrare,
memorare, commemorare,mentionem facere, and is prin-
cipally applied to historians : so also referre, tradere.
Promittere is the same as polliceri ; but spondere means
to be surety for ; prsestare, to stand in the place of, to
tell for ; recipere, to undertake for, means a very con-
fident assurance. Audire, accipere, to hear, and cog-
Of the Interchange of Words. 285
noscere to perceive, are equivalent; but comperire to
know or find, signifies more, viz. to get certain tidings
of; and experiri means to try, or know by experience ;
e. g. mala expertus sum multa. Esse, when followed
by inter, is equivalent to intercedere ; as, inter te etme
intercedit amicitia, or est amicitia. Declarare, mani-
festare, indicare, are equivalent: significare means,
generally, to denote or signify, whether by words,
looks, or gestures : profited, and prae se ferre, are often
used for declarare, to make known, to inform. For non
dico we may say nego : also e. g. for pater dixit, se non
venturum, We properly say, pater negavit, se venturum :
and so in similar instances. For negare deum, we may
say, tollere deum. Credo, puto, arbitror, reor, existimo,
statuo, to believe, are equivalent : so, videtur mihi res
esse vera, I believe that the thing is true, is very com-
mon : so, videris mihi esse doctus, videor tibi esse doc-
tus &c. : but opinor I conjecture, persuasum mihi est,
I am quite persuaded, iudico, I believe with good
ground ; as, iudico te esse doctum. Debeo, and meum
est officium, are equivalent : oportet, it is needful, use-
ful : necesse est, it is necessary, indispensable : cogor,
I am compelled, I must ; e. g. liberi debent colere pa-
rentes : oportet me discere : necesse est hominem mori :
cogitur patriam relinquere : for all which the participle
in dus, or the gerund in dum, may be used ; as, liberis
parentes sunt colendi, mihi est discendum, homini est
moriendum, patria ei est relinquenda. For non opus est,
non est causa, when a verb follows, we commonly say,
non est, quod ; e. g. non est, quod fleas, rideas, thou hast
no cause to weep, to laugh. Fateor, confiteor I con-
fess, generally, whatsoever, or howsoever, with free will
or compulsion : profiteer, I freely confess, make openly
286 Of the Interchange of Words.
known. For facere aliquem doctum, we find reddere
aliquem doctum &c. JEgre ferre, moleste ferre, to take
amiss, to be troubled, vexed for : but vitio vertere, to
impute or allege as a fault. In malam partem accipere,
to take in bad part ; which can only be said of some-
thing that might be taken in good part. Imperare, to
command or give orders : mandare, to commit or in-
trust : iubere, to bid any thing, whether by entreaty or
command. For spero, we may say, spes mihi est, spe
teneor, in spe sum &c. Erro and fallor indifferently
mean, I err ; yet we seldom find fallor in spe, opinione
&c., I err in my hope, opinion &c. ; but spes, opi-
nio, me fallit. Lsetari, gaudere, are equivalent ; but
laetitia eiferre is more, and Isetitia exsultare still more,
to leap for joy. And thus more instances might be cited.
The poets also often say venire for esse ; e. g. pulchro
veniens in corpore virtus, Virg. j^En. 5. 344. cf. 7. 470 :
Ovid. Met. 7. 195. &c.
II.) The parts of the verb are often interchanged :
A. The Modes : 1.) the indicative future for the
present imperative ; non facies for ne fac, is milder : so
also 2.) the conjunctive instead of the imperative ; as,
ne facias for ne fac : 3.) the infinitive instead of the
indicative ; as, Caesar proficisci, venire &c., for profi-
ciscebatur &c., hostes fugere, the enemies fly, is very
common in narrations. Further, the infinitive with the
subject accusative, for ut, quod &c., with the indicative
or conjunctive ; as, gaudeo te vivere, and gaudeo quod
vivis : necesse est homo moriatur, and hominem mori :
4.) also an indicative often stands where in English we
might use the subjunctive ; e. g. psene tua meperdidit
protervitas, Ter. Heaut. 4. 6. 10, for perdidisset.
Of the Interchange of Words. 287
B. Numbers : e. g. mine dicemus, for dicam : co-
gita, quid dignitas et officium a te postulent or postulet :
both are correct : so, pars capta est, and capti sunt :
see above, Chap. I, Sect. IV. 1.
C. Tenses : as 1.) the present instead of the imper-
fect conjunctive ; si quis dicat, if any one shall say,
i. e. now ; which usage, perhaps, is necessary : see
above, Chap. I. Sect. X. 4 : 2.) the present instead
of the perfect in lively narrative ; as, Caesar imperat,
proficiscitur &c., commands, marches &c., for impera-
vit, profectus est &c. : see above, Chap. I. Sect. X. 4 :
3.) the present instead of the future : a) when there is
no future ; as, spero me hoc efficere posse, I hope that
I shall be able to effect this : yet sometimes the an-
cients in such cases use a present, though there is a
future : b) when a future event is spoken of with much
confidence, as though it were present ; e. g. brevi in-
felix es, for eris : c) in such expressions as these ;
who will deny it? every one will allow &c., the ancients
more commonly use the present ; as, quis hoc neget ?
quisque fateri debet ; not negabit, debebit : 4.) the
imperfect instead of the perfect ; as, memini me dicere,
for dixisse, is very common : 5.) the perfect conjunc-
tive instead of the present ; as, ne dixeris for ne dicas :
6) the future indicative for the present imperative;
non facies, for ne fac : which we lately mentioned :
7.) also the future perfect for the simple future ; e. g.
videro for videbo : see above, Chap. I. Sect. X. 4.
D. The persons are sometimes interchanged, where
in English we say one, they &c. ; e. g. dicitur pax mox
futura esse, and dicunt pacem mox futuram esse : ho-
288 Of the Interchange of Words.
nestum est, ea, quae scias, alios docere, and quse scia-
mus, what one knows : see Chap. 1. Sect. X. 1.
E. The voices are interchanged ; e. g. scio te libros
amare, and libros a te amari. Yet in such examples
of two accusatives, if they both denote persons, it is bet-
ter for perspicuity to use the passive ; as, scio te a pa-
tre amari, for patrem te amare, since the latter may
mean, that thou lovest thy father, or that thy father
loves thee : as in the well-known instance, Aio te y
^lacida, Romanos vincere posse. Yet sometimes the
ancients neglect this precaution, and then the context
must decide ; e. g. me tamen te exspectaturum fuisse,
Cic. ad Div. 5. 20. 8, i. e. that I &c. : omnes socrus
oderunt nurus, Ter. Hec. 2. 1.4; gerendus est tibi
mos adolescentlbus, Cic. Or. L 23.
III.) Verbs instead of substantives ; e. g. I .) the in-
finitive as a subject ; as, errare humanum est, for error
&c. This is often necessary when there is no appro-
priate substantive, as to learn, discere ; e. g. didicisse
fideliter artes emollit mores &c. : virtutem magni facere
reddit homines felices, the high estimation &c. : see
above, Chap. I. Sect. IV. 1. n. 5. 2.) Participles are
often used as substantives ; as, pater moriens, proficis-
cens, dicebat, my father, at his death, on his departure,
said : crede mihi adfirmanti, believe me on my word :
feci hoc confisus tuae humanitati, I did this from con-
fidence in &c. : diffisus, from distrust &c. : timens, from
fear : fugiebat timens patrem, he fled from fear of his
father : in audienda re, at hearing of the matter : pa-
trem puto doctum esse, your father in my opinion is
learned : te etiam mortuum diligam, I will love you
even after your death.
Of the Interchange of Words. 289
IV.) Verbs instead of adjectives ; as, vix credi po-
test, for vix credibile est. Also soleo is used, where
in English we say ever or always ; e. g. soleo esse ul-
timus, I am always the last : Cic. Rose. Com. 16, qui
mentiri solet, peierare consuevit, he who always lies
c. : Cic. Or. 3. 50, solitus est versus hexametros fun-
dere ex tempore : Cic. Tusc. 1. 40, Grseci soknt no-
ininare &c. : Ter. Ad. 1. 1. 54, credo iam, ut solet, iur-
gabit. We must often use verbs for want of proper
and usual adjectives ; as, deus cerni nequit, forest in-
visibilis: dei magnitudinem mente complecti nemo po-
test, the greatness of God is incomprehensible : so,
potesl fieri ut fallar, Cic. ad Div. 13. 73, it is possi-
ble, for possibile est, which rarely occurs : so also non
fieri potest, it is impossible.
V.) Verbs instead of adverbs ; as, quid quaeris ? i. e.
briefly, occurs in Cicero. The following expressions
deserve particular notice : necesse est hominem mori,
for homo moritur necessario : certum est, nihil esse me-
lius virtute, for nihil profecto est melius virtute : mani-
festum est te mentiri, for manifesto mentiris ; and so in
other instances. It is often impossible to speak other-
wise ; e. g. fratrem tuum inortuum esse opinor, thy bro-
ther is probably dead.
VI.) Verbs, and especially participles, are often used
for prepositions ; as,
1 .) for sine ; homo carens libris non multa discere potest, a
man without books cannot learn much.
2.) for cum ; e. g. venit instructus magna multitudine, he
came with Sec.
3.) for propter : to these belong the participles ductus, ad-
VOL. n. u
290 Of the Interchange of Words.
ductus, impulsus, incitatus, motus, permotus ; also inflamma-
tus &c. ; e. g. fecit amore ductus, incitatus &c., he did it out of
love ; properly, induced by love : necessitate impulsus, coactus,
out of necessity ; properly, moved, compelled by &c. Further,
the participles impeditus, exclusus, prohibitus, when the dis-
course is of a hindrance ; as, non potui ad te venire angustia
temporis impeditus, exclusus, from want of time : occupationi-
bus prohibitus, impeditus, on account of business : to these also
belong other participles ; as, carens magistro nil discere potuit,
from want of a teacher he could learn nothing : timens, from
fear &c.
4.) for post ; e. g. coenatus cubitum ivit, after supper he
went to bed, for post coenam : pransus, i. e. post prandium :
mortuus, i. e. post mortem : mortuo tibi gratiam adhuc habe-
bo, I shall still thank you after your death : his literis acceptis,
after the receipt of these letters : patre mortuo, after his father's
death &c.
5.) for in ; as, iter faciens, for in itinere : iter faciens per Bri-
tanniam ad me veniebat, in his journey &c. : scribens morie-
batur, i. e. in scribendo, in writing &c.
6.) for ex ; e. g. scio hoc experientia edoctus, I know it from
experience, is better than ex experientia scio.
7.) for prseter, the ablative of exceptus is used; e. g. libros
meos, paucis exceptis, except a few : nemo, te excepto &c., no
one, except you &c.
8.) for iuxta, apud ; as, adsidens libris moriebatur, he died
at his books.
VII.) The verb, viz. the participle, is often used for
the conjunctions cum, postquam &c. ; e. g. dicebat cos-
nans, for dum ccenabat, whilst he was supping : fecit hoc
timens, because he feared : his dictis mortuus est, after
he had said this &c. : so, noli dicere, for ne dicas : noli
scribere, for ne scribas, ne scribe : cave dicas, for ne
dicas &c.
Of the Interchange of Words. 291
6.
Of the Interchange of Adverbs.
I.) With one another ; e. g. 1.) ita, sic, tarn, are equi-
valent : if as follows, then ut is used after ita, sic, quam
after tarn : 2.) rursus, denuo again, and iterum : yet
iterum is used only when again is equivalent to a se-
cond time : 3.) instead of alias at another time, for alio
tempore, we find olim, an tea ; e. g. olim homines &c. :
but alioqui, alioquin, more commonly than alias mean
otherwise, in other places &c. : 4.) tantum, tantummo-
do, solum, duntaxat, modo only, are equivalent ; for
which non nisi may often be used ; e. g. habeo non nisi
tres libros, I have only three books &c. : solummodo is
not usual with the ancients, though it occurs Plin. H. N.
and Pand. : 5.) saltern, duntaxat, certe at least, are the
same : yet certe must be used only when at least is the
same as certainly ; e. g. si non hodie, eras certe, redibo,
I shall return at least to-morrow &c. : 6.) ferme, fere,
psene, propemodum, tantum non, nearly : 7.) cum pri-
mum, ut primum, simul with ac or atque, or without
either; e. g. cum primum potero, ut primum potero, simul
ac potero, simul potero, as soon as I can ; but quam pri-
mum, very soon, not, as soon as, as beginners often ima-
gine : 8.) aeque ac, atque, or quam, non minus quam,
are equivalent : 9.) for si aliquando, ne aliquando &c.,
we often find si quando, ne quando &c.
II.) Adverbs instead of substantives ; as, 1.) vere in
truth, vere dicere possum : liquido iurare, to swear con-
fidently : considerate, prudenter, agere to act with con-
sideration, with prudence : misere periit, he came to a
u2
292 Of the Interchange of Words.
miserable end &c. : 2.) hie, istic, illic, are often used
for hoc in loco, isto in loco, illo in loco, also for in hac,
ista, ilia re : hue, istuc, illuc, for in hunc, istum, ilium
locum : also instead of ad (in) hanc, istam, illam rem ;
hinc, istinc, illine, for ex hoc, isto, illo loco ; also for
ex hac, ista, ilia re. Particularly in his epistles Cicero
uses hie, hue, hinc, with reference to his own situation ;
istic, istuc, istinc, of the place to which he writes ; and
illic, illuc, illine, of a third place. Hinc also is often
the same as ex hac re : so unde, for e qua re &c. :
3,) ita is not merely used for hoc modo in this way,
but often a) for hac conditione ; as Cic. Off. 1. 9, nam
hoc ipsum ita iustum est, si est voluntarium, upon that
condition is right &c. : b) for hoc exitu ; as, locutus
sum cum illo ita, ut mihi adsentiretur, with such effect :
c) for hoc consilio, with this intention ; e. g. ita nos
esse natos, Cic. Fin. 4. 2 : ita sese annat eloquentia,
Cic. Invent. 1.1,
III.) Adverbs for adjectives : breviter rem dicere,
i. e. paucis : thus sic and ita are often used for talis ;
e. g. sic vita hominum est, such is the life of man, Cic.
Rose. Am. 30 : cf, Cic. Att. 4. 1 : Ter. Ad. 1. 2. 63 :
Phorm. 1. 2. 20 : 1.3. 20. But a singular expression
occurs Ter. And. 1.2.4, hen semper lenitas, my master's
continual mildness ; which should not be imitated.
On the other hand, non is often used for nullus ; e. g.
quod mel non habebant, Nep. Ages. 3 : eget exercita-
tionc non parva, Cic. Amic. 5 : particularly it must be
used with adjectives ; e. g. thou hast no fine books, non
habes pulchros libros, not nullos pulchros c.
IV.) Adverbs for pronouns ; as 1.) cum when, of
Of the Interchange of Words. 293
time ; e. g. erat tempus, cum c., for quo : temporibus
illis, cum, at the time in which &c., for quibus : 2.)
unde very often is used for a quo, qua, quibus, or ex
quo, qua c. ; e. g. homo, unde venisti, from whom
thou art come : domus, unde veni, for e qua : 3.) hie
for in hoc, herein, or in hac re ; e. g. hie laudandus est,
herein he is to be praised : 4.) hinc for ex hoc, or ex
hac re, hence, from this ; e. g. hinc sequitur, hence it
follows : it is also used for ex hac parte, as illinc fcr
ex ilia parte ; e. g. Liv. 32. 10, multis hinc atque illinc
vulneribus acceptis, when many wounds had been re-
ceived on this and that side : we may also say hinc il-
linc, on both sides, without atque : 5.) ut as, ita so,
are often used for quo eo ; e. g. for quo quis est doc-
tior, eo solet esse modestior, we may say, ut quisque
est doctissimus, ita solet esse modestissimus : in such
instances quisque is used for quis, and the superlative
for the comparative.
V.) Adverbs are sometimes used for verbs ; as ecce,
en, behold, for vide, videte ; e. g. ecce me, see, behold
me ; lo, here I am.
VI.) Adverbs for conjunctions ; e. g. 1.) ita with ut,
for quidem, sed ; e. g. arno priscos ita., ut recentiores
non spernam, I love the ancients indeed, but do not
despise the moderns : 2.) ut followed by ita is used
for et et, or turn turn &c. ; as, amant te, ut docti,
ita indocti, both the learned and unlearned love thee :
all these are very common.
294 Of the Interchange of Word*.
7.
Of the Interchange of Prepositions.
I.) With each other ; e. g.
1.) for apud at or near, iuxta, ad, propter, are often used;
as, ad urbem esse, to be at a city : propter viam, near the road :
also secundum; e. g. secundum viam, Varr. R. R. 1. 14 : iter
facere secundum mare, Cic. Att. 16. 8, and elsewhere.
2.) for ante, a) ob ; as, ob oculos ponere, versari, to place,
to move, before the eyes : b) prae ; as, prae se agere pecus, ar-
mentum, to drive a flock, a herd, before him : c) pro ; as, pro
castris legiones constituit, i. e. ante castra, Caes. B. G. 7. 70,
and elsewhere.
3.) for circiter, in numerations, we find ad; e.g. ad duo
millia, about two thousand : ad ducentos, Cic. Q. Fr. 2. 1 : ad
quatuor millia, Liv. 3. lo : ad viginti matronis accitis, Liv. 8.
18 : cf. 38. 36 : Caes. B. G. <2. 33, and elsewhere.
4.) for contra against, contrary to, a) adversus, in ; as, di-
cere in aliquem, against any one : b) praeter ; as, praster morem,
consuetudinem, spem &c., contrary to custom, hope &c.
o.) forerga, we find in or adversus; as, amor in (adversus)
parentes &c.
6.) for ex, we find de ; as, unus ex civibus, or de civibus.
7.) for de, we find super ; as, super hac re multa scripta
sunt, upon or concerning &c.
8.) for inter, in occurs ; as, in doctis numerari, to be num-
bered amongst the learned : nemo in his invenitur, for inter hos.
9.) for post, we may use a) ex ; as, ex hoc tempore, after
this time : ex quo tempore, or ex quo, from which time &c. :
b) a ; as, a meridie, after noon : c) secundum ; as Cic. Verr.
Of the Interchange of Words. 295
Act. 1. 10, secundum Kalendas lanuarias, after the first of Ja-
nuary : secundum binos ludos, ibid. 11, and elsewhere; e.g.
Cic. Or. 1.62: Cic. Att. 3. 12.
10.) for pone, we find secundum or post ; e. g. secundum
aurem, behind the ear, Sulp. in Cic. ad Div. 4. 12: yet it may
be, near the ear : secundum aram aurum abscondidi, Plaut. ap.
Prise. 10.
11.) for secundum, a) pro; e. g. pro dignitate, according
to worth : b) ex ; as, ex aequo, according to equity : ex lege
vivere, according to law : c") ad ; as, ad voluntatem alicuius
loqui, to speak according to the will of any one.
12.) for propter or ob, a) per, in entreaties ; e. g. rogo te
per deum, I ask thee for God's sake : per nostram amicitiam
&c. : b) pro; e. g. pro amicitia id facias, do that for the sake
of our friendship : c) pras ; as, praB gaudio, lacrymis, loqui non
possum &c.
13.) for super over, per is more commonly used in such ex-
pressions as, currere per agros, to run over the fields : ducere
exercitum per montes, over the mountains &c.
14.) For versus, ad is often used ; as, tendere ad urbem, to-
wards the city : though versus and ad are often used together.
II.) Prepositions for particular substantives ; e. g.
1 .) A for a parte : as, stare ab aliquo, to stand on any one's
side : so, a fronte, on the front ; a tergo, on the rear ; for a parte
frontis, tergi : also for ratione, in respect to ; e. g, firmus a pedi-
tatu, laborare a re frumentaria &c.
2.) Ad a) for in comparatione, which sometimes, though in-
correctly, occurs ; as, nihil ad Persium, Cic., nothing in com-
parison with Persius : b) for ratione, with respect to, after
adjectives ; as, haec res est ad fructum uberrima.
3.) Contra for a regioe : e.g. contra Italiam, on the opposite
side to Italy.
296 Of the Interchange of Worth.
4.) De for ratione, with respect to: as Cic. ad Div. 3. 12.3, tie
me autem suscipe meas partes, with respect to me ; and else-
where : also for a or ex ; e. g. de patre, for ex patre, Cic. Or.
3. 33, and elsewhere; e.g. Cic. ad Div. 11. 12 : quasrere de
aliquo, for ab (ex) aliquo, Cic. Att. 1. 14: Cic. Pis. Q : Cic.
Vatin. 4 : Liv. 4. 40.
5.) Ex for per occasionem, on occasion of: Cic. ad Div. 2.
15. 2, quid si meam (epistolam) legas, quarn ei tuis literis misi,
which I sent on occasion of &c.
6.) Pro for loco, in the place of: also in defensionem ; e. g.
pro aliquo dicere, to speak in defence of another.
7.) Pra? for in comparatione, in comparison of; as, felix sum
pree te, in comparison of thee.
III.) Prepositions instead of verbs, especially parti-
ciples ; e. g. clam patre, i. e. patre ignorante : legi om-
nes scriptores prseter Homerum, for excepto Homero :
sum felix prae te, for comparatus tecum, or si quis me
tecum comparet, if one compare me with you : coram
patre, in presence of my father, for patre praesente, or
vidente.
IV.) A preposition may also be used for a conjunc-
tion ; e. g. pater cum matre profectus est, for pater et
mater profecti sunt.
8.
Of the Interchange of Conjunctions.
I.) With each other ; e. g.
1.) Et, at, que, atque, are equivalent: so nam, enim : aut,
vel; which must not be interchanged with sive or sen. Aut and
vel are mostly said of different things; as, Pallas aut luno, Mi-
Of the Interchange of Words. 297
nerva vel luno : but sive and sen of different names of the same
thing, Pallas sen Minerva ; Apollo sive Phoebus. Yet we find
also sive or seu for vel (aut); e.g. regis Philippi sive Persae,
Cic. Agr. 2. 19: matri sen novercae, Liv. 1. 3: resistas, sive
etiam ultro occurras, Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 11 : Parthus sive Cython,
Virg. Mn. 12.585.
2.) Ut is often used a) with tarn, ita prefixed, foret ; e.g. for
deus est valde benignus et dat nobis &c., we say, deus est tain
benignus ut det&c. : for non possim tarn inhumanusesse et tibi
denegare, we always say, con possim tarn inhumanusesseuttibi
denegem : b) with tarn, ita, tantus &c. prefixed, for nam, enim
&c. ; as, for sum infelix : nihil enim habeo, quo meatn vitam
sustentem, we may say, sum ita infelix, ut nihil liabeam,quo&.c.:
c) for igitur, hinc &c. ; e. g. for tu neminem amas : hiric non
mirum est, te a nemine amari, we may say, tu neminem amas,
ut non mirum sit, te Sec.
3.) Etsi, licet &c., are generally used for quidem indeed, and
then are followed by tamen for sed, autem, vero : as, for doc-
trinae initium est quidem difficile, sed eius fructus dulces sunt,
we rather say, etsi initium doctrine difficile est, tamen eius Sec.
4.) For etiam, quoque or et is used : vel is used for etiain
when it means even.
II.) Conjunctions are sometimes used for verbs ; as,
a) nisi : babes nihil nisi libros, thou hast nothing" ex-
cept books, for exceptis libris : b) ut, suppose that :
it is common in Cicero and elsewhere ; e. g. ut haec
omnia vera sint, tamen &c., suppose that all these things
are true &c., for faciamus, fingamus, ponamus, or fmge
c., haec omnia esse vera.
III.) Conjunctions are sometimes used for adverbs ;
e. g. a) neque for non : but only at the beginning of a
period ; as, neque vero, neque tamen, neque enim : of
which we spoke above : V)) ut for hi tie ; e. g. pater ct
298 Of the Interchange of Words.
mater profecti sunt : ut nos mine soli simus, hence we
are now alone.
9.
Of the Interchange of Interjections.
E. g. for quam miser ego sum ! we may say, o me
miserum ! for quam terribilis mors est hominibus, how
terrible is death to men, we may say, o mortem homi-
nibus terribilem ! for audi, we sometimes find heus !
&c.
10.
Of the means of the Interchange of Words.
I.) Instead of the word itself, we may continually
use a double negative ; e. g. non indoctus, for doc-
tus : non est obscurum, for est manifestum : non nescio,
or non ignoro, for scio : non nemo, for aliquot : nemo
non, for omnes or quisque : non nihil, for aliquid : ni-
hil non, for omne, omnia : non nulli, for aliquot : non
nunquam, for interdum : nunquam non, for semper :
non semel, for saepe : non dubito quin, for certo credo,
or mihi persuasum est : non oblitus sum, for recordor,
and non recordor, for oblitus sum : non multi, for pauci,
and non pauci, for multi : non difficile est, for facile
est : non poenitet me, e. g. rei, fortunse, for contentus
sum re, fortuna &c. : all which instances are usual and
well known. Especially non sine for cum ; e. g. non
sine laude, for cum laude ; besides that we cannot al-
ways use cum, but non sine applies every where.
IL) Sometimes the preceding is used for the conse-
Of the Interchange of Words. 299
quent idea or the contrary, by a metonymy ; as, subire
onus, properly, to go under a burden ; suscipere, to
undertake one, for ferre, perferre, tolerare. So Cicero
says petasatus, having on a travelling-cap, for paratus
ad iter. So, vale dicere, or iubere aliquem valere, for
discedere ; as we say, he took leave, i. e. he departed.
Thus the ancients said signa conferre, properly, to
unite the standards, to let them clash together, for prce-
Hum committere : so, inferre signa, for invadere : con-
vellere signa, properly, to pull up the standards, for
abire, to depart : 2.) the consequent for the preceding ;
as, beatus blessed, for mortuus : pallere to be pale, for
timere ; but the former is more forcible.
III.) The cause is used for the effect or the contrary,
by a metonymy : 1 .) the cause for the effect ; as Mars
for bellum ; mens for cogitationes ; mobilis for incon-
stans ; memor and immemor, for gratus thankful and
ingratus unthankful : meminisse alicuius, to think on
one, for scribere ad aliquem, is tenderly said by Cicero,
ad Div. 15. 17 : memineris mei, remember me, i. e.
write to me : 2.) the effect for the cause ; as trepidare
for valde timere, or terreri.
IV.) The genus for the species ; as commodare, pro-
perly, to be obliging, to do a favour, for to lend : vi-
vere cum aliquo, for uti, to be intimate with : appel-
lare, properly, to address, for to summon : dicere, to
speak in general, for to hold a formal speech : acci-
pere, to receive, for discere, to learn or hear, since the
learner and hearer receives something : tradere, to de-
liver, for to teach or relate, speaking of historians : ad-
esse alicui, to be present with any one, for to assist :
adferre, to bring, instead of nuntiare : curare, to take
300 Of the Interchange of Words.
care of, for sanare : decedere, to depart, instead of to
die : satisfacere, to give satisfaction to, for to pay : qui-
escere, for dormire : honorem alicui habere, properly,
to do honour to, for praemio adficere, since pay is a kind
of honour : otium leisure, for pax peace : tempus, for
occasio : honores, all sorts of outward honours, for
offices : fabula, a narration, for a comedy or tragedy :
mortales, for homines &c.
V.) The whole for a part and the contrary, by a sy-
necdoche ; e. g. pater est sepultus, or patris corpus est
sepultum : oifendere aliquem, and alicuius animum.
VI.) Metaphorical expressions, when words are in-
terchanged on account of their resemblance ; as fons,
for causa; ignis, for amor vehemens : abstergere metum,
for demere &c.
VII.) A reversed relation ; e. g. tu es filius meus,
or ego sum pater tuus : molestum est tali servo uti, and
talis hominis herum esse : donasti me libro, and accepi
a te librum dono : tu mihi non scripsisti, and ego nihil
literarum abs te accepi : emi domum a Caio, and Caius
mihi'domum vendidit : fui eius discipulus, and is fuit
meus magister : tu es me superior, and ego sum te in-
ferior : and innumerable other examples.
VIII.) Periphrasis for a single word ; e. g. auditores
mei, or qui me audiunt : qui nos genuere, for parentes
nostri : qui post nos futuri sunt, for posteri &c.
IX.) Proverbs for direct expressions ; e. g. oleum et
operam perdidi, for frustra laborem impendi. Yet here
caution is necessary ; since many proverbs of the an-
cients do not suit our times and circumstances, and
many of them are not clear to us. Hence it is better
to use only the most common.
Of the Interchange of Words. 301
X.) Pleonasm and Ellipsis also subserve variety of
expression ; e. g. nisi, or nisi si : paucis, or paucis
verbis : see of both hereafter.
XI.) There is also a variation in discourse by a
change of cases, tenses, modes &c. ; e. g. ne dixeris,
and ne dicas : si quis obiecerit, and obiiciat : es doc-
tior patre, and quam pater : dignus est laude, and qui
laudetur : referre in diis, and in deos : pcenitet me
facti, and fecisse : ea res, and id rei : oportet disc-as,
and te discere : venit ut me videret, visurus, ad me
videndum, mei videndi causa : spero venturum fratrem,
and spero fore ut frater veniat &c. All these and other
instances are common in the ancients.
( 302 )
CHAPTER VI.
Of the Construction of Words with respect to Pleonasm
or Redundancy, both apparent and real.
1.
Of real Redundancy or Pleonasm.
I.) ITA, sic, hoc, id, illud, are often used by Cicero
and other writers, before the accusative and infinitive,
as it is called ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 13. 10. 2, sed cum
ita sibi persuasisset ipse, meas de se accurate scriptas
literas maximum apud te pondus habituras, but when
he was persuaded that &c. : ibid. 2. 3. 3 ; brevi tamen
sic habeto, in eum statum temporum tuum reditum in-
cidere &c. So hoc is used, Cic. ad Div. 6. 3. 6 : 13.
77 : illud, ibid. 2. 12. 1 : id, CSES. B. G. 1. 7 : Terent.
Eun. 4. 4. 57 : thus in English we say, know this, that
&c. : the same words are often also used redundantly
before ut ; e.g. id, illud, te rogo, ut &c. : Cic. Q. Fr. 1.
1, illud te et oro et hortor, ut &c. : Plaut. Amph. Prol.
64, hoc me orare a vobis iussit lupiter, ut &c.
II.) Quoad eius fieri potest, quoad eius facere potero
&c. Here eius, i. e. in ea re, is redundant : Cic. ad
Div. 3. 2. 4, quoad eius facere potueris, as far in it as
thou canst do : Gronovius seems at all times for quoad
eius, to prefer the reading quod (i. e. quantum) eius ;
which seems correct : see above, of the Genitive,
Chap. I. Sect. V. 4. n. VII.
Of Pleonasm. 303
III.) Ut ne, for ne or ut non, that not, in order not,
is common ; e. g. opera datur, ut iudicia ne riant, Cic.
Q. Fr. 3. 2, i. e. that no &c. : iustitise munus est, ut ne
cui &c., Cic. Off. 1.7: ut ne quid &c., ibid. 1. 29, i. e.
in order that not ; and elsewhere ; e. g. ibid. 10 :
Cic. Amic. 21 : Cic. ad Div. 1.4: Cic. Red. Sen. 5 :
Terent. Phorm. 5. 7. 8.
IV.) Nisi si, unless if, for nisi, often occurs ; e. g.
nisi si quis &c., Cic. ad Div. 14. 2 : and elsewhere ;
e. g. Cic. Att. 2. 2 : so, nisi vero si quis &c., Cic. Cat.
2. 4 : cf. Liv. 6. 26 : 26. 3 : Ter. And. 1.5. 13 : Co-
lum. 2. 18.4: 4. 16: 4. 29. 11. &c.
V.) Interea loci, in the meantime, for interea : postea
loci, for postea, sometimes occurs, where loci is redun-
dant : so, ssepe numero, for saepe, properly, often in
number, coincides with the English oftentimes, where
times is redundant. But in ubi locorum, quo locorum,
minime gentium &c., there is no redundance, but a
more forcible expression : see above, of the Geni-
tive, Chap. I. Sect. V. 4.
VI.) Mihi, tibi, nobis, vobis, are often redundant, as
in English, there is a man /or you : Cic. ad Div. 9. 2.
3, ac tibi repente paucis post diebus, cum minime ex-
spectabam, venit ad me Caninius &c. : see above, Chap.
I. Sect. VI. 4. n. XI. It seems merely a confidential
way of speaking.
VII.) Imo vero, on the contrary, yea rather, is often
used for imo : Cic. Off. 3. 23, silebitne films ? imovero
obsecrabit : cf. Terent. Hec. 4. 4. 104 : Phorm. 5. 7.
43. Perhaps it is more emphatical, vero being used
for vere, profecto.
304 Of Pleonasm.
VIII.) Id quod is often used for quod when it refers
to the whole sentence ; as, tu acriter discis : id quod
niihi placet: Cic. Or. 1. 44, id quod debet; Cic. ad
Div. 1. 4, id quod fecerunt : and elsewhere ; e. g. Cic.
Or. 1. 20: Cic. Plane. 14: Nep. Timol. 1.
IX.) Item also, in sentences which are opposed, e.g.
I love Cains, not you, amo Caium, non item te, is very
common : Cic. Att. 2. 21, uni iucundum, ceteris non
item: Cic. Or. 43, radices non item: and elsewhere;
e. g. Cic. Tusc. 4. 14 : Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 24.
X.) Ille quidem is often so used that ille is redun-
dant ; as Cic. Marc. 4, ceterae (res) duce te gestae sunt
niagnae 'dice quidem, sed tamen &c., are indeed great &c. :
Cic.Senect. 18, ct ea vitia habent aliquid excusationis,
non illius quidem iustse, sed quae probari posse vide-
atur, those faults have some excuse, not indeed
sufficient, but c. : and elsewhere ; e. g. Cic. Off. 2.
6 : 3. 9 : Cic. Marc. 3: Cic. ad Div. 5. 15: 12. 9.
We may therefore say, habeo libros, non illos quidem
multos, sed tamen pulchros, I have indeed not many,
but fine books ; thus Is quidem is used Cic. Att. 12. 10.
XI.) Magis and potius are often used with compa-
ratives, and after malo, praeopto, praestat, and therefore
redundantly : a) potius ; e. g. Cic. Lig. 2, an ille -
Uticse potius quam Romae esse maluissct: Nep. Con. 5,
potius patriae opes augeri quam regis maluit : Cic. ad
Div. 15. 5. Cat. casum potius quam te laudari mavis :
Terent Ad. 2. 2. 13, mallem auferre potius : Cic. Pis.
7, ut cmori potius quam servire prccstaret : Terent. Hec.
4. 1. 17, ut puerum prccoptares perire potius quam &c. :
Plant. Capt. 3. 5. 30, me urn potius me caput periculo
Of Pleonasm. 305
pr&optavlsse, quam is periret, ponere : Val.Max. 4. 1. 5,
seque potlus urgeri - - prcEoptavlt : so with compara-
tives; e. g. cum ei fuerit optabilius, oblivisci posse po-
tlus quam &c., Cic. Or. 2. 74 : cum bonispotius omi-
nibus libentius inciperemus, Liv. Prsef. : favorabi-
liores rei potlus quam actores habentur, Pand. 50. 17.
167 : b) magis ; e. g. magis malle, Liv. 22. 34 : and
with comparatives ; e. g. magis dulcius, Plaut. Stich.
5. 4. 22 : and elsewhere ; e. g. ibid. Men. Prol. 55 :
ibid. Pcen. Prol. 82 : ibid. Capt. 3. 4. 112 : Virg. Cu-
lic. 78 : Val. Max. 3. 7. 1 : lustin. 12. 11. So also the
Greeks; see Vechner. Hellenol. p. 167. Ed. Heusing.
XII.) Thus we also find together sed autem, Terent.
Phorm. 4. 2. 11 : Virg. .En. 2. 101 : sed vero, Plaut
Pcen. 1. 2. 16 : at vero, Cic. Marc. 2, 4 : Cic. Off. 2.
20 : Cic. Rose. Am. 40 (yet vero with at may be used
for vere) : at enimvero, Liv. 5. 9 : repente subito,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2. 21 : repente e vestigio, Cic. in Csecil.
17 : repente improvisus ait, Virg. Jn. 1. 594 (598) :
propere ocius, Plaut. Cist. 3. 8 : olim fuit quondam &c.,
Terent. Eun. 2. 2. 15 : hercle certe, Plaut. Merc. 1. 2.
74 : Terent. And. 2. 2. 10, or certe hercle, Terent.
And. 3. 2. 15 : sane hercle, ibid. Eun. 3. 5. 59 : ibid.
Hec. 3. 5. 9 : aedepol nse, ibid. Hec. 2. 3. 1 : quoque
etiam, Terent. Hec. 5. 1. 8: Plaut. Merc. 2. 2. 56:
ibid. Pers. 4. 9. 7 : or etiam quoque, Lucret. 5. 518 :
so et (i. e. etiam) quoque, Plin. H. N. 8. 16 : so et (i.e.
etiam) etiam, e. g. addam et illud etiam, Cic. ad Div.
5. 12 : ne et nos quoque, Liv. 41. 24 : cf. Nep. Ages.
6 : Colum. 12. pra3f. : ergo igitur, Plaut. Trin. 3. 3.37:
itaque ergo, Liv. 1. 25 : 3. 31 : 28. 12 : 39. 25 : turn
deinde, Colum. 4. 24 : postdeinde, Ter. And. 3. 2.3 :
VOL. rr. x
30G Of Pleonasm.
Virg. JEn. 5. 321 : Gell. 7. 3 : deinde post, Nep. Bum.
5 : post inde, Lucret. 3. 528 : deinde postea, Cic. Mil.
24 : tandem denique, Apul. Met. 4. p. 153. 3. Elm. cf.
3. p. 138 : 10. p. 245 : at enim, for at, Cic. Phil. 2. 15:
Cic. Manil. 17: Liv. 3.19.
XIII.) We find also other redundancies ; e. g. noli
velle, for noli ; e. g. noli me velle ducere, Nep. Att.4:
nolite velle experiri, Liv. 7. 40 : and elsewhere ; e. g.
Cic. Coal. 32 : Cic. Balb.28 : further, nemo quisquam,
for nemo, Ter. Eun. 5. 9. 2 : Gell. 2. 6 : nemo unus,
Cic. Tusc. 5. 36: Liv. 9. 16: 28. 35: unus nemo,
Auct. ad Herenn. 4. 5 : nihil quidquam, fornihil, Cic.
Or. 1. 30: Plaut. Bacch. 4. 9. 113: nihil unum in-
signe, Liv. 42. 20, for nihil insigne : volo me esse, for
volo esse ; e. g. iudicem nfle esse volo, Cic. Or. 33 : iu-
cundum se esse volebat,Cie. Off. 1.31 : cf. Plaut. Pcen.
1. 2. 53 : so malo ; e. g. principem se esse mavult, Cic.
Off. 1. 19, cf. Nep. Timol. 3 : Cic. Tusc. 2. 24 : Cic.
Cat. 1.7: so, unus quisque, for quisque &c. : so nihil,
nullus, non, nunquam &c., before nee nee or neque,
without any change of meaning : e. g. nihil tarn nee
nee c., Cic. Cat. 1. 2 : cf. Liv. 3. 26 : Cic.Cluent.
1 : Cic. Mil. 28. &c.
2.
Of apparent Redundancy or Pleonasm.
There often appears to be a redundancy, when there
really is none ; where greater perspicuity, emphasis
&c., are intended ; e. g.
I.) Quod si often occurs at the beginning of a period
Of Pleonasm. 307
for si : so, quod nisi for nisi : sometimes quod ubi
and quod utinam, for ubi and utinam ; e. g. Cic. CatiL
2. 5, quod si in vino et alea comissationes et scorta quae-
rerent, if at wine &c. : cf. Cic. Q. Fr. 1. 1. 9 : Nep,
Eum. 8 : Terent. And, 1. 5. 23 : 5. 4. 2 : Cses. B. G.
1. 44, quod nisi discedat &c., unless he depart &c. : cf.
Cic. Harusp. 11 : Nep. Hann. 1 : Terent. Phorm. 1.
3. 3 : Cic. ad Div. 14. 4. 1, quod utinam minus vitae
cupidi fuissemus ! so Sail. lug. 14 : Caes. B. C. 2. 16,
portae relinquuntur. Quod ubi liostes, ea &c., when
the enemy saw that c. : so Cic. Verr. 1. 26 : Cic. Or.
2. 49 : so, quod cum for cum, Caes. B. G. 3. 68 : quod
ut for ut, Plin. H. N. J 8. 23 : quod ne, for ne, Colum.
5. 11. Since in such instances quod does not stand
like si or nisi at the beginning of a speech, discourse
&c., but in a certain measure refers to what precedes,
it is clear that it confirms the connection and tends
to perspicuity, and is therefore not redundant. It
seems to be an accusative, where perhaps propter or
ad, e. g. quod adtinet ad, must be understood ; it is,
therefore, equivalent to qua in re, qua re &c. It may
frequently be translated thence, therefore &c.
II.) In doctissimus quisque, the most learned man,
i. e. the most learned men ; optima quaeque, the best
things &c. ; quisque, quaeque &c., are not redundant,
but express a universality : without quisque, doctissi-
mus means a very learned man, and optima the best
things, individually, but not in general. It is a differ-
ent thing to say optimus hoc facit, a very good man
does this, and optimus quisque hoc facit, all very good
men do this : so, optima amo, I love very good things,
and optima quseque amo, I love all things that are very
x 2
308 Of Pleonasm.
good. It is the same with the numerals : decimus the
tenth, viz. an individual who is the tenth ; but decimus
quisque, every tenth man : thus interfecit decimum, he
slew a man who was tenth ; but decimum quemque in-
terfecit, he slew every tenth man. Septimus dies, and
Septimus quisque dies, are very different: Septimus
dies, a seventh day : septimus quisque dies, every se-
venth day ; e. g. septimus quisque dies est sacris fa-
ciendis consecratus, every seventh day, or the seventh
day continually, is consecrated to religious services.
It would be ridiculous to say that here quisque is re-
dundant : it is the same with quotus quisque : see
above, Chap. II. num. I.
III.) Scribendum putavi, censui c., faciendum pu~
tavi, for scripsi, feci, contain nothing redundant : the
purpose is particularly expressed, that a person wrote
or acted with due deliberation : I believed that I ought
to write &c.
IV.) We find fac eas, fac scribas &c., for eas, scri-
bas : but fac is not without force ; it adds an emphasis ;
be sure and go, be sure and write c.
V.) Vero is found at the beginning of many epistles
of Cicero, and therefore seems redundant, because there
is nothing to which but can refer : but it always im-
plies something real, earnest, or emphatical ; e. g. Cic.
ad Div. 4. 6, ego vero, Servi, vellem, ut scribis, in meo
gravissimo casu adfuisses, indeed, my dear Servius,
I could wish thou hadst been present &c. : and thus
vero is often used for vere, as Cic. Mur.31 : Cic.Divin.
1. 46. &c.
VI.) Non is sum, qui negem &c., I am not the man
Of Pleonasm. 309
to deny it, is not equivalent to non nego ; but, as every
one will perceive, implies something much stronger.
VII.) Isque, or et is, is not appended redundantly ;
e. g. habeo multos libros, eosque pulchros, not, I have
many fine books, but, I have many books, and indeed
fine ones : the latter is more emphatic.
VIII.) Si quis, or si qui, is often used by Cicero for
qui, or is qui ; but with a hypothesis or uncertainty
implied; e.'g. Cic. ad Div. 9. 11. 3, quod scribis,
prcelia te mea causa sustinere, non tarn id laboro, ut, si
qui mihi obtrectent, a te refutentur, quam &c. Cicero
might have said ut ii, qui mihi &c. : but si qui, i.e. si
aliqui, sounds more mildly, and shows that he did not
fully believe or take it for granted, but only supposed
the case, that he had enemies. Thus I may correctly
say, rogo te, ut si quid negotii habeas, id mihi mandes,
for ut negotium, quod habeas c. : but it will not al-
ways apply ; e. g. none would say of a parricide, hie
homo, si quis eum genuit, eum interfecit, for eum, qui
&c. : since here there is no uncertainty.
IX.) Quid est quod, for cur ? or quid ? is more em-
phatical. Quid fles, or cur fles ? merely means, why
dost thou weep ? but quid est quod fleas ? means, what
reason can there be, why thou shouldst weep ?
X.) Amabo, quaeso, obsecro, are not used redun-
dantly, but imply something soothing or entreating :
for quaeso and obsecro mean, I entreat : amabo, I will
love you if you do, that is, I beseech you ; e. g. scrfoas
ad me, amabo, write tp me, I beseech you : sometimes
it may be translated, attend !
310 Of Pleonasm.
XI.) The ancients often accompany an ablative by
a participle, which apparently might be omitted, since
it cannot always be expressed in English, but still in-
creases perspicuity : such are ductus, adductus, motus,
permotus, commotus, impulsus, incitatus, inflammatus,
incensus inflamed, doctus, edoctus, captus captivated,
delinitus, corruptus, actus, deceptus, victus, fretus, con-
fisus, coactus, prohibitus, impeditus, exclusus, lacessi-
tus, perterritus, attonitus, ictus &c. It is only neces-
sary to examine these participles according to their true
sense, and it will be found what the ancients intended
by them, and how they should be applied ; e. g. for
fecit amore, or odio tui, or cupiditate, desiderio, rei &c.,
he did it from love or hatred to thee, from desire or
longing for any thing, we find, fecit amore tui, cupidi-
tate rei, ductus, motus, impulsus, incitatus : or to ex-
press a more vehement love, hate, desire &c., they used
incensus, inflammatus inflamed, abreptus hurried away,
coactus compelled. So, for cupiditate, from desire, we
find cupiditate captus, captivated with desire : for cce-
pit fugere hostium metu, from fear of the enemy, coepit
fugere hostium metu ductus, adductus, motus, permo-
tus, commotus, impulsus, incitatus, exterritus, conterri-
tus, or perhaps abreptus, ictus, ablatus, attonitus &c.,
according to the degree of fear intended. With
words which denote an obstruction, impeditus, prohi-
bitus, exclusus &c., are used ; as, non potui hoc facere
multis occupationibus impeditus, through many occu-
pations : scio experientia edoctus, I know it by expe-
rience : so, fecit hoc pollicitationibus captus, delinitus,
deceptus, fretus, confisus &c. : also victus metu, from
fear ; literally, conquered by fear, which denotes that
one could not withstand it; e. g. Cic. Verr. 4. 34, ita-
Of Pleonasm. 311
que aliquando multis mails magnoque metu victi Se-
gestani praetoris imperio parendum esse decreverunt,
on account of many calamities and great dread &c.,
literally, overcome by many calamities &c. : Cic. Fin.
1. 10, blanditiis voluptatum delmiti : Liv. 1. 7, Cacus
captus pulchritudine bourn &c. : ibid. 1. 45, rdigione
tactus, from a religious scruple: ibid. 1. 16, Romana
pubes velut orbitatis metu icta, from fear of orphanship
&c. : all which deserve attention.
XII.) The ancients often unite two verbs, one of
which is in the participle, where it appears as, if one
might have been omitted. But they have both their
use : one expresses the action, the other its conse-
quence ; or one the cause, the other the effect ; and
therefore are more perspicuous ; e. g. miles sagitta
ictus periit : ictus means struck, and is not superfluous ;
and periit is the consequence, and can still less be
omitted, since not every one that is wounded by
an arrow, dies : Cic. Acad. 4. 1, sic ille in animo res
insculptas habebat : this is not the same as insculpserat,
he had engraved, but implies that being engraved he
continued to have them in his mind, which is more
forcible : Cic. Or. 1. 10, Stoici vero nostri disputatio-
num suarum atque interrogationum laqueis te irretitum
tenerent, is more emphatic than if tenerent failed ; since
to keep entangled is more forcible than to entangle ; a
person entangled once, may have escaped, but to keep
entangled, shows that he is still in the net : Liv. 1.31,
ipsum regem creduutfulmine ictum cum domo confla-
grassc, this is not merely equivalent to ictum esse, since
a person may be struck by a thunderbolt, and yet not
burnt up with his house. In general, therefore, we
312 Of Pleonasm.
must believe that the ancients had a reason for using
two verbs for one.
XIII.) The ancients often unite two or more words
by et, ac &c., of which one seems redundant ; e. g.
auctoritas et consilium : thus- consilio et auctoritate de-
fendebant, Cic. Senect. 6 : so, feci hoc auctoritate et
consilio tuo, which some would translate, I have done
this by your advice, so that auctoritate would be super-
fluous : but if we translate, by your representation and
advice, there is no redundancy. In general, an imper-
fect acquaintance with the meaning of words is the
cause why many are reckoned superfluous. It is true,
indeed, that if it had been necessary, either auctoritate
or consilio might have been omitted ; but since both
are used, both should be translated. Such additions
generally promote perspicuity or emphasis. We remark,
therefore, that the ancients often use two words con-
nected by et, ac, atque &c., where one would have been
enough, but such as are mostly either entirely or partially
distinguished in sense; since to unite words of exactly
the same sense would be a childish tautology. Thus
we find culpa and peccatum, crime and transgression,
Cic. ad Div. 5. 2. 14 : auctor and dux, Cic. ad Div. 2.
6. 9, dux nobis et auctor opus est, where auctor might
have been omitted : laus and gloria, Cic. Font. ] 1, qui
maxime gloria et laucle ducuntur : also gloria zndfama,
Cic. Arch. 10. So, acerrime fortissimeque pugnare, Cses.
B. G. 5. 43 : bellum magnum atque difficile,Cic. Arch.
9 : formosus, pulcher and amabilis occur together,
Cic. ad Div. 9. 14. 9, nihil est enim, mihi crede, vir-
tu te formosius, nihil pulchrius, nihil amabilius, which
Of Pleonasm, 313
is more forcible, especially by the repetition of nibil
for et. Particularly the ancients often unite such words
as follow :
1.) When one is a cause, the other an effect; e.g. liberalitas a
noble or generous behaviour or character, goodness or kindness,
and beneficentia beneficence, good and kind conduct towards an-
other, which arises from the former : liumanitas, love to man-
kind, and facilitas, readiness to benefit them : ingeniosissimus
and eloquentissimus : sapientia and fortitudo or constantia : so
also sapiens and fortis or constans, because wisdom, that is, a
correct insight into the value of things, is the source of courage
and firmness. Thence we may say, liberalitas et beneficentia :
sapientia et fortitudo &c. : Cic. Deiot. 9, largus, benejicus, li-
beralis,
2.) When one denotes the preceding, the other the conse-
quent idea; e. g. factum et consilium, since the design should
and with intelligent people does precede the deed : so Cic.
Fin. 1. 10, blanditiis pra3sentium voluptatum deliniti atque cor-
rupti, allured and corrupted.
3.) When one denotes the genus or whole, the other a spe-
cies or part; e. g. Cic. Font. 13, qui tanta virtute et integritate
fuit, who was so virtuous and upright : where integritas, up-
rightness, is a species of virtue.
4.) When the last is stronger than the first ; e. g. promitto ac
spondeo, I promise and pledge myself; where promitto is un-
necessary, but the emphasis is increased by the gradual ex-
pression. So, credas tibique persuadeas, believe and be per-
suaded : so, aversari and ejcsecrari, Liv. 8. 12, and Cic. Man. 2 :
quod maxime vestros animos excitare atque injiammare debet,
to excite and inflame.
5.) When they are both figurative expressions of different
origin, or one at least is figurative ; e. g. debilitare and frangere,
to weaken, often occurs ; one means to weaken, the other to
break ; as, vires reipublica? suntfractts et debilitata : Cic. ad
314 Of Pleonasm.
Div. 5. 13, nullum (membrum reipublicse) reperies, quod non
fractum debilitatumve sit. So via and ratio together, denote a
mean, though via literally means, a way : Cses. B. G. 6. 31,
qui aliquo sunt numero et honore, where numero is figurative.
6.) Particularly when one is negative, the other affirmative ;
e. g. homo magmis nee obscurte fam& : res est pr&clara nee
ubivis obvia. Yet here sed is more commonly used; as, res
est minime contemnenda, sed maximi aestimanda, where minime
contemnenda might have been omitted.
Observations.
1 .) The same remarks apply also to sentences, and even more
particularly : two or three sentences are continually used for
one, for the sake of perspicuity and emphasis. Yet they must
be distinguished in the manner already explained.
2.) We cannot however deny that, in the ancients, words are
often connected of which it is impossible to explain the distinc-
tion ; e. g. Cic. Fin. 1. 7, ista sua sponte et per se esse iucunda ;
where it is not easy to distinguish sua sponte and per se : Cic.
Har. 10,renovata atque imtaurata : Cic. Catil. 1. 6, quoties
vero (sica ilia) excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est ; where there
seems no difference between excidit and elapsa est : ibid. 2. 1,
abiitf excessit, evasit, erupit, which words cannot be accurately
and thoroughly distinguished. Yet in such instances the
warmth of feeling may be an excuse for apparent repetition. So
Cses. B. G. 5. 58, dispersi dissipatique : Ter. And. 1. 1. 35,
perferre ac pali: Cic. ad Div. 5. 13, deletum exstinctumque :
Ca3s. B. C. 2. 31, dissimulare et occult are : erudire atque do-
cere, Cic. Off. 1. 44 : Cic. Div. 2. 2 : instituere atque erudire,
Cic. Verr. 3. 69 : Cic. Or. 3. 9.
( 315 )
CHAPTER VII.
Of the Construction of Words with respect to Concise-
ness or Ellipsis.
CONCISENESS of expression is often requisite for
perspicuity, beauty, and emphasis of style. It is three-
fold : 1.) several words are expressed by one : 2.) a
whole sentence is expressed by a single word : 3.)
words are omitted.
1.
Sometimes several words are expressed by one ; e. g.
I.) Particles ; as,
1.) Nisi or ni for si non ; e. g. nisi discis, doctus fieri non
poles, i. e. si non discis.
2.) Nee or neque, for et non, or etiam non, is very common ;
e. g. cum pater rediisset, nee domi me reperisset &c., for cum
pater rediisset, et domi me non reperisset. In this way we must
always speak. So, nee tu vidisti ? hastthou also not seen? for
et tu non &c., or etiam tu non &c. Of this we have already
spoken in the fourth chapter.
3.) Quin is used in many ways for conciseness : viz. a) for ut
non, with the conjunctive ; as, non fieri potest, quin homo mag.
no ingenio, magnaque industria praeditus, multa discat, it is not
possible, that a man shall not learn &c., more briefly, a man
must learn &c., for ut non homo &c., which is also right :
b) for quod non, tanquam non, quo non, as if not, with the con-
31G Of Ellipsis.
junctive; as, non quin te amem, not as if I love thce not: Cic,
ad Div. 4. 7, etsi eo te aclhuc consilio usum intelligo, ut id re-
prehendere non audeam, non quin ab eo ipse dissentiam, sed
&c., not as if 1 do not dissent myself from it &c., for non, tan-
quam rion, or non, quo non 8tc., which also are correct :
c) for qui non, with the conjunctive, it continually occurs ; as,
quis est, quin sciat, credat&c., who does not know, believe &c.,
nemo est, quin sciat &c. : yet qui non is equally correct :
d) in interrogations it is often used for cur non ; e.g. Liv. 1. 57,
quin, si vigor iuventae inest, conscendimus equos See., why do we
not mount our horses 8cc. : also without an interrogation, when
causa precedes ; Cic. Quint. 9, cum in altera re causa3 nihil
esset, quin secus iudicaretipse de se &c.
4.) Libentissime for cum summa voluptate ; e. g. rem feci
libentissime, I have done it with the greatest pleasure : libenter
with pleasure, for cum voluptate : libenter audire aliquem, to
hear one with pleasure : libentius, with greater pleasure : so
iucundius, for cum maiori suavitate : Cic. Tusc. 5. 34, Darius
negavit, unquam se bibisse iucundius, said, that he had never
drunk with greater pleasure. So, studiosissime rem incepit et ce-
lerrime perfecit, he began the thing with the greatest eagerness,
and accomplished it with the greatest celerity : diligenter with
diligence, diligentius with more diligence Sec. : and so other
instances.
5.) Hie, a) for in hac re ; as, hie peccavit, herein he sinned :
so hinc, i. e. ex hac re : b) hac in urbe, hoc in loco : so hue for
hunc in locum, hanc in urbem : hinc for ex hoc loco, ex hac
urbe 8cc. : so illic, illuc, illinc : istic, istuc, istinc : so unde, i. e.
e quo loco ; e. g. domo unde egressus sum, i. e. e qua : unde se-
quitur, i. e. e qua re : also of persons ; as, homo unde didici, i.e.
a quo : Cic. Flacc. 26, adsunt Athenienses, ?<mfehumanitas, re-
ligio, fruges orta3, i.e. a quibus : so ubi ; as, ubi fuisti ? with
whom hast thoti been ? urbs, ubi natus est, for in qua : so alio,
i. e. ad alium hominem ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 1 . 4. 1, qui a tecau-
sam regiam alio (i. e. ad alium) transferebant : so, aliunde stare,
for ab alius pnrtibus, or ab alio stare, to side with another : so
Of Ellipsis. 317
alibi for in alia re; e. g. Liv. 7. 41, se nolle alibi quam in inno-
centia spem habere : also alicunde, i. e. ab aliquo or aliquibus ;
e.g. Cic. Att. 10. 1, non quo alicunde audieris, not aa though
thou shalt have heard &c. : and so in other instances.
6.) Ita and sic promote conciseness, not only for hoc modo,
but in many other instances 5 e. g. a) for hoc exitu : Cic.
Man. 3, triumphavit Sulla Murena, sed ita triumpharunt,
ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret, but triumphed with such
consequences, that &c. : b) for hac conditione ; Cic. ad Div.
15. 2. 2, crebris nos literis appellato, atque ita, si idem fiat a
nobis, write often to me, but so, on that condition, if I do the
same : c) for hoc consilio, with this intention ; e. g. ita nos
esse natos, ut &c., Cic. Fin. 4. 2 : qui vero ita sese armat elo-
quentia, ut oppugnet &c., Cic. Invent. 1.1: d) sic, i.e. in this
fashion, sic se infert, Virg. JEn. 5. 622 : so, i. e. in the fashion
&c.
7.) And there are other examples of the kind ; as saspe, for
multis temporibus : semper, for omni tempore : ubique, for
omni loco : simul, for eodem tempore : igitur, for hanc ob rem :
hinc illinc, for ex hac et ilia parte : repente, for praeter opinio-
nem &c. : all which latter instances are very common.
II.) Verbs ; e. g. contemno is often put for non ti-
meo ; e. g. contemnere alicuius iram, not to fear one's
anger : careo, for non habeo : negligo, for non euro, I
care not for ; also for non magni facio, non punio, non
ulciscor ; e. g. negligere peccata alicuius : Cic. Manil.
5, vos vitam ereptam negligetis? will you pass it over?
i. e. not revenge it ? so nego is readily used for dico
non ; e. g. negavit, hoc fieri posse, for dLvit, hoc fieri
non posse : admonere, for facere ut aliquis recordetur
&c.
III.) Participles ; as, rediens dicebat, at his return ;
moriens, at his death c. : mortuus, mortui, i. e. post
318 Of Ellipsis.
post mortem ; e. g. mortuo patre &c. : tibi mortuo gra-
tiam adhuc habebo : positis armis, Cic. ad Div. 6. 2.4,
i. e. post depositionem armorum : perditis rebus, ibid.
6. 1. 12, for post iacturam rerum, and so continually.
IV.) Adjectives : e. g. in pritna urbe habitat, for in
prima urbis parte : in prima provincia, Cic. ad Div. 3.
6 : in summo monte, on the top of the mountain, for
in summa parte montis : in libro extreme, at the end of
the book, for in extrema libri parte : so also in ultima
Phrygia, Cic. Verr. 1 . 59, i. e. in ultima parte Phrygise :
so, in ultimam provintiam, Cic. Att. 5. 16 ; all which
are very common.
V.) Substantives; as,
1.) Fecit hoc puer, for in pueritia : dixit Cicero hoc consul,
for in consulatu : didicit literas senex, for in senectute &c.
2.) The ablative a) for per ; as, virtu te factum est, i. e. per
virtutem ; both are correct: b) for quam, after comparatives ;
as, doctior patre, for quam pater.
3.) Especially the preposition propter is often omitted, so that
the substantive is governed by the verb ; as, for invidere alicui
propter divitias, we say, invidere alicuius divitiis : for ignovi
fratri propter eius adolescentiam, ignovi fratris adolescent) se.
So Cic. Rose. Am. 1, ignosci adolescentia me& potent, for mihi
ob adolescentiam meam, 1 may be pardoned, on account of my
youth : Cic. ad Div. 9. 14. 14, hoc si tibi fortuna quadam con-
tigisset, gratularerfeli citati tua, for gratularer tibi propter feli-
citatem tuam, or quod tarn felix esses.
4.) The preposition propter or per is often rejected, and the
accusative turned into the subject by a personification ; as, pu-
dor meus mihi aditum ad te interclusit, for propter pudorem
meum mihi aditus ad te interclusus fuit : Cic. ad Div. 4. 13.
18, et in ipsius (Caesaris) consuetudinem (i, e. familiaritatem,)
Of Ellipsis. 319
quam adhuc meuspudor mihi clausit, insinuabo, foe etin ipsius
consuetudinem, quae mihi ob pudorem meum adhuc clausa est
&c. : ibid. 5. 12. 8, potest enim mihi denegare occupatio tua,
thy engagement may deny to me, for tu potes mihi ob occupa-
tionem tuam denegare, thou mayst, on account of thy engage-
ment &c. : so, for tu per doctrinam tuam clarus es factus, we
may say, te doctrina tua clarum reddidit &c.
VI.) Pronouns ; e. g.
1.) Quicunque and quisquis are commonly used for omnis
qui ; as, for omnes eos, quos tu amas, amo, we rather say, quos-
cunque amas, eos amo : for omnia, quge dixisti, vera sunt, we
say, qusecunque dixisti, vera sunt &c. : so, for omnis est felix,
qui virtutem amat, we say, quisquis virtutem amat, est felix :
for omnes ii, quibus tu uteris (with whom thou art intimate),
sunt probi, we say, quibuscunque uteris, ii sunt probi : so,
quidquid tibi placet, bonum est, for omne quod &c., or omnia
quae &c.
2.) Hie is often used by Cicero for qui hie est, qui nunc vi-
vit ; e. g. Cic. Off. 3. 16, Cato, huius nostri Catonis pater, Cato,
the father of Cato, who is now living : Cic. Rose. Am. 20, si
hos bene novi, i. e. the nobles here sitting, here present : so in
epistles, iste is used for qui istic est, who is in that neighbour-
hood to which the letter goes ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 9. J 7, ex me
quaeris, quid de istis agris futurum putem, what will be done
with the lands there, in thy neighbourhood.
3.) Qui especially deserves to be noticed ; it stands,
a) for ut ego, ut tu, ut is, ut eius, ut meus &c. ; e. g. dignus
sum qui amer, for ut ego : dignus es, qui ameris, for ut tu ame-
ris : dignus sum, quern ames, for ut me : dignus es, quern
laudem, for ut te: digni fuistis, quibus parceremus, form vobis
parceremus : dignus es, cuius libros, for ut tuos &c. And this
is the regular and proper usage, except where qui already pre-
cedes ; as, qui, ut amaretur, dignus erat &c. : here ut must re-
main unaltered. Further, misisti mihi librum, quern legerem
320 Of Ellipsis.
statiin, for ut cum &c. : Cic. ad Div. 0. 1, nemo est tarn atllic-
tus, qni non possit &c. Further, tu es ea doctrina, qua si ego
essem ornatus, ab omnibus laudarer, for tu es ea (tali) doctrina,
ut, si ego ea (tali) &c. : Cic. Catil. 2. 9, non vident, id (i. e.
tale quid) se cupere, quod si adepti fuerint, fugitivo alicui aut
gladiatori concedi sit necesse ? Do they not see, that they de-
sire some such thing, that, if they attained it, it must after-
wards be granted to a runaway slave? Thus also is qualis
used ; e. g. tu talis es, qualis si ego essem, valde laudarer, for
ut, si ego talis essem &c.
b) Fof cum ego, cum tu, cum is, through all cases, numbers
&c. : cur me contemnis, quern ne noris quidem ? for cum me ne
&c. : pater, qui id sciret, the father, when he knew that : quis
miretur homines mori, quos sciamus mortales esse natos ? for
cum eos sciamus &c. : ne vestra doctrina gloriamini, quo-
rum libros nemo legere velit, for cum vestros libros : nolite aegre
nobis facere, quorum miseriam iam satis magnam esse sciatis,
for cum nostram miseriam &c. : quis Ciceronem non legat, cu-
ius libros tarn pra3clare scriptos esse constet ? for cum eius li-
bros &c.
c) At the beginning of a period for et ego, et tu, et is &c. :
ego vero, tu vero, is vero &c. ; e. g. pater mortuus est. Qui cum
sepeliendus esset, for et cum is, or cum vero is &c. Te sffipe
desideravi. Qui si adfuisses &c., for ac si tu &c. All these in-
stances deserve imitation. See above, Chap. IV.
2.
A single word sometimes expresses a whole sen-
tence, and then one sentence is used for two ; e. g.
1.) At, when one imagines an objection, stands for at obiici
possit, potest, solet ; e. g. at nihil prodest, but one will say, it is
of no use : this is common with Cicero in his speeches, epistles
See. ; e. g. ad Div. 6. 6. 20, where he praises Ca3sar, for speak-
Of Ellipsis. 321
ing honourably of Pompey, though his enemy, numquam nisi
honorificentissime Pompeium appellat. At (here follows the
objection) in eius personam multa fecit asperius. Arrnorum
(this is the answer) ista et victorias sunt facta, non Caesaris ;
where at in eius &c. stands for at obiici, dici, potest &c. : cf.
ibid. 9. 6. 9 : ibid. 4. 5. 7. Sulp., in which latter place it stands,
at vero malum est liberos amittere, but certainly one may say
&c.
2.) Quod is often used for quod adtinet ad id quod, for what
pertains to the circumstance, that &c. ; as in English, for that
you complain thereof, I can promise you &c. Thus Cicero often
speaks ; e, g. ad Div. 3. 4. 7, quo d scribis, tibi manendi causam
earn fuisse, ut me convenires, id mihi, ne mentiar, gratum est,
for that thou writest, that thy reason for remaining, was to
speak with me &c. : so ibid. 3. 5. 7, 14 : 5. 2. 5 : 5. 12. 13 :
and elsewhere.
3.) Ita, with the conjunctive, expresses the English formula,
so truly wish I, that &c. ; where ut usually follows, with a con-
junctive when it expresses a wish, and an indicative when it
expresses an assurance ; e. g. ita me deus adiuvet, ut diu vivas,
so truly wish I, that God may help me, as I wish that thou
mayst live long : it is, therefore, instead of, quam verum est, me
op tare, ut deus me adiuvet, tarn verum est, me optare, ut diu
vivas : but literally, so may God help me, as thou mayst live
long. Further, ita sim felix, ut nihil prseclarius est virtute, for
quam verum est, me optare, ut sim felix, tarn verum est, nihil
esse prasclarius virtute, so truly wish I to be prosperous, as it is
true that nothing is more excellent than virtue ; literally, so may
I be prosperous, as nothing &c. : thus the ancients frequently
speak; Cic. Div. in Crec'il. 13, ita deos mihi velim propitios,w,
cum illius temporis mihi venit in mentem, non solum commo-
veor animo, sed etiam toto corpore perhorresco, so truly wish I
that the gods may be favourable to me, as when Sec. : cf. Cic.
Verr. 5. 14: Catil. 4. 6. It may stand also without ut ; e. g.
Terent. Eun.3. 2. 21, it a me dii ament, honestus est, i.e. quam
verum est, me optare, ut dii me ament, tarn verum est, ilium
VOL. II. Y
322 Of Ellipsis.
esse honestum, so truly may the gods love me, as he is an ho-
nourable man : ita me dii iuvent, te desideravi, Cic. Att. 1. 16:
it a vivam, Cic. ad Div. 16. 20, i. e. as I live ! by my life !
4.) Quicunque, quodcunque, quaecunque, quisquis, quid-
quid, are generally used, where in English we say, be he whom
he will, be it what it will &c., where it would be wrong to say,
sit, quis sit, sit quid, or quod sit &c. ; e. g. hoc nunquam credes,
quisquis dicat, this you will never believe, be he whom he will
that says it : nunquam veniam, quemcunque miseris : quidquid
dicas, ille tamen in sua sententia permanebit : ianuam non ape-
riet, quisquis, or quicunque venerit : quaecunque videris, thou
mayst have seen what thou wilt : quoscunque libros legeris,
tamen nihil inde didicisti &c. So quantuscunque, qualiscun-
que, quandocunque, ubicunque &c., are used ; as, quantuscunque
est, be he as* great as he will : qualiscunque es &c. ; e. g. homo,
quantuscunque est, tamen est inferior dei, the man, be he as
great as he may, is inferior to God : quantascunque res vidisti,
tamen fuerunt parvae prae his : qualescunque libri hi sunt, tamen
non prosunt, nisi leguntur, be these books of what sort they may
8cc. : quandocunque venerit, or veniat, ad eum statim ibo :
ubicunque es, or sis &c. : all which instances are very common.
5.) Participles, and some substantives and adjectives, when
they include the notion of time, are often used for sentences ;
e. g. moriens dicebat, for cum moriebatur &c. : patre mortuo,
recepi me, for postquam pater mortuus erat &c. : vivus hoc mihi
mandabat, whilst he still lived &c. : senex literas didicit, after
lie was old &c. : puer hoc audivi : Cicero hoc fecit consul &c.
6.) Utinam for quam, or quantopere opto, ut8cc., orforquam
optandum est, ut &c. ; which is its proper meaning, since it is
used for uti or ut, with opto understood ; nor can it always
be translated would God, as it is sometimes ; e.g. utinam Deus
omnibus cupiditatem virtutis iniiciat, I would that God may
send on all the desire of virtue ; or, more briefly, o ! that God
&c. : so, utinam hoc cogitemus &c. In the same way o ! si is
used.
Of Ellipsis. 323
7.) A causal sentence is often expressed by a single word ;
e. g. ignovi tuse adolescentia?, for ignovi tibi, quia eras adhuc
adolescens: laudant omnes tuam sapientiam, for laudant te,
quod sapiens es : gratulor tuae felicitati, for tibi, quod tarn felix
es : invident fratris divitiis, for fratri, quod est instructus di-
vitiis.
8.) For tu es tali vultu, quali pater tuus, we may say, tu es
similis patri : for hie homo est eodem animo, quo pater eius fu-
erat, is of the same mind as his father, we may say, hie homo est
patri similis. Thus Terent. Eun. 3, 2. 43, quid tibi ego multa
dicam ? domini similis es, thou art like thy master.
9.) Respondere, satisfacere Sec., are used for abbreviating ;
e. g. for ego non tantum dicere possum, quantum vos cupitis au-
dire, we may say, oratio mea tuae cupiditati audiendi non re-
spondet, satisfacere nequit : for non semper id evenire solet,
quod homines sperant, we say, non semper spei hominum re-
spondet eventus : so, spei mea? exitus respondebat, for id fiebat,
quod ego exspectabam : for aliter res cecidit, evenit, ac pater
opinatus est, we may say, exitus rei non respondit opinioni pa-
tris: Cic. Phil. 2. 23, etsi nullo modo poterit mea oratio sa tis-
facere vestra? scientiae, for etsi nullo modo potero tantum nar-
rare, quantum iam nostis : Cic. Manil. 11, iam vero virtuti
Pompeii qua? potest par oratio inveniri ? for iam vero quaenam
verba possunt inveniri qua? tanta sint, quanta virtus Pompeii est,
or qua? verba inveniri possunt, quae magnitudinem virtutis Pom-
peii satis exprimere valeant ?
10.) For hie homo putat, omnes esse ipso inferiores, or se
omnibus hominibus esse superiorem, we may say, hie omnes
pra? se contemnit, despicit, or se omnibus antefert, sibi omnes
postponit 8cc.
11.) Numeral adjectives, as primus, secundus, tertius &c.,
unus, solus, ultimus &c., readily omit the verb esse, by which
omission a sentence is much compressed ; e. g. my father was
the first who came, may properly be translated, pater primus
Y2
324 Of Ellipsis.
venit : he was the last that went away, ultimus discessit : my
father is the only one that knows, pater scit solus : and so through
all cases : thou art the only one whom I have told, tibi soli
dixi : Caius is the only one whom I believe, with whom I am
intimate, Caio soli credo, Caio solo utor &c. : Cic. Verr. 2. 1,
quod omnium nationum exterarum princeps (i. e. prima) Sicilia
se ad amicitiam fidemque populi Romani applicuit, because
Sicily was the first of all foreign nations which devoted itself
&c. : ibid, prima omnium provincia est appellata, it was the
first of all that was called a province : ibid. 2. 2, sic porro
nostros homines diligunt, ut liissolis (Siculis) neque publicanus,
neque negotiator odio sit, where ut his solis stands for ut hi soli
sint, quibus &c., that they are the only men to whom &c. : Gas.
B. G. 4. 16, Ubii autem, qui uniex transrhenanis ad Ca?sarem
legates miserant &c., but the Ubii, who of those on the other
side of the Rhine, were the only ones that had sent &c. : Cic.
ad Div. 16. 6, tertiam ad te hanc epistolam scripsi, for haec est
epistola tertia, quam ad te scripsi, this is the third letter which
I have sent to you &c. : ibid. 16. 7, septimum iam diem Cor-
cyrae tenebamur, it was already the seventh day, that we were
detained at Corcyra. All these instances deserve imitation.
12.) Alius aliud, alius alio, alius aliter, especially conduce to
conciseness ; e. g. alius aliud dicit, for alius hoc, alius illud, dicit,
one says this, another that : alius alium sequitur, one follows
this, another that : aliud alii dedit, he gave one thing to one,
another to another : Cic. Invent. 2. 1, natura aliud alii corn-
modi muneratur, nature gives one advantage to this man, another
to that; where aliud commodi is put for aliud commodum. So
alius alio, or aliorsum, for alius hue, alius illuc : Cic. Div. 1.
34, simia aliud alio dissipavit, the ape scattered one thing
hither, another thither : so, alius alibi, for alius hie, alius illic ;
Liv v 9. 2, diversos alium alibi pascere iubet, one here, another
there. Further, alius aliunde, for alius ex hac parte, alius ex
ilia parte : Terent. Phorm. 2. 2. 19, aliis aliunde est periculum,
some have danger on this side, others on that : Liv. 44. 12,
qui alii aliunde coibant : so alius, or alii aliter ; Cic. Or. 2, 19,
Of Ellipsis. 325
quoniam ab aliis aliter digeruntur, because they are arranged by
some one way, by others another. It is the same with alter,
where the discourse is of two ; e. g. vis lepos : duae res
maximse alter a alteri defuit, Cic. Brut. 55, i. e. to one this, to
the other that.
13.) Obtemperare alicui, for facere ea, quae aliquis fieri vo-
luit : dolori suo obtemperare, Cic. Manil. 19, for ea facere, quas
dolor postulat.
14.) False, male, recte, non iniuria &c., are often used for
whole sentences ; falso it is false, or it is or was not so : male,
it is, or was not, right : Cic. Off. 3. 18, in talibus rebus aliud
u tile interdum aliud honestum videri solet. Falso, nam 8cc.,
which is false, incorrect ; or it may be translated, falsely : Nep.
Alcib. 9* sperans ibi facillime suam fortunam occuli posse.
Falso, nam &c., but he was deceived &c. : Cic. Rose. Am. 40,
in rebus minoribus socium fallere turpissimum est, aequeque
turpe atque illud, de quo ante dixi. Neque iniuria, nor is this
contrary to right, without reason.
15.) Every metaphor is an abbreviation; e. g. if we say, vita
nostra est pulvis et umbra, it is instead of vita nostra tarn bre-
viter durat quam pulvis et umbra, or tarn celeriter evanescit
quam pulvis et umbra, or est talis, qualis esse solet pulvis et
umbra, or est instar pulveris et umbras : and so in other in-
stances.
16.) It is also an abbreviation when, by a Metonymy, the
consequence is put for what precedes ; e. g. miles fortissirne
pugnans cecidit, for occisus est et cecidit ; where occisus est
may be readily understood. Hence cecidit is not actually
put for occisus est : and we may say the same of other in-
stances.
326 Of
3.
A word is often omitted from the custom of language,
where the word which is omitted may be readily sup-
plied from the context. This omission is called an el-
lipsis, from a Greek word signifying defect. We shall
only mention the most usual instances, which must
be imitated.
I.) Substantives are often omitted ; as,
1.) Homo, homines (or also aliquis, aliqui) ; e. g. est, qui te-
cum loqui velit, for est homo, or aliquis, qui &c., some one
wishes to speak with you : aiunt, dicunt, they say, sc. homines :
omnes credunt, sc. homines : omnium est officium, sc. homu
num : sunt, qui dicant, for sunt homines, or aliqui &c. : non
erat, cui literas darem, there was no one to whom I could com-
mit a letter, sc. homo. This is very common.
2.) Mdes: ad Castoris, Cic. Quint. 4 : Cic. Mil. 33; ad
Opis, Cic. Phil. 2. 37 : adluturna, Cic. Cluent.36 : ad Diana,
Ter. Ad. 4. 2. 43 : a Pesta, Cic. ad Div. 14. 2; and else v/here.
3.) Locus ; e. g. we may say, habes, ubi ostendas tuam doc-
trinam, non habeo, quo confugiam, sc. locum : so, ut haberet,
quo fugeret, Nep. Dion. Q.
4.) Tempus ; e. g. erat, cum ita cogitabam, for erat tempus
&c. : ex quo, since : brevi, sc. tempore, in a short time, Nep.
Them. 2 : Cic. Verr. 5. 54.
5.) Negotium or aliquid ; as, non habeo, quod agam, I know
not what to do, for non habeo negotium &c. : non habeo, quod
edam, bibam &c., I have nothing to eat, drink &c., where nego-
tium or aliquid must be understood : est, quod fleas, gaudeas,
there is cause why you should weep, rejoice &c., for est nego-
tium, propter quod &c. : so, non est, quod fleas, rideas &c.,
Of Ellipsis. 327
thou hast not cause &c. This is the usual mode of expression.
To it belongs parentum est alere libros ; est liberorum colere pa-
rentes ; where negotiurn or officium is understood : so, meum
est, tuum est &c. : especially in the formula, boni est pastoris
tondere pecus &c., negotium fails.
6.) farba, verbis ; e.g. qmdmultaV sc. verba dicam : ut
paucis dicam, sc. verbis, to speak briefly : quid mullis te moror ?
sc. verbis.
7.) And others: e.g. primae, sc. partes; e. g. primas agere,
Cic. Brut. 90: cf. ibid. 95 : Cic. in Ca3cil. 15 : Cic. Or. 3. 56:
qua, sc. parte, or via, i. e. where, is continually used : crimine
also, or nomine, is understood in accusare aliquem furti : also
uxor, films, filia, servus, discipulus ; e. g. Hectoris (sc. uxor)
Andromache, Virg. JEn. 3. 319 : see above, Chap. I. Sect. V.
1 n. VIII. 8, b. Further, ne reticeat, Cic. Verr. 4. 7, sc.
metus est : so, ne reddita essent, Liv. 2. 3, sc. ob metum, or
timentibus.
II.) Pronouns are often omitted :
1.) The nominatives ego, tu, nos, vos, are commonly omitted
before verbs, unless an emphasis, or antithesis be denoted ; e.g.
amo te is correct, for ego amo te : but amo te, tu me odisti, is
not correct, for ego amo te, where ego must be expressed.
Thus adfirmatis, alii negant is incorrect, for vos adfirmatis, alii
negant, on account of the antithesis.
2.) Is, ea, id, is often omitted, when it may be easily under-
stood ; e. g. frater me rogabat, ut hoc facerem : nee rogariti de-
negare potui, for ei roganti, him asking. Especially it is omitted
where it is almost equivalent to an article, and the antecedent to
qui, quae, quod, which follows or precedes in the same case ;
e. g. laudatur (is), qui ita agit, or qui ita agit, (is) laudatur :
errant qui putant, for ii errant qui putant: Cic. Verr. 1. 26,
rogat Rubrium, ut, quos ei commodum sit (invitare), invitet,
for ut eos, quos &c. Note: It also fails after ad; e.g. redeo
ad qua mandas, Cic. Att. 5. 11, p. 66.5. Ed. Ernest. : after
328 Of Ellipsis.
sine; e.g. age iam, cum fratre, an sine? for sine eo, ibid.
8. 3.
3.) Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, are readily omitted when
they may be understood, that is, when there is no uncertainty ;
e. g. I have travelled with my father, have talked with my mother,
profectus sum cum patre,locutus sum cum matre; not cum patre
meo, cum matre mea, since, the pronouns not being expressed,
it is plain that the speaker means his own father or mother. But
if we say, I and thou have talked with my father, Caius talked
with my mother, we must use the pronouns $ e. g. cum meo
patre, cum matre mea ; otherwise we might suppose, thy father,
his mother, to be meant. So we say,ivi cum fratre, Cicero scribit
in libro, not in libro suo &c. : tu per omnen vitam id egisti,
through thy whole life : vos per omnem vitam miseri eritis,
through all your lives. In general, the pronouns may always be
omitted, except they are required for antithesis or emphasis.
III.) Verbs are sometimes omitted ; e. g.
1.) Scito, when a sentence precedes, which begins with si,
ne, ut that, quod as to that ; e. g. si, ubi pater meus sit, scire
vis, Romam profectus est, if you must know where my father is,
(know that) he is gone to Rome, for scito eum Romam profec-
tumesse. Thus Cicero continually writes ; e. g. Rose. Am. 27,
si ipsum arguis, Roma nonfuit, for scito eum Romse non fuisse :
ad Div. 7. 26. 5, attamen, ne mireris, unde hoc accident (sc.
dysenteria) quomodove commiserim, lex sumtuaria mihifraudi
fuit, for scito legem fuisse, thou must know that &c. : ibid.
5. 11. 2, quod rnihi feminam primariam Pompeiam uxorem
tuam commendas, cum Sura nostro statim tuis literis locutus
sum, ut ei &c., for scito me cum Sura &c. : cf. ibid. 3. 5. 14 :
5. 12. 30. &c.
2.) Dicere is often omitted, as in English ; e. g. he wrote to
him, and invited him; it was the best time to come, there was
no hindrance &c., i.e. he said it was the best time &c. : Liv. 1 .
27, equitem redire in prrelium iubet, nihil trepidatione
opus esse, for redire iubet et dicere &c. : Nep. Ages. 4,
nuntius ei domo venit, Athenienses et Baotios bellufri in-
Of Ellipsis. 329
dixisse Laced&moniis, for nuntius ei venit, dicens &c. :
and elsewhere; e. g. Capius olim (dixit) : non omnibus dormio,
Cic. ad Div. 7. 24. To these belong the formula, sed haec hac-
tenus, ^ufc so much of this ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 12. 25, where,
perhaps, dixi or scripsi must be understood : also the formula,
verum hasc coram, Cic. Att. 6. 1, or sed haec coram, ibid. 7. 3,
sc. dicemus, loquemur &c., but of this personally.
3.) The infinitive is omitted when it may be readily under-
stood ; e. g. non tantum efficere possum, quantum tu potes, sc.
efficere, as in English, as thou canst: Cic. Verr. 1. 26, rogat
Rubrium, ut, quos ei commodum sit, invitet; for commodum sit
invitare, it may be convenient to invite : Cic. Or. 2. 45, neque
enim facile est perficere, ut irascatur ei, cui tu velis, index,
where iudicem irasci is understood after velis, and therefore the
accusative iudicem is omitted as well as the infinitive.
4.) Facere or agere sometimes is, or seems to be, omitted ;
as, nihil aliud quam flevit, he did nothing else but weep : Suet.
'; Aug. 83, mox nihil aliud, quam vectabatur, for nihil aliud fa-
ciebat (or agebat), quam ut vectaretur : Liv. 3. 26, et ilia qui-
dem nocte nihil praterquam vigilatum est in urbe, for nihil fac-
f ,um est praeterquam &c. : Liv. 4. 3, quid aliud quam admone-
irus, for quid aliud agimus &c. Yet more frequently facere or
agere cannot be understood, but nihil aliud quam is an expres-
sion for tantummodo ; e. g. sed ab lictore nihil aliud quam pre-
henckre prohibito, Liv. 2. 29 donee nihil aliud quam in popu-
lationipus res fuit, ibid. 2. 49 : et hostes quidem, nihil aliud
quam pcrfusis vano timore Romanis abeunt,ibid.2.63:r?zfo7
aliud quam ad audienda probra nominates, Liv. 23. 3, i. e.
merely, just : cernens nihil aliud ab suis quam inopia aggra-
vari socios, Liv. 24. 36 : nee quidquam aliud quam ad deforme
&c., ibid. 31. 24. Also other verbs are omitted; e. g. hasc tu
melius/sc. nosti, intelligis, scis, Cic. ad Div. 12. 23 : hsec co-
ram, 1. e. dicemus, disputabimus, loquemur: nihil ad rem, sc.
refert or pertinet, Cic. Leg. 2. 6 : nihil ad me, Cic. Or. 63.
The verb esse is often omitted ; e. g. omnia praclara rara, sc.
sunt, Cic. Amic. 21 : agro mulctati, sc. sunt, Liv. 8. 11 : pars
330 Of Ellipsis.
obiecti, Sail. lug. 14, and elsewhere: also the infinitive esse ;
e. g. quemque abituros, Liv. 1. 50 : so we may say, audio, pa-
trem venturum : scio, matrem id facturam &c. : and so other
examples; e. g. manum de tabula, Cic. ad Div. 7. 25. where
tolle or aufer is understood : ne reddita essent, Liv. 2. 3, sc. ti-
mentibus or ob metum.
IV.) Sometimes adverbs are omitted ; e. g.
1.) Scilicet (which properly is for scire licet, one may know),
and nempe namely, are used in the explanation of a subject, but
may be readily omitted ; as, I see what you wish, namely, that
your father may soon return, video quid optes, ut pater &c., not
nempe, scilicet ut &c. : .Cic. ad Div.?. 16. 4, id utrum Ro-
mano more locutus sit, bene te numatum fore, whether he said
that in the Roman fashion, namely, that you &c. : Cic. Agr. 2.
3, ego, qualem Kalendis lanuariis acceperim rempublicam, in-
telligo ; plenam sollicitudinis, plenam timoris, in what state I
received the commonwealth on the kalends of January, I un-
derstand ; namely, full &c. : Cic. Fin. 2. 13, sic hominem ad
duas res, ut ait Aristoteles, ad'intelligendum et ad agendum esse
natum, namely, for understanding &c.
2.) N on is often omitted : a) after non modo, or non solum,
not only not, when ne quidem follows ; e. g. hie homo non modo
scribere, sed ne legere quidem didicit, has not only not learned
to write, but not even to read : Cic. Off. 3.19, non modo facere
sed ne cogitare quidem : Cic. Rose. Am. 23, propterea quod,
qui tantum facinus commiserunt, non modo sine cura quiescere
sed ne spirare quidem sine metu possunt, not only not without
care, but &c. : Cic. ad Div. 1. 9. 23, non modo prasmiis sed
ne periculis quidem compulsus ullis, not only not by reward,
but &c. : Cic. Or. 1. 46, neque solum inscientiam meam, sed ne
rerum quidem &c. : Cic. Pis. 10, cum senatui non solum iuvare
rempublicam, sed ne lugere quidem liceret, for non solum non
iuvare &c. : yet both in Cicero and other writers, non modo non,
non modo nullus, often occur, although ne quidem follows ; e. g.
non modo non patriciuin, sed ne civeni quidem Romanum, Liv.
5. 3 : et non modo ad spem consulatus non auderet, sed nc tri-
Of Ellipsis. 331
bunis quidem, ibid. 5. 35 : non mpdo non tentato certamine, sed
ne clamore quidem &c., ibid. 5. 38 : ut de his non modonoune-
cesse sit, sed ne utile quidem &c., Cic. Invent. 2. 28 : mm modo
non mortuus, sed ne natus quidem esset, Cic- Csecin. 18 : non
modo non antepono, sed ne quidem &c., Cic. Att. 10. 4 :
nee solum deterriti non sunt, sed ne quidem, Cic. Or. 2 : non
modo noluit, sed ne quidem &c., Cic. Or. 1. 53 : non modo
nemo edixit, sed ne - quidem &c., Cic. Verr. 1. 43 : b) after
hand scio an, or nescio an,i. e. I know not whether it be not, I
believe or think it is ; e.g. Cicero fuit orator magnus et nescio an
maximus, and I know riot whether not the greatest, i.e. I believe
or think the greatest : Cic. ad Div. 9- 15. 4, est id quidem mag-
num, atque haud scio an maximum, for annon : Cic. Senect. 20,
sed haud scio an melius Ennius, sc. loquatur, I know not whe-
ther Ennius does not say better, i. e. I think he does : ut tibi
tanti honores haberentur, quanti haud scio an nemini, Cic. Q.
Fr. 1.1. 10, i.e. in my opinion, to none: contigit enim tibi,
quod haud scio an nemini, ut&c., Cic. ad Div. 9. 14. 13. Yet
the ancients say, haud scio an, nescio an, in their proper sense,
1 know not whether, where non is not to be understood : Nep.
Timol. riamque huic uni contigit, quod nescio an ulli, to him
alone befell, what, I know not whether to another, or more
briefly, what in my opinion befell no other : quod nescio an ulli
unquam nostro accident imperatori, Cic, ad Div. 9. 9- Dolab.,
where, however, Ernesti reads nulli, because he thinks ulli in-
correct: haud scio an ulla beatior esse possit, Cic. Senect. 16. Ed.
Graev., where, for the same reason, Ernesti substitutes nulla for
ulla : quo quidem haud scio an quidquam melius homini sit
natum, Cic. Amic. 6. Ed. Gra3v., where Ernesti reads nihil
quidquam : all which changes, in my opinion, are needless.
3.) Utrum, or the appended particle ne, is often omitted when
an follows; e. g* we may say, scribis an legis? dost thou write
or read? for utrum scribis &c., or scribisne&c. So, nescio scri-
bas an legas, for utrum scribas, scribasne &c., which also are
correct : Cic. Rose. Am. 27, quomodo occidit ? ipse percussit
(i. e. occidit), an aliis occidendum dedit ? for utrum ipse per-
332 Of Ellipsis.
cussit, or ipsene percussit &c. : Liv. 8. IS, ut, sit Latium de-
inde, an non sit, in vestra manu posuerint, that they have placed
in your hands, whether henceforth Latium shall exist or not; for
ut/utrum sit&c., or ut, sitne &c. So also whennecne follows;
Cic. ad Div. 2. 17. 5, Parthi transierint necne dubitare ne-
minem, whether the Parthians passed over or not &c. : cf. Cic.
Verr. 1.5: Nep. Eum. 11. Further, velit, nolit, scire difficile
est, Cic. Q. Fr. 3. 8, i. e. whether he will or not : though velit,
nolit, is sometimes used in a different sense : see hereafter,
VI. 5.
4.) Ut is often omitted : a) in the formula, puto, opinor,
credo, I believe ; as pater, puto, rediit, my father, I believe, has
returned, for ut puto : Cic. ad Div. 5. 9, Vatin. non, puto, repu-
diabis &c., cf. Ovid. Am. 3. 1. 8 : 3. 11. 24 : ibid. Pont. 1. 2.
43 : also when it stands first ; e. g. puto, inter me teque conve-
nit, Senec. Ep. 92 : so credo ; e. g. male, credo, me rerer, Cic.
Fin. 1.3: and elsewhere ; e. g. Cic. Tusc. 3. 26 : Cic. Senect.
20: Cic. Cat. 1. 2 : Ca3s. B. C. 2. 31 : opinor; e. g. sed, opi-
nor, quiescamus, Cic. Att. 9. 6 : and elsewhere ; e. g. Cic. ad
Div. 7. 24 : Cic. Tusc. 1. 38 : also at the very beginning ; e. g.
opinor, primum esset, Cic. Cluent. 23 : so Cic. Verr. 1 . 10 :
reor ; e. g. nam reor, nullis posset esse iucundior, Cic. Tusc.
1 . 39 : b) especially the accusative with the infinitive is often
used instead of it ; as, patrem puto rediisse, my father, as I
think, is returned : this is very common, and particularly to be
imitated with qui, quae, quod ; e. g. pater quern sanum esse
credebam, who, as I believed, was in good health. This also
occurs with other verbs ; as, hunc librum a patre te non accep-
turum certo scio, this book, as I certainly know, thou wilt not
&c. : mox spero patrem reversurum esse, soon, as I hope, my
father will return : libros emisti, quos certo scio praeclaros esse
&c.
5.) Quam is often omitted after plus, minus, amplius, and
similar comparatives, without an ablative following them ; as,
minus triginta diebus, Cic. Div. 1. 12: Nep. Them. 5: plus
quinque millia cassi, Liv. 23. 46 : amplius sunt sex menses, Cic.
Of Ellipsis. 333
Rose. Com. 3 : plus millies, more than a thousand times, Ter.
Eun. 3. 1. 32: see above, Chap. I. Sect. IX. 3. n. II. 8.
observ. 6.
6.) Potius is sometimes omitted before quam ; e. g. statuit
congredi, quam refugere, Nep. Dat. 8 : and elsewhere ; e. g.
Plant. Men. 1. 2. 26: Rud. 4. 4. 10: Val. Flacc. 7. 428 :
also potius, magis, or tarn, is often omitted ; e. g. pacem, quam
bellum probabam, sc. magis, Tacit. Ann. 1 . 58 : nee mea ars,
quam benevolentia me perturbat, Curt. 1.1. 27, where tarn or
magis must be understood : ipsorum, quam Hannibalis, inter-
esse, sc. magis, Liv. 23. 43 : ut lenire suo privato incommodo,
quam minimo publico populi Romani liceret, Liv. 5. 21, where
magis or potius must be understood.
V.) Prepositions also are often omitted ; as,
1.) Ad; e. g. we may say ad summum or summum, at the
highest; ad minimum or minimum, at the least; e. g. dabo tibi
tres, summum (or ad summum) quatuor libros : da mihi qua-
tuor, minimum (or ad minimum) tres libros : Cic. ad Div. 2. 1,
a te bis terve summum literas accepi : and elsewhere ; e. g. Cic.
Verr. 2. 52: Cic. Att. 12. 44 : 13.21: Liv. 21.42: 31.35:
ita fiunt omnes partes minimum octoginta &c., Varr. R. R. 2.
1.12: and elsewhere; e. g. ibid. 3. 3 : Cels. 2. 8 : minimum
also means very little ; e. g. valere, Cic. ad Div. 1. 9 : flormire,
Plin. Epist. 3. 5 : non minimum commendat, Nep. Dion. 1,
i.e. not a little : thence ne minimum quidem similes, Cic. Acad.
4. 18, not in the least : also, at least, Plin. H. N. 18. 16.
2.) Propter, ob ; e. g. quid fles ? quid rides ?- why dost thou
weep ? laugh I for propter quid, for what : so, quid est quod
fleas, for quid est, propter quod&c. : est quod fleas, gaudeas &c.,
thou hast cause to weep &c., for est, propter quod &c. : non est,
quod fleam, for non est, propter quod &c.
3.) Per ; e. g. tres menses ibi fuit, biduum ibi mansi &c., for
per tres menses, &c.
334 Of Ellipsis.
4.) ln\ e. g. erudire aliquem artibus, for in artibus: supe-
riori nocte, hoc die &c.
5.) A\ e. g. liberare morbo, malo &c., for a morbo See.
6.) De ; e. g. meo consilio, mea sententia, for de meo &c.
7.) Cum ; e. g. summo studio, summa cupiditate &c., for
cum summo studio &c.
VI.) Conjunctions also are omitted ; e. g.
1 .) Ut : a) after verbs of willing and entreating : particularly
velim ; e. g. velim facias, dicas, tibi persuadeas : Cic. ad Div.
5. 20, rogo atque oro, te colligas : ibid. 8, velim existimes :
ibid., velim scribas: and elsewhere : also after mando, praecipio,
iubeo &c.; e. g. mandat, adeat &c., Caes. B.G.3. 1 1 : praecipit
omnes peta&c.,ibid.5.58 : iube respondeat, Terent, Eun.4. 4.
24 ; and elsewhere : b) after necesse est, oportet ; e. g. oportet
discas illud : homo moriatur necesse est, where ut is seldom
used ; e. g. Cic. Rose. Am. 22, turn singularis audacia osten-
datur necesse est : ibid., haec cum sint omnia, tamen exstent
oportet expressa sceleris vestigia, for oportet ut exstent, if these
things be so, yet there must exist &c. : ibid. 24, accedat hue
oportet odium &c. Sometimes ut fails after potius ; e. g. per-
pessus est omnia potius quam conscios indicaret, Cic. Tusc. 2.
22 : filiarn occidit potius, quam ea dederetur, Cic. Fin. 2. 20 :
also after reliquum est, Cic. ad Div. 9. 9 : 15. 21 : permittere,
Liv. 24. 14: 33.45: after concede, Catull. 112.5: after fac ;
e. g. fac valeas, Cic. ad Div. 10. 17 : fac bono animo sis,
ibid. 29.
2.) Ne after cave ; e. g. cave dicas, facias, say not, do not :
cave ignoscas, Cic. Lig. 5 : cave existimes, Cic. ad Div. 9. 24 :
cave putes, ibid. 10. 12 : cave dubites, ibid. 5. 20 : cave dixeris,
for dicas, Terent. Ad. 3.5. 12: ewe f axis, for facias, ibid. And.
4. 4. 12 : cave audiam, ibid. Heaut. 5. 4. 8 : cave dirumpatis,
forcavete, Plaut. Pcan. Prol. 117: cave quisquam fecerit,
ibid. Men. 5. 7. 5 : it seems as if cave were here used simply
for ne.
Of Ellipsis. 335
3.) Et, vero, and autem, are readily omitted in antithetical
sentences, where in English we use and or but ; e. g. thou art
rich, but I am poor, tu es dives, ego sum pauper, not ego vero,
or et ego : I have many books, but thou few, ego habeo multos
libros, tu paucos : Cic. ad Div. 6. 6. 20, armorum ista et vic-
toria sunt facta, non Caesaris, those are the deeds of arms and
victory, but not of Cassar : tibi ignosco, nos in culpa suinus,
Cic. ad Div. 10. 26. 8, for et nos &c. : ut insignia victoria?, non
victoriam reportarent, Cic. Manil. 3, and elsewhere. Yet we
also find vero and autem expressed ; e. g. tuum factum meum
vero &c., Cic. ad Div. 3. 6. 7 : ego statuam tu autem putes
&c., Cic. Or. 1. 2.
4.) Et, ac, atque, que, between two or more words, are
often omitted in rapid and emphatical sentences ; e. g. deum
debemus amare, colere, for et colere : doctrinam, virtutem amo :
vitium,inscitiam odi, for et virtutem &c. : Cic. Catil. 2. 1, abiit,
excessit, evasit, erupit : Cic. Quint. 27, cui Romae domus, uxor,
liberi, procurator esset &c. In rhethoric these instances are
called Asyndeta (ao-uvSera, Quintil. 9. 4. 23), that is, uncon-
nected members (also &<TUV$STOV, Quintil. 9 3. 50.) ; and on the
contrary, when et is often repeated, Polysyndeta, or Polysynde-
ton ; as, amisi domum, et agros, et pecora. Both forms are
very common.
5.) Also sive or sen is omitted ; e. g. velim, nolim, for sen
(sive) velim sive nolim, whether 1 will or not, Cic. Nat. Deor.
1.7; so velint, nolint, Plin. Paneg. 20 : at other times, seu ve-
lint seu nolint, Liv. 8. 2.
So far of the omission of words. There are also more in-
stances. Thus potius or magis fails before multiplex ; e. g.
Liv. 7. 8, multiplex, quum pro numero, damnum est. Yet po-
tius or magis is more often omitted before quam ; see above,
IV. 6. So cum with, is omitted, though an accompaniment be
denoted ; e. g. Cass. B. G. 2. 19, subsequebatur omnibus co-
piis, for cum omnibus &c v which often occurs in historians :
see of the Ablative, Chap. I. Sect. 9. 2. n. I, 7, where more
336 Of Anglicisms.
examples are cited. Sometimes the preposition fails with names
of islands, to the question whither ? e.g. Sardinian, venit, Cic.
Manil. 12 : so, Cyprum miserunt, Nep. Paus. 2 : also with
other names of countries ; e. g. JEgyptum proficisci, Nep. Dat.
4 : navigare JEgyptum pergit, Liv. 45. 10: rediens propere Ita-
liam, Sueton. Tiber. 72 : Italiam venit, Virg. .ZEn. 1. 2. (6).
Also si is omitted ; e. g. at dares &c., Cic. Off. 3.19: recesse-
ris &c., Cic. Phil. 13. 11: and elsewhere; e. g. Virg. .ZEn. 6.
31 : Ovid. Fast. 6. 113: ibid. Remed. 745 : Tibull. 1. 7. 43
(1.6. 37) : Propert.4. 5. 9: Hor. Sat. 1. 8. 15. &c.
APPENDIX I.
Of Anglicisms.
It has been properly observed, that, in writing Latin,
we must avoid Anglicisms, i. e. expressions which are
peculiar to the English language, and cannot be trans-
lated into Latin word for word. The inexperienced,
however, are apt erroneously to believe, that whatever
is thus translated word for word, is an Anglicism. The
Latin idiom often verbally coincides with the English,
nor is it always easy to decide what is an Anglicism.
We shall therefore introduce a few apparent and real
Anglicisms for the assistance of the learner.
A. Apparent Anglicisms.
Esse in spe, to be in hope, Cic. ad Div. 14. 3 : in exspecta-
tione, ibid. 10. 4 : in a3re alicuius,in any one's debt, ibid. 13. 62.
Sors exiit, the lot has come out, Cic. Verr. 2. 5 1.
Spemhabere, to have hope, Cic. ad Div. 6. 14: febrem, to
have the fever, Cic. Fat. 8.
Sol often means the sunshine or warmth : thence ambulare
Of Anglicisms. 337
in sole, to walk in the sun, Cic. Or. 2. 14 : ponere in sole, to
place in the sun, Colum. 12. 14: so also sedere in sole &c.
Facere librum, to make a book, Varr.R. R.2.praef. 7 : versus,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3. 5 : Sail. Cat. 25 : sermonera, to make a speech,
Cic. ad Div. 9. 9 : pecuniam, to make money, Cic. Verr. 2. 6 :
aliquem consulem, Cic. Senect. 5 : Cic. Mur. 21 : Cic. Agr.
2. 1 : dictatorem, Liv. 2. 21 : aliquem heredem, Cic. Verr. 1.
43 : quid hoc homine faciatis ? what will you make of this
man? Cic. Verr. 1. 16 : cf. Cic. Sext. 13 : Cic. Verr. 2. 16:
quid fecisti cum pecunia? what have you done with the money ?
Plaut. Capt. 4.11: facio, me agere, I make, as if I did &c.,
Cic. ad Div. 15. 18.
Dare bibere, to give to drink, Terent. And. 3. 2. 4 : dare ope-
ram, to give one's self trouble.
Cadit pecunia in illam diem, the money falls due on that day,
Cic. Att. 15. 20 : suspicio cadit in me, the suspicion falls on me,
ibid. 13. 10: adventus cadit in tempus, Cic. ad Div. 14. 14:
animus cadit, his courage falls, Cic. Amic. 7 : Liv. 1. 11 : ca-
dere in morbum, to fall into a disease, Cic. Tusc. 1. 32 : 4. 14.
Fidem frangere, to break faith, Cic. Rose. Com. 6.
Sub ea conditione, under that condition, Cic. Arch. 10.
There are other instances ; e. g. sic sum, so I am, Terent.
Phorm. 3. 2. 42, for talis : also sic vita hominum est, Cic. Rose.
Am. 30 : sic vulgus est, Cic. Rose. Com. 10, and elsewhere:
ire in semen, to go to seed, Cato R. R. 1. l6l : rumor it, report
goes, Ovid. Met. 6. 147 : it clamor crelo, the cry goes to heaven,
Virg. Mn. 5.451: &c.
B. Real Anglicisms.
Magnus homo, a man of great stature, for longus.
Nullus for neuter, speaking of two : so quis for uter : yet it
is so used Phaedr. 1. 24. 8.
Vel or aut, after utrum or ne; e. g. is it true or false ? utrum
VOL. II. Z
338 Of Grammatical Figures.
verum est aut falsum ? Here an must be used for aut : and so in
every double interrogation, either direct or indirect.
Quot sunt vestrum ? how many are there of you ? i. e. toge-
ther ; for quot estis ? and so in all similar instances.
Homo odit alium, or alterum, for homo hominem odit : and
so in all similar cases ; as, manus manum lavat &c.
Hinc venit, ut &c., hence it comes, that &c., for hinc fit,
ut&c.
Res est facile intelligenda, the thing is easy to be understood ;
for res facile intelligitur, facile est rern intelligere &c.
Communicare aliquid alicui, for cum aliquo.
Cor for animus ; e. g. cor habere &c., to have courage 8cc. :
so, non habeo cor, for non audeo See.
APPENDIX II.
Of Grammatical Figures.
I.) There are certain peculiarities in the ancients to
which grammarians improperly apply the name of
figures : for a figure is properly a different turn of ex-
pression, which gives a greater emphasis or vivacity to
the thought.
A.) Some relate to letters or syllables :
1.) We sometimes in the poets find a letter doubled; e. g.
relligio, relliquias, quattuor, repperit, reppulit &c., for religio,
reliquiae, quatuor &c. : this takes place to lengthen the syllable.
This is called by a Greek name Diplasiasmus (SiTrAacnao-jw,^), re-
duplication.
2.) Sometimes a letter is inserted, which is called Epenthe-
sis ; e. g. siem, sies, siet, for sim, sis, sit, Ter. And. 1. 4. 7 :
Of Grammatical Figures. 339
Eun. 1.1. 21, and elsewhere : also possiem, es, et, Ter. Ad. 5.
4. 23 : Cic. Arat. 304 : Plaut. Most. 2. 2. 34: 4. 2. 68 : ali-
tuum, for alitum, Virg. lEn. 8. 27 : Mavortia, for Martia, ibid.
1. 276 (280): Mavors, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. 26: 3. 24: Virg.
-ZEn. 8. 630, for Mars. Yet we may ask, whether we must
here generally suppose an Epenthesis, and whether, e. g. siet be
not the complete form, and sit a contraction. This is the opi-
nion of Cic. Or. 47, where he says, siet plenum est, sit imminu-
tum : and this was probably the opinion of others in his time.
It is the same with possiet, since possum is compounded of po-
tis or pote, and sum. So Mavors seems not to come from Mars,
by the insertion of vo ; rather M ars may have come from Mavors
by contraction. Here some reckon navita for nauta ; but navita
is the direct derivative from navis, and nauta a contracted form.
Some add to these Induperator for Imperator ; but indu or endo
is the old preposition for in.
3.) On the contrary, one or more letters are rejected from the
middle of a word, which is very usual : a) in prose ; e.g. deum,
numum, sestertium, for deorum, numorum, sestertiorum; e.g.
deum, Terent. And. 1. 5. 2 : ibid. Heaut. 1. 1. 9 : Phorm. 2.
3. 41 : Liv. 8. 13 : Sail. Cat. 20 : Cic. ap. Prise. 7 : numum,
Cic. Verr. 3. 60 : Cic. Rose. Am. 2 : Hist. B. G. 8. 4 : Te-
rent. Heaut. 3. 3. 45 : Hor. Epist. 2. 2. 5 : Suet. Aug. 46 :
sestertium, Plin. H. N. 10. 20 : Cic. Or. 46, remarks that ses-
tertium, numum, are more usual than sestertiorum Sec. : so, de-
cem millia talentum, for talentorum, Cic. Rab. Post. 8 : me-
dimnum, for medimnorum, Cic. Verr. 3. 33, three times over :
ibid. 3. 34,45: ducentum iugerum, Varr. R.R.3.2: quaternum
iugerum, Plin. H. N. 9- 3 : oppidum cadavera, Cic. ad Div. 4.
5. Sulp. : in codicem acceptum etexpensum referri, Cic. Rose.
Com. 3, for acceptorum &c. : amasti, amastis, amassem, amasse
&c., for amavisti, amavistis, amavisse &c. : cognosse, for cog-
novisse : nostis, noram, nossem 8tc., for novistis, noveram &c. :
valde is always used for valide : and we find commosse for com-
movisse, Cic. ad Div. 7. 18. 1 1 : b) particularly in poets and
dramatic writers : thus virum, for virorum, Virg. /En. 1 . 87 (9 1 ) :
7. 2
340 Of Grammatical Figures.
Georg. 2. 167 : ccelicolum, for coelicolarum, Virg. TEn. 3. 21 :
Dardanidum, for Dardanidarum, ibid. 2. 241, and other in-
stances : currum, for curruum, Virg. JEn. 6.653 : sascla, vincla,
for ssecula, vincula&c. So vinclum, Cic. ad Div. 5. 15 : vincla,
Cic. Att. 6. 2 : Cic. Verr. 4. 24. in Edit. Ernest. : dixti, for
dixisti, Ter. Eun. 1. 2. 87 : also Cic. Csecin. 29> dixti, for dix-
isti, according to Quintilian 9- 3. 22, though the latter is the
reading of all the editions ; accestis, for accessistis, Virg. ./En.
1. 201 (205) : exclusti, for exclusisti, Ter. Eun. 1.2. 18 : oc-
clusti, for occlusisti, Plaut. Trin. 1.2. 151 : cognosti, for cog-
novisti, Terent. And. 3. 4. 7 : aspris, for asperis, Virg. lEn. 2.
379 : mensum, for mensium, Ovid. Met. 8. 500 : ibid. Fast. 5.
187, 424 : Ca3S. B. G. 1. 3. Ed. Oudend. : Cic. Phil. 12. 9-
Ed. Graev. : dixe, for dixisse, Varr. ap. Non. 6. n. 17 : duxti,
for duxisti, Varr. ap. Non. 4. n. 130 : misti, formisisti, Catull.
14. 14. 6: sensti, for sensisti, Ter. And. 5. 3. 11 : repostum,
for repositum, Virg. ^n. 1. 26 (30) : ibid. 1. 249 (253), com-
postus &c. : lenibant, for leniebant, Virg. ttn. 4. 528. cf. 6.
468 : so polibant, ibid. 8. 436 : iusti, for iussisti, Ter. Eun. 5.
1. 15: amisti, ibid. 2. 2. 10: extinxem, for extinxissem, Virg.
lEn. 4. 606 : admorunt, for admoverunt, ibid. 367 : cresse, for
crevisse, Lucret. 3. 683 : sultis, for si vultis, Plaut. Capt. 2. 3.
96 : so also sis, for si vis, which occurs also in prose. This
contraction is called Syncope. In this some include the con-
traction of two vowels; as ingeni, for ingenii, Ter. And. 1. 1.
86: Hor. Od. 1. 6. 12: peculi, for peculii, Virg. Eel. 1. 33:
tuguri, ibid. 69 : oti, for otii, Virg. Georg. 4. 564 : negoti,Ter.
And. Prol. 2 : obsoni, ibid. 2. 2. 23 : auxili, Hor. Epod. 1.21:
consili, Ter. And. 1. 1. 32, in some editions &c. Others call
this Crasis, though in fact it is the same as Syncope.
4.) On the other hand, sometimes the poets make one syllable
into two, which is called Diuresis ; as sylua?, a trisyllable, for
sylva?, Hor. Epod. 13. 2: persoluenda, for persolvenda, Auct.
Consol. ad Liv. (subjoined to Ovid) 370. Here some reckon
aulai for aula3, Virg. Mn. 3. 354: terrai, Lucret. 1. 213 : geli-
dai aquai, ibid. 3. 693 : notitiai, ibid. 2. 123 : naturai, ibid. 1.
Of Grammatical Figures. 341
580: pictai, Virg. JEn. 9. 26: animal, Lucret. 1. 113. &c. :
but these are all old genitive , which occur very often in Lucre-
tius.
5.) The beginning of sortie words is at times rejected. This
is common with aliquis, aliquando &c., from which ali is gene-
rally omitted after ne or si : e. g. both in prose and verse we
find si quis for si aliquis ; si qui, si cuius, ne quis, ne cuius, si
quando, sicubi, nequando, necubi &c., for si alicuius, si alicubi,
ne aliquando &c. Yet si aliquis, si aliquando &c., ne aliquis
&c., are also used. Ali is also rejected after num, quo, quanto
Stc. ; as, num quis &c. This is called Aphseresis. Whether,
however, there be more words of which the beginning is rejected,
is uncertain. Some reckon mitte for omitte, Hor. Od. 1. 38. 3 :
pono, for depono : voco invoke, for invoco : linquo, for relinquo :
temno, for contemno &c. So fert, for aufert, Virg. Eel. 9. 51,
omm&fert aetas Sec. But in general simple words are often put
for their compounds: we, therefore, need not imagine any
omission.
6.) Sometimes a letter is rejected at the end of a word, which
is called Apocope : this was the effect of rapid pronunciation ;
e. g. die, due, fac, fer, are regularly used for dice, duce &c.,
though we occasionally find dice, duce, face ; e. g. dice, Plaut.
Cure. 1.2. 43 : ibid. Capt. 2. 2. 10 : ibid. Bacch. 4. 4. 65 :
duce, Plaut. Epid. 3. 3. J8 : ibid. Most. 1. 4. 11 : face, Plaut.
Asin. 1.1.77: Ter. And. 5. 1. 14: Nep. Paus. 2 : Ovid. Her.
20. 152: ibid. Am. 2. 2. 40: ibid. Rem. 337 : ibid. Medic.
(30 : ibid. Fast. 1. 287 : 5. 690. So tun' is used for tune, Ter.
And. 3. 3. 3 : Eun. 1. 2. 6 : audin', for audisne, ibid. And. 1.
5. 65: 5. 2. 24 : Eun. 5. 8. 7 : so also nostin', Ter. Eun. 2. 3.
59 : 3. 1 . 15 : 3. 5. 15 : vidistin', ibid. Eun. 2. 3. 58 : potin' es,
for potisne es, i. e. potesne, ibid. And. 2. 6. 6 : satin', Liv. 1.
58, in the formula of welcome, satin 9 salva3 ? viden* ? Liv. 1. 39.
And so satin* ; e. g. Plaut. Amph. 2. 2. 1 : ibid. Epid. 5. 2. 1 :
ibid. Most. 1. 1. 73 : Ter. And. 4. 4. 10: 5. 5. 9: Cic. Nat.
Deor. 1.41 8tc. : particularly ain' is very common for aisne,
and apparently was always used ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 9. 2, ain'
342 Of Grammatical Figures.
tandem ? meanest thou so i is it possible ? and thus ain' ? or ain*
tu ? or ain' tandem ? or ain' vero ? is often used ; as Plaut. Aul.
;j. 6. 3 : Ter. Eun. 4. 7. 33 : ibid. Ad. 3. 3. 52 : Cic. Leg. 3.
6: Cic. Att.6. 2: Liv. 10.25: &t.
7.) On the other hand, the syllable er is added to the infini-
tive in i, often in poetry, sometimes in prose : this is called Pa-
ragoge : e.g. farier, for fari, Virg. JEn. 11. 242: egredier,
Plaut. Pren. 3. 4. 32 : utier, for uti, Plaut. Cas. 2. 3. 4: Ter.
Phorm. 4. 2. 13 : monerier, for moneri, Plaut. Mil. 3. 3. 8 : ha-
berier, ibid. 2. 6. Ill: claudier, for claudi, Ter. And. 3. 3. 41 :
Eun. 1.2.84: revertier, Phaxlr. 4. 17. 14: dicier, Pers. 1.28.
Yet dicier also occurs in prose ; e. g. Cic. ad Div. 5. 9- 1. Va-
tin., cliens advenit, qui pro se causam dicier vult : this form,
therefore, was not peculiar to poets, but must occasionally have
occurred in familiar discourse; which is the more probable, since
it is frequent in comedy.
8.) A compound word is sometimes divided into its parts by
another word interposed, which is called Tmesis (rpjcj-^, or sec-
tion) ; e. g. Virg. Georg. 3. 381, talis Hyperboreo septem sub-
iecta trionif for septemtrioni : so, septemcpiQ trionem, Ovid. Met.
1. 64: so the plural septemtriones is divided, Cic. Nat. Deor.
2. 41. ex Arat. : quicunque in particular is often thus divided ;
e. g. Virg. JEn. 1. 610 (614): qua me cunque vocant terras &c.,
for qu&cunque: so Ter. And. 1.1. 35, cum quibus erst cunque:
ibid. 1. 5. 28, qu& meo cunque animo lubitum est facere : Cic.
Or. 3. 16, quam se cunque in partem dedisset : Cic. Fin. 4. 25,
quod erit cunque visum &c. : Cic. Div. 2. 2, qua re cunque &c. :
so also hactenus ; e. g. Virg. ^n. 6. 62, hac Troiana tenus fu-
erit &c., for hactenus : so ibid. 5. 603. Also pergratum is so
divided ; e. g, Cic. ad Att. 1 . 20, per mihi, per, inquam, gratum
feceris : pergratum est, jerque iucundum, Cic. Q. Fr. 3. 1.4:
so, per po\ sape peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2. 6. 18: per pol scitus,
puer, Ter. And. 3. 2. 6 : cf. ibid. Hec. 1 . 1. 1 : but it is quite
obvious that only a compound word could be thus divided.
9.) In the poets, obsolete words sometimes occur : this and
all obsolete forms of expression are called Archaismi ; e. g. olli,
Of Grammatical figures. 343
for illi ; ollis, for illis, are frequent in Virgil ; e. g. lEn. 6. 730 :
9. 740 : Lucret. 6. 207 : also in old laws, Cic. Leg. 2. 8. : 3. 3 :
so olla, for ilia, ibid. 2. 8, 9- So alid is used for aliud, Lucret.
1. 264 : 5. 258, 1304, 1455. Ahoipsus, for ipse, is frequent in
Terence : fuat, for sit, Virg. ^En. 10. 108 : Ter. Hec. 4. 3. 4 :
Lucret. 4. 641 : fuam, Plaut. Mil. 2. 6. 1 12 : fuas, ibid. Capt.
2. 3. 71 ifuant, ibid. Pseud. 4. 3. 12: impetrassere, for zw/?e-
traturum esse, Plaut. Mil. 4. 3. 35, and similar infinitives : rapsit,
Cic. Leg. 2. 9. e Leg. XII. tabb. Ed. Ernest., for rapuerit,
where some editions have rapserit : anus, for unus, ibid. 3. 3. e
Legg. XII. tabb. : asus, ibid. 4 : caratore, coerandi, for cura-
tore &c. : prohibessit, for prohibuerit, ibid. 2. 3. e Legg. XII.
tabb. : iudicassit, irrogassit, for iudiccwerit &c,, ibid. : opperibor,
for oppm'flrjTer.Heaut. 4. 1.6 : experibere, for experieris, ibid.
4. 6. 20 : cupiret, for cuperet, Lucret. 1. 72 : esc?'f, for mY, Lu-
cret. 1. 613 : which also occurs in the laws of the twelve tables,
ap. Gell. 20. 1 : escunt, for erunt, in the same, ap. Cic. Leg. 2.
24; 3. 3: nenu, for non, Lucret. 3. 200: 4. 716: iudu,forin,
ibid. 2. 1095: 5, 103: for which endo is used, ibid. 4. 776:
Cic. Leg. 2. 8. e Legg. XII. tabb. : thence endogredi, Lucret.
1. 83, for ingredi : endopediri, for impediri, ibid. 4. 68 : endo-
perator, for imperator, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1.48. All these in-
stances must at one time have been usual, not only with poets,
but in common discourse, though not all equally frequent. The
ancients also said sam for suam, Fest. in Calim : for earn, Enn.
ap. Fest. in Sas : sum, for eum, Enn. ap. Fest. in Sum : sos,
for eos, Enn. ap. Fest. : for suos, Fest. : sas, for eas, Enn. ap.
Fest. Hither some refer here for her i, yesterday: but since
here occurs not only Plaut. Amph. 1.3. 16 : ibid. Capt. 1. 2.
2: Mil. 1. 1.59,60: but also Hor. Sat. 2. 8.2: Ovid. Fast.
3. 852: Juvenal. 3. 23: Mart. 1. 44. 2: 3. 12. 2: Cic. Att.
10. 13, it seems that both are equally correct; i. e. some said
heri, some here, some occasionally used both : Quintil. 1. 7. 22,
says that in his time here was more commop : cf. ibid. 1. 4. 7.
Note: 1.) There are peculiarities in scanning, which the
grammarians honour with the name of figures : a) Systole,
344 Of Grammatical Figures.
when a long syllable is used as short; as tulerunt with penul-
tiina short, Virg. Eel. 4. 6 1 : b) Diastole, when a short syllable
is used as long ; e. g. Italiam, Priamides &c., where the first
syllable is lengthened : c) Synizesis, when two syllables are
pronounced as one ; as JDtttgue like Zh'que : d) Elisio, when
a vowel at the end of a word is cut off before a word beginning
with a vowel ; as, durate et, iste hie : e) Hiatus, when this
elision does not take place ; e. g pecori et as a quadrisyllable :
f ) Ecthlipsis, when am, em, um, at the end of a word, are swal-
lowed up by a vowel at the beginning of the following word ;
e. g. tandem ad as a dissyllable : istum hum a dissyllable &c.
2.) There are in grammar other peculiarities relating to letters
and syllables, which have distinct names :
a) Prosthesis, when a superfluous letter or syllable is prefixed ;
as gnatus and gnavus, for natus, navus : tetulit, for tulit, Ter.
And. 5. 1. 13 : tetulissem, ibid. 4. 5. 13 : tetuli, Plaut. Amph.
2. 2. 84 : tetulero, ibid. Cist. 3. 19 : tetulisse, ibid. Rud. 4. 1.
21. Yet it is more probable that g originally belonged to gna-
vus, gnatu?, and was afterwards omitted for Euphony : it is the
same with gnarus. Moreover gnatus, gnata, are often used in
Terence, and gnavus, Cic. Manil. 7 : Hor. Epist. 1.6. 21 : 1,
18. 90. It is the same with gnaviter &c. Tetulit for tulit, is
properly the old perfect of tulo, as cecidi of cado : in the time
of Plautus and Terence, tetuli must have been in common use,
otherwise they certainly would not have adopted it ; since it is
not probable that they inserted te contrary to common speech.
In these words, therefore, there is no Prosthesis. Some cite ad-
stans for stans, Virg. -^En. 2. 328 : but there adstans means,
standing at or by.
b) Metathesis, i. e. a transposition of letters; e. g. Evandre,
Virg. JEn. 1 1 . 55 : Thymbre, ibid. 10. 394, for Evander, Thym-
ber. But Evandre and Thymbre are from Evandrus and Thym-
brus ; since it is not uncommon for a noun to have two forms,
iner and rus; e.g. Phaederand Pha3drus. Further, i praeisused
for prai, Ter. And. 1. 1. 144 : Eun, 5. 2. 69 : Plaut. Pseud.
1. 2. 37 : but we also find abi prce, Ter. Eun, .3. 2. 16 : Plaut.
Of Grammatical Figures. 345
Amph. 1.3. 45: whence pras is used adverbially, like many
other prepositions, and there is no metathesis.
c) Antithesis) when one letter is put for another; e. g. vol-
nus, for vulnus ; so volt, voids &c. : olli, for illi &c. : but this is
either an archaism, or more probably, the ancients pronounced
and spelt both ways ; volt, vult ; voltis, vultis ; volnus, vulnus ;
olli, illi ; as inclutus, inclytus &c. ; for poets and prose writers
must follow common usage, and cannot capriciously transpose
or substitute letters. Volt, voltis, are generally used in Terence
and Plautus : also in Virgil, where Heyne throughout prefers
vo to vu, as volnus, volgus, voltus &c. : voltus occurs Sail. Cat.
31.61: lug. 106. Ed. Cort. : volgus, ibid. lug. 69. So ser-
vos, for servus ; servom, for servum &c.
We might, therefore, entirely dispense with Prosthesis, Me-
tathesis, Antithesis, and, for the most part, with Aphaeresis.
B.) Peculiarities in the construction of words, which
have been mostly cited in their proper places : we shall
here mention a few of them :
1.) Sometimes the number, case &c., are not in exact con-
cord ; e. g. absente nobis, Ter. Eun. 4. 3. 7, for absentibus :
but the discourse is of one person, and absente is used as if me
followed : prassente nobis, Plaut. Amph. 2. 2. 194 : prassente
testibus, Pompon, ap. Non. 2. n. 66 : prassente his, Ace. ibid.:
praesente suis, Fenestella, ibid. : eiemplorum eligendi potestas,
Cic. Invent. 2. 2, for exempla : facultas detur agrorum con-
donandi, for agros, Cic. Phil. 5. 3 : licentia dmpiendi pomorum,
Suet. Aug. 98 : nominandi istorum potestas, Plaut. Capt. 4. 2.
72 : see above, Chap. I. Sect. X. 7. n. III. Obs. 4 : further,
quas daturus dixit, for se daturum esse, Plaut. Asin. 3. 3. 44 :
speraret (Penelope) visura Ulyssem, for se visuram esse, Prop.
2. 9 (7). 5 : terra dolet iniecta, for se iniectam esse, Hor. Od.
3. 4. 73: Virg. Jn. 2. 377, sensit medios delapsus in hostes,
for sensit se delapsum esse in medios hostes, which is a Greek
idiom, like the construction of the verb alcrdavo^ai ; see Viger.
346 Of Grammatical Figures.
Idiot. Gnec. ling. Chap. VI. Sect. I. n. XVI, and Vechn.
Hellen.ed. Heus. p. 357.
'2.) Sometimes writers unite two substantives to one verb, or
one verb to two infinitives, when, properly, it only applies to
one : this is termed Zeugma ; e. g. Sail. lug. 46, pacem an bel-
lum gerens perniciosior esset, in incerto haberetur, where gerens
suits bellurn, but not pacem, since we do not say gerere pacem :
Sallust should have said, pacem faciens an bellum gerens &c.
The following is a harsh construction, Sail. lug. 14. 9> semperne
in sanguine) ferro, fuga versabimur t viz. versari suits in san-
guine and in fuga, but not in ferro : Nep. Hann. 8, namque
alii naufragioj alii a servis ipsius interfectum eum scriptum re-
liquerunt, where interfectum corresponds to a servis, but not to
naufragio : periisse would have been preferable : Ter. And. 3. 5.
18, nam hocce tempus pr&cavere mihi me, haud te nlcisci, sinit :
Tacit. Ann. 12. 64, quaefilio dare imperium, tolerare imperitantem
nequibat, where quibat is to be understood before dare. There are
still harsher constructions, particularly in the poets ; yet they
are not so much peculiarities of the language, but of particular
writers, especially when expressing strong emotion. Nego in
particular is often joined to two sentences, so that in one of them
aio must be understood ; e. g. negant Ca3sarem mansurum, pos-
tulataque interposita esse, sc. aiunt, dicunt, Cic. Att. 7- 15:
negat se pertimescere, virtuti suorum credere, Sail. lug. 106,
where ait or dicit is understood before credere : Demipho ne-
gat esse cognatam r neque se scire, sc. dicit, Ter. Phorm. 2. 3. 6.
3.) Sometimes the* order of thought is anticipated, and the
succeeding action is put first : this is called Hysteron proteron,
i. e. the last first, and often occurs in expressions of violent emo-
tion ; e. g. Virg. ^En. 2. 353, moriamur et in media arma rua-
mus, for in media arma ruamus et moriamur. It sometimes oc-
curs without emotion; e. g. Virg. 2En. 1. 264 (268), moresque
viris et mcenia ponet, for moenia et mores, i. e. leges &c., since
the city must be built, before laws are enacted : Ter. Heaut. 3.
1. 21, Chremes answers Menedemus, inquiring after his son,
valet et vivit, for vivit et valet.
4.) Sometimes two substantives are united by et, one of which
Of Grammatical Figures. 347
is used instead of an adjective; this is called Hendiadys, or ev
8a Suoiv, i. e. one by two, and is usual only in poets ; e. g. Virg.
Georg. 2. 192, pateris libamus et auro, for pateris aureis: yet
such instances are less common than is generally supposed, since
many apparent examples may be understood literally ; and we
should always, when it is possible, abide by the literal explana-
tion : Virg. ^En. 1 . 1, arma virumque cano, is not a Hendiadys
for virum armatum, since arma may be interpreted bella, and
explained, I sing of wars, and the hero &c. : and so in other
places.
5.) Sometimes the construction is inverted, which is called
Hypallage; e.g. CHd. Met. 1. 1, in nova fert animus mutatas
dicereformas corpora, for corpora mutata in novas formas :
which, however, Burmann disapproves: Virg. JEn. 11.202,
coelum stellis fulgentibus aptum, for cui stella3 fulgentes aptae
sunt : ibid. 4. 482 : fides apta pinnis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 3. 29,
i. e. winged : Liv. 33. 8, simul, ne facile perrumperetur acies,
dimidium de fronte demtum introrsus porrectis ordinibus dupli-
cat, for dimidio demto introrsus porrectos ordines duplicat,
if the reading be correct. In general, in such instances, it is
unnecessary to suppose a Hypallage; e. g. Cic. Marc. 6, gla-
dium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus ; here vacuum is the
same as nudum, destrictum, carentem : hence there is no Hy-
pallage, and vaginam vacuam gladio, would give a wretched
sense : so ebur (i. e. vagina ebore ornata) vacuum ense, Ovid.
Met. 4. 148. So some cite Virg. Mn. 3. 61, dare classibus
austros, as if it were for dare classes austris : but it may be un-
derstood literally, by spreading the sail to bring the wind to the
ship : so Virg. Eel. 7- 47, solstitium pecori detendite, is not for
defendite pecus a solstitio, but literally means, keep off the sun's
heat from the flock ; since this is one sense of defendere.
6.) Sometimes, what might be expected, does not follow :
this is called Anacoluthon, avaxo'Aouflov, or oratio avaxoAoufloj i.e.
carens consequentia : and from it there arises a confusion in the
construction; e. g. Ter. Hec. 3. 1. 6, nam nos omnes, quibus
alicunde aliquis obiectus est labos, omne, quod est interea, tern-
348 Of Grammatical Figures.
pus, priusquam id rescicum est, lucro est. Here nos omnes
does not well connect with lucro est, it should either have been
nobis omnibus, or in lucro ponimus, pro lucro habemus. We
must suppose that Terence, when he used nos omnes, intended
to write pro lucro habemus ; but that when he came to it, he
imagined that he had put nobis omnibus, and therefore used lu-
cro est : it was therefore negligence, and not design. Frequently
the following sentence is wholly omitted : this happens from
emotion, or even where the writer intended to add it. It is thus
sometimes in Cicero's Epistles ; e. g. ad Div. 14. 3. 9, si perfici-
tis, quod agitis, me ad vos venire oportet : sin out em : sed nihil
opus est reliqua scribere. Here, after sin autem, the sentence
which should follow is omitted.
Note : There are, besides, many peculiarities in the ancients,
which may be easily explained by the help of grammar, parti-
cularly under the direction of an able teacher, who carefully ex-
amines the thoughts and expressions. For this purpose the study
of Sanctius' Minerva, and the notes of Perizonius, will be emi-
nently useful. Yet these peculiarities do not always belong to
the Latin language, but are confined to particular writers, and
are sometimes nothing but errors.
( 349 )
CHAPTER VIII.
Of the Construction of Words with respect to the Quantity
or Length of Syllables : i. e. with respect to Prosody.
A VERSE consists of various feet : a foot of two or
more syllables. We shall, therefore, first treat of syl
lables, next of feet, lastly of verses.
Observations.
1.) A verse (versus) properly means, a furrow in a field, a line
in a book, from verto to turn, because at the end of a line we
turn and begin again. In prosody it means a poetical line, a
line of a poem consisting of a certain determined number of feet.
It thus differs from the modern meaning of the term verse, which
denotes a strophe or certain number of lines of a poem, after
which the measure begins as from the first.
.) Every learner of the language should understand and be
accustomed to make verses, a) that he may be able to judge of
Latin poetry ; b) that he may be acquainted with the quantity
of words which is best acquired in this way ; c) that he may
understand many particulars in the poets which are otherwise
unintelligible.
3.) The art of making verses must not be confounded with
that of poetry. The poet makes verses, but the verse-maker is
not necessarily a poet. Versification is only the exterior of
poetry; it merely relates to the construction of words according
to the quantity of the syllables. But poetry moreover and espe-
cially consists in fine, exalted, affecting thoughts, descriptive
paintings of man, virtues, vices, passions, and the whole compass
350 Of Prosody.
of nature. Such descriptions must generally be the product of
the imagination, yet probable and natural ; must relate to ima-
ginary objects, and adorn some suitable and dignified subject,
to which they properly apply. Poetry, therefore, is a kind of
eloquence, but with a stronger, more sensible, and more affect-
ing expression. We shall confine ourselves here to versification,
as belonging to grammar.
SECTION I.
Of Prosody, or the Quantity of Syllables.
A syllable is used by the poets as exclusively long
or short, or as common, i. e. either long or short at plea-
sure. Long syllables are denoted by a straight mark ,
short syllables by a bent one ^ , and a common syllable
by ^ ; as, est patris. Note : producere, properly, to
lengthen out, means to pronounce a long syllable, be-
cause the ancients extended it to the length of two
short syllables. Corripere, properly, to snatch together,
to seize rapidly, means to pronounce a short syllable,
because it was spoken in a hasty manner, so as to be
scarcely heard. Hence sometimes in verse two short
syllables were substituted for a long one ; e. g. Virg.
Georg. 4. 38, teniiia is taken as a trisyllable, as if te-
nwia. On the contrary, a long syllable is used for two
short ones ; e.g. Virg. Eel. 4. 49, cara deum soboles, mag-
num lovis incrementum, where for the long syllable
ere in incrementum, two short should properly have
been used. Hence it also happens that in hexameter
verse a dactyl and spondee are so often interchanged.
There are both general and particular rules for
knowing the quantity of syllables, which must be seve-
rally explained.
Of Prosody. 351
1-
Of the Quantity of Syllables in general.
The quantity of syllables can generally be learnt only
from the poets. Their authority or example is pro-
perly the only rule. Hence grammarians say that a
syllable is short or long by authority, that is, by the
example of some poet. But since this is tedious for a
learner, the following assistances are usually given,
which are called general rules.
I.) A diphthong makes a syllable long; e. g. in
coense and cautes, the syllables cce, nse, cau, are long.
Yet prae, in the middle of a word and before a vowel,
is sometimes found short ; e. g. Virg. ^En. 7. 524, Sti-
pitibus duris agitur sudibusque jt?r<ustis. We may also
notice, ibid. 3. 211, Insu/^T lonio in magno &c., where
Ice is short, being followed by a vowel. This is in imi-
tation of the Greek poets.
II.) When two consonants follow a vowel, they make
it long, and the syllable in which it stands ; e. g. nunc
is a long syllable : so the first syllable in collis, temno,
discere. X and z have the same effect, because they
represent two consonants, as rex, gaza.
Observations.
1.) This concurrence of two consonants is called Position.
2.) The consonant h in prosody is not considered as a conso-
nant, that is, has no more effect than if it did not occur ; and
therefore makes no position: e. g. in adhuc, ad remains short :
so at the end of words; as, serpit humi, where pit remains short.
352 Of Prosody.
For many term it position when a word ends with a consonant
and the next word begins with a consonant, as, serpit turn,
where pit is long on account of t following.
3.) Qu, or (as others write) qv, makes no position, since u is
properly a vowel : hence the first syllable in aqua is short, and
so in other words. Some imagine that Lucretius has used the
first syllable in aqua long ; e. g. 6. 551, fit quoque ubi in mag-
nas aqua &c. : but Creech reads, fit quoque ubi magnas in
aquae &c. : so again ibid. 868, quas calidum faciunt aqu& tac-
tum atque vaporem ; but Creech reads laticis for aqua?.
4.) When 1, m, n, r, which are called liquids, follow one of
the other consonants, called mutes, if the preceding vowel be
short, the syllable may be either long or short. Thus the middle
syllable in volucris, alacris, lugubris, tenebrae, is found both long
and short, because it is short by nature, from volucer, alacer,
where lu and la are always short ; and lugubris, tenebras, may
come from the obsolete luguber, teneber &c. So in patris, Atlas,
Procne &c., the first syllable is found both long and short. Yet
here we must attend to the usage of poets ; e. g. 1 .) the first
syllable in magnus, agnus, lignum, agmen, tegmen &c., is never
short, and in general the rule principally applies to the letter r,
as in patris, tenebrae &c. ; and sometimes to the letters 1, m, n,
in Greek words, as "Atlas, Procne, Tecmessa, in Horace :
2.) the compounds of ad, ob, sub &c., are not included ; asab-
lego, abnuo, obrepo, sublevo &c., in which the first syllable is
always long. 3.) It should be noticed, that the syllable can be
long and short only when the liquid follows the mute, as in pa-
tris, not in partis &c.
But if the syllable, or in other words, if the vowel be naturally
long, it always remains so, even though a mute and liquid follow ;
e. g. matris, simulacrum, salubris &c., because ma, la, lu, are
long by nature, or contain a long vowel.
III.) When I, used as a consonant, occurs in a sim-
ple word, in the middle between two vowels, it makes
the preceding syllable long ; e. g. peior, eius, maior,
Of Prosody. , 353
cuius &c. : probably, because it is contracted from ii ;
e. g. maior, for maiior &c. : but if it occurs in a com- *
pound word, the preceding syllable remains short;
e. g. biiugus, multiiugus &c., where bi, ti, are short :
probably, because here there is no contraction.
IV.) When two syllables are made one in pronun-
ciation, which is called contraction, this single syllable
is long by nature ; e. g. mi, for mihi : nil, for nihil :
cogo, for coago : tibicen, for tibiicen : alius, Gen. for
aliius : ni, for nisi : malo, for mavolo, or magisvolo :
bigae, for biiugae : quadrigae, for quadriiugse : nonus,
for novenus : denus, for decenus : iunior, for iuvenior :
fructus, pi. for fructues ; fructus, gen. sing, for fruc-
tuis.
V.) A vowel before another vowel or diphthong is
short, as pius, tenuis, ruo, mese &c. : so nihil, mihi &c.,
because h is not reckoned.
Exception*.
1.) A vowel which is long by nature, remains long ; e.g.
alius, Gen. because it is a contraction. To this class belong
words in ia, ea, eus &c., from the Greek. When i or e
comes from a Greek long vowel or diphthong, it remains long ;
e. g. Alexandria, Antiochia, Idololatria, Litania, Samaria, Da-
rius, Basilius, Arius, Dius &c., from AVTU>XSIOI &c. : chorea,
platea, Museum, Laodicea, Pythagoreus, Spondeus, Epicureus,
./Eneas &c., from %ope/a, 7r\otTei<x. &c. : also chorea, Virg. /En.
6. 644, and platea, Hor. Epist. 2. 2. 72, according to the Latin
rule. Also the first syllable is long in Eos, Aer, Menelaus,
Archelaus &c. : in Academia the penultima is long or short.
Patronymics in eis, from nouns in eus, have the penultima ge-
nerally long, but sometimes short, according to the Greek va-
riation ; e.g. Nereides, Virg. /En. 5. 240, Nereidum &c. :
VOL. II. 2 A
354 Of Prosody.
Ovid. Met. 1 3. 899, Nereides undis. So in Diana the first,
and in Geryon the middle, syllable is common.
2.) I in fio is long, except when r occurs, when it is short :
Ovid. Trist. 1. 7. 7, omnia \nmfient, fieri quce posse negabam.
3.) Genitives and datives of the fifth declension in ei have the
penultima long when a vowel precedes ; e. g. diei, aciei &.c. :
when a consonant precedes, it is short; as rei, spei, fidei : yet
it is sometimes long ; e. g. fidei, Lucret. 5. 103 : Enn. ap. Cic.
Senect. 1 : rei, Lucret. 1. 689 : 2. Ill : 6. 918.
4.) Genitives in ius, as unius, totius 8cc., have the penultima
common ; except solius, alms, in which it is always long, and
alterius, where it is short.
5.) The first syllable in eheu is long; in ohe common.
6.) The vocatives Cai, Vultei, Pompei, have the penultima
long.
7.) The old genitives in ai have the penultima long ; as aulai
&c.
8.) The particle o ! before a vowel is common.
Observations.
1.) I, when it is the last letter of a diphthong, is sometimes
separated from it, and is then short ; e. g. Mart. 9- 94. 4, Per-
vigil in pluma Cams ecce iacet ; where Caius is a trisyllable.
VI.) Every final syllable of a word that ends in a
consonant is long, when the next word begins with a
consonant ; e.g. quid censes ? here quid is long, though
in itself short : so, nee tu, at me, sum tamen ; where nee,
at, sum, are long.
VII.) Greek words retain in Latin their original
quantity ; e. g. in idolum, the syllable do is long, be-
cause in Greek there is a long vowel. So in Nilus the
Of Prosody. 355
first syllable, in Simois the last syllable is long, be-
cause in Greek there is a diphthong. On the contrary,
in exodus, periodus, methodus, o is short, because it is
so in Greek. Hence it appears how necessary is the
knowledge of Greek words for those who would pro-
nounce Latin properly. Note : Yet the poets are not
always so scrupulous ; e. g. chorea, platea, occur with
a short penultima &c.
VIII.) Sometimes the poets use a syllable as long,
though it neither is nor can be long : 1.) in some long
words, where the first three syllables are short, they
use the first as long, in order that they may be able to
make use of such words ; e. g. Priamides, Italiam &c. :
Virg. JEn. 3. 346, Priamides multis &c. ; though Pri is
short; as it is also in Priamus, ibid. 2. 56, Priamique
arx. So Italiam is used with the first long, ibid. 5.
361, Italiam lion, sponte sequor; though the first sylla-
ble is short; e. g. ibid. 1.111 (115), Saxa vocant Itali :
2.) they use the short final syllable of many words as long ;
e. g. Ovid. Met. 1. 114, subiit argentea proles; where
it is used long : ibid. 193, Fauniywt Satyrique ; where
que is long : ibid. 2. 247, Tcenarius Eurotas ; where
us is long : ibid. 7. 644, esse riihil. At tu &c. ; where hil
is long : some think it is on account of the caesura.
They also use other freedoms ; e. g. in steterunt, abs-
tulerunt &c., they sometimes have the penultima short.
IX.) We may here mention two other helps for learn-
ing the quantity : 1.) the pronunciation : 2.) analogy
or resemblance.
1 .) The pronunciation cannot properly be the rule of quan-
tity, since it must first be determined by the quantity : nor could
2 A 2
356 Of Prosody.
it apply, unless \ve pronounced all Latin words with their proper
quantity. But we pronounce the penultima of all dissyllables,
whether long or short, as if it were long ; e. g. bonus and ma-
lus, of which the penultima is short : and only in words which
have more than two syllables, does our pronunciation of the pe-
nultima coincide with the quantity. Since, however, in words
of more than two syllables our pronunciation of the penultima
agrees with the quantity, we may sometimes hence determine
the quantity of other syllables : thus in impedimentum, pe is
short on account of impedis, and di long on account of impedl-
tum : so scri in scribo is long on account of rescribo, li is short
in ligo, on account of colligo &c.
2.) Sometimes analogy is useful ; e. g. as the penultima is
long in tutela, it is so in loquela, querela : as the penultima is
long in virtutis, it is long in salutis, iuventutis : as from corpus
we have corporis, so from pectus, pectoris ; from tempus, tem-
poris &c. : as from amor, amorits ; so from honor, honoris ; from
decor, decoris &c. : as we say amabo, docebo, scriberem ; so
clamabo, monebo, tollerem &c. Yet here caution is necessary ;
e. g. though we have amare, amatum, yet circumdare, circura-
datura &c.
Of the Quantity of thejirst Syllables in particular.
I.) Derivatives retain the quantity of their primitives ;
e. g. since do is short in dominus, it is so in dominor,
dominari, dominatio : since le is short in lego, it is also
in legam, legebam, lege, legere, legendi &c. : on the
contrary, since le is long in legi, it is also in legerim,
legeram, legissem, legero, legisse : thus gi is short in
virginitas, from virg'mis : verecundus has re long from
vereri : punio has pu long, from pcena : sufFoco has fo
long, since it comes from fauces, instead of suffauco :
and so on.
Of Prosody. 357
Exceptions :
1 .) Some syllables which in the primitives are short, in the
derivatives are long ; e. g. hum anus, from homo : regis (rex) i e-
gula, from rego : macero,from macer: secius, fromsecus : sedes
(subst.), from sedeo : suspicio, from suspicor: tegula,from tego:
vocis, from voco, unless voco be from vox. To these some add
legis (subst.), from Iggo : laterna, from lateo : iugerum and iugis,
from iugum : penuria, from pSnus : which is true, if these in-
stances be correctly derived.
Note: a) It is singular that fi is short in fides, fidelis, fide-
liter, perf idus, perfidia, but long in fido, fidus, f iducia, although
they all seem to be of the same origin : b) contraction naturally
causes an exception : therefore nonus for novenus, from novem :
denus for decenus, from decem : iunior for iuvenior, from iu-
venis.
2.) On the contrary, sometimes syllables are short in the deri-
vatives which are long in the primitives ; as dicax, from dlco :
diicis (subst.% from duco (unless duco be rather from dux") :
glomero, from glomus : lucerna, from luceo : molestus, from
moies : nato, from ndtum, the supine of no : nota, from notus :
paciscor, from pax pacis : sagax, from sagio : sSpor, from sopio :
varicosus, from varix. To these some add arista, from areo :
coma, from como : ditio, from dis ditis : though it is doubtful
whether these be correctly derived. So from the supine statum
we have stabilis, status, static, stabulum 8cc. : so odium, from
odi ; which last may be from the old present odio.
II.) Compounds retain the quantity of their simple
words : e. g. avoco, advoco &c., from voco : adimo, ex-
!^mo, redimo, from ^mo : adspiro, conspiro, from spiro :
colhgo, eligo &c., from lego : deddo, incido, accidit,
from cado : decido, concido &c., from csedo : discedo,
concede &c., from cedo : adigo, exigo &c., from ago :
impotens, from potens : insanus, vesanus, from sanus :
358 <y r
iniquus, from aequus : innnicus, from amicus : concii-
tio, disciitio &c., from quatio : conquiro, inquire &c.,
from quaero c. : so both syllables in quare must be
long from qua re : so quapropter for quaepropter, from
proper quae.
Observations :
1.) Some compounds vary from the quantity of their primi-
tives; e. g. a) some shorten the syllable which was long before
composition ; as deiero, peieVo, from iuro : innubus, proniibus,
from nubo : maledicus, causidicus, veridicus, fatidicus, from
dico : nihilum, from hilum, as some suppose, for ne hilum qui-
dem : agniium, cognitum, from notum : semisopitus, from so-
pitus. With these some reckon perfidus, from fidus; but it
should be derived from fides; though fidus, fides, and fido, are
allied : b) connubium, from nubo, has the syllable nu some-
times long, sometimes short; e g. Virg. JBn. 4. 535, connubia
supplex: and ibid. 1. 73 (77), connubio iungam &c. : it is the
same with the first syllable in gradivus, though it probably comes
from gradus ; e. g. Ovid. Met. 5. 421, ducentem forte Grddivo :
Virg. -Sin. 3. 35, Grddivumc^ue patrem &c. : c) the supine
ambitum has the penultima long, though it comes from itum
with short penult. So ambitus; e.g. Ovid. Met. 1. 37, iussit
et ambitfc &c. : on the other hand, we have ambitus (subst.) and
ambitio.
2.) When the first part of Latin compounds ends in a or o,
the syllable is long : a) in a : quure, quapropter, quatenus ; ex-
cept quasi: b) in o: primogenitus, controversus, retroversus,
quandoque, quandocunque, alioque, utrobique &c. ; except h5-
die, quanddquidem, omilto, operio &c., where o is short.
Note : In Greek words o is short when it represents omicron ;
as argonauta, bibliopola, chiiographum, ceconomus &c. : long,
when it represents omega; as Minotaurus, Geometra. Yet
luv. Sat. 3. 12, Ge metres.
Of Prosody. 359
3.) When the first part of a compound ends in e, i, u, 3-, and
is not a preposition, the syllable is generally short; as nefas, n8-
fandus, nefarius, omnipotens, velivolus, horrisonus, uruversus,
siquidem, biiuges, bipes, quadriipes, diicenti, Polydorus, du-
plex, multiplico &c. : yet the last two may be long by position.
Exceptions :
a) E is long in trevir (i. e. triumvir), veneficus, videlicet, re-
fert (impersonal), nequam, nequitia, vesanus, vecors, nedum,
nequaquam, nequidquam.
b) E is common in liquefacio, tepefacio, calefacio, patefacio,
rarefacio.
c) I is long in quivis, cuilibet, utrTque, plerlque, tantldem,
quantivis, quanticunque, ibidem, ubique, utrobique, scilicet,
ilicet, sive ; to which siqua and siquando are added, but, pro-
perly, are two distinct words : further, the compounds of dies ;
as blduum, triduum, pridie, postridie, merldies, merldianus.
Note : The reason for most of them is, that the i is long by
nature ; e. g. tantl, quantl &c.
d) I is common in quotidie, quotidianus, ubivis, ubicunque
&c.
e) Idem, from is and dem, has i long in the masculine and
short in the neuter ; as, per quod quis peccat, per idem punitur
et idem.
4.) Prepositions which end in a single consonant, in compo-
sition, remain short ; as abigo, ineo, subeo, perago, intereo, per-
eo, cisalpinus, inhabito, superaddo, circumeo : though when
followed by a consonant, the syllable is long by position; as
concurro, iniicio &c.
o.) Monosyllabic prepositions which end in a vowel, in com-
position, when followed by a consonant, are long ; as averto,
depono, eligo, profero, diiudico, seiungo, vesanus : so tra, for
trans; e. g. tranare, traiicere &c. : but before a vowel or h, are
300 Of Prosody.
short; e. g. dgamo, dehisco, proinde, sgorsum. The dissyllables
have the last syllable short ; as anteTero : except contra before
a consonant, as contradico.
Exceptions :
a) Re in compound words is generally short; e.g. refero: yet
it is long in refert(Impers.), reiicio, reiecto : sometimes in religio,
reliquias, recido, reduce, reficio, refugio, refero and relatum, re-
pello, reperio ; where some believe that the following consonant
must have been doubled ; as relligio, relliquias, reppulit, reppe-
rit &c. : and this reduplication is found in many editions of the
poets.
b) Di is short in dirimo and disertus, but otherwise long.
c) Pro is short in procella, profanus, profari, profecto, pro-
fectus, proficiscor, profiteor, profugus, profundus, prohibeo, pro-
nepos, protervus : also in Greek words (from TT^O) ; as propheta,
prologus, prodromus &c. : it is common in procumbo, procure,
procreo, propino, propago (verb and subst.), propello, propulso,
professus, profusus, profugio : it is also long in procello ; e. g.
dum furibunda mero mensam procellis et in me, Prop. 3. 8. 3,
where some editions have propellis.
III.) Dissyllable perfects and supines have their
penultima long, which is equivalent to the temporal
augment in Greek, as the reduplication in cecidi &c.
is like the syllabic augment ; e. g. le"go legi ; caveo
cavi ; sdeo sedi ; faveo favi ; moveo movi ; ago egi ;
edo edi ; capio cepi ; fodio fodi ; fugio f ugi ; ^mo emi ;
linquo liqui ; video vidi ; facio feci ; so odi, novi &c. :
even where a vowel comes before another ; as ruo, rui
&c.
Exceptions :
1.) In seven dissyllable perfects the penultima is short, dedi,
tuli, steti, stiti from sisto, bibi, fidi from findo, scidi from scindo ;
Of Prosody. 361
will) their compounds, as addidi, adtuli, circumsteti, constiti,
ebibi, diffidi, conscidi &c.
Note: We must not confound abscidi from abscindo, and
abscldi from abscido (from caedo).
2.) In nine dissyllable supines the penultima is short ; datum,
ratum, satum, itum, litum, citurn, quitum, situm, rutum, from
do, reor, sero, eo, lino, cieo, queo, sino, ruo ; with their com-
pounds, as circumdatum, abitum (except ambltum, from am-
bio), consitum, illitum, desitum, dirutum &c. So also the cor-
respondent participles ; e. g. consitus &c. Note : Citum or
citus, from cio, cire, has the penultima long ; e. g. excitus, from
cieo, Virg. lEn. 4. 301 : 7. 376: Ovid. Met. 2. 779: excitus,
from cio, Virg. ./En. 10. 38 : Lucan. 5. 4Q8 : Sil. 7. 634.
3.) Four perfects have the first syllable short, though from pre-
sents with the first long ; genui, from gigno, though properly
from geno : potui, from possum, properly from potis : posui,
from pono : coegi, from cogo, properly from coago.
4.) The supine statum, from sto, with its compounds, has the
syllable sta long; but statum from sisto, and compounds of sto
which have the supine in stitum, make the penultima short; as
praestitum &c.
IV.) When the perfect has a reduplication of its
first syllable, which is the syllabic augment, and is then
a trisyllable, the first and second syllables are short ;
as ceddi, cecini, didici, pepuli, peperi, pupugi, tutudi,
tetigi, from cado, cano, disco, pello, pario, pungo, tun-
do, tango.
Note : Yet the second syllable may be long by position ; as
poposci, cucurrij peperci, fefelli &c. : also cecidi, from csedo ;
pepedi, from pedo.
V.) Polysyllable perfects in vi and si, and supines
in turn and sum, have their penultima long ; as amo,
362 Of Prosody.
j amatum; cupio, cupiv, cupltum ; quaero, quae-
sivi, qusesitum ; divide, divisi, divisum ; peto, petivi,
petiturn : so solutum, statutum, volutum, minutum &c.,
from solvo, statuo, volvo c. On the contrary, supines
in itum, which do not come from perfects in ivi, have
their penultima short ; as fugio, fugi, fugitum ; noceo,
nocui, nocitum ; credo, credidi, credi'tum ; cognosco,
cognovi, cognitum ; agnosco, agnovi, agmtum &c. : ex-
cept recenseo, recensui, recensitum, of which the pe-
nultima is long.
VI.) The quantity of the penultima may often be
known from the analogy of the declension or conjuga-
tion ; e. g. corporis, from corpus ; so pectoris, from
pectus.&c. : legebam; so also scribebam. Yet this help
sometimes fails ; e. g. das, da, from do, are long, as
amas, ama: but in the other words from do, da is short;
as damus, datis, dabam, dare, datum &c. : so also cir-
cumdamus &c.
VII.) In the first person plural of verbs, umus has
the penultima always short ; as sumus with the com-
pounds, posstimus, prosumus &c. ; qusesiimus, from quae-
so; volumus, noliimus, maliimus &c.
VIII.) The plural terminations of verbs imus and
itis, have the penultima short ; as legimus, legitis; ama-
bimus, amabitis &c. ; except the present of the fourth
conjugation ; as audimus, auditis ; with simus, sitis,
and their compounds ; as possimus, possitis : so veli-
mus, velitis ; nolimus, nolitis ; malimus, malitis.
Note : The penultima of the second person plural of the fu-
ture perfect is also sometimes found long ; e. g. Ovid. Met. 6.
Of Prosody. 363
357, vitam dederltis in unda : contigeritis, Ovid. Pont. 4. 5. () ;
transierltis, ibid. 6.
IX.) Datives and ablatives in bus and bis have their
penultima in a, e, or o, long ; as deabus, rebus, nobis,
ambobus : in u or i short ; as artibus, quibus, lacubus.
Note : Bobus, or the more usual form bubus, has the penul-
tima long, by contraction from bovibus.
X.) The third person plural of the active indicative
perfect has its penultima in e long ; as arnaverunt,
arnavere, legerunt &c. Yet sometimes the poets use it
short ; as Virg. .ZEn. 3. 48, obstupui, steteruntopie co-
mae, vox faucibus haesit : so tulerunt, Virg. Eel. 4. 61 :
annuerunt, Hor. Sat. 1. 10. 45 : dederunt, Hor. Epist.
1. 4. 6 : abstulerunt, Ovid. Met. 6. 617 : defurunt,
ibid. 585 : abfuerunt, ibid. 10. 55 : paruerunt, ibid. 4.
225. &c.
XI.) Nouns in al, are, aris, have their penultima
long ; as tribunal, vectigal, altare, Solaris, speculare,
specularis, talaris, torale ; except animal, capital, toral
for torale, mare, bimaris, torcular, specular for specu-
lare : and foreign words; as Hannibal, Hasdrubal, Pha-
laris &c., of which the penultima is short.
XII.) Latin words in le, da, ola and etum, have their
penultima long ; as cubile, monile, loquela, tutela, ceno-
pola, propola, arboretum &c. : except insile, a rare
word used by Lucret. 5. 1352, where insilia occurs, for
which Vossius would read ensilia, and Greek works
with g, as Nephele, Cybele &c.
XIII.) Words in do, go, have the penultima long ;
as alcedo, capedo, caligo, imago ; except comedo,
364 Of Prosody.
unedo, spado, ligo, harpago, Macedo. Yet in Macedo-
nia we find ce long ; Ovid. Met. 12. 466, qui clypeo,
galeaque, Macedoniaque sarissa : more probably from
the impossibility of otherwise using it in verse, than
that it was ever written in Greek with /.
XIV.) Words in icus, idus, have their penultima
short ; as rusticus, famelicus, vitricus, herbidus, limpi-
dus, lividus, Gallicus &c. : except amicus, pudicus,
apricus, posticus, mendicus, caprificus, lumbricus, um-
bilicus, and proper names in icus, as Andronicus, Gra-
nicus &c.
XV.) Superlatives and derivatives in imus, from
nouns, have their penultima short ; as doctissimus, ce-
lerrimus, citimus, maritimus, legitimus, millesimus, de-
cimus &c. : except primus, imus from inferus, bimus,
trimus, quadrimus, patrimus, matrimus, opimus.
Note : When the superlatives or other adjectives end in umus
for imus, the quantity remains unaltered ; as decumus, optttmus,
maxumus &c.
XVI.) I before v is long ; as dives, divus, rivus, vi-
vus, vivo, lixivia, furtivus, Gradivus &c. : so also au-
divi, petivi &c. : except nivis from nix, bivium, tri-
vium, redivivus.
XVII.) Bi and tri are short in composition ; as bi-
ceps, triceps, bidens, tridens, bifrons, triformis, tricor-
por &c. : except biduum, triduum, bigae, trigae &c.,
where they are long.
Note: Bigae and trigas are properly for biiugee, triiugas, and
therefore long by contraction.
XVIII.) Nouns in inus, from names of animals, have
Of Prosody. 365
the penultima long ; as anserinus, asininus. equinus,
lupinus, cadaverinus &c. : to these we may add intes-
tinus, intergerinus, mediastinus, internecinus, marinus,
supinus, divinus, genuinus, pulvinus, inquilinus, li-
bertinus, inopinus, binus, triims, quinus, matutinus,
vespertinus, clandestinus, adulterinus, peregrinus, vi-
cinus, collinus : further, proper names, and gentile
names ; as Ticinus, lustinus, Valentinus, Sibyllinus,
Aventinus, Fescenninus, Venusinus, Tiberinus, Gabi-
nus, Collatinus &c. : and relative names ; as sobrinus,
consobrinus, amitinus. On the contrary, the penultima
is short in those which denote a material, or are derived
from inanimate things, as trees, stones &c. ; e. g. fag-
nus from fagus, adamantinus, amaracinus, amygdalinus,
crystallinus, cedrinus, oleaginus, cupressinus, croci-
nus, myrrhinus, prasinus, succinus (made of amber),
oporinus (from the Greek osra^/voV, autumnal), coccinus
&c. : to which we add crastinus, perendinus, pristinus,
serotinus, diutinus, vaticinus, faticinus, hornotinus,
pampinus, acinus, fraxinus, cophinus.
XIX.) Masculine patronymics in ades have their
penultima short ; as Anchisiades, ^Eneades, ^Eneadae.
XX.) Masculine patronymics in ides, from nouns in
ens, have i (which stands for ei) long ; as Atrides, Pe-
lides, Thesides &c., from Atreus, Peleus, Theseus &c.,
which are properly contractions for Atreides, Peleides,
Theseides. But when e is used before i, both sylla-
bles are short ; as Theselfdae posuere, Virg. Georg. 2.
383.
XXI.) Masculine patronymics in ides, which come
from nouns of the second declension in us, and the
36G Of Prosody.
third in or, on &c., have i short ; as JSaddes, from
,/Eacus : Priamides, from Priamus : ^Ssonides, from
^Eson : Agenorides, from Agenor &c. But those from
nouns in es (Gr, yjg) have i long ; as Neoclides, from
Neocles, Ovid. Pont. 1. 3. 69 : so the descendants of
Hercules are called Heraclidae,
Note: Yet Belides comes from Belus, and Am phi ar aides,
from Amphiaraus, with a long penultima ; e. g. Virg. JEn.'2.
82, si forte tuas pervenit ad aures Belida nomen &c. ; unless
perhaps it be supposed that the ancients said Beleus as well as
Belus : Ovid. Fast. 2. 43, Amphiai aides Naupactoo Acheloo.
XXII.) Feminine patronymics in eis and m make
the penultima long ; as Briseis, Chryseis, Nereis, Ne-
rine. Yet we have Nereis, Ovid. Met. 11. 259, Nerds
ingreditur &c.
XXIII.) Greek words in aon and ion, with o short in
the genitive, have their penultima long : but with o
long in the genitive, they make their penultima short ;
as Amythaon, Gen. aonis : w lon, lonis, or "Ion, lonis.
XXIV.) Latin words in ilus and ulus have a short
penultima ; as rutilus, garrulus, credulus, figulus &c. :
but proper names, and Greek words, have a long pe-
nultima ; as lulus, Gaetulus, Thrasybulus, Aristobulus
&c. : yet Zottus, Troilus, ^Eschylus.
XXV.) Adverbs in tim have their penultima long ;
as viritim, summatim, curiatim &c. : except adfatim,
properly two words, ad fatim, perpetim : in statim the
penultima is " common ; but some distinguish stitim
(immediately) from statuo, and statim (steadily) from
sto.
Of Prosody. 367
XXVI.) Words in alls, elis, ulis, have a long penul-
tima ; as aqualis, fidelis, edulis &c.
XXVII.) Words in His, from a noun, have a long
penultima ; as civilis, herilis, senilis, pueriiis ; except
dapsflis, humilis, parilis, and those which end in tills ;
as aquatilis, fluviatilis, umbratilis &c. ; together with
gracilis, similis, and its compounds : those from verbs
have their penultima short ; as agilis, faciiis, fertilis,
fictilis, credibilis, and all in bilis : also Thestylis.
XXVIII.) Words in acus have a short; as amaracus,
abacus, ./Egyptiacus, maniacus &c. : except meracus,
opacus.
XXIX.) Diminutives in olus, a, urn, ulus, a, urn,
have a short penultima ; as urceolus, unciola, tuguri-
olum, regulus, ratiuncula, corculum.
XXX.) Words in aca, ica, uca, have their penultima
long ; as cloaca, lorica, Nasica, festuca, lactuca &c. :
except brassica, fabrica, alica, fulica, carica, phalarica
or falarica, pedica, mantica, pertica, scutica, tunica, ve-
ronica, vomica : and Greek words ; as grammatica, lo-
gica, rhetorica &c.
XXXI.) Words in/<z, ga, have the penultima long ;
as scrofa, auriga, collega : except caliga.
XXXII.) Words of more than two syllables in ula
have u short ; as merula, fabula, tabula, matula.
XXXIII.) Words in ma have the penultima long ;
as axioma, thymiama, acroama, diadema : except vic-
tima, lacryma, lacruma or lacrima, Anathema.
368
XXXIV.) Words in ana, ena, ona, una, have the pe-
nultima long ; as campana, membrana, crumena, lage-
na, laniena, annona, matrona, lacuna : except Matrftna,
Sequana.
XXXV.) Words in ina have their penultima either
short, as buccina, tibicina, feniina, fuscina, lamina,
machina, pagina, patina, sarcina, trutina, apinae, nun-
dinae, Catina, Matina &c. ; or long, as culina, farina,
hemina, Camarina, regina, medicina, tonstrina, sagina,
urina, rapina, resina, haruspicina, and female names.
XXXVI.) Polysyllables in pa, and words in qua,
have their penultima short; as alapa, upupa, aqua,
siliqua.
XXXVII.) Words in or a and ura have their penul-
tima long ; as Polydora, Theodora, censura, figura,
natura, cynosura. Yet we have amphora, Mandra-
goras.
XXXVIII.) Words in yra have a short penultima;
as Anticyra, Ephyra : except Corcyra.
XXXIX.) Words in usa have the penultima long ;
as Creusa, Syracusa, Arethusa, Musa.
XL.) Words in ata and ota have the penultima short;
as andabata, Sostrata, rota : or long, as pirata, idiota &c.
XLI.) Words in eta and uta have the penultima long ;
as moneta, cometa, metreta, poeta, propheta, planeta,
rubeta, aluta, cicuta, Matuta.
XLII.) Words in ita have the penultima short ; as
amita, navita, hypocrita, orbita, semita : except cassita,
galerita, pituita.
Of Prosody. 369
XLI1I.) Words in inum, aso, iso } have their penul-
tima long ; as salinum, pistrinum, agaso, equiso : ex-
cept succinum.
XLIV.) Greek words in ne, not patronymics, have
their penultima short ; as Clymene, Melpomene, Mne-
mosyne, Euphrosyne &c.
XLV.) Words in icum, ulum, icen, have the penultima
short ; as triticum, viaticum, epulum, sseculum, pabu-
lum, stabulum, fidicen &c. : except tibicen, for tibiicen.
XLVI.) Words in abrum, ubrum, acrum, ucrum>
atrum, atum, itum, utum, have the penultima long ; as
candelabrum, delubrum, lavacrum, involucrum, vera-
trum, lupatum, aconitum, verutum : in barathrum it is
common ; in defrutum, short.
XL VI I.) Words in umen have the penultima either
short, as columen, or long, as legumen, alumen. Espe-
cially it is long in substantives"derived from supines ;
as volumen, from volvo : statumen, from statuo &c.
XLVI 1 1.) Words in itas have the penultima short ;
as bonitas, castitas &c.
XLIX.) Words in er have the penultima either short,
as coluber, celeber, volucer, alacer, degener, celer&c.,
or long, as cadaver, papaver, suber, tuber, uber, acer
(adj.) macer &c.
L.) Words in anar, inar, unar, ites, have the penul-
tima long ; as lupanar, pulvinar, lacunar, sorites.
LI.) Words in itor, derived from nouns, are short in
the penultima ; as ianitor, portitor, vinitor : but those
from supines follow the quantity of the supines ; as au-
ditor, from auditum : geni'tor, from genftum &c.
VOL. II. 2 B
370 Of Prosody.
LH.) Foreign words in aim have the penultima
short ; as Attalus, Daedalus, Euryalus, Thessalus &c. :
except Pharsalus, Sardanapalus, Stymphalus.
LIII.) Greek words in dm and olus follow the quan-
tity of the original word ; as Sthenelus, .ZEolus ; but
Phaselus, Pactolus.
LIV.) Foreign words in amus, emus, and superlatives
in emus, as extremus, postremus, supremus, have the
penultima long ; except Hippodamus.
LV.) Latin words of more than two syllables in anus,
enus, onus, unus, have the penultima long ; as urbanus,
decanus, serenus, patronus, ieiunus, tribunus ; except
compounds from manus, as longimanus : Greek words
generally have the penultima short ; as Dardanus, Ste-
phanus, Eridanus, Helenus, Philoxenus, Antigonus &c. :
except polygonus, trigqnus, tetragonus &c. : here all
depends on the original word.
LVI.) Words in apus, ipus, opus, have the penultima
long, according to their Greek originals ; as Priapus,
Messapus, Euripus, .ZEsopus, Hyssopus, Pyropus : but
(Edipus, dasypus, polypus.
LVII.) Derivatives in quus have the penultima long ;
as antiquus, obliquus, iniquus : except the compounds
of sequor, loquor and linquo ; as pedisequus (pedisse-
quus), vaniloquus, reliquus &c.
LVIII.) Words in rus generally have the penultima
long ; as carus, amarus, verus, severus, sincerus, cano-
rus, securus &c. : and the Greek magirus, papyrus,
Epirus &c. : except merus, numerus, humerus, ferus
Of Prosody. 371
&c. : and many Greek words ; as Pindarus, Cerberus,
camurus, Craterus, Pierus &c.
LIX.) All Latin words in osus have the penultima
long ; as vinosus, piscosus, generosus, otiosus &c.
LX.) Latin words in tus make the penultima long ;
as barbatus, ferratus, ceratus, auratus, and other par-
ticiples, magistratus, facetus, auritus, crinitus, cornu-
tus, pollutus ; except arbutus, and derivatives from su-
pines with a short penultima ; as habitus, exitus, soni-
tus, exercitus &c. Derivatives from the Greek follow
their originals : some are short ; as Theocritus, Hero-
dotus, lapetus : others long ; as Heraclitus, Para-
cletus.
LXI.) Verbs in igo, Ho, ulo, have the penultima either
short, as litigo, mitigo, navigo, remigo, fumigo, ven-
tilo, rutilo, sibilo, ambulo, postulo, cumulo, with the
deponents semulor, speculor ; or long, as caligo, castigo,
fatigo, infligo, confligo, compilo, expilo, oppilo, sup-
pilo, with adulor, depeculor.
LXII.) Verbs in ubo, ino, have the penultima short ;
as titubo, cubo, with its compounds accubo &c. ; lan-
cino, inquino, destino, fascino &c. : except nubo, glubo,
with their compounds, propino, festino, sagino, inclino,
declino, reclino : so also opinor.
LXIII.) Frequentative verbs in ito, ico, have the pe-
nultima short ; as clamito, factito, veil ico, albico, ni-
grico, fodico, candico. Those in so are long ; as viso,
reviso &c.
' LXIV.) The following remarks will facilitate the
knowledge of the quantity of the antepenultima :
2 B2
372 Of Prosody.
1.) Derivatives in ocinium have o long and z short; as patrO-
cinium, lenocinium, tirocinium.
2.) Diminutives in iculus, a, urn, have i short ; as pisciculus,
coliiculus, pellicula, viticula, craticula, reticulum. Yet in viti-
cula, craticula, cuticula, it is sometimes long : also in cornicula,
Horat., from cornix icis, and so in other words where i is long
in the primitive ; e. g. lodicula, from lodix icis ; loricula, from
lorica; camcula, Hor. Sat. 2. 5. 3Q. On the contrary, dimi-
nutives in icellus have i always short ; as mollicellus.
3.) Derivatives in aceus, aneus, arius, arium, aticum, aticus,
abilis, atilis, aculum, acundus, monium, iticus, icius, and orius,
have the antepenultima long ; as testaceus, momentaneus, sena-
rius, aquaticus, viaticum, amabilis, aquatilis, tabernaculum, fa-
cundus, patrimonium, adventicius, meritorius. Yet it is short
in the following : a) some Greek words ; as emphaticus, hepa-
ticus, ecstaticus, aromaticus : b) derivatives which follow the
same quantity in their primitives ; as babilis, from habeo : ili-
culum, from iacio : c) those in monius, when this termination
is a part of the word itself; as Stry monius : d) words in icius,
derived from nouns ; as natalicius, floralicius : except novicius.
4.) Words in olentus have o short ; as sanguinolentus,
5.) Words in ulentus, urius, uria, and urio, whether nouns
or desiderative verbs, have u short ; as luculentus, Mercurius,
luxuria, decuria, centurio, decurio, esurio, parturio. On the
contrary, prurio, ligurio (for which ligurrio occurs), scaturio,
scalpturio, because they are not 4esideratives, or not so used,
have u long; as also penuria, curia, iniuria : also Furius, Ovid.
Fast. 1. 641.
6.) Words in itudoh&ve i short; as altitude, longitudo, mag-
nitudo, similitude &c.
7.) Derivatives in aculus, alms, erius, ibilis, ilius, ilium, inius,
ipulus, yrius, itimus, dius, have the antepenultima short; as
vernaculu?, from verna ; Maenalius, a?therius, serins, credibilis,
Of Prosody. 373
auxilium, Flaminius, Assyrius, manipulus, finitimus, dimidius :
to which belong Tiberius, Ovidius : except serius and papy-
rius.
8.) The following have the antepenultima long ; contumelia,
Cornelius, Cyllenius, centesimus, millesimus &c., conchylium,
equirium, capitolium, Cimolius, acrimonia, tentorium, prseto-
rius, praetorium, idoneus, peculium, Amulius. Some add Mar-
rubium, a plant and the name of a town, but incorrectly : see
Colum. 10. 356 : Sil. 8. 506 : Virg. JEn. 7. 750.
LXV.) U is short in the old preposition indu, for in,
for which also endo is used : also u between two con-
sonants, of which the last is v ; as induperator, for im-
perator ; indiigredi, for ingredi ; iuvo, iuvenis, fluvius,
diluvium : except luverna in Juvenal, for Hibernia.
LXVI.) The quantity of the penultima in genitives
of the third declension has been already mentioned,
Part I. Sect. I. 5, to which the reader is referred.
Final Observation :
In all foreign words, attention must be paid to the language
from which they are derived ; e. g. words from the Greek gene-
rally retain their original quantity ; as fama, from 4>>JPJ : ovum,
from coov : ver, from yp : so Sirius, Thrasybulus, and others.
Sometimes, however, we find a variation ; as in chorea, platea,
mentioned before.
3.
Of the Quantity of Final Syllables.
I.) Monosyllables terminating in a vowel or h are
long ; as a, ah, me, te, si, pro, proh &c. : except encli-
tic particles, which are affixed to their proper words ;
374 Of Prosody.
as que, ne, ve, ce, te, pse, pte ; e. g. virumque, Davus-
n, aliusve, hicce 7 , tute, eampse', suopte".
II.) Monosyllabic nouns which end in a consonant
are long ; as lac, sol, sal, ver, ren, splen, fur, ius, rus,
os (oris), lis, mus, par, with its compounds dispar, im-
par &c. : also the particles quin, sin, en, non, cur : so
plus, Ovid. Rem. 535, 547. Yet the following are
short ; fel, mel, vir, cor, os (ossis), vas (vadis), vel,
an.
III.) A, e, y, are short ; as mensa, Nom. and Voc.,
pira, poema, ducenta, turpe, corpore, ille, audire, ante,
moly &c.
Exceptions.
1.) With a long:
a) Particles and indeclinable words ; as antea, infra, supra,
propterea, contra, ultra, frustra, mterea, praeterea, triginta, qua-
draginta, quinquaginta &c. Yet a is short in ita, quia, postea,
eia : also we have triginta, Virg. JEn. 1. 269 (273): but tri-
ginta, Manil. 2. 322 : sexaginta, Mart. 12. 26. 1 : nonaginta,
Auson. Ep. 5. 5.
b) Imperatives of the first conjugation ; as ama &c.
c) Ablatives of the first declension ; as mensa, nigra &c.
d) Vocatives of the first and third declensions from masculine
nouns in as; as JEnea, Palla (from Pallas antis).
2.) With e long :
a) Ablatives of the fifth declension ; as re, die, with their com-
pounds, hodie, pridie, postridie, quare : also fame, because
fames was originally of the fifth declension.
b) Imperatives of the second conjugation ; as doce &c. : yet
\ve sometimes find cavg ; e. g. Hor. Sat. 2. 3. 37, 177: 2.
Of Prosody. 375
5. 75 &c. : also vale, when a vowel follows ; e. g. Virg. Eel. 3.
79j et, longum formose vale, vale, inquit, lola : Ovid. Met. 3.
501, vale, inquit et Echo : or when it is compounded with
dico; as Ovid. Trist. 1. 7. 21, valedicere saltern. So videsis,
Pers. Sat. 1. 108 : responde poeta, Mart. 3. 4. 7 : yet we also
have respondere of the third conjugation.
c) Adverbs from adjectives of the second declension ; as docte,
pulchre, optime, segre : so ferme, fere, ohe : yet in bene, male,
the last syllable is always short.
d) Greek words 1.) of the first declension; as Euterpe,
Melpomene, Anchise, Alcide: 2.) neuter plurals; as mele,
Tempe: these follow the Greek >j.
IV.) /and u are long ; as domini, auri, si, manu, diii.
Exceptions :
1.) Mihi, tibi, sibi, ibi, ubi, uti, with the compounds sicubi,
sicuti, veluti, have the last syllable common : but ibidem, ubi-
que, utique, are invariable.
2.) In nisi, quasi, cui when used as a dissyllable, the last
syllable is short ; but i is long in cuique : also in quasi, Lucret.
2. 91 ' 5. 728, though in other places he uses it short ; e. g.
4. 1008 : 6.971. Also in nisi ; e. g. Sidon. Carm. 15. 104, cum
denique saxa Sint tantum penitusque nisi nihil esse probentur,
where some read nihil nisi esse probentur ; so that nisi is not
elided before esse. I is also short in the Greek vocatives ; as
Daphni, Alexi, Iri : and when s final is omitted ; as dabi* for
dabis, Catull. 116.8.
3.) U is short when 5 final is omitted ; as minu* for minus,
Lucret. 1. 977 : also in indu, for in, Lucret. 2. 1095, andweww,
for wow, Lucret. 3. 200.
V.) O is generally common ; as sermo. ego, cano,
quando, ergo for igitur.
370 Of Prosody.
Exceptions :
With o long :
1.) Datives and ablatives of the second declension ; as domi-
no, pleno, quo, eo &c. : to which belong paulo, multo, tanto,
quanto, which are called adverbs, but are really ablatives of the
neuter gender, and to which almost all the following adverbs
might be added. With these we may reckon gerunds in do,
which are properly datives or ablatives of the second declension.
Yet these sometimes occur short ; as Ovid. Her. 9- 126, For-
tunam vultus fassa tegendo suos : yet this is never used by
Virgil.
2.) Adverbs, as they are generally called, which are derived-
from nouns ; as subito, falso, certo, merito &c., which are pro.
perly ablatives ; together with adeo, ideo, eo, quo, ultro, pro-
fecto, idcirco, ergo on account of. Except modo, dummodo,
postmodo, illico, imo, cito, postremo, and the verb cedo, i. e.
die, in which o is almost always short. In vero, sero, quomodo,
it is common ; e. g. vero, Virg. jn. 2. 309 : vero, Stat. Theb.
2. 187 : Val. Flacc. 5. 321 : sero, Tibull. 1. 9(8), 41 : Ovid.
Art. 3. 676: ibid. Remed. 91 : serC, Mart. 1. 32. 8: luve-
nal. 1. 169: quomodo, Catull. 10. 7 : quomodo, Hor. Sat. 1.
9. 43 : Mart. 3. 15. 2.
3.) Greek words in o, from co ; as Dido, Clio, and the geni-
tive Androgeo Sic.
VI.) C is long ; as die, hue, hac, sic, illuc &c. : ex-
cept a) nee and donee, in which it is short : b) fac
is oftener short than long : c) hie, the pronoun, is
common ; but hie, the adverb from heic, is long.
VII.) J5, d, t y I, m, n, r, are short; as ab, ad, ca-
put, animal, flumen, pater. M is mentioned only be-
cause it occurs in some old poets, as Ennius and Lu-
cretius; e.g. vomer&n atque locis &c., Lucret. 4. 1268:
Of Prosody. 377
but in later poets, as Virgil, Horace &c., the syllables
am, em, im, um, before a vowel, are elided or not heard ;
e. g. mensam istam, as if it were mensistarn : patrem
ilium, as if patrillum &c. : where a consonant follows,
the syllable of course is long.
Observations :
1 .) We have already observed that the monosyllables sal, sol,
ver, ren, splen, fur, par, quin, sin, en, non, cur, are long : so also
nil, from nihil.
2.) The Greek terminations an, en, in, on (with to), yn of
nominatives masculine or feminine, are long ; as Titan, Paean,
Trcezen, Hymen, Salamin, Delphin, Actaeon, Corydon, Phor-
cyn : so also lien. But neuters and accusatives in on, in, yn,
are short ; as Ilion, Daphnin, Ityn.
3.) The Greek accusative of the masculine gender in an, is
also long ; e. g. JEnean : the accusative feminine in an is com-
mon ; e. g. Ovid. Trist. 2. 395, Qui legis Electran et egentem
&c. : Ovid. Fast. 4. 174, Maian et Electran &c.
4.) The termination n', for ne, is common ; e. g. nemon',
nostin' : so ain', satin', scin', for aisne, satisne, scisne.
5.) Greek words in er, which increase in the genitive, are
long; as aer, sether, character, Iber &c. : otherwise they are
short ; as pater, mater.
6.) Greek words in or are short, even though the original
have , as Hector, Nestor &c.
7.) Foreign words are long, when written in Greek with a
long vowel ; as lacob, Daniel, Samson &c.
VIII.) As, es, os, are long ; as tineas, mensas, pie-
tas, Pallas antis, amas, mores, duces, quoties, nepos,
pavidos, servos, osoris.
378 Of Prosody.
Exceptions :
1.) With as short:
a) Latin and Greek nominatives, whose genitive ends in atis,
adis, ados ; as anas, vas vadis ; Ilias, ados or adis ; Pallas,
ados or adis.
b) Greek accusatives of the third declension ; as heroas,
Troas, Arcadas &c.
2.) With es short :
a) Nominatives of the third declension in es, when they in-
crease in the genitive, and its penultima is short ; as, miles itis,
ales, seges, teges, prases, dives 8tc. : except Ceres Cereris,
abies, aries, paries, and pes, with its compounds bipes, tripes,
quadrupes See.
b) Es, from sum, with its compounds potes, prodes &,c. ; but
es for edis from edo.
c) Penes, prep., Hor. Art. 72 : Ovid. Fast. 1. 119.
d) Greek words in es f either neuters singular, as cacoethes,
or plurals of the third declension with e, as Atlantides, Arcades,
Pierides &c. Other Greek words must be determined by their
original ; as Demosthenes, from Jijjxo(r0gv>) ; but Voc. Demo-
sthene's, from JijjxoVflsvej : so Tralles, theses &c., because there
is a diphthong in the original.
3.) With os short:
a) Os ossis, exos, compos, impos.
b) Greek words in os, from 05 ; as Chaos, Delos, Lesbos,
Pallados, Iliados &c. : but heros, Tros, Minos &c., from wg -
IX.) Is, m, ys, are short ; as ignis, temporis, quis
(Nom.), amabis, scribis, phis, fructus (Nom. and Voc.
sing.), amamus, doctus, Capys &c.
Of Prosody. 379
Exceptions :
1.) With is long:
a) Datives and ablatives plural ; as Musis, mensis, dominis,
probis, nobis, vobis : also quis, for queis or quibus.
b) Nominatives, which in the genitive have entis, inis, Itis ;
as, Simois entis, Salamis inis, Samnis Itis.
c) The second person singular indicative present of the fourth
conjugation ; as audis.
d) The second persons vis, sis, velis, from volo and sum, with
their compounds quamvis, quivis &c. ; possis, prosis &c. ; nolis,
malis.
e) The adverbs gratis, ingratis, foris, which are properly ab-
latives ; viz. gratis, for gratiis, from gratia : ingratis, for ingratiis,
from ingratia : and foris, from fora.
2.) With us long :
a) Monosyllables ; as rus, tus &c.
b) Nominatives of the third declension, with u in the geni-
tive ; as virtus, salus, tellus, palus : yet paliis occurs Hor. Art.
65, Regis opus sterilisve diu palus aptaque remis. On the con-
trary, Ligus, intercus, are short, because their genitives have u.
c) The genitive singular, and the nominative, accusative and
vocative plural of the fourth declension, are long by contraction ;
e. g. Gen. fructus, for fructuis : Plur. fructus, for fructues.
d) Greek words in us, untis; as Amathus &c.: and in us,
from ov$ contracted ; as Panthus, and the genitive Sapphus : also
compounds of TTOUJ; as tripus, Melampus: except CEdipus,
Polypus.
e) When eus is one syllable, it is long on account of the di-
phthong; as Orpheus (a dissyllable), Theseus, Atreus &c. : but
when it is divided into two syllables, they are both short ; as
Orpheus.
380 Of Prosody.
3.) Those words in ys, which in the nominative have both ys
and yn ; as Phorcys and Phorcyn : also those which are con-
tracted ; as Erinnys (plur.), for Erinnyes or Erinnyas.
SECTION II.
Of the Members or Feet of a Verse.
The name foot, by which many denote a part or
member of a verse, is strange to a beginner, and might
better have been disused, as well as the obscure verb
to sea??. It is a literal translation from the Latin
pes, which is used in the same sense. But the Romans
also call the parts of a verse numeros, which is more
appropriate. In music, numerus expresses the time,
or, more properly, the measured parts of an air : so, nu-
meri oratorii are the measured and equal parts of a
complete thought or period. Hence pedes, or numeri
poeticij are the measured or definite parts of a verse.
Verses consist of two, four, six &c. feet ; e. g. the hex-
ameter, of six &c.
The feet, or definite parts of a verse, are of various
kinds, dissyllabic or polysyllabic : they are also distin-
guished by the quantity of their component syllables ;
hence a variety of names.
Dissyllabic Feet.
Spondeus - laudes.
Pyrrhichius w o bene.
Trochseus or Choreus - w mente.
Iambus ^ - probi.
OfProsofy. 381
Trisyllabic Feet.
Dactylus w v omnia.
Anapaestus w w domino.
Molossus Icetantes*
Tribrachys <-> ^ ^ domine.
Amphibrachys ^ ^ amare.
Amphimacer or Creticus ^ fecerant.
Baccheus or Bacchius w secutos.
Antibaccheus or Antibacchius ^ cantate.
Feet of four Syllables.
Proceleusmaticus ^ <-> ^ w strigiiibus.
Dispondeus (double) ----
opondeus) >
Antispastus w w abundabit.
Chor iambus w w colloquiis.
Diiambus (double Iambus) w ^ severitas*
Ditrochseus (double Tro-"l 7
> ^ u comprobavit,
cheeus) or Dichoreus J
lonicus a minore ^ ^ generosus.
Icnicus a maiore u w enormiter,
Epitritus primus v salutabant.
Epitritus secundus w comprobabant,
Epitritus tertius ^ indigmtas.
Epitritus quartus - w intermisit.
Paeon primus ^ ^ u virginibus.
Paeon secundus ^ ^ w poeticus.
Paeon tertius u w manifestus.
Paeon quartus w ^ ^ misericors*
Observations :
1.) The last syllable of every verse may be indifferently long
382 Of Prosody.
or short : therefore a short may there be used for a long syllable ;
e.g. a trochee for a spondee.
2.) Hence appears what is meant by an iambic verse, i. e.
a verse consisting of iambic feet ; so a trochaic verse consists of
trochaic feet &c.
3.) Since a verse is measured by the number of feet, thence
the terms versus dimeter, trimeter &c. Dimeter, literally, of
two measures, is a verse of two feet; trimeter, of three feet; te-
trameter, of four ; pentameter, of five ; hexameter, of six &c. :
hence versus hypermeter, literally, above or beyond measure,
means a verse which contains one or more syllables beyond the
proper measure : there are such instances in every kind of verse;
e. g. Virg. JEtn. 4. 558, omnia Mercurio similis, vocemque co-
loremque, where the last syllable que is excessive, and runs into
the next verse beginning et crinis. Note : In some kinds of
verse the Greek grammarians count two feet for one ; and di-
meter means a verse of four feet, trimeter of six &c.
4.) To divide averse into its proper feet, is commonly termed
to scan it.
5.) The ancients understood by a trochee also a foot consist-
ing of three short syllables ; e. g. Quintil. 8. 4. 80, 82, 88 : Cic.
Or. 57.
SECTION III.
Of Verses.
A verse, in a poetic sense, is a series of similar or
almost similar feet. We notice, 1.) the scanning: 2.) the
caesura, or division of the verse : 3.) the kinds of
verse : 4.) their intermixture.
Of Scanning.
To scan a verse is to divide it into its proper feet,
Of Prosody. 383
or to measure it, and see if its feet be all correct. To
judge of a verse in this way, we must not only know
the feet which belong to it, and the quantity of each
syllable, but the following poetic usages and licenses.
1.) That every syllable ending in a consonant, and followed
by another syllable beginning with a consonant, except h, is
made long; e. g. quid ruis ? where quid is in itself short, but
lengthened by r following.
2.) That a vowel at the end of a word, before another word
beginning with a vowel, is elided, i. e. omitted in pronunciation ;
e. g. facile est is read facilest : ultro Asiam, ultrasiam See. This
elision invariably takes place not only with vowels, but also with
diphthongs ; e. g. Tyrrhene acies, pronounced Tyrrhenacies.
An elision equally takes place when the following word begins
with h, which is not reckoned a consonant ; e. g. nulla ha3c,
pronounced nullaec. Yet such elisions must not be too frequent,
or the sound of the verse will be injured ; as, Quod si in eo spa-
tio atque ante acta aetate fuere, Lucret. 1. 235 ; which would
be read, Quod sineo spatiatquantactactate fuere : nor should
they occur at the beginning of a verse ; as Si ad vitulam spectas
(al. spectes), nihil est quod pocula laudes, Virg. Eel. 3. 48.
Sometimes this elision is neglected by the poets ; e. g. Virg.
Eel. 3. 79, Et longum formose vale, inquit, lola, where e in vale
is not elided : ibid. 8. 108, Credimus ? an qui amant, ipsi sibi
somnia fingunt ? This omission of the elision is called a hiatus
or opening, and has been noticed in Virgil more than forty times.
The interjections o, heu, va3, io, ah, vah, proh or pro, are not
elided.
3.) That m with its preceding vowel at the end of a word,
is elided before a vowel at the beginning of the next ; e. g. ter-
ram invenient, pronounced terrinvenient : terram hanc, terranc :
this kind of elision is called Ecthlipsis, and is very common ;
e.g. Virg. jn.3.580, flammam exspirare caminis, read flamm-
exspirare : ibid. 5. 582, Trinacriam et &c. : ibid. 4. 181,
Monstrum horrendum ingens &c. : it should, however, not occur
384 Of Prosody.
often, and particularly not at the beginning of a verse ; e. g. Nam
lit ferula credas meritum maiora subire, Hor. Sat. 1. 3. 120.
Note: a) Ennius and Lucretius sometimes neglect this kind of
elision ; hence at the end of an hexameter, militum octo, Enn. :
Fomerem atque locis avertit seminis ictum, Lucret. 4. 1268 :
b) the same poets also often elide s ; as horridu' miles &c.,ybw-
tibu' magnis, Lucret. 1. 413, for horridus, fontibus &c. : so,
pugnantibu* ventis, Lucret. 6. 97.
4.) That the poets sometimes make a long syllable short, and
the contrary : the former is termed Systole, the latter Diastole ;
e.g. the penultima in tulerunt, fuerunt, defuerunt, dederunt&c.,
is found short: so Virg., steteruntque comae: Ovid. Met. 6,
617, Abstuleruntque &c., as has been already noticed. On the
contrary, the first syllable in many proper names, being natu-
rally short, is lengthened ; e. g. Italiam, Priamides &c. in Vh>
gil : so Sichseus, JEn. 1. 343 (347) : Sicha3us, ibid. 1. 348
(352) : 6. 474.
5.) That two vowels, i. e. two syllables, are often contracted
into one, which grammarians call Synizesis ; e. g. Dii'que De-
seque omnes, Virg. JEn. 6. 64, is read Dique deaeque &c., and
often so printed : ibid. 412, Deturbat laxatque foros, simul ac-
cipit alveo, read alvo : ibid. 33, Bis patriae cecidere manus :
quin protenus omnia, read omna or omnya : ibid. 10. 129, nee
fratre Menestheo,read Memstho : ibid. 487, Una eademc[\ie via
sanguis animusque sequuntur, read imademque&c. : sodeerunt,
read derunt, Mart. 8. 56. Especially cui and huic are com-
monly used as one syllable : cuique and deinde as two syllables ;
e. g. Virg. Eel. 4.56, Nee Linus, huic mater quamvis atque huic
pater adsit : Virg.jEn. 10. 467, Stat suacuique dies: so Virg.
Eel. 3.96, a flumine reiice capellas, where reiice must be read
reice, in two syllables : Virg. Georg. 1. 482, Fluviorum rex
&c., which must be read Fluvyorum &c. : Virg. Mn. 1 1 . 890,
Arietat in portas &c., read aryetat &c. : ibid. 12. 706, pulsa--
bant ariete muros, read aryete &c. : Ovid, Met. 6. 635, coniuge
Tereo, read Tero.
Of Prosody. 385
6.) That sometimes one syllable is resolved into two, which
is termed Diaeresis ; as syluae, a trisyllable, for sylvae, Hor. Epod.
13. 2, nunc mare, nunc syluae : so persoluenda, Auct. Consol.
ad Liv. (at the end of Ovid) 370.
7.) That at the end of a verse there is sometimes a super-
fluous syllable, which is elided by the next verse beginning with
a vowel ; as Virg. Mn. 4. 558,
Omnia Mercuric similis vocemque coloremque
Et flavos &c.
This frequently occurs; e. g. ibid. Georg. 1. 295 : Lucret. 2.
117, &c.
8.) That sometimes one foot is substituted for another, to
which it is entirely or nearly equivalent.
2.
Of the Ccesura or Division of a Verse.
Caesura is the proper division of the words which
form a verse. It is not thought pleasing for the feet
to consist of entire words ; but when the words are so
distributed that, as far as possible, the last or two last
syllables of a word may be the beginning of a foot.
If the feet of a verse be marked off, like bars in music,
whenever a bar falls in the middle of a word, there is
a caesura : e. g. the following hexameter has five cae-
suras :
Nulla sa | lus vie | tis nul | lam spe | rare sa | lutem.
We here remark :
1.) That the more caesuras a verse has, the more agreeable
it sounds, because the feet are concealed. Even if it be impos-
sible to make several, there must at least be one or two. Where
VOL. II. 2 C
386
there is none at all, the verse is grossly defective ; e.g. In te quae
bona sunt, ea non male ponere debes. Such verses, however,
may occasionally escape the writer, and are perhaps pardonable;
but it is more unpleasant and childish when each foot is a
distinct word, because it seems as if the writer wished to exhi-
bit the feet more plainly ; e. g. lllico mulcent aures dulcia car.
mina divum : and still more disagreeable, when they are all
spondees ; as, Nuper quidam doctus coepit scribere versus, or
Vestro, musa3, Phoebo dulces pangite versus.
2.) The ca3sura after the first foot is called Trithemimeris,
i. e. third half; after the second, Penthemimeris, i.'e. fifth half;
after the third, Hephthemimeris, or seventh half; after the fourth,
Ennehemimeris, or ninth half. Those are reckoned the most
pleasing which have the Penthemimeral and Hephthemimerai
caesura ; e. g. Turnus ut infrac | tos ad | verso Marte Latinos.
Some suppose that when a short final syllable is lengthened by
the poets, it is on account of the caesura.
Note: There is also another more determined kind of cae-
sura in Hexameter, Pentameter, and Sapphic verse ; viz. that
the first syllable of the third foot generally ends a word. This
will be presently noticed.
3.
Of the Kinds of Verse.
There are various kinds of verse, which are named
either from the feet that compose them; as iambic verses,
composed of Iambic feet ; or from the number of feet,
as Hexameter, consisting of six feet ; Pentameter, of
five feet : or from the inventor, as Asclepiad, from Ascle-
piades ; Sapphic, from Sappho, &c. Their names are
the following : 1 .) Hexameter, in which we may
reckon, a) Adonicus, b) Pherecratius, c) Archilo-
chius, d) Heroicus Tetrameter, e) Dactylicus Alcma-
Of Prosody.
387
nius, f ) Dactylicus Ithyphallicus^ which all resemble
the Hexameter, but are shorter : 2.) Pentameter :
3.) Anapgesticus : 4.) Sapphicus : 5.) Phalsecius :
6.) lambicus ; to which belong-, a) Scazon, b) Ana-
creonticus : 7.) Trochaicus, to which belongs Ithy-
phallicus Trochaicus : 8.) Choriambicus ; viz. a) Ari-
stophanicus, b) Glyconicus, c) Asclepiadeus, d) Al-
caicus : 9.) lonicus a minore.
I.) Hexameter consists of six feet, whence it is
named : the first four are either dactyls or spondees ;
the fifth always a dactyl ; the sixth a spondee or tro-
chee : e. g.
Sed fugit
intere
a
fugit
irrepa
rabile
tempus.
Non est
in medi
CO
sem
per rele
veturut
aeger.
Illi in
ter se
se
mag
na vi
brachia
tollunt.
Da faci
lem cur
sum at
que au
dacibus
adnue
coeptis.
Observations :
1 .) The Hexameter is also termed a heroic verse, and a poem
consisting of them is called a heroic poem, because this kind of
verse is generally used in celebrating heroes and their exploits,
as for instance, in Virgil's JEneis. But it is a manifest inac-
curacy to call any heroic poems, unless their subject correspond,
though they may be written in heroic verse ; as for example,
Virgil's Bucolics and Georgics &c.
2.) The Hexameter should properly be so divided, that the
third half foot may end a word. This is the caesura or rest,
which the poets seldom neglect, and which in the preceding ex-
amples is denoted by a double line. This caesura, however, is
sometimes disregarded, particularly when the third foot is a
dactyl, of which the second syllable ends a word ; e. g. Hor.
2c2
388 Of Prosody.
Art. 359, Indig | nor quan | doque || bo | nus dor | mitatHo |
merus : Virg. ^En. 6. 56(3, Gnossius | haec Rhada | raanthus ||
ha | bet &c. But if the caesura be neglected when the third
foot is a spondee, the verse is unpleasant and faulty, though such
instances are not uncommon, particularly in Horace ; e. g. Art.
101, Ut ridentibus arrident, ita flentibus adsunt : ibid. 344, Lec-
torem delectando pariterque monendo: ibid. 442, Si defendere
delictum quam vertere malles : more rarely in Virgil ; e. g. ^En.
6. 480, Parthenopa3us et Adrasti pallentis imago: ibid. 571,
Tisiphone quatit insultans torvosque sinistra.
3.) Sometimes the fifth foot is a spondee instead of a dactyl ;
e. g. Virg. Eel. 5. 38, Pro molli viola, pro purpureo Narcisso ;
many such verses occur in Virgil. Yet a dactyl generally pre-
cedes, to make the heaviness of the verse a little more tolerable :
the following is less agreeable, Virg. ^n. 7. 634, Aut taves
ocreas lento ducunt argento.
4.) The Hexameter verse commonly ends in a word of two
or three syllables ; e. g. magna secutos : gaudia regni : and
verses so terminated are most pleasant. Yet we find instances
which end in a monosyllable, or a word of more than three syl-
lables ; e. g. Virg. ^n. 6. 803, Fixerit aBripedem cervam licet,
aut Erymanthi: Juv. 7. 123, Inde cadunt partes in foedere
pragmaticorum ; Virg. Georg. 1. 313, Quae vigilanda viris ? vel
cum ruit imbriferum ver : Virg. .ZEn. 5. 481, Sternitur, exani-
misque tremens procumbit humi bosj which verse, as some ima-
gine, is intended to express by its sound the fall of the ox : ibid.
8. 83, Procubuit viridique in litore conspicitur sus : Hor. Art.
139, Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus: experiens vir,
ib. Ep. 1. 17. 42 : uti mox, ibid. 56. Some believe that these
monosyllables were intentionally thus placed, to give a peculiar
expression, but this is mere conjecture ; and it would often be
difficult to explain the intended expression. It is more proba-
ble, that poets sometimes, from convenience, closed a verse with
a monosyllable, as at other times with a quadrisyllable &c. It
is preferable, however, if possible, to avoid such terminations.
But if a monosyllable must be used, it is better that another
Of Prosody. 389
should precede ; e. g. Principibus placuisse viris mm ultima
laus est, Hor. Epist. 1. 17.35: Omnis Aristippum decuit color
et status et res, ibid. 23 : so ibid. 31, 45 : Ovid. Pont. 4. 5. 20.
Note : Some also believe that the poets often used dactyls to
express rapidity, joy, cheerfulness &c. ; and spondees to express
tediousness, sorrow &c. ; e. g. Quadrupedante putrem sonitu
quatit ungulacampum, Virg. .ZEn. 8. 596, where all are dactyls :
on the contrary, llli inter sese rnagna vi brachia tollunt, ibid.
452. But this is quite conjectural : expressions of rapidity &c.
lie in the thought : and we often find dactyls in Virgil and other
poets, when the ideas are slow and mournful ; and the contrary ;
e. g. Sic fatur lacrymans &c., Virg. JEn. 6. 1 : Salt antes Saty-
ros, Virg. Eel. 5. 73. Much here depends on the imagination
of the reader.
5.) Rhyme must be avoided in prose, and especially in verse ;
e. g. Dum canis os rodit, socium, quern diligit, odit : Hac sunt
m fossa Bedee venerabilis ossa. Such verses were very common
in the middle ages. They are called Leonine verses, from a Be-
nedictine monk Leonius, who lived in the middle of the twelfth
century, and was fond of writing such verses : or perhaps from
a monk or Pope Leo, as may be conjectured from the following
verse of a grammarian ; Sunt inventoris de nomine dicta Leonis
Carmina &-c. Such verses may not be unpleasant to modern
ears, which are accustomed to rhyme, but were so to the Ro-
mans, who thought rhyme of all kinds childish. And yet we
find verses with rhyme in the best poets ; e. g. Virg. ;En. 3. 549,
Cornua velatarum obvertimus antenna-rum, where the rhyme
might be partly concealed by the elision :;bid. 12. 373, Ora ci-
tatorum dextra detorsit equorum : Ovid. Her. 8. 29, Vir precor
uxori, frater succurre sorori: Prop. 1. 8. 11, Nectibi Tyrrhena
solvatur funis arena : ibid. 1. 17. 5, Quin etiam absenti prosunt
tibi, Cynthia, vend : and elsewhere ; e.g. Ovid. Art. 1. 69:
ibid. Met. 13.379.
6.) In Hexameter, as in verse and prose generally, the too
frequent repetition of the same letter must be avoided : as in the
390 Of Prosody.
old verse, Auct. ad Herenn. 4, 12, O Tite, lute, Tat'i, tibi tanta
tyranne tulisti : to which we may add a verse of Cicero ; Qfor-
tunatam natam meconsule Romam : vid. Quintil. 9. 4. 41.
7.) Neither in Hexameter nor in any other verse, should
simple words be divided, as in the following verse of Ennius ;
Transegit corpus, cere saxo comminuit brum, where cerebrum is
divided.
8.) The following verses may be reckoned with the Hexame-
ter, of which they are parts :
a) Versus ^donius or Adonicus, which consists of the two last
feet of a hexameter verse, ^/ w | w | ; as, gaudia pelle, or
nubila mens est. It is so named, because it wa$ used in the
praise of Adonis. Yet it never occurs alone in the Roman poets,
but is appended to three sapphic verses, to make a sapphic
stanza; e. g. Hor. Od. 1. 22. 1,
Integer vita? scelerisque purus (Sapph.)
Non eget Mauri iaculis neque arcu (Sapph.)
Nee venenatis gravida sagittis, (Sapph.)
Fusee, pharetra. (Adonic.)
b) Versus Pherecratius, so called from the poet Pherecrates,
which consists of the three last feet of a hexameter, viz. a spon-
dee, a dactyl, and a spondee or trochee ; as,
_ _|_ ^ w |_
Vis for | mosa vi | deri, Hor. Od. 4. 13. 3 :
Docta3 I psallere | Chiaj, ibid. 7. 11. 15. 19. 23. 27.
Quamvis | Pontica | pinus, Hor. Od. 1 . M. 1 1 :
Portum j nonnevi [ des ut, ibid. 3. 11. 15. 19.
c) Versus Archilochius, so called from the poet Archilochus,
consists of two dactyls, and a final syllable, either long or short;
Pulvis et | umbra su | mus, Hor. Od. 4. 7. 16.
Arbori | busque co | mae, ibid. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,
18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28.
Of Prosody.
391
d) Versus heroicus tetrameter, which consists of the four last
feet of a hexameter ; as,
Ibimus | o soci | i comi | tesque, Hor. Od. 1. 7. 26.
Ofor | tespe | ioraque | passi, ibid. 30. 2.4.6.8. 10 &c.
e) Versus dactylicus Alcmanius, probably so called from the
poet Alcman, consists of the first four feet of a hexameter verse,
of which the fourth must always be a dactyl ; as,
Lumini | busque pri ] or redi | it vigor, Boeth. 1. 3.
f) Versus dactylicus Ithypha llicus :
v^ vs I wvp/l VrfWJvy w
Liberat | arva pri | us fruti | cibus, Boeth. 3. 1.
II.) Pentameter consists of five feet, whence its name
is derived, which are divided into two Hemistich ia, or
half verses : the first half consists of two feet, either
dactyls or spondees, and a long syllable ; the last half
of two dactyls and a long or short syllable ; as
Tempora
si fue
rint
nubila
solus e
ris, Ovid.Trist. 1.
8.6.
Inter
dum doc
ta
plus valet
arte ma
urn, Ov.Pont. 1.
3.18.
A cane
non mag
no
saepe te
netur a
per, Ovid. Rem.
422.
Observations :
1.) A Pentameter is commonly subjoined to a hexameter,
and together they are termed a distich, or two verses : a collec-
tion of such distichs is called an elegy, or elegiac poem, because
they were principally used for mournful subjects. It is pre-
392 Of Prosody.
ferable when the sense is terminated at the end of a distich
which is followed by a full stop, or at least by a colon. Such
united hexameter and pentameter were used by Tibullus, Pro-
pertius, and by Ovid in many of his poems.
2.) The Pentameter, like the Hexameter, must have a caesura
at the end of the first half, that is, must be terminated in a word,
as in the examples above cited. Yet there are some exceptions ;
e. g. Catull. 75. 8, Nee desistere ama | re omnia si facias, where,
however, the elision conceals it : ibid. 68. 82, Quam veniens
una at | que altera rursus hyems : ibid. 90, Troia virum et vir-
tu | turn omnium acerba cinis : cf. Prop. 1. 5.
3.) Neither hemistich should end with a monosyllable ; as,
O Di reddite mi pro pietate mea, Catull. Carm. 75 : Aut facere :
ha3C a te dictaque factaque snnt, ibid. 8 : Omnis an in magnos
culpa deos scelus est? Ovid. Pont. 1. 6. 26 : the verse is less
unpleasant when one monosyllable is preceded by another ; as
Ovid. Pont. 1. 6. 46, Magna tamen spes est in bonitate dei :
ibid. Am. 2. 9- 38, Vix illis pr& me nota pharetra suaest: Prop.
1. 5. 18, Nee poteris, qui sis, aut ubi, nosse miser : Ovid. Trist.
5. 7. 68, Pra3mia si studio consequor ista, sat est : yet this is
more common in the first, than in the second half.
Note : There is no objection to .a monosyllable at the end
preceded by an elision; e. g. Ovid. Pont. 1. 9. 4, Invitis oculis
litera lecta tua est : ibid. 2. 1. 4, lam minus hie odio est, quam
fuit ante, locus : so ibid. Am. 2. 9- 38 &c.
4.) Those Pentameters are reckoned the best, which have the
last half terminated by a dissyllable : this is the usual practice
of Ovid ; as, Tempora si fuerint nubila, solus eris. Yet we find
a trisyllable at the end frequently in Propertius, more seldom in
Ovid ; hence the former kind are called Ovidian, the latter Pro-
pertian Pentameters; e. g. Prop. 1. 1. 4, 10 : 1. 2. 10 : 1. 3. 7
&c. We even find at the end a word of four or five syllables ;
e. g. Ovid. Pont. 3. 1. 166, Non duris lacrymas vultibus adspi-
ciant : Ovid. Trist. 4. 5. 24, Indeclinatas munus amicitia : and
elsewhere; e. g. cupidimbus, Prop. 1. 1.2: comiKo, ibid. 6:
Of Prosody.
393
ingemuit, ibid. 14: carminibus, ibid. 24: auxilia, ibid. 26:
muneribus, ibid. 1. 2. 4 : artificem, ibid. 8 : litoribus, ibid. 18.
5.) The hemistichs of a pentameter should not rhyme ; e. g.
Quaerebant^ttvos per nemus omne/<zros, Ovid. Fast. 3. 746,
where Heinsius doubts the reading favos : to this we may add,
Instant qfficio nomina bina tuo, ibid. Her. 8. 30 : Nee numeros
Danai militis : ipse veni, ibid. 24, and elsewhere : Decolor et
factis infitianda tuis, ibid. 9- 4 : yet it is not possible in such
instances always to avoid rhyme, nor is it perhaps faulty.
III.) Versus Anapasticus Partheniacus consists of
three feet, of which the first two are anapaests or spon-
dees, the third an anapaest, with a syllable over ; e.g.
Felix
nimium
prior se
tas
Conten
tafide
libus ar
vis
Nee iner
ti per
dita lux
u
Boeth. de Cons. Phil. 2. 5.
Such verses do not occur in Horace, Martial, or Ca-
tullus. If we examine them attentively, it will appear
that they are merely the latter half of a hexameter
after the principal caesura.
Note : There is also another kind of anapaestic verse, which
is called Aristophanic, or Archilochian ; e. g.
W v-f
w \^
w w
<u \s
\j \ H /
Fatis
Non sol
vy w
agimur:
licitse
Cedite
possunt
fatis
curse
Senec. (Ed. 980.
|
IV.) Versus Sapphicus, named from the poetess
Sappho, consists of five feet, a trochee, spondee, dac-
tyl, trochee, trochee or spondee ; e. g.
394 Of Prosody.
Inte
lamsa
ger vi
tis ter
tee scele
ris nivis
risque
atque
purus, Hor. Od. 1. 22.
dirse, Hor. Od. 1.2. 1.
Observations :
1.) Three such verses, with an Adonic subjoined, form a
Sapphic strophe or stanza, and several united compose a Sap-
phic ode ; e. g.
Integer vitas scelerisque purus
Non eget M auri iaculis neque arcu
Nee venenatis gravida sagittis,
Fusee, pharetra: Hor. Od. 1. 22.
There are many such odes in Horace ; e. g. Hor. Od. 1. 2, 10,
11,20 &c.
2.) In Catullus we sometimes find the second foot a trochee
instead of a spondee ; e. g. Pauca nuntiate meae puellae, Carm.
11. 15 : Seu Sacas sagittiferosque Parthos, ibid. 11.6 : and in
Seneca we find a dactyl in the same place ; e. g. Troad. 1049,
Troia qua iaceat regione monstrans : Med. 638, Sumere innu-
meras solitum figuras.
3.) After the first syllable of the third foot, there must be a
caesura, as in hexameter verse : this is regularly observed by
the poets ; e. g. Non e | get Mau | ri || iaculis &c.
4.) In this kind of verse we often find in Horace hyperme-
trical verses ; that is, where a syllable is redundant at the end,
and carried to the beginning of the next verse ; e. g.
Plorat et dives, animumque mores^we
Aureos &c., Hor. Od. 4. 2. 23.
It is the same with the following verse.
Note : Horace also divides words so that the first syllable
ends one verse, and the remaining syllables begin the next ; e. g.
*Labitur ripa, love non probante, ux-
orius amnis (Adonic.) Od. 1. 2. 1Q.
Grosphe, non gemmis neque purpura ve-
nale nee auro (Adonic.) Od. 2. 16. 7.
Of Prosody.
395
V.) Versus Phaltfcius, called from the poet Phala-
cus, consists of five feet, a spondee, dactyl, and three
trochees ; as,
potum
Tulli,
Catull. Carm. 50.
olim
orem,
Auson.Epist.4.85.
Diser
Quot sunt
\j \*
tissime
quotque fu
\j
Romu
ere,
\j
i ne
Marce
Istos
Qui pen
composu
themime
itPha
rin ha
aecus
bent pri
Observations :
\ .) In Catullus the first foot is at times an iambus or trochee ;
e. g. Arida modo pumice expolitum, Carm. 1.2: Meas ease
aliquid putare nugas, ibid. 1. 4. The second foot is sometimes
a spondee ; as, Oramus si forte non molestum est, Epig.
55. 1 : ibid. 7. Femellas omnes, amice, prendi &c. e. g. v. 18,
20,23, 31.
2.) These verses are called Hendecasyllables ; i. e. consisting
of eleven syllables, Auson. Epist. 4. 83. Sapphic verses also
are so named from the same cause.
3.) A Sapphic verse may be easily converted into a Phalae-
cian, and reciprocally ; e. g. Sapph. Hie erit vobis requies la-
borum: Phal. Hie vobis requies erit laborum.
VI.) Versus lambicus should properly contain no
other feet than an iambus, whence its name : but as this
would be too difficult, other feet also are admitted. It
consists of four, six, or eight feet, of which the uneven,
i. e. the first, third &c., may be an iambus, tribrach,
spondee, dactyl, anapaest; but the even places, iji accu-
rate writers, are all iambuses, and even a tribrach is
rare. At the end of the ^erse a pyrrhic may be used
for an iambus.
39G Of Prosody.
In Horace this verse occurs with four feet, quater-
narlus : six feet, senarius : in the comic writers with
eight feet, octonarius.
a) lambicus quaternarius :
w
^ X
Ut pris
ca gens
morta
Hum
Solu
tus om
ni foe
nore
Neque hor
ret i
ratum
mare
i ciium in aic
Hor. Epod. 2. 2, 4, 6 &c.
b) lambicus senarius follows the same law, with the addition
of two more feet; e. g. Hor. Epod. 2. 1, 3, 5 &c.
Bea-tus il-le qui - procul - nego - tiis
Pater -na ru-ra bu - bus ex-ercet-suis
Neque ex - cita - tur clas - sico - miles - truci .
This and the preceding are used alternately ; and from the above
examples it is plain how frequently Horace prefers an iambus,
particularly in the even places.
c) lambicus octonarius is of the same form, with two more
feet; as,
Pecu - niam in - loco - neglige - re max - imum in - terdum
est - lucrum. Terent. Adelph. 2. 2, 8.
Observations :
1.) The more iambuses, the better is the verse.
2.) Iambic verses with eight feet are used only by comic
writers, who readily substitute for an iambus, a tribrach, spon-
dee, dactyl, cr anapaest.
3.) In tragic writers the fifth foot is more commonly a spondee
or anapaest than an iambus.
Of Prosody. 397
4.) To these belong the Scazon and Anacreontic verse :
a) Scazon or Choliambus, i.e. lame iambus, coincides with a
senarius, except that the fifth foot is always an iambus, and the
sixth a spondee or trochee.
Nimi
Sed
rum idem om
nes fal
mus man
limur
tica3
neque est
quod in
quisquam
tergo est
See Catull. Carm.22. 18, 21 ; where the whole poem consists
of such verses.
b) Versus Anacreontic us is an iambic verse of four feet, de-
ficient by one syllable, called by the grammarians versus iambi-
cus quaternarius catalecticus. It is named from the poet Ana-
creon :
Habetom nis hoc volup tas. Boeth. de Cons. Phil.
It is not used by the early Latin poets.
VII.) Versus Trochaicus is named from trochees, of
which it principally consists. It is generally composed
of four or eight feet, of which the uneven, i. e. the first,
third &c., are always trochees, for which sometimes a
tribrach is substituted : the even feet are trochees,
tribrachs, spondees, anapaests, or dactyls. The most
usual trochaic verse is the octonarius catalecticus, i. e.
of eight feet, with one syllable deficient ; e. g.
_ w
w
\j
ma
cam
Stant pa
Seu fo
rati
ret pra3
ferre
benda
quidquid
cervix
sors tu
ad bi
lisset
pennem
ulti
publi
Prudent. Peristeph. in honor. Mart. Emet. etChelid. 107.
398 Of Prosody.
There is also a trochaic verse, consisting of three
trochees, and called Ithyphallicus.
Hue a
Fili
des su
us to
premi
nantis
In Horace we also find a trochaic verse of four feet,
deficient by one syllable, versus trochaicus tetrameter,
or according to the Greek grammarians, dimeter cata-
lecticus, Od. 2. 18. 1, 3. 5 &c. : with which iambic
verses are intermixed ; as,
w \J
Non e I bur ne
Non tra | bes Hy
que aure
metti
urn
83.
Note 1.) The trochaic verse does not admit an iambus, nor
the iambic verse a trochee.
2.) In the trochaic verse of eight feet, there must be a caesura
i. e. the word must end, at the fourth foot.
VIII.) Versus Choriambicus, so called from the foot
Choriambus, is of four kinds : 1. Aristophanicus : 2.
Glyconicus : 3. Asclepiadeus : 4. Alcaicus.
a) Aristophanicus , from the poet Aristophanes, consists of
two feet, a Choriambus and Bacchius ; e. g. -
v ^
Lydia die | per omnes. Hor. Od. 1.8. 1, 3, 5, &c.
b) Glyconicus , from the poet Glycon, consists of three feet,
a spondee, choriambus, and iambus; e. g.
li \j \j I \j ^
Cumtu, I Lydia,Te | lephi, Hor. Od. 1. 13. 1, 3, 5, 7 &c.
Note : In Catullus the first foot is sometimes an iambus or
trochee; e. g. Collis o Heliconei &c., Catull. 61. 1 : and so in
the other verses.
c) Asclepiadeus, from the poet Asclepiades, consists of four
Of Prosody. 399
feet, of which the first is a spondee, the second and third cho-
riambuses, the fourth an iambus or Pyrrhic ; e. g.
Divis I orte bonis | optime Ro
mulae, Hor. Od. 4. 5 : 1.1.
Observations :
1.) This verse is preferable when there is a ca3sura at the end
of the second foot ; which is usual in Horace : it often also hap-
pens, that each foot is a distinct word - 7 e. g. Hor. Od. 1. 1. 18,
Quassas, indocilis pauperiem pati.
2.) There is in Horace a peculiar kind of Choriambic verse,
consisting of four feet, a second epitrite, two choriambuses, and
a bacchius ; e. g.
Te deos o ro Sybarim | cur properas | ainando, Hor.Od.1.8.
d) Alcaicus, from the poet Alcaeus, is of two kinds :
1.) One kind contains three choriambuses, i.e. one more
than an Asclepiad, with which in other respects it agrees; e. g.
-- _uvs ww
Tu ne quaesieris scire nefas quern mihi quern tibi.
Hor. Od. 1. 11. 1.
2.) The second kind consists of eleven syllables, or four feet,
viz. a spondee or iambus, a Bacchius, a Choriambus, an iam-
bus or pyrrhic ; e. g.
Motum ex
Metello
consule ci
vicum. Hor. Od. 2. 1.
Yet the first foot is most commonly a Spondee.
IX.) Versus lonicus a minore has three or four feet
of the kind from which it is named ; e. g.
Miserarum est | neque amori | dare ludum | nequedulci,
Hor. Od. 3. 12,
which entirely consists of this verse, and is the only specimen.
400 Of Prosody.
We may further notice the common descriptions of verse.
Acatalecticus, a verse which is complete without a defective or
redundant syllable : Catalecticus, when a syllable is deficient
in the last foot : Brachycatalecticus, when a whole foot is de-
ficient at the close : Hypercatalecticus, when one or two sylla-
bles are redundant.
4.
Of the Union of different Kinds of Verse.
I.) The most usual kinds of verse which are united
in the ancients are the following :
1.) Hexameter and Pentameter, which alternate and compose
an elegiac poem ; e. g.
In caput alta suum labentur ab aequore retro
Flumina : conversis solque recurrit equis.
Terra feret Stellas : coelum findetur aratro :
Unda dabit flammas : et dabit ignis aquas.
Ovid. Trist. 1. 7.
These alternate verses are used by Ovid in all his poems, ex-
cept the Metamorphoses : and are solely used by Tibullus and
Propertius.
2.) Hexameter and an Iambic verse of four syllables, alter-
nately; e.g. Hor. Epod. 15.
Nox erat et coelo fulgebat luna sereno
Inter minora sidera,
Cum tu &c.
3.) Hexameter and an Iambic verse of six feet, alternately ;
e.g. Hor. Epod. 16,
Altera iam teritur bellis civilibus a3tas,
Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit :
Quam neque &c.
4.) Three Sapphic verses and an Adonic; e. g. Hor. Od.
1. 32,
Of Prosody. 401
Poscimur. Si quid vacui sub umbra
Lusirnus tecum, quod et hunc in annum
Vivat et plures : age, die Latinum,
Barbite, carmen,
Lesbio &c.
This kind of strophe is very frequent in Horace.
5.) A Glyconic and Asclepiad alternately ; e. g. Hor. Od. 1.3,
Sic te diva potens Cypri,
Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera,
Ventorumque &c.
6.) Two Alcaics, followed by an Iambic verse of four feet,
redundant by one syllable, i. e. an Iambic Tetrameter or (ac-
cording to the Greek division) Dimeter Hypercatalectic, and
finally an Alcaic Logacedic verse are often united by Horace
in one strophe; e. g. Od. 1. 9,
Vides, ut alta stet nive candidum
Soracte: nee iam sustineant onus
Sylvce laborantes : geluque
Flumina constiterint acuto ?
A whole ode is formed of such strophes as these repeated.
7.) An Iambic verse of six feet, with another of four feet, al-
ternately ; e. g. Hor. Epod. 9,
Quando repostum Ca3cubum ad festas dapes,
Victore Iretus Caesare,
Tecum &c.
8.) A Trochaic verse of four feet, with one syllable deficient,
i. e. a Trochaic Tetrameter or Dimeter Catalectic, and an Iam-
bic verse of six feet, with one syllable deficient, alternately; e.g.
Hor. Od. 2. 18,
Non ebur neque aureum
Mea renidet in domo lacunar :
Non trabes &c.
II.) With respect to the union of different verses,
various names are applied to them, which the learner
VOL. ir. 2 D
402 Of Prosody.
should understand. A poem is called Monocolon, Di-
colon, or Tricolon.
1 .) Monocolon, when it consists of only one kind of verse, e. g.
merely of hexameter, as Horace's Satires, Virgil's Georgics,
,/Eneis, &c. : or merely of Asclepiads ; e. g. Hor. Od. 1.1, be-
ginning Ma3cenas atavis edite regibus &c.
2.) Dicolon, when it is composed of two different kinds of
verse, e. g. hexameter and pentameter, as Ovid's Tristia, Fasti,
&c. ; or of three Sapphics and one Adonic &c.
3.) Tricolon, when three kinds of verse are used, as frequently
happens in Horace ; e. g. Od. 3. 3,
lustum et tenacem propositi virum
Non civium ardor prava iubentium,
Non vultus instantis tyrarini,
Mente quatit solida, neque Auster &c.
where the first two verses are Alcaics, the third an Iambic, the
fourth an Alcaic verse.
III.) Other names also are applied to poems. A poem
is called, 1.) JDistrophon, when after the second verse,
the first recurs again, as in elegiac verse, where a hex-
ameter always succeeds a pentameter : so Hor. Od. 1.
3, where a Gly conic and Asclepiad verse alternately
recur : 2.) Tristrophon, when after the third verse the
first recurs : 3.) Tetrastrophon, when after the fourth
verse the first recurs, as in Sapphic odes &c. : 4.) Pen-
tastropkon, when the first verse recurs after the fifth, as
in Catullus 61, but never in Horace.
Poems are also named from their subjects, as Ge-
nethliacum, a birth-day poem; Epithalamium, a
nuptial poem &c. : which names, however, scarcely
deserve a place in a grammatical work.
ADDITIONS AND NOTES.
Page 58. ALSO verbal adjectives in bundus, derived
from transitive verbs, govern an accusative; as popu-
labundus, vitabundus &c.
P. 123. The first day of every month was called Ca-
lendoe, the fifth Nonse, the thirteenth Idus : but of
March, May, July and October, the seventh was called
Nonas, the fifteenth Idus. The other days were reck-
oned backwards from these : thus a thing which hap-
pened on the thirtieth of June was said to be pridie
Calendas Quintiles or lulias, or pridie Calendarum
Quintilium : the twenty-ninth of June, tertio (ante) Ca-
lendas Quintiles, c.
P. 167. A List of Verbs which are used both as
Active and Neuter.
This List comprehends Sanctius'a List de verbis folso Neu-
trisj and Vossius's two Lists (lib. 3. de Analog.). The use of
a passive voice is admitted as proof of the active significa-
tion of the verb in o ; except in the case of passive impersonals,
as curritur, itur, &c. : most verbs neuter are so used, and
therefore such examples admitted by Sanctius I have omitted.
Neither is a participle passive complete evidence of the exist-
ence of a passive voice. Ventum erat, standum, (supposing them
to be participles passive), triumphatis, are all found, but there
are no such words as venior, stor, triumphor.
2 D2
404
Additions and Notes.
There are other cautions necessary on this subject. Though
there may be authority for a cognate accusative after a verb
usually neuter, yet an accusative of the object may be unallow-
able. If the accusatives hoc, id, quod, See. are found, yet there
may be no authority for any other kind of accusative. Of these
accusatives I am doubtful whether they should be placed under
the active or neuter signification of each verb : if they are con-
sidered as governed by the preposition xara, or secundum, un-
derstood, or if they are considered as adverbs, then they should
be placed under the neuter signification ; otherwise, under the
active. In the following List this construction will be found
sometimes under the one signification, sometimes under the
other : it being necessary to take notice of it ; but not material
under which signification it was inserted. The passive voice
of verbs usually neuter is very uncertain, and not to be used
without authority ; and even if there be authority for the third
person, the other persons may be unallowable.
Abeo. JV. usually. Cic. Cat. 2, \.A.
Plaut. Rud.
Abhorreo. N. Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 92. A.
Cic.
Abnuo, Annuo. N, ^n. 12, 841. Sail.
Jug. 84, 3. A. Sail. Jug. jn. 5,
531 ; 1, 250. Cic. ap. Non. 5, 65.
And with a cognate ace. Liv. 7, 30.
Aboleo. A. Tac. .ZV. Liv.
Abstineo. N. Hor. ^. Caes. B. Gall.
8, 44. Liv. 8.
Accedo, inserted by Scioppius in Sanc-
tius's List. He gives no other example
than non potcst accedi, Cic. Tusc. 2,
which being impersonal, I do not al-
low. Accedo is therefore always neut.
Accido in Sanctius without any autho-
rity. It is always neuter.
Accingo. A. (usual). JEn.l, 210. Liv.
2, 12. N. ;En. 2, 235.
Adeo. A. (usual >. Tac. Colum. N.
(usual). Cic. Brut. 90.
Adolesco or Adoleo. A. Tac. Hist. 2, 3,
5.N.Adi>lescunt ignibus ara;, Georg.
4, 379. And in a different significa-
tion, Simul atque adoleverit tetas, Hor.
Sat. 1, 9, 34.
Adulor. N. Quinct. 9,3. Nep. 25,8,6.
A. Cic. de Divin. 2. Liv. 23, 4.
Toe. 16. Colum. 7, 12.
Adultero. N. Cic. de Legg. 1, 43. A.
Suet. Aug. 67. Cic. pro Rose. Com.
17.
Adversor. N. (usual). Cic. Orator. 172,
al. 51. A. Tac. Hist. 1, 1. Ib. 3.
Ib. 4. Tac. Ann. 1, 28. Ib. 1, 38, 1.
But the construction is uncommon,
and I believe only found in Tacitus,
and only in the above places.
Adverto. A. usual i.^En. 12,555. Ter.
Eun. 3, 1, 7. Ibid. 2, 3, 50. N. Ov.
Fast. 4, 829. ^n. 2.
JEquo. A. \ usual). JEn. 6, 783. N.
Quamobrem magnnpere te hortor, mi
Cicero, ut non solum Orationes meas,
sed hos etiarn de Philosoplria libros,
quijam illix fere tsquarunt, studiose le-
gas, Cic. Off. 1, 1, al. 3. The au-
thority for omitting se (which some
MSS and Editt. have) is far better
than for inserting it, as may be seen
in Vossius (de Analog. 3, under
JEquo^, and in Gronovius's Note on
the place, who also produces the fol-
lowing example : Is triumphus, ut
loco et fama rerum gestarum et qitod
sumplum non erogatnm ex an-ario om-
nes sciebant inhonoratiorjwt, ita signis
carpcnthque et spoliis ferme <squubat t
Liv. 33, 24.
Additions and \ofcs.
405
. A. Hor. Od.4, 2, 1. N. Liv.
28, 43. Quinct. 1, 3, 11.
2Estuo, Exaestuo. N. (usual). Juv. JEn.
3, 577. A. Stat. With a cognate
accusative, Lucr. 6, 816.
Agglomero. A. yn.!2,' 458. 2V. Ib. 2,
341.
Ago. A. (usual). Virg. Eel. 1, 12. A 7 ".
Cic. ad Att. 16, 5. Virg. Georg.
Allatro, inserted by Sanctius. I can find
no certain authority for its being ever
neuter.
Ambio. A. Ov. Fast. 5, 82. N. But
in another sense, Cic. Phil. 11, 8, al.
19.
Ainbulo. N. (usual). Plaut. Men. 2, 2,
4. A. Cic. de Fin. 2, ad fin. Plin.
23, 1.
Anhelo. N. (usual). Colum. 2, 3, 2.
A. Cic. Nat. D. 2. Pers. Sat. 1, 14.
Cic. Catil. 2, 1. Cic. de Orat. 3.
Animadverto. A. Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 3.
N. Cic. Catil. 1, 12.
Anteeo. N. (usual). Plaut. A. JEn.
2, 84.
Appello. A. Val. Max. 1, 7. Ter. Prol.
And. 1, et al. N. Liv. 8, 3.
Appeto. A. (usual). Cic. pro Rose. Am.
50. 2V. Liv. 25, 2. Plaut.
Aperio. A. (usual). JEn. 3, 275. N.
Ib. 3, 206.
Applico. A. (usual'. Cic.ad Brut. 316.
N. Hirt. Bell. Hisp. 37.
Ardeo. N. (usual). Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84.
A. Virg. A. Gell. 7, 8.
Aro. A. Var. R. R. 1, 2. 2V. Virg.
Georg.
Arrideo.iV. (usual). Ov. A. Am. 2, 201.
Hor. A. Poet. A. Cic. deopt. gen.
Orat. And with an accus. neut. Gell.
Ascendo. A. Caes.B.Gall. 1. 21. JEn.
9, 507. N. JEn. 2, 192. Cic. de Cl.
Orat. 241, c. 58.
Aspiro, Inspire. ^f.Virg. Quinct. praof.
4. Colum. I, 6. JEn. 8, 373. A.
Mn. 2, 385. Sen. Ep. 31, pr.
Assimulo. A. Ov. Trist. 1, 5, 28. N.
Cic. Off. 3, 97.
Assentior or Assentio. N. (usual). Cic.
Off. 1, 18, c. 6. A. With an accu-
sative neuter, Cic. Att. Cic.de Orat.
3, 182, 48. Cic. Acad. 4.
Assuesco, Consuesco, Insuesco. N. Cic.
de Inv. 1, 2. A.. JEn. 6, 832. Hor.
Colum. 6. bis. Hor. Serm. 1,4, 1O5.
Flor. 4, 12, 43. Colum. 1.
Assume. A. Ov. Met. 15, 421. N.
Cic. de Div. 2, 109, c. 53.
Assurgo, inserted by Sanctius. He gives
no authority for its active sense, but
the passive impersonal s assurgi, assur-
gatur, &c. ; I consider assurgo there-
fore as always neuter.
Attendo. A. Cic. Off. 3. 5. Cic. Fin. 5,
7, c. 3. 2V. Cic. pro Planco,98.c.41.
Attineo. A. Tac. 1.
Attinet. N. Cic. Off. 1, 31. And with a
neuter accusative, Plaut. Epid. 1,1,
70. Ter. And. 1, 2, 16.
Audeo. 2V. (usual). JEn. 8. 364. A.
Tac. Ann. 3, 76. Ib. 13, 36. Juv.
JEn.5, 792. Ibid. 9. 428. Tac. Ann.
2, 40.
Augeo. A. (usual). Cic. de Amicit. 10.
-N. Tac. Hist. 3. Plin. 36, 15.
Sail. Hist. 1. in Orat. Philippi.
Ausculto. 2V. (usual). Cic. pro Rose.
Am. 104. A. Plaut. Pseud. 1, 5, 38.
Catull. 65, 39.
Cachinno or Cachinnor. A r . (usual.)
Cic. Verr. 3, 62, c. 25. A. Apul.
Met. 3.
Caveo. 2V. Ov. Met. 2, 89. Hor. A
CatoR.R.5. Cic. Topic, init. Cic.
Att., et al.
Cado is inserted by Sanctius as a verb
active, without any authority but ca-
dendum est. Cado is always neuter.
Caleo is inserted by Sanctius as an ac-
tive, without any authority but caletur,
impersonal. It is always neuter.
Cano, Canto, Concino. A. JEn. 1, 1.
Tibull. 2, 5, 10. Hor. Od. 1, 6, 17.
And with a neuter accusative, Hor.
TV. Plin. 10, 29. Virg. Eel. 7, 5.
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, c. 2. Ov. Did. /En.
2.
Capero. A. Festus. Apul. 9. Nonius
1, 27, ex Varrone. 2V. Plaut. Epid.
5, 1, 3.
Careo. 2V. (usual). Ovid. A. (an-
tiquated). Non. Turpil. Plaut,
Cure. Cato ap. Jul. Scaliger. The
participle in dus is used in writers of
the best time ; but that is no proof of
its active voice. Virque mild dempto
Jine carendus abest, Ov. Pen. Ul.
Preeler quam tui carendunt quod erat,
Ter. Eun.
Cavillor. A. Liv. 2, 58. N. Suet.
Tit. 8.
Cedo, Concede, Decedo. A. Val. Max.
4. Cic. de Prov Cons. 44. Ter. Ad.
5, 3, 30. 2V. Virg. Cic. pro Mil. 34.
Ter.
Celero, Accelero. A. Virg. Cajs. B,
Gall.3, 39. Apul. 2. Tac. JV.Cic,
Cat. 2, 4. Tac. Ann. 12, 64, 3.
406
Additions and iSWe.s.
Censeo. N. Ter. And. 2, 1, 10. Hor.
Ep. 1, 14,ult.-^. Liv. 10, 12. Cic.
de Legg. 3, 7.
Certo. A r . (usual). Hor. A. P. 220.
A. Hor. Ov. Met. 13.
Cesso, inserted by Sanctius as active,
without sufficient authority. The im-
personal cessatum est is common. The
participle cessatus is also found in the
following passages: Ov. Fast. 4, 617.
Ov. Met. 10, 669. Sil. 5, 534. But all
this is no certain proof that cesso is
ever active, nor is the passive cessor
allowable. Cesso is however found
with a neuter accusative after it, Virg.
Eel. 7, 10. Hor. A. Poet. 357.
Clamo, Clamito, comp. N. (usual).
Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 1 1. Cic. Phil. 6, 1.
A. Ov. Fast. Apul. 3. Ov. Virg.
Eel. 6, 44. Prop. 4, 9. Plaut. Amph.
Plaut. Cist. Ov.Met.13. Ca?s. Pro-
pert. Lucil. Cic. de Div. 2, 84,
c. 40. Cic. pro Rose. Com. 20, 7.
Coe'o. N. (usual). Liv. 3, 36. A. Cic.
Phil. 2. Cic. pro Sex t. But Societas,
Societatem, are the only words used
with it.
Cceno. N. (usual). Cic: de Orat. A.
Hor. Serin. 2, 3, 235. Plaut. Pseud.
And with a cognate accusative, Plaut.
Rud. Apul. 4. Ibid. 9.
Cogito. A. Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 55. Cic. de
Legg. 2, 2 N. Cic. Amic. 1. Ter.
Eun. 1, 2, 114.
Comperendino, inserted by Sanctius, is
always active.
Congemino. A. (usual). YEn. 12, 713.
.2V: Plaut. Amph. 2, 2, 154.
Conjicio. A. Sub Scalas tabcnue librariee
xe conjicere, Cic. Phil. 2, 21. N. But
in another sense ; Annos sexaginta na-
tus es, aut plus eo, ut conjiciv, Ter.
Heaut. 1,1,11.
Consulo. A. Cic.Verr.Act. 1,32. Cic.
ad Att. 7, 20. And in a signification
somewhat different with a neuler ac-
cusative. Coelius ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16.
Plaut. Trin. 2,3,4. Sail. Jug. 13.
N. Sail. Cat. 1. Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 37.
Confligo is inserted by Sanctius as ac-
tive, without any authority but the im-
personals corifligitur, coirfligendum e&t.
Conjure is also inserted by Sanctius as
active, on the authority of the partici-
ple passive conjuratus, in such expres-
sions as agmina conjurata t fratres con-
juratos. These two words are always
neuter.
Contingo. A, /En. 2, 239.
Contingit Impers. N. Cic. Off. 1, 74,
c. 22.
Consisto. N. (usual). Plaut. Aul. 3, 4,
15. A. (for constituo}. Luci. 6.
Contendo. A. Virg. Cic. de Fato, 10.
Licinius Macer. Lucr.4. 2V. Cic.
Att. 7, 9. Lucr.
Concionor. N. (usual). Caes. B. Civ. 1,
1.A. With a neut. accus. Liv.
Corusco. N. (usual). Cic. de Orat. 3,
155, c. 39. A. ^En. 10. Ibid. 8.
Crepo, Concrepo. 2V. Plaut. Men. 5, 5,
26. Plaut. Amph. 1, 2, 34. Ter.
Hec. 4, 1, 6. A. Hor. Od. 2. Pro-
pert. 3. Mart. Petron. Plaut. Mil.
3, 1, 57.
Credo. A. /En. 10, 70. 2V. Ov.
Crucio. A. (usual). Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 1.
2V. Ut tnissree matres solliciteeque ex
animo sunt, cruciantque, Plaut. True.
2, 5, where Vossius observes, Ita
MSS. etvett. edit., ubi vulgo crucian-
tur.
Cunctor. 2V. (usual). Cic. Fam. 10, 15.
A. Stat. 11, 268.
Cupio. A. (usual). Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 12.
2V. With a genitive case (obso-
lete). Plaut. Trin. Symmachus.
Poeta vetus (adds Scioppius) apud
Cic. ; Qui nee t? amet, nee studeat tui.
Curro, & comp. 2V. (usual). Hor.
Ter.Eun.4, 6, 25. Ov. Met. 14, 359.
A. 2En. 5. 862. Prop. Cic. Off. 3.
Virg. Prop. 2, 1 2, 4 1 . Virg. Georg.
2, 39. Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 50. 7En. 9,
110. Cic. de Cl. Orat. 281. Quinct.
4, 2, 2.
Deceo, Dedeceo. 2V. Cic. Off. 1, 93.
A. Ov. Met. 1. Stat.
Decerno. A. Nunc pro Ccesaribus Supe-
ris decernere grates, Ov. Pont. 4, 9, 49.
JV. But in a different sense. Decernite
criminibuSy mox ferro decreturiy Liv.
40, 8.
Decide. A. Dictys. 5. 2V. Cic. Sen. 2,
Cont. 5.
Declino. A. Cic. pro Planco, 97, v. 41.
Ov. Met. 2, 138. Plaut. Aul. 4. 8.
2V. Cic. Orat. 40. Colum. 8, 4, 3.
Declamo, Declamito. A 7 . Cic. Fin. 5, 2.
Cic. de Orat. 1, 251.^. Quinct. 3,
8. Cic. pro Rose. Am. 82, c. 29. Cic.
Tusc. Qu. 1, 7, c. 4.
Decoquo. A. Pliy. 14, 17. -2V. Cic.
Phil. 2, 18. Flor. prol.
Deficio. A. Hor. Ov. Propert. Quinct.
Varr. R. R. 3, 16. 2V. Plaut. Asin.
Caes.
Dego. A. (usual). Cic. pro Sylla. Ca-
Additions and Notes.
407
tull. ad-Manl. Lucr. 2. Plaut. Most.
N. (Suspected). Plin. 6, 25, s.29.
Degenero. 2V". (usual). Virg. Georg. 2,
59. A. (Suspected). Colum. 7, 12,
11. Two or three other examples may
be seen in Gesner's Thes. See Hein-
sius ad Ovid. Pont. 3, 1, 45.
Delinquo. See Pecco.
Deliro. JV. (usual). Cic. de Orat. 2, 75.
al. 18. A. With an accusative neu-
ter. Hor. Lactant. de Opif. Dei, 6.
Desino. N. (usual). Ter. Hor. ^.Ter.
Heaut. 2, 3, 64. Cic. Fam. Ep. 7, 1.
Suet. Tib.
Despero. N. Cic. Att. 8, 15. Cic. pro
Cluent. 15 A. Cic. ad Att. 7, 20.
Sen. Mart. Cic.
Despicio. A. Cic. Off. 2. Sil. 12, 488.
N. Hor. Od. 3, 7, 29.
Detraho. A. Hor. Cic. Off. 3, 5. N.
Nep. Chab. 3.
Differo. A. Cic. pro Sex. Rose. 9. N.
In a different sense. Cic. Tusc. 4.
Discumbo is inserted by Sanctius as ac-
tive, without any other authority than
discumbilur,discubitum est, impersonal.
Dispute. N. (usual). Cic. Phil. 13, 12.
A. Cic. Plaut. Aul. Plaut. Me-
naech. prol.
Dissero. N. Tac. 1, 11. A. Withneut.
ace. Cic.de Orat. 1, 57; 2. 11. Cic.
Tusc. 1. Cic. de Amic. 33.
Dirigo. A. (usual). JEn. 5, 162. N.
Varr. R. R. 1, 4, 1.
Doleo. N. (usual). Ter. Ad. 4, 5. Plin.
24,5. A.Cic. Ovid. Propert. Jus-
tin. 12. Stat. Cic. Tusc. 4. Suet,
Dormio, Edormio, N. (usual). Ter.
Heaut. 4, 4,8. Cic. Acad. 17, al.52.
^.Adag. Mart. Cic.Phil. Plaut.
Amph. Hor. Od. 1, 25, 7. Catull.
Dubito. N. (usual). Liv. 21. A. As-
con, in 2 Verr. With a neuter accu-
sative, Cic.
Duro. A. Cels. 2, 15. Hor. N. Cic.
Dial, de Orat. 17. JEn. 1.
Ebullio. N. (usual). Cato. A. Cic.
Sen. in Apocol.
Egeo, Indigeo. N. (usual.) Cic. ad Q,u.
Fr. 3, 5. Cic. ad Att. 12, 34 (35)
A. (Obsolete). Catoap. Gell. Sail.
Jug. Varr. L. L. 4.
Egredior. N. JEn. 8, 122. Cic. Att. 13.
16. ^4. Sail. Servius, in JEn. 2, no-
tat utrumque dici Egredior urbem et
urbe. Sanctius. Plin. Ep. 7, ult. Tac.
Hist. 4, 51.
Ejulo. N. (usual). Plaut. Aul. 4, 10,
66. A. Apul. 3.
Emerge. N. (usual). Liv. 1, 13. A.
Cic. Arusp.Resp. Nepps.Att. Cic.
Nat. D. 2. Cic. Divin. 2> Sall.Hist.
4, ap. Fronton, in voce emergit se.
Emineo. N. (usual). Plin. 16, 31.^.
Curt. 4.
Eo, Abeo, Redeo, Gradior. JV". (usual).
Hor. A. Ov. Did. JEn. 40. And
with a cognate accusative, Hor. Ep.
Plaut. Rud. Cic. pro Mur. 26. JEn.
6, 122. Colum. 6, 37, 11.
Equito. N. (usual). Hor. A. Plin. 8.
Erro. N. (usual). Tibull. A. With a
neuter accusative, Plaut. Ter. But
the participle erratus in erratas terras t
errata littora, and the like, by no means
proves errare terras to be allowable.
Nor does erratur, impersonal, imply
that erro is ever used active.
Erumpo. N. (usual). Virg. Cic. Verr.
4, 48. A. Ter. Eun. 4, 5. Cic. Att.
16, 3. Cceliusad Cic. Ep. 14. Virg.
Georg. 4, 368. JEn. 3. Ca?s. B. Civ.
2. Tibull. 4.
Erubesco. N. Auct. ad Heren. 2, 5.
Virg. A. Cic. Hor.
Eructo. N. Cic. in Pison. 13, c. 6. A.
Cic. Cat. 2, 10. JEn. 6, 297.
Evado. N. JEn. 2, 458. Liv. 28. A.
Suet. Tib. Virg. JEn. 2. Lucil. de
Equo. Liv.
Evigilo. N. Stat. Sylv. 5, 3, 128. A.
Ov. 1 Trist.
Excedo. N. Cic. Catil A. Plin. Co-
lum, 6, 21.
Exeo. A T . Cic. Verr. 5, 71. A. Jamut
linu'n exirem, ad genua accidit, Ter.
Hec. 3, 3, 18, but it is very unusual.
In the sense of to avoid, it is a techni-
cal term, and active. Corporetela modo
atque oculis vigilantibus exit, JEn. 5,
438.
Exerceo. A. (usual). Cic. Tusc. 1, 18.
N. Suet. Aug. 98. Cic. de Orat. 2,
287. But though the participle and
gerund are used in a neuter sense, yet
there is no authority for any other
part of the verb.
Exhalo.jJV.Lucr. A. Cic. Virg. Ib.
Georg. 2. Plin. Nat. Hist. 2, 42.
Expecto. A. JEn. 9, 46. N. Cic. de
Amic. 13.
Expedio. A. Cic. in Pison. 74, c. 30.
N. Plaut. Amph. 1,3.
Exubero. N. (usual). Virg. Georg. 2,
516. A. Colum. 9,4.
Facesso. A. (usual). Georg. 4, 548. And
it is foutfd in old writers in the signi-
fication of lo take crjwy, Plaut. Men.
408
Additions and Notes.
2, 1, 24. Afran. Incis. ap. Non. 4,
196. Titin. Gemin. From this sense
is derived the following. N. Popu-
luin R. disceptatorem non modo nonre-
cuso, serf etiam deposco : vis absit,Jer-
runi ac lapides removeantur, opera fa-
cessa7it, servilia sileant, Cic. pro Flac.
97. Nifacesserent propers urbe fini-
busque, Liv. 4.
Fasti dio. A. Virg. Liv. Hor. N.
Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 67. Stich. 2, 2, 10.
Cic. pro Milon. 43.
Faveo. N. (usual). Ten Eun. 5, 3, 7.
A. (obsolete.) Charis. Instit. 5.
Fallo. A. (usual). Ov. N. Hor.
Festino. JV. (usual). JEn. 2, 373. A.
Ov.Met. 2. Tac. Mor. Germ. Tac.
Ann. 4, 28, 3. And with a neuter ac-
cusative, Plaut. Epid. 1, 1, 73.
Fero. A. (usual). Phaedr. N. Dues ad
Luceriam ferebant via:, Liv. 9, de Fur-
cis Caud. : but perhaps aliquem or
viatorem may be understood.
Finio. A. (usual). Ov. Am. 1, 13,47.
N. Tac. Ann. 6, 50, 9.
Flagro, inserted by Scioppius, is always
neuter. Conflagrari, in the old Scho-
liast on Hor. (see Gesn. Thes.), and
Semelen co>iflagravit,in Higynus, 129,
is not sufficient authority for its ac-
tive signification. The participle con-
Jiagratus, in the Auct. ad Heren.,
and deflagrata domus, in Caesar, Strabo,
ap. Prise. 6, will not prove the use of
conflagror, deflagror, nor an active sig-
nification injiagro.
Fleo. JV. Cic. Tusc. Quest. 1. 48. A.
Ov.
Flo, & comp. N. Cic. Att. 7, 2 ; 6, 6.
y/.Lucr.5. Ovid.7Met. Virg. Ov.
Fast. 4. Lucr. 4, 936.
Fluctuo, inserted by Scioppius, is al-
ways neuter. Fluctuor is indeed
used, but in the same sense as fiuctuo,
as appears from the following pas-
sage : Plerunique utroque modo effe-
runtur Luxuriatur, Luxuriat ; Fluc-
tuatur, Fluctuat; Assentior, Assen-
tio. Quinct. 9, 3, 7,
Flecto, & comp. A. ( usual). JEn. 7, 35,
Colum. 6, 11 N. yn. 9. 372. Cic.
Off. 2, 9.
Fruor. N. (usual). Cic. Nat. Deor. 2,
62. ^/.(obsolete). Cato, R.R. Apul.
9.
Fugio, & comp. N. JEn. 2. Liv.24,46.
Cic. pro L.Manil. 22, c. 9. Liv. 24.
36. ^. Curt. 10, 220. Cs. B. Gall.
4, 35. Caes. B, Civ. 1, 32. Lucr. 5,
151. Itinera multn majora fugiens,
quam ego segue ns, Cic. Fam. Ep. 11,
13. In this last example perhaps iti-
nera may be supposed to be governed
by per understood.
Fungor. N. (usual). ^En. 6. A. (ob-
solete). Ter. Tac. 3 & 4. Varr. Ter.
Ad. Plaut. Mostell. Plaut. Amph.
Plaut. Trin. Cic. Tusc. Quest. 3.
Suet. Aug. Plaut. Men.
Furo. A 7 ", (usual). ^En. A. With a cog-
nate accusative, /En. 12. And with
an accusative case neuter, Liv. 8, 31.
Garrio. A. (usual). Ter. Heaut. 3, 2,
25. Cic. de Orat. 2, 21, 5. A. Plaut.
Cure. 5, 2, 6. Hor. Sat. 1, 10.
Mart. 1.
Gaudeo. N. (usual). Virg. Eel. 8, 75.
A. With a cognate accusative, Ter.
And. Coelius ap. Cic. Fam. 8. Ca-
tull. And with an accusative neuter,
Niliil est neque quod metuamus, neque
quod gaudeamus, Cic. And some-
times with an accusative of the object,
Tu dulces lituos ululataque prcelia gau-
des, Stat. 9.
Gelo, Regelo. A. Colum. 9, 6. Scribon.
271. Mart. 5, 9. Colum. 1, 5, 8 ; 1O,
77. N. Plin. 15, 6. Colum. 11, 2,7.
And impersonally, Plin. 14, 3.
Gemo, Ingemo. A T . (usual). Virg. A.
Cic. Att. 2. Virg. Cic. pro Sextio.
Virg. Ovid. Cic. pro Sext. 30.
Germmo. N. (usual). Plin. 13,4. A.
Foetus in utero sive partus dicitur Ca~
pillum germinare, quum ei capiUus nas-
citur, Plin. 7, 6. And with a cognate
accusative, Plin. 16, 25.
Gesto. See Veho.
Glacio. A. Hor. Od. 3, 10. -N. Plin.
29, 3.
Glorior. N. (usual). Cic. de Fin. 3, 8.
A. Cic. Sen. 82; 32, al. 10.
Gratificor. A. Cic. Fam. 1, 10. Cic.
Nat. Deor. 1,1 24. Sail. Jug. 3. And
with a cognate accusative, Sail, de
Rep. Ordin. ad Caesarem, 1, 7.
N. Cic. Fin. 5, 15.
Gratulor. N. Cic. Fam. 3, 13; 1, 7.
A. Cic. Verr. Act. 1, 19, c. 7.
Habeo. A. (usual). Hor. Sen 1, 1, 92.
N. Liv. 8,35. Hor. Sat. 1, 9,53.
andfor/zaWo, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 6.
Habito. A. Virg. Eel. 2, 29. N. Cic.
Acad. 4, 115. Liv. 8, 22.
Hiemo. JV. (usual). Hor. A. Plin. 19,
4; 9.
Hiulco, inserted by Sanctius, is always
active.
Additions and Notes.
409
Horreo. 2V. (usual). Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4.
Ov. Met. 13, 877. Cic. Verr.Div.l,
41,13. A. Cic. Lucan. 1. Apul.6.
JacuJor. N. Liv. 22, 50. Quinct. 8, 2,
5. A. Hor. Od. 1, 2, 3. Juv.l, 11.
Colum. 10, 3:50.
Jaceo is inserted by Sanctius as active
without any authority.
Ignosco. A. Cic. Plaut. Amph. Prop.
1. Virg. Georg. 4. Virg. Culex.
Quinct. Decl. N. Usually with a
dative of the person pardoned, Hor.
Sat. 1,3, 23, whence it might be sup-
posed to be always active, aliquid or
peccatum, or the like, being under-
stood. But it is found with a dative
of the offence, Cic. ad Caesarem Ju-
niorem, libro primo, ap. Non. 5, 56.
Ov. A. Am. 1, 249.
Illuceo. N. (usual). Liv. Plaut. Pers.
5, 2, 3. A. Fulcanus, Sol, Luna,
Dies, Dei quatuor, scelestwrem nullum
Uluxere alterum, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3,
22. Vossius adds, Etiam Camerarii
membranae habent Amph. Act. 1, sc.
3, Nunc te, nox, qua me mansisti, mit-
to, uti cedas die, Ut mortaleis Ulucescas
luce clara et Candida. In aliis tamen
libris, est mortalibus.
Illudo. N. Mn. 2, 64. Cic. pro Rose.
Am. 34. - A. JEn. 10. Ter. And.
Impendeo. N. (usual). Cic. de Fin. 1,
60, c. 18. Cic. de Arusp. Resp. 4,
c. 3. A. Ter. Phor.
Impono. A. Cic. N. Deor. 2. N. Cic.
ad Quin. Fr. 2, 6.
Incipio. N. Hor. Virg. Mn. 3. A.
Plaut. And with a cognate accusa-
tive, Ter. Heaut. Plaut. Stich.
Inclino. A. Liv. 5; 40, 5. 2V. Liv. 1,
24 ; 7, 33.
Incubo. N. Virg. Colum. 8, 11, 11.
A. Plin. 2, 1; 9, 10; 10, 54.
Incumbo. N. (usual). Ov. Fast. 1,177.
A. (obsolete). Sail. Hist. 3, apud
Frontonem. Fronto.
Indulgeo. N. Cres. B. Gall. 1, 40. -A.
With an accusative of the thing, Tac.
1. Juv. Suet. Domit. Ib. Claud.
The accusative of the person is an ob-
solete form. Tu qui Irani, indulges ni-
mis, Lucil. ap. Non. Male merentur
de nobis lieri, qui nos tantopere indul-
gent in pueritia, Afran. ap. Non. Te
indulgebant, tibi dabant) Ter. Heaut.
5, 2, 34.
Ingemino. A. (usual). Virg. Georg. 1,
411. 2V. yEn. 4; 5.
Jncrepo. N. (usual). Liv. 25. Cic. de
Orat, 2, 5 A. Flor. 1, 13, 17. JEn.
10,830; 9, 504. Sail. Orat. 1, ad
Ca?s.
Ineo, Ingredior. N. Caes. B. Gall. 5, 9,
extr. Virg. Eel. 4, 11. ^4. Ov. Met.
14, 846. Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 5. Ov.
Fast. 5, 617. Cato R. R. 2. And
with a cognate accusative, Adag.
Cic. de Orat. 3, 217, ex quodam Po-
eta. Cic. pro Mur. 26. Suet.
Inhio. N. Hor. Serm. 1, 1, 70. Flor.
3, 11, 2. A. Plaut. Stich. 4 r 2, 25,
Virg. Georg. 3. 483.
Inolesco. 2V. (usual). Virg. George 2,
77. A. Gell. 12, 5.
Insanio. N. (usual). Hor. Serm. 2, 3
32. A. With a cognate accusative,
Hor. Serm. 2, 3. Proper. 2. Sen.de
Beata V. Quam me sliiltitiam .... in-
sanire putas, Hor. Serm. 2, 3, 302 :
So Bentley reads from one MS. Other
editions have Qua stullitia.
Insinuo. N. JEn. 2, 229. Cic. A. Cic_
pro Caecin. 13, c. 5. Lucr. 5.
Insisto. A. Nullifas casto sf.eleratum in-
sistere limen, JEn. 6, where Servius
notes, Insisto, illam rem, dicimus, non
illi rei, quod qui dicunt, decipiuntur,
propter inslo Mi rei. Cic. de Orat. 3.
Plaut. Mil. Ib.Capt. Ter. Eun.
2V. Caes. B. Gall. 2, 27. Plin. 34,
8, de Statuis. Ib. 28, 1. So that Ser-
vius is mistaken.
Insto. 2V. (usual). YEn. 1, 504. Ca?s, B.
Civ. 1, 80. A. /En. 8. Plaut. Cist.
4, 2, 11. Ib.Asin. 1, 1, 39.
Insultc. 2V. Hor. Od. 3, 3, 41. Cic.
Verr. 5, 131, c. 50. A. Tac. Ann.
4, 59. Ter. Eun. Sallust, ap. Serv.
in JEn. 9.
Intendo. A. (usual). Hor. Ep. 1,2,35.
2V. Sail. Jug. 64. Liv. 8, 15.
Interdico. A. Liv. 34. Hor. Ep. 1.
2V. Plin. 39, 1. Cic. pro Caecina.
Interest. 2V. Intererit multum, Davusne
loquatur an keros, Hor. A. Poet. Hoc
pater ac dominus interest, Ter. Ad.
Hoc, multum, &c. may be considered
as governed by KKTO., or rather as ad-
verbs. A. In Epirum me statui con-
ferre, non quo mea interesset loci na-
tura, Cic. ad Att. 3, 9. The original
of this phrase was probably Est inter
mea, tua, sua, $c. negotia. But whe-
ther interest is here to be considered
as a verb active or not, may be ques-
tioned. See Refert.
Intermitto. A. Hor. Od. 4, 1, 1. 2V.
Caes. B. G. 1, 38.
Irascor. N. (usual). Ov. Pen. Ulyss
A. With a neuter accusative, Cic.
410
Additions and Notes.
Att. 15, 17. And sometimes with an
accusative of the object, Plaut. Merc.
4, 5, suppos. 2, 15. Liv. 34, 32. See
Succenseo.
Invado. A. (usual). Mn. 2, 265. And
with a cognate accusat. JEn. 6, 260.
N. Sail. Cat. 32. Cic. Fam. 16,
12 pr.
Invideo. N. (usual). Plaut. True. 4, 2,
20. Cic. Hull. 2, y>.A. With an
accusative of the thing. Cceli te regia
nobis invidet, Virg. An accusative of
the person is found. Troadas invideo,
Ov. Ep. 13, 137, but the best copies
have Troasin* Ego cur acquirere pau-
ca, si possum, invideor, Hor. A. Poet.
But it appears to have been an unu-
sual and poetical form of speech. Ci-
cero, Tusc. Qu. 3, quotes the follow-
ing passage from Accius, in Menalip.
Florem quisnam liberum invidit meum :
And then he adds, " Male Latine vi-
detur, sed praeclare Accius : ut enim
videre sic invidere Jlurem rectius quam
Jlori dicitur. Nos consuetudine pro-
hibemur ; poeta jus suum tenuit et
dixit audacius. "
Irrumpo. N. Caes. B. G. 4, 14.^.
Ib. 1, 27. Virg. /En. 11, 879.
Jubeo. N. (usual). Juv. 6, 223. Hor.
Ep. 1, 10, 1. JEn. 5, 552. A. Lu-
can. 1, 298; 8, 684; 2,528. Stat.
Theb.7, 32. Cic. pro Balbo, 38. Ib.
ad Brut. 4. Liv. 1, 22. In all which,
and the like examples, the infinitive
moods esse, facere, Jteri, or the like,
might perhaps be understood. But
since we find it in the passive, it seems
as though these accusatives were un-
derstood as depending immediately
onjubeo, /En. 7, 616. Hor. Ep. 1,
13,7; 1,7, 75. Martial. 1,71.
Juro, Adjuro. N: (usual). Euripides ap.
Cic. Off. 3, 108, al. 29. Ov. Ep. 20,
159.^. With an accusative of the
thing sworn by, Ov. Met. 2. /En.
12, 816. Cic. Fam. Ep. 7, 12. Also
with an accusative of the thing sworn
to, Cic. Att. Also with a cognate ac-
cusative, Ib. Fam. 5. And with hoc,
u/, &c. Caes. B. Civ. 3. Liv. 43, 16.
Jurgo. N. (usual). Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 22.
A. With an accusative neuter, Ter.
And. 2, 3, 15. Liv. 10, 35.
Laboro. N. (usual). Cic. Fam. 7. 26.
Ib. Verr. 3, 57. A. Cic. Att. Virg.
Hor. Stat. Theb. 3, 279. And with
a neuter accusative, Cic. Att. 13, 9.
Ib. Phil. 8, 26. Phsedr.
Lacrymo, vel Lacrymor. N. (usual).
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 55. Ib. And. 1, 1 A.
Cic. pro Sext. Nep. 7, 6, 4. And with
an accusative neuter, Ter. Eun. 5, 1,
13.
Lastor. N. (usual). Cic. Verr. 7,120.
A. With an accusative neuter, Cic.
Fam. 7, 1.
Lapido. A. Flor. 1, 22. N. Liv. 43,
13.
Latro. N. (usual). Cic. pro Sex. Ros.
20. //. Hor. Epod. 5. A. Cell. 7,
1 de Scipione Afr. Plin. 22, 10. And
with a neuter accusative, Lucr. 2.
Cic. de Orat. 2, 54. Lucan. 1.
Lavo. A. Cic. de Orat. 2. N. Ter.
Heaut. 4, 1. Quinct. 1, 6.
Lenio. A. (usual). Cic. Fin. 1, 47.
N. Plaut. Mil. 2, 6.
Libo.A*. (usual). Mn. 8, 279. A. /En.
7, 133.
Luceo. N. (usual). JEn. 6, 603. A.
Plaut. Cas. Ib. Cure. 1, 1, 9. Ib.
Pers. 5, 3.
Ludo. N. Plin. Ep. 5, 16. 3. A. With
an accusative signifying the play,
Ter. Eun. Hor. Od. 3. Suet. Mart.
And with other accusatives, Coelius
ad Cic. 8, 9, pr.
Maculo. The intransitive signification
of this word (adduced by Vossius)
depends on one suspicious passage
quoted by Gellius, 18, 12, from Te-
rence.
Maneo. N. (usual). Ter. Phorm. J, 4,
40. ^f. Plaut. Epid. 3, 2. Ter.
Phorm. 4, 1 ; 3, 1, 16.
Mano, Emano, Stillo. N". (usual). Hor.
Serm. 1,9,11. Colum. 6, S2, 1.
Juv. 3, 122. A. Hor. A. Poet.
Plin. 23,3; 13. Ov. Met. 6,312.
Lucr. 1, 495.
Mansuesco. N. (usual). Virg. Georg.4,
470. ^4. Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 4, a sin-
gle instance.
Maturo. A. (usual). /En. 1, 137. N.
Plin. 16, 25.
Medeor, Medicor, or Medico. A. Ter.
Phorm. Cic.Ep. 12, 15. Ib. Quint.
Fr.1,24. /En.7. Plaut. Most. Ov.
Am. 1, 14, 1 N. Ter. And. 5, 1,
12. Cic. pro Sext. -61, c. IS.
Meditor. A. Hor. Od. 3,6. Colum. 19,
8. N. Cic. Fam. 1, 8. Ib. de Cl.
Orat. 302, c. 88.
Memini, Recorder, Reminiscor. JV".
Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 31. Cic. pro Planco,
69. Ca;s. B. Gall. 1, 13. A. Virg.
Eel. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, 8, 31. And
Additions and Notes.
411
with a cognate accusative, Cic. pro
Arch.
Mentior. N. (usual). Cic. Off. 3, 20
A. Virg. Eel. 4, 42. Quinct. 2, 15.
Ovid. Am. 2, 19, 11.
Mereo. A. Cses. B. G. 1, 39. Hor. Cic.
pro Mur. .N. Liv. 21, 4.
Metuo, Timeo. A, ^usual). Cic. 3 Verr.
JEn. 2 N. Ter. And. 1, 1, 79.
Mico. N. (usual). Ovid Pen. Uly. ^.
Virg. Cul.
Migro. ?V. (usual). Cic. Somn. Scip. 1 .
A. Turpil. Hetera. Hygin. Fab.
259. Cell. 2, 29. Titinnius ap. Non.
voce Senium. Cic. Off. 31, c. 10. Ib.
de Fin. 3, 67. Sil. 7, 431.
Milito. 2V. (usual). Ov. Did. 2n. 32.
A. With a cognate accusative, Lact.
7 ult. Hor. Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 50.
Minor. N. Ov. Met. 15, 371. /En. 8,
649.^. Cic. pro Planco, 40. With
hoc, id, &c. Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 14.
Minuo. A, (usual). Ov. Fasti. N.
Cses. B. Gall. 3, 12. Pallad. 24, 4;
and Jun. 3.
Miseret, Miserescit, impersonals. A.
Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 3. Catull. ad Al-
phenum, 28, 2.
Misereor, Miseresco, personals. N. Mn.
8, 573. Virg. Eel. 2, 7.
Moderor. N. Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 59. A.
Cic. Tusc. Qu. 5, 101, c. 36.
Moereo. N. Cic. Fam. 4, 5. A. Cic.
Tusc. 1.
Moror. N. CatulLA. Liv. Plaut.
Merc. And with an accusative neu-
ter, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 264.
Moveo.^. (usual). Cic. Fam. Ep. 5,21,
N. Suet. Claud. 22. Gellius 2, 28 ;
4, 6. Cic. ad Att. 9, 1.
Morior, inserted by Sanctius, is always
neuter.
Muto. A. (usual). Hor. N. Sail. Jug.
28. Liv. 39, 51 ; 5, 13. Lucr. 5.
Tac. Ann. 12. Catull. Apul. Florid.
3.
Musso, Mussito. 2V. (usual). Lucr. 6,
1177. Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 120. A.
Apul. Apol. 1. Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 53.
Stat. Theb. 3, 92.
Nato. N. (usual). Hor. Od. 1, 2, 11.
Cic. Phil. 2, 105, c.41. A. Mart. I.
Ov. A. Am. Mart. 14; 6.
Navigo. N. (usual). Cic. Att. 5, 12.
A. With an accusative signifying water,
or the like. Mn.l. Plin. 2. 67. Cic.
de Fin. 2, 112. Hor. Od. 2, 14, 11.
Nitor. 2V. (usual). Ov. Fast. 1, 565.
A. JEn. 1 2.
Noceo. TV. (usual). Cic. Off. 3, 23, c. 5.
A. With a cognate accusative, Pand.
Tit.de Noxalibus Act. Liv. 9, 10,extr.
With a neuter accusative, Cic. Att.
12, 46. An accusative of the person
or thing injured is found, but the con-
struction is obsolete, Plaut. Mil. 5, 1,
18. This is probably the original
reading, though some MSS have ho-
mini . . . nemini. Liv. 3. Apul. Me-
tam. 1. Vitruv. 2, 7 ; 9. Sen. Ep.
103. Ib. Controv. 5.
Nubilo. N. (usual). Varr. R. R. 1, 13,
5. ^.Paullin. Nolan. Carm. 10, 38.
But Scioppius's examples of nubilari
from Varro, and nubilabitur from Ca-
to, do not prove the active use of nu-
bilo. For nubilo and nubilor appear to
have been used indifferently in the
same sense.
Nubo. N. (usual). Ov. Ep. 9, 32. A.
Nubo originally signified to cover, to
veil, as obnubo does still ; Arsurasque
comas obnubit amictu,\irg. Quod aqua
nubat terrain, appellatus est (inquiunt)
Neptunus, Arnob. 3. Hence nubere
se came to signify, to be married,speak-
ing of a woman : Alma sinum tellus
jam pandet, adultaque poscens semina,
depositis cupiet se nubere plantis, Co-
lum. 10, 158. But the pronoun in
process of time was omitted, and nu-
bere viro became the common expres-
sion for a woman's marrying, as du-
cere uxorem for a man's. Neptunus
dicitur, quod mare et terras obnubat, ut
nubes coslum, a nuptu, id est operlione;
fut antique J a quo nuptiee et nuptus
dictus, Varr. de L. L. Mulier nubit,
quia pallio obnubit caput suum genas-
que, Caper, de Orthogr. Etiam
velatfV ad virum adducuntur, Tertul-
lian. de Veland. Virgin. Nuptiae die-
tee, quod nubentium capita velentur,
Servius JEn. 11.
Obedio. TV. (usual). Cic. de Legg. 3, 5.
.4. With hoc, id, &c. Apul. 10. See
Pareo.
Obeo. A. Ter. Cic. pro Mil. Nep. Dio.
2V. Suet. Aug. 4. Plaut. Epid. 3,
4, 76. Plin. 11, 37. Lucr. 3, 1055.
Plin. 2, 26. Stat. Silv.2, 1, 210.
Obequito. TV. Liv. 9, 36. A. Curt 3,
10, 4.
Obliviscor. A. /En. 2, 148. 2V. Cic. pro
Planco, 10.
Obsequor. 2V. (usual). Cic. de Fin. 2,
17, 6. -A. With hoc, id, &c. Plaut.
Asin. 1, 1, 61. Ten Gell. 2. Forte
412
Additions and Notes.
in iis melius intclliges praepositionem
xctrx, says Sanctius.
Obsono, or Obsonor. N. Plaut. Men. 2,
2, 1. A. With /toe, id,&c. Apul. Met.
1. With a cognate accusative, Plaut.
Stich. 3, 1, 36. And with other ac-
cusatives, Plaut. Poen. 5, 5, 16. Cic.
Tusc. Qu. 5, 97, c. 34.
Obstrepo. N. (usual). Cic. de Orat. 3,
47. Liv. 22, 50. A. Cic. pro Mar-
cello. Virg. Culex.
Obsto is inserted by Sanctius as active,
only on the authority ofobstatur, im-
personal.
Obtrecto. N. Nep. 3, 3, 1. Cic. pro
lege Man. 21, c. 8. A. Plin. 9, 35.
Liv. 45, 37. Phaedr.5, 1, 15.
Occumbo. A. Cic. Tusc. Qu. 1. Liv. 3.
N. Liv. Ovid. Ars. Arn. 3, 18.
Oflfero. A. (usual). Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 10.
N. Sail. Cat. 53.
Ofticio. N. (usual). Virg. Georg. 1, 69.
A. (obsolete). Lucr. 2, 155. But
officerctur, impersonal, from Cicero de
Orat. 1, 179, is no authority.
Offendo. A. Cic. pro Cluent. 52. Ter.
Eun. 5, 9 (8), 34. N. Cic. pro Clu-
ent. Ovid. Pont. 4, 14, 22.
Oleo, Redoleo. N. Plin. 21, 7. Mn. 1,
440. A. Cic. Plaut. Hor. Quinct.
7. Cic. de Cl. Orat. 21. Ib. Phil. 2,
63, c. 25.
Oppeto. A. Phaedr. 3, 16, 2. Cic. de
Div. 1,36. A r . Mn. 1. 98.
Palleo. JV. (usual). Auct. ad Her. 2, 25.
A. Prop. 1. Pers. Hor. Od. 3.
Palpo, et Palpor. A". Hor. Serm. 2, 1,
20. Plaut. 1, 3, 9. A. Juv. Ovid
Met. 2, 867, &\i\ plaudcuda.
Parco. N. Ov. Did. ^En. A. With an
accusative of the thing spared, JE>n.
10. Gell. 16, 19. Ter.
Pareo. N. (usual). JEn. 12, 236. A.
With a neuter accusative, Stat. Gell.
1. Perhaps X.KTO. may be best un-
derstood, and the verb always neu-
ter.
Parturio. N. (usual). Hor. A. Hor.
Od. 1, 7, 16. Ov. Med. Jas.
Pasco. A". Cie. Off. 2, 25, al. 89. Virg.
Suet. Tib. 2. Ovid. Met. 4. A. Ov.
Virg. Georg. 1.
Pascor. N. (usual). Ov. A. Virg.
Georg. 3, 314. ^En. 2. Georg. 4.
Paveo. AT. Ov. Met. 9, 581.^. Lucan.
7. Tac. Sil. Tac. 1. Hor.
Pecco, Delinquo. N. (usual). Cic.
Tusc. 2, 12. Cic. Off. 3, 64. A. W T ith
an accusative of the neuter gender,
Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. Cic. Off. 1. Sail.
Jug. Ter. Adel.
Penetro. N. (usual). Liv. A. Plaut.
Amph. 1, 1. Ib. Trinum. 2, 2. Gell.
5, 11; 13, 10. Plaut. Trin. Ib. Me-
naech. Tac. 5. Plin. JEn. 1,243.
Perenno is always neuter, so far as I
have observed.
Pereo, Depereo. N. Suet. Vesp. 22. Ov.
Med. Jas. 33. A. Ter. Heaut. 3, 2,
15. Plaut. True. Catull.
Pergo. AT. (usual). Liv. 22, 53. Ter.
Ad. 4, 2, 48. Cic. Tusc. 1, 100. A.
Ter. Hec. 1, 2. Sail. Jug. Cic. Att.
Vail. Flacc. 4. Hor. Ov. Tac. Ann.
1.
Peroro. N. (usual). Cic. pro Cluent.
145, c. 52, Ib. de Inv. 1, 90, c. 48.
A. With a cognate accusative, Cic.
pro Cal. 70. Auct. ad her. 1, 17,
c. 10. Cic. Verr. 3, J54.
Perrepo, Perrepto. A". Col. 6. 5. Plaut.
Rud. 1, 4, 4. A. Tibull. 1, 2, 87.
Ter. Ad. 4, 6, 3.
Persono. N. Cic. in Pison. 10. JEn. 1,
745, al. 741.^. Cic. Fam. Ep. 6,
19, 6. Ib. pro Coel. 20. JEn. 6, 417.
Persevere. A T . (usual). Cic. Phil. 12, 5,
c. 2. A. With a neuter accusative,
Cic. pro Quinct. 76, c. 24. Persevera
diligentiam is quoted by Gesner from
Symmachus, and per sever antes iras,
from Firmicus ; but such an accusa-
tive case has no classical authority.
Pervado. N. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2, 145.
A. Liv. 26, 15; 5, 7.
Pervolo, Pervolito. A. JEn. 8, 24. Juv.
6, 397. Ov. Fast. 2, 252. AT. Lucr.
6,952. Cic. Somn. Scip. 21, 9.
Pigeo. N. (obsolete). Piaut. Menaech.
A. (usual, but impersonally). Ter.
Phorm. It is often unnecessary to
express the accusative after this and
other verbs, it being obvious from the
context : as Facti fortasse pigebit, ct
piget irifido consuluisse viro, Ov. Med.
Jas. [subaud. me].
Plango. A. Ov. El. Prop. 2, 24, ult.
Stat. Theb. 11, 117. A'. JEn. 11,
145. Ov. Met. 3, 505. Virg. Georg.
1, 334.
Plaudo. A", (usual). Ter. Cic. Att. 2, 19.'
A. JEn. 6. Stat.l Sylv. Mart. 12.
Papin. Syl. 1. The compounds Sup-
plodo and Circumplaudo are active ;
but whether they are ever neuter does
not appear. Cic. de Orat. Ov.
Ploro, Deploro. N. Quinct. Cic. Verr.
3, 45. A. Hor. Od. 4, 2, 22. Cic.
Additions and Notes.
413
Phil. 11, 6, c. 2. Ib. Verr. 5, 170.
Ib. de Oral. 2, 211.
Pluo, & comp. N. (usual). Virg. Epigr.
Quinct. 6, 3. Liv. 36, 37 A. Plant.
Most. 1, 2, 30. Prop. 2. Inter alia
prodigia et carncm pluit, Liv. 3, 10.
But other MSS have carne : and the
same variety of reading is found in
other similar passages of Livy, and
other authors. But that both con-
structions were in use, see Draken-
borch ad Liv. 3, 10. Also with a
neuter accusative. Nee de concussa
tantum pluit i/ice glandu, Virg. Georg.
4, 81, where I would consider tantum
as the accusative rather than the no-
minative, because an accusative after
pluit is usual, but a nominative of the
thing falling is not to be found in
classical authors, Plaut. Men. Prol.
63.
Placeo is inserted by Sanctius as active,
without sufficient authority. Placitus
sum is often used for placid, and more
frequently pladtum est impersonally
for placMit, Plaut. Ter. Andr. Ter.
Hec. Prol. Ov. Amor. 2, 4, 18. Cic.
Fam. 11, 1. But this by no means
proves placeo to be ever active ; for
many other verbs have such a double
preterperfect tense. Perhaps, however,
an accusative of the neuter gender
may be admissible. Cic. Hor. Od. 3,
7, 24. Cic. de Orat. 2, 15, c. 4.
Pcenitet is inserted by Sanctius in the
List de Verbisfalso Neutris. It is al-
ways active, the accusative being
sometimes omitted, as being obvious
from the context.
Pono. A. (usual). Ov. Did. ^En. 129.
N. (a nautical expression). JEn. 7,
27. Ov.Did.^En. ^En. 9, 103.
Potior. N. (usual). JEn. 3, 56. A. (ob-
solete). Plaut. Asin. Ter. Lucr. 5.
Ov. Met. 9. Cic. Tusc. Queest. 1.
Pacuv. ap. Non. Sisenna Hist. 4.
Praecurro. A. Cic. Orator 176, al. 52.
N. Cic. de Div. 1, 118.
Praecipito. A. Caes. B. Gall. 4, 15.
N. Cic. Somn. Scip. 5. Ib. Legg. 2.
Ib. pro Rab. Post. Ib. pro P. Sylla.
Caes. de B. Civ. 3. Suet. Jul. 64.
jEn. 2; 11. Lucr. 4.
Praesideo. N. (usual). Cic. pro Dom.
144, c. 57. A. Tac. 3 ; 4.
Presto. A. Liv. 5, 36. N. Cic. de
Orat. 2, 270, c. 67.
Praetereo. N. Ovid. A. Ter. Eun. 4,
2, 5. Cic. pro Flan. 8, c. 3. .
Prandeo. N. (usual). Plaut. Men. 2, 3,
50. A, Hor. And with a cognate
accusative, Plaut. Pcen. 3, 5, 14.
Procedo. A 7 , (usual). JEn. 2, 760. A.
Jnm prccesserant viam tridvi, Caes. B.
Gall. 1. But 1 should rather suppose
viam to be governed by a preposition
understood, and procedo to be always
neuter.
Proficiscor. N. (usual). Ter. Ad. 2, 2,
16. A. Prop. 3. Fest.Pomp.
Proficio. N. Quinct. 10, 1, 112. A.
With a neuter accusative, Caes. B.
Gall. 6, 28. Eel. 8, 20. Cic. pro
Font. 23.
Promoveo. A. (usual). Caes. B. Gall. 1,
48. .V. Macrob. praef. Saturn. Gell.
5, 10. And with an accusative neu-
ter, Ter. And. 4, 1, 16. Ter. Eun.
5, 3, 3.
Propero, Appropero. N. (usual). Ter.
And. 1,5, 65. A. Tac. Ann. 16, 14,
5. Plaut.Trin.4, 3, 3. Hor. Prop.
JEn. 9,401. Tac. 1. And with an
accusative neuter, yEn. 8, 454. Juv.
3, 264.
Propinquo. N. (usual). JEn. 6, 634.
A. Ib. 10, 254. Sil. 2, 281.
Prorumpo, Perrurnpo. A. Virg. Cses.
B. Civ. 1, 26. Hor. Od. 1, 3, 36.
N. JEn. 7, 32. Liv. 3, 70 ; 3, 18.
Prosum. N. (usual). Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 23.
A. With an accusative neuter, Cic.
Fam. Ep. 2, 16 (17). Prop. 2, 26, 27.
Tibull.
Provideo, Prospicio. A. Caes. B. Gall.
6. Liv. Ter. Adel. N. Cic. Ter.
Heaut. 5, 2, 8.
Provoco. A. Hor. Serm. 1, 4, 14. N.
Liv. 1.
Pugno. N. (usual). Catull. 60, 64 A.
With a cognate accusative, Plaut.
Pseud. Nep. Hann. Cic. pro Mur.
Catull. Hor. Od. 3. Plaut. Men.
Ib. Amph. Hor. Od.4. Sail. And
with an accusative neuter, Cic. Nat.
Deor. 1, 75. Ib. pro Ptosc.
Pudeo. N. (obsolete). Plaut. Casin.
A. (usual). Whether impersonally, as
Cic. pro Domo, 29. Or personally,
as in Lucan.
Pulvero. A. (usual). Colum. 11, 2.
Plin. 11, 33. AT. Plaut. ap. Gell.
18,12.
Quasso. A. (usual). JEn. 7, 292. N.
Plaut. Asin. 2, 3. Ib. Bacch. 2, 3.
Virg. Georg.
Quadro. A. (usual). Hor. Colum. 11,
2. A: Cic. de Orat. 3.
414
Additions and
Quiesco, Requiesco. 2V. (usual). /En.
9, 445. Virg. Eel. 1, 80. -A. Sen.
Here. Get 15. Virg. Eel. 8,4. Prop.
2, 22. Ib. El. 34. Calvus in primo
apud Servium. Sail. And with a cog-
nate accusative, Apul. Met. 9. And
with an accusative of the neuter gen-
der, Plaut. Mil.
Queror, Conqueror. N. Sail. Cat. 52.
A. Cic. ad Att. 5, 8. And with an
accusative neuter, Cic. Fam. 1, 9.
Radio. N. (usual). Ov. Met. 2, 4. A.
Ib. Pont. 3, 4, 103. Vetus Poeta in
Coll. Pitthceana. Lucan. 7, 214.
Redundo. N. (usual). Cic. de Div. 2,
100, c. 44. A. Amne redundatis
fossa madebat aquis, Ovid. Fast. 6,
402. Sive redundatas Jlumine cogit
aquas, Ovid. Trist. 3, 10, 52. But
this is not sufficient authority for the
use of Redundo active. And the fol-
lowing is not very classical authority.
Vulturnus [fluvius] levat ora, maxima -
que pontis Ctesarei reclirds arcu, pan-
dis talia faucibus redundat (i. e. pro-
fert, loquitur), Stat. Sylv. 4, 3, 71.
Refert. N. Plin. 18, 31. Lucr. 4. With
an accusative of the neuter gender,
Plin. 11, 51. Plaut. Pers. 4,4.^.
In these common expressions, Refert
mea, refert tua &c. if mea, tua &c. are
considered as the accusative case plu-
ral, (which seems far more probable
than that it should be the ablative sin-
gular,) I should consider refert as a
verb active, and mea (subaud. negotia)
as governed by it. Fac tradas : mea
nil refert, dum potiar modo, Ter. Eun.
2, 3, 28. DE. Quid tua, malum, id
refert? CH. Magni, Demipho. Ter.
No doubt the original of this expres-
sion is, as Perizonius (ad Sanct. 3, 5)
observes, Refert se ad mea negotia ; in
the same sense as referre omnia ad
suamutilitatem, Cic. de Sen. 13. Vic-
tus cullusque corjwris ad valetudinem
referantur, Cic. de Off. 1, 30. But
in process of time, when the interme-
diate words se ad negotia had been fre-
quently omitted by an ellipsis, it is
probable that the ellipsis itself, in com-
mon discourse, came to be forgotten,
and mea considered as immediately
depending on refert.
Regno. JV. (usual). Phaedr. A. Tac.
Germ. 25, 4. Plin. 6, 20. Ov. Pont.
4, 15, 15. JEn. 6, 770. But still
some certain authority is wanting for
rcgno active.
Regredior. N. (usual). Plaut. Aul. 1,
1, 7. A. With a cognate accusative,
Enn. apud Nonn.
Repeto. A. (usual). Virg. Eel. 7, 39.
2V. (for recordor) /En. 7, 123. Suet,
de Cl. Gram. 17. 2En. 3, 184. Plin.
Ep. 3, 5. (Forredeo) JEn. 7, 241.
Resideo. N. (usual). Cic. de Fin. 3, 9.
A. Plaut. Capt. 3. Cic.de Legg. 2.
Resisto, set down by Scioppius as ac-
tive, is always neuter. In the passage
quoted by him, Neque amplius resisti
adversum eos poterat, Dictys 2 ; resisti,
being impersonal, is not allowed to
be a proper example.
Respicio. A. JEn. 5, 168. Ter. Ad. 3,
2, 55. 2V. Cic. Tusc. Quest. 5, 6,
2. Quinct. 2, 12.
Resulto. N. (usual). TEn. 5, 150. A.
Apul. Met. 5.
Resurgo, always neuter. Sanctiushas no
authority for an active sense.
Remitto. A. (usual). Cic. N. Liv.
Reverto, or Revertor. 2V. It is always
neuter : I can find no example of a
transitive signification. Classical au-
thors, in the present tense and the
tenses derived from it, use the form
in or: Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 70. Cic.
Fin. 2, 1O4, c. 32. The present in o
is an obsolete form : Lucr. 5, 1152; 3.
1073. Pomponius Maiali apud Non.
7, 68. In the preterperfect and tenses
derived from it, it is observable that
Cicero always uses the form in o : Cic.
pro Rose. Amer.26, 9. Ib. Proce.Acad.
Quaest. 4. Ib. Fam. 10, 28. But
other classical writers use also the
form in or, Nep. 2, 5, 2. Hirt. Bell.
Hisp. 13. PhEedr. 4, 13. The parti-
ciples and gerunds are used intransi-
tively : Ov. Pen. Uly. Ib. Laod.
Prot. Liv. 9, 9.
Rideo. 2V. Cic. Fin. 5, 92, c. 30.^.
Ter. Hor. With a cognate accusa-
tive, Cic. Fam. 7, 25. With a neu-
ter accusative, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 27.
Roro. 2V. (usual). Colum. Ov. Met. 5,
683. A. Ov. Pont. 2. With a cog-
nate accusative, Plin. 17, 10. Ov.
Fast. 3.
Roto. A. 2En. 9, 441. N. JEn. 10, 362.
Rugo is inserted by Vossius as a verb
usually active, but used as a neuter.
He has the following authorities :
Plaut. Cas. 2, 3. Ib. apud Gell. 18,
12. But I can find no example of
Rugo active, except rugata testa, Plin.
9, S3.
Additions and Notes.
Ruo, Proruo, Corruo, Irruo. A 7 ". Ter.
Val. Flac. 7, 600. Virg. A. Ter.
Aa. ^En.12. Virg. Georg. 2. Hor.
Od. 4. Ter. Ad. 4, 2. Ib. Eun. 3, 5.
Plaut. Rud. Catull. ad Manlium.
Hor. Serm. 2, 5. Lucr. 5. Virg.
Georg. 1. Apul. Florid. 1. Varr.
Rumino. N. Colum. 6, 6. A. Ov. Am.
3,5, 17. Virg. Eel. 6, 54.
Rumpo. A. (usual). Georg. 1,49. N.
Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 26.
Rutilo. N. (usual). ^En. 8, 529.^.
Val.Max. 2,1, 5. Plin. 18, 12. Suet.
Cal. 47. Liv. 37. Tac. 20.
Salto. N. (usual). Cic. pro Mur. 13, 6.
A. With a cognate accusative, Hor.
Serm. 1. Juv. Scipio ^Emilianus ap.
Macrob. Sat. 2, 10. Suet. Nero 54.
Ov. Trist. 5 ; 2.
Sapio. N. (usual). Hor. Cic. Fin. 2, 7.
A. Cic. Pers. Cic. ap. Plin. 17,
5, s. 3. Plaut. Pers. Enn. ap. Cic.
With a neuter accusative, Cic. ad Att.
14, 5. Ib. de Div. 2, 81, c. 39.
Satisfacio. N. (usual). Plaut. Amph. 3,
2, 8. A. (obsolete). Cato R. R. 149.
Satago, mentioned by Sanctius as active,
is always neuter.
Servio, Inservio. N. (usual). JEn. 2,
786. Hor. Ars. P. 167 A, With
fi cognate accusative, very common,
Cic. Top. Quinctil. Liv. 40. An ac-
cusative of the object is found, but
not on classical authority : Turpil.
Plaut. Mostell. Notwithstanding
these authorities, I consider such a
syntax as obsolete. In the following
examples the construction may be
impersonal : Nihil est a me inservitum
temporis causa, Cic. Assuescamus cce-
nare posse sine populo, et paucioribus
servis serviri, Sen. de Tranq.
Sedeo is inserted by Sanctius ; but it is
always neuter. In proof that this and
other such words are to be considered
as actives, he quotes the following
passage from Priscian : " Nam quum
dico curritur, cursus intelligitur ; et
sedetur, sessia ; et ambulatur, ambula-
tio ; et evenit, tventus, et similia. Quae
res in omnibus verbis, etiam absolu-
tis, necesse est ut intelligatur ; ut vivo
vitam, ambulo ambulationem, sedeo ses-
sionem, curro cursum, lib. 18 de Im-
personal." Wlioever is at all ac-
quainted with the ancient gramma-
rians, must know that they are valu-
able, as giving us the practice of La-
tin authors of all ages : but that their
theories, often absurd and often con-
tradictory in the same writer, are no
further to be depended on, than as
they appear conformable to the na-
ture of the language.
Sedo. A. (usual). Cic. pro Flacc. 53
N. Cn. Gellius in Annal. ap. Gell.
18, 12.
Servo. A. ^En. 7, 52. N. Plaut. Aul.
Ib. Cist. Ib. Most. Ter. Hor. Sat.
2, 3, 59.
Sibilo. N. JEn. 11,754. ^4. Hor.
Sisto. A. (usual). JEn. 6, 465. A r .
Virg. Georg. 1, 479. Plaut.
Sitio. A r . Georg. 4, 402. A. Cic. Sad
Quint. Fr. Cic. Phil. 5. Ov. Fast. 1.
Solvo. A. Ov. Did. JEn. N. Cic.
Fam. Ep. 16, 9.
Somnio. N. Cic. de Div. 2, 142, c. 68.
A. Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 114. Suet
Galba. Colum. 1, 8. With a cog-
nate accusative, Plaut. Rud. With
a neuter accusative, Ter. And. 5, 6, 7.
Sono, Insono, Circumsono, Reboo. A r .
(usual). JEn. 5, 579. Virg. Georg.
3, 223. Liv. 27, 18. ^En. 2, 113.
A. Virg. Cul. ibid. JEn. 7. Pers. 3,
21. Pedo ad Liviam. Sil. 3,439. Ov.
Specto. A. Hor. Od. 2, 2, 24. N. Co-
lum. 12, 16. Caes. B. Gall. 1,1.
Cels. 7, 29. Cic. Fam. Ep. 4, 2.
Spiro, Exspiro, Suspiro, Respiro. A 7 ^
Stat. Sylv. 2, 2, 27. Cic. ad Att. 2,
24. Cels. 2, 4. Ovid. Ep. 21, 201.
Liv. 2, 20. A. Colum. 1, 6. Ov.
Met. 3. Virg. Liv. 3, 46. Arnob. 1.
Tibull. 4. Hor. Od. 3, 2. Cic. Nat.
Deor. 2, 135. Georg. 2. Hor. Od.
4, 1 3, 1 9. JEn. 11,883. With a neu-
ter accusative : Propert.
Spuo, Expuo. N. Plin. 28, 4 ; 7, 23.
Petron. 131.^. Virg. Georg. 4,
97. Catull. 62, 155.
Stipulari stipulationem, 1. 3, 1, D.jud.
solv. 1. 42 r ult. D. solut. matri (ver-
bum juridicum).
Sto. Sanctius has no authority for its
being active, but the use of Statur,
Standum est, &c.
Stomachor. A 7 ", (usual). Cic. Acad. Qu.
4, 1 1 A. With an accusative neu-
ter: Cic. ad Att. 14,21. Ter. Eun.
2, 3, 31.
Strepo. N. (usual). TEn. 6, 709. A.
With a neuter accusative : Liv. 2, 45.
Studeo.A 7 ". (usual). Cic. Phil. 8. Quinct.
11, 3. Even with a genitive case, ob-
soletely, Poeta vetus, ap. Cic. Nat.
Deor. 3. A. With a neuter accusa-
tive usually: Hor. Cic. Phil. 6, 18.
Cic. de Fin. Ib. Tusc. Quest. Ter.
416
Additions and Notes.
But with any other kind of accusa-
tive, I consider it as an obsolete syn-
tax. ,Magis metuant, minus has res
sludeant, Plaut. Mil. And this, not-
withstanding Cicero's authority in
the two following passages: Qvum
vero etiam litcras studere incipit, Cic.
post red. in Sen, 6, al. 14. Literas
sludere, quibus Jims eloquently conti-
netur, Cic. de Clar. Orat, 322. In
both places some MSS have literis :
but the unusualness of the syntax
makes it probable that literas is the
original reading.
Stupeo. N. (usual). Ov. Rem, Am. 806.
A. ./En. 2. And with a neuter ac-
cusative, Ter. Heaut. 2,3, 21. Petron.
Subeo. A. Pomp. Mela. Caes. B. GalL
1, 36. N. JEa. 2; 9, 371.
Subsisto. N. Cses. B. Gall. 1, 17. A.
Liv. 9, 31 ; 1,4.
Succedo. N. (most usual). Succedoque
oneri, JEn. 2. Sive antro potius sue-
cedimus, Virg. Eel. 5, 6 : where Ser-
vius makes the following observation :
" Succedimus et dativo et accusative
casibus, secutus tarn veterem quam
nostram consuetudinem, suo more
jungit," A. Liv. 27, 19. Tac. Ann.
2, 20. Fronto, under Succedo ilium
rent, quotes from Sail. Hist. 3, Muros
successerant.
Succenseo. N. (usual), Cic. Att. 2, 1.
A, Usual with an accusative neu-
ter, Ter. And. 2, 3, 2. Plaut. Capt.
3, 5, 22. And even with other accu-
satives, but not usually : Gell.16, 1 1.
See Irascor.
Sudo. N. (usual). Hor. A. Poet. A.
Virg. Stat.Theb.5. Quinct.
Sufficio. A. JEn. 2, 617. Virg. Georg.
2, 424. A 7 . Plin. Jim. JEn.9, 810.
Supersedeo. N. (usual). Cic. Fam. 4, 2.
Liv. 21, 40. ^4. (doubtful). Auct.
ad Her. 2, 26, c. 17. Sanctius's ex-
ample is not certain : Cognati et qf-
t fines operam, quam dare rogati sunt,
superseded, Gel I. 2, 29, for here dare
may be well understood.
Suppedito. A. Cic. Verr. 2, 2. N. Cic.
Off. 1,4. Ter. Heaut. 5, 1,45. Liv.
Supero. A. (usual). Virg. Eel. 5, 9.
JV. Cic. JEn. 2, 643.
Suppeto. N. (usual). Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 4.
Cic. Tusc. 5, 89. A. With a neuter
accusative : Sail, de Rep.
Supplico. Sanctius has no authority
for an active sense, but supplicabatur
and supplicari, used impersonally.
Surgo. N. (usual). Ov. Met. 13, 2.
A. (obsolete). Lumbos surgite atque
extollite, Plaut. Epidic. ult. Mucroue
surrecto, Liv. 7. And perhaps in this,
Exporgi melius est lumbos atqueexsur-
gier, Plaut. P.->eud. Prol. But Sanc-
tius's examples of surgitur are cer-
tainly impersonal.
Suspicio. A. Cic. Tusc. 1, 63, c. 25.
N. Cic. Somn. Scip. 1.
Taceo, Obticeo, Sileo, N. (usual). ^En.
2. Hor. Cic. pro Mil. 10, 4.^.
With a neuter accusative usually :
Ter. Eun. Cic. Pers. Ter. Ad.
Sen. Hipp. 873. With other accu-
satives: Ov. Trist. 2, 208. Ib. Fast.
1, 47. Plaut. Mil. Ovid. Amor. 2.
Mart, in Princip. Mart. 10, 17.
Taedet. The same may be said of tcedet,
as of pcen itet.
Tardo. A. (usual). Cic. Fam. Ep. 7, 5.
N. (suspicious). An tardare et com-
morari te melius esset, Cic. ad Brut.
18. Markland (Remarks on Cicero's
Ep. p. 112) says, that this is the only
example of tardo being used intrans-
itively in Cicero or any other classi-
cal writer, except once retarnando the
gerund in a neuter sense, in Cic. Nat.
Deor. 2, 20. It was common, he ob-
serves, in the decline of the language.
This is one of his arguments against
the authenticity of the Ep. to Brutus.
Tempero. A.JEn. 1, 61. .ZV.Cic. Fam.
Ep. 10, 7. JEn. 2, 8.
Tendo.^.Virg. Plaut.Pseud. Ib. Cist.
Virg. Ceiris. TEn. 9, 606. N. Ib. 1,
205. Liv. 4, 13. Hor. And in the
signification of to encamp. Illic JEa-
cideS) illic tendebat Ulysses, Ov. Pen.
Uly. unless an ellipsis oftenturium be
supposed.
Tinnio. N. (usual). Plaut. Cas. 2, 3,
32. A. With a neuter accusative,
Cic. ad Att. 14, 21.
Titillo, inserted by Sanctius, is never
neuter.
Tondeo. A. (usual). Virg. Georg. 1, 15.
N. (doubtful). Candidior postquam,
tondenti barba cadebat, Virg. Eel. 1,
28 ; but after tondenti, earn may be
understood. Nee minus interea bar-
bas incanaque menta Cinyphii tondent
hirci, Virg. Georg. 3, 312 : as though
this passage were to be understood
tondentur xa.ru. barbas. But it would
be better to understand Cinyjilm hirci
in the genitive singular, and paslores,
or some such word, to be the nomina-
Additions and Notes.
417
tive case to tondent. There is no other
passage in which tondeo is said to be
used intransitively, where some MSS
do not read the word in the passive
voice.
Tono, Intono. N. (usual). Ov. Fast.
Ovid. A. Virg. Pliu. Prsef. Liv.
de Virginia. Ov. Amor. 1, 7, 46.
Trajicio. A. (usual). Val. Max. 5, 1.
Cic. Brut, ad Cic. 11,9. Plancus
ad Cic. N. Viet, de Vir. 111. 49.
Tremo. N. (usual). Virg. Georg. 1,475.
A. Prop. Hor. Prop. Sen. Ep.
66. ^En. 3. Virg. Ceiris.
Transeo. A. Cic. Fam. 1], 10. Ik in
Pison.57. N. Tibull. 1, 4, 27. Ter.
Phorm. 5, 8, 29.
Transgredior. A. Cic. Fam. 11, 20. Tac.
Ann. 2, 63 init. N. Liv. 2, 39. Tac.
Hist. 4, 66, 4.
Transvolo, Transvolito. A. Hor. N.
Liv. 3, 63. Lucr. 1, 3,55.
Trepido. N. (usual). Virg. JEn. A.
Apul. Met. 6.
Transmitto. A. Cic. N. Cic.
Triumpho. N. (usual). Cic. de Fin. 2,
65. A. With a cognate accusative,
Triumphant triumphosnovem, Cell. 2,
1 1. But no classical author used an
accusative of the thing conquered,
notwithstanding the following exam-
ple : Triumphatisque possit Roma fe-
rox dare jura Medis, Hor. Od". 3. I
say, classical author ; for examples in
later Latinity may be found. Tri-
umphavit Achceos, Aur. Viet. Vir. 111.
Hie terrain triumphabit, hie erit consi-
milis Deo, Lactan. 6, 23, extr. In the
following passage it is impersonal :
Et ex ea urbe triumphari, sine qua
nunqvam nostri imperatores .... tri-
umpharant, Cic. Off. 2, 28.
Tueor. A, 1\\. 6, 688. N. With an
accusative of the neuter gender, Virg.
Eel. 3, 8. Ov. Fast. 1, 283.
Tumeo. N. (usual). Ov. Met. 3, 33.
A. With an accusative neuter, JE>n.
11, 854.
Turbo, Conturbo. A. (usual). JEn. 12,
633. Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 30. And with
a cognate accusative, Plaut. Bacch.
And with a neuter adjective, Plaut.
Cas. 5, 2, 6. N. ^n. 6, 801. Plaut.
Bacch. Tac. Ann. 3, 47, 2. Nee li-
quidum corpus turbantibus acris auris
commiscet : sinit hcec violentis omnia
verti turbinibus ; sinit incertis turbare
procellis, Lucr. 5, where Vossius ob-
serves, turbantibus pro turbatis et ma-
VOL. II. 2
nifestius turbare pro turbari. Lucr.6.
Varro. Juv. 5. Mart. Ad quern ego
rescripsi, nihil esse quod pottkac areas
nostrcB Jiducia conturbaret, Cic. ad Qu.
Fr. It may be an ellipsis ofrntioness
but as the word seems to have been
of familiar and mercantile use, the
ellipsis was probably soon forgotten,
and the word considered as intransi-
tive.
Vaco. Sanctius has no authority for
supposing it ever active.
Vagor. JV". (usual). Cic. de Lege Agr.
2, 41. A. Prop. 2, 28, 19.
Valeo. N. (usual). Mart. 6, 70. A.
With a neuter accusative, Cic. de
Amic. 48. Pha?dr. 4, 24, I . Tibull.
3,6,17. Phajdr.1,5,9. Plaut.Bacch.
2, 2, 15. Cic. pro Ccecin. 40. But
valetur impersonal, quoted by Sanc-
tius, is no authority.
Vaporo. A. ^En. 11. Virg. Hor. Ep.
N. Plin. 32, 2.
Vapulo in every sense is always neuter.
Vario. A. (usual). Cic. Orat. 18. A".
Colum. 12,50. Prop. 2,5.
Veho, Inveho, Gesto. A. (usual). Cic.
Off. 2, 76, c. 22. Ov.Ep.15,91. Ter.
Ad. 4, 2, 24. N. The participles ve~
hens, invehens, gestnns, are commonly
used in the same sense as vectus, and
invectus : both forms being used in-
differently by the best writers. Cic.
Brutus 97. Cic. Nat. Deor. 1, 28.
Nep. Timoth. Apul. Met. 1, init.
Gell.2, 2. Suet.Domit.12. Ov.Fast.
Liv. 22. Suet. Claud. 28. Suet. Jul.
78. From this neuter signification of
Veho arises the word Vector, a passen-
ger. The idiom seems to have been
of familiar use, and arose no doubt
from the frequency of the idea.
Veneo is always neuter.
Velifico. N. Prop. 4, 10, 6. A. Juv. 10,
174.
Ventilo.^. (usual). Plin. 1 8, 30. Juv.
Mart. 3. N. Sen. Ep. 113.
Venio. N. (usual). Suet. Jul. 37.
A. With a cognate accusative, ApuL
9.
Vereor. A. (usual). Cic. pro Plan. 29,
c. 12, and impersonally. Cic. N.
Plaut. Bacch. And obsoletely with
a genitive case, Afranius ap. Non. 9,
3. Cic. ad Att. 8, 4, prin.
Vergoor Vergor. N. Hor. A. Poet. 378.
JEn. 12. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. Suet.
Otho. Lucr. 2, 212. Lucan. 1, 54.
Stat. Sylv. 4, ad Marcell. A. Vergo
K
418
Additions and
and its compounds, when active, sig-
nify to pour. Lucr. 5. JEn. 6.
Verto, Averto, Converto, Prseverto. A.
(usual). Cic. ad Quint. Fratr. 3, 5.
Caes. B. Gall. 6, 41 . Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 22.
YEn. 7, 806. Liv. 3, 46. 2V. Liv. 3,
36. Virg. Eel. 9, 6. Liv. 2. Tac.
Ann. 6. JEn. 1, 108. Cell. 4, 18.
Sail. Cat. Gell. 13, 23. Abige abs te
lassitudinem, cave pigritice prceoar-
leris, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, S : So it is
read in the MSS ( Vossius observes),
though the early editions have cave
pigritia prcevorti, and prcevortier.
Vescor. If. (usual). Cic. Nat. Deor. 2,
27. A. Tac.Agr. Plin. 8, 10. Ti-
bull. 2. Plin. 10; 11. Ulpian 33,
D. de rebus auct. jud. poss.
Vestio. A. (usual). Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 78.
- 2V.(suspicious). Tertullian de Pallio
and frequently. Apul. Apol. 1.
Vigilo, Evigilo. N. (usual). Ter. Eun.
2, 2, 47. Cic. in Parad. 1, c. 2 A.
Nodes vigilabat ad ipsum mane. Hor.
Serm. 1, 3, 17. Where I should
not suppose nodes to be governed by
vigilabat, but for the following exam-
ple : Nodes vig'dantur amarce, Ov.
Med. Jas.: so Prop. 3, 13. Ov. Trist.
1, 1, 108. Cic. Att. 9, 14.
Vivo. AT. (usual). JEn. A. With a. cog-
nate accusative, Ter. Plaut. Epid.
Ib. Amph. Ib. Poenul. Ib. Pers.
Cic. Senect. Ovid. Quinctil. Ib.3.
And with other accusatives, though
reducible to a cognate signification,
Cic. Ep. 13,28. Juv.
Ululo. N. (usual). JEn.6, 257.^. Lu-
can. 1. Ibid. TEn. 4, 609.
Undo, Inundo. 2V. /En. 12, 673; 10,24.
A. Plin. 5, 1. Liv. 24, 30. Stat.
Achill. 1, 86.
Vociferor. 2V. (usual). Cic. Verr. 4, 39,
c. 18. A. With a neuter accusative,
^En. 2, 679. Val. Place. 5, 170.
Volvo, Voluto. A. (usual), ^n. 6, 616;
6, 185. 2V. JEn. 1. Virg.Georg. 1.
Mn. 3, 607. But it is so used only
in the participle present.
Volo. N. (usual). Hor. A. ^En.9,538.
And usually with a neuter accusative,
Cic. de Fin. 2,72. 2n. 6, 318. But
all the accusative cases may perhaps
better be understood as governed by
habere, facere, or the like, under-
stood.
Vomo. 2V. Cic. Phil. 2, 63, c. 25.^.
JEn. 9, 349. Ov. Fast. 1> 572. Ib.
Ep. 12, 125. With a cognate accu-
sative, Plaut. Rud. 2, 6.
Uro is inserted by Vossius; and his fol-
lower, the Port- Royal Grammar,
quotes writ calore in a neuter sense
from Cicero. I can find no such pas-
sage. Uro is always active.
Utor, Abutor. 2V. (usual). Hor. Od. 4,
9,48. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. A. (ob-
solete). Ter. A del. Plaut. Asin. Cato
R. R. 142. Turpilius in Peleo ap.
Non. Lucil. Satyr. Ter. CatoR. R.
Charis. 5.
P. 170. When an action is mentioned as having con-
tinued for some time, and still continuing, where in
English we use the present perfect and past perfect, in
Latin the present imperfect and past imperfect occur ;
e. g. cupio et iampridem cupio ^Egyptum visere, I de-
sire and have long desired to visit Egypt, Cic. ad Att. :
ille os oculosque loquentis iamdudum et totum lustra-
bat lumine corpus, Virg. Mn. 8. 153 : qui postquam
amo Casinam. myropolas omnes sollicito, Plaul. Cas.
2. 3. 9 : iam non perplexe, sed palam revocant, qui ve-
tando supplementum et pecuniam mitti, iampridem re-
trahebant, Liv. 30. 20.
Additions and Notes. 419
P. 173. In the Notes to the First Volume the tenses
of the verb have been properly distinguished by (1)
their time, (2) their state : we may here remark, in ge-
neral, that the leading verb is followed by verbs of the
same time and state, unless there be some reason to the
contrary : but almost always by a verb of the same
time, if not of the same Mate.
P. 174. All that can be said upon the correct depen-
dence of the tenses may, from the preceding note, be ex-
pressed in a few words. The time and state of the action
must determine the tense of the principal verb : unless
some difference of sense requires a change, the follow-
ing verbs will be of the same time and state; particularly
of the same time. We here consider the future present
as a present tense, and the future past as a past tense.
P. 186. The indicative mode expresses the judge-
ment of the mind on something which it asserts as a
fact or truth.
P. 187. The subjunctive mode expresses the judge-
ment of the mind on something which it assumes as a
fact or truth ; or which it regards as probable or pos-
sible once or more ; or as contingent upon the feelings
of the mind or something external ; or as dependent
either as preliminary or consequence upon something
expressed by another verb.
The subjunctive mode, therefore, always depends
upon another verb, never on a conjunction ; and is al-
ways used in a dependent sentence, or in one of two
sentences which are reciprocally dependent, never in
an independent sentence.
2 E2
420 Additions and Xotes.
Whenever the subjunctive seems not to depend on a
preceding verb, or to be used in an independent sen-
tence, it is because a preceding verb or sentence is un-
derstood and suppressed. When it is said to be go-
verned by a conjunction, it is merely meant that the
conjunction is there used where a subjunctive is requi-
site.
Besides the more obvious instances of the subjunc-
tive, it is used when the sense might appear to admit
an indicative : (1) when the verb on which it depends
is in the subjunctive ; (2) when it depends on an indi-
rect sentence, i. e. of which the verb is in the infini-
tive or participle ; (3) in an indirect question ; (4) in
an indirect quotation.
Though the indicative and subjunctive never have
exactly the same meaning, yet there are many expres-
sions in which the sense of either mode is suitable, and
where they are used indifferently.
There are also many unquestionable instances in
which the indicative is, perhaps improperly, used for
the subjunctive ; e. g. anceps certamen erat, ni equites
supervenissent, Liv. 28 : auctoritas tanta plane me mo-
vebat, nisi tu opposuisses non minorem tuam, Cic. : et
si non alium late iactaret odorem, laurus erat, Virg.
Georg. 2. 133 : nee veni, nisi fata locum sedemque de-
dissent, Virg. ^En. 11. 112 : quanto melius fuerat, in
hoc promissum patris non esse servatum, Cic. Off. 3 :
&c. Such instances are all of one kind, only of the
past time, and more frequent with the poets. They
are most common with nouns signifying time : e. g. sed
nunc non erat his locus, for esset, Hor. Ar. 19 : Hor.
Od. 1. 37. 4 : Ovid. Trist. 4. 8. 5 ; 4. 8. 24.
Additions and Notes. 421
P. 199. When the subjunctive is used for the im-
perative, it is by an ellipsis of some appropriate verb.
This will appear by the following example, where the
verb is expressed ; die et argutae properet Neseree, Hor.
Od. 3. ]4. 21.
P. 200. The nature and use of the infinitive and
participle modes are explained at length in the Notes
to Vol. I.
When a verb depends on another, it is one of the
most difficult points of the Latin language to determine
its proper mode. No principle generally applicable
can be given. In addition to what the author has said,
the following List, from Seyer on the Latin Verb, may
be found serviceable.
A List of such Words as admit ut, ne, quo, quin or
quod after them, or an Accusative Case with the In-
Jinitive Mode.
Ne is the same as ut non. Quo minus is nearly the same as
we, because quo with a comparative degree is the same as ut,
and is used after some few words.
Abnuo, ace. and inf. Liv. 9. JEstimo ut. Cic. Tusc. Quaest. 1.
Abstineo quominus. Suet.de Cl. Gram.S. Affirmo, ace. and inf. Cic. ad Att. 2, 15.
Absum ut. Cic. de Cl. Orat. 277. Ago ut. Nep. Cim. 1. Ib. Them. 13.
Quin. JEn. 8, 147. Ne. Plaut. 3,1, 13. Ace. and inf.
Accedout. Cic. Cato. Quod. Cic. pro Caes. B. Gall. 1, 14.
Quinct. Ib. Fam. Ep. 8,2. Alieno quin. Plaut. Amph. 1,1, 243.
Accido ut. Cic. de Fin. 3, 8. Ace. and Alius quam ut. Liv. 2,8. Nisi ut. Cic.
inf. Cic. Fam. Ep. 11, 1. Raro occ. Phil. 2, 5.
Accipio, ace. and inf. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2. Ambigitur quin. Liv. 2, 1.
Acerbum, ace. and inf. Cic. ad Brut. Ep. Ango, ace. and inf. Cic. de Cl. Orat. 7.
12. al. 2.
Addo quod. Liv. 9, 19. Ut. Tac. de Animadverto quod. Cic. Off. 1. Ace.
Fun. German. Addidit, ut . . . . Ju- and inf. Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 16.
piter implerit gemino Nycteida fcetu y Annuo, ace. and inf. Enn. ap. Prise. 9,
Ov. Met. 6, 111. But perhaps lit may p. 822.
here signify quemadmodum. Apparet quod. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2, 6.
Admoneo : vide Moneo. ^cc. and inf. Ter.Eun, 3, 2,3. Plin.
s ut. Cic. Off. 2, 22, al. 79. 1 1, pracf.
422
Additions and Notes.
Appello quod. Ov. Fast. 2, 702.
Arguo, ace. and inf. Cic. pro Rose. Am
57, c. 20.
Argumentum quod. Cic. Tusc. Qua?st.
1, 31. Ace. and. inf. See the former
example. Cic. pro Quinct. 41. Ut.
Cic. Off. 2, 84, c. 23. Ne. Enn. ap.
Gell. 2, 29.
Assequor wJ. Cic. pro Rose. Am. 95.
Assentior, ace. and inf. Cic. Leg. 2, 38,
c. 15. JVe. Cic. Legg. 2, 44.
Assevero, ace. and inf. Cic. Verr. 4,61.
Audio, ace. and inf. Cic. pro Rose. Am.
Auctor ut. Cic. Fam. Ep. 1, 9, ult. Ib.
Att. 15, 13 Ne. Cic. ad Brut. 11.
Ace. and inf. Cic. Att. 9, 12.
Autumo, ace. and inf. Catull. 45, 2.
Bonum ut. Quinct. 1O, 7, 24.
Cadit ut. Cic. Tusc. Quaest. 3, 14.
Cano, Canto, ace. and inf. Cantemus
Medum flumen .... minores volvere
vortices, Hor. Od. 2, 9, ult. : but it
seems a very poetical use. Gallos in
limine adesse canebant, JEn. 8, 656.
Ut, in the sense ofmoneo, Plaut.Trin.
2, 2, 10.
Caput ut. Cic. Off. 2, 75.
Caveo, Cautio ut. Agell. 6, 10 Ne.
Hor., Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 66. Poetically
also an infinitive mode, Hor. A. Poet.
Caviller, ace. and inf. Cic.Nat.Deor.3,
83, c. 34.
Causa quod. Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 14. Cic.
Nat. Deor.l,Prooem. after quidest,cau-
s? is understood. So also nihil est,
quod vereare, Clinia, Ter. Ut. Cic.de
Fin. 3, 2, al. 8. Ovid. Quin. Ter.
Phorm. 5, 5, 42.
Censeo ne. Suet.Aug.94. Acc.nndinf.
Ter. Andr. 1, 5, 21.
Cerno, ace. and inf. JEn.5, 27. Ut.Jam
ilia cernimus, ut contra metum se quis-
que defendat, Cic. Nat. Deor. 2, 57.
Usually ut after cerno and the like
verbs, may signify quomodo, quantum,
as it certainly does in these following
examples :
Cernis ut insultent Rutuli. Virg. ^En.
Vides ut alt a stet nive candidum Soracte.
Hor. Od.
But in the example above from Ci-
cero, ilia preceding makes it probable
that ut is vised here in the connective
sense. The accusative case with the
infinitive mode is the safer construc-
tion : vide Video.
Clamo & coinp. ace. and inf. Cic. Verr.
5, 12. Ter. And. 1, 1, 1 17. Liv. 1,
26 ; 3, 50. Caas. B. Gall. 3, 18. Ut.
Liv. 24, 30.
Cogitatio ut. Deducebar ad earn cogita-
tionem, ut arbltrarer, Cic. ad Att. 9, 11.
But perhaps ut is here relative only
to earn.
Cogo ut. Cic. Acad. Quaest. 4, 8.
Cognosce quod. Cic.Nat.Deor.2. Ace.
and inf. Phaedr. 3, 16.
Committo ut. Cic. Att. 13, 45.
Comperio, ace. and inf. Liv. 24.
Competit ut. Sen. Ep. 75 or 76.
Complector ut. Cic. Fin. 3, 25.
Concede ut. Cic. ad Att. 9, 4. Ib. Acad.
Quaest. 4. 55, al. 17. Ace. and inf.
Cic. de Amic. 14, al. 50. Ib. Acad.
Qusest. 4, 55, al. 17.
Conditio ut. Cic. pro Rab. Post. 33.
Conficio ut. Cic. l,delnv.
Confido ut. Cic. ad Quint. Fr. 1, 2.
Plin. Ep. 2, 5, 7. Ace. and inf. Liv.
44,13.
Confirmo ut. Cic. pro Domo, 18, al. 47.
Ace. and inf. Cses. B. Gall. 2, 15.
Confiteor, ace. and inf. Ter. Heaut. 5,
3, 13.
Congruo ut. Tac. Hist. 1, 7, 1.
Conor quominus. Ter. And. 1, 2, 23.
Consilium ut. Nep. Them. 2, 7.
Consentio, ace. a.ndinf. Quinct. 9, 1, 17.
Consentaneum, ace. and inf. Cic. Off.l,
68, 20.
Consequor ut ne. Cic. Fam. 1, 2.
Constantia, Inconstantia ut . Cic.deDiv.
2, 38.
Constituo ut. Cic. Fin. 5, 1. Plaut.
Pseud. 1, 5, 136. ^cc. and inf. Cic.
de Orat.l, 265. Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 121.
Contendo ut. Cic. Fam. Ep. 13, 8.
Ne. Cic. ad Brut. 14. Ace. and inf.
Dial, de Orat. 15, 1.
Contineo quin. Cic. Fam. Ep. 11, 3.
Contingit ut. Cic. de Fin. 3, 28.
Convince, ace. and inf. Cic. Parad. 5.
Convenit ut. Cic. ad Att. 6, 1. Ne.Ul-
pian in 1. Si convenerit D. pro Socio.
Credo, occ. and inf. Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 1.
Custodio/u'. Colum. 1,8, 10. Suet. Tib.
7.
Cura, Curo ut. Cic. Ib. Fam. Ep. 9,
24. Quod. Mart. 11, 95. Ne. Curt.
3.
Decerno ut. Cic. Fam. Ep. 1, 1. Ace.
and inf. Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 73.
Decet, Dedecet,acc.and inf. Cic. Tusc.
4,54.
Declaro, cc. and inf. Cic. Fam. Ep. 5,
13.
Additions and Notes.
423
Deduce quominus. Cic. Fam. Ep. 14,4.
Definio, Definitio ut. Cic. Off. 1, 142.
Cic.Tusc. Quaest. 4, 11. Quominus.
Cic.de Orat. 1.
Defugio : vide Fugio.
Demonstro, ace, and inf. Cic. Verr. 1.
Denuntio ut. Liv. 24, 22. Cic. Verr. 5.
Ace. and inf. Cic. in Verr. Div. 25,
al.8.
Deploro : vide Plorn.
Deprecor ne. Cic. Fin. 2, 1. Ov.Deian.
Her. 160. Ut. Cic. Araic. 11.
Despero, ace. and inf. Cic. de Div. 48.
Deterreo ne. Ter. Phor. Prol. 3.
Devito ne. Scribon. 199.
Dico, ace. and inf. Ca?s. B. Gall. 1, 2-
This is the usual form. Ut. Cic.
Brut., Ib. Tusc. Queest.4, 11. Ib.
Nat. Deor. 1, 63, al. 23. Pancetius
Africanum solitum ait dicere, ut cquos
domitoribus tradere soleant, ut his fad-
lioribus possint vti ; sic homines ....
duci oportere, Cic. Off. 1, 90, al. 26.
Here the first ut must be relative or
connective and rendered that ; for if it
were rendered as, solere and not so-
leant would follow. Notwithstanding
these few authorities, Dico ut is cer-
tainly very suspicious Latin. One
thing the learner should observe, that
ut may frequently follow dico, and
other such words, not in the sense I
am here speaking of, but in that of
quantum, qualiter. Take the follow-
ing example : me infelicem, qui
nunc demum intelligo, tit ilia mild pro-
fuerint qua despexeram, et qua lauda-
ram quantum luctus habuerint, Phaedr.
1,12: here ut is evidently used for
quantum ; for intelligo ut profuerint,
instead of intelligo ilia profuisse, would
be unallowable. One sense there is
in which Dico ut is allowable and
common, although wis more frequent-
ly omitted. It is when dico has the
sense ofjubeo. Die et argutce properet
Nearae, Hor. Od. Die ducat, Virg.
Dico quod. Var. R.R. I, 7, 9. In the
following example quod is perhaps
understood ; Unus erit, quem tu tolles
in ccerula coeli, tu mihi dixisti, Ov.Fast.
2, 487 ; but if the text is correct, it is
certainlyill expressed. The construc-
tion dico quod is suspicious Latin, and
very uncommon. See Vossius de Con-
structionc : Manutius on Cic. ad Att.
9 ult. : and H. Stephens dc Latinitnte
fed so suspecta.
Dignus ut. Liv. 24, 16.
Do ut. Liv. 1. Cic. de Fin. 5, 1 al. 2.
Ace. and inf. Cic. Acad. Quaest. 4,
50.
Doceo, ace. and inf. Cic. Verr. 3.
Doleo quod. Cic. in Bruto. Ace. and
inf. Cic. Att. 6, 3.
Dubius quin. Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 27. Cic.
Att. 8, 15. Ut. Plin. Pan. 8.- Ace.
and inf. Manil. 4, 834 ; but it is a
construction scarcely allowable.
Duco, Adduce ut. Cic. Pro. 1, de Inv.
Ib. Off. l. Ib. Div. 1, 18.
Edico ut. Cic. ad Att. 4, 15. Ne. Liv.
2, 24. Ace. and inf. Ter. Eun. 5, 5,
20.
Edictum ne. Flaccus sanxit edicto, ne
frumentum ex Asia exportari liceret,
Cic. pro Flacc. 67, c. 28 : but perhaps
ne depends on sanxit.
Efficiow*. Cic. Off. 1. Ne. Virg. Eel.
3,51. Ace. and inf. Cic. Acad. Qu.
4, 116, c. 35.
Enuntio, ace. and inf. Cic. Att. 1.
Eripio quin. Hor. Sat. 2, 2, 23.
Erro quod. Cic. Cato Maj.
Error ut. Cic. Off. 1, 148.
Evenio ut. Cic. Tusc. Quaest. 2, 63.-
Quod. Cic.
Evinco ut. Liv. 2, 4.
Excipio ut. Plin. Pan. 68. Ne. Cic.
Off. 1, 121.
Exeogito ut. Suet. Tib. 62.
Excuse quod. Excusare laborem et mer-
cenaria vincla, quod non mane domum
venisset, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 67. But per-
haps quod has here the signification
of quia.
Exigo ut. Ov. Pont. 3, 5, 40.
Existimo, ace. and inf. Liv. 23, 15.
Exoro ut. Ter. Ad. 4, 4. Ne. Cic. ad
Att. 15, 6.
Expecto ut. Cic. Cat. 2, 27. Ib. Orat.
150.
Experior ut. Cic. ad Att. 9, 10.
Explore, ace. and inf. Cic. Nat. Deor.
1,19.
Extremum ut. Cic. ad Att. 9, 7.
Facio ut. Cic. ad Att. 4, 8. Ib. Fam.
Ep. 12, 18. Ter. And. 3, 4, 3. Quod.
Cic. de Fin. 3. So also male fads,
gratumfacis, &c.
Fallo, ace. and inf. Cic. in Or. 55. Liv.
30, 31.
Falsus ut. Cic. de Div. 2, 66, al. 31.
Fama, ace. and inf. Ov. De'ian. Her. 6.
Fateor, ace. and inf. ic. Fin. 1,12.
Fatum, ace. and inf. Ov. Met. 1, 256.
. Cic. Off. 1, 12I. Qum.Plaut.
424
Additions and AWes.
Amph. 1,1, 152. -ice. and inf. Ter.
And. 1,2,20.
Fides, ace. and inf. ./En. 3, 375. -
Fingo, ace. and inf. Ov. Met. de Niobe.
Fitut. Hor. Sat. 1,1.
Fleo, ace. and inf. Virg. Eel. 3, 78.
Fremo, ace. and fw/I Liv. 1, 17.
Fugio, Defugio ne. Cic. Off. 1. Quin.
Var. R R. 2, 4, 2.
Fugit yii/n. Cic. Fara. Ep. 8, 14.
Gaudeo quod. C'c. Legg. 1. Ace. and
inf. Phaedr. 1, 13. Cic. Amic. 14.
Glorior, ace. and inf. Cic. de Or.2, 258.
Gratia quod. Ov. Trist.
Gratulor quod. Cic. Fam. Ep. 2, 5.
^cc. and i/j/I Ov. Deian. Her. 1.
Habeo ut. Cic. in Pison. 81, al. 32.
Hortor, Cohortor ne. Nep. Milt. 1.
Suet. Galba, 10. 7*. Cic.Att. 8,14.
Impedjo ne. Cic. de Fato, 2, 1 . Quo-
minus, Nep. Cira. 2.
Irnpello ut. Nep. Pausan. 4.
Impetro ut. Cic. Acad. Quasst. 4. Ne.
Val. Max. 4, 3, 7.
Inclamo u. Liv. 1.
Inclino ut. Liv. 1, 24.
Inducow^. Cic. pro Sex. Ros. 53, c. 19.
Ne. Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 54. Quomi-
nus. Plin. 9, 13.
Injicio ut. Cic. pro Mil. 85 : but per-
haps ttt is here dependent on mens.
Instituo ut. Cic. Tusc. Quaest. 5. Ib.
de Fin. 2, 2.
Instow*. Liv. 24, 14. Afc. Plaut. Cas.
2, 5, 3.5.
Insuesco ut. Hor. Serm. 1, 4, 106.
Integrum zti. Cic. Tusc. 5, 62.
Intercede ut ne. Cic. Fam. Ep. 1, 7.
Quominus, Decret. Tribun. ap Gell.
7,19.
Intelligence. &inf. Cic.Verr.5,7,al.3.
Interdico ne. Cic. Fin. 1, 7.
Interest ut. Cic. Fam. Ep. 3, 5. Ace.
and inf. Cic. pro Murin. 4.
Invito w. Phaedr. 5, 5.
Irascor, Succenseo quod. Cic. Att. 11,7.
Ib. ad Att.2, 1.
Jubeo ut. Hor. Serm. 1, 4, 121. Ace.
and inf. Plaut. A sin. 2, 2, 30. Ter.
Ad. 3, 4, 15. yEn. 5, 552,
Juro, Adjuvo, ace. and in/". Plaut. Cist.
1,1,100. Cic. Phil. 2, 9.
Jus atf. Cic. Verr. 1, 68, al. 27.
Juvo, ace. and inf. Cic. ad Quint. Fr.
2,12.
Laboro, Elaboro ut. Cic. Acad. 4, 1 39.
Ne. Cic. Verr. 3, 57.
Laetor, ace. and inf. Cic. Fam. Ep.7, 1.
JEn. 6, 392.
La us, ace. and in/". Cic. pro Arch. 9.
al. 21.
Largior ut. Cic. Senect. ad fin.
Lex ut. Ter. And. 1, 2, 29.
Liquet, ace. and inf. Cic. Nat. Deor. 1.
117, c . 42.
Mando ut ne. Cic. ad Fam. 4, 1.
Memini,acc. and inf. Cic. pro Rose. Am.
122, c. 42.
Mens ne. Liv. 28, 12.
Mentior, ace. and inf. Plin. de Vir. 111.
c. 62, pr.
Metuo. Vide Timeo.
Minor, ace. and inf. Plaut. Asin. 3, 3,
14.
Miror, Mirus, etc. quod. Cic. de Divin.
Plin. 12, 4. Cic. Off. 1, 13; 3, 26,
27, & 31. Ut. Vide Falsus. Quin.
Plant. Trin. 4, 2, 125. Ace. and inf.
Hor. Od. 2, 13. Cic. Att. 8, 12. Ib.
Verr. 5, 105, c. 41.
Molior ut. Liv. 24, 23.
Moneo, Admoneo ut. Cic. Fam. Ep. 9,
6. Ne. Hor. Od. 4, 7, 7. Col. 1, 8,
pr. Cels. 1, 3. Ace. and inf. Hor.
Sat. 1, 6, 126. Tac. de Fun. Germ.
Mos ut. Cic. de Cl. Orat. 84, c. 21.
Mora quin. Ter. And. 5, 6, 7.
Moror quo minus. Liv. 3, 54. -Ace. and
inf. Cic. Verr.
Munus quod. Hor. Od. 4, 3. Ut. Cic.
de Fin. 3, 8.
Narro ut. Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 70 : but ut in
this place seems to signify quenad-
modum.
Nascor ut. Cic. Acad. 4, 28, al. 9.
Necesse ut, usually omitted. Cic. Fam.
10, 29. Ib. Off. 3, 5, al. 22. Ace.
and inf. Cic. Off. 3, 5, al. 21 . Ib. de
Invent. 2, 170, al. 57.
Nego, Denego, ace. and inf. Cic.Amic.
18. Ter. And. 1, 5, 6. Ib. Eun. Prol.
34.
Nitor, Connitorwf. Nep. Milt.1. Plin.
7, 53. Cic. de Fin. 5, 42 JSfe. Cic.
Fam. Ep. 3, 10.
Nosco ut. Plaut. Amph.prol. 104. But it
is a very uncommon construction : in
the sense of quomodo, ut may be com-
mon ; as, namque ut supremam falsa
inter gaudia noctem Egerimus nosti,
Mn. 6, 513.
Nuntio, Nuntius, ace. and inf. Sall.Cat.
35. Cic. Fam. 2, 19.
Objicio quod. Cic. Verr. 4, 37.
Obliviscor, ace,, and inf. Cic. Nat. Deor.
2, 2, 1. Ut. Oblitine sumus, ut nuper
jwst adoptionem non desierit seditio sed
cccperit, Plin. Pan. 8 : but ut is here
Additions and Notes.
425
probably used i n the sense of quemad-
modurn.
Obsecro ut. Ter. Ad. 3, 2. Ne. Ter.
And. a, 1,28.
Observe ne. Cic. de Amic. 58.
Obsisto or Obsto ne. Nep. Milt. 1.
Obtestor ut. Cic. ad Att. 9, 11. Ne.
Ter. And. 1,5,57.
Obtineo ut. Liv. 35, 10.
Obtrecto ne. Cic. pro legeMan. 19,al.57.
Officium ut. Cic. de Fin. 3, 20.
Omitto quod. Cic. ad Att. 8, 3.
Opinio, ace. and inf. Cic. Off. 3, 13,al.
46. Ib. Div. 2, 70. Ut. Cic. Fam.
Ep. 1, 1.
Opera ut. Liv. 24, 31.
Opto ut. Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 8.
Oportet ut. Var. It. R. 1, 29, 1. Ace.
and inf. Ibid. Ter. Ad.
Grow*. Ter. Ne. Cic. Verr. S, 1.
Ostendo gworf. Var.R.R. 1, 7, 7. Ace.
and in/. Nep. 10, 4, 1.
Paciscor etc. ut. Liv. 34, 31. Cic. pro
Rose. Com. 26. Liv. 25, 34. Afc.
Cic. Off. 3, 92, al. 24.
Parura quod. Liv. 21, 44. Ut. Plin.
Pan. 60.
Par, ace. and in/. Cic. Amic. 84.
Paro ut. Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 64. Cic.
Phil. 13, 13,al, 6.
Pateo, ace. and inf. Cic. Tusc. Quaest.
1,54.
PatioruJ. Cic. Amic. 87. Quin. Ter.
Heaut. 4, 5, 13. Cic. de Cl. Orat.
320. Ace. and inf. Cic. pro Rose.
Amer.
Paveo : vide Timeo.
Peccatum quod. Cic. Tusc. 3, 47.
Percipio ut. Cic. Acad. Quaest. 4, 28,
al. 9. Ace. and inf. Vide Nascor.
Perduco ut. Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 41.
Perficio ut. Cic.de Inv. 1 prooem. Ib. ad
Att. 8, 15.
Permitto ut. Cic. Verr. 3, 18, al. 7.
Perpello ut. Liv. 24, 35.
Persevero ut. Cic. ad Att. 9, ult. ad fin.
Perspicuus, ace. and inf. Cic. Off. 2.
Peto, Postulo, Precor,etc. ut. Cic. Fam.
Ep. 2, 7. Nep. Milt. 1. Ter. Ad. 4,
5, 65.
Ploro, Deploro, ace. and inf. Hor. Ep.
2, 1 , 10. Quod. Cic. Sen. 7, al. 3.
Polliceor, ace. and in/. Cic. Fam. Ep.
16,21.
Prsecipio ut. Nep. Milt. l.Ne. Cic.
Am. 77.
Praedico, as, ace. and inf. Cic. pro L.
Man. 22.
Prsedico, is ut. Caes. B. Civ. 3. Ne.
Nep. Them. 7, 3. Ace. and inf. Cic.
Cat. 1, 10.
Praescribo ut. Cic. Nat. Deor. 1, 78.
Ne. Cic. in Vatin. 13, 5.
Praestowf. Plin.Ep. 8, 19, 1. ^cc.and
inf. Cic. pro Flac. 31.
Praetereo, Praetermitto ut. Cic. Fam. Ep.
5, 17. Ne. Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 24.
Quin. Cic. Phil. 2, 23. Ib. ad Att.
9, 6 Ace. and inf. Cic. Fam.Ep. 13,
66.
Praevertor quod. Hor. Sat. 1, 38.
Probo ut. Cic. 3 Tusc. Prooem. Quod.
Cic. ad Att. 9, 10. Ace. and inf. Cic.
Fam. Ep. 12, 29. Ovid.
Profiteer, ace. and inf. Cic.de Amic. 35.
Prohibeo ne. Cic. Div. Verr. 33, al. 10.
Quominus. Colum. 2, 4. Quin.
Plaut. Cure. 1, 1, 33. Ace. and inf.
Ovid. Fast.
Promitto, ace. and inf. Cic. Fam. Ep.
13, 10.
Prope ut. Liv. 40, 32. Sen. Ep. 121.
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 46.
Propositum ut. Cic. Off. 1.
Propono ut. Cic. de Cl. Orat. 318.
Ace. and inf. Paterc. 2. 6, 5. Cels.
Prarf. 1.
Proprium ut. Cic. Off. 2, 78, al. 22.
Prospicio, ace. and inf. JEn. 6, 385.
Prosum quod. Virg. Eel. 3, 14. Ace.
and inf. Ov. El. de Morte Tibulli.
Quin. Ov. Met. de Arachne.
Provideo ne. Cic.
Pugno ut. Cic. Nat. Deor. 1, 75. Ib.
pro Rose. Am. 8, c. 3.
Puto, ace. and inf. JEn. 6, 719.
Quam, with a comp. degree, ut. Cic.
Nat. Deor. 1.
Queror, ace. and inf. Cic. Tusc. Quaest.
3, 69. Qworf is very usual after que-
ror ,- but quod may be rendered be-
cause.
Rarum ut. Quinct. 10, 7, 24.
Recuso ne. Cic. Off. 3, de Regulo lo-
quens. Quin. Cic. ad Att. 2, 1.
Quominus Cic. de Fin. 1, 7, c. 3.
Refero quod. Ov. Met. de Cephalo.
Relinquitur ut. Cic. de Fin. 3, 31.
Reliquum ut. Cic. Fam. Ep. 6, 1. Quo-
minus. Tac. Ann. 1, de seditione Pan.
Renuntio, ace. and inf. Cic. Act. 1, in
Verr. 2, 19.
Reor, ace. and inf. Cic. ad Att. 7, 3, post
med.
Repeto ut. Liv. 3, 33.
Restatwi. Liv. 9, 19.
Resisto ne. Nep. 25, 3, 2.
Rcspondeo ut. Nep. Them. 2, 7.
426
Additions and Notes.
Bogo ut. Ter., Ib. Eun. 2, 2, 35. Ne.
Cic. Fam. Ep. 13, 1.
Sancio ne. Cic. de Legg. 2, 65.- Ace.
and inf. Liv. 25, 8.
Sapientia quod. Cic. de Arusp. Resp.
Scelus quod. Ov. Phill. Dem.
Scio quod. Phaedr. 5, 2 : but it is an un-
usual syntax. Ace. and inf. Plaut.
Araph. 5, 1, 30.
Scribo ut. Cic. ad Att. 13, 45. Ne. Liv.
30, 23. Ace. and inf. Vide TVneo ut.
Senatus Consultum ne. Plin. 8, 1 7.
Sententia w. Cic. de Legg. 2, 47.
Sequitur ut. Cic. de Fin. 3, 22. Ace.
and inf. Cic. de Fato, 18.
Signum, ace. and ire/I Cic. in Verr. 1,
7 1 , al. 28. Ne. Cic. de Div. 1, 77,
al. 35.
Simulo, ace. and inf. Phaedr. 1, 14, 8.
Ov. Met. de Arachne.
Sino ut. Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 1.
Spero, Spesul. Cic. Petit. Con. 5. Hor.
Sat. 2, 5, 48. Ace. and inf. Cic. Ib.
de Lege Agr. 1, 27.
Statuo ne. Cic. Phil. 2, 97. Ace. and
in/". Cic. Acad. 4, 66.
Sto ne. Liv. Quominus. Liv. 24, 17.
Struo ut. Liv. 24, 23.
Studeo ut. Ter. Ad. 5, 2.
Stupeo, ace. and m/". Virg. Eel. 6, 37.
Suadeo ut. Cic. Att. 9, 7. Sail. Jug.
26.
Subeo, Succurro. Ace. and inf. Liv. 25 *
24. Cic. Fam. Ep. 16, 21.
Sum, Est ut. Ov. Dido Mn., Plin. ] 8.
Ter. Phorm. 1 , 5, 40. Cic. , ^En. 2,
433 Ace. and inf. Hor.Ep. 1,181.
Supplex ut. Ov. Phill. Dem.
Suscipio ut. Cic. Nat. Deor. 2, 62.
Suspicor ut ne. Cic. de Provin. Cons.
39, al. 16.^cc. and inf. Cic. Verr.
1, 23, al. 8.
Tango ut. Ov. (En. Par.
Tempus?/J. Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 72.
Teneo ut. Plin. Ep. 6, 5. Ne. Liv.24,
19. Q.uin. Cic. Att. 2,3.
Tento ut. Liv. 7, 12.
Testis quod. JEn. 9, 288.
Testor, ace. and inf. Cic. ad Quint. Fr.
1,2.
Timeo, Metuo etc. ne. Liv. 1,17. Cic.
ad Att. 9, 4. Ter. And. 2, 2, 12.
Ut. Ter. And. 5,4, 1 1 Quin. Plaut.
Amph. 5, 1, 53. Ace. and inf. JEn.
12, 916.
Trado, ace. and inf. Cic. Tusc. 5, 114.
Tribuowf. Cic. Off. 1, 11.
Vereorwe. Ter. And. 3, 4, 3. Ut. Ter.
Hec. 1,2,26.
Verisimilis ut. Cic. pro Rose. 41. Ib.
pro Sext. 78. Ace. and inf. Cic. pro
Rose. Am. 57, al. 20. Ib. Fin. 2, 17.
Verum ut. Nep. Hann. 1. Varr. R. R.
1, '2, 26. Ace. and inf. Plin. Ep. 8,
2,6.
Veto ne. Hor. Quominus. Sen. Ep.
95. Ace. and inf. Liv. 30. Cic. de
Or. 2, ]00.
Video ut. Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, !4. Ace.
and inf. Cic. de Sen. 83. Ib. Div. in
Cage. 48, al. 15. Vide Cerno.
Video in the sense of Caveo ne, Cic. Off.
3, 29. Ut. Ter. And. 2, 6, 25. Cic,
Fam. Ep. 16, 3 ; 16, 26. Ter.Heaut.
4, 1, 4, i.e. cave ne non satis.
Vinco ut. Epit. Liv. 49, unless ut de-
pends on sententia. Ace. and inf. Cic.
pro Cluent. 124, c. 44.
Vis quod. Cic. Off. 1, 14, al. 4. Ut.
Cic. Div. 1, 73.
Vitium quod. Cic. Off. 1.
Volo ut. Cic. Fin. 3. Ace. and inf.
Cic. Nat. Deor. 1, 29.
Utilis ut ne. Ter. And. 1, 1, 34.
A List of Words after which ut may be omitted.
Caveo. Cavefaxis, Hor. Serm. 2, 3, 38,
et passim. But in this ne is under-
stood, and not ut.
Dico in the sense of Jubeo. Virg. See
Dico in the preceding List.
Facio. Cic. ad Fam. 10, 29.
Inscitia. Ter. Phorm. 1,2.
Jubeo, and all verbs of ordering, and the
like. Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 71. Ter. Arid.
2, 5, 1. ^En. 10, 258. Sall.Jug. Liv.
30, 30. Sail. Cat. 29.
Licet, and other verbs of permitting.
Var.R.R. 1, 1,16. Liv. 24, 14; 2,4O.
Moneo, and the like. Nep. Hortamur
fan, quo sanguine cretus ; quidve fe-
rat, memoret, JEn. 2, 74 ; where ob-
serve the varied construction of fart
and memoret. Nep. Con. 4.
Necesse. See the preceding List.
Opera. Var. R.R. 1, 13, 7.
Oportet. Var. R.R. 1, 2, 2.
Rogo, and other verbs of asking.
Sum, Est. Hor. Sat. 1,6, 19.
Volo, and other verbs of willing. Cic.ad
Att. 4, 14. ^n. 10, 443.
Additions and Notes. 427
P. 251. The limits of these notes have not allowed
us to discuss all those points in which the author may
be supposed to have taken a false view of his subject.
The following principles may be of use in estimating
the soundness of the several explanations which are
given in the course of the work.
I. Every word, change of word, such as case, mode,
&c. and construction, has an original and unchangeable
meaning, of which it is most important to get a clear
and definite notion : though it may, and often must, be
variously translated.
II. To explain the construction of languages, gram-
marians say that certain words are understood, which
probably never entered the minds of speakers or writers,
or which it would be even erroneous to express. To
prevent misapprehension on this point, it should be
carefully remarked, that no word is understood (1)
which may not be expressed : (2) which is not often,
or at least sometimes expressed.
But when a word belongs to several sentences, and
is expressed in one of them, it is generally omitted in
the others : and on the same principle, words similar
or correspondent to those which have been expressed
in one sentence, are left to be understood in another.
When a word is thus understood, it must be supplied
from the adjacent sentences.
Sometimes even a whole sentence which is related
to another expression, is omitted, and left to be supplied
by the hearer.
It often also happens that a real ellipsis occasions,
428 Additions and Notes.
by imitation, forms of speech in which there is no el-
lipsis, but an incongruity: thus the omission of ccepi
or some otlier appropriate verb, gave rise to the use of
the infinitive without any proper personal verb ex-
pressed or understood. In the same way amatur, ama-
tum est, gave rise to the use of creditur, creditum est ;
venitur, ventum est &c.
III. Since language is the expression of human
thought, it must contain simple and uniform means of
expressing the same modifications of thought. In the
changes of words and their use, there must be a general
and prevailing uniformity ; and in all the varieties of
declension, conjugation and construction, there will be
found an analogy of means for accomplishing the same
end.
Varieties in declension and conjugation often arise
from an attempt to effect the change proposed with-
out destroying harmonious sound, or causing con-
fusion between similar words : sometimes from follow-
ing the analogy of a different declension or conjuga-
tion : anomalous forms, therefore, do not imply a pri-
mitive.
Varieties of construction often arise from the writer
regarding the general sense, rather than the particular
words : or from transferring the analogy of construc-
tion of which the cause can be given, to another of
which the cause cannot be assigned.
P. 252. To facilitate the application of grammatical
knowledge to construing with exactness, propriety and
force, the following remarks will be useful.
Additions and \otes. 429
On the Order of Construing.
Though the order in Latin and Greek is freer than
in English, it is not arbitrary. Since in those lan-
guages the nominative and accusative cases, the gen-
der, number and case of adjectives, and the number
and person of verbs, are distinguished by termination,
it was not necessary, as it is in English, to distinguish
by their position the nominative and accusative, or the
concords of the noun substantive with the noun adjec-
tive and the verb. Hence, to improve the emphasis and
variety of expression, and yet preserve perspicuity, the
most important property of language, they generally se-
parated words in concord and the accusative from its
verb, by words which either governed these, or were
governed by them, unless where the separation might
cause obscurity. They thus, or in other ways, subdi-
vided a sentence into phrases or clusters of words, which
naturally cohere. But their liberty in this respect ex-
tended only to a simple sentence : for in the construc-
tion of sentences they followed the same rules as in
English ; viz. that independent sentences stand distinct
from each other ; that any sentence may be broken by
another sentence dependent upon it, which is generally
so placed as to determine its connection with it : but
the dependent sentence, whether direct or indirect, is
always unbroken by that on which it depends.
From these remarks it appears that the ancients re-
gulated the actual order of words, so as to determine
the government and connection ; whence, in all cases
of doubtful construction, much regard must be paid to
430 Additions and Notes.
the actual order : we therefore derive the following im-
portant principle : that in all languages the actual
order materially determines (I) the construction: (2) the
order of construing.
In construing, then, (1) adhere to the actual order
as closely as possible, and whatever words are omitted,
let them be taken as soon as possible : (2) whatever
words are taken together, let them stand in the actual
order : (3) take together, or in immediate succession,
words which are in regimen or concord : (4) take to-
gether, or in immediate succession, the whole of a clus-
ter of words : (5) let the sentences stand in the actual
order, and take the dependent sentence in its proper
place : (6) with the preceding limitations, take as few
words together as possible : (7) be as literal as pos-
sible.
Note : The above rules should be deviated from,
only when to observe them would destroy perspicuity.
P. 349. The account here given of Latin versifica-
tion, as in all other Latin Grammars, is defective : nor
can the subject be satisfactorily treated without an ex-
tensive comparison with the Greek metres. To supply
in some degree this deficiency, I have subjoined Bent-
ley's valuable treatise on the subject, prefixed to his
edition of Terence : and his comparison of the metres
of Horace with the corresponding Greek, extracted
from his edition of Horace.
Additions and Notes. 431
DE METRIS
TERENTI ANIS
2XEAIA2MA.
IAMBIC us versus senorum pedum Latinis veteribus Senarius vocabatur, a
Pedum et Ictuum numero. Horatius Art. Poet. 251.
Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur Iambus,
Pes citus : unde etiam Trimetris accrescerc jnssit
Nomen lambeis, cum Senos redderet ictus
Primus ad extremum similis sibi.
Sex, inquit, habet ictus versus Senarius ; et tamen Trimetrus sive Terna~
rius Grsecis vocatur ; quasi tres tantum Ictus redderet, ob pedis celerita-
tem, pra'Sertim cum totus lambis puris decurrit. Latini igitur per jU,ovo-
Tro&'av, singulos pedes, hos versus dividebant; Graeci per StiroSiav, sen ge-
minatos. Inde qui Grsecis est Tetrametrus, Varrorii a pedum numero est
Octonarius. Juba rex apud Rufinum de Metris p. 2712 : Quod autem binis
pedibus, et non singulis, scandatur lambicus ; vetus institution est. Et mox,
Unde apparet Heroicum singulis pedibus scandi etiam apud veteres solitum,
lambum autem binis. Marius Victorianus, p. 2497 : Per Monopodiam sola
Dactylica scanduntur ; per Dipodiam vero cetera. Nescivit hie Bacchiacos
et Creticos, quos etiam Monopodia dimetitur. Diomedes, p. 503 : Feritur
Senarius lambicus combinat is pedibus ter. Terentianus Maurus, p. 2432 :
Iambus ipse sex enim locis manet,
Et inde nomen inditum est Senario :
Sed terjeritur, hinc Trimetrus dicitur;
Scandendo binos quod pedes conjungimus.
Ictus, Percussio dicitur ; quia Tibicen, dum rythmum et tempus modera-
batur, ter in Trimetro, quater in Tetrametro, solum pede feriebat : *Ap<ri$
autem sive Elevatio appellatur ; quod in iisdem syllabis, quibus Tibicen
pedem accommodabat, Actor wcem acuebat ac tollebat. In Thes'i autem
sunt ceterae syllabas, quae Ictu destitutse minus idcirco audiuntur. Hos
ictus sive "Apffei$, magno discentium commodo, nos primi in hac Editione
per Accentus acutos expressimus, tres in Trimetris, quattuor in Tetra-
metris :
Poeta cum primum dnimum ad scribendum appulit,
Id sibi negoti credidit solum dari.
Enimvero, Dave, nil loci est segnitia neque socbrdia,
Quantum intellexi mbdo senis sententiam de nuptiis.
Etsi revera, quod Romani voluerunt, seni in quoque Trimetro sint Ictus ;
qui sic exprimi possint,
Poeta cum primum dnimum ad scribendum dppulit,
Id sibi negoti credidit solum dari.
432 Addition* and \otet.
Verum quia in paribus locis, 2, 4, 6, minus plerumque elevantur et feri-
untur, quam in imparibus, 1, 3, 5, idcirco eos more Graecorum hie pla-
cuit omittere. Horum autem accentuum ductu (si vox in illis syllabis acu-
atur, et par temporis mensura, quse pedis Ditrochan vel 'ETfiTplrov Ssurspov
spatio semper finitur, inter singulos accentus servetur) versus universes
eoc'em modo Lector efferet, quo olim ab Actore in Scaena ab tibiam pro-
nuntiabantur. Hoc quoque commodi in his Accentibus Lector inveniet ;
quod statim et ictu oculi Trochaicos ab lambicis, qui in eadem scsena in-
terdum locum habent, possit distinguere : si accentus scilicet in prima
versus syllaba est, Trochaici sunt; sin minus, lambici.
OMNE versuum geuus suam habet Centrum sive Incisionern; qua ver-
bum terminatur, et vox in decursu paulum interquiescit. Ilia fere Caesura
Romanis placuit; quae in priore tertii pedis syllaba fit : ut in Heroico :
Arma virumque cano | Troja qui primus ab oris
ItuUumfato | profugus Lavinaque venit
Litora, multum ille et \ terris jactatus et alto
Vi superum, sava | memorem Junonis ob iram.
Varro quidem apud Gellium xviii. 15. scribit observasse se in verm He.ro-
metro, quod omnimodo quintus semipes (id est, prior pedis tertii syllaba) vcr-
bumfiniret. Mirum, quod Omnimodo dixerit, cum Lucretius jam turn va-
riaverit,
Reddenda in ratio | ne vocare, et semina rerum.
et Catullus,
Omniafanda nefan j da malo permissafurore.
Postea saepius Virgilius,
Lyrnessi domus al j ta, solo Laurente sepulcrum.
Homerus autem olim saepissime,
OuAo^fvijv >J ju,u | pi d^aitis aAye' fflijxev.
Non Omnimodo igitur dictum oportuit; sed Plerumque.
In Sapphico sirniliter Romani quinto fere semipede :
Pindarurn quisquis | studet amulari,
Jule, ceratis J ope i)&dalea
Nititur pennis \ vitreo daturus
Nomina ponto.
In Alcaico:
Doctrina sed vim j promovet insitam,
Rectique cultus | pectora roborant.
In Phalaecio :
Multis ille bonis \ flebilis occidit :
Nullijlebilior | quam tibij Virgili.
Sic et in lambo Trimetro :
Jam jam effkaci \ do manus scientia :
Supplex ct oro j regna per Proserpinte,
Additions and Xotes. 433
Per et Diana j non movenda numina t
Per atque libros J carminum valentiiim
Refixa ctelo j devocare sidera.
Hanc Csesurae sedem plerumque in Trinietris servant Poetae Comici : ut
Noster ;
Ne cut sit vestrum | rriirum, cur part'ts sent
Poeta dederit j qua sunt adolescentium :
Id pr'irnum dicam J deinde quod veni eloquar.
et itidem Graeci :
O; yap ^\ifQyfss I roi$
In lambicis Trochaicisque Tetrametris Caesura plerumque fit post Ditro-
chaeum secundum :
Demissis humeris esse vincto j pectore ut gracila sient.
Video sentum squalidum agrum J pdnnis annisque obsitum.
ILLUD autem in primis notandum ; cura Gra^ci Magistri per
Trimetros lambos scandere juberent, semper eos intellexisse
/xijv, adeo ut sic divideretur ex eorum ratione versiculus :
Ne cut sit ve J strum mirum, cur partis sent
Poeta, dede J rit quee stint adole&cint'mm :
Id primurn di j caw, deinde quod veni eloquar.
Ol yap /SXstfov I rss rol$
OVTO$ 5' axoAou I Qst xa'/^e
ubi vides primam Dipodiam in mediis verborum syllabis desinere, totam-
que Caesurae virtutem ac gratiam misere perire. Quare ego jam ab ipsa
adolescentia in omnibus lambicis prater Tetrametrum Catalecticum, de
quo postea dicam, aliam mihi scansionis rationem institiii, per SiiroSiav
scilicet rg o%alx^v, hoc modo,
Po J eta dederit \ qucs' sunt adulescentium :
primo semipede quasi subdue to et abciso, versu autem in Dactylum vel
Creticum exeunte. Siquidem ista Jraro&'a ex Trochaeis duobus, vel urio
et Spondeo sive Epitrito secundo constans, Commodare, Commodavi, et cum
Caesurae indole convenit; et verum lambei rythmumatiribus insinuat; et
Poetae, dum versus hos fabricatur, praecipue mentem occupat ; et, quod
maximum est, in omni fere Comicorum metrorum genere principatum
obtinet ; veramque causam, cur in una Comoedia tot versuum species ad-
hibeantur, sola demonstrat.
QUINTILIANUS Institut. Orat. X, 1. In Comcedia maxime claudicamus,
-licet TE RE NT 1 1 scripta ad Scipionem Africanum rej'erantur : qua tamen in
hoc genere sunt elegantissima ; et plus adhuc habitura gratis, si infra versus
Trimetros stetissent. Mirificum sane magni Rhetoris judicium ! Optabat
scilicet, ut Fabulae Terentianae, quae in primo cuj usque Actu et Scsena a
Trimetris inchoantur, eodem metro ac tenore per omnes Actus Scaenasque
decucurrissent. Crederes profecto hominem numquam Scaenam vidisse,
VOL. II. 2 F
434 Additions and Notes.
numquam Comcedum partes suas agentem spectavisse. Quid voluit?
quod nee Menander nee ullus Graecorum fecit, Terentius ut faceret ? ut
ira, metus, exultatio, dolor, gaudium ; et quietae res et turbatae, eodem
metro lente agerentur ? ut Tibicen paribus tonis perpetuoque cantico spec-
tantium aures vel delassaret vel offenderet? Tantum abest, ut eo pacto
plus gratia habitura esset fabula, ut quantumvis bene morata, quantumvis
belle scripta, gratiam prorsus omnem perdidisset. Id primi Artis reper-
tores pulchre videbant ; delectabant ergo varietate ipsa, diversaque rfiy
xa) ora(ty diverse carmine repraesentabant. Marius Victorinus p. 2500 ;
Nam et Menander in Comadiis frequenter a continuatis lambicis versibus ad
Trochaicos transit, et rursum ad lambicos redit. Non ita tamen agebant ve-
teres, ut ab uno in aliud plane contrarium repente exilirent ; ab lambicis
in Dactylicos ; sed in propinquos Trochaicos, ipso transitu paene fallente.
Quod ut clarius conspiciatur ; omnem Terentianam copiam hie sistam,
unoque et eodem pede Ditrochaeo universam fere emetiar.
ILLUD tamen prius admonendum ; ut a Trimetris suas Fabulas, rebus
sedatioribus, nostrum inchoasse ; ita semper Tetrametris finisse ; quod
fabulae Catastrophe, cum res turbulentse paulatim et aegre consilescerent,
hoc carminis genus postularet, magno spiritu effundendum. Prae omnibus
tamen, Trochaici pleni firmum Actoris latus requirebant ; qui numquam
scilicet nisi in maximo affectuum tumore veniunt; efferendi, non ut qui-
dam autumant, tarde lenteque, sed
Clamore summo, cum labore majcumo.
Unde factum,ut cum alias in ftoro&'a Spondei vel Anapaesti placuerint; in
his Trochaei vel Dactyli studio quaerantur,
Credo equidem ilium jam ddfuturum, ut illam a me eripidt : sine veniat :
'Atqui si illam digito attigerit, bculi illi illico effbdientur.
qui versus, nisi toto pulmone exhausto, pronuntiari apte non possunt : in
Trimetris vero clamosa haec tzra0>j inarescerent prorsus et obmutescerent.
Ditrochaeis igitur sic constituitur Iambus Trimetrus :
credidit so I lum dari.
cbtnmodavi I cbmmoda.
Id I sibi negoti
Vi I cbmmodavi
lambicus Tetrametrus plenus :
Dum I timpus ad earn j rem tulit sivi I dnimum ut exple I ret suum.
Vi I cbmmodavi \ cbmmodavi J cbmmodavi J cbmmoda.
Trochaicus Tetrametrus plenus sive axara'Aijxro;,
' Adeon 1 hominem esse \ invenustum aut I infelicem I guemquam ut ego *
Cbmmodavi J cbmmodavi j cbmmodavi | cbmmodavi.
Trochaicus Tetrametrus syllaba deficiens, sive xaraXijKriHoV)
Qttof morfz's cow j temptus spretus ? I /af /, transacta I 6mnia /^w.
Cbtmnodavi 1 cbmmodavi \ comrnotlain \ cbmmoda.
Additions and Notes.
435
Pentametrus xaraXijx'rtxof ; qui semel iterumve adhibetur :
Sanus es ? Domum j ire pergam : ibi | plurimum est. Revo j cemus ho-
minem. \ Sta ilico.
Cbmmodavi \ cbmmodavi \ cbmmodavi \ c'ommodavi \ cbmmoda.
in his omnibus ; commodius est, meo judicio, fttsroftW T'/sop^aVxijv Caesuras
accommodatam et congruam, quam \a>^tK^v ab ea deerrantem, in me-
tiendo versu adsciscere..
SUPEREST tamen unus lambici generis, Tetrametrus xcWaXijXT'/xof ;
in quo SizvoSia, veterum Magistrorura <ajw,?<x^ sine controversia tenenda
est; ob ipsam, a qua in aliis discedit, Cassurae concinnitatem :
Nam si remit
Vi t cbmmoda
tent quippiam
vi, cbmmoda
Philumenam
xa/ TQU iravsiv
vi, cbmmoda
dolbres.
vi, comma.
Sed et in his SiwoSia, fpoyauKy tempus quidem et spatium exacte servat,
in Incisionibus tamen peccat. Ceterurn utram velit rationem Lector se-
quatur : Accentus in hujus Editionis textu ambabus seque conveniunt :
at in nupera quadam, universi hujus generis, quorum ingens copia est,
versus prava Caesuras distinctione jugulantur;
Concurrunt lacti mi obviam cup J pe.dinarii omnet,
Cetarii, lanii, cog ui, far j tores, piscatores.
Cum sic Caesura ponenda esset,
Concurrunt l&ti mi obviam j cuppedinarii omnes,
Cetariij lanii, cogui, j fartores, piscatores.
Illud quoque in hoc genere observandum, pedem ilium ante Cassuram Mi
obviam et J coqui semper, ut hie, Creticum vel ei IffO^povov media brevi
csse oportere : nullum hie apud Nostrum Licentise locum esse ; non magis
quam in fine Senarii. Haec versuum horum indoles et sola gratia est :
quam inhac Editione incolumem habent; in prioribus vero ante nos innu-
meris mendis strangulatam et sepultam.
PORRO, super hos lambicos Trochaicosque, etiam Creticis, Bacchiacis,
Choriambicisque versibus, sed semel tantum singulis, utitur Terentius ;
eisque in Monodia duntaxat, numquam in Diverbio : hi, ringente licet in-
vidia, nobis se apud nostrum debent.
Creticus :
Tdnta ve
Cdstitas
cbrdia in J ndta cuiquam
cdstitas cdstitas
ut siet.
cdstitas.
Bacchiacus : Adhuc Ar I chylis gu<e ad I solent quaque I opbrtet.
Honestas honestas honestas konestas.
Choriambicus : ' Obstipuit j pectore con I sistere nil
Contremui \ cbntremui \ cbntremui
2 F2
cbnsili quit,
cbnlretnisco.
430 Additions and Notes.
Hi tamen, more Graeco, novissimum sibi versum alterius generis adsu-
munt, lit pro Rylhmi ratione cum strepilu ac canore finiantur.
DE Clausulis sic Varro apud Rufinum, p. 2707. Clausulas primum op*
pellatas dicunt, quod clauderent sententiam : ut apud Accium ;
An haec jam obliti sunt Phryges ?
Nonnumquam ab his initiumjit ; ut apud Cacilium,
Di boni, quid hoc ?
apud Terentium, Discrucior animi.
Huic ultimge adde aliam ex Nostro :
Occidi.
Ceterum de Clausulis hoc uno verbo dixisse sufficiat: Si ab eis initiumjit ;
liberse sunt et nullius metri legibus adstrictae : Si sententiam claudunt, a
praecedentibus legem accipiunt. Scilicet post lambicos Tetrametros, vel
Trochaicos Catalecticos, ab lambo inciphmt; utilla Accii,
An hate jam obliti sunt Phryges ?
et ill se Nostri,
Prascisse me ante ? nonne prius communicatum opbrtuit ?
Miserdm me, quod verbum audio ?
Munus nostrum orndto verb is, quod poteris; et istum aemulum
Quod poteris ab ea p'dlito.
Ita semper in ceteris : et ratio est, quod &OTO Jia r^o^aixij quasi uno
versu continuetur,
Communicatum oportuit : miserdm me quod verbum audio ?
TTnde in Trochaico pleno, quo tinffoSia, consummata est, a Trochaeo in-
cipit.
Proin tu sollicitudinem istamfaham, qua te excruciat, mittas.
Qu'icum loquitur J'ilius ?
' Et illud rus nulla alia causa tarn male odi, nisi quia prope est :
Quod si abesset longius.
Hanc sibi legem fixerunt, sancientibus aure ac rythmo, primi artis inven-
tores : sed in hac tamen ante nos Editiones peccant. Illud porro notan-
dum ; in Tetrametris solis apud Nostrum, numquam in Trimetris, Clau-
sulis locum esse. Neque id omittendum, has et reliquas omnes apud
Nostrum Clausulas in Cretico terminari, Audio, Pellito, Filius, Longius ;
una tantum excepta, Hec. V, 1, quae in Spondeum exit.
Aut ni quidfaciam plus, quod post me minus fecisse sdtius sit.
Adgrediar. Bacchis, salve.
Id tamen judicio, non casu, a Poeta factum : quippe post hanc solam ex
omnibus Clausulam a Tetrametris plenis in Catalecticos Scaena transit, qui
Spondeo finiuntur j
Salve, Lache. Edepol credo te non nil mirari, Bacchis.
Additions and Notes. 437
DE Licentia veterum Romanorum, Tragicorum Comicorumque, paulo
inclementius loquitur Horatius, Arte Poet. 255. lambicus, inquit, versus,
Tardier ut paulo graviorque veniret ad aures t
Spondeos stabiles in jura paterna recepit
Commodus et patiens ; non ut de sede sccunda
Ccderet aut quarta socialiter. hie et in Acci
Nobilibus trimetris apparet rarus et Enni.
In sccenam missus cum magno pondere versus
Aut opera celeris nimium curaque carentis,
Aut ignorata premit art is crimine turpi.
Non quivis videt inmodulata poemata judex :
Et data Romanis venia est indigna po'ttis.
Idcircone vager, scribamque licenter ? ut omnes
Visuros peccata putem mea, tutus et intra
Spem venia cautus ? vitavi denique culpam,
Non laudem merui, vos erernplaria Grieca
Nocturna versale ntanu, versata diurna.
At vestri proavi Plautinos et numeros et
Laudavere sales : nimium patieuter utrumque t
Ne dicam stulte mirati ; si modo ego et vos
Scimus inurbanum lepido seponere dicto,
Legitimumque sonum digit is eallemus et aure.
Candide magis de iis judicat, venustissimus in tenui materia scriptor, Te-
rentianus Maurus, p. 2433.
Culpatur autem versus in Tragoediis,
Et rarus intrat ex lambis omnibus :
Vt Me contra, qui secundo et talibus
Spondeon aut quern comparem receperit.
Sed qui pedestres fabulas Socco premunt,
Ut qua loquuntur sumpta de vita putes,
Vitiant lambon tract ibus Sponda'icis,
Et in secundo et ccteris teque locis :
Fidemquejictis durn procurant Jabulis,
In metra peccant, arte, non inscitia :
Ne sint sonora verba consuetudinis,
Paulumque rursus a solutis differant.
Magis ilia Nostri : namfere Grgcis tenax
Cura est Iambi, vel Novellis comicis,
Vel qui Vetusta pr&cluent comcedia.
Ceterum quod in utrisque vituperat Flaccus, et in Comicis excusat Mau-
rus, hoc est: Quod in sedibus paribus, secunda et quarta (nempe uterque
per dipodiam lambicara dimetitur : in ratione nostraerunt prima et tertia,
pedes scilicet ditrochaeorum priores) non volubiles pedes lambum aut Tri-
brachyn, ex rythmi lege ac Graecorum exemplo ; sed tardos Spondeos sive
alios eis Iroxpovovs intulerint. Totum hoc, uno exemplo, et sensu et me-
moria facile tenebis. Graeci ad hanc formam in Tambicis;
Vi commoduvi \ cbmmodavi, cbnirnoda.
438 Additions and Notes.
Latin! ad istarn, non semper, sed quotiescumque vellent ;
Vi commendavi I cbmmendavi, 1 commoda.
Vides menda spondeum bis positum pro lambo moda : postremam sedem
violare numquam sunt ausi. Idem et in Trochaicis obtinet.
Graeci: Commodavi I commodavi I commodavi I commoda.
Latini : Commendam \ commendavi \ commendavi \ commoda.
In his pedibus, excepto ultimo, pro brevibus longse syllabae adsumuntur ;
quod tamen, opinor, celeri pronuntiatione juvabat et occultabat Actor, ne
ipse a Tibicine rythmum Graecum servante discreparet.
QUOD ad Crimen autem hoc attinet; Tragicis quidem veteribus minor
est excusatio, cur non ad artis regulas versus suos exegerint ; cum toto
stilo et colore a communi sermone discreti, nova verba ac sesquipedalia
pro lubitu finxerint. Fugiebant scilicet limge laborem ; certi se in re ante
inexperta et apud aures turn indoctas veniam impetraturos. Melius vero
ac mitius de Comicis est sentiendum. Profecto Terentius noster, si quis-
quam alius, in artis leges arte peccavit; studio, non ignorantia; necessi-
tate vel saltern commoditate inductus ; et qualecumque illud delicti est,
magnis virtutibus redempturus. Sermo enim ea de causa propius apud
Nostrum ad consuetudinem accedit, quam apud Menandrum : oratio apud
unum de medio sumpta deque yita honestiorum civium ; versus minime
cavi sed verbis sensibusque spissi : apud alterum, dum metro servire co-
actus est, stilus paulo elatior, et sententiae dilutiores. Adde hue, conso-
nantes in Lingua Latina pro vocalium numero frequentiores esse, quam
in Attica : adde omnia apud Latinos vocabula, monosyllabis duntaxat ex-
ceptis, esse Barytona ; de qua re mox plura dicam ; et facile pronunties
minoris esse operse atque artis, ad Menandri normam Grace scribere,
quam La tine ad Terentii.
ENIMVERO par et sequum est, ut eandem veniam veteribus Latiriis de-
mus, quam hodiernis qui Anglice scribunt poetis concedimus : quorum
nemo est, cui non indulgemus, ut syllabis interdum longis contra indolem
rythmi loco brevium utatur. Nam ut Latini omnia metrorum genera de
Graecis acceperunt ; ita Nostrates sua de Latinis. Quo magisestdolendum
atque indignandum, jam a literis renatis pueros ingenues ad Dactylica,
quod genus patria lingua non recipit, ediscenda, ferula scuticaque cogi :
Terentiana vero metra, quse domi tamen et in triviis inscientes ipsi can-
titant, Magistrorum culpa penitus ignorare. Trochaicus Tetrametrus
Catalecticus, ut Terentio, ita Nostratibus frequentbsimus est :
'Ego ille agrestis, \ saevus, tristis, j pdrcus, truculen j ttis, tenax.
Happy is the j Country life blest j with content good j hedltk arC ease.
Qui Trochaicus, unius syllabee accessione, net lambicus Tetrametrus
plenus.
Thrice happy is \ the Country life [ blest with content \ good health an'
ease.
Quin et lambicus ille xaraXij>crmo^, Terentio nuiltum et
apud Nostros quoque in magna gratia est;
Additions and Notes. 439
Nam si remit I tent quippiam \ Philumenam
He 's decently \ run through the lungs, J and there 's an end
Neque vero Bacchiacus Terentii Nostris intactus est :
dolures.
o" Bully.
Adhuc Ar I chylis qua ad I solent qucegue
All joy to J great Caesar, J long life, love
opbrtet.
and pleasure.
Creticum ejus quoque lingua nostra facillime admittit;
Tdnta ve
'0 the sweet
cordia in I ndta cui
Country life \ blest with health
quam ut siet.
peace an' ease.
Denique et illud metrum, quod in Epicis et Heroicis jam diu apud Nos-
trates regnum obtinet, ab lambico Veterum Senario profluxit ; necessitate
linguae nostras, quas tota monosyllabis scatens caesuram Senarii raro ad-
mittit, Quinarius factus :
Though deep, yet clear | ; though gentle, yet not dull.
Huic in fine sextum lambum appone ; et extemplo habebis Senarium Te-
rentianum :
Though deep, yet clear ; though \ gintle, yet not dully slow.
Rursus, si ab hoc Euripidis Senario, qui primus omnium in Oresta (imo
in Hecuba} venit,
HK'JU vsKgwv xsvQpwva, KOCI cncorou ro-uAaj,
pedem novissimum auferas; Quinarium jam habebis, perfectissimum ho-
dierni nostri Epici exemplar :
Hxw VSKWV j KsvQpuJva. xou crxorou.
Though deep, yet clear ; \ though gentle, yet not dull.
In Anglico tamen hoc notes velim, tres syllabas positione longas loco bre-
vium poni. Eas tu postea, et quam Denhamo veniam concedis, Terentio
neges. Perfectissimum autem exemplar ideo appello; ut Poetis nostratibus,
ingenii sane venaeque felicibus, sed eruditionis interdum modicis, quid
hodierni Epici, quo numeris omnibus absolutus fiat, rythmus geniusque
sibi poscat, obiter ostendam : in versibus nempe singulis tres syllabas
breves. Hoc sane confitendum est; Avorum tempore, scabros asperosque
versus, magno longarum pondere onustos, plerumque exiisse : hodiernos
autem poetas longe eos teretiores tornatioresque dare ; sed Aure fortassis
magistra, non Arte : quae tamen Ars principio judicibus Auribus dedeba-
tur. Habent itaque, quod in longo sane opere frustra expectandum, in
Epigrammate vel Elegiola facile obtinendum, versus Epici exemplar ; quo
et numerus Brevium et sedes ostenduntur. Quamquam in nostris est et
Varietati locus, ut in his :
Though deep, yet clear ; though g'entle, yet not dull ;
Strung without rage, without o'er/lowing full.
Ictus in hoc posteriore, qui in secunda syllaba fieri solet, in prima fit ; et
venuste quidem ; modo raro fiat, ac Brevis sequatur. Etnescio equidem,
440 Additions and Notes.
an in Terentio quoque, cum Trimetrum aliquoties inchoet ab Hicine,
Hocine, Sicine, Libera, non in primam retrahendus sit accentus Libera, &c.
etiam in lambico ; ob ro icro'^f ovov scilicet et lo-oppvQpw ; cum Rythmus,
Ilephaestione teste, sit Metro potentior. Tale illud Plauti Rudent. II, 6, 29.
Piscibus in alto credo prtebent pabulum.
ubi Piscibus libentius efferrein, quam Piscibus.
SED ut redearn, unde digressus sum. Ut a Graecis Comicis descive-
runt Latini pro brevibus syllabis tardas infulciendo : ita vitio prorsus con-
trario peccarunt, corripiendo scilicet ejusmodi syllabas, qua in Latino ser-
mone erant longae. Hujus autem Licentise modum ac fines non cujusvis
est reperisse, cum ex interpretibus, hi qui laxissime et ultra terminos Li-
centiam hanc expandunt, monstra nonnumquam et portenta pro veris
Lectionibus tuentur ; alii contra qui nimis arctis earn finibus claudunt,
syllabasque omnes ad Epicorum poetarum normam exigunt, singulos fere
versus miseris modis, addendo, mutilando, invertendo, contra Codicum
fidem, jugulant et trucidant. Illud in universum animadvertas velim,
nullas eos syllabas, quae natura et vocalis sono longae sunt, corripuisse ;
sed eas tan turn quae per vocalem quidem breves erant, positione tamen
et consonantium concursu factae sunt longae. Ha vero voces et nu-
mero paucae sunt, monosyllabae fere vel disyllabae, vel cum praposi-
tionibus composita ; et ex ipsa sede situque commodo veniam merentur.
Cum autem in ipso hujus Editionis textu singula hac in versibus singulis
per Accentuum intervallum sponte se ostendant ; non opus est, ut singil-
latim hie enumereutur. Illud tantum monebo, quod ante me opinor
nemo ; In primo fere versuum pede, et parcius alias, Licentiam hanc ex-
ercuisse Nostrum : idque rectissimo judicio ; cum Actor, in fine prioris
versus anima recepta, plenum rapidumque spiritum posset effundere.
Sed id grdtum fuisse Sed hoc m'M molestum est.
Sine invidia laudem. Bonum ingcnium narras.
Sine omni periclo. Sed hie Pdmphilus quid.
Propter huspitai. Is hinc bellum fugiens.
Hie est ille non te. Nempe Phbrmionem.
Studet par referre. In hanc nostrum plateam.
Ob hanc inimicitias. Supellectile opus est.
Ob decem mnas mquit. Sed ecca ipsa egreditur.
Inde sumani uxori. Ego excludor ille.
Soror dicta est cupio. Ntgat quis ! nego ; ait, aio.
Simul consuium cum re, Enimvero, Dave, nil loci est.
Color virus, corpus. Habent despicatu.
Nique Antipho alia. Dolet dictum imprudenti.
Adest bptime ipse. Quid ignave peniculo.
Solent csse id non Jit. Sed estne ille noster.
Quid Attic hie negotist. Tamen vix humane.
Student Jacere. Tacet cur non ludo.
Sfd ostium cbncrepuit. Jubetjrdter ? ubi is est.
Ncmini plura acerba. Omnia bmnes ubi resciscunt.
Hoc, ut vides, Terentii judicium erat; ut in primo fere pede versus, ubi
A dditions and Notes. 44 1
paratior venia est, Licentia Ula uteretur : idcirco excusatior, quod non
ipse earn primus intulerit ; sed a Plauto, Caecilio, ceterisque turn in scasna
regnantibus acceptam retinuerit. Licentia certe erat; et indigna forte,
cui Romuli nepotes indulgerent. Nam qui hodie non Comicos veteres
excusatum, sed defensum eunt : qui fontem rei causamque et originem
deprendisse se gloriantur ; popularem scilicet tune temporis pronuntiandi
morem : ut necesse fuerit Comicis, qua verba communi civium sermone
spretis Consonantibus rapide efferebantur, ea verba in suis Fabulis, quae
audiebantur scilicet, non legebantur, compere : nas illi operoso conatu
nihii dicunt, pollicentes magna nihil extricarit. Quid enim ? si usus turn
civium communis,
Quern penes arbitrium est etjus et norma loquendi,
syllabas de quibus agitur raptim pronuntiabat : jam non Comicorum vel
licentia vel crimen est, qui mori obtemperantes eascorripiebant; sed Epi-
corum, qui usu improbante producebant. Mutantur tantum Rei ; Crimen
ipsum non eluitur : aut hi aut illi sunt culpae damnandi. Quibus autem
culpa haereat, scitu facillimum est. Priorem in Ille et Esse constanter
producebant Epici ; Noster interdum corripit, sa?pius producit : quod si
recte et ex usu corripit; tanto saepius, dum saepius producit, peccat. Prop-
ter apud Epicos semper priore longa est : Noster semel corripit, And. II,
6,8.
Propter h'ospita'i hujusce consuetudinem.
Si hoc ex consuetudine vulgi; cur intradecimum versum, et ubique alias,
producit ?
Nil prbpter hanc : sed est quod suscenset tibi.
Eadem reliquorum ratio est : quibus venia quidem, praesertim hodie, lin-
gua jamdudum emort.ua, facile conceditur : nisi culpam quis defendendo
fecerit majorem.
CETERUM Abi, domi, redi, dari, roga,jube, face, vide, et siqua id genus
alia qua3 ultimam brevem habent, vix est ut Licenter dicas, sed Legitime
corripi ; cum veteres Epici idem jus usurpaverint.
SiMiLiTERde Crasi censeas; qua duas vocales, quarum una brevis, in
unam contrahuntur : ut Diu, Deum, deorum, meum, tuum, suum, meorum&c.
fuity fuisse : hasc et siqua hujusmodi, jure quoties vellent contrahebant
Comici ; quia idem Epicis jus erat. Durius quidem Nostratibus sonant
Hujus, cujus, ejus, novo, levi in unam syllabam contracta : verum id eo
evenit, quod nos hodie male pronuntiemus. Notum enim est eruditis,
consonantes I et U apud Latinos eodem fuisse sono et potestate, quo
hodie Y et W. Pronuncies igitur Cuyus, nowo, lewi, et mollior fiet Crasis.
Ita noster Twa, swa, grandyuscula, stellyonino ; plane ut Virgilius Stellyo,
abyete &c. Eadem ratione, cum lam efferrent, ut nos hodie Yam ; in duas
syllabas pro lubitu dissolvebant, Nunc 'iam. Ceterum in hac Editione ubi
'iam disyllabon est, notatur dia?resis ; et Cuius, huius, eius, ubi monosyl-
laba sunt, super I habent accentum ; ubi disyllaba, super U et , Cu-
ju*, /mjus, tjus.
En, reii, speii, priore per Ectasin producta, non indigent venia, cum
442 Additions and Notes.
Lucretius aliique olim Epici idem fecerint. In hac Editione, cum pro-
ducuntur, duplice I scribuntur.
NEQUE illud inter Licentias numeres, cum comici S finale in syllaba
brevi, sequente tamen consonante, nonnumquam abjiciunt, ut Tristi',fu-
melicu' : siquidem idem facit passim Lucretius. Ceterum quod nos qui-
dam decent, et in syllaba longa hoc solere fieri, et sequente vocali, et totam
etiam syllabam cum S saepe resecari, falluntur et fallunt. In Consimilist,
a priore nihil, sed ab Est, vocalis resecatur ; ut in Palamst, Necessumst,
Multimodis apud Nostrum non divisum effertur Multi modis ; sed vox
una est ut Omnimodis : et Lucretius utraque utitur.
QUIN et ubi Synalcephse viscessat, et vel vocalis quaepiam vel M finales
non eliduntur, altera vocali eas excipiente ; ne hoc quidem in Licentiis
ponas : qualia ista et plura apud Nostrum. Omnes qui amant, Me et atate,
Ne ubi acceperim, Quae erat mortua, Una ire cum arnica, Dum id efficias, Qui-
cum uno rem habebam. Quippe et Epici, Lucretius, Virgilius, Horatius eo-
dem modo in Hexametris : Sed dum abest quod avemus. Credimus an qui
amant, Si me amas inquit, Cocto num adest honor idem. In his autem aliisque
similibus Tria stint observanda ; Numquam hoc fieri nisi in verbo Mono-
syllabo ; quod verbum si in vocalem exit, oportet Syllabam esse Longam ;
Ictum denique habere in prima syllaba Anapaesti. Harum vero condi-
tionum ignorantia quot nuper peperit errores ? dum et in polysyllabis
verbis, et in syllabis brevibus, et in aliena sede, posse fieri hoc existima-
bant.
ATQUE hactenus de Licentia Terentiana, deque ejus limitibus, modicis
sane illis neque incommodis : qualem hodie in Poe'tis nostratibus patriaque
lingua patienter ferimus. Quin et ausim polliceri sponsorque fore, quern-
vis adolescentem, vulgaris modo Prosodiae et Syllabarum quantitatis cal-
lentem, lecta una alteraque Editionis hujus Scaena, suo Marte ac sine
Magistro totum hoc quod quaeritur percepturum. Quo magis mirum,
quosdam cetera doctissimos, sed in his rebus paulo e^/jjW/aOgr^ouf , tarn
immodica verborum pompa se et operam suam efferre : quasi tantae molis
esset Romanarn mine Licentiam, quantae olim erat Gentem condidisse.
Neque tamen, si ipsi audiendi sunt, immerito gloriantur : cum ex eorum
sententia nihil non veteribus Comicis et licuerit et libuerit : ut tarn vagae
Licentiae limites ullos posuisse, perinde sit ac Sarmatas et Gelonos intra
campos suos coercuisse. Nimirum hi non ipsos Poetas, non artem et
rythmi genium, sed Libraries sibi duces sumunt; et tot fere Licentiarum
species sibi fingunt, quot in toto Plauto Terentioque vitiosae Lectiones
nunc restant ; unique loco, qui emendandus erat, ex altero aeque mendoso
patrocinium quaerunt. Quid mirum igitur ; si quo major iis tarn falsae
Metricae notitia accrevit, eo in dies, ut queruntur, magis decreverit emen-
dationum suarum numerus ? Illud, si dubitas, exemplo sit ; ubi Plauti
auctoritate pedes Creticos in Trimetris adsciscunt. Locus elegantissimus
est, Trinummo I, 2 in Urbanos quos vocat Scurras,
Qui omnia se simulant scire, nee quicqudm sciunt :
Quod quisque in animo habet aut habiturust, sciunt :
Sciunt, quod in aurem rex regina dixerit :
Sciunt, quod Juno fabulatast cum Jove :
Qua neque fu | tura neque | facta sunt | tamen illi sciunt.
Additions and Notes. 443
Duos illic Creticos agnoscunt et accipiunt, Dactylorum scilicet Vicarios :
neque hoc content!, innumera hujusmodi portenta Plauto suo assignant,
pauca etiam Terentio. Nos pauca ilia jam ejuravimus ; de Innumeris
olim fortasse curabitur. Interea, quid hie Plauti locus sibi postulet, vi-
deamus ;
Qua; neque /wtura nee facta sunt, tamen Hit sciunt.
Hie duae Longae corripiuntur ; duo Cretici veniunt, quo ne Dactylis qui-
dem, si aurem habemus, venire fas est. Hosne numeros ut laudavcrint
Pisonum proavi ? quis Comcedus Actor, ne ipse quidem Pellio, vel pretio
voluerit emere; vel blaterare haec adtibiam in Serena ausus fuerit? non
suas potius sibi res Poetam talem habere jusserit ? Si Licentiarii nostri
de Emendatione desperarunt ; humanius tamen erat, de mendo potius
confiteri, quam Poetam ipsum proscribere. Vide tamen, quam facilis
ea ne quaerentibus quidem se offerat. Tolle illud Facta; et Trimetrum,
quales hie ceteri sunt, rotundissimum habes ;
Qua neque futura, neque sunt, tamen illi sciunt.
Quin et hoc senstis ipse, non metrum solum, efflagitat : nam Quafutura,
et Quee sunt, in eodem genere sunt opposita: non Futura et Facta. Si
illud Facta sunt a Poeta esset ; dixisset utique, Quae neque Jlent neque
facta sunt ; atque insuper de duobus peccatis unum lucratus esset.
RESTAT jam, ut de Arte Terentiana, quae tantopere olim celebrata est,
pauca delibemus. Horatius Epist. II, 1.
Ambigitur quotiens uter utro sit prior, aufert
Pacuvius doctifamam senis, Accius alti :
Dicitur Af'rani toga convenisse Menandro :
Plautus ad exemplum Siculi properare Epicharmi :
Vincere Cacilius gravitate, TERENTIUS ARTE.
Ubi dubium est, artemne Metricam velit, an Comicam : Utramque opi-
nor : nam in utraque laude Noster, tarn versuum concinnitatis, quam lu-
cidae rerum dispositionis, primas tenebat.
ILLUD sane in Lingua Latina notabile, ne unum quidem verbum prae-
ter Monosyllaba Tonum in ultima habuisse. Dlum igitur, Virum, Meum,
Tuum priore licet brevi pronuntiabant, numquam nisi in Versu Deum,
Virum, Meum, Tuum. Quintilianus Instit. I, 5. Est autem in omni voce
utique acuta syllaba, nee ultima umquam : ideoque in disyllabis prior. Pris-
cian. p. 1287. Acutus accent us apud Latinos duo loca habet, penult imum et
antepenult imum : apud Graces autem et ultimum. Et paulo post ; Apud
Latinos in ultima syllaba, nisi discretionis causa, poni non solet accentus.
Donatus p. 1740. Tonus acutus, cum in Gratis dictionibus tria loca teneat r
ultimum, penultimum et antepenult imum ; tenet apud Latinos penultimum et
antepenult imum ; ultimum numquam. Maximus Victorinus p. 1942 ; Acu-
tus, cum apud Gracos tria loca teneat, apud nos duobus tantum poni potest ;
aut in penultima ut Praelegistis, aut ea qua: a fine est tertia ut Praelegimus.
Olympiodorus in Aristotelis Meteora, p. 27. Tors psv T ajxoi gxXijfiijcray,
vuv S v E\X^ves. rwro 8s ro ovopa, ol f^sv PwaaToi Tfapojy vova-i, Tpouxoi
Afyovrej. ij tie xotv^ ^aXsxroj ofcvvsi. KafloAou tie ol Piapofioi itoiv ovopa,
7fa,po%vYOv<ri hoi rov Kopitw. oQsv Yrtspyvopswrss IxXij^erav vrtv
Hoc est, Qui olim TpaiHQi dicti, nitnc appellantur *
444 Additions and Notes.
Illius autem verbi penultimam Romani acuunt, dicenfes FpcuKQi ; sed com-
rnunis sermo acuit ultimam TpouKoi. Et universim Romani in quacumquc
voce penult imam vel antepenult imam acuunt, propter Fastumet Grandiloqnen-
tiam : unde a Poetis dicuntur YvspyyopsovTES, feroces et superbi. Ceterum
quod hie fastui tribuit, id dialecto ./Eolica?, unde Lingua Latina partem
maximam profluxit, rectius imputatur. ./Eolenses enim, ut notum est,
'B&pvTQyoi erant ; et so$, Avyp pronuntiabant, cum alii 0oV, Avijp.
JAM vero id Latinis Comicis, qui Fabulas suas populo placere cupe-
rent, magnopere cavendum erat ; ne contra Linguae genium Ictus sen Ac-
centus in quoque versu syllabas verborum ultimas occuparent. Id in
omni metro, quoad licuit, observabatur ; ut in his,
'Anna virumque cdno, Trbja qui primus ab or is
Italiamfato profugus Lavlnuque v'tnit
Litora ; multum Ule et terrisjactdtus et alto
Vi superum, saevcz mcmorem Junbnis ob iram.
Qui perite et modulate hos versus leget, sic eos, ut hie accentibus notan-
tur, pronuntiabit ; non, ut pueri in Scholis, ad singulorum pedum initia,
' Italiamfato profugus Lavinaque vcnit,
sed ad rythmum totius versus, ubinulla vox, utvides, accentum in ultima
habet, praeter unicam illam Virum : idque recte ob sequens Encliticon
Que : quod hie, semel dictum, in Terentio passim fieri animadvertes. Idem
efficiunt ME, TE, SE : Miserdm me, quod verbum audio ? quippe haec Lati-
nis, ut etiam Rent, Enclitica sunt, ut Grascis ME, 2E. Eadem est et in-
terrogationis vis ; sive cum Ne Enclitico, sive absque Ne. In hac igitur
concinnitatis laude palmam omnibus praripuit Terentius; eamque ut
consequi possit, ut et vetitos Ictus eftugeret, et vocabula tamen significan-
tiora semper sub Ictu poneret; non minore studio judicicque verba dispo-
suit, et a prosae orationis ordine decenter invertit, quam mirificus in hac
materie artifex ipse Virgilius.
PRISCIANUS De versibus comicis narrat, Fuisse quosdam qui abnega-
rent ulla esse in Terentii Comcediis metro, ; vel ea, quasi arcana queedam et ab
omnibus doctis aemota, sibi solis esse cognita confirmarent. Ibidem ait, Omnes
quidem Cornices, crebris Synalaphis et Episynalcephis et Collisionibus et Ab-
je.ctionibus S littr<z,fuisse usos scandendo versus suos ; TERENTIUM AUTEM
PLUS OMNIBUS. Verum profecto hoc est; et causa unica, cur Magistelli
isti vel negarent metra esse apud Nostrum, vel ut arcana quaedam vendi-
tarent. Quod vero hie queritur et criminatur magnus Grammaticus, non
vitium est, sed virtus Terentii prima : qui Synalcephas illas data opera
consectatus est ; quo syllabae ultima; liquescerent coalescerentque cum
sequentibus ; eoque vetiti ac vitiosi in ultimis Ictus artificiose effugeren-
tur. Hae vero Synalcephae, quae tenebras olim Magistris offuderunt, jam
in hac Editione, Percussionum intervallis distincta, ne pueris quidem ne-
gotium facessent.
TOTUM autem hoc, quod de Ictu in ultimis syllabis cautum fuisse
diximus, de secunda tantum Trimetri hieoSia, capiendum ; nam in prima
et tertia semper licuit; siquidem ista sine venia conclamatum actumque
erat de Comredia Tragrediaque Latina. Cum igitur hunc versum similes-
fjup apud Nostrum videris,
Additions and Notes. 445
Malum quod isti di deteque omnis duint :
cave vitio id poetae verteris ; etsi Malum illud et Omnis si in communi
quis sermone sic acuisset, deridiculo fuisset. Nimirum aures vel invitae
patienter id ferebant, sine quo ne una quidem in Fabula Scaena poterat
edolari. Quin et Grsecos ipsos eadem tenuit necessitas, eadem passa est
indulgentia. Cum Aristophanes dixit,
Cum Euripides,
HxcJ vsKpwv KzvQpwva, Kat erxorou
idem admiserunt in AoyAo'v et HKW, quod Noster in Malum et Omnes:
ipsi enim alibi priorem acuunt, AouAov et*Hxw.
IN secunda igitur Trimetri Siieotiia, hoc de quo agimus non licebat.
Gellius xvin, 15. In Senariis versibus animadverterunt Metrici duos pri-
mos pedes, item extremes duos, habere posse singulos integras partes orationis,
medios hand umquarn posse : sed constare eos semper ex verbis aut divisis out
mixtis atque confusis. Quotus quisque hoc vel intelligat? nedum ut Sena-
rios per singulos pedes scandendo tempus in hac observatione conterat ?
At in hac Editione vel aliud agentibus in oculos incurrit ; simulque ratio,
quam Metrici isti tacent, plane apparet. Hoc illi voluerunt ; in his et si-
milibus Senariis,
Venit Chremes postridie ad me clamitans.
Mansuetique animi officia, quid multis moror.
duos primes duosque postremos pedes singulis verbis claudi, et recte : at
pedem tertium quartumve non posse recte. Cur hoc r quia turn necesse
est, ut Ictus in ultimas syllabas cadant; quod, ut dixi, in prima ultima-
que fttfoft'a solet fieri ; in media nee solet et vix umquam licet. Raris-
sime igitur, semel atque iterum, sed magno sententiae lucro, admisit hoc
in Trimetris Terentius :
Persuasit nor, amor, vinum, adolescentia.
Scelesta ovem lupo commisi. dispudet.
Nam illud, Nosse omnia hac salus est adolescentibus.
in hac Editione Saluti est. Notandum quoque in Amor et Lupo priorem
brevem esse et ex Musicae rationibus ita oportere ; ut apud Horatium,
Jam jam efficaci do mantis scientite.
Ad pervicacis heu pedes Achille'i.
Et similiter in verbo trisyllabo duos Ictus recipiente, si id hitoSiav tro-
chaicam inchoat, media erit ex arte brevis,
Nisi poljilium multimodis expeto, ut rededt domum.
Ita recte hie editum, non Expecto ; ut et alia plurima, quae ante no3 vi-
tiosa ferebantur, in omni versuum genere hie corriguntur.
446 Additions and Notes.
EPIGRAMMA VETUS,
OMNIA METRA
HORATIANA
CONTINENS.
1. Filia Soils
2. JEstuat igne novo,
S. Et per prat a juvencum
4. Mentem perdita quaritat :
5. Non illam thalami pudor arcet,
6. Non regaUs honosj non magni cura mariti :
7. Optat in for mam boms
8. Convertier vultus suos t
9. Et Proetidas dicit beatas :
10. loque laudatj non quod Isis alta est,
1 1 . Sed quodjuvenca cornua in fronte elevat.
12. Siquando miser & copia suppetit ;
13. Brachiis ambit f era colla tauri,
14. Floresque vernos cornibus inligat,
15. Oraquejungere quarit ori.
16. Audaces animos efficiunt tela Cupidinis,
17. Iniicitisque gaudent.
18. Corpus includit tabulis efficiensjuvencam ;
19. Et amoris pudibundi malesuadis
20. Obsequitur votis, et procreat (heu nefas !) Bimembrem
2 1 . Cecropides juvenis quern perculit Jractum manu,
22. Filo resolvens Cnossia tristia tecta domus.
Additions and Notes. 447
EADEM METRA
HORATIANA,
ARCHILOCHI, ALCJEl & SAPPHUS
VERSIBUS EXPRESSA.
1. ndrviot Supov. Sapp.
2. 'AXW^SVYI crxuTaA>j. Arch.
3. Nvv 8' dpu)$ egoea-o-av. Ale.
4. OTvoy 5' gjjfgmoy xaSov. Ale.
5. <aivojxevov xaxov oxa' aye<r0a. Arch.
6. "Ea-wsps Travra Qspoov, o<rot <pa/voX<j e<rxs8aa-' aocoj. Sapp.
7. *JEx ju,s Aacraj aXyewv. Ale.
8. TV o"a^ Trotpfisigs <ppeva$ ; Arch.
9. Aoii^os Ss Trav a&jAov ^5>j. Ale.
10. XotipOKTot vvfj,<pot, xoupircu 8' 6 yot^Qos. Sapp.
11. TwS* a^' Aw7r>jf xeg8aA>} G-VVYJVTSTO. Arch.
12. "Avtigeg yoip TroAtoj Trupyoj otpyio$. Ale.
13. IIoiKiXfyQQV aQavotT 'A^p^iTOi. Sapp.
14. To ju,sv ya^ evSsv xu/x,a xuX/v$sra<. Ale.
15. JVa'i' ^o^ijjtAsQa cruv jotsAa/va. Ale.
16. MrjSev aAXo <f)ureucr)jj trgoregov SsvSgeov a/X7reXco. Ale.
17. OtJx eroj co yuvaTxej. Aristoph.
18. ASVTS vvv ciGpoii XOIQITSS xaXA/xojU,o TS Mo7<ra*. Sapp.
19. -Efte Ss/Xav, s'jW, Tracrav xaxorarcov [ < 7rlp^o(7av.] Ale.
20. To7o yap ^*XOT>JTOJ gpwj UTTO xa^8/>jv sAixrfls/j. Arch.
21. '^4AX jx' 6 \v<ri[j,sh.Y)$, co 'rouge, Sa/xvara/ TTO^O^. Arch.
22. /I Va7ps Sajavarai TTO^OJ aAAa ft,' 6 Ayo-^sX^.
Vide No^fls ad Horat. Bentleii,
pag. 320 et 7 10.
INDEX
OF
REMARKABLE CONSTRUCTIONS, #c.
ILLUSTRATED IN THE GRAMMAR.
A.
A Vesta, se. eede, i. 366
Abdicare magistratum, se magistrate,
ii. 38
Abstineo with gen. i. 425
Abundans with abl. or gen. i. 372
Ac should not be used before a vowel,
but is occasionally, ii. 264
Accedere alicui, or ad aliquem, ii. 43
Ad Castoris, sc. tzdem, :. 366 : ad qua,
for ad ea, qiuz &c. ii. 101 : used ad-
verbially with various cases, i. 244
Adfatim, or adfatim with gen. i. 428
Adfertur mihi, or ad me, ii. 28
Adficio aliquem re, ii. 146
Adfinis with gen. or dat. i. 381
Adhuc locorum, for adhuc, i. 430
Adiaceo with dat. or accus. ii. 24
Adire with accus. or ad, ii. 65
Aditio with accus. i. 365
Adiuvo and adiuto with accus., alicui all-
quid, ii. 62
Adlatrare alicui, or aliquem, ii. 29
Admoneo aliquem aliquid, or de re, i.407 :
admoneor aliquid, ii. 93
Adpetto, are, with two accusatives, ii.83 :
adpellor, art, with predicate nomina-
tive, i. 338
Adpetens with genit. i. 378
Adrideo alicui, aliquem, ii. 17, 18
Adscribere aliquem civitate, in civitatem,
in civitate, ii. 38
Adsideo with dat. or accus. ii. 30
Adspergo, its construction, ii. 38
Adsuesco, adsuefacio, adsuetus, their
constr. ii. 157 : i. 379
Adtendo, its constr. ii. 31
Adulor (o) alicui, aliquem, ii. 29
JEger with genit. i. 377
jEmulor, its constr. ii. 43
VOL. IT.
JEquum with accus. and abl. ii. 60,
130
JEstimo aliquid ex re, ii. 152 : magni,
pluris, &c. i. 402
Alienus re, a re, also with gen. or dat.
i. 381 : ii. 129
Aliquo with terrarum, i. 430
Alius with abl. ii. 135
Ambiguus with gen. i. 378
Ambulo maria, ii. 72
Amplius unam noctem, sc. quam, ii. 132.
Antecedo alicui, aliquem, ii. 29
Antecello ii. 29
Anteeo ii. 30
Antejmlleo > ii. 30
Antesto ii. 30
Antevenio ii. 30
Anteverto ii. 30
Anxius with gen. i. 377
Arceo alicui, for ab aliquo, ii. 20
Ardere aliquem, to love desperately, ii.
72
Avarus with gen. i. 378
Audio with predicate nominative, i.338
Audiens with dat. or gen. i. 376
Avidus, its constr. i. 369
Ausculto alicui, aliquem, ii. 44
Autumor, with predicate nom. i. 339
B.
Bettor e bellum, ii. 71
Belli, for in bello, i. 418
Benedico alicui, aliquem, ii. 1 7
Benignus with gen. i. 378
Bidui aberant, sc. spatw, ii. 77
C.
Ccelo dat. for ad ccelum, ii. 21
Cattidus with gen. i. 378
Capax with gen. dat. or ad, i. 375
2 G
450
Index.
Careo with abl. gen. ace. ii. 141
Caveo alicui, aliquem, ab aliquo, ii. 1 7, 44
Causa with abl. i. 357
Celo aliquem, aliquem aliquid or de re,
celor, celor de re, celatur mihi, ii . 62
Censeor with predicate nom. i. 339
Cerni re or in re, ii. 148
Certare alicui, for cum aliquo, ii. 22
Certus with gen. i. 377
Circumdo, its constr. ii. 39
Clamo aliquid, ii. 74
Cognomen with dat. ii. 15
Cognoscor with predicate nom. i. 339
Coire alicui, societatem, ii. 22, 69
Collective nouns with plural verbs, i.328
Collocare pecuniam in re,fenore, ii. 153
Commiserescit and commiseretur me tut,
i. 417
Commiseror with accus. i. 414
Communis with gen. dat. i. 380
Comparare, its constr. ii. 23
Compleo with gen. for abl. i. 425
Componere rem rei, ii. 22
Compos with gen. or abl. i. 37 1
Concubitus adolescentuli, for cum ado-
lescenlulo, i. 355
Concumbere alicui, for cww aliquo, ii. 22
Concurrere alicui, for cwni aliquo, ii. 22
Conferre aliquid alicui rei, for cww re,
se alicui, ii. 22
Conficiens with gen. i. 377
Confidere with dat. or abl. ii. 29
Congredi alicui, aliquem, ii. 22
Coniungo aliquid cum re or alicui, ii. 22
Consdus with gen. or dat. i. 370
Constans with gen. i. 379
Consto with abl. gen. ii. 151
Consulo, to care for, with dat. ii. 17 :
aliquem, rem or de re, ii. 45 : aliquem
aliquid,\i. 92
Contendere, to compare, aliquid alicui
ii. 22
Credor with predicate nom. i. 339
Creo with two accus. ii. 84 : creor, with
predicate nom. i. 339
Crepo aliquid, ii. 74
Cum with infin. ii. 221 : with ace. and
infin. i. 327
Cuncti with gen. plur. i. 384
Cujndus with gen. dat. i. 369
Cupio tibi, ii. 45
Curatio rem, for rei, ii. 58
Curo with ace. dat. ii. 32
D.
Decertare alicui, for cum aliquo, ii. 22
Decet with ace. ii. 77 : with dat. ii. 1 9
Dedoceo, its constr. ii. 90
Defector patris, for a patre, i. 355
Defendo aliquid alicui, for ab aliquo,\\. 2O
Dejicere aliquem, alicui, ii. 45
Delectari re, in re, ii. 155
Deprecor aliquid ab aliquo, de aliquo, ii.87
Deprehendo with two ace. ii. 85 : dejrre-
hendor, with a predicate nom. i. 339
Designo with two ace. ii. 84 : designor
with predicate nom. i. 339
Desino with gen. i. 425
Desisto with gen. i. 425
Despero with dat. ace. or de, ii. 33
Dico, ere, with two ace. ii. 84 : with ut ,
to express a wish, ii. 213 : dicor, with
a predicate nom. i.338
Differre alicui, for ab aliquo, inter se, cum,
ii. 19
Dignor aliquem re, ii. 160
Dignus, its constr. ii. 128.
DUigens with gen. i. 376
Discendi labor est, for discere, i. 355
Discijmlus omitted with gen. i. 366
Discordare alicui, for ab aliquo, inter ae,
cum, ii. 19
Discrepare alicui, for ab aliquo, cum ali-
quo, ii. 19
Dispar with gen. dat. i. 382
Dissidere alicui, for ab aliquo, inter se,
cum aliquo, ii. 19
DissimUis with gen. dat. i. 380
Distare alicui, for ab aliquo, inter se, ii.
19
Dives, its constr. i. 372
Do : dare alicui aliquid vitio, ii. 12 : li~
teras alicui, ad aliquem, ii. 45 : dabis
corpus distrahendum, ii. 250 : dabo ef-
fectum (aliquid), inventum &c. for
efficiam, inveniam &c. ii. 249
Doceo, its constr. 2. 89 : doctus with
ace. gen. i. 370
Domus : domi, domi mees&c., domi Cce-
saris, in domo Ctzsaris &c. i. 418 : do-
mum, domos, in domum suam, ii. 80 :
domo, ii. 121 : domo, for domi, ii. 119
Donare, its constr. ii. 39
Dubius with gen. i. 378
Ducere with dat. e. g. alicui aliquid
laudi, ii. 12
E.
Edoceo, its constr. ii. 90
Efficiens with gen. i. 377
Effitgio aliquid, e manibus, de jn-celio, ii.
62
Egenus with gen. i. 373
Egeo with abl. ii. 141 : with gen. ii. 142 :
i. 425 : with ace. ii. 142
Egregius with gen. i. 378
Eligor with predicate nom. i. 339
Emo aliquid pecunia, magno, magni, ii.
248
Eo (adv.) with gen. i. 432
Eodem (adv.) with gen. i.432
Index.
451
Ergo, because of, with gen. i. 358
Erudio, its constr. ii. 90
Erumpere nubem, ii. 69
Evado with nom. i. 357 : ripam, ii. 69
Excedere urbem, modum, ii. 69
Excello, its constr. ii. 39
Existimor with predicate nom. i. 339
Expers with gen. or abl. i. 371
Exsisto with predicate nom. i. 337
Exsul with gen. i. 375
Extorris with abl. and a, i. 375
Exuo, its constr. ii. 39
F.
Facio with dat. abl. and cum, ii. 45 :
ii. 106 : with two accus. ii. 83
Fecundus with abl. and gen. i. 372
Felix with gen. i. 379
Ferax with gen. or abl. i. 372
Ferox with gen. i. 378
FertUis with gen. or abl. i. 372
Festino aliquid, ii. 75
Fidere, its constr. ii. 153
Fidens (adj.) with gen. i. 378
Fidus with gen. i. 381
Fttius, filia, omitted before gen. i. 366
Fio with predicate nom. i. 337 : quid
illofiet? what shall be done with him?
ii. 106
Flagitare aliquid aliquem, ab aliquo, ii.
87 : fiagitor aliquid, ii. 93
Floreo re, in re, ii. 147
Forem with predicate nom. i. 337
Fortunatus with gen. i. 379
Fruor with abl. ii. 158 : with accus. ii.
161 : fruendus, ii. 161
Fugax with gen. i. 376
Fungor with abl. ii. 158: with accus.
ii. 161 : fungendus, ii. 161
Furo furorem, ii. 70
G.
Gaudeo re, de re, rent, ii. 154
Gentium after adverbs of place, i. 429
Gloriari re, de re, in re, ii. 155
Gratia with gen. and mea, tua, &c., i.
357
H.
Habeo with two accus. ii. 84 : habeor,
with predicate nom. i. 339.
Habito locum, in loco, ii. 40
Hie (adv.) with gen. i. 432
Horreo, its constr. ii. 45
Hue with gen. i. 432
Huccine with gen. i. 432
Humi, for in humo, and in humum, i.419
I.
lactare &e re, in re, aliquid, ii. 155
Ibi loci, for ibi, i. 430
Ibidem loci, for ibidem, i. 430
Idem with dat. ii. 6
Illudo alicui, aliquem, in aliquem, ii.31
Imitor with accus. ii. 62
Impatiens with gen. i. 376
Impavidus with gen. i. 378
Impertia (or), its constr. ii. 40
Implere aliquid re, alicuius rei, ii 1 43
Impono, its constr. ii. 46
Imprudens, Improvidus, with gen. i.370
Inanis with gen. or abl. i. 374
Incertus with gen. i. 377
Incesso alicui, aliquem, in aliquem, ii. 31
Incldo, to cut in, its constr. ii. 40
Incido portis, ii. 26
Incumbo, its constr. ii. 46
Indigeo with gen. i. 425 : with abl. or
accus. ii. 141
Indignus, its constr. ii. 1 28
Indigus, its constr. i. 374
Indoctus with gen. i. 370
Induo, its constr. ii. 41
Infelix with gen. i. 379
Ingens with gen. i. 379
Innoxius with gen. i. 379
Inops with gen. or abl. i. 373
Insilio with dat. accus. or in, ii. 32
Insolens with gen. i. 379
Insons with gen. i. 379
Inspergo, its constr. ii.41
Instar with gen. i. 356
Insulto alicui, aliquem, in aliquem, ii.32
Insum alicui, in aliquo, ii. 139
Integer with gen. i. 378
Intelligens with gen. i. 376
Intercludo, its constr. ii. 42
Interdico, its constr. ii. 41
Interea loci, i. 431
Interritus with gen. i. 378
Interrogo aliquem aliquid, de re, inteiro-
gatus aliquid, ii. 92
Intersumnegotiis, prcelio, &c. ii. 46 : in-
terest, it concerns, i. 419
Inventor with predicate nom. i. 339
Invideo alicui, aliquid, alicuius rei, ii. 1 7
Irascor with dat. or accus. ii. 1 7
Irritus with gen. i. 379
lubeo with ace. and inf., with ut, or sub-
junctive without ut, ii. 206
ludico aliquid re, ex re, with a, ii. 1 52
lungo aliquid rei, cum re, ii. 22
luro iusiurandum, lovem for per lovem,
ii. 72
luvo aliquem, alicui, alicui aliquid, ii.62
Laboro re, ex re, a re, ii. 148
Lcetor re, de re, in re, aliquid, alicui its
rei, ii. 154
Leclus with gen. i. 379
2 G 2
452
Index.
2,argus with gen. or abl. i. 37S
Lateo with dat. or accus. ii. 9
Latior pedibus, for guam pedibus, ii. 132
Legor with predicate nora. i. 339
Liber with abl. or gen. with a, i. 373
Liberalis with gen. i. 378
Licet esse with dat. or abl. ii. 54
Loci or locorum after adverbs of place,
i. 429.
Locuples with gen. or abl. i. 373
Longe gent ium, i.431
Longius mille passuum, ii. 1 32
Loqui alicui, for cum aliquo, ii. 22
Luctari alicui, ii. 22
Ludere lusum, ii. 71 : aleam or alea, ii.
73.
M.
Macte with abl. or gen. ii. 128
Magis annos quadraginta, ii. 132
Maior annorum, ii. 132
Maledico alicui, aliquem, ii. 17
Maneo with predicate nora. i. 337 : with
dat. or accus. ii. 47
Manifestus with gen. i. 379
Maturus with gen. i. 379
Medeor with dat. or accus. ii. 18
Medicor with dat. or accus. ii. 33
Memini, its constr. i. 406
Mereo (or), its constr. ii. 47
Metior aliquid re, ex re, ii. 1 52
Metuo alicui, aliquem, ii. 48
Mihi redundant, ii. 53
Militia to the question where ? i. 418
Mille with gen. i. 393
Minime gentium, i. 431
Minor, minus, without quam, also with
gen. and abl. i. 367 : ii. 132
Misereo, misereor,miseresco, &c.with gen.
i.413
Miseror with accus. or gen. i.413
Moderor with dat. or accus. ii. 33
Modicus with gen. i. 379
Moneo aliquem aliquid, de re, alicuius rei,
moneor aliquid, i. 407
Movere, for se movere, ii. 1 67 : moveri,
e. g. movetur Cyclopa, ii. 75
Multa accus. plur. i. e. valde, ii. 94
N.
Nascor with predicate nom. i. 341
Navigo terram, cequor, ii. 72
Nescio an, for nescio an non, ii. 331
Neuter, for nullus, of two, i. 387
Neuter adjectives and pronouns with
gen. i. 388
Nihil with gen. i. 357 : with adj. i. 357
Nitor, its constr. ii. 153
Nomen, e. g. est mihi nomen Petrus, Pe-
tri, Petro, ii. 15
Nomino with two accus. ii. 83
Nominor with predicate nom. i. 338
Non modo, for non modo non, when fol-
lowed by sed ne quidem, ii. 330
Noxius with gen. i. 379
Nubo alicui, nuptam esse cum aliquo, ii.
42
Nudus with gen. or abl. i. 374
Numeror with predicate nora. i. 339
Nuncupo with two accus. ii. 83
Nuncupor with predicate nora. i. 338
Nusquam gentium, for nusquam, i. 430
O.
Of interjection, with gen. i. 436 : with
accus. ii. 98
Oblectari re, in re, ii. 155
Obsaturari alicuius, i. 425
Observans, with gen. i. 376
Occumbere morti, mortem, morte, ii. 32
Olere aliquid, to smell of any thing, ii.74
Omnes with gen. plur. i. 384
Onustus with abl. or gen. i. 372
Opus, its constr. i. 342, &c.
Oro aliquid aliquem,ab aliquo,cum aliquo,
for aliquem, ii. 87
P.
Par with dat. or abl. with or without
cum, ii. 3 : with gen. i. 380
Parcere with dat. or accus. ii. 16
Parcus with gen. i. 378
Partim Ulorum, i. 427
Pasci sylvas, ii. 72
Patiens with gen. i. 376
Pavidus with gen. i. 378
Pauper with gen. or abl. i. 373
Percontari aliquid aliquem, ex aliquo, ali-
quem de re, ii. 92
Perhibeo with two accus. ii. 83 : perhi-
beor with predicate nom. i. 338
Peritus, its constr. i. 369
Permaneo with predicate nom. i. 337
Persequens with gen. i. 377
Persuadeo with dat. or accus. ii. 17
Pervicax with gen. i. 376
Peto aliquid ab aliquo, ii. 48 : mihi ali-
quid, aliquem gladio, locum, urbem, ii.
88
Piget me rei, quod piget, i. 414
Plenus with gen. or abl. i. 372
Plus with gen. i. 388
Paenitet me rei, conditio me pcenitet, i.414
Pondero aliquid re, ex re, ii. 152
Posco aliquid aliquem, ab aliquo, humus
poscebatur segetes, ii. 86, &c.
Postea loci, i. 431
Postridie with gen. ace. or quam, i. 434
Postulo aliquem aliquid, ab aliquo, ii. 87
Potior with gen. or abl. ii. 159
Frtebeo se for tern, ii. 49
Index.
453
Prtecedo with dat. or accus. ii. 34
PrcBcetto with dat. or accus. ii. 37
Prtecipitare (se~), ii. 167
Prtecipuus with gen. i. 379
Preeclarus with gen. i. 378
Prcecurro with dat. or accus. ii. 34
Preseo with dat. or accus. ii. 34
Prtzstans with gen. i. 378
Prcestare alicui, aliquem, ii. 35 : prcestare
rem, to make good a thing : praestare
se virum, fortem, &c. : preestat, it is
better, ii. 48, 49
Prcestolor alicui, aliquem, ii. 38
Preevenio with accus. ii. 37
Prceverto with ace. or dat. ii. 36
Precari aliquem, ab aliquo, aliquid ab all-
quo, ii. 88
Pridie with gen, ace. or quam, i. 434
Privo aliquem re, rei, rem, ii. 145
Prodigus with gen. i. 378
Proficiscor iter, ii. 72
Profusus with gen. i. 378
Prohibeo, itsconstr. ii. 147
Proprius with gen. or dat. i. 381
Prospicio, to provide for, with dat. or
ace. ii. 49 : aliquid, ii. 49
Prudens with gen. i. 370
Pudet with gen. &c. i. 414
Pugnare alicui, for cum aliquo, ii. 22 :
pugnam, &c. ii. 71
Purgare aliquem re, rei, rem, ii<143:
i. 426: se alicui, ii. 21
Putor with predicate nom. i. 339
Q.
Qiusro, its constr. ii. 49
Quantum with gen. i. 388
Queror with ace. ii. 71
Qui pauci, &c. and quorum pauci, &c.
their difference, i. 325
Quid ? with gen. i. 388
Quidquid ? with gen. i. 389
Quis, of two, for uter, i. 387
Quo terrarum, for in quas terras, i. 429
Quoad with gen. i. 433
Quod (pronoun) with gen. i. 388
Quoquo terrarum, &c. i. 429
Quot homines,quot hominum, differ, i.387
Quovis gentium, &c. i. 429
R.
Receptio virum, for viri, ii. 58
Recipio, its constr. ii. 50
Reddo with two accus. ii. 83 : reddor
with predicate nom. i. 337
Reditio domum, ii. 58
Redolere aliquid, ii. 74
Referre, its constr. ii. 50 : refert, its
constr. i. 419
Rcfertu* with abl. or gen. i. 372
Regnare with gen. i. 426
Renuntio alicui, alicui rei, alicui aliquid,
ii. 81 : with two ace. ii. 81 : renun-
tior with predicate nom. i. 330
Reperior with predicate nom. i. 330
Reposco aliquid aliquem, ab aliquo, ii. 88
Respondeo, its constr. ii. 51
Reus with gen. i. 380
Rudis, its constr. i. 370
S.
Saluto with two accus. ii. 84 : with pre-
dicate nom. i. 338
Sapere aliquid, to taste of, ii. 74
Satiatus with gen. i. 425
Satur with gen. or abl. i. 373
Saturare with gen. i. 425
Scateo with abl. gen. or ace. ii. 141
Scitari aliquem, ex aliquo, ii. 92
Scribo alicui, ad aliquem, ii. 43
Securus with gen. i. 377
Sequor with accus. ii. 62
Servire servitutem, ii. 70
Servus understood, i. 366
Similis with gen. or dat. i. 380
Sis, for si vis, i. 257
Sitiens with gen. i. 376
Socors with gen. i. 378
Solers with gen. i. 378
Solvo, its constr. ii. 51, 143
Somniare somnium, ii. 70 : aliquid or ali-
quem, ii. 73
Spero spem, ii. 71
Sterttis, its constr. i. 374
Sto, its constr. ii. 15O, 156
Studeo with dat. or ace. ii. 36
Studiasus with gen. or dat. i. 369
Succenseo alicui, id, ii. 16
Sum with predicate nom. i. 337 : its
constr. i. 394; ii. 10, 14, 54, 151
Super sedeo re, ii. 139
Superstes with gen. i. 381
T.
Tasdet me rei, i. 414
Tantum with gen. i. 388
Temperare with dat. and ace. ii. 37
Tenax with gen. i. 375
Teneor with abl. or gen. ii. 145
Terra, for in terram, i. 419
Timeo alicui, aliquid, ii 51
Timidus with gen. i. 378
Tot homines, tot hominum, differ, i. 326
Traducere, traiicere with two ace. ii. 63
Trejndus with gen. i. 378
Tribuo alicui aliquid superbice t ii. 12
Turn temporis, i. 431
U.
Ubi terror a,m, &c., i. 429
454
Index.
Ubicunqut terrarum, &c.
Ubinam
Ubiubi -
i. 429
ib.
ib.
Uspiam - i. 430
Usquam ib.
Usurpor with predicate nom. i. 338
Usus (subst), its constr. i. 346
Uter, for quis, of two, i. 386
Utor with abl. ace. ii. 157
Uxor understood, i. 366
y.
Vadvus with gen. i. 374
Vaco with dat. a re, re, ii. 51
Vacat mihi, ii. 141
VacuuSy its constr. i. 373
Valeo, its constr. ii. 52
Vanus with gen. i. 374
Veils, forapud Veios, ii. 119
Vendo aliquid with gen. or abl. ii. 150
Veneo with gen. or abl. ii. 150
Verto alicui aliquid vitio, ii. 11 : verti re,
in re, ii. 148
Vescor, its constr. ii. 159
Veto aliquem (not alicui) aliquid facere
Viciniee, in the neighbourhood, i. 419
Videor with predicate nom. i. 339
Viduus with abl. gen. or a, i. 374
Vivere vitam, &c., ii. 70 : de lucro, re, in
re, de re, ex re, ii. 156
Vocitor with predicate nom. i. 338
Voco with two ace. ii. 83 : with predi-
cate nom. i. 338
Volo me excusatum, volojhctum, &c., ii.
249
Vulnus Ulyssis, i. e. ab Ulysse acceptum,
i. 355 '
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