V
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
SIR JOHN MACDONALD
r
CORRESPONDENCE OF
SIR JOHN^A'CDONALD
Selections from the (Correspondence of the
Right Honourable Sir John Alex-
ander <3ttacdonald, g. Q. 2.
First Prime tJxCinister of the Dominion of (Canada
MADE BY HIS LITERARY EXECUTOR
SIR JOSEPH POPE
GARDEN CITY, N. Y., AND TORONTO
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1921
F
5081
lot
COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION
INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN
PRINTED AT GARDEN CITY, N. Y., U. S. A.
CONTENTS
PART I
1840-1867
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
John A. Macdonald
S. B. Harrison
28 Nov. 1840. .
I
do.
A Committee of his con-
stituents
10 Dec. 1847..
. . 2-4
do.
W. H. Draper
23 Jan. 1856..
5
do.
J. H. Hagarty
28 Feb. 1856..
,. 5-6
A. T. Gait
John A. Macdonald
14 Dec. 1859...
.. 7-8
G. E. Carder
do.
ii Sept. 1860...
. 8-9
A. T. Gait
do.
3 Oct. 1862..,
. 9-10
D. L. Macpherson
do.
23 June, 1864...
12
do
do.
4 July, 1864...
.12-13
John A. Macdonald
Charles Tupper
i 4 Nov, 1864,..
.13-15
do.
George Jackson
3oNqv..i864...
.IC-I6
George Brown
John A. Macdonald
undated
16
Charles Tupper
do.
13 Decj^j&fo. , .
. 17-8
John A. Macdonald
Thomas Swinyard
i9De"c. 1864...
.18-20
do.
Edward Blake
23 Dec. 1864...
20
Edward Blake
John A. Macdonald
28 Dec. 1864...
20
John A. Macdonald
John Beattie
3 Feb. 1865...
21
E. W. Watkin
John A. Macdonald
iSFeb. 1865...
. 22-3
John A. Macdonald
J. H. Gray
24 Mar. 1865...
Charles Tupper
John A. Macdonald
9 Apr. 1865...
.' 24-6
A. Campbell
do.
iSMay. 1865...
. 26-7
J. P. Lightfoot, D.D.
do.
9 June, 1865. . .
. 27
A. T. Gait
do.
17 June, 1865. . .
. 28
Lt. Gov. R. G. Mac-
Donnell
do.
20 Sept. 1865...
28
The Viscount Monck
do.
26 Oct. 1865...
.29-30
do.
do.
20 Dec. 1865...
30-1
John A. Macdonald
S. I. Lynn
10 Apr. 1866...
do.
Peter Mitchell
10 Apr. 1866...
3 2 ~3
do.
Adam Crooks
14 July, 1866...
33
do.
Lt. General Sir John
Michel
28 Aug. 1866...
34-5
y
V
VI
CONTENTS
FROM
John A. Macdonald
TO
R. J. Cartwright
DATE
1 7 Sept. 1866.,
PAGE
... 35-6
do.
Colonel Macdougall
1 7 Sept. 1866.
.-.. 36
do.
E. McCollum
6 Oct. 1866..
, . . 37-8
do.
George Stevensdn
ii Oct. 1866.
... 38
do.
The Viscount Monck
13 Oct. 1866.
... 38-9
do.
M. Le Comte de la
Fouchere
27 Oct. 1866.
. .. 40
Sir Charles Adderley
John A. Macdonald
i8jan. 1867.
41
Sir Frederic Rogers
do.
6 Feb. 1867.
... 41-2
Professor Thorold
Rogers
do.
7 Mar. 1867.
42
T. D'Arcy McGee
do.
9 Apr. 1867.,
42-3
Judge Gowan
do.
ii May, 1867. .
43-4
A. Shea
do.
14 May, 1867..
44-5
The Viscount Monck
do.
24 May, 1867. .
. . 45-6
John A. Macdonald
Alex Morris
i July, 1867..
". 46-7
The Viscount Monck
Sir John Macdonald
6 July, 1867..
47
A. Campbell
do.
10 July, 1867. .
.. 48
The Viscount Monck
do.
13 July, 1867..
... 48
Narcisse Belleau
do.
24 Sept. 1867..
49
\ Sir John Macdonald
A. Shea
7 Oct. 1867..
50
do.
John Rose
8 Oct. 1867..
.. 50-2
do.
A. G. Archibald
14 Oct. 1867..
5 2 ~5
L. H. Holton
Sir John Macdonald
15 Oct. 1867..
55
Sir John Macdonald
P. J. O. Chauveau
22 Oct. 1867..
.. 56-7
R. J. Cartwright
Sir John Macdonald
25 Oct. 1867..
.. 55-6
The Archbishop of Hal-
ifax
do.
26 Oct. 1867..
57-9
E. H. King
do.
6 Nov. 1867..
59
Sir John Macdonald
P. Carteret Hill
ii Nov. 1867. .
.. 60
do.
The Governor of New-
foundland
27 Dec. 1867. .
.. 61-3
Rev. Professor Wil-
liamson
Sir John Macdonald
31 Dec. 1867..
63-4
PART II
1868-1873
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
Sir John Macdonald
The Archbishop of Hal-
ifax
i June, 1868..
.. 67-8
do.
John Rose
3 June, 1868..
.. 69
The Viscount Monck
Sir John Macdonald
29 July, 1868..
..69-70
do.
do.
20 Aug. 1868..
.. 71
do.
do.
i Sept. 1868..
.. 72
do.
do.
2 Sept. 1868..
72-3
do.
do.
1 8 Sept. 1868..
73-4
CONTENTS
vn
FROM
TO
DATE
PACE
R. J. Cartwright
Sir John Macdonald
24 Sept. 1868.
... 74
Sir John Macdonald
Brown Chamberlin,
M.P.
26 Oct. 1868.
... 74-5
The Viscount Monck
Sir John Macdonald
29 Oct. 1868.
... 76
Edward Blake
do.
30 Nov. 1868.
... 77
Sir John Macdonald
Edward Blake
ii Dec. 1868.
... 78-9
do.
Major General Sir Hast-
ings Doyle
28 Dec. 1868.
...79-80
do.
D. Morrison
30 Dec. 1868.
... 81
S. H. Strong
Sir John Macdonald
30 Dec. 1868.
... 81-2
Sir John Macdonald
E. A. Meredith
31 Dec. 1868.
... 82-3
do.
Joseph Howe
12 Jan. 1869.
... 83-5
L. S. Huntington
Sir John Macdonald
26 Jan. 1869.
... 85-6
Charles Tupper
do.
I Feb. 1869.
... 86
Sir John Macdonald
The Lieutenant Gover-
nor of Nova Scotia
i Feb. 1869.
... 87-8
do.
James O'Reilly
i 2 Feb. 1869.
... 88-9
do.
D. L. Macpherson
i 6 Feb. 1869.
...89-90
Sir George Cartier
Sir John Macdonald
Feb. 1869.
...90-1
do.
do.
6 Mar. 1869.
. . . 91-2
Edward Blake
do.
7 June, 1869.
... 92
John Rose
do.
8 June, 1869.
... 93-4
A. T. Gait
do.
24 June, 1869.
... 94
Sir John Macdonald
W. H. Needham
9 July, 1869.
... 95-6
do.
D. Morrison
14 Aug. 1869.
... 97
Sir George Cartier
Sir John Macdonald
23 Aug. 1869.
... 98
John Lowe
do.
1 6 Sept. 1869.
... 99
R. J. Cartwright
do.
23 Sept. 1869.
... 99
John Rose
do.
27 Sept. 1869.
. 99-100
R. J. Cartwright
do.
1 2 Oct. 1869.
. . . IOO
William McDougall.
do.
31 Oct. 1869.
. . .101-2
Sir John Macdonald
John Rose
1 6 Nov. 1869.
. . . 102-5
C. J. Brydges
Sir John Macdonald
19 Nov. 1869.
. . . 105
Sir John Macdonald
John Rose
23 Nov. 1869.
. . . 106-7
R. J. Cartwright
Sir John Macdonald
23 Nov. 1869.
. . . 107-8
Hugh Allan
do.
23 Nov. 1869.
. . . 108
Sir John Macdonald
Sir George Cartier
24 Nov. 1869.
. . . 108-9
George Stephen
Sir John Macdonald
27 Nov. 1869.
... i 10
Sir John Macdonald
Donald A. Smith
George Stephen
Sir John Macdonald
i Dec. 69.
6 Dec. 1869.
. . .110-1
.. .111-2
George Stephen
do.
10 Dec. 1869.
112
Sir John Macdonald
George Stephen
13 Dec. 1869.
...112-3
D. A. Smith
Sir John Macdonald
19 Dec. 1869.
... 113
do.
do.
28 Dec. 1869.
..."4-5
Charles Tupper
do.
30 Dec. 1869.
...II5-6
Sir John Macdonald
D. A. Smith
2 Jan. 1870.
. . .116-9
do.
John Rose
3 Jan. 1870.
... 119
D. A. Smith
Sir John Macdonald
1 8 Jan. 1870.
. . . I2O
Vlll
CONTENTS
Sir John Macdonald
do.
C. J. Brydges
Sir John Macdonald
The Earl of Carnarvon
Sir John Macdonald
do.
D. A. Smith
Lady Rose
D. A. Smith
The Earl Granville
Sir John Macdonald
do.
Sir Stafford Northcote
Martin I. Wilkins
L. H. Holton
Edward Blake
Lady Lisgar
George Stephen
Sir John Macdonald
Colonel C. S. Gzowski
Sir John Macdonald
do.
do.
do.
Sir Stafford Northcote
Dugald Mactavish
Sir John Macdonald
do.
do.
The Lord Lisgar
R. W. Scott
Sir John Macdonald
John Carling
Sir John Macdonald
do.
do.
do.
Sir Francis Hincks
Sir John Macdonald
do.
Sir Francis Hincks
Sir John Macdonald
John Rose
D. A. Smith
Sir John Macdonald
C. J. Brydges
Sir John Macdonald
The Lieutenant Gover-
nor of Nova Scotia
Sir John Rose
Sir John Macdonald
do.
do.
do.
Sir John Rose
The Earl of Carnarvon
Sir John Macdonald
do.
Hewitt Bernard
do.
Sir John Macdonald
do.
Rt. Reverend Ashton
Oxenden, D.D., Lord
Bishop of Montreal
Sir John Macdonald
The Lt. Gov. of Mani-
toba
Hugh Allan
The Lord Lisgar
Alex. Morris
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Stafford Northcote
J. S. Macdonald
Sir John Rose
John Carling
Sir John Macdonald
do.
R. W. Scott
Sir John Macdonald
The Lord Lisgar
M. C. Cameron
The Consul General of
Spain at Quebec.
The Lord Lisgar
Sir John Macdonald
Sir John Rose
The Lord Lisgar
Sir John Macdonald
The Lord Lisgar
DATE
PAGE
21 Jan. 1870.
. . .I2O-2
21 Jan. 1870.
...122-3
25 Jan. 1870.
...113-4
28 Jan. 1870.
...124-5
10 Feb. 1870.
...125-6
1 5 Feb. 1870.
. . .126-7
23 Feb. 1870.
...127-9
26 Feb. 1870.
. 120-30
1 2 Mar. 1870.
...I30-I
15 Mar. 1870.
... 131
23 Mar. 1870.
... 131
25 Mar. 1870.
... 13*
14 Apr. 1870.
. I3 2 -4
1 8 Apr. 1870.
134-5
1 8 Apr. 1870.
.-. 135
15 May, 1870.
... 136
2 June, 1870.
... 136
Sept. 1870.
...136-7
23 Sept. 1870.
137
10 Oct. 1870.
...138-9
6 Nov. 1870.
. 139-40
1 8 Nov. 1870.
. . . I40-I
3 Feb. 1871.
... 142
7 Apr. 1871.
. 143-4
21 Apr. 1871.
6 May, 1871.
I45- 6
. . . 146-7
2 May, 1871.
... 147
22 June, 1871.
...147-8
30 Nov. 1871.
. 148-50
2 Dec. 1871.
. . .151-2
13 Dec. 1871.
...152-3
20 Dec. 1871.
1 53-4
21 Dec. 1871.
... 154
21 Dec. 1871.
...154-5
28 Dec. 1871.
...155-6
3 Jan. 1872.
. 156-61
13 Jan. 1872.
...161-2
27 Feb. 1872.
... 162
i Mar. 1872.
...162-3
5 Mar. 1872.
...164-6
14 Mar. 1872.
...166-7
ii Apr. 1872.
... 168
20 Apr. 1872.
...168-9
v^v^rN i JLIX i o
IX
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
S. L. Tilley
Sir John Macdonald
25 May.. 1872,
.... l6 9
Sir John Macdonald
W. H. Pope
17 June, 1872
170
Sir Stafford Northcote
Sir John Macdonald
19 June, 1872,
I70-I
The Lord Lisgar
do.
1 6 July, 1872,
I7I-2
The Earl of DufFerin
do.
24 July, 1872,
172-4
Sir John Macdonald
The Lord Lisgar
2 Sept. 1872,
...174-8
do.
Sir George Carrier
3 Sept. 1872.
...178-9
do.
Sir John Rose
5 Sept. 1872,
. 179-80
do.
The Earl of Dufferin
1 9 Sept. 1872.
180-1
Sir Francis Hincks
Sir John Macdonald
23 Sept. 1872.
..181-2
The Earl of Carvarvon
do.
29 Sept. 1872 182-3
J. W. Trutch
do.
14 Oct. 1872.
...183-5
Sir John Macdonald
Oliver Mowat
25 Oct. 1872.
...186-7
Oliver Mowat
Sir John Macdonald
29 Oct. 1872.
... 187
The Earl of Dufferin
do.
i Nov. 1872.
... 188
do.
do.
5 Nov. 1872.
... 188
Sir John Rose
do
1 6 Nov. 1872.
...188-9
The Earl of Dufferin
do.
20 Nov. 1872.
... 189
Sir John Macdonald
Alexander Morris
29 Nov. 1872.
. 189-90
Joseph Howe
Sir John Macdonald
6 Dec. 1872.
... 190
The Earl of Dufferin
Sir John Macdonald
Dec. 1872.
...190-2
Joseph W. Trutch
do.
ii Dec. 1872.
...192-3
Sir John Macdonald
Oliver Mowat
23 Dec. 1872.
..-193-4
S. L. Tilley
Sir John Macdonald
24 Dec. 1872.
... 195
The Earl of Dufferin
do.
1 5 Jan. 1873.
...195-6
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Edward Thornton
1 8 Jan. 1873.
...196-7
do.
Sir George Carrier
22 Jan. 1873.
...197-9
Sir George Carrier
Sir John Macdonald
23 Jan. 1873.
.199-200
Sir John Macdonald
The Earl of Dufferin
27 Jan 1873.
. . . 200-1
Sir Francis Hincks
Sir John Macdonald
10 Feb. 1873.
. . . 2OI
The Earl of Dufferin
do.
ii Feb. 1873.
...202-4
Sir John Macdonald
Sir John Rose
13 Feb. 1873.
...204-5
Sir George Carrier
Sir John Macdonald
i 5 Feb. 1873.
...205-6
Sir John Macdonald
The Earl of Dufferin
i 7 Feb. 1873.
. . . 206-7
do.
Joseph Howe
17 Feb. 1873.
... 207
do.
The Earl of Dufferin
21 Feb. 1873.
... 208
Mr. Justice J. T. Tas-
chereau
Sir John Macdonald
22 Feb. 1873.
... 208
Sir John Macdonald
Mr. Justice J. T. Tas-
chereau
27 Feb. 1873.
... 209
do.
The Earl of Dufferin
1 9 Mar. 1873.
. 2O9-IO
do.
do.
4 Apr. 1873.
. . . 210
Sir George Carrier
The Earl of Dufferin
Sir John Macdonald
do.
5 Apr. 1873.
21 May, 1873.
... 211
. .. 212
Joseph Howe
Sir John Macdonald
do.
Rev. James Quin
23 May. 1873.
29 May, 1873.
. . .212-3
...H3-4
do.
The Earl of Dufferin
2 June, 1873.
...214-5
CONTENTS
FROM
Sir John Macdonald
TO
The Earl of Dufferin
DATE
3 July, 1873.
PAGE
...216-8
do.
do.
3 July, 1873.
... 2I 9
do.
do.
4 July, 1873.
. 219-22
The Earl of Dufferin
Sir John Macdonald
21 July, 1873.
. . . 222-4
Sir A. Campbell
do.
27 July, 1873.
...224-5
Sir John Macdonald
W. P. Rowland
28 Aug. 1873.
. . . 225
Francis Lawley
Sir John Macdonald
1 7 Sept. 1873.
... 226
The Earl of Dufferin
do.
20 Sept. 1 873 .
. . . 226
Sir John Macdonald
The Earl of Dufferin
29 Sept. 1873.
...226-7
The Earl of Dufferin
Sir John Macdonald
30 Sept. 1873.
... 228
do.
do.
1 9 Oct. 1873.
. . . 228-9
do.
do.
23 Oct. 1873.
... 230
do.
do.
4 Nov. 1873.
... 230
The Countess of Duff-
erin
Lady Macdonald
4 Nov. 1873.
...230-1
Colonel H. C. Fletcher
Sir John Macdonald
5 Nov. 1873.
... 231
PART III
1874-1885
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
T. C. Patteson
Sir John Macdonald
I 7 Feb. 1874.
...235-6
Hewitt Bernard
The Earl of Dufferin
22 Dec. 1874.
...236-9
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Stafford Northcote
i May, 1878.
. 23 9 -42
Sir Stafford Northcote
Sir John Macdonald
25 May, 1878.
...242-3
Prof. Goldwin Smith
do.
12 Sept. 1878.
... 2 44
Sir John Macdonald
Prof. Goldwin Smith
I Oct. 1878.
...244-5
Prof. Goldwin Smith
Sir John Macdonald
4 Oct. 1878.
...246-7
The Rev. Gavin Lang
do.
1 5 Oct. 1878.
...247-8
The Earl of Dufferin
do.
1 8 Oct. 1878.
... 2 4 8
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Edward Thornton
22 Oct. 1878.
...248-9
J. A. Chapleau
Sir John Macdonald
2 Dec. 1878.
. . .251-2
Sir John Macdonald
Major de Winton
7 Jan. 1879.
...252-3
Mr. Chief Justice
Ritchie
Sir John Macdonald
1 1 Jan. 1879.
...253-4
Sir John Macdonald
The Marquess of Lome
10 Feb. 1879.
...254-5
do.
do.
6 Mar. 1879.
...255-8
Sir Edward Thornton
Sir John Macdonald
14 Mar. 1879.
... 25 9
The Marquess of Lome
do.
4 Apr. 1879.
... 2 59
do.
do.
8 Apr. 1879.
... 260
J. J. C. Abbott
do.
24 Apr. 1879.
. . . 260-1
Sir John Rose
do.
1 6 May, 1879.
. . .26l-2
Prof. Goldwin Smith
do.
7 June, 1879.
...262-3
do.
do.
5 July, 1879.
... 263
J. J. C. Abbott
Sir John Macdonald
22 July, 1879.
. . . 263-4
Sir John Macdonald
J. J. C. Abbott
23 July, 1879.
. . . 264-6
Sir John Rose
Sir John Macdonald
7 Aug. 1879.
...266-7
CONTENTS
xi
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
Sir Michael Hicks
Beach
Sir John Macdonald
Undated
... 267
do.
do.
qAue. 1870.
... 268
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Michael Hicks Beach 2< Aoff . 1870
. . . . 268
Sir Michael Hicks
Beach
Sir John Macdonald
31 Aug. 1879,
... 269
Prof. Goldwin Smith
do.
3 Oct. 1879.
. 269-70
do.
do.
2 Nov. 1879.
. . . 270
Sir John Macdonald
John M. Robinson
5 Nov. 1879.
27<D-I
Prof. Goldwin Smith
Sir John Macdonald
30 Dec. 1879.
... 271
Sir John Macdonald
A. Watts
26 Feb. 1880.
. . .271-2
Prof. Goldwin Smith
Sir John Macdonald
27 Mar. 1880.
...272-3
The Mexican Minister
to Brussels
do.
21 May, 1880.
. . . 273-4
Sir John Macdonald
The Mexican Minister
to Brussels
9 June, 1880.
... 274
do.
Prof. Goldwin Smith
7 July, 1880.
. . . 274-C
George Stephen
Sir John Macdonald
27 Sept. 1880.
/
...275-6
Prof. Goldwin Smith
do.
30 Sept. 1880.
... 2 7 6
Alexander Mackenzie
do.
26 Oct. 1880.
... 277
John Haggart
do.
8 Jan. 1881.
... 277
The Marquess of Lome
do.
19 Jan. 1881.
... 2 7 8
Sir John Macdonald
The Marquess of Lome
20 Jan. 1881.
... 2 7 8
do.
J. A. Chapleau
20 Apr. 1881.
...278-9
The Archbishop of
Toronto
Sir John Macdonald
ii May, 1881.
. 279-80
Sir John Macdonald
George Stephen
19 Oct. 1881.
...280-1
do
The Marquess of Lome
14 Nov. 1881.
...281-2
The Earl Kimberley
do
6 Dec. 1881.
... 283
The Marquess of Lome
Sir John Macdonald
7 Dec. 1881.
... 283
Sir John Macdonald
Martin J. Griffin
ii Jan. 1882.
...283-4
do.
The Marquess of Lome
4 Feb. 1882.
...284-5
do.
Sir Alexander Gait
26 Feb. 1882.
...285-7
do.
The Marquess of Lome
2 May, 1882.
...287-9
Prof. Goldwin Smith
Sir John Macdonald
22 June, 1882.
. .. 290
Sir John Macdonald
Prof. Goldwin Smith
5 Aug. 1882.
...290-1
Prof. Goldwin Smith
Sir John Macdonald
23 Aug. 1882.
. . . 2 9 I
George Stephen
do.
27 Aug. 1882.
. . . 292
Sir John Macdonald
M. J. Griffin
10 Oct. 1882.
...292-3
do.
George Stephen
20 Oct. 1882.
293-4
do.
J. E. Collins
12 Dec. 1882.
. . . 294
Sir John Rose
Sir John Macdonald
4 Jan. 1883.
...294-5
H. R. H. The Princess
Louise
do.
25 Jan. 1883.,
.. 2 9 6
Sir John Macdonald
H. R. H. The Princess
Louise
20 Feb. 1883.,
...296-7
Prof. Goldwin Smith
Sir John Macdonald
17 Feb. 1883..
. . 297
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Alexander Gait
21 Feb. 1883..
..2 9 8-9
xii
CONTENTS
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
Sir Alexander Gait
Sir John Macdonald
1 6 May, 1883.
... 2 9 9
do.
do.
16 May, 1883.
.299-300
The Marquess of Lome
do.
1 6 May, 1883.
... 300
Sir John Macdonald
Sir John Rose
29 June, 1883.
...300-1
The Marquess of Lome
Sir John Macdonald
5 Sept. 1883.
... 302
Sir John Macdonald
Edgar Dewdney
17 Sept. 1883.
... 302
Sir Andrew Clark, Bart.
M.D.
Sir John Macdonald
6 Oct. 1883.
33
The Marquess of Lome
do.
27 Oct. 1883.
33
Sir Charles Tupper
do.
31 Oct. 1883.
... 304
The Earl of Dunraven
do.
i Dec. 1883.
304-5
Sir John Rose
do.
13 Dec. 1883.
. . .305-6
The Marquess of Lome
do.
20 Dec. 1883.
...306-7
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Charles Tupper
i Dec. 1883.
... 308
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
2 Dec. 1883.
... 308
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
do.
26 Dec. 1883.
... 308
George Stephen
do.
5 Jan. 1884.
. . .308-9
do.
do.
22 Jan. 1884.
... 309
do.
do.
10 Feb. 1884.
. 309-10
do.
do.
31 Mar. 1884.
... 310
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
do.
19 May, 1884.
...310-1
do.
do.
20 May, 1884.
... 311
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Charles Tupper
4 June, 1884.
...311-2
do.
Lt. Governor J. C.
Aikins
7 July, 1884.
3 I2 ~3
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
8 July, 1884.
-3*3-4
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor J. C.
Aikins
28 July, 1884.
-3'4-5
do.
George Stephen
28 July, 1884.
...315-6
do.
Lt. Governor Richey
29 July, 1884.
...316-7
do.
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
12 Aug. 1884.
3 I 7-9
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
Sir John Macdonald
13 Aug. 1884.
. 319-20
George Stephen
Sir John Macdonald
do.
Donald A. Smith
1 9 Aug. 1884.
5 Sept. 1884.
... 320
. . .320-1
Erastus Wiman
Sir John Macdonald
6 Sept. 1884.
...322-4
Sir John Macdonald
Erastus Wiman
ii Sept. 1884.
3*4-5
do.
Fred White
15 Sept. 1884.
3*5
do.
Sir Francis Hincks
1 8 Sept. 1884.
... 3*6
do.
Michael Solomon
25 Sept. 1884.
3*7
Major General Sir
John M'Neill
George Stephen
1 7 Nov. 1884.
- 3*7
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Charles Tupper
24 Dec. 1884.
... 3*8
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
Sir John Macdo,nald
25 Dec. 1884.
3*9
CONTENTS
xiii
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
8 Jan.
1885.
... 329
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
do.
ii Jan.
1885.
... 330
Sir John Macdonald
George Stephen
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
24 Jan.
9 Feb.
1885.
1885.
331-2
332-3
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
do.
17 Feb.
1885.
-333-4
Sir Charles Tupper
do.
1 8 Feb.
1885.
334
Sir John Macdonald
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
23 Feb.
1885.
-334-7
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
24 Feb.
1885.
337
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Charles Tupper
12 Mar.
1885.
-337-8
George Stephen
Sir John Macdonald
26 Mar.
1885.
338-9
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor Dewdney
29 Mar.
1885.
...341-2
do.
General Frederick Mid-
dleton
29 Mar.
1885.
-340-1
Chief Crowfoot
Sir John Macdonald
ii Apr.
1885.
343
Sir John Macdonald
Chief Crowfoot
14 Apr.
1885.
... 344
George Stephen
Sir John Macdonald
ii Apr.
1885.
... 344
do.
do.
15 Apr.
1885.
345
do.
J. H. Pope
1 6 Apr.
i88c.
345
Father Andre and others Sir John Macdonald
12 June, 1885.
... 346
George Stephen
do.
1 8 June,
1885.
-346-7
The Roman Catholic
Bishop of St. Albert
do.
ii July,
1885.
347-8
Louis Kiel
do.
1 6 July,
1885.
. 348-50
C. H. Tupper
do.
20 July,
1885.
... 35i
Sir John Macdonald
Mr. Justice Thompson
21 July,
1885.
...351-2
Mr. Justice Thompson
Sir John Macdonald
27 July,
1885.
... 352
do.
do.
i Aug.
1885.
352-3
Sir John Macdonald
Mr. Justice Thompson
7 Aug.
1885.
... 353
do.
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
28 Aug.
1885.
-354-6
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
Sir John Macdonald
31 Aug.
1885.
-356-7
Sir John Macdonald
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
3 Sept.
1885.
. -357-8
do.
Sir A. Campbell
12 Sept.
1885.
. 358-60
Sir A. Campbell
Sir John Macdonald
13 Sept.
1885.
... 360
do.
do.
14 Sept.
1885.
... 360
Sir John Macdonald
Mr. Justice Thompson
17 Sept.
1885.
... 361
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
Sir John Macdonald
7 Oct.
1885.
... 361
Sir John Macdonald
George Stephen
28 Oct.
1885.
... 362
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
Sir John Macdonald
6 Nov.
1885.
... 363
Thomas White
do.
9 Nov.
1885.
..-363-4
J. A. Chapleau
do.
12 Nov.
1885.
... 364
CONTENTS
Sir Hector Langevin Sir John Macdonald 12 Nov. 1885.... 365
Sir John Macdonald Sir Hector Langevin 13 Nov. 1885 365
Lt. Governor Dewdney Sir John Macdonald 16 Nov. 1885 365-6
J. ArChapleau do. 16 Nov. 1885 366
do. do. 16 Nov. 1885 366
The Marquess of Lans-
downe do. 29 Nov. 1885 367
PART IV
1886-1891
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
Sir John Macdonald
Donald A. Smith
25 Jan. 1886..
37 1
Donald A. Smith
Sir John Macdonald
28 Jan. 1886..
-371-2
Sir John Macdonald
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
3 Feb. 1886..
37 2 -3
Erastus Wiman
Sir John Macdonald
10 Feb. 1886..
374
Sir John Macdonald
Donald A. Smith
27 Feb. 1886..
373
do.
Archbishop Taschereau
10 Mar. 1886..
375
Archbishop Taschereau
Sir John Macdonald
13 Mar. 1886..
.. 376
Cardinal Manning
do.
3 Apr. 1886..
376
Sir John Macdonald
The Marquess of Salis-
bury
9 Apr. 1886..
377
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
12 Apr. 1886..
-377-8
The Marquess of Salis-
bury
do.
15 Apr. 1886..
- 378
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor Richey
14 May, 1886..
379
do.
C. W. Bunting
25 May, 1886..
.. 380
Cardinal Taschereau
Sir John Macdonald
7 June, 1886. .
.. 381
Sir John Macdonald
Cardinal Manning
12 June, 1886. .
-381-2
do.
Sir Charles Tupper
21 June, 1886. .
.. 382
The Vice Chancellor of
Cambridge Univer-
sity
Sir John Macdonald
22 June, 1886..
- -382-3
J. S. D. Thompson
do.
25 June, 1886..
-- 383
Sir John Macdonald
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
29 July, 1886..
384-5
do.
Sir Charles Tupper
15 Oct. 1886..
.. 386
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
15 Nov. 1886..
387
Sir John Rose
do
4 Dec. 1886..
-.387-8
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor L. R.
Masson
8 Dec. 1886..
..388-9
do
Sir Charles Tupper
20 Dec. 1886..
39
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
Sir John Macdon,ald
i Jan. 1887..
39 1
Sir John Macdonald
C. W. Bunting
3 Jan. 1887..
392
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
Sir John Maicdonald 4 Jan. 1887 392-3
CONTENTS
XV
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
25 Jan.
1887.
. . . 393
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
do.
23 Feb.
1887.
-393~4
Sir Donald Smith
do.
24 Feb.
1887.
> 394
W. H. Smith
do.
26 Feb.
1887.
394
Sir John Macdonald
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
15 Mar.
1887.
-395-6
The Marquess of
Lansdowne
Sir John Macdonald
i Apr.
1887.
... 396
do.
do.
2 Apr.
1887.
. . . 396
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Hector Langevin
3 Apr-
1887.
...397-8
J. S. D. Thompson
Sir John Macdonald
4 Apr.
1887.
... 398
Honore Mercier
do.
4 Apr.
1887.
399
Sir John Macdonald
Honore Mercier
6 Apr.
1887.
.399-400
Honore Mercier
Sir John Macdonald
14 Apr.
1887.
. .. 400
Sir John Macdonald
Honore Mercier
28 Apr.
1887.
, . . 401
George E. Foster
Sir John Macdonald
14 June,
1887.,
, . .401-2
Sir John Macdonald
George E. Foster
14 June,
1887.,
. . . 402
do.
Sir John Rose
25 June,
1887.,
. . .403-4
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir John Macdonald
15 Sept.
1887.,
... 406
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Charles Tupper
7 Dec.
1887.,
...406-7
Sir David Macpherson
Sir John Macdonald
14 Dec.
1887.,
. . 407
Sir John Macdonald
Sir Charles Tupper
3i Jan.
1888..
... 408
do.
do.
6 Feb.
1888..
..408-9
The Auditor General
Sir John Macdonald
7 May,
1888..
.. 410
President Daniel Wil-
son
do.
2 June,
1888..
..411-2
J. A. Chapleau
do.
4 June,
1888..
-412-3
Sir John Macdonald
J. A. Chapleau
6 June,
1888..
.413-4
do.
C. N. Skinner
13 J ulv >
1888..
..414-5
do.
The Lord Stanley of
Preston
I? J ul 7>
1888..
.. 416
do.
Sir Charles Tupper
20 July,
1888..
..417-8
do.
Sir George Stephen, Bart. 4 Aug
1888..
..418-9
J. H. Pope
Sir John Macdonald
6 Aug.
1888..
.. 419
J. S. D. Thompson
do.
7 Aug.
1888..
.. 420
Lt. Governor Angers
do.
13 Sept.
1888..
. .420-1
Sir Charles Tupper
do.
1 8 Sept.
1888..
.. 422
Sir John Macdonald
The Editor of the United
Service Gazette
1 8 Sept.
1888..
..422-3
do.
Lt. Governor Angers
1 8 Sept.
1888..
.. 423
Lt. Governor Angers
Sir John Macdonald
19 Sept.
1888..
..424-5
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor Angers
22 Sept.
1888..
..425-6
do
Sir Charles Tupper
2 Oct.
1888..
.. 426
Lt. Governor Angers
Sir John Macdonald
2 Oct.
1888..
.. 427
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
do.
7 Oct.
1888..
. .427-8
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor Schultz
8 Oct.
1888..
..428-9
xvi
CONTENTS
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
Sir Alexander Gait
Sir John Macdonald
12 Oct. 1888
429
Sir John Macdonald
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
22 Oct. 1888.
429-31
Oliver Mowat
Sir John Macdonald
1 7 Nov. 1888.
... 431
Sir Charles Tupper, Bart
do.
i Dec. 1888.
...431-2
Sir John Macdonald
Oliver Mowat
3 Dec. 1888.
433
do.
The Lord Stanley of
Preston
6 Dec. 1888.
. . .433-4
do.
do.
24 Dec. 1888.
434-5
Sir Alexander Gait
Sir John Macdonald
ii Jan. 1889.
435
Sir John Macdonald
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
12 Jan. 1889.
... 436
do.
John F. Stairs
21 Jan. 1889.
437
Oliver Mowat
Sir John Macdonald
6 Mar. 1889.
437-8
Sir John Macdonald
Oliver Mowat
6 Mar. 1889.
... 438
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
Sir John Macdonald
9 Mar. 1889.
.438-9
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor Angers
19 Mar. 1889.
439-40
D'Alton McCarthy
Sir John Macdonald
17 April 1889.
...443-4
Sir John Macdonald
The Lord Stanley of
Preston
14 May, 1889.
-444-5
do.
Sir Charles Tupper, Bart.
31 May, 1889.
...445-6
The Marquess of Lans-
downe
Sir John Macdonald
23 June, 1889.
...446-8
Sir John Macdonald
James Edgecome
4 July, 1889.
...448-9
do.
The Lord Knutsford
1 8 July, 1889.
449-5 J
do.
Sir John Thompson
24 July, 1889.
do.
Sir Charles Tupper, Bart.
14 Aug. 1889.
453-4
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
Sir John Macdonald
ii Sept. 1889.
...454-5
Sir John Macdonald
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
13 Sept. 1889.
...455-6
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
Sir John Macdonald
14 Sept. 1889.
457
J. A. Chapleau
do.
1 8 Sept. 1889.
... 458
Sir John Macdonald
do.
Sir Charles Tupper, Bart. 28 Sept. 1889.
John Macdonald 16 Nov. 1889.
...458-9
. 459-60
do.
Sir Charles Tupper, Bart.
7 Dec. 1889.
. . .460-1
do.
Mr. Justice Johnson
10 Dec. 1889.
. . .461-2
do.
Mr. Justice Casault
10 Dec. 1889.
...462-3
do.
The Lord Stanley of
Preston
14 Dec. 1889.
... 463
The Lord Stanley of
Preston
Sir John Macdonald
23 Dec. 1889.
... 464
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor Schultz
8 Jan. 1890.
...464-5
do.
N. Chevrier
25 Mar. 1890.
... 466
do.
The Rev. C. H. Machin
4 Apr. 1890.
...467-8
do. Lt. Governor Schultz
7 May, 1890.
...468-9
CONTENTS
xvn
FROM
TO
DATE
PAGE
Sir John Macdonald
Alfred H. Seymour
13 June,
1890.
. 469-70
do.
Sir Henry Parkes
3 July,
1890.
... 470
do.
The Lord Stanley of
Preston
7 J^y,
1890.
... 4 7I
do.
do.
15 Aug.
1890.
...471-3
do.
The Marquess of Lome
1 8 Aug.
1890.
473-4
do.
The Lord Knutsford
1 8 Aug.
1890.
474-5
do.
H. R. H. The Duke of
Connaught
20 Aug.
1890.
-475~ 6
W. C. Van Home
Sir John Macdonald
3 Oct.
1890.
476
Sir John Macdonald
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
10 Nov.
1890.
.-477-9
The Marquess of
Lansdowne
Sir John Macdonald
12 Nov.
1890.
...480-1
Sir John Macdonald
W. C. Van Home
Sir Charles Tupper, Bart.
Sir John Macdonald
22 NOV.
1 1 Dec.
1890.
1890.
... 481
...481-2
Sir John Macdonald
Lt. Governor Angers
26 Dec.
1890.
... 482
The Lord and Lady
Stanley of Preston
Sir John Macdonald
ii Jan.
1891.
... 482
Sir Charles Tupper
do.
12 Jan.
1891.
... 483
Sir John Macdonald
John Boyd
16 Jan.
1891.
... 483
The Lord Stanley of
Preston
Sir John Macdonald
7 Mar.
1891.
... 484
The Marquess and H.
R. H. the March-
ioness of Lome
do.
9 Mar.
1891.
... 484
The Rev. Gavin Lang
do.
17 Mar.
1891.
...484-5
Sir John Macdonald
Sir George Stephen,
Bart.
31 Mar.
1891.
...485-7
ILLUSTRATIONS
John A. Macdonald, age 27. 1842 Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
The Hon. John A. Macdonald, age 47. 1862 .... 13
The Rt. Hon. Sir John Macdonald, K.C.B., age 57. 1872 162
The Rt. Hon. Sir John Macdonald, K.C.B., age 68. 1883 297
INTRODUCTORY
SO MANY accounts of Sir John Macdonald have ap-
peared during the past twenty-five years that it
seems almost a work of supererogation to recite once
again, even in the most general way, the familiar story of his
life. Yet it may perhaps be convenient to the readers of these
pages that they should have under their hand, for purposes
of ready reference, a brief summary, in chronological form,
showing the salient features of his public career.
John Alexander Macdonald, second son of Hugh Mac-
donald and Helen Shaw, was born in Glasgow on the nth
January, 1815. In 1820 his parents emigrated to Canada
and settled at Kingston, where he studied law, being ad-
mitted to the bar of Upper Canada in February, 1836. In
March, 1843, ne was elected to the Kingston town council,
and in October, 1 844, to Parliament where, save for the period
between 1878 and 1887, he continued to represent Kingston
until his death, forty-seven years later.
On the 1 1 th May, 1 847, Mr. Macdonald entered the cabinet
of Mr. W. H. Draper as Receiver General, becoming Com-
missioner of Crown Lands later in the same year. Early
in 1 848 the ministry of which he was a member, having been
defeated at the polls, resigned office. Mr. Macdonald re-
mained in opposition until 1854 when, on accession to power
of the coalition government formed by a junction of the
followers of Robert Baldwin with the Conservative party in
Upper Canada and the moderate section of the French
Canadians, he became Attorney General for Upper Canada,
which position, with the exception of eight days in August,
1858, and twenty-two months in 1862-1864, he continued
to hold until Confederation in 1867, and thereafter, under
the title of Minister of Justice, until November, 1873.
In 1855 a reconstruction of the cabinet brought in Mr.
(afterwards Sir George) Cartier, who speedily became, in
xix
xx INTRODUCTORY
effect, the leader of the French Canadian ministerialists.
Between Macdonald and Cartier there grew up a political
and personal friendship which endured until the latter's
death, in 1873.
On the retirement of Sir Etienne Tache from office in
November, 1857, Mr. Macdonald succeeded to the premier-
ship, which he resigned on the occasion of the 4 'Double Shuffle"
in August, 1858, to resume office a few days later as Attorney
General for Upper Canada in the cabinet of Mr. Cartier, which
he held until May, 1862, when the Cartier-Macdonald Gov-
ernment went out of power on their militia policy. Their
successors' tenure of office under John Sandfield Macdonald
was brief. In less than two years, the Liberal-Conservative
party was again in the saddle, under the premiership of Sir
Etienne Tache, Mr. John A. Macdonald being the Upper
Canadian leader, with Mr. Cartier occupying a similar posi-
tion as regards the French section of the Province. Within
three months of its formation, this administration in turn
suffered defeat in Parliament.
Thus, within three years, three ministries had been de-
feated and two general elections had failed to give either
side a governing majority. From this impasse resulted
Confederation. By agreeing to sink all personal and political
differences for their country's good, John A. Macdonald and
George Brown formed a coalition government under the
nominal leadership (i) of Sir Etienne Tache and (2) of Sir
Narcisse Belleau, which effected the union of the Provinces
of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick under the name
of the Dominion of Canada.
On the ist of July, 1867, Mr. Macdonald, who had been
entrusted by the Governor-General with the formation of the
first Dominion cabinet, was sworn into office by Lord Monck,
as Minister of Justice and Attorney General. In the general
elections immediately ensuing, his government was triumph-
antly sustained in all the provinces except Nova Scotia,
which returned eighteen members out of nineteen, pledged t >
do their utmost to detach Nova Scotia from the newly
formed confederation. The account of how this attempt
failed, owing to the winning over of Joseph Howe, the leader
of the Liberal party in Nova Scotia, is set forth in Sir John
Macdonald's correspondence of the period.
INTRODUCTORY xxi
The general elections of 1872 a hard-fought battle
resulted favourably to the administration of Sir John Mac-
donald, which, despite considerable losses in Ontario, ob-
tained a working majority throughout the Dominion a
noticeable change taking place in Nova Scotia, where a
representation of eighteen Liberals and one Conservative,
gave place to twenty Conservatives and one Independent.
In 1873 came wnat us ed to be called the "Pacific Scandal,"
resulting in the downfall of Sir John Macdonald's Govern-
ment and the accession to power of Mr. Alexander Macken-
zie, whose ministry lasted from 1873 to l8 7 8 > wnen Macdon-
ald was restored to his old position at the head of affairs
by the overwhelming majority of eighty-six in a House of
Commons consisting of two hundred and eleven members.
Mr. Mackenzie's majority in the old Parliament ranged from
eighty odd at its beginning, to between fifty and sixty at
its close. This remarkable change in public opinion was
due to several causes, chief among which may be set down,
the cry of hard times, a demand for protection to native indus-
tries, and the personal popularity of Sir John Macdonald.
On the formation of his second Dominion administration,
Sir John Macdonald took the portfolio of the Interior, which
he held from 1878 until 1883, when he became President of
the Privy Council, remaining such until 1889. In November
of that year he exchanged the Presidency of the Council for
the onerous Department of Railways and Canals, which he
continued to administer until his death on the 6th of June,
1891. His second term of office as First Minister thus lasted
nearly thirteen years, in the course of which many questions
of importance arose, some calling for the exercise of the
highest statesmanship. Among these may be enumerated:
1. The inauguration of the National Policy.
2. The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway,
including the extension to that Company of financial assist-
ance in their day of need, and of unflinching support by the
exercise of the power of disallowance against the attempts
of those, principally in the Province of Manitoba, who sought
to expose the newly launched enterprise to the danger of
foreign competition.
I 3. The colonization and development of the great
Northwest.
xxii INTRODUCTORY
4. The second Riel uprising, its suppression and its con-
sequences.
5. The passage of a Dominion Franchise Act.
Throughout his long career, Sir John Macdonald enjoyed
in a remarkable degree, not merely the confidence and
esteem, but, in the vast majority of instances, the personal
affection of his followers. To their steadfast loyalty is to be
ascribed, in no small measure, the success which attended his
efforts in the building up of this great Dominion stretch-
ing from sea to sea. He lived to see the fruition of al-
most all his great designs, and when the inevitable hour
of departure drew near, it found him happy in the reflection
that he had carried to successful completion a great and
abiding work; ready, as he expressed it, to sing his Nunc
dimittis.
Elsewhere I have dwelt upon Sir John Macdonald's
deep-seated affection for the United Kingdom, and his desire
that the tie which binds us to the mother country might
remain unimpaired. Holding these views, the policy of
unrestricted reciprocity with the United States, which
developed during his later years, and which he believed to be
incompatible with the maintenance of Canada's connection
with Great Britain, was to him in the highest degree
repellant. The imperative necessity for defeating a policy
fraught with such disastrous possibilities to the State,
stimulated his weary frame for his last fight in support of
British connection. This was the issue in the general elec-
tions of 1 891 in which Macdonald won, though at great cost,
for there can be little doubt that the exertions he underwent
in that arduous campaign, held during the most inclement
season of the year, materially hastened his end.
Sir John was twice married in 1 843 to his cousin Isabella
Clark (she died in 1857) by whom he had two sons: John
Alexander who died in childhood, and Hugh John, born in
1850, now the Hon. Sir Hugh John Macdonald, Kt. Hugh
also married twice, first in 1876 to Jean King, by whom he
had one daughter, Daisy, now the wife of George Gainsford,
Esquire, of Winnipeg, and second, to Agnes Gertrude Van-
koughnet by whom he had one son, who died unmarried in his
2 ist year.
Sir John married, en seconde noces y Agnes Bernard, daugh-
INTRODUCTORY xxiii
ter of the late Hon. T. J. Bernard, a member of the Privy
Council of Jamaica, who survived her husband upwards of
twenty-nine years, passing away recently at a ripe old age.
To their union was born one daughter, the Hon. Mary Mac-
donald, who is unmarried. In recognition of the services of
her distinguished husband, Lady Macdonald, shortly after
Sir John's death, was created, by her late Majesty Queen
Victoria, a peeress in her own right, under the style and title
of the Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe.
"Harry my boy," once observed Sir John Macdonald to his
friend Colonel H. R. Smith, the late Sergeant-at-Arms of
the House of Commons, ''never write a letter if you can help
it, and never destroy one." The latter injunction he himself
scrupulously fulfilled, for during many years he carefully
preserved every written communication, letter or memor-
andum that he received. Very seldom indeed was this rule
departed from. As a consequence I found myself at his
death confronted with an appalling mass of papers, the
letters alone numbering many thousands. Many of these
were, or had been, arranged in some sort of fashion, but all
had to be gone over, read, and re-classified, a labour that will
never be understood or appreciated by any one who has not
undergone a similar experience. In the preparation of my
"Memoirs of Sir John Macdonald" I used about 250 of the
more important of these letters, and in my "Day of Sir John
Macdonald," perhaps 25 more. The reflection that a collec-
tion of papers, so intimately related to the history of Canada
in the making, demanded a wider publicity, has led to the
publication of this volume, which contains, in round numbers,
five hundred letters written by or to Sir John Macdonald,
not one per cent, of the total number preserved by him.
While the relative importance of the published letters, bears
a much higher ratio to the mass than is indicated by their
numerical proportion, it is needless to say that much of
interest remains. Sir John Macdonald's correspondence
with each of the first six Governors-General of the Dominion:
Lords Monck, Lisgar, Dufferin, Lome, Lansdowne, and
Stanley of Preston; with Sir George Cartier, Sir John Rose,
xxiv INTRODUCTORY
Sir Charles Tupper, Sir George Stephen, Sir Donald Smith,
Sir John Thompson and many other public men, would, in
most cases, fill a volume in some cases several volumes
not to speak of papers bearing on such large public questions
as Confederation; the acquisition of the Northwest; the
history of the Intercolonial and Canadian Pacific Railways;
the Riel uprisings; the Washington Treaty of 1871; the
various fisheries negotiations with the United States; in
respect of all of which subjects the papers are very volumin-
ous. The bulk of these must await another hand and a
later day. Within the limitations assigned to the present
work, every care has been taken to make this collection a
representative one, and by a process of judicious selection,
to throw as much light as possible upon the more important
issues of the periods in which they were written. Sir John
Macdonald's correspondence with the various Governors-
General of his time, are particularly rich in historic interest,
as also are many letters which passed between him and his
leading colleagues, and others whose names will readily
suggest themselves. Due prominence has been given to the
story of what is perhaps the greatest monument to his
courage and resolution the Canadian Pacific Railway as
disclosed in his correspondence with Sir George Stephen,
John Henry Pope, and W. C. Van Home.
While occasionally, and for special reasons, I have in-
cluded in this collection a letter which has appeared in
my "Memoirs of Sir John Macdonald" or elsewhere, the rule
which I originally proposed to myself, not to republish in
this volume any correspondence which had already seen the
light, has been very generally adhered to.
In the preparation of this work, there has been very
little ''editing". While occasionally, by reason of irrelevancy,
lack of interest, or their essentially private and personal
character, portions of letters have been omitted in certain
designated places, it is rare indeed that a passage has been
withheld on other grounds. In truth, there is very little in
anything Sir John Macdonald left behind him which might
not eventually be proclaimed upon the housetops. In sur-
veying the record of his long and active career, nothing is
more striking than the serene consciousness of his own
integrity, that led him to preserve for the judgment of poster-
INTRODUCTORY xxv
ity, his correspondence, not merely with the outside world,
but also with political colleagues and intimate personal
friends.
JOSEPH POPE.
Ottawa, August, 1921.
LEADING EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF
SIR JOHN MACDONALD
Born in Glasgow
Parents emigrated to Canada
Entered upon the study of the law
Called to the Bar of Upper Canada
Appointed a Commissioner to enquire into the
losses arising out of the Rebellion of 1837-8
Elected to Kingston Town Council
Elected to the Provincial Legislature
Appointed Queen's Counsel
Member of the Executive Council
Receiver General
Commissioner of Crown Lands
Resigned with his colleagues
Attorney General of Upper Canada
Prime Minister of the Province of Canada
Resigned with his colleagues
Postmaster General
Resigned
Attorney General of Upper Canada
Resigned with his colleagues
Attorney General of Upper Canada
Knight Commander of the Bath
A member of the Queen's Privy Council for
Canada
Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada
Minister of Justice
Resigned
Prime Minister
Minister of the Interior
Sworn of Her Majesty Queen Victoria's Most
Honourable Privy Council
President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Received the Grand Cross of the Bath
Minister of Railways and Canals
Died
xxvi
nth January, 1815
1820
1830
6th February, 1836
28th November, 1840
28th March,
1 4th October,
nth December,
nth May,
21 st May,
8th December,
loth March,
1843
1844
1846
1847
1847
1847
1848
nth September, 1854
26th November, 1857
29th July,
1858
6th August,
1858
7th August,
1858
7th August,
1858
23rd May,
1862
3oth March,
1864
29th June,
1867
ist July,
1867
ist July,
1867
ist July,
1867
5th November,
i8?3
1 7th October,
1878
1 7th October,
1878
I4th August,
1879
1 7th October,
1883
25th November,
1884
28th November,
1889
6th June,
1891
PART I
1840 1867
CORRESPONDENCE OF
SIR JOHN MACDONALD
PART I
1840-1867
THE earliest letter written by Sir John Macdonald that I
have been able to discover is dated the 28th November,
1840, accepting appointment as a commissioner to investi-
gate certain claims arising out of the Rebellion of 1837-8.
From Mr. John A. Macdonald to the Civil Secretary to the Lt.-
Governor of Upper Canada.
Kingston, 28 November, 1840.
SIR,
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of a com-
munication from you of the I9th instant, acquainting me of
the intention of His Excellency the Lieut. Governor to ap-
point commissioners for the investigation of claims arising
out of the late rebellion, and enquiring whether I would act
as one of the Commissioners.
In reply I beg to state that I will have much pleasure in
undertaking the duties of the office if appointed by His
Excellency.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
S. B. Harrison, Esq.,
Civil Secretary,
Toronto.
Mr. Macdonald at that time was only twenty-five years of
age.
2 CORRESPONDENCE OF
This Commission, appointed under the Act of the last ses-
sion of the Legislature of Upper Canada (3 Vic., Cap. 76),
does not appear to have made any report. In the first
session of the Legislature of the United Provinces of Upper
and Lower Canada, an amending Act was passed (4 & 5 Vic.,
Cap. 39) enlarging the scope of the Commission. Even after
this, nothing appears to have been done, and it was not until
1845 that legislation (8 Vic., Cap. 72) designed to meet the
case was enacted. By this time Mr. Macdonald had ceased
to be connected with the Commission, presumably because in
the interval he had been elected to the Legislature.
Sir John Macdonald's public career may be said to have
begun on the i4th October, 1844, on which day he was
elected a member of the House of Assembly of the Province
of Canada for Kingston to support the Draper-Viger Ad-
ministration in their conflict with Messrs. Baldwin and
Lafontaine. His opponent, Mr. Anthony Manahan, had
been a member of the old Legislature of Upper Canada. 1
When the next General Elections came round, Mr. Mac-
donald appealed to his constituents as a cabinet minister.
Among the issues of that contest was the question of univer-
sity endowment, to which he attached a good deal of im-
portance, 2 as did his electors, to judge from the following
letter, evidently written in response to enquiries as to his
attitude with respect thereto.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to a committee of his
constituents.
Kingston, loth December, 184.7.
GENTLEMEN,
If I were an independent candidate, and not connected
with the Government, I should feel no difficulty in answering
1 Touching upon this gentleman, an old acquaintance of my late chief wrote to
me on the appearance of my Memoirs of Sir John Macdonald hereinafter alluded
to in this volume as Memoirs:
"You speak of Mr. Anthony Manahan being represented as an 'uncouth and
illiterate person.' Such is not the case. He was a gentleman, highly educated,
and a leading Roman Catholic in Kingston. In politics he was a Tory, but opposed
to the 'Family Compact.' I remember him very well, and when a boy was fre-
quently at his house."
2 Memoirs, Volume I, p. 54.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 3
the questions contained in your favour of yesterday. But,
situated as I am, it must be obvious to you that I can have
no right or authority to pledge the administration of which
I am a member, to any cause or on any subject, without their
consent.
In my answers therefore to your enquiries, you must con-
sider me as expressing only my individual opinions, and not
in any way as binding on the Government, or the present
Administration. At the same time I may be permitted to
say that the previous course of the Government has been
such as to prove to the Roman Catholics of Canada its
anxious desire to secure, to that large and influential body,
equal rights and privileges with any other denomination.
With these remarks I proceed to answer your enquiries.
First. As to my views on the University question, I have
only to say that they remain the same as when I introduced
the University Bill last session. That measure proposed
to vest the endowment in a Board of Trustees selected from
each of the Universities of Upper Canada. That there
should be paid annually out of the endowment, to
King's College 3000
Queen's College 1500
Regiopolis College 1500
Victoria College 1500
and that out of the surplus that would accrue, any other
colleges hereafter established should be endowed.
Second. It is my intention to claim for the college of
Regiopolis the proportion above specified of the endowment
that is to say, the same amount as to any other college in
Upper Canada, except King's College, which it is thought has
a fair claim to a preference, inasmuch as it is to surrender
the whole of the endowment, and to receive only a small
portion of its present income. It has been also ascertained
that the measure could not be carried through the Legisla-
ture, were the income of King's College reduced below 3000;
and it was thought better to yield this point, than to risk the
loss of the measure.
Third. It is the fixed intention of the present Administra-
tion, and of myself as a member of it, to bring before the
Legislature at its next session, bills similar to those intro-
4 CORRESPONDENCE OF
duced by myself at the last session, and to exercise all our
influence to get them passed into laws. And I have no
hesitation in declaring that I will oppose any measure not
containing the same principle of an equitable division among
the different colleges in Upper Canada.
Your question respecting the Common School Bill is too
vague in its terms to admit of a precise answer. You do
not point out in what manner the present law prevents
Roman Catholics from having separate schools in corporate
towns and villages, nor do you suggest any mode by which
the School Bill can be altered so as to remove the disabilities
you complain of. It was the evident intention of the Legisla-
ture, in passing the School Act, to enable both Catholics and
Protestants to have separate schools, if they desired it, and
to give such separate schools a share of the public appropria-
tion, accdr)ding to the number of children of each persuasion.
Should the present School Bill, from some defect, Hot carry
out this fair and equitable intention of the Legislature, I
shall be ready to support any act amending it in this respect.
I am strongly in favour of affording children of the earliest
age the means of religious as well as secular education; and
such was the design of the Legislature in establishing separate
schools.
I have the honour to be,
Gentlemen,
Your obedt. and humble servant,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Sir John Macdonald's well known solicitude for the high
character of the Bench manifested itself in the early stages of
his career. Almost his first act as attorney general was to
offer the chief justiceship of the Court of Common Pleas of
Upper Canada to his old-time opponent, Robert Baldwin. 1
Upon Mr. Baldwin's declinature of the office, Mr. Macdonald
addressed himself to his former leader, Mr. Draper. 2
1 Memoirs, Vol. I, pp. 85-6.
2 The Hon. William Henry Draper, C. B., Prime Minister of the Province of
Canada (1843-1847): Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, Upper Canada
(1856-1863): Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench (1863-1868): Chief Jus-
tice of Ontario (1868-1877). Died, and November, 1877.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 5
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to the Hon. W. H. Draper.
Toronto, January 2jrd, 1856.
MY DEAR MR. DRAPER,
Chief Justice Macaulay has applied for leave to retire
from the court over which he has so ably presided ever since
its organization. His Excellency the Governor-General
has been pleased to accede to his request, and it will afford
much satisfaction to my colleagues and myself if you will
permit us to submit your name to His Excellency to fill the
vacant chief justiceship.
Trusting for the sake of the court and country that your
answer will be in the affirmative.
I am, yours very faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. W. H. Draper, C.B.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to J. H. Hagarty, Esq. 1
Toronto, February 28th, 1856.
MY DEAR HAGARTY,
His Excellency the Governor-General has been pleased
to accede to Chief Justice Macaulay's request to be allowed
to retire from the Bench, and has nominated Mr. Justice
Draper as his successor. A vacancy has thus been created
on the Bench, and my colleagues and myself are prepared to
submit your name to H. E. for the appointment, should it
meet your views to accept it. I may mention that it has not
yet been determined whether in case of acceptance, you shall
be placed in the Q. B. or C. P.
Being well assured that your appointment will be highly
acceptable, both to the Bar and the country, I have great
pleasure in making this communication.
I shall be still more pleased at receiving your answer in the
affirmative. As the proposed arrangements must be carried
1 Subsequently Chief Justice of Ontario, to which office he was appointed on the
recommendation of Sir John Macdonald, 6th May, 1884. Died, ayth April, 1900.
6 CORRESPONDENCE OF
out early in next term, may I ask the favour of a speedy
decision.
Believe me to be
My dear Hagarty
faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
J. H. Hagarty, Esq., Q.C.
In 1858 Canada adopted a policy of incidental protection
which was further developed in 1859, thereby more or less
prejudicially affecting certain manufacturers in the United
Kingdom. These persons appealed to the Duke of New-
castle, at that time Secretary of State for the Colonies, who,
in transmitting their memorial to the Governor-General, took
occasion to lecture the Canadian Government on the evils of
protection a course which the ministry very naturally re-
sented. Their reply was in the form of a Minute of the
Executive Council, based upon a memorandum of the Hon.
A. T. Gait, 1 then Minister of Finance. The ministry took the
ground that the responsibility for the administration of the
affairs of Canada was upon them, and that they could not
allow any feeling of deference which they owed to the Imper-
ial Authorities, in any manner to impair the right of the
people of Canada to decide for themselves as to the mode
and the extent to which taxation should be imposed. 2
It is perhaps worth while pointing out that the Duke's
despatch does not profess to embody anything more than his
own ill-considered judgment. When a Secretary of State
for the Colonies conveys the views of the Imperial Cabinet
to a Colonial Governor, it is customary to make the fact
quite clear. In the present instance the Duke does not
allude to Her Majesty's Government at all, save to indicate
that they did not propose to interfere with the legislation
under review. It would not be the first occasion on which an
Imperial Secretary of State has sent off despatches without
the knowledge or approval of his colleagues.
1 Afterwards The Hon. Sir Alexander Gait, G.C.M.G. A colleague of Sir John
Macdonald. One of the Fathers of Confederation. Finance Minister in the first
Dominion Cabinet. First High Commissioner for Canada in London (1880-1883).
Died, 1 9th September, 1893.
* For this State Paper see Canada Sessional Papers, 1860, No. 38, pp. 4-12.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 7
Sir John Macdonald thus alluded to the affair in a speech
delivered by him at the time:
A representation was made by the Sheffield cutlers against our scale of
duties, and they protested, in language which we very properly resented,
against our right to encourage manufactures in Canada. I have in my
hand a memorial, sent by the Chamber of Commerce, of Sheffield, in 1859,
to the Duke of Newcastle, from which I shall read one or two pages, giving
their so-called reasons for such a protest:
Here is a direct statement that we have not the right to raise our rev-
enue, except as they in Sheffield conceive it for their interests! While
we admire the policy of Great Britain, and are quite willing to act with it
as far as the interests of the country will allow, yet as Ministers of Canada,
dependent on her people, we should have been altogether wanting in our
duty if we had not protested. We said we had the full right to raise our
revenue in our own fashion, according to our own ideas. Yet what do we
find? That this Chamber of Sheffield makes a long quotation from the
Globe, just as the Washington Constitution did, to show that on Colonial
principles, as well as Imperial, we ought to alter our policy. These are
complaints that I think we have a right to make.
While the Duke of Newcastle does not appear to have been
very tactful in his relations with Canada, it is but fair to his
memory to say that on this occasion he admitted his mistake.
From the Hon. A. T. Gait to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
London, iflh December, 1859.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I have written Carder an account of my interview with the Duke of
Newcastle. After discussing the other matters with which I was charged,
I told him I feared there existed some misapprehension as to our com-
mercial policy which I should be glad to remove. He at once " owned up "
and said he had been in the wrong, with a good deal more to the same effect.
I trust he may send out a despatch to the same effect.
Sidney* has gone to the Continent to make postal arrangements. I trust
he will confine himself to the males, but this I doubt. I would not consent
to being left here all alone, so you need not expect him before you see me,
unless you either come yourself or send Vankoughnet, 2 who must be very
lonesome in Quebec.
iThe Hon. Sidney Smith, Postmaster General in the Macdonald-Cartier and
Cartier-Macdonald administrations (1858-1862). Died, 2yth September, 1889.
2 The Hon. Philip Vankoughnet, a colleague of Sir John Macdonald, 1856-1862.
Chancellor of Ontario from i9th March, 1862, until his death, yth November, 1869.
8 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Everything looks favourable here and I think I shall make the Consols
go, as both Baring and Glyn appear very hearty about it now. I only
postpone it till I see Gladstone, who unfortunately is out of town.
Remember me most kindly to Vankoughnet and Sherwood.
Ever faithfully,
Hon. J. A. Macdonald. A. T. GALT.
P. S.
By the way, you have blighted Smith's hopes and mine by not having
sent an answer to the despatch about our uniform. Smith was to have
worn his on the Continent, but we cannot get it as the Colonial Office have
no reply.
Not long afterwards, a further occasion of difference with
His Grace of Newcastle arose. In the summer of 1860 the
Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII), then a lad
of 1 8, visited Canada under the guidance of the Duke of
Newcastle, who gave much offence by his refusal to allow
the Orange societies of Upper Canada to participate in the
welcome to the Prince. This action on the Duke's part was
a source of great annoyance to Mr. Macdonald, not only as
the leader of the Liberal-Conservative Party in Upper Can-
ada but also as member for Kingston, where the Orangemen
were particularly enthusiastic in their demonstrations of
loyalty to the Heir Apparent; and prepared to receive him
with great eclat. This time the Duke stuck to his guns,
and in consequence of the refusal of the Orangemen to lay
aside their regalia and dispense with party emblems during the
Prince's visit, the steamer bearing the Royal party on their
way west, passed by the town. Nor could the combined
influence of the Governor-General and Mr. Cartier induce
His Grace to repair what was designated at the time by the
sympathizers with the Orange societies as a "wanton insult."
From the Hon. G. E. Cartier 1 to the Hon. John A. Macdonald
Private.
Toronto^ nth September, 1860.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I have just telegraphed you the result of my interview with the Duke
and Sir Edmund. Both expressed how much it would be desirable to visit
1 Afterwards The Hon. Sir George Etienne Cartier, Bart., a colleague of Sir John
Macdonald. One of the Fathers of Confederation; Prime Minister of the Province
of Canada (1858-1862); Minister of Militia and Defence in the first Dominion
Cabinet. Died, aoth May, 1873.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 9
Kingston again. The Duke finds, however, that the programme of
arrangements connected with the Prince's visit in other localities in U. C.
cannot be interfered with without causing disappointments to localities
which have made preparations in the expectation of the Prince's visit.
The Duke has expressed that physical impossibility would be the only
thing in the way of revisiting Kingston. He authorized me to convey
his mind and feelings to you. Poor Sir Edmund feels deeply for you and
your people. In conversing with me I saw tears coming from his eyes.
If you will allow me to repeat the suggestion which I make in my telegram
respecting the sending of a deputation from Kingston, requesting that
the Prince should visit it, I will add to you that I think it would be con-
ducive to a great deal of good if such deputation could be sent. Supposing
that the deputation should not succeed in securing a revisit to Kingston
by the Prince, the courteous answer, which, I am sure, would be given,
would tend to smooth the troubled waters. The Prince leaves to-morrow
morning for London at II o'clock. I enclose you a programme of the
arrangements as now settled, and you will see at what place any deputation
from Kingston would be able to meet the Prince and suite. I have seen
your Mayor, Mr. Strange, to whom I have communicated the substance of
my telegram to you. He is to remain here in case a deputation comes
from your city.
I write you in haste,
Your devoted colleague
GEO. E. CARTIER.
The Honourable John A. Macdonald,
Attorney General,
Kingston.
When it is considered that a protectionist policy was
adopted by the Parliament of Canada in 1858, and extended
in 1859 at the instance of the Government in which Mr. A. T.
Gait was Finance Minister, his advocacy in England three
years later, of free trade, as indicated in this letter from him,
affords a striking illustration of his erratic character.
From the Hon. A. T. Gait to" the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
London, 3rd October, 1862.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I duly received yours from Quebec, and would have written but Sup-
posed you would not have returned from Cacouna.
In regard to what you say about my talking free trade here, I have no
doubt it may do me some damage in Canada, but I think if you were here
yourself and saw the growing feeling respecting separation, you would feel
it as I do, a matter of duty, to urge all you could on behalf of Canada.
You have no doubt seen the proceedings at Manchester and, I hope, will
approve of my speech, which is fairly enough reported in the Times. I did
io CORRESPONDENCE OF
not know a living soul in Manchester and was fairly in the lion's den. It
really required some nerve to speak, especially as I knew I was to be fol-
lowed and attacked by Ashworth and others. However, the effect was
very good, and by far the larger part of the meeting were on my side. I
have no doubt my presence there will go far to stop the constant irritating
reference to Canada in the Manchester meetings. The press both there
and in London has generally dealt fairly with me, but the Times is resolved
to break me down if it can, and has published two leaders since slashing
me in its usual style. I had yesterday sent a reply to its article of the ist
instant (which really is too bad), in which, without showing temper, I
have calmly disproved its attacks. Having given me a direct challenge,
it cannot fail to publish my letter, but will no doubt concoct some new
dose for my benefit. It is not very pleasant but in some respect flattering.
I shall return by the steamer of the 25th and hope to see you soon after.
Remember me to all friends, and
Believe me,
Ever yours,
A. T. GALT.
Hon. J. A. Macdonald.
The Government of which Mr. John A. Macdonald was
the Upper Canadian leader, suffered a parliamentary defeat
on the i4th June, 1 864. A few days later it was reconstructed
by the addition of Messrs. George Brown, 1 Oliver Mowat 2
and William McDougall, 3 three leading members of the
1 The Hon. George Brown, editor and proprietor of the Toronto Globe newspaper.
Represented Kent in the Legislative Assembly of Canada from 1851-54; Lambton
from 1854-57; Toronto from 1858-61, and South Oxford from 1863 until the Union.
Prime Minister of Canada 2-4 August, 1858. President of the Executive Council
30 June, 1864, to 21 December, 1865. Called to the Senate i6th December, 1873.
Died 9th May, 1880.
2 Afterwards the Hon. Sir Oliver Mowat, G.C.M.G. Mr. Mowat represented
South Ontario in the Legislature of the Province of Canada from 1857-64. He was
successively a member of the Brown-Dorion shortlived Cabinet in 1858; of the J. S.
Macdonald-Sicotte Government (1862-63;) and of the J. S. Macdonald-Dorion Gov-
ernment (1863-64). In June, 1864, he joined the coalition cabinet formed by Mac-
donald and Brown, and in November of the same year was elevated to the Bench
as Vice-Chancellor of Upper Canada, from which he resigned in 1872 to become the
Premier of Ontario; this post he continued to fill until 1896, when he entered the
Dominion arena, becoming Minister of Justice in Sir Wilfrid Laurier's cabinet;
there he continued until 1897, when he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of
Ontario, in which office he died, igth April, 1903.
3 The Hon. William McDougall, C.B. A leader of the Clear Grit party. Com-
missioner of Crown Lands in the Macdonald-Sicotte administration (1862-1864).
Provincial Secretary in the Macdonald-Brown coalition Government (1864). One
of the Fathers of Confederation. Minister of Public Works in the first Dominion
Cabinet (1867-1869). First Lieutenant-Governor of the North West Territories.
Sat for various constituencies in the Legislative Assembly and afterwards in the
Parliament of Canada. Died, 29th May, 1905.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD u
Opposition, on the basis of effecting a settlement of the
sectional difficulties between Upper and Lower Canada, the
solution of which, the leaders of both parties agreed, was to
be found in a confederation of all the British North American
Provinces. This policy had long been advocated by Mr. Mac-
donald, as presenting the only feasible scheme for curing
the evils under which Canada laboured. Five years before
the date we are here considering, he was a leading member of
a ministry which despatched a mission to England to ascer-
tain the views of Her Majesty's Government on the subject
of a union of the British North American Provinces. Two
years later (i9th April, 1861) from his place in the Legislature
he thus expressed himself:
The only feasible scheme which presents itself to my mind as a remedy
for the evils complained of, is a confederation of all the provinces. 1 In
speaking of a confederation, I must not be understood as alluding to it in
the sense of the one on the other side of the line, for that has not been
successful. . . . The fatal error which they have committed and it
was, perhaps, unavoidable from the state of the colonies at the time of the
revolution was in making each State a distinct sovereignty, in giving to
each a distinct sovereign power except in those instances where they were
specially reserved by the constitution and conferred upon the general
Government. The true principle of a confederation lies in giving to the
general Governmgnt-alLtJig^principjes jind ^powers of sovereignty, and in
the provision that the subordinate or individual States should have no
powers but those expressly bestowed upon them.
1 In the light of this explicit statement, it is amusing to find Mr. O. D. Skelton
in his Life and Times of Sir Alexander Gait, p. 401, representing Sir John Macdonald
as an eleventh-hour convert to the policy of Confederation, which 'he opposed to the
last.' In giving utterance to this statement Mr. Skelton appears to have drawn his
inspiration from Sir Richard Cartwright, an unsafe guide where Sir John is con-
cerned. Sir John's opposition, as set forth above and elsewhere (see especially
Pope's Confederation Documents, pp. 54-55,), was not to confederation, but to the
federal system. As is well known, his preference was for a legislative union.
When he realized that this, in view of Lower Canada, was impracticable, he
laboured for the creation of a strong central government, giving to the provinces
only such powers as were specifically delegated, the residuum remaining with the
central authority. In this his policy prevailed, for despite the loose use of the word
'federal' Tn the negotiations which resulted in Confederation, our Confederation
compact is not really a federal union, but is based on the opposite principle from
that underlying the Constitution of the United States, where the powers not
expressly delegated to the central government, nor prohibited by the Constitution
to the States, are reserved to the States respectively.
Lord Chancellor Haldane in an Australian appeal before the Privy Council (Law
Reports, Appeal cases 1914, Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Australia
v. Colonial Sugar Refining Company, Limited, page A. C. 253) lays this down.
12 CORRESPONDENCE OF
and on every suitable occasion he gave expression to similar
views.
From the Hon. D. L. Macpherson 1 to the Hon. John A.
Macdonald.
Private 6? Confidential.
Toronto, 2$rd June, 1864.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
Allow me to congratulate you upon the successful issue of your negotia-
tions with Brown. It is a great and patriotic achievement putting an
end to the bitter party animosities and intense personal antipathies that
have characterized public life in Canada for so many years; effecting this
too, by the only honourable and enduring means, the removal of the cause,
the settlement of the disturbing sectional questions. Yourself, Gait, and
Brown and (as Brown justly says in his speech) especially Tache and
Cartier, deserve the thanks and gratitude of the country for making in the
interest of the country what must have been to all of you a great sacrifice
of personal feeling.
I am quite sure that in what you have done you will have the approval
of every man whose interests are not antagonistic to those of the country.
It must also be no small satisfaction to you, and especially to Gait, that
the movers of the unhandsome and unfair attack upon him have been so
utterly discomfited. I notice you said in the House that the Intercolonial
had not been named in the discussions with Brown. Naming it would
have been very superfluous. Without it there can be no federation. It is
the keystone, the very foundation stone. The early carrying out of this
enterprise seems at last probable. It must now be placed on a broad and
safe basis. I beg of you to take care that the control is kept in the proper
hands and that no opening or opportunity is left for 2 scheming.
I wrote you about a fortnight ago but you have had something else to do
than answer private letters.
I remain my dear Macdonald
Yours very faithfully,
D. L. MACPHERSON.
From the Hon. D. L. Macpherson to the Hon. John A.
Macdonald.
Private fc? Confidential.
Toronto, 4th July, 1864.
MY DEAR MACDONALD
I called on Brown on Saturday, congratulated him on recent events, got
a very full and interesting account of the negotiations from him, in which
1 Afterwards Sir David Lewis Macpherson, K.C.M.G. A colleague of Sir John
Macdonald. Member of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada, and,
from 1 867 until his death, a Senator of the Dominion. Speaker of the Senate (1880-
1883). Minister of the Interior (1883-1885). Died, loth August, 1896.
'Name indecipherable
The Hon. John A. Macdonald
Age 47 Circ. 1862
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 13
he gave you all great credit, expressed our mutual hope that Mat. Cam-
eron i would not oppose McDougall. . . . Believe me,
Yours very faithfully,
D. L. MACPHERSON.
In October, 1864, took place what is known to students of
Canadian history as the Quebec Conference, composed of
representatives from the British North American Colonies,
meeting together on the invitation of the Canadian Govern-
ment to discuss plans for the union, in one Confederation, of
all the Provinces, which was successfully brought about on the
ist July, 1867. The delegates from the Maritime Provinces
were, on this occasion, the guests of the Canadian Govern-
ment, which despatched a special steamer to convey them to
Quebec, and otherwise made provision for their comfort.
The Macdonald correspondence during the years 1864-66
largely relates to the development of this great scheme.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to the Hon. Charles
Tapper.*
Private.
Quebec, November 14, 1864.
MY DEAR TUPPER,
I am sorry I was too unwell to join in the Toronto festivities
or escort you to Niagara.
We have settled that our Legislature shall meet on January
1 9th, and intend to press the Federation resolutions through
1 The Hon. Matthew Crooks Cameron: represented the North Riding of On-
tario in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1861 until the
Union. A member, under die Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald of the first Provin-
cial Government of Ontario. Appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Division of the High Court of Justice for Ontario, i3th May, 1884. Died, 24th
June, 1887.
2 Afterwards the Right Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., G.C.M.G., C.B., a
colleague of Sir John Macdonald. One of the Fathers of Confederation. The holder
consecutively of various portfolios in Sir John Macdonald's Cabinets. High Com-
missioner for Canada in London (1884-1896). Prime Minister of Canada (May
to July, 1896). Sworn of His Majesty's Privy Council, igth October, 1908. Died,
3oth October, 1915.
i 4 CORRESPONDENCE OF
without delay. Canada, on the whole, seems to take up
the scheme warmly, but yet we shall meet with considerable
opposition. Dorion, 1 you see, has come out with a manifesto
against it. Sandfield Macdonald 2 will join him, and I hear
they are beating up for recruits everywhere. It is of the
utmost importance that between now and the time of the
meeting of Parliament nothing should be done to strengthen
the hands of the Opposition, or to give them the opportunity
of getting up a new cry. With this view, I cannot too
strongly impress on you the necessity of carrying out the
policy of not in any way giving any party the slightest con-
trol over the construction of any portion of the Intercolonial
Railway. Brown's confession of faith in favour of the road
at Toronto has astounded his supporters, and dismayed a
good many of them who have hitherto been educated by
him to oppose it by every means and at every stage. They
are powerless in consequence of his desertion, but there is a
muttered growl about it that I don't like. Were it suspected
that any considerable portion of the road for which Canada
is going to pledge itself was given away to contractors with-
out the consent or sanction of the Government, a storm
would at once arise which could not be allayed, and would
peril the whole scheme.
I intend to commence next week to draft the Bill to be
submitted for the consideration of the Imperial Government,
and shall be glad to get from you such hints or suggestions
as may occur to you.
Have you formed any plan as to the mode in which you
will submit the subject to your Parliament?
In looking over our resolutions, I see a mistake has crept
in. We have given power from time to time to the Local
1 A. A. Dorion, afterwards the Hon. Sir A. A. Dorion, Kt. At that time leader
of the Rouge party in Lower Canada. Minister of Justice in the cabinet of the Hon.
Alexander Mackenzie, 7th November, 1873, to 3ist May, 1874. Chief Justice of
the Queen's Bench for the Province of Quebec, June, 1874, until his death, jist May,
1891.
2 The Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald. Solicitor General for Upper Canada
(1849-1851). Speaker of the Legislative Assembly (1852-1854). Attorney
General in George Brown's two-days' administration (i 858). Prime Minister of the
Province of Canada (1862-1864). First Prime Minister of the Province of On-
tario (1867-1871). Died, ist June, 1872.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 15
Legislatures to alter the constituencies sending members
to the General Parliament. Now, this is an obvious blunder,
and must be corrected.
I shall be obliged by your giving me your ideas as to the
general administration the number of the Executive and
the distribution of Departments. This must all be wrought
out, and, if possible, form a portion of the Imperial Act.
I have not thought this branch of the subject over, but mean
to do so at once. So soon as I can form a projet I will
transmit it to you. So please reciprocate.
I have not forgotten the compact we made here, and will
act strictly and cordially up to it.
Always, my dear Tupper,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. Charles Tupper,
Halifax.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to George Jackson Esq.,
M.P.P.
Private.
Quebec, November joth, 1864.
MY DEAR SIR,
I have yours of the 24th.
Gait's exhaustive speech on the subject of Confederation
will give you full information on the general subject. As
to the two questions you ask me, I do not think there will
be anything to prevent the same person sitting in the General
and in the Local Legislature, except the inconvenience to the
member himself. I presume that the number of General
and Local representatives, in each section, will be the same.
The Government will, of course, assume the responsibility of
mapping out Upper Canada into electoral divisions, and I
should think it quite clear that Grey will have another
member. I quite agree with you that the present Parlia-
ment is fully competent to deal with the questions without
previous appeal to the public. It is very evident, as you say,
that, at a general election, issues would arise in almost every
16 CORRESPONDENCE OF
constituency other than the main one of Confederation or no
Confederation.
The House will probably meet early in January.
I am,
My dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
George Jackson Esquire, M.P.P.,
Bentinck, C. W.
From the Hon. George Brown to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
Private fc? Confidential.
St. Louis Hotel,
Saturday evening.' 1
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I have been thinking over the defence matter in connection with my
being in England, and it does appear as if it would be strange that the fact
of my being in England was referred to in the Hudson's Bay Minute and
not in that on the defences, as to which verbal communication would be of
infinitely more consequence than in the other. I cannot but think that if
we wish to know our exact position in England on this question before the
meeting of Parliament, and without being committed to anything, my be-
ing in England affords the best opportunity for it. I am entirely in ac-
cord with the rest of, the Government as to the ground that ought to be
taken and maintained, and as to the end sought to be attained. I differ
only from the tone in which the Minute is written.
Of course it is painful to both of us to find ourselves in a Government
with gentlemen who have not perfect sympathy with each other, but had
you or Gait or Cartier been in my present case, I think I would have in-
sisted on your names being referred to in the handsomest possible manner.
Had I been in a Cabinet with my own political friends, I could only have
regarded any hesitation in the matter very gravely. In the present case it
is different. We could not expect to form such a combination without
feeling it jar occasionally, and indeed there has been much less of it than I
had fully expected to encounter. I am not, therefore, complaining
whatever is done in the matter, I will not complain but I thought it only
right to say to you thus I feel about it.
Faithfully yours,
GEO. BROWN.
Hon. J. A. Macdonald.
1 Undated. Probably written frotn Quebec immediately prior to his departure
for England, November, 1864. See Memoirs t Vol. i, p. 273, footnote.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 17
From the Hon. Charles Tupper to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
Private.
Halifax, December ijth, 1864.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I was glad to learn by your note of the I4th ultimo, that you had quite
recovered your health and that Richard was himself again. I was not
surprised, that the incessant fatigue and mental labour to which you
were so long subjected, should have told seriously upon you. We all
regretted deeply that we were deprived of the pleasure of your society
at Toronto.
I quite concur in the alteration respecting the power of the Local Legis-
lature to alter the constituencies of the House of Commons. I have
consulted Henry and McCully on the point, and they all agree to
the proposed alteration. I have already informed Mr. Gait that we concur
in restricting the power of the local Government to tax lumber, to New
Brunswick.
I shall be very glad to receive your proposed draft of the Act as soon as
you can send it, and will offer you any suggestions I think desirable. Under
existing circumstances Canada had better pass the Act as near the report
of the Conference as possible, and then the other Provinces should endeav-
our to pass transcripts of it.
I fear that the Government of New Brunswick has decided not to submit
the question to the people [sic, Legislature?] until after an appeal to the
people. They might do the necessary work of the session very soon and
dissolve at once, and thus not much time would be lost, but the precedent
is a bad one.
We have met a strong opposition here but we have the press pretty much
with us, and I hope we will be able to carry it through if properly sustained
by the British Government. I wish very much Lord Monck would induce
the Colonial Secretary to authorize our Lieutenant Governor to appoint
two or three additional Legislative Councillors if found necessary to carry
the Bill through the Upper House. I will send you a Colonist with our
speeches at the Confederation meeting last Friday night. It was a great
success. Many influential men previously opposed were convinced, and
have since come out in favour of the scheme.
Will you let me know what you hear from the British Government? The
executive department may, I think, be safely left to your judgment.
Twelve executive councillors, much as you have them at present would, I
think, meet the case, but I quite agree with you that it is desirable to have
them in the Act. I would not distribute them locally at all. It will be
an element of weakness in my opinion. Would it be practicable to provide
for surrendering local Governments? I suppose not, although I think it
very desirable.
I hope Mr. Brydges will be able to give me an early assurance that he
will construct the Truro and Moncton line under the terms of our resolu-
tion, to be amalgamated with the Intercolonial after confederation. It
need not be published until after your legislation is perfected. Mr.
1 8 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Fleming i will locate the line, and an arrangement for the rest of the line to
Canada, contingent upon the Confederation taking place. It will damage
me seriously if this matter be imperilled by the want of Canada's consent.
You can at all times rely upon me to any extent.
Ever yours faithfully,
C. TUPPER.
Hon. J. A. Macdonald.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to Thomas Swinyard, Esq?
Quebec, iqth December, 1864..
MY DEAR SIR,
I am much obliged for your letter of the 13 th and I hope
you will not fail, whenever you think the subject of any
importance or interest, to write me.
I quite agree with you as to the importance of satisfying
our American neighbours that Canada is in earnest in vin-
dicating the majesty of the law, and in suppressing with all
promptness and vigour, any attempts to infringe it. You
will see that Gilbert McMicken has been appointed stipen-
diary magistrate, with full powers to organize a detective and
preventive police force, for the purpose of watching and
patrolling the whole frontier from Toronto to Sarnia, and I
have specially instructed him to put himself in communica-
tion with the American authorities at Buffalo and Detroit.
He is a shrewd, cool and determined man, who won't easily
lose his head, and who will fearlessly perform his duty.
The Governor-General has also called out, for service,
between 1,500 and 2,000 Volunteer Militia, who will be
stationed at the proper points, for the purpose of preventing
and putting down the first attempt that may be made to con-
tinue these aggressions on the United States.
1 Afterwards Sir Sandford Fleming, K.C.M.G., at that time Engineer in charge
of the surveys on behalf of Her Majesty's Government and the Governments of
Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, preliminary to the construction of the
Intercolonial Railway, upon which the Maritime Provinces set great store as the
material link connecting them with the Upper Provinces. Provision for its early
construction forms Article 145 of the British North America Act, 1867. Owing to
various delays, the Intercolonial was not opened for traffic until 1876. Mr. Flem-
ing was subsequently Engineer-in-Chief of the survey and preliminary operations
which resulteti in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Died, 22nd
July, 1915.
2 General Manager Great Western Railway. Died, 25th February, 1915.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 19
The unhappy and mistaken decision of Coursol at Mon-
treal 1 has had a most unfortunate tendency. From the fact
of his being called 'Judge' Coursol, his decision is considered
a judicial one in the United States. He was however merely
acting in his capacity as police magistrate, and altogether
mistook his duty, when he presumed to judge as to his right
to discharge those prisoners. It was his duty to assume
that he had the authority under the statute, and the question
of jurisdiction should only have been brought up to be
solemnly decided by the Superior Courts. A new process
has been issued, however, and it is hoped that these men,
or the majority of them, will be rearrested, and the discredit
thrown upon the administration of justice in Canada,
removed.
The general order 2 of Gen. Dix was most unfortunate
and uncalled for. It did not affect us in any measure as
Canadians, but it was a direct insult to the sovereignty of
England. I am quite sure that it was issued in the irrita-
tion of the moment on hearing of the release of the St. Al-
bans raiders, and will meet no countenance or support from
the United States Government.
We must perform our duty, however, irrespective of the
smiles or frowns of any foreign body, and will never be hur-
ied into extra exertions by proclamations like those of Gen.
1 This refers to a raid made on St. Albans, Vermont, by a band of Confederate
soldiers, twenty-five, or so, in number, headed by one Bennet H. Young, a lieutenant
in the Southern army. The plot was organized in Chicago, from which point the
main body of the marauders proceeded direct to their destination through the
United States, Young and three others going by way of Canada. On the igth
October, 1864, they met in St. Albans, where they plundered three banks, attempted
to fire the town, and escaped to Montreal. They were arrested with a view to their
extradition under the Ashburton Treaty, but discharged by 'Judge' Coursol on tech-
nical grounds. They were immediately re-arrested and tried before the Superior
Court at Montreal, but again set at liberty, the Court holding that they were belli-
gerents and, as such, not subject to extradition. Subsequently fresh arrests were
made, and the venue changed from Montreal to Toronto, but with no substantial
results, and the latest prosecutions came to nothing.
2 United States Major General of Volunteers, John A. Dix, Commanding the
Eastern Department, which included Vermont, on the I4th December, 1864, issued
a Proclamation instructing all military commanders on the frontier, in certain
specified cases, to cross the boundary line between the United States and Canada
in pursuit of offenders. This order, having been disavowed by the President of the
United States, was withdrawn three days after its appearance.
20 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Dix, or prevented by any feeling of indignation from carrying
our laws into full force.
I am,
My dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Thos. Swinyard, Esquire,
Great Western Railway,
Hamilton.
P. S. I am glad to see (since writing the above) that Dix's
order has been disowned at Washington.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to Edward Blake, Esq. 1
Quebec, 23 December, 1864.
MY DEAR SIR,
I have had the pleasure of recommending you as Queen's
Counsel, and His Excellency's approval will shortly be
conveyed to you.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Edward Blake, Esq.
Toronto.
From Edward Blake, Esq. to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
Toronto, December 28th, 1864.
MY DEAR SIR,
Absence from town prevented my receiving till this morning your note
of ijrd inst. Allow me to thank you for the welcome news conveyed by
it, and believe me to be,
Your faithful and obliged,
EDWARD BLAKE.
The Hon. John A. Macdonald,
Attorney General West
Quebec.
1 Afterwards the Hon. Edward Blake, successively Premier of Ontario; Minister
of Justice and President of the Privy Council (in the Cabinet of Mr. Mackenzie);
Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons of Canada, (1880-1887.) Died,
ist March, 1912.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 21
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to John Beattie, Esq.
Private.
Quebec , 3rd February ', fS6j.
MY DEAR SIR,
I have your letter of the 3oth ulto. and hasten to reply.
The Confederation (scheme) has now been before the
country for some time, and it seems to meet with general, if
not universal, favour. I hear of no meetings against it, and
as yet there have been no petitions transmitted adverse to
the policy. Under these circumstances the Government
have a right to assume, as well as the Legislature, that the
scheme, in principle, meets with the approbation of the
country, and as it would be obviously absurd to submit the
complicated details of such a measure to the people, it is not
proposed to seek their sanction before asking the Imperial
Government to introduce a Bill in the British Parliament.
The Conservative Association should, however, prepare for
the elections, as they cannot be very far off, should the
Confederation scheme be carried into effect.
I am not sorry to learn that Dr. Parker's 1 popularity is on
the wane. With a good deal of cleverness he is very super-
ficial, and is soon found out. This opinion is of course entre
nous.
I am,
My dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
John Beattie, Esq.,
Barnett Post Office,
C. W.
i T. S. Parker, Esq., M. D., at that time M. P.P. for the North Riding of Welling-
ton, Upper Canada.
22 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From E. W. Watkin, Esq. 1 to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
Confidential.
Grand Trunk Office,
21 Old Broad Street, E. C.
18 February, 1865.
MY DEAR MR. MACDONALD:
I was taken to the Colonial Office yesterday by the British North
American Association in whose proceeding I have taken no part since
your friend Mr. Holton and others denounced it as a Grand Trunk institu-
tion.
Lord Shaftesbury, Lord Wharncliffe, and the rest, wanted me to assist
them to push Cardwell on in some settlement of the North West Territory,
as to which reports are constantly coming perhaps exaggerated of
possible massacres, and certain Yankee occupation.
When I was in Canada last, I consulted you and Mr. Cartier, and many
others, as to what was best to be done politically with the North West
1. Should it remain as it is a wilderness, as Mr. Robert Lowe recom-
mends ?
2. Should it be an independent Colony? or
3. Should it be annexed to Canada?
Your views and Mr. Carder's were in favour of a separate Crown
Colony. Mr. George Brown's view was in favour of a Colony having a
common Customs house with Canada, but a separate Government.
How far Confederation has modified either views I should be glad to
know.
Cardwell asked me to remain after the deputation had gone, and I
gathered the impression generally that he was very anxious to get you
(Canada) to take all the responsibility, so that he would have no vote to
ask for, for the erection of a Crown Colony.
It seems to me as an outsider, that it would be a great mistake for
Canada to take the responsibility of governing the North West, as part of
herself, and especially on the question of defence ist. against the Indians,
and 2nd against the Yankees but of course if you see your way to doing
it those of us who simply want to see the country settled, could make no
objection but if you really want the British Government to found and be
responsible for a new Colony, you had better let me know, and I will put
the idea into the minds of our friends who wish it.
Of course I write confidentially, but there is no reason why you should
not mention the fact that I have written, to Mr. Cartier or Mr. Gait
or Mr. Brown should you desire it.
I never like to intrude myself in Canadian affairs, as I have had so many
snubbings for doing it therefore if any offer of service, and request for
X A leading English railway magnate; President of the Grand Trunk Railway
(1861-1863); a member of the Imperial House of Commons. In later life an ardent
advocate of a channel tunnel between Dover and Calais. "Cardwell," to whom Mr.
Watkin refers in his letter, was the Hon. Edward (subsequently Viscount) Card-
well, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1864-1866.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 23
information, is looked upon as an intrusion by anybody, just burn this
letter, and do not trouble yourself to answer it.
I have had some very serious talks recently with Bright about Canada
and the States, and we have gradually worked up an idea as to the. possi-
bility of neutralizing Canadian territory in the event of a war between the
United States and England. The idea is at present very crude and may
be utterly Utopian, but influential as Bright is at present with the Govern-
ment of the United States, I can see, tho' somewhat mistily, that we might
make him of great service in suggesting, and then negotiating some mea-
sure, based on the theory which neutralized your Lakes, but would save
Canada the cost of an excessive military preparation, and prevent her soil
becoming like portions of Holland, Prussia, and of Northern Hindustan,
for example, the battle field for human passions, to be laid waste whenever
England choses to quarrel with the States, or the States with England
apart from Canadian questions.
Faithfully yours
E. W. WATKIN.
The Hon. John A. Macdonald.
V
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to the Hon. J. H. Gray 1 fj
Private.
Quebec, March 241^ 1865.
MY DEAR SIR,
Many thanks for your letter of the 8th instant.
The course of the New Brunswick Government in dis-
solving their Parliament, and appealing to the people, was
unstatesmanlike and unsuccessful, as it deserved to be. Mr.
Tilley should have called his Parliament together, and, in
accordance with the agreement of the Conference at Quebec,
submitted the scheme. Whatever might have been the
result in the legislature, the subject would have been fairly
discussed and its merits understood, and if he had been
defeated, he then had an appeal to the people. As it was,
the scheme was submitted without its being understood or
appreciated, and the inevitable consequences followed.
I regret to find that the course of events in New Bruns-
wick has frightened the legislature in Nova Scotia. In
Canada you see that we carried the Address, in both Houses,
by majorities of nearly three to one, and we now send four
of our Ministers to England to take stock, to use a mercantile
i Colonel the Hon. John Hamilton Gray, C.M.G., at that time Premier of
Prince Edward Island.
24 CORRESPONDENCE OF
phrase, with the British Government, and to see what can
best be done.
We intend also to arrange, if possible, the subject of
defence. I do not at all despair of carrying out our great
project sooner or later. I quite agree with you that the
British Government will carry their point, if they only
adopt vigorous measures to that end, and we shall spare no
pains to impress the necessity of such a course upon them,
with what success remains to be seen.
Your course in the crisis in Prince Edward Island was
only what we anticipated from a soldier and a gentleman,
and long after present events have lost their interest, it will
dwell in the memories of your family and your friends.
Pray present my best regards to those of the Prince Ed-
ward delegation whom you may meet, always excepting
Messrs. Palmer and Coles.
Believe me,
My dear Sir,
Sincerely yours.
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Col.
The Hon. John Hamilton Gray,
Inkerman House,
Prince Edward Island.
In the month of April, 1865, a delegation consisting of
Messrs. Macdonald, Cartier, Brown and Gait, proceeded to
England for the purpose of talking over with Her Majesty's
Government certain questions relating to Confederation,
Defence and the future relations of the Colonies to the
mother country. They returned early in July.
From the Hon. C. Tupper to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
Halifax,
April 9th, 1865.
MY DEAR SIR,
I intend to-morrow night to move the following resolution, and I am
anxious that you should fully understand our position.
"WHEREAS, under existing circumstances, an immediate Union of the
British North American Provinces has become impracticable;
"AND WHERAS, a Legislative Union of the Maritime Provinces is de-
sirable, whether the larger Union be accomplished or not;
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 25
"RESOLVED, that in the opinion of this House the negotiations for the
Union of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, should
be renewed in accordance with the Resolution passed at the last session
of the Legislature."
You are well aware that I was very sanguine when in Canada that the
Quebec scheme could be carried here. I knew that it would be exces-
sively easy to excite our people on the question of taxation, but the organ
of the Opposition being conducted by Mr. McCully,i secured the support
of the two leading journals which influence public opinion, and with the
Government and Messrs. Archibald 2 and McCully in favour, and Mr.
Howe 3 neutralized as an Imperial Officer, if he did not assist, I knew no
effectual opposition could be raised to our arrangements. A number of
the leading merchants here, many of them supporters of the Government,
were strongly opposed to Confederation with Canada, and they were
joined by several of the members in Opposition to the Government, but
it would not have given us the slightest trouble, had not Howe assumed
the leadership of the party, allowing his name to be freely used as opposed
to the measure. Mr. McCully was then deposed from the editorial charge
of the Morning Chronicle, and Mr. Howe putting Annand 4 forward as the
ostensible editor, took his place. Both Archibald and McCully have re-
mained as true as steel, but it is doubtful if they could bring over two
votes in the Assembly, and the hands of the Government have been more
than correspondingly weakened by the alliance on this question with their
opponents, and although apparently numerically strong, we have been
paralyzed by the introduction of the assessment for the support of schools
to such an extent as to shake the confidence of their supporters in the
prospect of success in case of an appeal to the people. At this conjunc-
ture, when an appeal to the people had been adopted as a war cry, Tilley
announced his determination to yield to that demand, and followed it up
by a dissolution. Had he succeeded by great sacrifices and exertions, we
could, I think, have secured a bare majority, but the moment he failed I
found that all my ingenuity would be required to avert the passage of a
hostile Resolution. Here, as in New Brunswick, the opponents of Con-
federation profess to favour a union of the Maritime Provinces, although
1 The Hon. Jonathan McCully, a member of the Legislative Council of Nova
Scotia; one of the Fathers of Confederation.
2 Afterwards the Hon. Sir Adams Archibald, K.C.M.G. One of the Fathers of
Confederation. Secretary of State for the Provinces in the first Dominion Cabinet.
Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (1870-1872); of Nova Scotia (1873-1883).
Died, I4th December, 1892.
3 The Hon. Joseph Howe, the celebrated anti-Confederate leader in Nova Scotia,
who afterwards abandoned his opposition and entered Sir John Macdonald's
Government. President of the Privy Council (1869-1873), when he resigned to
become Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia in which office he died, ist June, 1873.
In 1863, Mr. Howe had been appointed Imperial Fisheries Commissioner, which
withdrew him from active participation in the Confederation controversy.
4 William Annand, a determined opponent of Confederation in Nova Scotia;
afterwards Premier of the Province.
26 CORRESPONDENCE OF
I am satisfied it will be rejected in N. B. as well as in P. E. Island. As I
knew the Opposition would bring this forward as a counter proposal,
and that two thirds of our House must go for it, I thought it better to
bring it forward in a subsidiary form. If adopted it will promote the
larger union, and place it on a better footing, and if lost it will remove the
question out of the way of Confederation. Any negotiation under it must
have a good effect upon N. B., and it will leave us in the best position
to agitate the subject. Twelve months will, I believe, find a decided
majority in the present Parliament being in favour of Confederation.
While any resolution in favour would have been negatived after it was
decided against in New Brunswick, a majority of the members are favour-
able, and unless I am deceived, a few months will bring the constituencies
right, as they will be kept free from committing themselves.
Ever yours,
C. TUPPER.
The Hon. John A. Macdonald.
From the Hon. A. Campbell 1 to the Hon. John A. Mac-
donald.
Kingston, 18 May, 1865.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I am up here for a few days on private affairs, having managed to get
friend Cockburn 2 to take his turn at the wheel. Nothing had been heard
from you when I left, but I am on the lookout for a letter from you now.
We had the memo, of the first conversation between Cartier and Gait and
Mr. Cardwell. Our friends seemed to be pushing their arguments home.
I trust that you may succeed the country is depressed beyond example
and men talk of annexation, who a few months ago would have resented as
an insult any imputation of the sentiments they now openly profess. Our
Quebec conference has 'certainly had a marked influence in directing men's
thoughts to the alternatives before the country. If you succeed Con-
federation goes on, and the reciprocity treaty be renewed we shall settle
down to work out our destiny as a portion of the Empire, with a future
as a monarchy in the dim distance. But if you fail, and our farmers are
again placed in a position of inferiority as compared with those in the
United States we shall be republicans in our own day, I think.
1 Afterwards Sir Alexander Campbell, K.C.M.G. One of the Fathers of
Confederation. A colleague of Sir John Macdonald in successive Conservative
administrations from 1864 to 1873, and from 1878 to 1887, when he resigned to
become Lieuten ant-Governor of Ontario, in which post he died, 24th May, 1892.
2 The Hon. James Cockburn. One of the Fathers of Confederation. Solicitor
General from 1864 until the Union. First Speaker of the House of Commons
(1867-1872). Re-elected at the opening of the second Parliament. Died, I4th
August, 1883.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 27
We have had no excitement at Quebec since you left. Langevini has
generally had some little axe to grind, but everyone else has been resting.
We got Chapais 2 to advertise for tenders for the Governor's residence by
dint of pushing. The day has not yet arrived for opening them I think.
. . . . Kingston is dreadfully dull more so than usual, or I am
more struck with it half a dozen people in the street and every fellow with
a look of despondency.
I look for you about aoth of June. My regards to Gait and Cartier.
Ever faithfully yours,
A. CAMPBELL.
From J. P. Lightjoot) D.D., Pro-Vice-chancellor, to the Hon.
John A. Macdonald.
Oxford, June 9, 1865.
SIR,
Although I can only make my proposal to the Council on Monday next,
I am so sure that your name and position will command a favourable
reception of my proposition that in any arrangements which you may have
to make, you may entirely calculate on the result viz: that the University
will rejoice in having the opportunity of conferring the honorary Degree
of D.C.L. on you at the time of the Commemoration, viz. Wednesday,
June 2ist.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your faithful servant,
J. P. LIGHTFOOT.
The following note tends to confirm the statement of Sir
John Macdonald as to the pleasant relations which sub-
sisted between Mr. George Brown and himself during their
association as members of the Coalition Government formed
to carry Confederation, more particularly on the occasion
1 Afterwards the Hon. Sir Hector Louis Langevin, K.C.M.G., C.B. One of the
Fathers of Confederation. Solicitor General for Lower Canada (1864-1865) and
Postmaster General 1865, until the Union. Was Secretary of State of Canada
(1867-1869). Minister of Public Works (1869-1873 and 1879-1891). Post-
master General (1878-1879). Died, nth June 1906.
2 The Hon. Jean Charles Chapais. One of the Fathers of Confederation. A
colleague of Sir John Macdonald. Commissioner of Public Works in the second
Tache-Macdonald administration, March, 1864, which office he continued to fill
until Confederation. Sworn of the Privy Council, ist July, 1867, and appointed
Minister of Agriculture. Was afterwards (1869-1873) Receiver General in the
first Cabinet of the Dominion. A Senator of Canada (1868-1885). Died, I7th
July, 1885.
28 CORRESPONDENCE OF
of their mission to England in 1865. (Memoirs, Vol. I.
p. 265).
From the Hon. A. T. Gait to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
Liverpool, ijth June, 1865.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
Brown is quite pleased with the letter and with his own signature, though
he says you have omitted the "flourish" at the tail.
He is satisfied about McDougall as the best thing that could be done.
Your and McGee's rooms are all right for the 24th.
Regards to Cartier, McGee and Bernard.
Yours ever,
A. T. GALT.
Hon. J. A. Macdonald.
From Lt. Governor Sir R. G. MacDonnell J to the Hon. John
A. Macdonald.
Government House,
Halifax, 20th September, 1865.
MY DEAR SIR,
Amidst the hurry and worry of parting, I must thank you for your good
wishes towards myself as Mandarin of Hong Kong.
I wish before I left, the Delphic Oracle had spoken out a little more
plainly in reference to the Intercolonial Railway.
I have done my best to forward the Confederate cause by squeezing
as much as possible of civility and frankness out of Lord Monck's last
narrow and somewhat reluctant avowal of Canada's willingness to abide
by any course England may suggest.
In matters of that kind it has always seemed to me the best states-
manship to speak out boldly and frankly if one means to make a con-
cession and so get full credit for it. I almost begin now to think that
there may be something in the suspicions of the Anti Federals as to the
possible postponement of the Intercolonial by an Ottawa Parliament!!
I wish I could have run up to Canada for a week or ten days. It would
have afforded me and Lady MacDonnell [sic] to have renewed our ac-
quaintance with some of our friends at Quebec and Montreal. Lady
MacDonnell sends her love to Monsr. Cartier at which I am furious.
As yet I have no idea who will administer here. I hope he will be able
to complete some of my projected reforms and he will find an ample field
for improvement. I hope we shall meet again and you will always find
me ready to break a lance with you whether for an Intercolonial Railway,
or a fairer and more chivalrous motive.
Ever most sincerely yours,
RICHARD GRAVES MACDONNELL.
Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia (1864-1865): Governor of Hong Kong
(1865-1872). Died, 5th February, 1881.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 29
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck, to the Hon.
John A. Macdonald.
Private.
London, October 26, 1865.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I should have written to you before, but I had nothing to communicate,
as on my arrival here from Canada, I found that Mr. Cardwell 1 was absent
from town in attendance on the Queen. I only saw him last Friday on
my return from Ireland and his from Scotland.
You will already know that the arrangement of the Lower Provinces is
that Mr. Gordon 2 returns to New Brunswick and Sir F. Williams 3 goes to
Nova Scotia. This had been settled before I arrived in England. Mr.
Gordon has gone out under instructions from Mr. Cardwell to further the
cause of Union by every means within his power, and Sir F. Williams will,
of course, give the movement every assistance in his province, and I trust
both will be successful.
The proposal for a Provincial mission to the South American States
and the West Indies has been sanctioned 4 and I am writing on the subject
by this mail to Gait.
I am much surprised to find how extensively but noiselessly the opinion
that the colonies should be allowed to shape their own destinies, without
interference on the part of the mother country, in working its way in the
public mind. It is in our colonial policy the counterpart of "non-inter-
ference" in our foreign administration, and derives its vitality from
precisely the same set of feelings and motives.
I think we have checked the operation of this principle very much by
the proposal for erecting B. N. A. into a state which might be trusted
with the complete management of all its own concerns, either in a condi-
tion of absolute or qualified independence, but you may depend upon
it that it will come again to the surface with renewed vigour if our scheme
fails.
I am glad to find the visit of the maritime trade delegations passed off
1 Then Secretary of State for the Colonies.
2 Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, afterwards (1893) 1st Baron Stanmore. Lieuten-
ant-Go vernor of New Brunswick (1861-1866). Opposed to Confederation of the
British North American provinces, and was, in consequence, transferred to Trini-
dad. Familiarly known in New Brunswick as "Thy Servant Arthur", from his
having given directions, when Lieutenant-Governor, that he should be publicly
prayed for in the Anglican liturgy under that appellation. Died, 3oth January,
1912.
8 Lieutenant General Sir William Fenwick Williams, Bart., K.C.B. The hero
of Kars. Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, July to October, 1867.
4 See Memoirs, Vol. I, pp. 292 and 369.
5 See preceding note.
30 CORRESPONDENCE OF
so well, and I trust they have taken some sound notions home with them
on their return.
Poor Lord Palmerston is to be buried to-morrow in Westminster Abbey
and we shall then know what is to be the new arrangement of the Govern-
ment. At present little is known beyond the fact that Lord Russell is
Premier and Lord Clarendon Foreign Minister, with Gladstone to lead in
the Commons.
Believe me to be,
Yours most truly,
MONCK.I
The Hon. John A. Macdonald.
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to the Hon. John
A. Macdonald.
Private. Charkville, Enniskitlen,
December 20, 1865.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I have not written to you lately for I really had nothing of the smallest
interest to tell you. I returned last night from London whither I had gone
for a couple of days to arrange some matters connected with the West
India Mission which I trust is now satisfactorily arranged. I am writing
about it to Gait by this post.
Mr. Cardwell showed me his private communications from Mr. Gordon
and from them I have come to the conclusion that the success of the
Union next spring in New Brunswick may be looked upon as certain. I
would not say this to New Brunswickers, because it might induce them
to relax their efforts, but for the regulation of our own movements, I think
we may assume that the fact is so.
Under these circumstances I think we ought now to make our arrange-
ments so that we shall be sure not to interpose any delay in obtaining the
necessary Imperial legislation next session.
For this purpose it will be necessary that all Colonial legislative action
shall be concluded by the middle or, at the very latest, the end of April, and
that the delegates should be in London by the beginning of May. This is
later than Mr. Cardwell expects, but I think this will do. Now I presume
our Parliament must discuss the form of the local governments before the
Imperial measure shall have been passed. If so we should be prepared
to meet not later than the middle of March. If considered desirable,
the session might be confined in its operations to finishing what remains
to be done of the work of Union.
I mean to return to Canada (D.V.) early in February as I think I ought
to be there when the Union is being discussed in the Lower Provinces, and
in the event of its success I mean to accompany the Colonial delegation to
1 Charles Stanley, 4th Viscount Monck. Governor-General of the Province of
Canada (1861-1867) and of the Dominion of Canada (1867-1868). Died, agth
November, 1894.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 31
England in the month of May. I wish you would kindly write me your
opinion on all this as soon as you can. I hope the state of the buildings at
Ottawa will not offer any physical obstacle to holding an early session, but
coute que coitte, if matters progress as I hope and expect in New Bruns-
wick, an early session is essential to the passing of the Union Bill here next
year, unless you think the discussion of the local Government question
might be postponed to the passing of the Imperial Act, but to this I see
many great objections.
I am writing on this subject to Brown pretty much in the same sense
I write you. I know you will communicate with Carder, therefore I do
not write to him by this mail.
Believe me to be,
Most truly yours,
MONCK.
The Hon. John A. Macdonald.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to S. I. Lynn, Esq.
Private. Ottawa, April loth, 1866.
MY DEAR SIR,
I have your letter of the 4th instant on the subject of the
appointment for the county of Renfrew, in which you express
your expectation that the county appointments will be made
from the Conservative ranks. You write as if you thought
that the present government was a strictly Conservative one.
Now you must remember that in March, 1 864, on the resigna-
tion of Mr. Sandfield Macdonald and his Government, a
homogeneous Conservative administration was formed by
Sir Etienne Tache and myself, and that in consequence of
the Conservative party being weak, numerically, in the
House of Assembly, that government was defeated. As
the leader of the Conservatives in Upper Canada, I then had
the option either of forming a coalition government or of
handing over the administration of affairs to the Grit party
for the next ten years. I chose the first alternative and a
coalition government was formed, consisting so far as
Upper Canada is concerned, of three Conservatives and
three Liberals. It is now my bounden duty to sustain that
government to the utmost of my power, and in order to do
so, I must act with perfect impartiality towards its supporters
in the Legislature, whether their politics are Conservative
or clear Grit. If the Conservatives of Renfrew, instead of
quarrelling about their county town, had elected a Con-
32 CORRESPONDENCE OF
servative member, there would have been no difficulty in
the matter. As it is, the appointments will be considered
by the six members of Council from Upper Canada, who
will decide what is just and fair under the circumstances.
I have had several similar remonstrances from the City of
Toronto against Reform appointments there, but my answer
has been that as soon as Toronto returns Conservative mem-
bers, it will get Conservative appointments, but not before.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
S. I. LYNN, ESQ.,
Eganville, C. W.
From the Eon John A. Macdonaldto the Hon. Peter Mitchell
Private. Ottawa, April loth, 1866.
MY DEAR MITCHELL,
I duly received your letter of the 23rd ultimo which took
a tremendous long time to reach here. The Telegraph of
yesterday informed me that you have not yet got through
your vote of want of confidence in the Lower House, but that
you are in the midst of a ministerial crisis, in consequence of
Mr. Gordon's reply to the address from your branch of the
Legislature. I hope this is correct, and that you will be
able to form an administration that will at once carry Con-
federation. I regretted a good deal Fisher's motion. It
ought to have succeeded and not preceded the answer to the
address, and looking at it from this distance it seems to us as
if it were playing Mr. Smith's game. However, there is no
use in looking backwards and I wish you Unionists all suc-
cess in forming a good and strong Confederation ministry.
Canada is not in a position to discuss the expediency of
making any alterations in the Quebec scheme. Both
branches of the Legislature have adopted that scheme as a
whole, and they laid it by address at the foot of the Throne.
Her Majesty has replied through Her Colonial Minister,
approving, on the whole, of the scheme. It is now therefore
altogether out of our hands and beyond our control. We
cannot withdraw our address or submit it for reconsideration
to our Legislature. The Imperial Government is now the
arbiter, and after weighing the representations from the
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 33
different Provinces, it will adopt such course as in its opinion
will be for the benefit of all. Meanwhile, you must under-
stand that, so far as Canada is concerned, we must adhere
to the Resolutions of the Quebec Conference.
At the moment I am writing this letter, you are, I fancy,
in great excitement about the Fenians. I really would not
be surprised if these rascals gave you some trouble. The
leaders have been duping the masses so long, and have
robbed them of such sums of money, that they must do
something to avert popular indignation. They have found
that we are too strong for them, and therefore they will
make a dash at you. But it will end in a fiasco I have no
doubt, and they will be thoroughly drubbed for their pains,
if they make the attack. Meanwhile, however, it is an
anxious time for you. Give my best respects to S. L. T[illey]
and all other friends and,
Believe me,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Hon. Peter Mitchell, 1
Fredericton, N. B.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to Adam Crooks, Esq.
Private.
Ottawa, July ijth, 1866.
MY DEAR CROOKS,
I did what I could to secure a member for the University,
but failed. More's the pity.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Adam Crooks, Esq., 2
Toronto.
iThe Hon. Peter Mitchell, Premier of New Brunswick (1866-1867). One of
the Fathers of Confederation. Minister of Marine and Fisheries in the First
Dominion Cabinet (1867-1873). A Senator of Canada (1867-1872). Member of
the House of Commons, (1872-78; 1882-1890). Died, 26th October, 1899.
2 A former Vice Chancellor of the University of Toronto. Minister of Education
in the Provincial Government of Ontario under the Hon. Oliver Mowat.
34 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to Lt.-General Sir John
Michel, K.C.B.
Ottawa, 28th August, 1866.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN MICHEL/
I yesterday received a confidential note from Lord Monck
informing me that you and he had applied to England for
reinforcements, which I was very glad to learn. As he has
telegraphed that Canada would provide barracks, we must
lose no time in making the necessary enquiries. Colonel
Wily leaves to-day at one P.M. to visit London and Paris 2
as suggested by you to Lord Monck. He can do no more
than enquire, until it is known that the Home Govern-
ment have acceded to your request. Supposing the re-
quest granted, it is for you to point out the places you desire
in a military point of view. We can inform you where the
most comfortable and suitable barrack accommodation can
be found. As we are in a state of semi-war, I suppose you
will allow the soldiers to be packed closer than they would
be in a time of complete peace, and in regularly constructed
barracks. We have a very good barrack here fitted for a
wing of a regiment, and with a little squeezing it would hold
400 men. We could easily provide quarters for a battalion,
and I presume you would think this an eligible place. The
men cannot readily desert, and the railway can carry them to
the front in i\ hours, in case of Prescott or Fort Wellington
being threatened. Barracks I think could be obtained
readily at Hamilton, St. Catharines, Woodstock and Chat-
ham, besides London and Paris. There would be no diffi-
culty in providing for another battalion in Kingston. The
Royal Canadian Rifles with their families, occupied bar-
racks there which formerly provided room for two battalions
and a demi-battery of artillery. Comfortable residences
could easily be provided for the women and children there.
I do not know whether additional buildings can be got at
1 Lieutenant General Sir John Michel, K.C.B. , commanding Her Majesty's
Forces in Canada at the time. This letter relates to military preparations to meet
the Fenian Raid of 1866.
2 Ontario.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 35
Stratford but will enquire. Belleville and Cobourg are on
the line of the G. T. R., the former about 56 miles from
Kingston, the later 70 miles from Toronto. I shall be glad
to learn your views as to localities, and remain,
My dear Sir John Michel,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Lt. Genl. Sir John Michel, K.C.B.
Montreal.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to R. J. Cartwright y Esq. 1
Private.
Ottawa, September i?th y 1866.
MY DEAR CARTWRIGHT,
The Adjutant General has been absent at the camp at
Thorold, at Montreal and Quebec, on urgent military duty,
and until he arrives here, I shall not be able to enter into the
subject of Drill Sheds. I have your note about Napanee,
which, of course, will be considered when the whole subject
is taken up.
You will see that Her Majesty's Government has at last
sent us out troops. They ought to have come out some
time ago, and it was only after pressing remonstrances that
they have been so sent. You may depend upon it that
everything in the way of precautions has been taken: but
the public generally are not disposed to believe it. Because
they do not see what we are doing, in the newspapers, they
think we are doing nothing.
There is not a more active or zealous officer than Sir John
Michel, and we may rest satisfied when he is more than
1 Afterwards the Right Hon. Sir Richard John Cartwright, G.C.M.G. Minister
of Finance in the Cabinet of Mr. Mackenzie (1873-1878), and Minister of Trade and
Commerce in that of Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1896-1911). Appointed a member of
His Majesty's Privy Council, ipth November, 1902 (never sworh). Died, 24th
September, 1912.
36 CORRESPONDENCE OF
satisfied with the preparations that have been made to resist
any attack.
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
R. J. Cartwright, Esq., M.P.P.,
KINGSTON.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to the Adjutant General
of Militia,
Ottawa, September ifth, 1866.
MY DEAR COLONEL,
I enclose you a letter from W. C. Allen, the Mayor of
Cornwall. He is an exceedingly active and energetic man,
and is devotedly loyal to the Crown. If you can forward his
views I shall be very happy.
Also a note from Mr. Cartwright, M.P.P., asking me that
Major Sweatman, Adolphustown, should be made Lieut-
Colonel. I cannot get people to understand that these
communications should be made to the Adjutant-General's
Department, and you must come out with a new Militia
General order and notice on the subject. Meanwhile, as
Cartwright takes great interest in Militia matters, and al-
ways supports us, l if it is right that Sweatman should get
the promotion, he may as well get it.
Also a letter from Dr. Morris which I found on my return.
He is a relative of Captain King who was wounded at Ridge-
way. He wrote to Lord Monck a letter about Captain King
which his lordship referred to me, and a civil answer you see
has brought out a great deal of gratitude.
And also a letter from Dr. Fee of Kingston, asking for
permission to enter the Military School. There seems to
be a cross fire of authority somewhere.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Colonel Macdougall,
Adjutant General of Militia,
Ottawa.
1 The letters of this period indicate quite clearly, what one would scarcely gather
from Sir Richard Cartwright's Reminiscences, that from his entry into Parliament
up to the year 1869, he was a thorough-going supporter of Mr. John A. Macdonald
and the Conservative party.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 37
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to E. McCollum, Esq.
Private. Ottawa, October 6th, 1866.
MY DEAR SIR,
I duly received your favour of the i6th ultimo, for which I
thank you. I agree with you that Mr. Brown's course to-
wards his country was in the highest degree unpatriotic, and
he will find that the good sense of the people of his province
will award him just punishment for it. From a mere desire
to prejudice the ministry which he had abandoned, he threw
aside all regards to the interests of the country, and he
studiously continuously exaggerated the force, the power and
the preparations of the Fenian organization, while at the
same time he attempted to intimidate the people of Canada
by representing most falsely and wickedly that they were in
a state of utter defencelessness. His course was quite suffi-
cient to cause a panic, had it not been for the stout hearts
of the people. Had the advice of the Globe been taken, the
province would have had at least 20,000 men under arms
since August, and this too in harvest time, amidst a great
want of labour for that season. It would have lost the
province at least half a million of money, the volunteers
withdrawn from their business would have been ruined or
nearly so, and in fact such dissatisfaction would have existed
among them that would have gone far to destroy the force.
On the other hand, the Government allowed the Volunteers
to attend to their work, knowing that their services could
be procured, as they were before, on twenty-four hours
notice. The Government have always been fully informed
as to the movements of the Fenians, and the result shows
that their preparations have been quite sufficient to prevent
a Fenian invasion. I trust that all serious danger from
these people is over, and that much of the expense to which
the Province has been put may hereafter be saved. It is
still requisite however, so long as the combination of these
misguided people exists, to take proper precautions, which
we shall do.
You recommend the arming of the general body of Militia.
Some system of that kind must be adopted when the Pro-
vinces are confederated and when Parliament has under
38 CORRESPONDENCE OF
consideration one uniform system of Militia for British
America. Meanwhile, of course we were obliged to depend
upon the Volunteers, who are on the whole well drilled, and
are much more than a match for all the Fenians that will
ever cross our border.
Again thanking you for your interesting letter,
Believe me to be,
My dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
E. McCollum, Esq., J ohn A " Mac <*nald.
Duart,
C.W.
From the Hon. 'John A. Macdonald to George Stevenson, Esq.,
Ottawa, October nth, 1866.
SIR,
I have to acknowledge your letter of the 8th instant in
which you allude to your previous application on behalf of
your son for the registrarship of Lambton. In that letter you
have offered me the great insult of proffering a bribe of
$ 1,000 a year for four years in consideration of your son
being appointed to the office.
If I did my duty I should not only publish your letter,
but take legal proceedings against you. I shall, however,
abstain from doing so as at present advised.
I must, however, inform you that the fact of your having
written me such a letter must prevent me from submitting
your son's name at all to His Excellency for the office.
I am,
Sir,
Your obedient servant.
^, c T7 JOHN A. MACDONALD.
George btevenson, Esq.,
Sarnia.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to Governor-General the
Viscount Monck.
Ottawa, October fjth, 1866.
MY DEAR LORD MONCK,
To your first question "Is high treason felony" I
would say, that treason is felony and something more. It is
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 39
the highest crime known to the law, involving the severest
penalties, as attainder for treason forfeits both life and
property without reservation.
Sir Edward Coke says: "Treason itself was anciently
comprised under name of felony" and Blackstone also
says: "all treasons therefore, strictly speaking, are felonies,
though all felonies are not treasons."
I think however, that before the statutes of last session, a
British subject could not have been tried for felony only,
but that he must have been indicted for treason.
In order to protect the subject from the great power
of the Crown, a person accused of treason can only be con-
victed on the oath of two lawful witnesses, unless a voluntary
confession, and there are certain provisions as to serving him
with a list of the witnesses, and panel of jury &c., &c., which
are not required in mere felonies.
Your second question is "Can you make a particular
deed felony with respect to one class of offenders in a country,
without making it so with regard to every person who com-
mits it?"
I think you can, indeed the Upper Canada statute of 1838
drew the distinction, and provides that British subjects or
foreigners might be tried by Court Martial, and that for-
eigners might be tried for felony also. After the passing
of that Act, and before the Act of last session, the sub-
ject could only be tried by a Court Martial or for high
treason. There will be great difficulty in identifying the
prisoners generally, and it will be almost impossible to get
the evidence of two witnesses against the British subjects
if tried for treason. As it would never do to let these go
scot free and only convict citizens of the United States,
the British subjects must either be tried for the felony or by
Court Martial.
I should like to hear from Your Excellency on this point
as soon as possible.
Believe me
My dear Lord Monck,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
His Excellency
The Governor-General.
4 o CORRESPONDENCE OF
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to M. le Comte de la
Fouchere.
Ottawa, October 2Jth> 1866.
SIR,
I have had the honour to receive your letter in which you
desire information relative to the late Sir Allan MacNab
and I hope that the following may meet the points you
desire.
The father and mother of Sir Allan MacNab died in this
country many years since. Sir Allan had one brother (David)
who died in consequence of illness the result of being on
service at Navy Island during the Rebellion. He had also
four sisters, Ann, still unmarried Maria, who married Cap-
tain Stuart who was Registrar of Wentworth Hannah, still
unmarried, and Lucy who married the late John O'Hatt.
They are all residing in Hamilton, Canada West.
The father of Sir Allan was a retired officer of the Army.
Sir Allan had one son (Robert) who was accidentally killed
at about the age of eleven years, and one daughter (Anna
Jane) who married Mr. Davenport of Her Majesty's Com-
missariat these were by his first marriage. He had two
daughters by his second wife Sophia, who married Viscount
Bury, eldest son of the Earl of Albemarle, and Mary
Stuart, who married John A. Daly, son of Sir Dominick
Daly, Governor of Western Australia. The daughters are
all alive but I am not sure of their ages.
I am not aware whether the children speak French, but I
should think in all probability they do. I fear that you
must be misinformed that Sir Allan MacNab left a large
fortune. I am not aware what the facts of the case may be,
but am under the impression that his estate would have
been small.
I have the honour to be
Sir,
Your obedient servant
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Monsieur le Comte de la Fouchere.
Toward the close of the year 1866, and during the open-
ing months of 1867, the delegates from the Provinces of
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 41
Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were assembled in
conference in London settling the terms of Confederation.
From Sir Charles Adderley 1 to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
Colonial Office, January /<?, 1867.
DEAR MR. MACDONALD,
I have just seen Lord Monck returned here from Ireland. I am very
glad he has his Commission as your Governor-General. He will soon be
off for the West. I hope all is now ready for the Proclamation and your
Senate well filled. All opposition seems to have died away, and I suppose
great interest is felt in the new prospects. I have no doubt you will go
ahead in every way commercially and politically, and the interest in
further life will be altogether on a larger scale. Meanwhile we are all
moving together full cry for household suffrage here. Once the Con-
servatives go for a point, they go it handsomely and there is no drag
to the wheel now. I think we shall get some sort of bottom in this house-
hold suffrage on payment of rates and one year's residence, and practically
shut out the lowest dwellings. We shall not get to universal suffrage. I
really think we shall stay at this point for my lifetime, and the country
is so aristocratically ingrained that the change after the first burst will be
less than any expect. . . .
My best remembrances to Mrs. Macdonald.
Very faithfully yours,
C. B. ADDERLEY
From Sir Frederic Rogers 2 to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
C. 0., Feb 6, 1867.
MY DEAR MR. MACDONALD,
I have had a sitting with Mr. Reilly over his and your drafts which
he seems pretty much to have in shape, or so nearly so that they could
be placed in a few hours in the printer's hands. But there is still a good
deal wanting from you particularly the Local Constitutions the powers
of the Local Legislatures and the Educational clauses.
I hope you will be able to furnish them to him soon, as Lord C[arn-
arvon] is very anxious to get on with the bill, so as to distribute it on Sat-
urday the possibility of which seems to be getting more and more doubt-
ful. Yours very truly,
FREDERIC ROGERS.
1 The Right Hon. Sir Charles Bowyer Adderley, K.C.M.G., M.P., afterwards ist
Baron Norton. Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies (1866-
1868).
2 Sir Frederic Rogers, Bart., afterwards Lord Blachford. Permanent Under-
secretary of State for the Colonies (1860-1871). Touching the Confederation
Conference which met in London, 1866-7, he writes: "Lord Carnarvon was in the
chair, and I was rather disappointed in his power of presiding. Macdonald was the
42 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Professor Thorold Rogers 1 to the Hon. John A. Mac-
donald.
Oxford, March 7th, 1867.
MY DEAR MR. MACDONALD,
I should have long since acknowledged your good nature in sending me
the very useful Canadian directory, but I had no idea where you might be.
A day or two ago, however, I met Mr. Bruce Gardyne and he gave me your
address.
He told me also that, not content with effecting a political confedera-
tion, you had tempted naturally by an association of ideas lately
formed a domestic confederation also. I ought to have seen it in the
Times, but as my moral sense is weak, and as I had better therefore do all
I can to preserve its feeble powers, I don't ordinarily read that paper.
You will permit me to offer you my felicitations and hopes for your hap-
piness. Your scheme in the wider field of political action seems to prosper.
I hope that you have quieted a turbulent Nova Scotian, a Mr. Howe,
whom I met at Birmingham. He was furious at the plan of union, and as
I thought indignant at the risk of absorption. You know my notions,
and that I wish you were socii instead of coloni.
Yours very faithfully,
JAMES E. THOROLD ROGERS.
From the Hon. T. UArcy McGee* to the Hon. John A. Mac-
donald
71 Champs Ely sees, Paris.
April 9, 1867.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I infer, from what McDougall says, that you are not coming over, even
for a day to Paris, and that you sail next Saturday. I, therefore, will not
ruling genius and spokesman, and I was very greatly struck by his power of manage-
ment and adroitness." Letters of Lord Blachford, p. 301.
The Mr. Reilly referred to by Sir F. Rogers afterwards Sir Francis Savage
Reilly, K.C.M.G., Q.C. was engaged in the drafting of the British North America
Act. An obituary notice of this gentleman will be found in the Times of the 28th
August, 1883.
1 James Edwin Thorold Rogers, Professor of Political Economy at the University
of Oxford (1862-1867), and an advanced Liberal M.P. (1880-1886). Died, i2th
October, 1 890. The personal reference in this letter is to Mr. Macdonald's marriage
to Miss Bernard (the late Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe), which took place
in London at St. George's, Hanover Square on the i6th February previously.
2 One of the Fathers of Confederation. President of the Executive Council in
the J. S. Macdonald-Sicotte Government (1862-1863). Minister of Agriculture
in the Tache-Macdonald and Belleau-Macdonald administrations from 1864 until
the Union. Assassinated, yth April, 1868. At the date of this letter Mr. McGee was
in Paris as Minister of Agriculture, arranging for Canada's participation in the
Exhibition of 1867.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 43
see you, probably, till the middle of May, when I hope to be at Ottawa.
By the 2oth or 25th of this month all that can be done for Canada will be
done, and I shall feel free to leave by the last of this month, or the first boat
of next.
I am glad on public grounds, though sorry we are not to see you here,
that you are to be in Canada so soon. There seem some rather embar-
rassing symptoms of old party warfare getting up again, before Confedera-
tion has even had a trial. Theoretically it is true, the work is done; but
practically it is only beginning. At such a real crisis, personal and mere
party politics might afford to bide a wee. You observe in your last that
my own "political future is at stake." I feel the whole force of that re-
mark, and will not lose a day in returning, that I possibly can. As to
Montreal West, I do not fear any issue which I may have to meet there,
with any one; but the other two seats in that city can only be secured
by the active co-operation of those I can influence, as was shown to Car-
tier's and Rose's satisfaction last time, and time before. Whatever I
can do westward, will be, as it always has been at your service. Ever
since we have acted together, I recognize no other leader in Parliament or
the country; and I only ask in return, that you will protect my position
in my absence till I am able to mount guard over it myself. I certainly
have no desire to embarrass future arrangements which will naturally be
under your direction, but in a Confederation Government, founded on
principles which I have always zealously advocated, I will, if in Parlia-
ment, give way neither to Gait, nor to a third Frenchman, "nor any
other man."
If you have time I should like to hear from you again before you go; if
not, do not mind writing. I may sail directly from Derry for Quebec, on
the last day of April, or the 6th of May. So you may expect to hear of and
from me about the iath or at latest the 2oth of May.
We are getting on very slowly here, but I am assured the end of this
week will see everything in situ, in our Department.
With best regards to Bernard and best respects to Mrs. Macdonald,
Yours very truly,
THOS. D'ARCY McGEE.
Hon. J. A. Macdonald,
London.
Send me a legacy of late Canadian papers if you have them.
From His Honour Judge Gowan 1 to the Hon. John A. Mac-
donald
Ardraven, Barrie, n May, 1867.
MY DEAR SIR,
Welcome back to put the top-stone on the Dominion of which you have
been the artificer in chief.
It will be a proud day to you when Canada issues from a sea of strife
i Afterwards the Hon. Sir James Robert Gowan, K.C.M.G. A very old and in-
timate friend of Sir John Macdonald. Judge of the County Court of the County of
Simcoe (1843-1883). A Senator of Canada (1885-1907). Died, i8th March, 1909.
44 CORRESPONDENCE OF
and littleness to take her place in the procession of powers linked with the
motherland. To you there will be a new and extended field to occupy,
new triumphs to achieve, "No pent up Utica will contract your powers"
and I hope the papers speak the truth in saying you never were in better
health, for I fancy there will be plenty of work before you to bring all
things into order and to give a fair start to the new Dominion.
You will doubtless be surrounded by a multitude of people as annoying,
if not so numerous, as a swarm of mosquitoes buzzing their little businesses
in your ear. It is one of the penalties of position which public men have to
tolerate at times, irritating as it must be.
Not wishing to rush upon you to thrust myself upon you with the
crowd, I had expected to hear from Mr. Bernard 1 when it would please
you (if pleasure be in the case) to see me in Ottawa with my memorial for
a junior [county Judge]. You were kind enough to say you would take
it up upon your arrival, but I did not understand from this that I was to
"rush upon you with a shout after the manner of the ancients." I meant
to wait a while before troubling you unless indeed you wished me to comply
literally with what you said and go down at once that is just what I
desired to learn from Mr. Bernard, but as he is not in Ottawa it only
remains to ask yourself. . . .
Believe me,
My dear Sir,
Ever faithfully yours,
J. R. GOWAN.
The Honourable
J. A. Macdonald, D.C.L.,
Ottawa.
From the Hon. A. Shea 2 to the Hon. John A. Macdonald.
St. John's Newfoundland,
May ifth, 1867.
MY DEAR SIR,
May I be allowed to offer you my best wishes on the late auspicious
event which I trust will fully realize all your most sanguine hopes. I see
by the papers you have recently returned to Canada where you will of
course soon be called on to assume a weighty share of the burthen which
lies before the public men of the Dominion. I have lately been in Canada
myself, but had not the pleasure of meeting any of my old friends but M.
Langevin for a short time in Quebec.
1 Lieutenant Colonel Hewitt Bernard, C.M.G. Sir John Macdonald's Private
Secretary (1858-1864). Deputy Minister of Justice (1868-1876). Secretary to
the Confederation Conferences at Quebec (1864) and at London (1866-1867).
Brother of the Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe. Died, 24th February, 1893.
2 Afterwards Sir Ambrose Shea, K.C.M.G. Represented Newfoundland with
Mr. Carter at the Quebec Conference. The "auspicious event" to which Mr. Shea
alludes is doubtless Mr. Macdonald's second marriage. Was a Cabinet Min-
ister in Newfoundland from 1865-1870; appointed Governor of the Bahama
Islands in 1886. Died, August, 1905.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 45
We are gradually but surely arriving here at a state of feeling that will
no doubt in the course of the present year enable us to seek admission into
the Union, and though our progress has been somewhat deliberate, we
shall, I think escape the after conflicts with which our friends in Nova
Scotia are now contending.
Carteri and I have thought that perhaps you will be disposed to signal-
ize the inauguration of the new Government, and if it did not interfere
with your views respecting the arrangements for that event, we would take
it very kind of you to ask Lord Monck to give our Governor an invitation
to be with you at that time. He has acted so well and so loyally all
through the discussions of the question which you have brought to so
triumphant an issue, that we are most anxious he should receive this
recognition which we have reason to think would be very grateful to
him, while his visit would no doubt enable him to assist us in what we
have yet to do in this colony to finish the arrangements for our admis-
sion. He has felt much chafed at our remaining so long in the rear, but
we have had his ready co-operation at all times, even where his own views
and ours may not exactly have coincided as to the best means of attaining
our common object.
I am much pleased to find that Lord Monck is to be the first Governor-
General of the Dominion. Justice would not have been done by any
other appointment, and I am sure this will be the single opinion of every
Union man in these Provinces.
Pardon me the trouble I am proposing to give you, and trusting my
request may not be found inexpedient,
I am,
My dear sir,
Yours very truly,
A. SHEA
The Honourable
Sir John A. Macdonald.
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to the Hon. John
A. Macdonald.
London, May 24, 1867.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
The proclamation appointing the Union to come into operation on
July ist, and nominating the members of the Senate, was agreed to by the
Queen in Council on Wednesday last, and appeared in the Gazette of that
evening, so that our work, so far, has been finished.
It now remains for us to take the necessary steps to put in motion the
machinery which we have created, and I write this note to authorize you
1 The Hon. F. B. T. Carter, afterwards Sir Frederick Carter; was Premier and
Attorney General of Newfoundland (i 865-1 869), and again from 1 874-1 879, in which
latter year he was appointed Chief Justice of Newfoundland, which position he held
until 1899. Died in June, 1901.
46 CORRESPONDENCE OF
to take the needful measures, so as to have a ministry ready to be sworn
into office and to commence the performance of their several functions on
the ist July. I entrust this duty to you as the individual selected for their
chairman and spokesman by unanimous vote of the delegates when they
were in England, and I adopt this test for my guidance in consequence of
the impossibility, under the circumstances, of ascertaining, in the ordinary
constitutional manner, who possesses the confidence of a Parliament which
does not yet exist.
In authorizing you to undertake the duty of forming an administra-
tion for the Dominion of Canada, I desire to express my strong opinion
that, in future, it shall be distinctly understood that the position of First
Minister shall be held by one person, who shall be responsible to the
Governor-General for the appointment of the other ministers, and that the
system of dual First Ministers, which has hitherto prevailed, shall be put
an end to.
I think this is of importance, not only with reference to the mainten-
ance of satisfactory relations between the Governor-General and his
cabinet, but also with a view to the complete consolidation of the Union
which we have brought about.
I may mention that I have communicated with Sir. F. Williams and
General Doyle, and they have both expressed their willingness to under-
take the duties of provisional Lt. Governors, should it be found desirable
to avail ourselves of their services.
My purpose is to sail on the I4th of June, direct to Quebec. I shall
go in the first instance to Spencer Wood, but I can, of course, come to
Ottawa whenever it is necessary.
Believe me to be
Most truly yours,
MONCK.
The Honourable J. A. Macdonald.
From the Hon. John A. Macdonald to Alex. Morris^ Esq.,
M.P.P. 1
Ottawa, July 1st, 1867.
Private.
MY DEAR MORRIS,
Thanks for yours of the 26th. Macdougall and Rowland
have returned from Toronto in good spirits. It is believed
that they have made a great impression upon the members
of the Convention by their manly conduct there. The
1 Sat for the South Riding of Lanark in the Provincial Assembly, 1861 until the
Union, and in the first Parliament of the Dominion (1867-1872); sworn of the Privy
Council and appointed Minister of Inland Revenue, i6th November, 1869; Chief
Justice of Manitoba, July to December, 1872; Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba
(1872-1877). Died, 28th October, 1889.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 47
split in the Reform ranks seems to be permanent, and it
appears to me now certain, with the joint action of the
moderate Liberals and the Conservative party proper, that
a majority must be obtained.
I am very glad to learn from you that Macdougall is
safe in his riding. I do not think that he has been asked
to stand for Ottawa. He certainly cannot do so without a
contest, because the blood of both McGillivary and Currier
is up, and they are resolved to fight it to the last both are,
however, friendly to the Government.
The present intention is to have a Cabinet of 13. The
Departments are not yet finally settled, they will probably
be arranged in a day or two.
Until Council is sworn in we have preferred to postpone
the consideration of the time for holding the elections. I
know there is a good deal of diversity of opinion among us
on that subject what do you think? In haste
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Alex. Morris, Esq., M.P.P.
Perth.
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to Sir John
Macdonald
Spencer Wood, July 6, 1867.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
You will have to consider what course is to be adopted with respect to
the case of a gentleman named for the Senate in the Queen's Proclamation,
who refuses to accept the appointment under the I2yth sect, of the Act of
Union.
Only one case, as far as I know, has as yet occurred that of Mr. Todd,
in New Brunswick.
It appears to me, looking at the terms of the 25th sect, of the Act, that
I am bound to issue my summons in the first instance to those persons
named in the Queen's Proclamation. Every person so summoned be-
comes, by the issue of the summons, "a Senator" under the 24th sect,
and may by the 3oth sect, resign his place.
If this course shall be adopted it seems to me that difficulty will be
avoided.
Believe me to be,
Most truly yours,
MONCK.
The Hon. Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
48 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From the Hon. A. Campbell to Sir John Macdonald
St. Lawrence Hall,
Montreal, loth July, 1867.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
Mr. McGee has, I find, stated publicly here that he had been offered
the seat in the Cabinet now held by me; that is, that you had proposed
that he should be your Conservative colleague from Upper Canada. I
can hardly credit you with such a scheme, and therefore make no comment
upon it but Mr. McGee has created the impression here, and I desire to
say that if it be possible that you have had such a design in view, and if
you would still like to attempt its execution, my seat is at your disposal
at any moment.
I am,
Very faithfully yours,
A. CAMPBELL.
The Honorable Sir John Macdonald, K.C.B.
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to Sir John
Macdonald.
Private. Spencer Wood, July 13, 1867.
My DEAR MACDONALD,
I have received your letter and enclosures; the latter I return. I think
the aspect of affairs very satisfactory, and I shall be disappointed if even
the junction of the two " wings " should succeed in infusing new life into
the Fenian organization.
I am glad you have succeeded in attaching Sandfield Macdonald, and I
rejoice to hear that his proposed ministry is not so cumbersome in point of
numbers as that which Sir Narcisse proposes in Quebec.
I wish you all success in your undertaking.
Believe me to be,
Most truly yours,
MONCK.
Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
P.S.
I think the correspondence between the Governor General and the
Lieutenant Governors should be carried on through the Secretary of State
for the Provinces and not through my office. The Lieutenant Governors
are officers of the Government of the Dominion, and should correspond
with the Secretary of State, not directly with the Governor General. I
foresee that there will be confusion and endless "circumlocution" if this is
not arranged at the outset, and if you see no objection, I propose to address
an "instruction" to the Lieutenant Governors desiring that this shall be so.
Let me hear from you on this point.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 49
From the Hon. Narcisse Eelleau l to Sir John Macdonald.
Quebec, 2<fth September, 1867.
DEAR SIR,
A word from an old colleague to thank you sincerely for all your kind-
ness and attentions and also for the constant marks of friendship which
you bestowed, up to the time when you were pleased to acquiesce to my
nomination as Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec.
It is useless to assure you of my gratitude and of my disposition to give
you cheerfully all the help and assistance in my power, if ever it should be
needed.
The extraordinary amount of work which you have accomplished during
the late elections in your Province, assures you, I am happy to say, the
gratefulness of the Liberal Conservatives, and secures you the place of
Premier in the Cabinet of the Dominion of Canada for, at least, the next
five years, or else you would refuse to make use of those resources of which
nature has been so lavishly prodigal in your favour, which never forsook
you in the numerous difficulties which you had to encounter.
One of the first difficulties will probably be to find the best and most
appropriate way to deal with Nova Scotia. Will she protest against the
new political order of things? Will she abstain from entering the Legisla-
tive Hall; or else will she enter the Commons only to raise the question of
the repeal of the Confederation; or will she oppose all legislation?
Your tact and your appreciation of the human character will, at once,
be put into requisition.
I am anxious to see you at work. Your influence upon a larger theatre,
aided by your colleagues, will, I am sure, find a favourable issue to the
annoyance which a whole province causes you. I know that your cour-
age will not fail, and that with your prudence you shall know how to deal
with that naughty black speck rising at the horizon.
Please present my most humble respects to Lady Macdonald.
And believe me,
Your most devoted friend,
N. F. BELLEAU.
Hon. Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
The first General Elections held under Confederation,
took place in the months of August and September, 1867,
and resulted in a large majority for the coalition govern-
ment.
i Afterward the Hon. Sir Narcisse Belleau, Kt., Prime Minister of the Province
of Canada, 1 865 until the Union. Appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province
of Quebec on the i st July, 1 867. Died, 1 4th September, 1 894.
50 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. A. Shea.
Private. Ottawa, Jth October,
MY DEAR SIR,
I received your kind note of the 3rd ultimo, and must
thank you for your congratulations.
We have made a clean sweep in the old Province of Canada
at our elections, and notwithstanding the defections in Nova
Scotia, which you will have been sorry to see, we shall have
a working majority from 75 to 80.
It will be of very great importance to secure the adhesion
of Newfoundland to the new system. I am glad to learn
from you the probability of your being able to carry Con-
federation in your colony.
Lord Monck has written to your Governor inviting him
to be his guest at the opening of our Parliament on the 6th
November. I hope that he won't be frightened at the
unfriendly season of the year.
Pray give my kind regards to Mr. Carter and believe me,
My dear Sir,
Very faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD
The Hon. Ambrose Shea,
St. John's,
Newfoundland.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. John Rose. 1
Confidential. Ottawa, 8th October, 1867.
MY DEAR ROSE,
You will have been rather surprised that I did not write
you before, anent the Speakership, but the fact is I had noth-
1 Afterwards the Right Hon. Sir John Rose, Bart., G.C.M.G. An intimate
personal and political friend and colleague of Sir John Macdonald, under whom he
held various offices in the Government of the Province of Canada (1857-1861).
Finance Minister of Canada (1867-1869). Sworn of Her Majesty's Privy Council,
3rd August, 1886. Died, 24th August, 1888.
In 1867, Mr. Rose who had been elected to the House of Commons for the County
of Huntingdon, P.Q., was a candidate for the Speakership. It was however con-
sidered advisable to appoint the Hon. J. E. Cauchon to the Speakership of the
Senate, and as Sir John points out, Lower Canada could not have both chairs. The
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 51
ing to communicate on the subject. We have had no talk
on the matter in Council, as we only met last week since the
elections, and have been hitherto occupied with Nova
Scotia and other matters of pressing exigency. We broke
up, leaving here only a bare quorum in order to allow col-
leagues at a distance to put their houses in order before
the Session.
We shan't reassemble in full Council till the 25th or 26th
and not till then will the Speakership of both Houses be
discussed.
Meanwhile the candidates for the Chair besides yourself
are Cockburn, Hillyard Cameron 1 and Gray 2 of New Bruns-
wick.
As between Cockburn and Cameron the former is the
favourite, as he has strong claims on his late colleagues of the
old Province of Canada claims which he has strengthened
by his conduct at the elections. He took charge of and
carried all the counties in his vicinity. The question, how-
ever, for the Council will be to settle the sectional claims
and rivalries, and I see considerable difficulty in that.
Lower Canada claims one of the seats for Cauchon 3 and in
the formation of the Government in July, when Upper Can-
ada claimed and obtained one more seat in the cabinet than
Lower Canada, the latter with great difficulty yielded, and
Hon. James Cockburn, M.P. for West Northumberland, Ontario, was elected
Speaker of the first House of Commons, and re-elected to that office at the opening
of the second Parliament in March, 1873, thus affording the only instance in Cana-
dian history of a Speaker of the popular Assembly occupying that office for more
than one Parliament.
x The Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, Solicitor General for Upper Canada (1846-
1848). Sat for various constituencies in the Legislative Assembly of Canada, and
afterwards in the Parliament of the Dominion. Supposed in early life to have
been a rival of Sir John Macdonald for the leadership of the Conservative party,
but in later years he was a staunch friend and supporter.
2 The Hon. John Hamilton Gray. One of the Fathers of Confederation. Re-
presented the City and County of St. John, New Brunswick, in the House of Com-
mons (1867-1872). Appointed in the latter year to the Supreme Court Bench of
British Columbia. Died, fth June, 1889.
3 The Hon. Joseph Edward Cauchon. Commissioner of Crown Lands (1855-
1857) and of Public Works (1861-1862) in the Government of the Province of
Canada. First Speaker of the Senate (1867-1 872). President of the Privy Coun-
cil in the Cabinet of Mr. Mackenzie (1875-1877) and Minister of Inland Revenue
(1877). Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (1877-1882). Died, 2jrd February,
1885.
52 CORRESPONDENCE OF
only on the understanding that Lower Canada should have
one chair. It is now almost settled that Cauchon goes to the
Lords. This is not however settled in Council, but only
in quiet talks: of course Lower Canada cannot have both
seats. This is practically the rock in your path. The
Cauchon matter you must consider as a secret. If Lower
Canada is to get the Chair of the Commons, of course I go
for you up to the handle, but even then I suppose the decision
must ultimately rest with the L. C. members of the Council
in other words with Cartier.
I shall now be at Ottawa till the Session. If you would
like to run up and talk of things in general and particular, I
need scarcely say that it will give me great pleasure.
Sincerely yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. John Rose,
Montreal.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. A. G. Archibald.
Ottawa, iflh October, 1867.
MY DEAR ARCHIBALD,
I wrote the other day to the Hon. P. C. Hill 1 on the con-
stitutional question of their holding office until deprived of
it by a vote of Parliament.
The constitutional principle is this that the Crown has
the absolute prerogative of selecting its own ministers. They
have a right to expect a fair trial, if they be a new ministry,
and at all events, it is a surrender of the prerogative of the
Crown if they give up their offices from a mere idea that they
will not command the confidence of Parliament when it
meets.
You must remember that as the power of appointment rests
1 When the Government of the Hon. Charles Tupper resigned office in Nova
Scotia on the 3Oth June, 1867, Mr. Philip Carteret Hill, at that time a prominent
Conservative and mayor of Halifax, was called upon to form an administration.
The elections took place the following September. Mr. Hill's Government was
overwhelmingly defeated and he resigned office in November. Mr. Hill later
changed his politics, and subsequently became Liberal Prime Minister of Nova
Scotia (1875-1878). In the latter year he again suffered overwhelming defeat at
the polls. Mr. Hill subsequently returned to England, where he died in September,
1895.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 53
in the Crown, it is a grave responsibility (resting upon
Parliament, and for which Parliament is held accountable
to the people), to attack the exercise of the prerogative.
The representatives of the people take an extreme,
though a constitutional, step in voting want of confidence,
and when they do so, the people have a right to support
the representatives or to support the Crown as they think
best.
The Government of Nova Scotia by resigning now, give up
their whole case. They have been defeated because they
are in favour of Confederation. In a few years, perhaps in a
few months, the propriety of their course in supporting Union
may be recognised by the people, who may, as in New
Brunswick, upon sober second thought, approve of the
course of the ministry, and reverse their own previous ver-
dict. Ere long, members of Parliament will be anxious to
avoid the imputation of having voted against Union and
the ministerial party should see that no man should escape,
but that his vote against Union, that is against the ministry,
should appear upon the Journals, and that they should be
held responsible at future elections, for that vote.
When Mr. Pitt came first into power he was, as you know,
in a minority, and again and again votes of censure were
moved and carried by the Opposition under Charles Fox.
Undeterred by a series of defeats, and claiming that the
prerogative of appointment by the Crown should not be
obstructed by Parliament, except after a fair trial of his new
Administration, he appealed to the people by dissolution
against the votes of censure and want of confidence passed
by the representatives of the people. The people sustained
Pitt by an overwhelming return, and in the most marked
manner disapproved of the responsibility assumed by Parlia-
ment in censuring the appointment of Pitt and his ministry
by George the third.
In June, 1841, Lord Melbourne dissolved Parliament on
account of a vote of want of confidence. The return was
known to be against him, yet he met Parliament in August
41, and held office until the joth August, when a vote of
want of confidence was moved and carried in the House of
Commons, in amendment to the address in answer to the
Speech from the Throne.
54 CORRESPONDENCE OF
This is the constitutional course which I think ought to
have been pursued by the Nova Scotia Administration.
Lord Derby formed his second Administration in February,
'59, on the defeat of Lord Palmerston's first Administration,
but finding himself in a minority on his Reform Bill, Lord
Derby in April, '59 dissolved Parliament and appealed to the
people. The elections went against him, but yet he held
himself bound to meet Parliament and resign in consequence
of a vote of want of confidence carried on the 9th June, 1 859,
in amendment to the address in answer to the Speech from
the Throne.
I know of no instance since the beginning of the reign of
George III (I have not thought it worth while to look before
that time, inasmuch as the British Constitution as at present
understood was only settled in his reign) where a ministry
appealed to the people and did not await the constitutional
decision in Parliament.
I may mention, as I mentioned in my note to Mr. Hill,
that in 1847 I was a member of the Canadian Government.
We dissolved and went to the people and were defeated at
the polls Lord Elgin then being Governor-General. He
thought, and we thought, although we were beaten by a
large majority, that we could not constitutionally give up
our offices, which we had accepted from the Crown, until
Parliament assembled and declared want of confidence.
We accordingly met our fate, called Parliament as soon
as we conveniently could, and submitted to a vote of con-
fidence on the address. Messrs. Baldwin and Lafontaine,
both good constitutional lawyers, acquiesced in the pro-
priety of our course indeed the course commends itself to
one's reason.
As we were, from the returns, aware however that in all
human probability Parliament would assume the responsi-
bility of voting want of confidence, we felt it but right to
make as few appointments as possible, and only to act in
matters that were absolutely necessary for the ordinary con-
duct of affairs.
I very much regretted to see that the Nova Scotia Admin-
istration had sent in their resignation. That embarrasses
the position very much, as it will look like a clinging to
office if they reverse their course, after having accepted
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 55
the rumoured political proclivities of the new members as
being a sufficient indication of want of confidence.
Believe me,
Very faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. Adams G. Archibald,
Truro, Nova Scotia.
From the Hon. L. H. Holton * to Sir John Macdonald.
Commercial Bank of Canada,
Private. Montreal, October lyh, 1867.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Thanks for your note which expresses my own views exactly, views
which I had previously expressed to our colleagues, and which reinforced
by the weight of your authority would undoubtedly have prevailed if the
question had not been for the moment wholly suspended by the pressure
of the grave question how to sustain the Bank. The position is becoming
extremely critical. Gait is here waiting for King who is expected to-
morrow. I hope that Govt. deposit asked for can be got. Govt. can run
no risk and the aid sought would probably avert not merely a crisis in the
Commercial Bank but a crisis of a much more far-reaching character. At
least three of your Upper Canada Banks world reel under the shock re-
sulting from disaster to the Commercial. At least I fear so.
Yours faithfully,
L. H. HOLTON.
From R. J. Cartwright, Esq., M.P.? to Sir John Macdonald
Commercial Bank of Canada,
Kingston, October 25th, 1867.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
There is every likelihood of a thorough smash among our Western
friends. It appears to me very probable you will have to intervene with
a few millions of legal tenders, in which case I beg to say you might as
well take our position into consideration.
At the same time, any aid must be large to help us, say not less than a
1 A prominent Liberal statesman from Lower Canada. A member of the two
days' Brown-Dorion administration (and to 4th August, 1858). Attorney General
in the J. S. Macdonald-Dorion Government (1863-1864). Government director
of the Grand Trunk Railway (1852-1857). An opponent of Confederation. Rep-
resented Chateauguay for many years in the House of Assembly and afterwards
in the Parliament of Canada. Died, I5th March, 1880.
2 This] letter, as also the preceding from Mr. Holton, relates to the failure of the
Commercial Bank, of which Mr. Cartwright was President.
56 CORRESPONDENCE OF
million and a half now, which, with gold and produce paper in hand,
would put us through.
No use speculating further on the position, but you may find it worth
while considering the suggestion.
Yours truly,
R. J. CARTWRIGHT
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. P. J. 0. Chauveau *
Private. Ottawa y 22nd October, 1867.
MY DEAR CHAUVEAU,
There are several applications for letters patent for the
incorporation of mining and manufacturing companies,
under the General Act of 27 fcf 28 Vic. Chap. 23. Cartier
and I have discussed the matter and have come to the con-
clusion that the power to grant such letters patent is vested
in the Local and not in the General Government. We have
no doubt that it does not exist in the General Government,
and that if it does not belong to the Local, the power does not
exist at all, until there is legislation on the matter. Cartier
agrees with me that the power rests with you, but a doubt
may be raised, and indeed has been raised, whether you will
not require some legislation.
The nth sub-section of the p2nd clause of the Union Act
vests in the Provincial Legislature the power of incorporating
Companies with Provincial objects. Now the word "Pro-
vincial" evidently applies to the four Provinces established
by the Union Act, and not to the three old Provinces. By
our Act 27& 28 Vic. Chap. 23 a patent of incorporation gives a
corporate existence to any company receiving a charter under
it, through the whole of the two Canadas; but since the
Union, a charter given by the Local Government under the
Act, cannot extend beyond its bounds hence the doubt
which I have mentioned.
I don't think there is much in it, but Cartier thinks it of
sufficient importance, as the point has been raised, to warrant
our calling your attention to it. In fact he says that the
question having been mooted, he would not think it pfrudent
himself to accept a charter without previous legislation. I
i The Hon. P. J. O. Chauveau. First Premier of the Province of Quebec (i 867-
1 873). Speaker of the Senate (i 873-1 874). Died, 4th April, 1 890.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 57
understand that since the ist July and during the hurry of
the elections, when we were all away from head quarters,
some charters have been issued by the General Government.
I would suggest for your consideration the propriety of your
passing an Act at your first session, confirming all the
charters, and carrying through a General Incorporation Act
in the spirit of the old Canadian statute to which I have
referred.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
P. S. I have written Sandfield Macdonald on the subject.
The Hon. P. J. O. Chauveaux,
&c., &c., &c.
From the Archbishop of Halifax to Sir John Macdonald.
Halifax, Oct. 26, 1867.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Need I say I am most thankful for your thinking of me at all among all
your unnumbered cares. I do not wish to be troublesome, but I am an-
xious under present circumstances to proffer my humble services to the
cause of the Dominion in Nova Scotia if they can be of any use.
If Howe and his eighteen attaches can be mollified, take them in by all
means, and never mind the Union minority in this Province. They will
take care of themselves and appreciate your motives, as they happen
to be, thank God, the most intelligent and,, I will say, the only patriotic
portion of our people. If Howe persists in his repeal chimera, there is
nothing left for it but to cling to your friends here, as they will be sure to
cling to you, and to increase and strengthen as they go along. If petty
spite (with which this miserable spot abounds) should make a Union
martyr that is a real one I will duly chronicle the case, and you should
help him at once, as that will tell more powerfully on our belligerents than
any other course that can be pursued. Arguing on this principle, Archi-
bald should be beyond all comparison No. i. He is our ablest, best, and
representative man. He is a staunch Presbyterian, blue down the back,
opposed to me on the school question and on politics generally, yet I do
say he is No. I. He has made the largest sacrifices for the cause, indeed I
fear he beggared himself by the late election. He is the most detested by
the Antis, and on trial you will find him equal to any position in the
Dominion, if tact of a rare kind and ability of the first order, can effect it.
To throw him back on his own resources just now would be disastrous to
us all.
Howe called on me a few days since, and he was no longer the hyena of
London. His victory has softened him down completely. He is heartily
sick of the glorious uncertainties of politics and he assured me in consequence
58 CORRESPONDENCE OF
he " would not make a bear garden of Nova Scotia. " I hope he will keep
his word. His plan seems to me to go as delegate to London to vindicate
himself, and shew that all he said about the anti-feeling in Nova Scotia
was true. If Lord Carnarvon fulfilled his promise to me that he would
be provided for, all here would be union and peace. For mercy sake let
him have something, if he can be induced to accept it. He has no means
of living as he is, and agitate he will until his mouth is stopped. I see of
course the difficulties in your way, but if you set to it in right earnest I
really think of all the men in the Dominion you alone will succeed. He
fancies himself grossly insulted by the press and the leading men of
Canada who, in his words, represented him as a dotard, a fallen star &c.
He feels sore on that delicate point, and better I think soothe him if possi-
ble as long as there is hope of his return to better counsel. It may be
well to give a hint of that kind to all the leading men on the Government
side. Any unprovoked onslaught in that quarter would be sure to have
a bad effect here.
I am ashamed to ask you to write amid the pressing occupations by
which I know your whole time is engrossed. But a line on the bearing
of the antis in the House of Commons will not be only interesting to me,
but it will give me another opportunity of stating to you my views on the
situation. We are going through a crisis for weal or for woe, and by joint
and dexterous management we are sure to succeed. McKeagney, one of
the 1 8 antis, called yesterday and gave me most unmistakable indications of
his good feelings towards the cause. It would not be difficult to convert
him I know. The same may be stated of Stewart Campbell who is
secretly, to my certain knowledge, an out and out Unionist. Jones* of
Halifax is the greatest anti-Northerner, [sic] anti-annexationist [sic] in the
country. He is a respectable wealthy man, but is angry with Tupper for
not having put the matter to the people before he went to London. He
is sharpened keen as a razor, tricky as a down-easter, and wants nothing
but a little deference on the part of the Canadian authorities to bring him
round. He declared himself not opposed to Union on the hustings and he
1 The Hon. Alfred Gilpin Jones; one of the most uncompromising opponents of
Confederation. Represented Halifax in the House of Commons during the first,
third, and sixth Parliaments of the Dominion. Sworn of the Privy Council and
appointed Minister of Militia and Defence, list January, 1878. Resigned on the
overthrow of the Mackenzie administration, :6th October, 1878. Appointed
Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, 7th August, 1900, in which office he died, i5th
March, 1906.
Messrs. J. C. McKeagney, E. M. Macdonald, Patrick Power, Stewart Campbell,
Thomas Coffin and A. W. Savary, referred to herein by the Archbishop, were mem-
bers of the House of Commons for Nova Scotia, the whole contingent from that
Province (19 in number), with the exception of Dr. Tupper, having been elected
at the first general elections held after Confederation, in opposition to that policy.
Most of these, including J. F. Forbes of Liverpool, the member for Queens, whose
name the Archbishop did not remember, subsequently came over with Howe. A.
W. Savary, who later became a County Court Judge in Nova Scotia and lived to be
the last surviving member, but one, of the first House of Commons, died on the
3oth March, 1920.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 59
is therefore free to act as he pleases. Of the five Catholic members for
the Commons I will say no more than they are of the ultra class. All of
them however may be softened down by prospects ahead, with the sole
exception of Power, who is a merchan^ and who has strange and un-
governable feelings on all public subjects. He is death itself on Confedera-
tion. McDonald of Lunenburg, Editor of the Citizen, may be also brought
to reason, though in language so far, he seems the most ultra of them all.
The member for Liverpool, whose name I do not remember, is moderate to
a degree, and I think may be easily reasoned with. The same may be
said of Coffin of Shelburne, and Savary of Clare. The remaining six are
of the rabid class, and may be set down among the incurables, unless indeed
we are warranted in the hope that extremes will meet. But in this instance
I do not believe it.
Please present my kindest remembrance to Lady Macdonald who, I
hope, is well, and believe me my dear Sir John,
Yours very faithfully,
THOMAS L. CONNOLLY, ABP.I
From E. H. King, Esq.? to Sir John Macdonald
Confidential. Montreal, 6 Nov., 1867.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I have your note of the 5th instant and shall write to Mr. Yarker this
evening to take the renewal you speak of. I think it is very unfortunate
that Gait should leave the Government at this particular time. I do not
of course know all the private reasons that may have influenced Gait, but
I think he felt, and I confess I sympathize with him, that the Government
were not determined to fight out the present storm of popular and mis-
taken indignation on its merits, and that any wavering in the face of the
enemy might have thrown over the Finance Minister as a peace offering to
the passion of the hour. As for the unfortunate fiscal agents of the
Government, I suppose they must bow their heads in silence while the
Government organs throughout the land join the hue and cry seemingly
released from all restraints but judging perhaps more wisely in their
generation than ourselves of the support we may expect from the Govern-
ment.
Yours very truly,
E. H. KING.
Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
1 Then Roman Catholic Archbishop of Halifax. A pronounced friend of union
with Canada.
2 A brilliant financier of his day. General Manager of the Bank of Montreal
(1863-1869), President (1869-1873). Died, i^h April, 1896.
60 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonaldto the Hon. P. Carteret Hill
Private. Ottawa, nth November, 1867.
MY DEAR SIR,
I have yours of the 4th. I had not observed the notice
in the Canada Gazette respecting the establishment of
a Synod, and I have not the slightest notion who has in-
serted it. It is not a Government measure and has not yet
been introduced by anybody into our Legislature. There
is no chance of a coercive Bill receiving any aid or counten-
ance from the members of Ontario and Quebec.
There is no connection in the old Province of Canada be-
tween Church and State. The Church of England holds no
greater status than the Wesleyan Methodists. We have at
the request of religious bodies enacted measures to give
them a corporate existence, but on any objection being taken,
such Bills have not been sanctioned. You may, therefore,
rest perfectly satisfied that no measure contrary to the feel-
ings of the Church of England laity in Nova Scotia, will be
passed here.
We have commenced in the most amicable mood. Howe
made a good humoured speech on the Address to which he
moved an amendment for the purpose of defining his posi-
tion. From his tone it is very evident that he will by and
by be open to reason.
The speech of Dr. Tupper in reply was very much ad-
mired, and justly, for he completely used up our friend Howe.
The latter while he spoke much as to the injustice suffered
by Nova Scotia, avoided any statement that he was going to
agitate for repeal of the Union Act. I believe Stewart
Campbell makes a speech to-day when he will define his
position and accept things as they are now.
I hope we shall be able to adjourn the first week in Decem-
ber. I am very glad that you enabled General Williams
to retire with flying colours.
Believe me,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. P. Carteret Hill,
Halifax.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 61
From Sir John Macdonald to His Excellency the Governor
of Newfoundland.
Private. Ottawa, 2?th December, 1867.
MY DEAR MR. MUSGRAVE, 1
I have submitted to my colleagues the memoranda which
you kindly sent me respecting the terms on which the Legisla-
ture of Newfoundland would probably be willing to enter
the Confederation, and I am authorized to make this com-
munication to you on the subject :-
1. The Government of Canada will be prepared to make
the same concession to Newfoundland, as was extended to
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia subsequently to the Quebec
Conference, and to grant a proportionate sum to Newfound-
land for the support of the Local Government. This sum
would be in addition to the assignment of eighty cents per
head on the population of 130,000 and to the sum of $150,000
for the transfer of the Crown Lands to the Central Govern-
ment.
2. With respect to the public debt of Newfoundland, the
Central Government agrees that the status of the creditors
shall in no way be affected, that they may hold their present
securities until paid off at maturity, and that no attempt
will be made to force them to surrender their present securi-
ties in exchange for those of the Dominion. The creditors will,
in fact, on the Union being effected still hold ( ?) their charge
on the Revenues of Newfoundland, and have the additional
guarantee of the Central Government.
3. The Central Government will, of course, be obliged to
assume, with other liabilities of Newfoundland, the guar-
antee of the St. John's Water Company and the Harbour
Grace Company.
4. The Central Government fully appreciates the import-
ance, to Newfoundland, of regular communication by a line
or lines of ocean steamers. It is, of course, impossible to
make any final or fixed arrangement on this subject as a
1 His Excellency Anthony Musgrave, Esq. Afterward Sir Anthony Musgrave,
K.C.M.G. Governor of Newfoundland (1864-1869); Governor of British Columbia
(1869-1871). Died, 1880.
62 CORRESPONDENCE OF
portion of the conditions of Union, but the Central Govern-
ment will endeavour to secure for Newfoundland the ad-
vantage of regular steam communication with the rest of the
Dominion and with England.
The Central Government will endeavour to provide for
an efficient mail service between Halifax and St. John's, and
generally to improve and extend the communication between
Newfoundland and the rest of the Dominion.
5. Any bounty or privilege given to the fishermen of Can-
ada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, would of course be
extended to Newfoundland. It would be difficult to grant
to Newfoundland an exceptional remission of duty on articles
imported for the use of the fisheries, as an equivalent for
such bounty.
6. With respect to Militia, it will be impossible to make
exceptional provision in favour of the people of Newfound-
land. All the inhabitants of the Dominion should be bound
to share in the defence of their common country. It is
understood here, however, that a strict military organization
would not be suitable to the seafaring character of the
population of Newfoundland, and the services of that
population would be put to much more valuable use by being
organized as a marine or naval force. The militia law of
the old Province of Canada, which still obtains there, pro-
vides for the formation of the seamen on the Lakes into a
naval force, and they have been found of considerable value.
While it would be improper to make any stipulation that
no portion of the inhabitants of Newfoundland should be
called upon to serve beyond the bounds of the Island (as it
would involve the necessity of making a similar provision
with respect to the Militia of each province of the Dominion)
it is believed that in case of war, the services of all the people
of Newfoundland fit to bear arms would be required for
local defence.
7. The Canadian Government have no power to prevent
the removal of Her Majesty's troops from the Island, in case
the Imperial Government should determine to do so. The
Canadian Government, however, appreciate the advantage
of maintaining in the Dominion, a sufficient force of regular
troops, and they are at considerable expense in furnishing
barrack accommodation for the force now in Canada. New-
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 63
foundland will, of course, have a right to share in the ad-
vantages to be derived from the presence of this force.
8. The Canadian Government will be prepared to continue
the Geological survey of Newfoundland, and to assume the
expense. The survey would be put under the charge of the
Government geologist, Sir William Logan.
The Canadian Parliament has just granted the sum of
$30,000 to defray the expense of the survey for the present
year, and it is proposed to make the grant an annual one, un-
til the survey of the whole Dominion is completed.
Although my letter is marked private, you are quite at
liberty to submit it to your Council, and to give assurances
to the leading men of the Legislature of Newfoundland that
Canada will be prepared to meet any proposals for Union
in the spirit indicated by this communication.
Believe me,
My dear Mr. Musgrave,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
His Excellency,
The Governor of Newfoundland,
St. Johns.
From the Rev. Professor Williamson 1 to Sir John Macdonald.
Heathfield, jist December, 1867.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Many thanks for your kind enquiries. I am happy to say, that I am
now nearly able to go about freely without any trace of injury, and expect
to be in town again at college on Monday. I owe my speedy recovery in
a very great degree to Margaret's patient and unwearied care. I have
been more under her kind control than under even the Doctor's orders and
I have just told her, that I am going to make a complaint to you, that she
has been leading me a dog's life for the last six weeks.
It gave me great pleasure from day to day to mark the success of your
conduct of public affairs in the first and critical Parliament of the United
Provinces. I am glad to think that you are now permitted to enjoy
some degree of relaxation, at least from your labours. I did intend to
1 The Reverend James Williamson, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Astronomy and
Director of the Observatory, Queen's University, Kingston, was a man of scholarly
attainments, deeply versed in mathematics, physical and natural sciences, besides
being noted for the high degree and accuracy of his classical knowledge; of a singu-
larly modest and retiring disposition. In 1852 he married Margaret, elder sister
of Sir John Macdonald. Professor Williamson died on the 26th September, 1895.
64 SIR JOHN MACDONALD
pay a visit to Ottawa during the Xmas holidays, but as it is, I can only
send to Lady Macdonald and yourself, the best wishes and compliments of
the season.
Private.
I am anxious to know exactly, how it is to be with our College and
Observatory grants for the last half year. Are they to be paid by the
General, or the local Government? And how are they to be received in
future? I should suppose, with regard to the future, that it would be bet-
ter for the different Colleges to have some plan of united action. It cer-
tainly would be of the utmost benefit to the country, where a high standard
of education is so desirable for the more rapid growth of its prosperity,
and the franchise is so low, to have universities liberally supported at
different educational centres.
One thing, however, I want at present to write to you more particularly
about. It is the Observatory. We have been doing a good deal of work
in it during the last year, and I wrote in the fall to Sir G. Airy under the
instructions of the Senate for a set of the Greenwich observations, a per-
fect library in itself for our purposes, which he has since in the kindest
manner forwarded, along with a number of other valuable works, to Dr.
Romanes for transmission to me on behalf of the Observatory. Now
what I wish to say is this. I understand, that Mr. Rose has included in
the Dominion Estimates grants to the Quebec and Toronto Observ-
atories. Why leave out, that to Kingston, a connecting link of great
importance between them, the grant to which has hitherto been so small
in amount, altho' absolutely necessary for the support of the Observatory,
the fulfilment of our obligations to the Corporation, and, in short, its very
existence. The Observatories being a Dominion matter, and it is proper
that it should be so, that of Kingston ought to be included. The over-
sight can be easily remedied, and I earnestly trust it may yet be so.
I am always,
My dear Sir John,
Yours faithfully,
JAS. WILLIAMSON.
Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
&c, fire., &c.,
Ottawa.
PART II
1868 to 1873
PART II
1868 to 1873
THE year immediately succeeding the formation of the
Dominion of Canada was largely taken up with the con-
sideration of important questions caused by the anti-union
movement in Nova Scotia which, at one time, threatened to
disrupt the newly formed confederation, thus nullifying the
great work upon which so much labour and care had been
bestowdd. At the general elections of 1867, Nova Scotia
returned 18 members out of 19, pledged to do all in their
power to that end.
In another volume I have published a goodly portion
of the correspondence between Macdonald and Howe, in
which are traced the steps whereby the latter was finally
induced to lay aside his hostility and accept the new order
of things. 1
From Sir John Macdonald to the Archbishop of Halifax.
Private and Confidential. Ottawa, 1st June, 1868.
MY DEAR ARCHBISHOP,
I fear I have been wofully remiss in my correspondence,
but I know your kindness will excuse when you consider
how much I have been overwhelmed with work during
the session. We have, I am glad to say, just closed a very
successful one and everything augurs well for the future.
The course of the Nova Scotian members has a good deal
altered, and if the Colonial Office is only firm, and Bright
1 Several of Macdonald's letters to Sir Charles Tupper on the subject of Con-
federation appear in "The Life and Letters of the Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper,"
Vol. I. pp. 1 12-192. It has not been thought necessary to republish them here.
67
68 CORRESPONDENCE OF
does not carry the House of Commons away with him, I think
it probable that the reaction will set in.
Mr. McLelan 1 is still very hostile and he seems sincere
the others think only of themselves. By the way, Mr. Jones
of Halifax has not shown to advantage here he has proved
himself to be utterly unreliable. He disgusted our Finance
Minister much on several occasions by his private con-
versations being utterly at variance with his public utter-
ances. This is entre nous.
From what Dr. Tupper says, I have strong hopes that
Howe will take the patriotic course on his return. I shall
certainly take every means in my power to aid him in doing
so, and to strengthen his hands if only he will accept the
inevitable and lend his powerful aid in calming the storm
that he was instrumental in raising. You will see that we
have conceded a good many things. We have taken off
the duty on flour, corn and corn-meal, and adjusted the
sugar duties with the view of encouraging direct trade with
the West Indies. True, our friend Jones spoke against it,
but we know the refiners, who are the best judges, consider
the present rates of tariff as greatly prejudicial to their
interests and previous monopoly, and I am satisfied that we
have hit the right medium in this respect.
I saw your paper addressed to the Duke of Buckingham.
It was a powerful appeal, and will have had, I doubt not,
a" very beneficial effect on his mind.
My wife sends her best regards, and hopes that at no
very distant day we may have the pleasure of meeting you
again.
Believe me,
My dear Archbishop,
Always most sincerely yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
His Grace
The Archbishop of Halifax,
Halifax.
1 The Hon. Archibald Woodbury McLelan, another Nova Scotian who followed
Howe, and filled several Cabinet offices under Sir John Macdonald. Afterwards
Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, in which position he died 26th June, 1890.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 69
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. John Rose.
Ottawa, 3rd June, 1868.
MY DEAR ROSE,
An Order-in-Council has passed for the striking off of a
number of the Confederation medals, and I shall write home
to Messrs. Wyon by the first mail to that effect.
We have ordered them to strike:
i gold medal 63
50 silver medals 150
500 bronze " 315
To this add cost of die 350
878 sterling.
There will be, besides, the cost of morocco cases. I shall get
Langton to send Wyon Co., the $2,000 included in the es-
timates on account of this it ought to have been remitted
a year ago and I shall tell them that you will see further
about the matter on your visit to England. You will have
to enquire what is usually done with these. I presume that
you will send to Her Majesty a gold, silver and bronze medal.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. John Rose,
Montreal.
The correspondence between Lord Monck, the first
Governor-General of Canada, and Sir John Macdonald, the
first Prime Minister, at the time when both were engaged
in laying the foundations of government in the new Domin-
ion, is, for that reason, of exceptional interest.
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to Sir John
Macdonald.
Spencer Wood, July 20, 1868.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I have read with very great interest the accompanying letters from
Tilleyi and Archibald, which I received from Cartier this morning. They
1 Afterwards the Hon. Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, K.C.M.G., C.B. One of the
Fathers of Confederation, and Sir John Macdonald's chief lieutenant from New
Brunswick. Minister of Customs in the first Dominion Cabinet (1867-1873). Sub-
sequently Minister of Finance, 1873, and from 1878 to 1885. Twice Lieutenant-
Governor of New Brunswick (1873-1878, and 1885-1893.) Died, 25^1 June, 1896.
70 CORRESPONDENCE OF
make me doubly glad that you have determined to go to Halifax. 1 I
think all the evidence tends to show that you should strike while the iron
is hot, and that the iron is hot at the present time.
I am sure that there is great truth in the view expressed by Mr. Howe,
namely, that the mere introduction into your cabinet of some of the lead-
ing members of the anti-Union party would not satisfy the bulk of their
followers, and would discredit those who came in.
Some concession in the direction pointed out by Archibald would have
the effect, if accepted by Howe, not only of justifying him and his friends
in joining the Government, but also of disarming those, both in Nova
Scotia and England, who base their opposition on the dread of Canadian
(proper) oppression.
I am quite sure a few millions would be more profitably expended in this
direction by the Dominion, than in erecting fortifications at Montreal
or anywhere else. I think the time is critical, though I don't go the whole
length of saying that I believe it the "crisis" of the Confederation, but I
am sure that if you can bring in Howe, &c., with the assent of any large
portion of his friends now, you will set your hands free from trouble for a
long time to come, and I think this is an object for which it is worth while
to make considerable sacrifices.
I think Cartier will join you at Halifax, and I daresay his presence will
be of use to you. I had a telegram from Gen. Doyle 2 last night informing
me of his arrival, and I send this under cover to him in order to be sure
that it will reach you safely. My fear at first was that premature propos-
als might have been made to Howe, which he might afterwards turn into
a reproach against you with his people, but all danger of that kind is now
past, as he has himself proposed the interview, and as he has given you the
opening, I have the fullest reliance on your judgment and discretion.
I can only wish you God speed, and hope that you will write me a line,
soon, as I shall be very anxious to hear how you get on.
Believe me to be,
Most truly yours,
MONCK.
The Hon.
Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
*In August, 1868, Sir John Macdonald, accompanied by Messrs. Cartier,
William McDougall, Tapper and John Sandfield Macdonald, paid a visit to Halifax
for the purpose of conferring with Mr. Howe, who had recently returned from
England. Sir John Macdonald's report of this meeting will be found in Memoirs,
Vol. II, pp. 29-34.
2 Lieutenant General Sir Charles Hastings Doyle, K.C.M.G., Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor of New Brunswick (ist July-24th October, 1867;) and Lieutenant-Governor
of Nova Scotia (1867-1873).
SIR JOHN MACDONALD
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to Sir John
Macdonald.
Confidential. Spencer Wood, August 2O y 1868.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I have just received a letter from the Duke of Buckingham in which he
says "I feel so strongly the importance of getting a tried man to go out,
that I have made another attempt to induce Mayo* to go. He feels an
intense dislike, however, to go out in a way which would have the appear-
ance of being sent to force the Dominion against its will to pay the large
salary, and a still greater dislike that his personal position should be the
bone of contention of parties during his tenure of office. Would it be
possible through any private channels to sound the leaders of the Op-
position to the salary, as to their views, after they shall have received
information of our views at home? If they were content to intimate that
they would not again moot it after the explanation given, I might possibly
get over Mayo's feelings and induce him to go."
The despatch disallowing the salary Bill has come out by this mail,
and I have desired a copy of it to be sent to you. I think it puts the case
well.
I am very anxious that Lord Mayo should come, both because I think
his position as a Cabinet minister would give prestige to the Dominion,
and because from my personal knowledge of him, I am of opinion that he
would be a good Governor-General. Is there any way that occurs to you
in which the subject could be brought before the leaders of the Opposition
so as to get from them some assurance which might remove Lord Mayo's
scruples about coming? You may depend upon it, that this appointment
is of greater importance to the Dominion than may at first sight appear,
and is far above mere personal considerations.
My earnest desire is to get you a man whose established position in
political life will reflect credit on the Dominion, and who will do your work
well.
Please let me hear from you soon on this matter. You will see the
despatch which accompanies the Hudson's Bay Act. I think it gives an
opening to suggest a deputation from your body to England if you should
consider that course advisable.
No further Fenian information has reached me.
Ever yours,
MONCK.
The Hon.
Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
*As Lord Monck 's successor in the Governor-Generalship of Canada. Lord
Mayo went instead to India, where he was assassinated, 8th February, 1872.
72 CORRESPONDENCE OF
* From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to Sir John
Macdonald.
Spencer Wood, 1st September, 1868.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I got your telegram last night in reference to Gen. Butler's mission to
Prince Edward Island. 1 I have not sent any message to Mr. Dundas 2
for two reasons:
1st. Because if he knows anything about his business he can give but one
answer to Gen. Butler, and if he does not understand his position, he might
base his refusal to hear Gen. Butler on instructions received from me,
which might prejudice your negotiations at Washington.
2nd. I have no confidence in Gen. Butler, and I don't want to go out of
my way to incur the chance of being brought into collision with him.
I think, on reflection, you will see that our best course is to leave Gen.
Butler's mission to be dealt with by the Imperial Government. Whatever
Mr. Dundas may do, he must apply for instructions to the C. O., and I
think the prudent course for us is to leave the matter between him and the
Duke of Buckingham. If he gets into any mess, it will strengthen the
arguments on Imperial considerations for getting Prince Edward Island
into the Union.
I expect we have a man-of-war or two by this time in the vicinity of St.
John's.
Ever yours,
The Hon. MONCK.
Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to Sir John
Macdonald.
Private. Spencer Wood, September 2, 1868.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I received the accompanying series of questions from Gen. Doyle this
morning. My answers would be:
1. Archbishops under the provisions of the table of precedence, rank
before Bishops, without reference to the church to which they belong
there being no established church in Canada.
2. This must be referred to the Secretary of State for the Colonies; we
have no authority to decide such a question.
3. I think it would be right that whenever the Lieutenant Governor has
1 This relates to a visit to Charlottetown in the summer of 1868 of a Com-
mittee consisting of General Benjamin F. Butler and others, appointed by the
House of Representatives of the United States, with the object of promoting
reciprocal Free Trade between that country and Prince Edward Island. See
Journals of the House of Assembly of P. E. Island, i86g. App. D.
2 George Dundas, Esquire, the Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 73
occasion to leave his Province, an administrator should be sworn in,
but that in case his absence does not exceed one month, it should not be
attended with any forfeiture of salary.
4. I think a holiday of one month in the year might be given to Lieuten-
ant Governors without forfeiture of salary. Let me know what you think
of this, and whether you do not think it right that the two latter answers
should be embodied in a circular to be addressed by the Secretary of State
to all the Lieutenant Governors.
While I am on this subject, there is a matter connected with the designa-
tions attached to the officers of the Dominion to which I wish to call your
attention.
No title is given to the Speaker of the House of Commons though his
place is marked in the table of precedence. In this respect he stands on
the same footing as the Speaker in England. The latter officer is, however,
always sworn of the Privy Council, and I should propose that a similar
course should be pursued in Canada. This would give the title of " Hon. "
for life. It might be perhaps well that the Speaker of the Senate should
be treated in a similar manner.
Let me know what you think of this and please return me Gen. Doyle's
paper, as I have no copy.
Truly yours,
MONCK.
The Hon. Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to Sir John
Macdonald.
Private. Spencer Wood, September 18, 1868.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I received last night a telegram from the Duke of Buckingham, inform-
ing me that Sir John Young 1 has been appointed to succeed me as Gover-
nor-General. He is an intimate personal friend of my own, and I think
you are fortunate to have got him. His experience, both parliamentary
and official, is very extensive. He was a member of the House of Com-
mons for, I think, more than twenty years, and, while there, filled the
offices of Lord of the Treasury, Secretary of the Treasury, and Secretary
for Ireland. He was subsequently Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian
Islands, and has been for the last seven years Governor of New South
Wales. I mention these particulars as you might get them into the press,
and so start his name with some prestige. You will like him very much,
and I think the Colonial Office deserve credit for the selection they have
made, as Sir J. Young belonged to the Peelite party when he was actively
engaged in English politics.
I received your telegram about the departure of the Hudson's Bay Co.
delegation last night, and communicated it to the Duke of Buckingham.
I send you a copy of a telegram which I received from him last night,
1 The Rt. Hon. Sir John Young, Bart., afterwards first Baron Lisgar. Gov-
ernor-General of Canada (1869-1872). Died, 6th October, 1876.
74 CORRESPONDENCE OF
together with the answer which I propose to send. If you approve of the
latter, pray despatch it by telegraph and let me know that you have done
so. If you wish to make any alteration in it, return it to me with the
change you wish to have made.
Believe me to be,
Most truly yours,
The Hon. MONCK.
Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From R. J. Cartwright, Esq., M.P., to Sir John Macdonald,
Private. Kingston, September 2^th y 1868.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I take it for granted that you took it for granted that my last note to
you was a polite ruse to remind you of your promise. This was not the
case, as your worthy confrere, Campbell, could tell you if so minded.
However, I presume you will settle my little matter when the North West
deputation are off.
I am in hopes Britton will pluck up heart to oppose Calvin, and get well
thrashed, which will effectually dispose of him in future. By the way, I
should like to know, can you rely on Calvin himself any longer than he
holds his contract from the Dominion ? I have seen something of him since
I have been living on the Island, and have my reasons for asking. He is
perhaps our best available man, and I like him very much myself, but in
spite of his good service in 1863, 1 have some doubts how far he is to be
relied 'on.
Morris will probably be here early next week in case you happen to be
passing through and wish to see him.
Yours very truly,
R. J. CARTWRIGHT.
From Sir John Macdonald to Brown Chamberlin, Esquire,
M.P.,
Ottawa, Oct. 26th, 1868.
MY DEAR CHAMBERLIN,
I duly received yours of the 2nd which I have not had
time to answer hitherto, having been, as perhaps you may
know, away West for some time.
I fully concur with you as to the apprehension that a con-
flict may, ere long, arise between the Dominion and the
"States Rights" people. We must meet it however as best
we may. By a firm yet patient course, I think the Dominion
must win in the long run. The powers of the General Gov-
ernment are so much greater than those of the United States,
in its relations with the local Governments, that the central
power must win. - ,
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 75
I am rather surprised at what you tell me as to the Mon-
treal Telegraph, and the withdrawal of official patronage.
I shall allow the matter to stand over until Cartier's return.
He is so reasonable that I am sure he will reverse any action
of the kind you indicate.
My own opinion is that the General Government or Parlia-
ment should pay no more regard to the status or position of
the Local Governments than they would to the prospects of
the ruling party in the corporation of Quebec or Montreal.
So long as the dual system exists, a certain sympathy will
also exist. This was beneficial at the commencement of mat-
ters and should be kept up, at all events for this parliament,
until the new constitution shall have stiffened in the mould.
The question of the elective franchise must of necessity
occupy our attention next Session.
In Ontario the present system is based on the Assessment
law. Now the Assessment laws are enacted by the Local
Legislature they have already interfered with the question
and intend to do so more largely next Session. It is im-
possible, of course, that the elective franchise should be at
the mercy of a foreign body. I had hoped that they would
have let the law alone for three or four years, and that the
franchise might have remained undisturbed until near the
next General Election. This cannot be, however, now, so
we must deal with it. What think you of a committee,
appointed on the first day of the Session? Personally, I
have no objection, indeed I have rather a fancy for fancy
franchises, but I do not think we can educate our people up
to it. I hope, entre nous, to be able to submit a measure for
the establishment of a great Dominion court of justice,
with original as well as appellate jurisdiction.
You have reason to congratulate yourself upon the line
you took in Parliament as to extradition: I understand that
Lord Stanley and Reverdy Johnson have come to an ar-
rangement on the matter which is now before the United
States Government for sanction.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Brown Chamberlin, M.P.,
The Knap Farm,
Dunham.
76 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Governor-General the Viscount Monck to Sir John
Macdonald
Spencer Wood, October 29, 1868.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
. . . With regard to the appointment of Privy Councillors, I am
ignorant of the precise form of procedure adopted in England, yet I can
easily obtain all the information you require as soon as I go home. In the
meantime it appears to me that my invitation to each member to come
forward and take the oaths at the Council table would be considered a
sufficient "summoning" to meet the requirements of the Act of Union.
The book of the Clerk of the Council, in which the members subscribe
the oaths would, in itself, as it appears to me, constitute a roll of the
Council; yet if that is not considered sufficient, I see no difficulty in now
making out a roll of the names of all persons sworn of the Council since
the Act of Union came into operation, and I could place my signature op-
posite each name
It might be in this form:
ROLL of the P. C. of CANADA
Name of P.C. Date when sworn Signature of G.G.
I think it is better to make no allusion in the roll to the summons.
The Act prescribes no mode of performing this process, and the fact that
each man has been sworn by me, seems to me to imply that the summons
has been given in some manner. If you agree in these views, you can have
the roll prepared and sent to me.
I have received to-day a copy of H. M.'s warrant assigning Armorial
Bearings to the Dominion and to the several provinces. I have referred it
to you to consider what steps should be taken to carry the warrant into
effect. It appears to me that nothing is necessary except to publish the
despatch and warrant in the Gazette and communicate it officially to the
Lt. Governors. You will, however, observe in the warrant, a direction
about the Great Seal of the Dominion which, unless the seal now in use
formed the basis for the directions now given, will render necessary a new
great seal.
You will remember that when I brought out the present seal, we were
told that it was intended to be replaced at some future time by a hand-
somer article.
I will take special care that no use shall be made of Rose's report which
can embarrass him in his dealings with the Nova Scotians. I entirely
agree with you that he should be left quite free to take any line with them
which circumstances may render desirable.
Believe me to be,
Most truly yours,
MONCK.
The Hon.
Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 77
From Edward Blake, Esq., M.P., 1 to Sir John Macdonald.
Private Toronto, November joth, 1868.
MY DEAR SIR,
You may have observed that the Assembly passed a bill giving the
Assembly and its members the rights, privileges, powers and immunities
of the House of Commons of Canada and its members.
The decisions in the Privy Council show clearly that Colonial Legisla-
tures (though possessing inherently the power to do all things necessary to
preserve order) have no inherent right to these privileges, etc., nor any
rights, by analogy, to the English House.
The Imperial Act of 1865 gives power to a colonial legislature to declare
its powers, but goes no further. The B. N. A. Act, under the title "Legis-
lative power", gives the Canadian House power to define the privileges,
etc., of the House and its members, not exceeding those of the English
House and its members. It gives no such powers to the Ontario Legisla-
ture. Consequently that Legislature takes the power, if at all, by virtue
of the Act of 1865 or of its inherent rights. The well known rules of con-
struction applied to the B.N.A. Act, forbid the idea that this Legislature
can have such a power.
The other view necessarily invites the proposition that this Legislature
has powers to create rights, privileges, etc., in excess of those enjoyed by
the Imperial Parliament, while the Canadian House is limited to^the
express provisions. I pressed on McDonald the inexpedience of such
legislation and recorded my views ultimately.
Will you look at the report of the debate on the 2nd reading and also on
the jrd reading? McDonald (J.S.) admits that he is probably wrong,
and leaves it to your Government to set him right. You know I do not
agree in this way of managing matters, but as he has chosen to adopt it, I
have taken the liberty of calling your attention to the Act.
I am sorry to say he has succeeded in passing a bill abolishing dower
in all lands which were wild at the alienation by the husband, or at his
death, with a retroactive operation. This is most dangerous legislation,
and I do not know where it is to end, but of course it is of a character
different from that to which I have first alluded, so far as your functions
are concerned.
Yours truly,
EDWARD BLAKE.
The Hon.
Sir J. A. Macdonald,
Ottawa.
1 Then leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Mr.
John Sandfield Macdonald being leader of the Government.
78 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonald to Edward Blake Esq. M.P.
Private. Ottawa, December nth, 1868.
MY DEAR BLAKE,
Thanks for yours of the 3Oth. I observed the Bill giving
the Assembly and its members the privileges and immunities
of the House of Commons of Canada and its members.
I think that Sandfield Macdonald is not acting wisely
in pressing through legislation which he has not ascertained
to be within the powers of the Local Legislature. In this
case he seems almost to admit that he is aware that he has
no such right. The Act being ultra vires, is mere waste paper,
and the courts would be obliged to hold in case the Speaker,
or the House, or a member of it attempted to use it as a
shield, that it was no protection. It would be a matter of
grave consideration hereafter by the General Government
whether to leave the Act to be dealt with by the courts, or
to disallow it as being in excess of jurisdiction.
I quite agree with you also as to the propriety of the ex
post facto clause you mention in the dower bill.
I am afraid the general principles on which legislation
should be conducted, have not much weight with the major-
ity in your House.
I received a letter the other day from a judge calling my
attention to the Act diminishing the number of the terms
in Quarter Sessions, and pointing out that such a change is
a change in procedure that the Local Government have the
power to constitute the courts, as, for instance, to say
whether the Quarter Sessions shall be presided over by a
bench of magistrates or by a single judge; but that the
mode of trial, the time of trial and all incidents of trial are of
necessity, procedure. If this view be correct, the first thief
who is tried at Quarter Sessions under the Act may perhaps
raise the point successfully.
Please look at the Bill altering the tenure of office of the
County Court judges, and making them liable to dismissal
by the Governor.
Now the right of appointment rests with the General Gov-
ernment, and it has always been held in practice, and it is
expressly provided in the Interpretation Act, that the right
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 79
of appointment involves that of dismissal. Look at the
consequence of a different doctrine ! The General Govern-
ment is responsible for the appointment of efficient men to
the judiciary; they do appoint a county judge under that
responsibility the Lt. Governor dismisses him. Unless a
case is made out to the General Government showing that the
original appointment was wrong, or that the subsequent con-
duct of the judge has shown that he has not justified the good
opinions which secured him the appointment; as a matter .of
justice to their own officer, the party so dismissed must be
reappointed, and an inconvenient conflict must at once arise.
It is, I think, a matter of but secondary importance
whether in the cases of conflict of jurisdiction that have
arisen or been suggested under the Union Act, they are
decided in favour of one government or the other. It is how-
ever of the greatest consequence that neither government nor
Legislature should knowingly outstep its jurisdiction.
All this for your own eye.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Edward Blake, Esq., M.P.,
Toronto.
From Sir John Macdonald to Major-Genera! Sir Hastings
Doyle.
Private. Ottawa December 28th, 1868.
MY DEAR GENERAL,
I quite agree with you that all present indications show
that an election in Nova Scotia just now would be prema-
ture. The people must, to use Disraeli's phrase, be educated
up to it, before an appeal can be made. Howe has sown
the seed, and I have no doubt it will fructify. Meanwhile
you will have no comfort with these people Messrs. Wilkins
& Co.; but after having suffered so long, you can afford to do
so a little longer.
A very decided despatch in answer to the Minute of your
Council and Lord Monck's despatch thereon has come out,
and you will receive it, I suppose this mail. It is a direct
appeal to the loyalty of Nova Scotia, and if properly handled
may be of great service.
8o CORRESPONDENCE OF
Your despatch of the end of October was, in consequence
of Lord Monck's approaching departure, forgotten in his
office, and I only accidentally laid hands on it after Sir
John Young's arrival. He, of course, at once transmitted
it. Since then I have shown him your note to me, pressing
for an immediate answer, and he has conveyed your opinion,
together with a strong endorsation from us, to the new
Secretary of State. The delay is exceedingly fortunate, as
we shall now have the answers of both Governments pooh
poohing the repeal movement.
I am glad that you think that it is not wise for Rose to go
to Halifax just now. I have urged that view on Howe and
McLelan. If he visits Halifax, he must put himself in
communication with your Government, and if any arrange-
ment be made, Annand 1 and Wilkins 1 will get the prestige
and credit of it instead of Howe.
There is a natural reluctance on Howe's part, to leave home
at present while the discussion is raging. I hope, however,
in a few days, to hear from Washington that negotiations
for a renewal of the Reciprocity Treaty will recommence.
In such case Howe is pledged to go to Washington and he
must take Ottawa en route, in order to receive instructions
from the Government.
The language of the Morning Chronicle is seditious if not
treasonable. It is well that it is so, as it gives you the op-
portunity at any time, when matters are rife, of calling upon
Annand to disavow the sentiments expressed in it, or take the
consequences.
Let me congratulate you on the K.C.M.G. It ought to
have been K.C.B., but that will undoubtedly come ere the
termination of your Government.
Believe me,
My dear General,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
His Excellency
General Doyle, K.C.M.G.,
&c., &c., &c.,
1 At the date of this letter William Annand and Martin I. Wilkins were respec-
tively Premier and Attorney General of Nova Scotia, both bitterly hostile to
Confederation.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 81
From Sir John Macdonald to D. Morrison, Esq., 1
Private. Ottawa, December joth, 1868.
MY DEAR MORRISON,
I send you the Halifax Citizen of the 22nd, the editor and
proprietor of which is, as you know, E. M. Macdonald, M.P.
for Lunenburg.
He is an anti-Confederate, but goes for moderate counsels.
He would follow Howe to the utmost extent were he not
Queen's Printer, and like a sensible man he does not want
to lose his office if he can avoid it. But still, I think that
when the necessity comes, he will sacrifice his office in order
to support Howe.
You will see how he pitches into Brown. The Liberals in
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have never forgiven
Brown the Coalition of 1864. They were acting as one
party through the whole of the colonies, and they thought
that Brown's joining the Conservatives in 64, without
consulting them, was a breach of faith. However that may
be, it is certain that they entertain no good will towards
him. I leave the article for your manipulation.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
D. Morrison, Esq.,
Daily Telegraph Office.
Toronto.
From S. H. Strong, Esq., 2 to Sir John Macdonald.
No. 2 Wellington Chambers,
Toronto, December joth, 1868.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN.
I have made a good deal of progress with my draft, though I have not yet
begun to print. I find it a much more difficult work than I expected.
My difficulty is in finding enough for the Court to do in the way of original
jurisdiction. When I saw you here last summer you objected to giving
Admiralty jurisdiction, but the more I consider the matter, the more I
1 Editor, in turn, of the Colonist, Leader, and Daily Telegraph, Conservative news-
papers once published in Toronto, all long since defunct.
2 Afterwards the Rt. Hon. Sir Samuel Henry Strong, Kt., Chief Justice of Canada,
(1892-1902). Sworn of His Majesty's Privy Council yth July, 1897. Died, 3131
August, 1910. This letter relates to early drafts of a bill to establish a Supreme
Court for Canada.
82 CORRESPONDENCE OF
am led to think that it is desirable to give the Court precisely the same
Admiralty jurisdiction that the Supreme Court of the U. S. possesses.
This would, of course, require Imperial legislation, but that, in any event,
must be had. If it were not for the expense, I should have liked to have
gone to Washington to have made some enquiries as to the practice of the
Supreme Court and U. S. Circuit Courts, which I cannot find in the only
work treating of the U. S. Courts I can get, but I suppose you would not
like to authorize me to incur the expenditure.
As the Imperial session will begin in February whilst yours, I suppose,
will be at least a month later, would it not be well to have a draft of an Act
sent home at once? I do not like the plan of passing an Act ultra vires
of our Parliament, with a provision that it shall be brought into force by
proclamation, on an enabling Act being passed by the Imperial Parlia-
ment. I fear such a course is hardly constitutional, but this I believe is
what Mr. J. H. Cameron has suggested. There could, however, be no
objection to introducing the bill here and carrying it through its different
stages, whilst a bill authorizing the legislation was being carried through in
England, relying on the certainty of the English Act being assented to
first.
As soon as our Court of Appeals, which sits to-morrow, is over, I will
go to Ottawa to confer with you and take your instructions on some points
of doubt.
I trust, however, you will be inclined to look favourably on the question
of admiralty jurisdiction.
Yours very truly,
S. H. STRONG.
The Hon.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.,
Ottawa.
From Sir John Macdonald to E. A. Meredith, Esq. 1
Ottawa, December 31 st, 1868.
MY DEAR MEREDITH,
I enclose you Moody 's letter. You can inform him un-
officially that my opinion is that the pardoning power for
offences great and small, rests purely with the Governor-
General. I always thought that it should be vested in the
Lieutenant-Governors for the sake of convenience, but that
is not the question. The Home Government positively
refused to confer any such power.
I have prepared an opinion on the subject which Sir John
Young has transmitted to England for the purpose of ob-
taining the opinion of Her Majesty's Law Officers, the
1 At that time Under-Secretary of State for the Provinces.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 83
decision of the Government thereof, and full instructions as
to his future course on the subject. The answers, of course,
will be communicated to all the Provincial Governments.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
E. A. Meredith, Esq.,
Ottawa.
^
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. Joseph Howe.
Confidential. Ottawa, January 12, 1869.
MY DEAR HOWE,
I have yours of the 4th. The victory has, as you say, been
decidedly won. The question now is, how to follow it up.
So long as Annand and Wilkins keep in power, you will
have an unsettled state of feeling in Nova Scotia, and one
does not well see how they can be got rid of at present. Your
people are not yet educated up sufficiently to warrant a new
election! The expected despatch from Lord Granville will
force the Local Government to take some decided step,
and if they proceed to violence, it might then be safer to
appeal to the people. I am in daily expectation of receiving
the despatch. We sent a cable message the other day to
Lord Granville on the subject.
Rose, who will give you this, will meet you with a strong
and sincere desire to come to some satisfactory arrangement.
I need not, however, caution an experienced statesman like
yourself, not to ask for too much. We shall have our own
difficulties with the General Parliament in carrying any
concessions. Already has George Brown, through the
Globe, protested against any pecuniary advantages being
given to Nova Scotia, beyond those secured to them by
the Union Act. This course will not at all deter us here from
agreeing to what is reasonable, and staking our existence
upon it in the Legislature.
The Province of Quebec, whose Government is the reverse
of economical, will, we fear, attempt to put on the screws for
additional pecuniary aid if it is granted to you. So you see
that we must take great care as to every step we take.
I have no doubt that you and Rose will find common
standing ground, but whatever you agree upon must be
84 CORRESPONDENCE OF
kept strictly a secret. If divulged prematurely, the Op-
position press in Ontario will protest against any additional
charges being put upon the people of that Province, which,
it is alleged, from its greater wealth, already bears more than
its fair share of the public burdens. In Quebec, the united
press will demand a slice for that Province, and all the anti-
papers in Nova Scotia will denounce the arrangement as
being altogether insufficient and unsatisfactory, and you will
have the usual charge brought against you of "selling your
heritage for a mess of pottage, " &c.
It will be very difficult I know, for you, on your return, to
resist the pressure of your friends to disclose the arrange-
ment; but the answer should be satisfactory, that any
arrangement with the Government is of no value until
sanctioned by Parliament, and that we, having the responsi-
bility of carrying it, should have the opportunity of sub-
mitting it to the public and Parliament at our own time,
and in our own way.
Entre nous, I propose that we should carry a composite
measure per saltum. This measure to embrace the terms
of union with Newfoundland, the financial grants to Nova
Scotia, and an authority to the Government to grant a sum,
not exceeding 20x3,000 to Prince Edward Island, on its
coming into the Union. Such a measure, having for its
principle and basis the extension and completion of the whole
Confederation scheme, will be so taken as to ensure success.
Rose will discuss this with you fully.
I notice what you say about the patronage. So anxious
am I for the pacification of Nova Scotia, and so convinced
that it can only be done through your patriotic exertions,
that I am quite willing to depart from the usual constitu-
tional course and to consult you as to the principal appoint-
ments in Nova Scotia, although you are not yet responsible
for the advice you give.
In the present aspect of affairs, where success can only be
obtained by a junction of the moderates, both of anti and
Union antecedents, it will be advisable to distribute the
offices impartially between both sections. We have hitherto
made no important appointments in Nova Scotia in order to
keep the door open, and latterly have consulted, to a certain
extent, such men as Ray, Savary, McKeagney, &c., in their
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 85
respective localities; and I have arranged with my colleagues
to inform me of any vacancies in their several Departments,
so that I can keep a roster of affairs and consult with you
thereupon.
The vacancy in the Senate should at once be filled up, and
the choice should decidedly be from among your own sup-
porters. I had thought of poor Almon, but he has received
higher promotion. Pray talk this matter over with Rose.
We have no constitutional right to keep a seat in the Senate
vacant, as it disturbs the equality of representation settled
by the Union Act.
I look forward to having some fun about the judgeship to
be vacated by Mr. Bliss. You need not be at all alarmed at
my recommending Mr. Wilkins for the office. I have always
laid down with respect to the judiciary, the principle that no
amount of political pressure shall induce me to appoint an
incompetent or unworthy judge. Still, it will do no harm
to play Master Wilkins like a trout. When a vacancy really
does take place on the Bench, I think A. G. Archibald will
have the first claim upon us here, and of his fitness there can be
no doubt, both as to knowledge and respectability. I am glad
to believe that you and he are on such terms now as to
induce you to look upon the appointment with complacency.
We shall want, whenever you are ready, a Railway com-
missioner. Walsh of Ontario is the Parliamentary com-
missioner, so the Nova Scotian must either be out of Par-
liament or in the Senate.
There are other offices which might be filled up, but which
can stand over until things are further advanced.
Believe me,
My dear Howe,
Yours sincerely,
The Hon. JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Joseph Howe,
Halifax, Nova Scotia.
From L. S. Huntington, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Montreal, January 26th, 1869.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
The bearer, Mr. W. J. Johnstone, is in Ottawa seeking an Intercolonial
contract. He is a first rate man reliable and experienced, and will carry
86 CORRESPONDENCE OF
out whatever he undertakes, to the letter. I am sure he is just the kind
of man you want to encourage in connection with that great work, and I
trust you will, therefore, pardon me for thus introducing him to your
notice. Anything you may do to further his views will be, I am sure, in
the public interest, as well as a personal favour to
My dear Sir John
Yours faithfully,
L. S. HUNTINGTON.
The Hon.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.,
Ottawa.
From the Hon. Charles T upper to Sir John Macdonald.
Halifax, February 1st, 1869.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I need not tell you how much gratification your telegram that Howe
had been sworn of the Council gave me. I have never feared that he would
attempt to recede, but I have always felt that there was danger of the antis
joining the Opposition en masse. The news has created a good deal of
excitement here, but if Howe plays his cards well, in thirty days we shall
be able to carry the country from end to end. I have no fear of his success
in Hants, although the rabid ones threaten loudly to-day. It is a little
awkward that he has no organ, and the Citizen has backed and filled until
I fear it can be of little service to anybody. I send you the leader written
for to-morrow's Colonist, in which I had to announce the fact of Howe's
acceptance of office, and hope you will like the way I have dealt with it.
It requires delicate handling from our standpoint, but I found a good many
of our quasi friends inclined to do mischief, and felt it was necessary to
take a decided stand in order to keep them right. I must apologize for
introducing people to you, which I cannot help, but will write privately
at the same time when I am desirous of action being taken. I am sorry
Blanchard is going to Ottawa, as I suppose, in the interest of railway
people who are not likely to do much for themselves or anybody else.
I enclose a letter received from W. H. Townsend, M.P.P., for Yarmouth,
and agree with him that as the antis have a good deal of money but are
now completely disorganized, the writ cannot issue too soon. The chances
are good, and at all events we will show an overwhelming change in that
constituency, which is the worst in the Province.
With best wishes,
I remain,
Yours faithfully,
CHARLES TUPPER
The Hon.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.,
!The Hon. Lucius Seth Huntington, M.P. for Shefford, President of the Privy
Council (1874-1875), and afterwards (1875-1878) Postmaster General in Mr. Mack-
enzie's administration. Died, igth May, 1886.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 87
The following is in reply to a letter from Sir Hastings
Doyle as to the ceremonial recognition of the office of Lieu-
ten an t-Go vernor.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova
Scotia.
Private. Ottawa, ist February r , 1869.
MY DEAR SIR HASTINGS,
I duly received yours of the 22nd on the subject of
the discontinuance of military honours to Lieutenant
Governors.
I had not an opportunity of speaking to Sir John Young on
the subject before he went to Montreal this morning. I
shall see him on his return. Meanwhile I must inform you
that any orders respecting the discontinuance of salutes,
guards of honour or other military honours have been made
without reference to or consultation with the Canadian
Government.
We were never asked any questions about it and it was
as great a surprise to us as to you. If Lord Monck was con-
sulted by the War Office or the Colonial Office on the subject,
he never mentioned it to any of us here.
I think that this kind of thing may be carried too far and
cause a feeling of irritation in the Provinces. The rule has
been made, I presume, on the assumption that since the
Union, the Lieutenant Governors are civilians, holding no
direct commission from Her Majesty, and not being at the
head of the Militia or in any way connected with the military
force.
This mail will take you the despatch of Lord Granville,
which is admirably expressed and finally gives the death blow
to repeal. Howe goes down in good spirits and with a favour-
able settlement in his pocket.
I think that now Annand and your Government can well
accept the situation.
When the present Government in England, which includes
John Bright, say that they will not propose nor will the
British Parliament entertain any application for the repeal
88 CORRESPONDENCE OF
of the Union Act, the repeal cause is hopeless, and there is no
reason why they should not come out and boldly avow that
they submit to the inevitable. I think with your tact you
can bring them to the point, and then indeed you may con-
sider that you have fulfilled the great object of your mission
and have finally disposed of the corpse of the "dead Indian."
Lady Macdonald sends her best regards.
Believe me,
My dear Sir Hastings,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD,
Sir Hastings Doyle, K.C.M.G.,
Halifax.
From Sir John Macdonald to James O'Reilly, Esq., 1
Private. Ottawa, I2th February, 1869.
MY DEAR O'REILLY,
You will see by the papers that Whelan said nothing on
the scaffold. He left a short paper stating that neither Doyle
nor Buckley participated in the murder, which he signed
before O'Gara and Lees. In conversation with them he
freely admitted his presence at the murder, [as] he did to
Goodwin, and on several occasions to the Sheriff and Gov-
ernor of the gaol, but he always denied that he fired the shot.
I am satisfied that he did fire the shot, and that that fact is
the reason that he did not offer to turn Queen's evidence. I
attach no importance to the written statement. It has
evidently been dictated by some superstitious feeling that
as he had taken away one life, he would make amends by
endeavouring to save two. The body was to have been
given up to Mrs. Whelan, but information having arrived
that there was going to be a great Fenian demonstration over
the corpse at Montreal on its arrival, which would inevitably
lead to bloodshed, it has, I believe, been buried within the
precincts of the prison, the ground being blessed and Christian
1 Crown Prosecutor at the trial of Patrick James Whelan who was convicted of
the murder of Thomas D'arcy McGee, and executed at Ottawa, nth February,
1869.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 89
funeral given, attended by the clergyman who was with him
at the last. This was the arrangement last night when I
went to bed, and I presume it was carried out this morning.
Thanks for your congratulations.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
James O'Reilly, Esq.,
Kingston.
P. S. to the effect that priest having declined to attend,
body was buried without rites of Church.
From Sir John Macdonald to The Hon. D. L. Macpherson.
Confidential. Ottawa y i6th February, 1869.
MY DEAR McPHERSON,
I have long thought that a good paper of a Liberal Con-
servative cast was greatly required at Toronto in fact I
thought that the object was achieved. Rowland went
into the matter cordially and it was understood that some
$10,000 was to have been raised for the purpose of enabling
White to transfer the Hamilton Spectator to your city.
The negotiation was in a very promising state when I was
suddenly called upon last summer to leave Toronto for Hali-
fax. I was absent for two months, and in the interval the
Henry Howland fiasco took place and the whole thing came
to an end.
I am strongly in favor of a resuscitation of the project. The
most feasible plan would be to make the arrangement that
you suggest with Beaty, leaving him an interest in the paper,
but not a controlling one, and he retiring altogether from the
management.
I think that White 1 is your best man, and from all I hear
of Belford, 2 the two would make the thing work. I have the
greatest confidence in White's judgment, as well as in his
political principles. He is a Conservative in the best sense
1 Thomas White, then of the Hamilton Spectator, afterwards of the Montreal
Gazette, and subsequently Minister of the Interior. Mr. White did not go to To-
ronto, but Mr. Belford became the first editor of the Mail newspaper, established
there in 1872.
2 Charles Belford, a Toronto journalist; connected originally with the Leader;
afterwards first editor of the Mail; founded Belford" s magazine.
9 o CORRESPONDENCE OF
of the word, and yet truly liberal. The paper should be of
as liberal a tone as is compatible with its support and main-
tenance by the Conservative party.
White's connection with it will be a guarantee of that
party, and will be quite satisfactory to myself. I would feel
assured that the paper would be written with a sincere desire
to create and strengthen a great middle or constitutional
party. At the same time, White being there would give me
a satisfactory assurance that in case we were forced by the
violence of the Grit party into a resumption of old party
lines, the paper would remain Conservative and not be an
additional weapon in the hands of the enemy.
Your difficulty will be with Beaty, but I think your personal
influence with him and the threat of a powerful paper, would
induce him to give up the reins which he is utterly unable to
hold.
The matter should be kept quite secret until fully matured.
How it got into the papers before, I do not know, but it was
injurious to the Spectator. The rumour would arouse the
enmity of both the Leader and Telegraph.
I shall be happy to join in aiding the enterprise as much as
I can.
Yours very faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Hon. D. L. McPherson,
Toronto.
From Sir George Carrier to Sir John Macdonald.
Private London, Westminster Palace Hotel,
February, 1869.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I thank you every much for your cable telegram, by which I learnt with
great pleasure and satisfaction that Howe was one of our colleagues. It
pleased also McDougalli very much. I have duly received your last
letter and that of Langevin respecting the progress of Militia matters.
Give my thanks to Langevin for me. We have not as yet placed our paper
in the hands of Earl Granville. It will be ready in a day or two. It
will be a long document discussing the whole question in its diverse aspects.
1 Sir George Cartier and the Hon. William McDougall were at that time together
in England, negotiating with Her Majesty's Government and the Hudson's Bay
Company for the transfer of Rupert's Land and the North West Territory to
Canada.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 91
I have had to obtain from the Colonial Office all the correspondence and
despatches about it since 1858. McDougall and myself continue to
agree very well. I had an interview with Lord Granville on Tuesday
last. He asked me if we would be ready to give a sum of money and what
sum. I told him that I was not ready to give him an answer on that sub-
ject just now, as I had not discussed the matter with McDougall, and as
very likely we will have a reference to a money payment in our paper. I
regret not having more to report to you to-day. It will be impossible for
us to think of sailing before the 23rd instant. We will get our paper
confidentially printed for the use of our friends in both Houses. I went
on Saturday last to Highclere Castle at Lord Carnarvon's. I refreshed
Lord Carnarvon's memory about Hudson's Bay matters. He will be a
good friend in case of a discussion in the House of Lords. As a matter of
course we will see Gladstone after our paper is put in. Lord Granville
was delighted to hear that Howe had become one of our colleagues. I
then told him that he must help us to settle the Hudson's Bay matter to
complete the whole work of Confederation. The Liberal Government is,
I am afraid, very slow at arriving at a conclusion. I have just received
yours of the 24th January last. I thank you for it and the details you
give me. . . .
Excuse these hasty lines.
My kindest regards to our colleagues and my special kind remembrances
to Lady Macdonald, and believe me, my dear Macdonald,
Your devoted colleague,
GEO. ET. CARTIER.
The Hon. Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
Ottawa
From Sir George Carrier to Sir John Macdonald
Private. Westminster Palace Hotel,
Saturday, 6th March, 1869.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I have some additional doings to report to you on the Hudson Bay
matter. Saturday last we had our interview with Lord Granville (who,
by the by, goes here under the nickname of "Pussy," on account, very
likely, of his bland or soft manners). Lord Granville had us in one room
and the H. B. people in another. He made to us in confidence, as he said,
proposals of settlement which he would get assented to by the Company
if we agreed to them. McDougall and I, after due consideration, came
to the conclusion to reject them. I don't give the details of what then
passed. It would be too long to do so in writing. On Thursday last
Lord Granville sent to us a note in which he said he would try again to
settle the matter on the basis of some modified proposals, if we are willing
to encourage him in so doing. We are to have an interview with him
this afternoon on that subject. As you may imagine, that interview
must be a decisive one on the question of settlement or no settlement. My
dear Macdonald, I am acting as cautiously and moderately as possible. I
am happy to report to you that generally McDougall and myself are in
92 CORRESPONDENCE OF
perfect accord. You must have seen by the tenor of my letters that we
were in better hands with the last ministry to settle the H. B. question.
I am preparing to sail on the i8th instant by the North American. Mc-
Dougall intends going by the Cunard with his daughter. I have a grievance
against you. I saw by a stray paper from Canada that Lady Macdonald
was safely delivered of a daughter. You know, my dear Macdonald, how
I feel interested in my friends, and in everything that concerns them, and
particularly in such friend as you stand to me, and I would have liked
that you should have dropped me a line to tell me of the happy event.
However, as you know, I am such a good friend that I am ready to take
everything du ban cote, from a friend. I presume you were so joyful, that
entirely absorbed in your paternal delight you forgot to write to a friend
who would have been so pleased to rejoice with you. Give my sincere
congratulations to Lady Macdonald. With regard to you, you have a son
and a daughter. I wish one of my girls was a son; but it is no use to
grieve about things upon which one has no control.
My kind regards to our colleagues, and believe me, my dear Macdonald,
as always,
Your devoted colleague,
GEO. Ex. CARTIER.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald, K.C.B.,
Ottawa.
From Edward B/ake, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
House of Commons, 7 June, 1869.
My DEAR SIR JOHN,
You were kind enough to propose that I should look over the correspon-
dence, &c., &c., touching the Ontario Acts, in order that I might deter-
mine whether to press for an answer to the address. Will you kindly let
me see them to-day if possible?
Of course, you will understand that I feel myself free to refer in the
House to the general understanding which exists as to the character of the
correspondence, if I should think it for the public interest to do so.
Yours faithfully,
EDWARD BLAKE.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald, K.C.B.,
In the early part of 1869, Mr. John Rose, then Minister
of Finance, proceeded to Washington on the invitation of the
Secretary of State of the United States, for the purpose of
conferring with him upon the subject of a new reciprocity
treaty with regard to Canada between Great Britain and the
United States, the old reciprocity treaty between the two
countries concluded in 1854 having been terminated by the
United States in 1866. For a report on this negotiation,
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 93
which came to nothing, see despatch (confidential) from Mr.
Thornton to the Earl of Clarendon, dated I2th July, 1869.
From the Hon. John Rose to Sir John Macdonald.
Confidential Washington, Thursday P. M., 8th June, 1869.
DEAR MACDONALD,
I arrived here after a hot, unbroken journey of nearly 40 hours, and at
once saw Mr. Thornton.i We went over the ground together and he went
with me to Mr. Fish, 2 from whom I have just parted after a three hours
interview. We are to meet again after the Cabinet to-morrow, with Mr.
Boutwell, the Secretary of the Treasury.
Mr. Fish was very guarded and reserved expressed himself sincerely
anxious to bring about more liberal commercial relations but feared that
it could only be done through the House of Representatives, and that any
attempt on the part of the Executive to deal with that subject would be
likely to be resented, and thus any action now would do more harm than
good. I urged that the House had actually devolved that duty on the
Executive; but he intimated at least I so understood him that there
was a sort of monition that nothing should be done under the resolution
which was only passed to please some members of the Committee, and
that it was agreed to by General Schenck 3 and others on that understand-
ing. However, I will advise myself more fully of this in other quarters
before I come to any conclusion.
He spoke of remitting the whole affair to Congress, but I pointed out
to him that the questions of the navigation of the St. Lawrence and the
Fisheries must be dealt with by Treaty, and that it might be possible to
make provisional arrangements now, subject to the approval of the
House of Representatives of the Tariff part of it, and that if disapproved,
the whole Treaty should fall. He then suggested that it would be desir-
able to have some members of the Committee of Ways and Means to assist
in the details, if we went on now. This would be very well as securing
their assistance in the House, but, unfortunately, Schenck is in Europe,
Hooper in California, and other leading members are qually inaccessible.
It ended in our arranging a further interview to-morrow. He seemed to
fear the loss to the Revenue of the duties, especially on fish, but I pointed
out to him that their own returns only showed a collection
from Canadian salmon of $18,600
other fish in barrels 37>oo
" " weight 32,500
Total $88,100
He said these tables must be wrong; but we will have all that up to-morrow.
1 Mr. (afterwards Sir) Edward Thornton, G.C.B., was at that time the British
Minister in Washington.
2 The Hon. Hamilton Fish was Secretary of State of the United States.
8 General Schenck was afterwards one of the American members of the Interna-
tional Joint High Commission which met in Washington in 1871.
94 CORRESPONDENCE OF
I told him we could not continue the considerate policy we had pursued ever
since the Treaty was repealed, much longer; that public opinion would
not sustain any Government in continuing to overlook the immediate in-
terest of their own people; that we had been more than friendly in our
efforts to prevent illicit trade springing up on the frontier; that we had
almost winked at the fishermen exercising their vocations without payment
of license dues; that we rarely enquired into the nationality of vessels going
through the Canals; that we had resisted the imposition of duties on their
products such as coal, salt, hops, flour, etc., and that unless there was
very practical evidence now of a desire to liberalise our trade relations,
they must be prepared for a very different policy at the hands of any
Government of Canada.
I told him besides that they must not suppose we were dependent on it;
that our people had found and were pushing their staples into new markets,
and that the trade in many things which was formerly done through the
U. S. is now being done partly by Americans in Canada direct with foreign
countries (witness the lumber shipments to South America from Three
Rivers), and that in regard to many of the most important staples the
export to the U. S. had increased and the prices had not fallen since the
Treaty was repealed, etc.
Mr. Thornton thinks an impression was made, but I am not so sanguine.
Time will tell. I will report more after our interview to-morrow. The
heat here is worse than I have ever felt it in this world, or hope to find in
the next. I will apprise you of my moves and if I can make any headway,
I shall remain here as long as necessary.
Believe me to be,
Sincerely yours,
JOHN ROSE.
From the Hon. A. T. Gait to Sir John Macdonald.
Confidential. Montreal, 2<fth June, 1860.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I have decided to go to England by the ship of the 3rd or at latest the
loth. It has occured to me that it might be well to ascertain whether
influential parties could be found to undertake the Red River and Pacific
Railroad. Do you think the Government would be disposed to indicate
by an O. in C. something like the terms they would recommend to Parlia-
ment if undertaken by responsible parties? If you thought this practica-
ble, it might be based upon a letter from myself to you enquiring whether
the Government would be disposed to entertain an offer to build the R.R.
if submitted by responsible' parties. I think $15,000 per mile, and 10 or
12,000 acres of land would be sufficient inducement.
I shall return to Sherbrooke on Monday, when I wish you would write
me.
Can I do anything for you in England?
Yours faithfully,
A. T. GALT.
Sir J. A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 95
From Sir John Macdonald to W. H. Needham, Esq.,
Ottawa, gth July, 1869.
MY DEAR SIR,
I fear I have been guilty of great neglect in not answering
your two letters. They arrived during the session when
every moment was occupied, and as they did not call upon
me to reply, I laid them aside until they were forgotten.
The question of the equalization of judges' salaries is one of
the very greatest difficulty, so great that the Government here
found they were obliged to postpone the consideration of it for
another session. We were overcrowded with business of the
first and most pressing importance, and, as it was, the session
was too long protracted so much so indeed that we had great
trouble in keeping the members here. We hope to meet in
February and to be able to consider the question fully.
It is a great mistake, however, to suppose that the rank
of a judge is fixed by his salary. The judges of the Superior
Courts of England, Scotland and Ireland are all men of the
highest judicial rank, and perform the highest description
of judicial duty, and yet the salaries are not at all equalized.
For instance an English puisne judge has a higher salary
than the Lord President of the Court of Session in Scotland,
who takes higher rank than the former, and so with respect
to Ireland.
It is impossible to carry out the principle of equalization
of judicial salaries. In the first place, the salaries of the
judges of the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec vary
in amount, although they hold the same rank, and should
British Columbia join us with a population of an Upper
Canadian county, we should be obliged to give salaries al-
together inadequate to the status or wants of that Colony.
So with the Hudson's Bay Territory, where there'are
scarcely more than 10,000 settled inhabitants. However,
as I said before, the whole question will be considered by the
Government previous to next session, with every desire to do
what they consider justice.
Now that our Parliament is prorogued, I shall take up the
Western Extension Bill passed by your Legislature, and
report upon it. The principle, however, that we have
96 CORRESPONDENCE OF
proceeded upon is to allow each province the full power
of self-government and self-legislation consistent with the
Confederation Act and the Royal Instructions. I do not
think that the Government here should be a Court of Appeal
against the decision of the Local Legislatures.
I believe that I had the pleasure of meeting you in 1846, on
the occasion you refer to in the Grand Lodge and I shall
be very happy to have the opportunity of renewing our ac-
quaintance.
Believe me,
My dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Wm. H. Needham, Esq., M.P.P.,
Frederic ton, New Brunswick.
The appointment of Mr. W. P. Rowland to the Lieuten-
ant Governorship of Ontario, and the impending retirement
of Mr. William McDougall, compelled Sir John Macdonald,
in the summer of 1869, to look about for their successors in
the Cabinet. These two gentlemen comprised the reform
element from Ontario in the ministry, and Sir John felt it
incumbent upon him (at all events during the lifetime of the
first Parliament of Canada) to maintain the coalition princi-
ple in virtue of which these gentlemen, together with George
Brown, became his colleagues in 1864. The choice was not
an easy one. Brown, of course, was out of the question.
Mackenzie and Blake, by their denunciation of the coalition
were equally impossible, and there seemed no one else in
sight in the ranks of the Liberal party.
The retirement of Mr. John Rose to take up his residencd/
in England as a partner in the well-known banking firm of|
Morton, Rose and Company, created another vacancy in I
the Cabinet.
Just at this time Sir Francis Hincks 1 returned to Canada
after fifteen years absence, during which period he had
i The Hon. Sir Francis Hincks, K.C.M.G., C.B., Prime Minister of the Province
of Canada (1851-1854). From 1855 to 1862 Sir F. Hincks was Governor-in-chief of
Barbados and the Windward Islands, and of British Guiana from 1862 to 1869.
Sworn of the Canadian Privy Council and appointed Minister of Finance, gth
October, 1869, which portfolio he resigned on the 2ist February, 1873. Died, i8th.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 97
filled several governorships in the West Indies, and British
Guiana. On his arrival Sir John felt that Hincks was the
very man he sought. In 1854 he had been head of a Reform
Government and the leader of the Reform party. Many
old time Ontario Liberals continued to look upon him as
their chief. After much deliberation Macdonald decided
upon offering Hincks the portfolio vacant by the resignation
of Sir John Rose, and on the gth October, 1 869, Sir Francis
Hincks was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed
Minister of Finance. The nomination created a great stir
at the time, as the Macdonald correspondence indicates,
resulting in the abandonment of the Conservative party by
Mr. (afterwards Sir Richard) Cartwright, and the disaffection
of others. Altogether, the selection of Hincks could not be
said to have realized Sir John Macdonald's expectations.
From Sir John Macdonald to D. Morrison, Esq.,
Private. Ottawa, August ijth, 1869.
MY DEAR MORRISON,
I think that it would be as well for you to drop Sir Francis
and try and hedge a little. His speech at Ottawa reviving
Baldwin's letter, though of no use to himself, has been and
will be of great use to the Government. There are thous-
ands of people in Ontario who look up to Hincks as the leader
of the Liberal party, and his endorsation of the continuation
of the Coalition policy must have had weight.
The anger of the Globe at the speech is sufficient evidence
that Brown knows well the effect in the country of Hincks'
condemnation of his course.
I go early next week to Portland for a fortnight's sniff of
the salt water, and then back to work again.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
D. Morrison, Esq.,
Daily Telegraph Office,
Toronto.
August, 1885. For a full statement of the reasons which governed Sir John Mac-
donald's action in 1869, in the selection of Sir F. Hincks, see Memoirs Vol. II, pp.
314-6. The letter dated iyth November, 1869, of which an extract (virtually the
whole letter) is there published, was addressed to Mr. (afterwards Sir) Richard
Cartwright.
98 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir George Cartier to Sir John Macdonald.
Private, Halifax, 2jrd August, 1869.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I thank you very much for your kind last [letter] of the I3th instant.
I don't intend to write you any details in this with regard to Sir John's 1
reception in P. E. Island and here. You have seen no doubt by the news-
papers that Sir John has been well received in Charlottetown and here.
I think we have made great progress with the P. E. Islanders for the success
of Confederation. Prince Arthur's 2 reception here to-day was magni-
ficent. The papers of to-morrow here will give, I am sure, an ample ac-
count of it, and you will see them in 2 or 3 days. The conversation to
which I alluded in my last telegram to you was the one which took place
between you, myself, Campbell and Rose, the day that Campbell left
Ottawa to go to Europe. You must recollect that in that conversation
which principally concerned the question of a successor to Rose, you told
me I was at liberty to sound Gait about the matter, and in the case he
should decline the offer, I was to take charge of it. For my part, as far
as I am concerned, I would like very much that our friend Hincks should
be our financial colleague. But I will be in a very difficult position when
I meet Gait, on my return to Montreal, to approach the question of a
successor to Rose, after your conversation with Hincks. Before I left
Montreal I met Gait, and without telling him any detail, or even the sub-
ject I wanted to see him for, I intimated to him not to leave for England
before we should meet and have some talk together on political and rail-
way matters. It is understood that we are to meet in Montreal in the
beginning of September. In consequence of your conversation with
Hincks, I see that I will not be able to go so far with Gait as it was under-
stood. However, I will have to meet him, and will be as cautious and
prudent as possible. We leave this place for St. John on Thursday next,
to go from there to Fredericton and return to St. John, from where we
will sail for Portland to take the G. T. for Montreal. I presume you will
be here at the end of the week. After the receipt of this have the kindness
to write me to the care of F. P. Pominville, Esquire, Q. C., Montreal. I
will send you letter when I reach Montreal, and I need not add to you that
I would like very much to have a few lines from you before I meet Gait.
I hope Lady Macdonald and her dear little daughter Mary are enjoying
good health, and hope also that your own health will be much benefited
by your little voyage. My kindest regards to Lady Macdonald. Tell
her to give a warm kiss to Miss Mary for me; and my dear Macdonald,
Believe me as always
Your devoted friend and colleague,
GEO. Ex. CARTIER.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald,
Ottawa.
1 Sir John Young, recently appointed Governor-General in succession to Lord
Monck.
2 H.R.H. The Duke of Connaught, K.G., afterwards Governor-General of Canada.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 99
From John Lowe, Esq., 1 to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. The Gazette Office,
Montreal, Sept 16, 1860.
DEAR SIR JOHN,
There is a rumour that Sir Francis Hincks is to be appointed in the
place of Rose, and I am surprised at the amount of anger it creates among
our friends here. I think it better to write you this fact, although I do
not know that there is any truth whatever in the rumour.
His election in Huntingdon is spoken of. But I don't think he could
go in for that county, the Orangemen being so strong in it, and their Grand
Master here and other members speaking so violently against it.
I don't think that you up in Ottawa can understand the strength of the
prejudice against Sir Francis down here.
Believe me
Yours truly,
JOHN LOWE.
Sir John Macdonald,
&c., &c.
From R. J. Cartwright, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Confidential. Kingston^ September 2jrd y 1869.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I did not care to trouble you while there were only vague rumours about
Sir F. Hincks, but as matters now stand, I wish to ask you if it is true.
If you are only thinking of it, and it is not absolutely and irrevocably
settled, I hope you will consider it, and make further inquiries as to prob-
able effect before finally deciding. I can guess at some of the difficulties
of the position, but taking Hincks in, will be paying a terribly heavy price
to escape them.
I write frankly, for this is a matter in which all your friends are very
much interested.
Yours faithfully,
R. J. CARTWRIGHT.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald,
Ottawa.
From the Hon. John Rose to Sir John Macdonald.
Montreal^ 2Jth September y 1860.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
It is more of a wrench to one's heartstrings writing the enclosed than I
care to express. But it was understood I should be out of office before
this dinner, and I must act up to it. I will leave Montreal the morning
after, for the purpose of saying good-bye to you all at Ottawa, but I must
run out the same night so as to be back here on Thursday morning.
1 Editor of the Montreal Gazette. Afterwards Deputy Minister of Agriculture
(1888-1895).
ioo CORRESPONDENCE OF
Our old Tory friends with their usual impulsiveness do not take well to
Hincks, but time and the exercise of a little tact will bring them round.
Carder's friends are, I think, even more unbelieving than the English
Conservatives. I have seen so much of the spasmodic character of
opinion here, that I have not much belief in its permanency. I am anxious
to hear your impressions of the West, which are much more important.
I see the Toronto Telegraph has not yet come round, but I presume it can
be controlled.
I think now that there is nothing departmental left undone here, except
the practical reorganization of the Civil Service, but I see that it will
take Hincks some time to get into the groove of the new order of things.
If I might give a hint, it would be in the way of cautioning him against
experiments. *****
Until we meet to say that hateful good-bye, believe me,
Most sincerely yours,
JOHN ROSE.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald,
Ottawa.
From R. J. Cartwright, Esq., M.P. y to Sir John Macdonald.
Kingston, October I2th y 1860.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I notice with great regret that Sir F. Hincks has been gazetted. From
the tenor of my former note on the subject, you will probably not be
surprised to learn that I fear I cannot support that gentleman.
Of course, as in duty bound, I will await your explanations of the grounds
of this appointment, but it is so unlikely that they will be such as to enable
me to concur in it, that I think it only fair to notify you at once that how-
ever well disposed I was and am towards yourself and the rest of your
colleagues, I cannot feel the same confidence as heretofore in an administra-
tion in which Sir F. Hincks holds office!
So far as you are concerned, I do not suppose one supporter more or less
matters much just now, and so far as I myself am concerned, I am thor-
oughly alive to the gravity of the step I am taking, but that is a matter in
which Fhave no option.
Yours very sincerely,
R. J. CARTWRIGHT.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald,
Ottawa.
The arrangement between His Majesty's Government, the
Government of Canada and the Hudson's Bay Company,
under which the North West Territory became a portion of
the Dominion, was to take effect from the ist December,
1869. In anticipation of the formal transfer, the Hon.
William McDougall was on the 28th September appointed
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 101
Lieutenant Governor of the North West Territories, and the
same day left Ottawa for his new Government. As is well
known, the half-breeds of the Red River under Louis Riel,
forcibly opposed and prevented the Lieutenant Governor's
entrance into the Territory, on the confines of which he thus
wrote his first report to Sir John Macdonald.
From the Hon. William McDougall to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. Pembina, jist October, 1860.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
By this mail I send my first report from the North West Territories.
I am sorry that it announces insurrection and possible bloodshed. The
papers which accompany my report give you all the particulars that have
reached me, except the rumours of this neighbourhood. These do not
amount to much, and are not worth repeating, but one fact is significant,
viz: that the half-breed settlers hereabouts, perhaps a dozen families, have
been holding secret meetings at the instigation of emissaries from Fort
Garry. I believe they have come to nothing as yet. Two of the most
influential of these settlers called upon me to-day. The spokesman, one
Marceau, of French Canadian origin, assured me that he had no sympathy
with the movement, and refused to attend meetings. He said the half-
breeds were ignorant, and that parties behind were pushing them on;
that they had read in the papers that "all the law was to come from
Canada," and that "no one in Red River would be in the law" (meaning
the Council) : that the half-breeds would be all driven back from the river,
and their lands given to others, etc. I assured him that there was no
truth in any of these stories, and that his countrymen must not believe the
statements read to them from Canadian newspapers, especially the Globe,
as to the intentions of the Canadian Government. He is to see me to-
morrow and offers to go down to the barricade, and persuade his country-
men to go home. I mention this case to show how the injudicious remarks
and statements of Canadian newspapers are made the occasion of outbreak
and outrage in this distant region.
The worst feature in the case is the apparent complicity of the priests.
It appears certain that at least one of them has openly preached sedition
to his flock, and has furnished aid and comfort to the parties in arms. I
regret to hear that all the priests in this country, with one or two excep-
tions, are from France, and have no sympathy with Canada or Canadians.
There is probably some exaggeration in the papers accompanying my
report, as the statements come through Protestant channels, but I have
heard enough from other sources to satisfy me that the R.C. priesthood
here cannot be relied upon to support the authority of the new Govern-
ment. You must expect a call for volunteers from Canada to settle the
country, with a good rifle among the implements of husbandry in each
case.
I closed an agreement for the construction of a line of telegraph from
102 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Breckenridge to Fort Garry, of the terms of which you will all approve,
do not doubt. If I find time I will send a copy of the agreement for your
confirmation by this mail.
I saw all the principal railway people at Chicago and St. Paul, and
learned their plans. There is no doubt that railway connection with
Red River will be established next summer, and the only thing required
to continue it to this point is a good charter in proper hands with a reason-
able grant in land and money $5,000 per mile of a bonus would be suffi-
cient to build the line to Winnipeg, with a land grant equal to those of the
Western States. But we must not allow this line, which is indispensable
to the settlement of this part of the country, to retard our efforts to open
our own Lake Superior water line. It will not do, I am convinced, to be
at the mercy of the American lines. My own experience has satisfied me
on that point. Both means of communication are necessary to the speedy
settlement of the country, and will repay the cost in a few years.
We have had delightful Indian summer weather for the last three or
four days, after the snow storm (in the midst of which I met Mr. Howe)
and the natives say it will last two or three weeks. All that this country,
for hundreds of miles in every direction from this point, as I learn from
hunters and settlers, needs to make it the northern farmer's paradise, is
railway communication. Timber for fuel and fencing is scarce, but the
railway and the steamboat will supply that as soon as the demand is urgent.
So far, I am charmed with the prospect which everywhere opens to the eye
of the tiller of the soil. Let us have law and order and public improve-
ments, even on a moderate scale, and we will make this country the home
of happy and prosperous millions in the lifetime of some of us who now
have its destiny in our hands.
I will write you as soon as I reach Fort Garry, if ever I do, on the railway
question as promised, as I have something important to suggest. I will
only add I am not frightened and don't believe the insurrection will last a
week. Yours most faithfully,
W. McDoucALL.
Sir John A. Macdonald.
From Sir John Macdonald to Hon. John Rose.
Private. Ottawa, November l6th, 1869.
MY DEAR ROSE,
I duly received yours of the 2oth, 22nd and 2yth ultimo. I
deferred answering them until Hincks' return from Renfrew.
He had a tremendous fight for his seat, as Brown and the
Scotch Grits of Toronto, and all over the Province, subscribed
largely to beat him. He was obliged to spend a month in
the county and a good deal of money besides. However he
has triumphed with a majority of 113. He is now fairly
seated, and I have no doubt will strengthen the Administra-
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 103
tion. Aikins, 1 who refused to come in with McDougall
alone, will come in unconditionally under Hincks, and he
(Hincks) will rally round him a good following of Liberals.
Kenny takes Howe's place as President of the Council
Chapais will be Receiver General, Dunkin, 2 Agriculture,
Langevin, Board of Works.
I was glad to get your telegram of the nth stating that
matters were closed satisfactorily at the Treasury. Hincks
makes a large remittance to the agents this week, of which
he will duly write you.
McDougall has gone to Red River. There is a newspaper
report that the half-breeds at first attempted to oppose his
entering on his dreary sovereignty, but that he harangued
them with such eloquence that instead of barring the way,
they formed themselves into a Guard of Honour and con-
ducted him in triumph to Fort Garry! We will have the
particulars in a mail or so.
Sir Stafford Northcote's letter to McTavish is a very
good one, and I thought it well to send a copy of it to Mc-
Dougall to let him know the spirit in which the Hudson's
Bay people desire to act with respect to his Government.
As regards Captain Cameron, I really do not know what
his views are about being seconded. I presume he would
like to keep on the strength of his regiment as long as possi-
ble.
Howe, who has just returned from Red River after a
most fatiguing journey, gives no very flourishing account
of Fort Garry but he got there in October when the bad
weather had set in, and everything looked cold and inhospita-
ble.
I mentioned to Cartier and Hincks the desire of the
Hudson's Bay Board to have you one of the directors. They
both seemed to be afraid that it would injure your status
as representative of Canada to be on the Board, at present
iThe Hon. James Cox Aikins, Secretary of State of Canada (1869-1873,) and
(1878-1880). Minister of Inland Revenue (1880-1882). Lieutenant-Governor of
Manitoba (1882-1888). A Senator of Canada (1867^882 and 1896-1904). Died,
6th August, 1904.
2 The Hon. Christopher Dunkin, Minister of Agriculture (1869-1871). Puisne
judge Superior Court Province of Quebec (1871-1881). Died, 6th January, 1881.
io 4 CORRESPONDENCE OF
at all events. The cry that you were acting in England
in the interests of the Company, and not in the interests of
Canada, would be got up by the Opposition papers; just as
the cry used to be against us all that we were acting for the
Grand Trunk. We have not fully talked it out yet, however,
but we shall do so to-morrow or next day.
We are now all here except Campbell, and the Cabinet
will be reconstructed and the new members sworn in this
week. We all agree that your proposition to get an advance
at a low rate of interest on the security of the guarantee
bonds, and our bonds, is much better than putting them in
the market under the circumstances mentioned in your
letter to Hincks. We had better keep things as they are
until the other two millions of the Intercolonial are put on
the market, and then we can offer the whole of the loan at
the same time.
When the Cabinet is full, we shall have a solemn discus-
sion as to what our policy is to be with respect to the pro-
posed Colonial Conference in February next. I am, at
present, strongly inclined to believe that we ought to have
nothing to do with it. We have no wrongs to complain
of; we are quite satisfied with our position and relations
with the mother country, and we have had a special under-
standing, since 1865, on all matters connected with those
relations. Unless convinced to the contrary, I shall oppose
sending any delegation, or having any representatives at
the Conference. If H. M. Government should ask the
Colonies, it would be another matter. This question how-
ever is so serious a one, affecting our future policy, that until
the Cabinet is full, I shall refrain from pressing the subject
in Council.
You will have heard ere this reaches you the sad news
of poor Vankoughnet's death. 1 It is a terrible thing, in-
deed, for his family and friends. He was returning from his
circuit, and at Stratford was kept waiting for the train, and
standing on the snow for about an hour. He had but light
boots on, and got thoroughly chilled. This brought on a
rheumatic attack, or something like it, which flew to his
1 See note 2 foot of page 7.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 105
heart and he died after two or three days' illness. He is
immensely regretted.
We have had Vail, 1 the Provincial Secretary, here from
Halifax. He returned home this morning a wiser and
better man, and I think that we may fairly consider the
ghost of secession as laid at last.
I shall keep you posted on things in general from here,
and hope to hear from you regularly.
Believe me,
My dear Rose,
Sincerely yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. John Rose,
Bartholomew House,
London.
From C. J. Brydges, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
New York, iqth November, 1869.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
I wrote to you from Philadelphia and my sojourn here has more than
confirmed all I said then. John Young 2 is here, going to every one he can
get at, distributing pamphlets containing his own and Huntington's
speeches at Waterloo and elsewhere. He tells people in the most em-
phatic way that the feeling in favour of independence, as a prelude to
annexation, has attained enormous growth that the leading men of the
country, outside of the Government, are all rapidly taking that view
and that all that is necessary to fan this feeling into open action, is for the
United States to withhold reciprocity for a short time longer.
About this there is no doubt, and it is doing harm. I have reason to
think that although Young is the most open mover in this way, he is not
the only one.
I thought you would like to know this.
Yours very truly,
C. J. BRYDGES.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
1 The Hon. William B. Vail. Afterwards Minister of Militia and Defence in
the Cabinet of Mr. Mackenzie. Died, loth April, 1904.
2 The Hon. John Young, a member of the Government of the Province of
Canada (1851-1852). Represented Montreal West in the Legislative Assembly, and
afterwards in the House of Commons (1872-1874). A strong Liberal politician.
io6 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. John Rose.
Private. Ottawa, November 23rd, 1869.
MY DEAR ROSE,
You see we have commenced the extension of our sover-
eignty with a war! of which I informed you by cable. It
appears that the half-breeds have been soured by all kinds
of stories as to the intention of Canada to deprive them of
their lands and to govern them without any reference to the
residents. These stories have been industriously propagated,
and entre nous, I fear that the people that McDougall sent
up there Snow and Mair and Stoughton Dennis 1 have not
helped at all to smooth matters.
These French half-breeds have always been truly loyal
to the Hudson's Bay Company, and greatly dislike Schultz 2
and that small section who published the Nor-Wester and are
opposed to the Company. I am afraid that Snow and
Dennis fraternized too much with that fellow, who is a
clever sort of man but exceedingly cantankerous and ill-condi-
tioned. To make matters worse, Governor McTavish 3 is
dying and unable to arrange matters with a firm hand.
However, we must possess our souls in patience, and deal
with these refractory people as best we may. Unfortunately
the majority of priests up there are from Old France, and
their sympathies are not with us. And to add to our trou-
bles, Cartier rather snubbed Bishop Tache 4 when he was
here on his way to Rome. Langevin thought he had made
it all right, but it appears now that the Bishop has conveyed
his feelings of irritation to his representative a person
1 Lt. Col. John Stoughton Dennis, C.M.G. Afterwards Deputy of the Minister
of the Interior (1878-1881). He, with Messrs. Snow and Mair were at the time
Government Land Surveyors, and, as such, visited the North West in the summer
of i 869.
2 Afterwards Sir John Christian Schultz, K.C.M.G. Represented Lisgar in the
House of Commons (1871-1882). A Senator of Canada (1882-1888). Lieut.
Governor of Manitoba (1888-1895). Died, ijth April, 1896.
3 Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.
4 Roman Catholic Bishop of St. Boniface. The letter of instructions issued by
Sir John Macdonald to Bishop Tache will be found in Memoirs, Vol. II., App. XIX,
pp. 312-313.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 107
from Old France. We intend to send up Chas. de Salaberry, 1
who was up there before. He understands the half-breeds
thoroughly and was quite a hero among them while he lived
there. Also the Very Rev'd Mr. Thibault, 2 who was
formerly Vicar General there, and perhaps the Rev'd Mr.
Belcour. . . .
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. John Rose,
&c., &c., &c.
From R. J. Cartwright, Esq., M.P. to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. Kingston, November 2jrd, 1869.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I think you know well enough that I did not put myself under your
leadership (when I first entered political life) with any view to my own
personal advancement. Had that been my object, I saw plainly at the
time, and there were plenty of others ready to point out to me, that I could
have done better elsewhere. Therefore if I find myself unable to concur
with you in this matter, I may fairly ask you to believe that I am not act-
ing now from any selfish motives or cowardly dread of unpopularity, much
less out of regard to old party prejudices.
I may as well say at once that after weighing very carefully all that
you have urged and I do not see how the case can be put more forcibly
than you have put it 3 I still think it was a most grave mistake to take
Hincks in, and that you will discover it very soon.
I am quite aware that, being in, he cannot now be thrown over, and
furthermore that you must defend him if attacked that is all in the day's
work, and I fully understand it. What I hope you also will understand is,
that although I must fight it out with Sir Francis as best I can, I am most
especially desirous that the present political difficulty may not be pushed
into any personal antagonism to yourself.
If I am wrong in my view of the situation, my opposition will do you
little harm if I am right, it will probably be better it should come from a
quarter friendly to yourself, personally.
Moreover, even admitting Sir Francis to be perfectly true to you, at
present, it is not doing him much wrong to hint that contingencies may
arise which may place him once more in hostility to you, especially if the
1 Colonel Charles de Salaberry belonged to one of the most distinguished families
of the Province of Quebec, his father having been the hero of Chateauguay.
2 The Very Reverend J. B. Thibault, who had spent 37 years in the Red River
district and knew intimately every one of the leaders among the half-breeds.
3 This refers to the letter dated lyth November, 1869, forming Appendix XX to
Memoirs y Vol. II, pp. 314-316, which was addressed to Mr. Cartwright.
io8 CORRESPONDENCE OF
whole Conservative party unite in rehabilitating him; whereas, if things
take their natural course, I suspect his wings will be pretty well clipped,
whatever else comes of it.
I am much obliged for your letter which I will of course hold private.
Please do the same by this.
Believe me,
Yours very sincerely,
RICHARD J CARTWRIGHT.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From Hugh Allan, Esq., 1 to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. Montreal, 2^rd November, 1869.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I returned here this morning from New York, and I think it is well you
should know that John Young is there distributing broadcast printed
copies in pamphlet form of his and Huntington's speeches at Waterloo and
elsewhere, with other documents, and is assuring the people there that
a large portion, if not the majority, of the people of Canada are for inde-
pendence and annexation.
He was to go to Boston on Saturday to enlighten Mr. Sumner who is to
bring the subject up in Congress. The people there believe that he is a
very influential man in Canada, and has long been a prominent member
of the Government of Canada. He urges them not to grant reciprocity,
as the refusal of it will precipitate the result he wishes. They believe in
him, and I think we will not get reciprocity at present.
Yours truly,
HUGH ALLAN.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald,
Ottawa.
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir George Carrier, Bart.
Private. Ottawa, November 2flh, 1869.
MY DEAR CARTIER,
A despatch has gone to the Lt. Governor requesting him
to send under covering despatch from himself, all communi-
cations from the Government of Quebec to the General
Government. Will you be good enough to see Sir Narcisse
Belleau and explain to him that this is introducing the
English system, and that he is requested only to perform the
same functions with respect to the General Government,
1 Afterwards Sir Hugh Allan. For many years a leading capitalist of Montreal.
One of the founders of the Allan Steamship Line. Prominently associated with the
first organized effort to build the Canadian Pacific Railway.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 109
as Sir John Young does with respect to the Government in
England. He will by this arrangement be able to see all
the communications passing from his own Government to
Ottawa; and he has already, of course, all the communica-
tions from here to Quebec.
Explain the same thing to Chauveau. The proper system
should be that all communications should be sent by the
Lt. Governor, and that before sending them he should receive
the advice of his first minister to do so.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon.
Sir George Cartier, Bart,
Quebec.
Shortly before Mr. McDougall's appointment as Lieuten-
ant Governor, Mr. Howe, then Secretary of State for the
Provinces, proceeded to Fort Garry (now Winnipeg), to
prepare the way for the new Governor, who does not seem
to have appreciated the endeavour, for he afterward charged
his late colleague with pursuing a very different course, and
a bitter and unseemly controversy between the two sub-
sequently ensued. Upon Mr. McDougall's failure to cope
with the situation becoming apparent, the Canadian Gov-
ernment despatched to Fort Garry in an endeavour to bring
the insurgents to reason:
(1) The Very Rev. J. B. Thibault.
(2) Colonel de Salaberry; and
(3) Mr. Donald A. Smith. 1 then Chief Officer of the
Hudson's Bay Company in Montreal.
Dr. Tupper, who was not then a member of the Cabinet,
went up to Fort Garry about this time to bring back his
daughter, Mrs. Cameron, and though he was in the country
1 Afterwards the Rt. Hon. Donald Alexander, Baron Strathcona and Mount
Royal, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O. Represented Selkirk in the House of Commons of
Canada (1871-1878), and Montreal West (1887-1896). Sworn of the Privy Council,
24th April, 1 896, and appointed on the same day High Commissioner for Canada in
London, which position he held until his death on the list January, 1914. In addi-
tion to the above-mentioned political offices, Lord Strathcona filled many im-
portant posts, such as governor of the Hudson's Bay Company (1888-1914); presi-
dent of the Bank of Montreal (1887-1905); director of the Canadian Pacific Railway
Company (1881-1914).
i io CORRESPONDENCE OF
only two days, in Sir John Macdonald's opinion, "did more
good than anyone who has hitherto gone there. " The efforts
of these gentlemen proving unavailing, as a dernier ressort
Bishop Tache was summoned from Rome where he was at-
tending the meetings of the Ecumenical Council, to act the
part of peacemaker. The bishop had spent his life in the
North West, and by his devotion to the cause of the half-
breeds had acquired almost unbounded influence over them.
Bishop Tache promptly responded to his country's call, and
set out for Ottawa, where he arrived on the 9th February.
Unhappily, five days before he reached Fort Garry, the
barbarous murder of Thomas Scott made it clear to all men
that the time for conciliation was over, and that sterner
measures were imperatively called for.
From George Stephen, Esq., 1 to Sir John Macdonald.
Montreal^ 27 th November, 1869.
DEAR SIR JOHN,
My friend D. A. Smith now, since Hopkins' retirement, the Chief Hud-
son's Bay officer here, an old and intimate friend of McTavish at Fort
Garry, with whom he is in almost daily conuiu .lication, called upon me
this P.M., and said he had letters and information from the Nor'West which
he thought might be of service to the Government at this moment, and
wished me to go up with him to Ottawa to-night and see you. I cannot
well get away just now, even if my going up would be of any use; but I
promised him I would write to you, and if you wished to see him, he would
go up by Monday evening's train on hearing from you by wire anytime
on Monday. I am sorry this bother should have arisen in the North at
this time. It will require tact and firmness to settle it. Rosamond will
himself go in for North Lanark.
Yours faithfully
GEO. STEPHEN.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From Sir John Macdonald to George Stephen, Esq.,
Private. Ottawa, December 1st, 1869.
MY DEAR STEPHEN,
I was very glad to see Mr. Smith, who seems a clever man;
at the same time I am exceedingly disappointed at the ap-
1 Afterwards the Rt. Hon. George, Baron Mount Stephen, Bart. G.C.V.O.
A leading merchant and manufacturer in Montreal (1850-1890). President of the
Canadian Pacific Railway (1881-1888). An intimate friend of Sir John Mac-
donald.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD in
parent helplessness of the Hudson's Bay authorities. Mr.
Smith has nothing to suggest, and they seem to have been
utterly neglectful at Red River of their duty in preparing for
the change.
My object in telegraphing you to come up, was that Mr.
Smith suggested the possibility of your taking a run up to
Fort Garry yourself. We are sending up some influential
French Canadians, and he suggested that a Protestant, un-
connected with office, and known to be an independent man
of business, might be exceedingly useful. I had not the
slightest idea that you would accept the mission, but as Mr.
Smith had been in recent communication with you on the
subject, I thought it well to ask you to come up.
Morris has seen Rosamond, and to-morrow will inform
me about what they are going to do in the Riding. 1
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Geo. Stephen, Esq.,
Montreal.
From Donald A. Smith, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Hudson's Bay Company's Office,
Private. Montreal, 6th December, 1869.
MY DEAR SIR,
Since the receipt of your telegram another message has reached me
from the Hudson's Bay Company, confirming their sanction to my ac-
ceptance of your proposition, and intimating that an officer will sail from
England immediately, to take charge of the business of this Department.
I expect to be ready to leave here on Friday, or perhaps on Thursday,
should you write me to be in Ottawa at an early date, and will, of course,
go prepared to set out for Pembina or Fort Garry immediately on receiv-
ing your instructions. In the meantime, should you see no objection to its
being done, I shall request our agent at St. Paul to make arrangements
for enabling me to get over the road expeditiously.
Perhaps you may think it advisable that the fact of my being com-
missioned by your Government should not become publicly known until
some time after my departure from Canada, and if so, might it not be of
1 North Lanark, then represented in the House of Commons by the Hon. William
McDougall, whose seat does not appear to have been vacated by his acceptance of
the office of Lieutenant-Governor of Rupert's Land and the North West Territories.
ii2 CORRESPONDENCE OF
some service to intimate very briefly in one of the newspapers that in con-
sequence of Governor MacTavish's severe illness, the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany desire my presence at Fort Garry. I however leave you to deal
with this suggestion as you may see fit.
I am,
Very faithfully yours,
The Hon. DON. A. SMITH.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.,
Ottawa.
From George Stephen, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. Montreal) loth December, 1869.
DEAR SIR JOHN,
Mr. Smith goes up to Ottawa this evening and, if you decide on sending
him up, do you think it would be of any advantage that Col. Wolseley 1
should accompany him; if so, Wolseley will be ready at an hour's notice.
He has given this Red River affair a good deal of attention, and the mo-
ment he saw it announced in the papers that Smith was going up, he
came to me, knowing I was a friend of Smith's and begged me to do all I
could to get him sent up with Mr. Smith. I have mentioned the matter
to him, and if you think he can be of service he is ready to go, and Smith
will be glad of his company.
Nothing from North Lanark to-day.
Believe me,
Very truly yours,
GEO. STEPHEN.
The Hon.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.,
From Sir John Macdonald to George Stephen, Esq.,
Private. Ottawa, December ijth, 1869.
MY DEAR STEPHEN,
I have yours of the loth. Smith left this morning with
full powers and instructions. He seemed to think that he
will be able to do good there. It would never have done
for Colonel Wolseley to have gone with him. Smith goes
to carry the olive branch, and were it known at Red River
that he was accompanied by an officer high in rank in military
service, he would be looked upon as having the olive branch
in one hand and a revolver in the other.
We must not make any indications of even thinking of a
i Afterward Field-Marshal the Viscount Wolseley, P.C., K.P., G.C.B., &c.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 113
military force until peaceable means have been exhausted.
Should these miserable half-breeds not disband, they must
be put down, and then, so far as I can influence matters,
I shall be very glad to give Colonel Wolseley the chance
of glory and the risk of the scalping knife!
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
George Stephen, Esq.,
Montreal.
From D. A. Smith, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Abercrombie (North Dakota),
Private. igth 'December, 1869.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
We arrived here this evening, and after a stay of a couple or three
hours, are again about to start for Pembina, and there is little doubt
of our overtaking Messrs. Thibault and de Salaberry who left here yes-
terday.
Accounts from Fort Garry are not favourable. It is said, apparently
on good authority, that to prevent supplies reaching Mr. MacDougall's
party, the H. B. Company's fort at Pembina was taken possession of by
the insurgents a week or ten days back, and Mr. MacAuley, a shrewd
North American (sic), who lives here, is not sanguine that even Mr. Thi-
bault will be permitted to go into the Red River Settlement. It is be-
lieved that the dissatisfaction is far more general than was at one time
expected, being by no means confined to the French half-breeds. It is
reported that a large * of property belonging to Dr. Schultz has been
confiscated. In short, the belief here is that the insurgents are even
less disposed than before to come to terms, or to admit Mr. McDougall,
but of course, personally, I know nothing of what the real state of affairs
is, but be assured that every effort will be made to bring the misguided
men to reason, and I sincerely trust that, with God's help, we may be
successful.
Dr. Tupper is quite well and bears the journey admirably.
Pray excuse this hasty note, and I trust my next communication may
be of a more cheering nature.
I am, faithfully yours,
DON. A. SMITH.
The Hon.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
' Words indecipherable.
1 1 4 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From D. A. Smith, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. Fort Garry , 28th December, 1869.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Last evening about five o'clock, I drove up to the gate of Fort Garry,
and finding several armed men there, was requested not to enter until they
should communicate with their Chief. In a short time Mr. Kiel 1 ap-
peared, and asked me into his "Council." He and they were very af-
fable, polite, full of regrets, &c., but ultimately requested me to take an
oath that I should do nothing to undermine the "Government now legally
established." This I, of course, peremptorily declined, but gave my word
of honour that I would not go without the gates of the Fort till the morrow,
and that meanwhile I would do nothing with the view of restoring the
Government of the Hudson's Bay Company. I was then permitted to go
to Governor MacTavish's house, and have since had no restraint put on
me, further than having to remain within the walls and without permis-
sion, none, whether connected with the Hudson's Bay Company, or not,
are permitted to go out.
Nothing can be more serious than the present state of affairs here, the
power being entirely in the hands of Mr. Kiel and his party. Rev. Mr.
Thibault is said to be under arrest at the R. Catholic mission opposite,
and there is not the slightest chance that Mr. deSalaberry will be per-
mitted to communicate with the insurgents.
The drift of the whole thing is evidently annexation, and such is the belief
on the part of the Americans at Pembina, foremost among whom is one
Colonel Stetson, evidently a man of some ability, who urge on the party
that the British, that is, Imperial Government, will make no effort to
prevent the whole of the North Western Territory from falling into
the hands of the United States. That this view of the matter is wholly
incorrect, I have lost no opportunity of declaring, and not unfrequently
the assertion appears to be quite a surprise to my hearers. The pro-
clamations of His Excellency the Governor-General, brought to Pembina,
remain there, and it is not likely they can be brought in very soon. Might
I be permitted to suggest that instead of these, a proclamation from the
Queen direct would have much greater influence, and would be likely to
effect more good than anything coming at this moment from the head
of the Canadian Government. It will be very necessary in transmitting
letters hereafter, now that the insurgents are entirely in the ascendant, to
prevent anything falling into their hands which might have the effect of
compromising me in my capacity as an officer of the Hudson's Bay
Company. We, in common with the other parties in the settlement,
appear to be incapable of offering any resistance to them, and I am of the
opinion that it is above all things desirable the solution should be one
brought about by peaceful means. How this is to be attained I shall
1 Louis Kiel, the insurgent leader who was destined to instigate a second rising
in the North West, fifteen years later, and who suffered the penalty of his treasons
on the scaffold at Regina, November i6th, 1885. See pp. 365-6.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 115
endeavour to ascertain that the task is extremely difficult there can be
no doubt; and there are not wanting many who are fully impressed with
the belief that it is quite hopeless.
There are now in this Fort and in jail, sixty-four prisoners mostly
persons from Canada. It is not known what Kiel's intentions are in
regard to them, but it is hoped they will be liberated after a few days
detention.
The action taken by Col. Dennis is reprobated on all hands, 1 and the
proclamation on the ist of December, seeing that no transfer had actually
taken place, was unquestionably a great mistake. But with regard to all
this, Mr. MacDougall, whom I met on his way out to St. Paul, would no
doubt have kept you fully informed. Governor MacTavish's health is
much improved, but he is still very weak and unable to leave his room.
I write hurriedly and enclose this under cover to our Agent in Montreal,
and it may be safer to have your letters hereafter transmitted through
the same channel.
Dr. Tupper, against my advice, came to Fort Garry last night, and
after a short interview with Mr. Kiel and his "Council," returned to
Pembina. I gave Mr. Kiel the assurance that Dr. Tupper was entirely
unconnected with the Government, and he promised to treat him well.
I write very hurriedly, everything being in such confusion here, but
trust by next mail to have something more definite to report.
I have the honour to be,
faithfully yours,
The Hon. Don. A. Smith.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From the Hon. Charles Tupper to Sir John Macdonald.
Pembina, December joth, i86g.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
We reached here Christmas eve, and on Sunday afternoon I started for
Fort Garry. The Sisters of St. Norbert, in the absence of Father Ritchot, 2
sent a man in the confidence of the insurgents, with me to Fort Garry,
where I arrived at 8 P.M., and saw Mr. Riel in Council. I informed him
who I was, and that my object was to obtain my daughter's luggage, etc.
He requested me to go back to St. Norbert, and assured me that I should
receive everything there the next day. I spent the night at my driver's
house near Father Ritchot's and the next day, on the evening of which
Father Ritchot came and invited me to spend the night with him, which I
did. We discussed the question in all its bearings, and I hope some good
was effected. Father Thibault was really a prisoner, having been es-
corted to the Palace, and remaining there under observation. I ad-
1 See Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 59.
2 The Rev. N. J. Ritchot, parish priest of St. Norbert who, in the month of
April, 1 870, formed one of a delegation to Ottawa for the purpose of negotiating
with the Dominion Government on behalf of the halfbreeds, the other delegates
being John Black and Albert H. Scott.
ii6 CORRESPONDENCE OF
vised that he and Col. deSalaberry should be received and have an op-
portunity of communicating the views of the Government. At 10 P.M.
Riel and Mr. LeMay, a prominent adviser of the former, came to St.
Norbert. I avoided any personal communication with Riel, but in the
morning Father Ritchot informed me that they had decided to receive
Col. deSalaberry and Father Thibault, and that the former could come
forward. I have this moment returned to Pembina, and have but a
moment to write this hurried line to you, as the post will close in a few
minutes. Mr. LeMay tells me that Mr. Smith went before the Council
and said as the officer of the H.B.C. he was prepared to acknowledge the
only government he found in the country, and Mr. LeMay added that
his act would be followed generally. I think I see a chance for the amica-
ble adjustment of this very serious business, and hope I have paved the
way for Col. deSalaberry and Father Thibault to make some progress;
but you will, I think, have to send ultimately a statesman of standing and
ability, armed with large discretionary power. Captain and Mrs. Cam-
eron 1 and I will leave here in a day or two and I will lose no time in
coming at once to you.
Ever yours faithfully,
C. TUPPER.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From Sir John Macdonald to D. A. Smithy Esq.
Private. Ottawa y January 2nd, 1870.
MY DEAR SIR,
I am in receipt of your favours of the I9th and 2oth ultimo,
and am glad that you have got on so far.
McDougall telegraphs that he met your party beyond
Georgetown. He is expected here at the close of this week,
when we may look for a full account of his disasters.
The Government here fully appreciate all the difficulties
in your way, and I can assure you that they collectively, and
I personally, will give you every support and confidence. I
have great hopes of your success.
You must not suppose that there was any disinclination
in the Council to strengthen your hands by the issue of a
Commission to yourself. There were two difficulties in the
way. In the first place, it was legally impossible to grant
you a Commission without superseding McDougall's, and
1 Major General Donald Roderick Cameron, C.M.G., son-in-law of Sir Charles
Tupper, Bart. Accompanied Mr. William McDougall to the Northwest in
1869, when the latter went up to assume the Lieutenant Governorship.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 117
this we could not venture to do. We did not know what
steps he had been taking, and the cancellation of his Com-
mission would have destroyed all semblance of authority in
him; and might have greatly embarrassed both the Govern-
ment and himself.
In the second place, as we had duly notified the Im-
perial Government that we would not accept the transfer of
the country until peace was restored, we had of course, de-
prived ourselves of all power to issue a Commission to any-
one to administer the affairs of a country which in no way
belonged to ourselves.
You will receive, however, a Commission, under the Great
Seal of the Dominion, authorizing you to act as a Commis-
sioner.
I have read again the claims set up by the insurgent
half-breeds, some of which are altogether inadmissible
and I now proceed to state to you what we are willing to
concede.
In the first place it must be remembered that by the
Imperial Act transferring the country, and by our Act pro-
viding for its government, all existing authorities and
functionaries were to be continued until further action by
the Government and Legislature here. So that if Mr. Mc-
Dougall had assumed the government of Rupert's Land,
the present Council, who act under Governor McTavish
would have held the same position under him.
In Mr. McDougall's instructions you will find he was
told that before any reconstruction of the Council, he was
to ask Governor McTavish and Mr. Black 1 to go on the
Council, and that he was to report the names of a number
of persons from among the residents, unconnected with the
Company, to go on the Council also.
It would be well that this should be distinctly explained
to the Council and people at Red River; and you can further
state that when Canada assumes the government, the
1 John Black, commonly called 'Judge' Black, the recorder at Fort Garry, who
at the outbreak of the rising was acting Governor and President of the Council of
Assiniboia. Mr. Black formed one of the delegation despatched by the insurgents
to Ottawa in tl]* spring of 1 870, the other two members being the Rev. N. J. Ritchot
and Albert H. Scott.
ii8 CORRESPONDENCE OF
present Council will be expected to continue to act as such,
and to report as to any changes which they may deem ex-
pedient in its composition. You can further state that we
have no objection to two thirds of the Council being selected
from among the residents. Before introducing the elective
principle into the Council, it will be necessary to get a report
from the existing Council as to the best mode of doing so.
This report must, of course, be submitted to Parliament, and
an Act passed on the subject, as the Government have no
power to settle such a matter without an Act. Representa-
tive institutions will, however, as a matter of course, be
granted to Rupert's Land by Parliament, as in all the other
Provinces of the Dominion, so soon as the Territory is in a
position to bear the burdens and assume the responsibilities
of such institutions. Elective municipal institutions, as well
as for schools, can be introduced at once, as in Ontario and
Quebec, if desired by the Council.
You are authorized to invite a delegation of, at least, two
residents to visit Ottawa for the purpose of representing the
claims and interests of Rupert's Land. The representa-
tion of the Territory in Parliament, will be a matter for
discussion and arrangement with such delegation.
The expenses of the Government of Rupert's Land as
sanctioned by Parliament, will be defrayed for the present
by the Dominion Government. The present tariff will be
continued for two years, as already provided by the Order-
in-Council which you have with you. It will be for Parlia-
ment to decide, on the representation of the delegates
whether the time can be prolonged.
Indian claims, including the claims of the half-breeds who
live with and as Indians, will be equitably settled. There
is no general homestead law in Ontario as you state in your
letter, but you can assure the residents that all titles to land
held by residents in peaceable possession will be confirmed,
and that a very liberal land policy as to the future settlement
of the country, will be adopted.
These are, I think, the principal points alluded to in your
letter, and in addition I can only repeat what I told you ver-
bally, that any pecuniary arrangements that you may make
with individuals, in the manner we spoke about, will be
carried out here.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 119
I shall enclose this letter to Mr. Kittson and ask him to for-
ward it to you, in such manner as he may think safest under
the circumstances.
Believe me, my dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Donald A. Smith, Esq.,
Pembina.
P.S. This letter is marked private as yours was so marked,
and as it is better that this correspondence should be un-
official; but you can consider yourself fully authorized to
carry out the terms of this communication which will after-
wards be confirmed by an Order-in-Council.
The free grant or homestead law in Ontario is confined to
a remote and unorganized section of the Province, and does
not affect the settled portions.
J. A. M.D.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. John Rose.
Private. Ottawa, January jrd y 1870.
MY DEAR ROSE,
I have yours of the ijth and i8th.
McDougall is now at St. Paul's and leaves this morning
for Ottawa. He has the redoubtable Stoughton Dennis
with him. The two together have done their utmost to
destroy our chance of an amicable settlement with these
wild people, and now the probability is that our Com-
missioners will fail and that we must be left to the exhibition
of force next spring.
No letters have arrived from Sir Curtis Lampson as yet.
I do not think that we ought to publish any statement of
McDougall's. It would be the height of folly to transfer
all the questions that must arise on the Hudson's Bay matter
to England, and have them discussed in the English press.
I send you a copy of the Order-in-Council which we passed
declining to send representatives to the Colonial Conference.
We have simply stated that, until invited by Her Majesty's
Government, we do not think it fitting to send a delegation.
We have had a very pleasant Christmas and New Year,
120 CORRESPONDENCE OF
although the pleasure has been marred a good deal by this
infernal Western news.
Pray give my best regards to Mrs. Rose and believe me,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. John Rose,
Bartholomew House,
Bank, London, England.
From D. A. Smithy Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. Fort Garry, i8th January, 1870.
MY DEAR SIR,
I have but a moment for writing, as to-day we have had a most exciting
time a large number, both of the French and English, having come to
demand that I should be heard on the part of Canada, and it has been
decided that there shall be a mass meeting to-morrow, when my com-
mission is to be read and it is hoped they will then agree to appoint dele-
gates an equal number from either party to give expression to their
views, and to treat for the transfer of the territory to Canada. My com-
mission will, I trust, fully empower me to act for your Government, and
whatever may be decided on, I shall not hesitate to assure the people,
will be carried out in good faith.
The other commission to which you referred ought now to be in my
hands. Feeling is very high on both sides, but I most sincerely trust
and hope peace will be maintained. I have had not a word from you
since my arrival here.
In much haste,
Yours faithfully,
DONALD A. SMITH.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. John Rose.
Private. Ottawa, January 2ist, 1870.
MY DEAR ROSE,
I have yours of the 3<Dth ultimo, enclosing copy of Gov-
ernor McTavish's communication with the Board.
McDougall has returned here very chop-fallen, and at the
same time very sulky. He has been pitched into and ridiculed
by the Press unmercifully, and is trying after his fashion
which you well know to put the blame on everybody but
himself. We will endeavour to sustain him if we can, but I
fear his want of truthfulness, and the ebullitions of his morti-
fied vanity will commit him irretrievably. He has already
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 121
been telling the most foolish stories about Howe's mission, and
he has even conjured up a plot among the French Canadians
of Lower Canada to keep the British immigrant out of the
Red River Settlement, and make it a purely French Cana-
dian colony, and other nonsense of that kind. Altogether
his appointment has been a most wonderful failure.
Dr. Tupper went up to bring back his daughter Mrs.
Cameron, and got into Fort Garry. He was in the country
for about two days and did more good than anyone else who
has hitherto gone there. The insurgents could not refuse
to admit Mons. Thibault, but they at first kept him a quasi
prisoner at the Bishop's House; and they refused admittance
to deSalaberry. Dr. Tupper had a long conference with
Father Ritchot, one of the ringleaders. The consequence
was that deSalaberry was allowed to join Thibault and
they are both to have a conference with the French Council.
The results of it we will soon know. Mr. Smith, the Hud-
son's Bay man got into Fort Garry. He writes rather
despondingly of affairs. Dr. Tupper, who accompanied
him from Ottawa to Pembina, says he seems to be a very
good man, but exceedingly timid. So that our selection of
him was rather unfortunate.
You will be glad to learn that Bishop Tache volunteered
to return from Rome. He was to have left the Eternal City
last week, so that we may expect him in a few days. All
accounts agree that his influence if fully used (of which we
can have no doubt, because he must be seriously alarmed
at the turn events have taken) will be quite sufficient to put
an end to the trouble So mote it be! Meanwhile it is clearly
for the interests of the Hudson's Bay Company that the
money should not be paid over. In order to stand well with
the Canadian public, they should show no undue anxiety
to get their money, when they cannot hand over the equival-
ent to us. It will make matters run more smoothly here-
after between us. As to the question of interest on the
deposit, that is a comparatively small matter which can be
adjusted hereafter. It was a very wise step of yours to have
the money put on fortnightly interest. Should all attempts
at conciliation fail, we can then talk of sending a special
commissioner to Red River; but we should not send an
Englishman ignorant of the country. He would be sure to
122 CORRESPONDENCE OF
make a mess of it, and his conciliatory propositions would
be rejected by our Parliament.
As to Fisheries, I send you copy of an Order-in-Council
passed the other day. We are going to put an end to all
fishing licenses, as the system has proved abortive. The
American fishermen will not take out licenses, and Her
Majesty's Navy will take no steps to catch them or drive
them off the grounds. We shall, therefore, fit out six cruisers,
which will be employed like "La Canadienne" as a Marine
Police, and act under our Statute of 1868-31 Vic. Cap. 61.
The principal use of ships of war being on the station,
would be the moral support they would give to our cruisers.
In the absence of such ships, American fishermen might com-
bine and resist our fishery officers. But if it were known
that there were ships of war in the background, we should
have no trouble. All that you can do is to press as strongly
as possible on Mr. Childers, that the stronger the force, the
less likelihood there will be of resistance by the fishermen,
and of complications and quarrels with the Americans.
I write hurriedly to catch the mail.
Believe me,
Very sincerely yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. John Rose,
&c., &c., &c.
London.
From Sir John Macdonald to D. A. Smithy Esq.,
Private. Ottawa, January 2ist, 1870.
MY DEAR SIR,
I have your several notes up to the 1st January inclusive,
and am glad that you have at all events arrived safe in the
promised land.
You will, ere this, I hope, have received my letter on the
subject of concessions to be made, which, I should think,
will answer all your purposes. If they are not satisfied with
the terms offered by you, you will, I suppose, endeavour to
get them to appoint a delegation to come to Ottawa to settle
the terms. If they were once here, I have no doubt of our
being able to make satisfactory arrangements.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 123
I have prepared a Commission appointing you a Com-
missioner to enquire into the discontents at Red River, and
to report thereon; but I have not yet sent it, in consequence
of receiving your letter as to the concessions that we would
be willing to make.
It is better that you should come to some agreement with
these people as to the terms, and we will then send you a
formal Commission authorizing you to carry them out.
This will give you much more influence than a mere Com-
mission of enquiry.
Dr. Tupper has returned here in good health, and reports
a long conversation with Father Ritchot, which was more
satisfactory on the whole than he expected, but I presume
that long ere this you will have seen Mon. Ritchot yourself.
Dr. Tupper complains of the great delay in the transmis-
sion of intelligence from Fort Garry to St. Cloud, and he
says that by a proper arrangement of relays, express mes-
sengers might be sent through in from 48 to 60 hours. How-
ever that may be, some steps should be taken to increase the
means of communication.
We shall be obliged by your addressing yourself to that
subject.
Believe me, my dear Sir,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Donald A. Smith, Esq.,
Fort Garry.
From C. J. Brydges, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. Montreal, January 2^th t i8jo.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
Governor Smith of Vermont was in here this morning to see me with
reference to matters of business connected with the Vermont Central
Railway, of which he is President. He is, as I think I told you, also Presi-
dent of the Northern Pacific Railway; and I had a long talk with him this
morning about it. He showed me a telegram which he had received from
Jay Cooke to the effect that five millions of dollars ($5,000,000) as agreed
upon had been deposited, and was now subject to the order of the Com-
pany in their Bank in New York. He also told me that they had com-
pleted their arrangements; and that the work was now actually in progress
from the head of Lake Superior to Georgetown on the Red River; that they
i2 4 CORRESPONDENCE OF
have a charter secured to build a line from Georgetown to Pembina: that
the line from Georgetown, west, takes a northerly direction, so as to avoid
the alkali desert, and that it will come in many places within 20 to 30
miles of the boundary of the Hudson's Bay Territory. He made no
secret further of the fact, that in their arrangements, they were working
in concert with certain parties at Washington meaning, I presume, the
Government that they hope to carry the line so near the boundary, that
drop lines into the territory may be constructed, and thus injure, if not
prevent, the construction of an independent line in British territory.
There is no doubt whatever, from what he tells me, that the Govern-
ment are assisting the Northern Pacific Company to go on with their
work, in the hope that it will have an effect in maintaining the present
attitude of Riel and his party.
Governor Smith is counting upon some more material aid from the
Government, so as to ensure a speedy prosecution of the works.
I am quite satisfied from the way Smith talks to me, that there is some
political action at the bottom of this, and that the United States Govern-
ment at Washington are anxious to take advantage of the organization of
this Northern Pacific Railway to prevent your getting the control for
Canada of the Hudson's Bay Territory.
This is only a repetition of what I have already said to you; but it came
to me so directly this morning, and from a channel that I am satisfied
knows what he is talking about, that I think it only right to let you know
what I had heard.
It seems to me you ought carefully to consider what had better be done,
as, no doubt, the Minnesota people are letting the insurgents in Red River
understand that their only hope of getting railway communication will be
through United States sources.
Believe me,
Yours faithfuflly,
C. J. BRYDGES.
Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald.
&c., &c., &c.,
Ottawa.
From Sir John Macdonald to C. J. Brydges, Esq.,
Private. Ottawa, January 28th, 1870.
MY DEAR BRYDGES,
Many thanks for your letter of the 25th giving me an
account of your conversation with Governor Smith. It is
quite evident to me, not only from this conversation, but
from advices from Washington, that the United States
Government are resolved to do all they can, short of war,
to get possession of the western territory and we must take
immediate and vigorous steps to counteract them. One of
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 125
the first things to be done is to show unmistakably our re-
solve to build the Pacific Railway. As I have already talked
over this subject fully with you, I need not go into it again.
It must be taken up by a body of capitalists, and not con-
structed by the Government directly. Canada can promise
most liberal grants of land in alternate blocks, and may
perhaps (but of this I cannot speak with any confidence)
induce Parliament to add a small pecuniary subsidy. No
time should be lost in this, and I should think that we had
made a great stride if we got you to take it up vigorously.
You know that I had communication with Gait on the
matter who, at the time, seemed full of it. But he is un-
stable as water, and no one can depend upon continuous
exertion in one direction with him for 48 hours. If he is the
guiding mind, there will be great uncertainty, great delays,
and I fear, a want of success. His name does not stand well
on 'Change in England for reasons that you know. At the
same time I fully appreciate the advantage of his connection
with the road, provided he has not a predominating influence.
His suggestiveness and versatility of resource would be of
great value.
The thing must not be allowed to sleep, and I want you to
address yourself to it at once and work out a plan. Cartier
and I will talk it over, after conference with you, and push
it through.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
C. J. Brydges, Esq.,
Montreal.
From the Earl of Carnarvon? to Sir John Macdonald.
66 Grovsvenor Street, W.,
Private. loth February, 1870.
DEAR SIR JOHN MACDONALD,
I have been for many days intending to write to you to thank you for
the year book of Canada, and to tell you how much I value the very
1 The Earl of Carnarvon, Secretary of State for the Colonies at the date of the
sittings of the London Conference at which was drafted the British North America
Bill. Lord Carnarvon resigned on the 4th March, 1867, and was succeeded at the
Colonial Office by the Duke of Buckingham, who was the Secretary of State for the
Colonies on the inauguration of Confederation, ist July, 1867. Lord Carnarvon's
wish to visit the Dominion was realized in 1883.
126 CORRESPONDENCE OF
handsome silver medal which I have received through your Government,
and which I have formally acknowledged. I really value them both
very highly as recollections each in its own way of the great work
in which it was my good fortune to take some small part, and still more as
a proof that I have not altogether passed out of the recollection of my
Canadian friends. I cannot refuse myself the hope that some day I may,
in spite of many home obstacles, have the satisfaction of seeing with my
own eyes the Dominion; and I wish this all the more when I perceive so
many Colonial questions of great importance on our horizon. I wish,
indeed, that they were to be dealt with by a government in England which
had larger Imperial sympathies.
I was not aware till lately that an entire withdrawal of the troops from
Canada was meditated. It seems to me dangerous in the extreme, and,
so far as I am concerned, I intend to protest most strongly against it; but
whether or not it is possible to make the public mind in this country,
which is not totally ignorant, more intelligent on Colonial subjects before
serious mischief is done, is hard to say. I have given notice of my inten-
tion to bring on a question which must raise a great deal, if not the whole,
of the controversy within a few days the result of which you will see in
the papers. It would be a satisfaction to me to hear from you at any
time, if amidst your manifold occupations there is anything which you
think is worth communicating.
The Red River difficulty is a very serious one; but the last reports ap-
pear to be more favourable. I should have asked for some explanation
in the House, but that I feared to do harm rather than good in the present
conjuncture. We have our own difficulties too in our domestic politics
to contend with, and at times they look alarming enough.
Believe me,
Yours very sincerely,
CARNARVON.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
Ottawa.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova
Scotia.
Private. Ottawa, February ijth, 1870.
MY DEAR SIR HASTINGS,
I have yours of the 8th instant. It seems to me that you
are quite right in confirming the removal of Mr. Rand by
your Council, and the appointment of his successor. Indeed,
I do not see how you could constitutionally take any other
course. It is so clearly within the power of the government
of the day to remove persons holding office during pleasure,
with or without cause, that you would have put yourself in a
false position had you refused to accept their advice. Such a
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 127
refusal would compel any ministry, with any spirit, to resign.
The whole responsibility rests upon them, and if they have
made a mistake, the consequences will fall upon them. If,
on the other hand, the removal is approved of by the people,
they will gain the advantage of it, and you will not appear to
be in opposition to the general will.
It seems to me clear that you must act as fairly and loyally
towards your ministers as if you coincided individually with
their opinions.
The Minute of your Council praying Her Majesty to
allow the Province to retain the old Seal has arrived. I take
it that there can be no objection under the despatch, to allow
the Government to have any seal they like.
Our session commences to-day and will last probably about
two months. Prince Arthur arrived last night in the midst
of a snow storm, so that the opening of our Parliament will be
graced by Royalty.
There is no end of festivities going on. I wish you could
come up to the State affair on the 25th, but I suppose you
cannot quit the helm just now.
Believe me,
Sincerely yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
His Excellency
Sir Hastings Doyle, K.C.M.G.,
Halifax.
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir John Rose.
Private. Ottawa, February 2jrd, 1870.
MY DEAR ROSE,
Bishop'Tache has been here and has left for the Red River,
after exceedingly full and unreserved communication with
him as to our policy and requirements, of all of which he
approves. He is strongly opposed to the idea of an Im-
perial Commission, believing, as indeed, we all do, that to
send out an overwashed Englishman, utterly ignorant of
the country and full of crotchets, as all Englishmen are,
would be a mistake. He would be certain to make proposi-
tions and consent to arrangements which Canada could not
possibly accept.
128 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Everything looks well for a delegation coming to Ottawa
including the redoubtable Riel. If we once get him here,
as you must know pretty well by this time, he is a gone coon.
There is no place in the ministry for him to sit next to Howe,
but perhaps we may make him a senator for the Territory!
I received yesterday your cable to the effect that Her
Majesty's Government will co-operate in the expedition.
I am very glad of this. Even if the force does not go, the
agreement of England to co-operate with us will be im-
mensely satisfactory to us, and show that England has no
intention of abandoning her colonies. You will, long ere
this reaches you, have received our Minute as to the proposed
expeditionary force, which I hope you will approve of.
I am exceedingly glad that General Lindsay is coming out.
He knows something of the country, and is a good soldier
and a frank and ready man of business.
The reason why I telegraphed for the organization of the
Irish constabulary is that we propose to organize a mounted
Police Force under the command of Captain Cameron for
Red River purposes.
We must never subject the Government there to the humili-
ations offered to McTavish. These impulsive half-breeds
have got spoilt by this emeute. and must be kept down by a
strong hand until they are swamped by the influx of settlers.
We finished last night the debate on the Address, which
has been rather discursive. The Government is apparently
stronger than ever. Gait came out, I am glad to say,
formally in opposition, and relieved me of the difficulty con-
nected with him. His warm alliance with the Lower Cana-
dian French rendered it necessary for me to put up with
a good deal, as you know. But he is now finally dead as a
Canadian politician. The correspondence between Cartier
and himself, in which he comes out squarely for Indepen-
dence, has rung his death knell, and I shall take precious good
care to keep him where he is. He has seduced Cartwright
away, and I have found out how it was managed. Cart-
wright and he formed at the Club last session a sort of mutual
admiration society, and they agreed that they were the only
two men fit to govern Canada. Gait rubbed it in pretty
strong, as I have occasion to know that he told him that I
ought to have selected him (Cartwright) as your successor.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 129
If I live, I will guarantee that Cartwright will have at the
next election, a successor for Lennox. His opponent will
be James Cartwright, his cousin, quite a different man, and
who wants no greater triumph than the one he is certain to
gain over Cartwright. I have seen King's letter to Hincks,
which is all that could be desired. I think that the relations
will now be pleasant and friendly. I should be very sorry
to see the account changed from the Montreal Bank. That
institution, with its large capital and numerous advantages,
would always command a first-rate business without reference
to the Government account, but it is I think of importance
to Canada that a Canadian bank should have a good status
in London. The Montreal Bank is the only one that can
have that status at present, and it would greatly injure its
prestige there, if immediately after its opening an office in
the city, it ceased to be the fiscal agent of the Dominion.
Great attempts have been made to get hold of Sandfield by
Gait & Co., but without success. He is sound and true,
and for the best of reasons. His only safe policy is to adhere
to the present arrangement.
McDougall is behaving with an utter want of judgment
and proper feeling, but he has been hitherto spared, inasmuch
as considerable sympathy is felt for the accumulated political
misfortunes which have befallen him. Had he come back
and borne his failure with dignity and reticence, we would
have sustained him to the utmost extent. He has made
so many enemies for himself by his folly, that I fancy he
must go by the board. How he is to live, I do not know.
Believe me,
Yours very sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Sir John Rose, K.C.M.G.,
Bartholomew House,
London.
From D. A. Smith, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Fort Garry, 26th February y 1870.
MY DEAR SIR,
I am in receipt of your letters of the 26th and 2yth January and of the
document to which they refer.
Bishop Tache has not yet made his appearance, but is expected here
130 CORRESPONDENCE OF
to-day or to-morrow. Just before I last addressed you, matters have
been brought to that point when the people of the settlement had unan-
imously decided on sending delegates to confer with your Government
at Ottawa, and had things remained quiet, the gentlemen appointed would
have set out on Monday last, but unfortunately some overzealous and ex-
ceedingly rash persons got up an excitement amongst the English-speaking
portion of the community, which has greatly delayed the progress of
pacification, and had well nigh resulted in the death of at least one of the
party. The newspaper herewith gives a tolerably good account of the
affair as it happened. The Captain Boulton, 1 whose name appears in
the list of prisoners, was condemned to be shot by the party in power, and
notwithstanding the intercession of almost every person of influence in
the settlement, including Bishop Machray, Archdeacon McLean, the
Roman Catholic priests and others, Mr. Kiel remained firm in his deter-
mination to carry out the sentence on the igth instant. Soon after eight
o'clock that evening I called on Mr. Riel, and fortunately was able to
bring arguments to bear which induced him, not only to spare Captain
Boulton's life, but also to ensure the liberation of all the prisoners, which
Riel informed me to-day would take place so soon as the provisional
Council meets next week. A delegate will probably then be elected
to replace Mr. Black who has declined to act in that capacity. It is
possible the Bishop of Rupert's Land will be nominated in Mr. Black's
stead, and I expect to leave in company with them, from the 2nd to the
5th March. Last night I arrived from off a two-days' drive of about 130
miles, and for eight days back I have been travelling almost without inter-
mission, but am glad to say with the best effect in restoring order, and as
I sincerely hope and believe, paving the way for the peaceful and speedy
union of this country with Canada.
Believe me,
Yours faithfully,
DONALD A. SMITH.
Sir John A. Macdonald,
Ottawa.
From Lady Rose to Sir John Macdonald.
18 Queen's Gate, Hyde Park, W. y March 12, 1870.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I must write a line to say how much pleased and gratified I have been
at the kind tone and manner in which you have spoken of my good man
in the House, and he also is deeply gratified, though he doesn't say much.
You seem likely to weather all storms with your usual skill and success. I
suppose, on the whole, it is better to have your enemy in front of you than
beside you. Solomon has something wise about an open foe being better
than an unreliable friend. I hope you and yours are flourishing. For
1 Afterward the Hon. C. A. Boulton, a Senator of Canada for the Province of
Manitoba. Died, i5th May, 1899.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 131
myself, I can only say I am content. The conditions of life are easy in
this old world.
With my best regards,
Yours always,
Very sincerely,
CHARLOTTE ROSE.
From D. A. Smithy Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Fort Garry, ijth March, 1870.
MY DEAR SIR,
On the loth instant I received, through Mr. Kittson, your telegram of
the a ist February, the gentleman to whom allusion is made in it having
reached this place some days earlier.
Bishop Tache arrived here on the 9th and proceeded to his residence
at St. Boniface, where he was at once placed under guard. Up to this time
I have had no communication with him, officially or otherwise, but will
no doubt have an opportunity of seeing him before taking my departure
for Canada, which I intend doing on the i8th instant.
Mr. Kiel informed me to-day that the delegates are also to set out for
Ottawa some time this week.
Believe me,
Yours faithfully,
DONALD A. SMITH.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.,
&c., &c.,
Ottawa.
From the Earl Granville to Sir John Macdonald.
16 Bruton Street, London, W.,
March ^j,//o.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Please to let me introduce to you Sir Clinton Murdoch.! Lord Claren-
don asked me to send him to the States to negotiate about emigration
ships, and I have taken the opportunity of sending him through the
Dominion to obtain some information on the subject of emigration. You
and Sir John Young may find him useful about this troublesome Red
River question, as he knows all that has passed, and could probably tell
you more, if you like to question him about our views, than we have prob-
ably been able to make clear in our correspondence.
The presence of Sir John Rose here has been of great use and comfort
to me. It is impossible to have an abler or more pleasant man with whom
to transact business.
Yours sincerely,
GRANVILLE.
* Sir Thomas William Clinton Murdoch, K.C.M.G., an official of the Colonial
Office. Visited Canada in 1870 on a special mission in connection with the examina-
tion of free grants to settlers, and other matters connected with emigration.
132 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir John Rose.
Ottawa, March 2$th, 1870.
MY DEAR ROSE,
I yesterday received your letter on the correspondence
with Lord Granville anent the expedition to the North West,
and expect to see to-day the despatches to the Governor
General. I will write you next mail fully on the subject.
You will see by the debates that we are getting on swim-
mingly in Parliament. I have got complete control of the
House and can do with it pretty much as I please. Gait
is down so low that there are "none so poor as do him rever-
ence."
Huntington introduced a series of resolutions asking for
the direct treaty-making power for a customs union or
zollverein, and all that kind of nonsense.
He was pitched into so furiously for the zollverein that
Gait, to secure his retreat and break his fall, moved an
amendment claiming the treaty making power, but omitting
all about the zollverein. He took great pains to canvass the
House and got up some caucuses in which some of our
friends were unwarily entrapped. To meet this I moved a
counter amendment, which I think you will admit was
ingeniously worded to counteract Gait's insidious proposition.
We had a rattling debate, in which he got tremendously
mauled. I sent you a copy of the Votes and Proceedings
showing the division. I have marked over the "nays" the
men who fell into a snare and could not get out of it.
Mackenzie was very angry at himself for his simplicity in
allowing himself to be caught.
I write to catch the mail.
Yours always,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Sir John Rose, K.C.M.G.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Earl of Carnarvon.
Private. Ottawa, April ijth, 1870.
MY DEAR LORD CARNARVON,
Your kind note reached me in the middle of our session,
and you will, I have no doubt, accept that fact as a sufficient
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 133
reason for my not answering it sooner. In our new country
public men are much harder worked and are obliged to
attend more to details than they are in England. You have
all needful assistance and every appliance at hand, while we
are obliged to attend to the minutiae of our offices to a most
inconvenient degree.
I am glad you like the medal no one in England has
a better right to it than yourself.
I hope you will be able to carry out your half-formed
intention of visiting Canda. Three months' sojourn among
us would give you more practical information than you can
obtain in any other way. I can assure you of a hearty
welcome.
We are glad to know that we have in you a friend I
may almost say a friend in need for we greatly distrust
the men at the helm in England who cannot, I fear, be
considered as appreciating the importance of maintaining
the Empire as it is, intact.
We indulge the belief here however that Messrs. Bright,
Lowe, and Gladstone (shall I add Lord Granville?) are not
true exponents of the public opinion of England. We may
perhaps be obliged to appeal from the Government to the
people of England.
The withdrawal of the troops from Canada is, I think
with you, a most unwise and short-sighted proceeding.
At this moment we are in daily expectation of a formidable
Fenian invasion, unrepressed by the United States Govern-
ment, and connived at by their subordinate officials. And
we are at the same time called upon to send a military force
to restore order in Rupert's Land. Her Majesty's Govern-
ment have been kept fully informed of the constant threats
from the Fenian body for the last five years, and they have
been especially forewarned of the preparations for the
present expected attack. And yet this is the time that they
choose to withdraw every soldier from us, and we are left
to be the unaided victims of Irish discontent and American
hostility, caused entirely by our being a portion of the Em-
pire. We must, however, bear it as best we may, and we
intend, with God's blessing, to keep our country, if we can,
for the Queen against all comers.
The Red River trouble was in a fair way of being settled.
i 34 CORRESPONDENCE OF
The people are, I believe, as a whole, quite loyal, though
they would have preferred their present wild and semi-
barbarous life to the restraints of civilization that will be
forced upon them by the Canadian Government and the
new settlers. The affair has been a good deal complicated,
however, by the barbarous murder of Scott. 1 He was
tried by a sham court martial under the orders of Riel
and condemned on the most frivolous pretexts. Scott was
known in Canada and has relatives here, and the blood of
the people is at fever heat. They are calling for retribution
upon Riel, and all connected with him. Indignation meet-
ings have been held all over Canada, and the Government
has been called upon by some of them to refuse to receive
any delegates commissioned by Riel.
I hope, however, that we shall be able to arrange matters
so satisfactorily that the expedition which is now being
prepared, and which must go, will be accepted, not as a hostile
force, but as a friendly garrison.
The navigation will not be open until some time in the
beginning of next month. So soon as the harbours are
free from ice, and our steamers can start for Fort William,
they will be so laden with the necessary supplies and materiel.
The troops will soon follow.
I shall have great pleasure in communicating with you
from time to time, as you suggest, on any matters of im-
portance connected with Canada or the Colonial question.
Pray present my respectful remembrances to Lady
Carnarvon and believe me,
Yours very sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Earl of Carnarvon.
From Sir Stafford Northcote to Sir John Macdonald.
On board "Moravian, " April /<?, 1870.
DEAR SIR,
I enclose a note which Sir John Rose gave me before I left England. I
hope soon to have the pleasure of calling on you at Ottawa, when perhaps
you will allow me to have the advantage of some conversation with you
on the subject of the Red River affairs. I am very anxious to obtain such
1 Thomas Scott, a former resident of Ontario. Brutally murdered under the
forms of law by order of Louis Riel. For particulars of this shocking tragedy see
Major Boul ton's "North West Rebellions," pp. 130-131.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 135
information as may be of use to the Committee of the Hudson's Bay
Company in the future regulation of their business; and I believe that it
would be of service, not only to the Company, but to the settlements,
if I could have the opportunity of free personal communication with the
ministers who are about to undertake its administration.
I am bound to be in England pretty early in June, and am anxious to
see what I can of Canada while I am on this side the Atlantic, so that I
must economize my time as much as I can. I am three or four weeks
behind the news which I suppose you have from Red River, and which
I shall learn on landing. I hope to see Mr. Donald Smith, and to spend
a few days at Montreal. If there should be anything you wish to say to
me, my address will be at the Hudson's Bay House there.
I remain,
Faithfully yours,
The Honourable STAFFORD H. NORTHCOTE.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From the Hon. Martin I. Wilkins^ to Sir John Macdonald.
Attorney General's Office, Halifax, N. S.,
i8th April, 1870.
DEAR SIR.
Our Legislature having been this day prorogued, I forward a copy of
an Act passed during the session to improve the administration of justice.
The Bill I prepared, a copy of which was forwarded to you, was so much
disapproved of by all the judges, that I was forced to abandon it, and the
Act just assented to was prepared to meet their views. They expressed
an opinion that if additional judges were appointed, they would be able to
overtake the arrears of business, and prevent for the future the delays
so detrimental to the administration of justice.
I shall be very happy to accept a seat on the Bench and escape from
political life which, I assure you, has no charm for me. I was admitted
in 1828, made Solicitor General in 1857, from which time I have worn
a silk gown. In 1867 I became Attorney General, and have been in full
practice for upwards of forty years. If my claims to promotion are con-
sidered good, I shall be very happy to quit the political arena.
I remain, dear Sir,
Yours truly and obediently,
MARTIN I. WILKINS.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
On the 6th May, 1870, Sir John Macdonald was seized with a
serious illness which, for a time threatened his life, and
from which he did not fully recover until the following au-
tumn.
1 Mr. Wilkins was, at the time, Attorney General of Nova Scotia, distinguished
by his bitter, and even ferocious, opposition to Sir John Macdonald and the Gov-
ernment of Canada. See Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 36.
136 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From the Hon. L. H. Holton to H. Bernard ', Esq.
Montreal, ijth May, 1870.
My DEAR MR BERNARD,
I rejoice most sincerely to learn from your telegrams and Lady Mac-
donald's that Sir John continues to make satisfactory progress towards
convalescence.
Although it has been my lot as a public man to be in constant opposition
to him and the party he has led with signal skill and ability, I have always
entertained the highest admiration for his talents, and in spite of moment-
ary estrangements resulting from the interchange of hard blows in debate,
I have ever cherished the warmest personal regard for him. On every
ground therefore, both public and private, do I fervently hope that his life
will be spared and his health and strength restored.
With kind regards to Lady Macdonald and to Sir John himself, if his
strength admits of such communications,
Believe me
Faithfully yours,
L. H. HOLTON.
H. Bernard, Esquire,
From Edward Blake, Esq., K.C., to Hewitt Bernard, Esq.,
Toronto, June 2nd, 1870.
MY DEAR BERNARD,
I have been watching anxiously the news of Sir John, but thought I
would not add to your troubles by a line, even of sympathy.
I cannot help writing however to-day on learning the very satisfactory
news that you have been able to move the sufferer to Cockburn's, and that
he has borne it so well. I trust this is a real march of recovery 1 and that he
will now rally without harm.
With every good wish believe me,
Faithfully,
EDWARD BLAKE.
H. Bernard, Esq.,
Deputy Minister of Justice,
Ottawa.
From the Lady Lisgar to Sir John Macdonald.
Rosemounty Tuesday y Sept., i8jo.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
You can't think how pleased I was with getting your letter, for I know
how much better you must have been to be able to write it I can assure
1 Sir John Macdonald was stricken down in his office in the Eastern Block (in
the room now occupied by the Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs). His
condition became so grave he could not be moved for some weeks. At length he
was taken over to the Speaker's quarters in the House of Commons, and this is
what Mr. Blake means by a "march of recovery."
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 137
you, you would be very flattered if you could hear how universal is the joy
at your recovery. It is almost worth being ill, to have so much anxiety
so universally exhibited. Not only therefore, must you get well for the
sake of your own more especial belongings, but for the sake of Canada,
who with almost one voice declares you to be necessary to the future of
the Dominion. The party here are particularly happy at your recovery.
Colonel Elphinstone quite gave a sigh of relief when he heard how you
are progressing.
The ceremony yesterday went off remarkably well, and looked so
impressive. General Me (I hardly know how to speak or spell his
name) was loud in his admiration. He was here last night at a party,
and seems very nice.
We leave to-morrow for Mr. Allan's lake, and from thence proceed to
Quebec. I hope I shall continue to hear that you are getting stronger
and stronger. Lady Macdonald will, I hope, make use of Guerin in any
way you want.
If you have not read "Red as a Rose is She", and "My Enemy's Daugh-
ter," you will find them very pleasant.
Please understand I am very grateful to you for writing to me. I know
it must have been a great exertion to you, but I appreciate it.
Give my love to Lady Macdonald. How glad she must be to see her
care rewarded. I gave you up for a day or two when Doctor Grant came
and told me how little hope he could give us. Please God I shall live to
hear you make another speech. Sir John sends you his kindest regards
and hopes it will not be very long before he sees you.
Yours mdst sincerely,
ADELAIDE YOUNG.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From George Stephen, Esq., to Sir John Macdonald.
Montreal, 2^rd September, 1870.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I was very sorry at not having an opportunity of paying my respects
to you when here the other day, and of offering my most sincere wishes
that you might long enjoy the good health to which, to the great delight of
the whole country, you have been restored. It was most gratifying to
me as a Canadian to see the kindly interest shown by your many friends
in London during the most critical period of your illness. The enquiries
at Rose's office were incessant and not very usual in that somewhat selfish
city. I hear that it is your purpose, by and by, to run over to the other
side. You will be delighted to see Rose thriving in every sense of the term,
and among your many friends there not a warmer one than he is, or one
who will be more glad to see you.
With my most respectful regards to Lady Macdonald,
Believe me,
Yours very truly,
GEO. STEPHEN.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald, K.C.B.
138 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonaldto the Rt. Rev. Ashton Oxenden, D.D.
Lord Bishop of Montreal.
Ottawa, October loth, 1870.
MY DEAR LORD BISHOP,
Since my return to Ottawa from Prince Edward Island
I have had the opportunity of bringing up the subject of a
general Thanksgiving Day before the Privy Council. The
matter stands thus:
Before Confederation, the Governor General of Canada
occasionally appointed, by Proclamation, days of thanks-
giving. These proclamations were in no way obligatory,
as in Canada there is a complete severance between Church
and State. The Roman Catholic Bishops did not acknowl-
edge the authority of the Governor in the matter, but,
recognizing the propriety of the suggestion, selected the day
named in the proclamation as a thanksgiving day within
their several dioceses.
The question came up before Lord Monck shortly after
Confederation, and it was then considered that it would be
more expedient to leave the Government of each Province
to deal with the subject.
The boundaries of the Dominion are so extended and
embrace such varieties of climate, that very seldom will
the results of the yearly labour of the husbandman be the
same throughout its extent. In one section there may be a
plenteous harvest, while in another, famine may prevail.
For instance two years ago, had the North West Territory
then belonged to Canada, and a day of thanksgiving been
appointed by the Governor General at Ottawa, the people
of that district would have been called upon to thank God
for a plenteous harvest while they were suffering the utmost
destitution from the plague of locusts, and were receiving
contributions from all parts of America to save them from
actual starvation. So would it have been in Newfoundland
at the same time, where great distress prevailed among the
people from a failure of their harvest both on land and sea.
I hope that in a few months British Columbia will be
added to the Dominion, and with our extending country,
the chances of varying harvests will of course be increased.
We should be somewhat in the same position as the Queen
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 139
would be if she ordered a thanksgiving for a plenteous harvest
in England, to take effect throughout all Her dominions.
Before Confederation, the Governor of each Province issued
his own proclamation, and we think it well that the same
practice should continue. We have determined therefore
to leave it still in the hands of the several Governors, and
in doing so we follow the example of the United States.
In case any Lieutenant-Governor should decline to act,
it is open to the religious bodies, either separately or by
concert, to appoint a time.
Believe me,
My dear Lord Bishop,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Rt. Reverend,
The Lord Bishop of Montreal & Metropolitan,
&c., &c., &c.,
Montreal.
From Colonel C. S. Gzowski 1 to Sir John Macdonald.
Toronto, November 6th y 1870.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I thank you for your kind note of the 4th which I found last evening
on my return from the International Bridge works.
The policy of taking up the question of our canals and water communi-
cation to aid the growing trade of the Dominion, as well as offer greater
inducement to our Western neighbours to use our water communications,
and to put a stop to visionary schemes, is so important that I cannot
refuse to aid in the work, and I shall telegraph you accordingly to-morrow
morning.
You have selected good men; the programme you have laid out for the
Commissioners is a comprehensive one. I am sorry Shanly 2 will not accept
the Chairmanship; his knowledge and experience would be of great value.
I trust he may yet be prevailed upon to act. Samuel Keefer will make
an admirable secretary.
As to the work not taking up too much of my time, that must depend
1 Sir Casimir Stanislaus Gzowski, K.C.M.G., C.E., A.D.C. to Her late Majesty
Queen Victoria. Died, 24th August, 1 898. This letter relates to his appointment on
a Commission to enquire into the system of Canadian canals with a view to the
development of trade. The appointing Minute of Council is dated i6th November,
1870.
2 Walter Shanly, C.E., M.P., a noted engineer, represented the constituency of
South Grenville in the House of Commons for many years.
I 4 o CORRESPONDENCE OF
on circumstances. The subject is large, requiring careful consideration,
and the work will have to be done with credit to the Government and
those entrusted with it. You know that generally falls on one or two.
Had I had an opportunity when you were in Toronto, I would have
brought to your notice another important subject in connection with the
development of the mineral resources of the country; which is the estab-
lishment of a school of mines. There is no doubt that this country pos-
sesses immense mineral wealth; the new lines of communication now in
progress, and others in contemplation offer fresh inducements by facili-
tating the approach to districts full of minerals, but we are without a
competent authority to examine, report, and direct mining operations.
Attempts have been made in many places to mine, but for want of proper
guidance money was wasted and work abandoned. Our University,
with its excellent laboratory, forms a nucleus for such a school. A
small grant to make things more suitable to mining and analytical chem-
istry in connection with minerals, and a museum for mining samples,
with an annual subsidy for a professor's chair, and to cover annual ex-
plorations with students in advanced class, of mines worked and deposits,
will be all that will be required. The benefits will be very great.
Our Geological Survey has done much good, but has offered no direction
to mining operations; whilst the numerous attempts that ended in failures,
in many instances for want of proper guidance, have done harm and dis-
couraged operations that if properly managed would have opened an
immensely valuable industry.
As your labours are for the good of the country, I venture to suggest
that the establishment of such a school will be well received, and the benefit
arising from it will redound to the credit of the Government that initiated it.
Believe me, my dear Sir John
to remain always,
faithfully yours,
C. S. GZOWSKI.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Lieutenant-Governor of
Manitoba.
Private. Ottawa, i8th November, 1870.
MY DEAR ARCHIBALD,
I have seen your despatch about the appointment of a
Council for Rupert's Land and the North West, and also the
one enclosing the ordinance for the prevention of small-pox.
We are completely at sea here as to the authority under
which you think you have a right to make the appointments
and to pass the laws. We do not know of the existence of
any Executive or Legislative Council with you, except the
Council of Assiniboia. It is well, we think, that to avoid
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 141
any doubt, a Council should be appointed under our Act
of 1868 to aid you in the administration of the affairs of the
unorganized territories.
By the way, I see that you style yourself "Lt. Governor
of Rupert's Land and the North West Territories". Now
your appointment under the Act of last session, and your
Commission, constitute you "Lieutenant-Governor of the
North West Territories." The distinction is a small one,
but is to be observed. Rupert's Land and the North
Western Territory are united to Canada by the name of
the North West Territories. I would suggest your opening
separate books under your two Commissions, and keeping
your correspondence altogether as distinct as if your Com-
mission were to two different persons. You seem to be
getting on very well and I have no doubt will have much
satisfaction in your future Government.
We are looking anxiously for your report as to Indian
titles both within Manitoba and without; and as to the best
means of extinguishing the Indian titles in the valley of the
Saskatchewan. Would you kindly give us your views on
that point, officially and unofficially? We should take
immediate steps to extinguish the Indian titles somewhere
in the Fertile Belt in the valley of the Saskatchewan, and
open it for settlement. There will otherwise be an influx
of squatters who will seize upon the most eligible positions
and greatly disturb the symmetry of future surveys. I have a
strong idea that in order to relieve you from your numerous
and harassing duties, a special Commissioner to deal with
Indian Treaties should be appointed to act in concert with
and subordinate to yourself as Governor. He would not be
authorized to do anything of himself, but his whole time
and attention would be directed to the one subject of dealing
with Indian matters under your general superintendence.
Pray let me hear from you on this point at once. I am
glad to say that my health is keeping up very well.
Believe me,
Yours sincerely,
His Excellency, JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. A. G. Archibald,
&c., &c.,
Fort Garry.
i 4 2 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonald to Hugh Allan^ Esq.
Private. Ottawa, February jrd, 1871.
MY DEAR SIR,
I received your telegram about the proposed company
for the construction of the Pacific Railway. The Govern-
ment are in no way connected with any proposed company
or companies. Besides the one that you mention, Mr.
Waddington, formerly of British Columbia, has given notice
of his intention to apply to the Legislature for an Act.
We will not in any way connect ourselves with any company;
in fact we consider it premature, until the sanction of the
Legislature is obtained to the junction of British Columbia,
to take any steps at all. The whole matter will be brought
before Parliament next session; meanwhile I see no objection
to the capitalists of Canada or of England (or of the United
States for that matter) joining together and making pro-
posals for the construction of the road. It will be for Parlia-
ment, at the proper time, to decide as to the mode in which
the railway can best be built with a view to public interests.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Hugh Allan, Esq.,
Montreal.
Early in the year 1871, Sir John Macdonald was nomin-
ated a member of the Joint High Commission, appointed to
adjust all outstanding differences between Great Britain
and the United States. The Commission met in Washington
and its deliberations resulted in the Treaty of Washington,
1871, which among other things, effected a satisfactory
arrangement with regard to the Atlantic fisheries, long
a fruitful source of trouble between the two countries.
Copious selections from Macdonald's correspondence re-
lating to that part of the negotiations directly affecting
the Dominion, have already been published. 1 I subjoin
a letter dealing with the Alabama question, the principal
issue engaging the attention of the High Commissioners.
1 See Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 85-140.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 143
From Sir John Macdonald to the Lord Lisgar.
Private & confidential.
The Arlington, Washington, April fth, 1871.
MY DEAR LORD LISGAR,
We are at length beginning to see land with respect to
the Alabama question. The Americans wished us to ac-
knowledge liability. This once acknowledged, they would,
I think, have been satisfied with a reasonable sum, but we
positively refused. We asked that the question should be
referred to an arbitrator. The Americans finally agreed
to this, on condition that certain principles of International
law should be laid down as governing the decisions of the
arbitrator and binding on him as an instruction. This
proposition has caused lengthened communications with
England, but certain principles have now been agreed to
by England on condition that they are to be considered as
International law between the two nations hereafter, and
on condition also that other matters are satisfactorily
settled. We do not think that the principles so laid down
will injuriously affect England in any of the cases likely
to arise before the arbitrator. For the last two days we
have been discussing who the arbitrator should be. We
are in favour of the head of the State. The Americans
object to this as being unpalatable to their people. The
present proposition is to refer to a body of jurists, one to
be chosen by each nation, and three to be selected by three
separate heads of States. This body to have the power,
either to find at once a lump sum, or to refer the taking of
evidence and assessment of damages to a minor Commission.
The Americans propose as the three heads of States
the King of Italy, the Emperor of Brazil, and the President
of the Swiss Confederation, and we are now waiting
for an answer from England on this head. I have little
doubt that England will accede to the general proposal,
though she may perhaps object to some of the heads
named.
For myself, I think the proposal is infinitely less advan-
tageous to England than the first one of referring to a sover-
eign power. The Sovereign and his administration would
i 44 CORRESPONDENCE OF
feel a responsiblity to the whole world in giving judgment.
The jurists, on the other hand, may be very good lawyers,
but very bad men of business and very crotchety. They
may besides be liable to personal influence which England
would disdain to use, but which the Yankees would have no
scruple in exercising. Thus suppose the American nom-
inee (who will doubtless be one of their leading politicians)
should be promised a commission on the amount of the
award; he would have the means of approaching any of his
colleagues who had an itching palm. The Emperor would
send a Brazilian, with all the civilization of a South American
and all the honesty of a Portuguese. You can judge of the
Italian and Swiss better than myself, but I remember the
adage, 'point d'argent, point de Suisse.'
With respect to the fisheries * * * I am not in a
very enviable position at present as I stand alone. The
Americans are constantly depreciating the value of our
property, and making absurdly low offers, which my col-
leagues, in their anxiety for a settlement, are constantly
pressing me to yield to. Were it not for the answer that
I have at hand that there is no use in my assenting to an
arrangement which will not subsequently be ratified, I
should have no protection. I have no doubt Lord de Grey
thinks me an exceedingly pertinacious person, but ere we
finish he will see the advantages that Canada will gain from
my firmness.
The weather is very pleasant but relaxing, and I begin
to find that the sooner I am out of it the better. We hope
to finish our matters one way or the other by the end of
this month or the beginning of next.
Cartier seems to be getting on very well with the House,
and I am glad to see that my anticipations of Schultz
being amenable to reason, seem to be verified.
Pray present our best regards to Lady Lisgar and believe
me,
My dear Lord Lisgar,
Yours very faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
His Excellency
Lord Lisgar,
Ottawa.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 145
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. Alex Morris.
Private and confidential.
The Arlington,
Washington, April 21 st, 1871.
MY DEAR MORRIS,
I want you to make arrangements with the friendly
newspapers, such as the Leader, Montreal Gazette, Ottawa
Times and Citizen, and the Maritime Province papers friendly
to the Government, to hold back, if possible, any expression
of opinion on the treaty when it is promulgated, until the
Globe commits itself against the treaty. I want to endeavour
so to manage it, as to let the Globe write under the impression
that I have assented to the treaty. Brown will then pitch
into the treaty and into me for sacrificing the interests of
Canada. He will afterwards find out, when it is too late,
that he is on the same side as myself, and will not be able
to retract. My chief object in doing this is, that if Brown
finds that I am opposed to the treaty, he will try to find
reasons for supporting it. He may take up the loyalty
cry, and state that it is the bounden duty of Canada to
sacrifice something for the sake of insuring peace to the
Empire. This course would give him a strong influential
position with the Home Government, which might react
prejudicially on our party. The French might, if they
found that the Grits were strong in England, continue the
coquetting which goes on occasionally between them. IF\
is, therefore, of very considerable consequence that Brown ]
and the Globe should be committed irretrievably against
the treaty. I shall take care of the Toronto Telegraph my^J
self.
I need not say that this is for yourself alone, except in so
far, of course, as it may be necessary to get our colleagues
to deal with the newspapers influenced by them, and hold
them back for a few days after the promulgation of the
treaty.
I think you had better not discuss the matter at all with
our Quebec colleagues.
Never in the whole course of my public life have I been
in so disagreeable a position, and had such an unpleasant
146 CORRESPONDENCE OF
duty to perform as the one in which I am now engaged
here. However, the work had to be done, and I am resolved
to do it. Congress has adjourned till December, but the
Senate is summoned for Executive session on the loth
May.
Yours sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. Alex. Morris,
Ottawa.
From Sir Stafford Northcote to Sir John Macdonald.
1311 K Street, Washington,
May 6th, 1871.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
You will see by the enclosed letter that the concession which we have
obtained of the free navigation of the Yukon and Porcupine rivers is a
very important one. Mr. Bissett, who has served the Hudson's Bay
Company in the Western department, tells me that the opening of the
Stikine 1 river is also very valuable to us. In truth these rivers afford
the chief, and at present the only available outlet, for the produce of a
large portion of the North West Territory, including some of our best
hunting grounds, and it is a matter of much interest to us to be able to
a This "concession" is incorporated in the Treaty of Washington, 1871, Article
XXVI. It was afterwards contended by critics of the International Joint Com-
mission that under the treaty between Great Britain and Russia of the 28/16
February, 1825, Great Britain already enjoyed, forever, the right to navigate the
Stikine River. Article VI of that instrument provides:
"VI. It is understood that the Subjects of His Britannic Majesty, from whatever
quarter they may arrive, whether from the Ocean, or from the interior of the Con-
tinent, shall for ever enjoy the right of navigating freely, and without any hindrance
whatever, all the rivers and streams which, in their course towards the Pacific
Ocean, may cross the line of demarcation upon the line of Coast described in Article
3 of the present Convention."
The natural inference from Sir Stafford Northcote's letter is that at the time of the
drafting of article XXVI, the British Commissioners did not know of the existence
of the Russo-British Treaty of 1825. The question afterwards came up in the
Canadian Parliament, where Sir John Macdonald, without directly affirming that
he and his fellow-Commissioners at Washington were aware of the provisions of the
Treaty at the time of the negotiations of 1871, stated that there was a difference of
opinion among international authorities as to whether by the transfer of Alaska
to the United States in 1867 the effect of the Treaty of 1825 had not been de-
stroyed.
See Debates of the House of Commons, loth March, 1879, Vol. I, pp. 230-232.
See also Sir Edward Thornton's letter to Sir John Macdonald, dated I4th March,
1879, within, p. 259.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 147
keep the communications in our own hands instead of having to trust
to American conveyances.
Believe me,
Yours very faithfully,
The Hon. STAFFORD H. NORTHCOTE.
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
P. S. I understand that the Porcupine, and I think the Stikine also is
navigable for steamers drawing 5 or 6 feet of water. A line of American
steamers is already being placed on the Yukon.
Hudson's Bay Company's Office,
Montreal, 2nd May, 1871.
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
SIR STAFFORD H. NORTHCOTE,
&c., &c., &c.,
MY DEAR SIR,
I duly received yours of the i6th April, and in reply have to say that
the Porcupine is fully as large a river as the Mackenzie, navigable for craft
of a certain size for some hundreds of miles in British territory. The
Yukon also, above the forks of the Porcupine, is a smaller stream than the
latter, but it also is navigable for a long distance up within the British line.
Mr. Chief Trader James Bissett who lately arrived here from British
Columbia, proceeds to Washington to-day, and will explain to you all
about the Stikine River from personal knowledge.
You should insist in like manner that the Columbia River should be
open to British subjects from its source to its mouth. Fortunately,
Mr. Bissett can give you all the information necessary about the Columbia,
which has been navigable by steamers under the American flag for some
hundreds of miles in what is now known as British Columbia. These
are the matters which Mr. Bissett may probably be able to throw some
light upon.
I hand you copy of a letter from Washington, dated ijth March, written
by Judge Lander to Mr. Justice Day of Montreal who were the Counsel
for the Hudson's Bay and N. T. Companies pending the proceeding of the
late Commission at Washington, and I would suggest that the matter re-
ferred should be made known to the British Minister.
With much respect,
I remain, very truly yours,
DUGALD MACTAVISH.
From Sir 'John Macdonald to the Hon. J. S. Macdonald.
Private. Ottawa, June 22nd, /<?//.
MY DEAR SANDFIELD,
The sight of the immense masses of timber passing my
windows every morning constantly suggests to my mind the
absolute necessity there is for looking at the future of this
great trade. We are recklessly destroying the timber of
148 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Canada, and there is scarcely a possibility of replacing it.
The quantity of timber reaching Quebec is annually de-
creasing, and the fires in the woods are periodically destroy-
ing millions of money. What is to become of the Ottawa
region generally, after the timber is cut away, one cannot
foresee. It occurs to me that the subject should be looked
in the face and some efforts made for the preservation of
our timber. The Dominion Government, having no lands,
has no direct interest in the subject, but it seems to me that
it would be a very good thing for the two Governments of
Ontario and Quebec to issue a Joint Commission to examine
the whole subject and to report:
ist. As to the best means of cutting the timber after some
regulated plan, as in Norway and on the Baltic;
2nd. As to replanting so as to keep up the supply as in
Germany and Norway, and
3rd. As to the best means of protecting the woods from fires.
The Commission would be a popular one if the men were
well chosen, and their report, if drawn with care, would be
of incalculable value. I think you might make a good strike
by taking this subject up vigorously.
Yours always,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. John S. Macdonald,
Cornwall.
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir John Rose.
Private. Ottawa, joth November, 1871.
MY DEAR ROSE,
I have yours of the loth. I have no doubt that the
Hudson's Bay Company will find the benefit of your being
at the Board, as you will be able to give them some of your
western experiences which, I fancy, they sadly want. I
am quite uninformed as to what the future commercial
operations of the Company may be, and I am afraid can
give you little assistance in the way of suggestion.
Pope 1 has just come up and assumed the duties of his
1 The Hon. John Henry Pope, Minister of Agriculture in the first Dominion minis-
try (1871-1873), and in the third ministry (1878-1885); Minister of Railways and
Canals (1885-1889). Died, ist April, 1889. A man upon whose judgment Sir John
Macdonald implicitly relied.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 149
new office. He will find a great deal of work to do, but
I think he is the man to do it.
Dunkin was most painstaking and conscientious, but
really threw himself away on detail. He will make a con-
scientious, and, I think on the whole, an efficient judge,
perhaps a little hair splitting and undecided.
I was glad to learn from your letter that the arrange-
ment with Hugh Allan had fallen through. We want
two lines on our route they will both pay well if well
managed.
Gladstone seems to have rather hard times of it; what
with the Nonconformists insisting on the abolition of all
denominational teaching, and the Irish Catholic hierarchy
saying that they will only have denominational teaching,
he is "between the devil and the deep sea."
Quoad the treaty and its prospects. The case I think
stands thus: The commercial classes are on the whole
in favour of it; the fishermen in Nova Scotia ditto, except
those in the Bay of Fundy; the Legislature and the majority
of New Brunswick strongly against it; the agriculturists in
Ontario ditto, and, I understand, the French rather against
than for. The whole Opposition (excepting Hoi ton) will
unite against it in Parliament, and will agitate the country
at the next elections against it. This our friends in Ontario
know, and are afraid of. I fear, therefore, that we cannot
rely upon their coming up to the mark. They are a very
loyal body of men, but, of course, cannot be expected to
court certain defeat at the polls.
A good deal will depend on the action of Congress which
meets in a few days. If the tariff reform which is con-
templated is of a liberal character, and will affect some of
our staples, it will have a beneficial effect here. But Canada
feels very sore about the Fenian claims, which were with-
drawn to suit Imperial interests; practically she has now
no remedy against the United States, and unless the Home
Government takes some favourable action, by the time
our Parliament meets in February, in the matter, I would
not give much for the chances of the treaty. Here we see
across our border, Russel Gurney's Commission sitting and
investigating the claims of all British subjects, except those
of Canada and the Canadians; claims which we all think
150 CORRESPONDENCE OF
are at least as well founded as any of those which will be
adjudicated upon at Washington. You can fancy the
irritation that this causes, and the extent of the feeling that
Canada has been sacrificed all round for the sake of cobbling
up an inglorious peace with the United States!
I anticipate a lively session here, as the Opposition will of
course try to make their points for the elections; but they
will not do us much damage, and if I only keep my health
and no untoward event occurs, I think we shall give the Grits
a good licking in Ontario. They are working most zealously
to recover their lost ground in that Province, and are en-
couraged by the result of the local elections. Sandfield
mismanaged matters and lost six or eight constituencies,
but he will still, I believe, have a majority. He quarrelled
with the Catholic bishops and lost the Catholic vote,
which, however, will, I am satisfied, be true to me at our
election.
I have had an attack of quinsy, but have thrown it off, and
I am in pretty good health. Whether I shall be able to stand
the session I do not know. Sometimes I think it would be
well for me to retire from official life. A year's rest from
work would I think set me up. Of course I would not leave
Parliament in such case. One of the things which prevent
me from retiring is that, although the prospects of the treaty
are not very flourishing with me in the Government, they
would be nowhere if I left it.
We shall be obliged to come down to Parliament next
session, with a scheme for the construction of the Pacific
Railway. If you saw Hugh Allan, he would probably tell
you what he is driving at in that respect. He is connected
with strong men in the United States, but my fear is that they
will ask a larger subsidy and more land than Parliament will
be likely to grant them.
Winter has set in unusually early here. We have, at pres-
ent, the climate of January and February.
Pray give my best regards to Lady Rose, and
Believe me,
Yours very sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Sir John Rose, K.C.M.G.,
Bartholomew Lane, London.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 151
During the absence of Sir John Macdonald at Washington
in the spring of 1871, the Ontario Legislature was dissolved
and the General Elections prematurely brought on, against
the advice of Sir John, who would have preferred their post-
ponement until his return. The result of these elections was
unfavourable to John Sandfield Macdonald's administration,
which lost several seats, and subsequently so further mis-
managed matters as to bring about its defeat in the Assembly
by a majority of one vote on the I5th December. Mr. R.
W. Scott, a friend and supporter of Sir John Macdonald,
represented Ottawa in the Provincial Legislature, and had
hitherto supported Sandfield Macdonald's Government,
which nominated him for Speaker on the first meeting of the
newly elected Legislature. Mr. Scott, who was the special
representative in the Ontario Assembly of the Ottawa Valley
lumber interests, had a falling out about this time with the
Provincial Premier over certain matters connected with the
Canada Central Railway, now forming that portion of the
Canadian Pacific line running from Ottawa to Pembroke.
This estrangement had no little to do with hastening the
process of disintegration which for some time past had been
going on in the administration ranks.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. John Carting.
Confidential. Ottawa, 2nd December, 1871.
MY DEAR CARLING,
I have just seen Scott, 1 and I think that he talks reason-
ably enough. He says that all he wants at present is a sim-
ple submission to the courts of the question whether the
Canada Central Railway Company has become entitled to
any right to grants of land under their Acts of Incorporation,
from some source or other. He will not ask for a decision
as to whether the late Province of Canada as a whole or the
Province of Ontario as a portion of Canada, or the Dominion,
ought to give the lands if the Company has a right to them.
He desires to leave that for future arrangement. Now it
1 Afterwards the Hon. Sir Richard Scott, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
of Ontario, 1871; Commissioner of Crown Lands (1871-1873); a Senator of Canada
(1873-1913); Secretary of State of Canada (1874-1878 and 1896-1908). Died,
23rd April, 1913.
152 CORRESPONDENCE OF
seems to me that there is no reason or justice in objecting to
his proposition.
Scott is in a very delicate position. He feels that if he
accepted the Speakership he would be off the floor of the
House and unable to fight the battles whose interests have
been entrusted to him. It appears to me that he should
not be expected to put himself in this position, and I do not
see how I can press him. The Dominion Government has no
means of intervening in the matter. If any act of mine
could help you out of this difficulty, I would be only too
glad to aid in doing so, but it is a matter in which we are al-
together powerless. If you will telegraph me on Monday
that Sandfield agrees to this proposition, I think that Scott
will at once consent to be your candidate. There is no time
to be lost.
Yours sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. John Carling, 1
Toronto.
P. S. What I fear is if you propose anyone else, the Op-
position will name Scott. You would lose most of Eastern
Ontario on a vote of this kind, and a schism would be estab-
lished. I hope to receive your telegram saying it is all right
before one o'clock on Monday.
J. A. M.D.
From Governor-General the Lord Lisgar to Sir John Macdonald.
ijth December, 1871, Midday.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I have just signed the senatorial appointments for Manitoba. They
were announced as made in the Time s of this morning. It is considered a
point of etiquette in England not to allow such notifications to be made
in the papers (not any reference to the Gazette) until after the appoint-
ments have been signed by the Queen. I wish you would notify the
clerks in the Privy Council Office and Aikins' office, if they are the people
in charge, that the English etiquette had better be observed here. Min-
isters in England are, I hear, very particular on the point.
1 Afterwards the Hon. Sir John Carling, K.C.M.G.; Receiver General in the
Government of the Province of Canada, 1 862; Commissioner of Agriculture and
Public Works in the Provincial Government of Ontario under the Hon. John S.
Macdonald (1867-1871); Postmaster General of Canada (1882-1885); Minister
of Agriculture of Canada (1885-1892). Died, 6th November, 191 1.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 153
I had a communication from the Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland
yesterday about the chances of union. He says the Unionists are quite
prepared to fight the battle again whenever an opportunity is afforded
them. But in the meantime, two elections have gone against them, with-
out contest, and the people having had good fishing seasons are in (for
them) good circumstances, averse to change, and contented with their
present Government, to whom they are disposed to give credit for good
management and the prosperity which exists.
Believe me,
Very truly yours,
LISGAR.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald.
From the Hon. R. W. Scott, to Sir John Macdonald.
Private and confidential. Toronto, 2Oth December, 1871.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Sandfield was quite unequal to the management of this House from the
start, and it became merely a question of time how soon a crisis would be
eventuated. I clearly foresaw this, and it became evident to me that his
inability to cope with the difficulties here, vainly struggling against ques-
tions that he could not meet [sic].
In the first place, his adjournment of the House, or rather the proroga-
tion of it by the Lieutenant-Governor, would be charged to you, and
would be a dangerous cry at the Commons election, and while you would
get no credit for anything good, you would be held responsible for all his
errors. Sandfield has now no followers. His race is run. With the
commonest tact he could have ruled for four years. It is idle to discuss
all the causes that brought it about. A senseless hostility to Ottawa in-
terests was only one of the many causes. The new Government will be a
powerful one, and there is an old saying "What can't be cured must be
endured."
The point now really to consider is how best can the tone of the Local
be modified so as not to disturb you in the Commons.
When Sandfield's fall became evident on Monday morning, Blake and
McKenzie discussed the new order of things likely to arise, with me; I
told them I feared it might be used against my friends at Ottawa, and if
so I could not favour it. They made all sorts of protestations and as-
surances that it should [not], and if they had anything to do with the
formation of a new Government, I might rest assured there should be not
only no antagonism, but every effort would be made on their parts to make
it politically neutral to the Government at Ottawa, and in all other re-
spects, in terms of courtesy and generosity.
Yesterday Blake was sent for at four o'clock, and afterwards said he
wished to consult me. We did not meet, however, after, and this morning
he came to me and said he was most anxious for me to join his Cabinet,
offering me any portfolio I chose to name. I told him it was impossible;
that my alliances with yourself were of such a nature that they were
154 CORRESPONDENCE OF
insurmountable. He said again, and argued earnestly, that the best feel-
ing should prevail between the Governments at Ottawa and Toronto,
and that my going in would be the best security that the Local Govern-
ment should not lend its influence against you at the next election; that I
should myself be guardian of the interests of my friends; that if I declined
he would have to take in representatives west of Kingston.
I declined to give an answer until I could consult with my friends. He
has reserved the Crown Lands for me, if I wish it, or can afterwards take
any other.
Now, Sir John, I think I can tone down matters by my presence here.
Personally, I do assure you honestly, I would rather not go in. But when
I come to think of the interests of Eastern Ontario which are now likely
to go by the board if the Government is purely Western, it becomes
a matter for grave consideration what I should do.
You see there is the lumber trade, of which I have always been the
special representative. There are the railway interests in the Ottawa
country. I am bound in honour to see the Canada Central get its rights,
as I am mainly responsible for the expenditure of the half million of
English capital that has gone in. (I need scarcely say to you that after
the telegram you sent Carling, Sandfield never passed the Order-in-Council.
Time went by and nothing was ever done. It was a regular sell.) Then
again, there is this question of the Municipal Loan Fund, Ottawa being
in debt to over $260,000.
The new Government, you may rely on it, will live for many years, and
if it is to be a western one it may be ruinous to our friends in the trade.
I have not time to write more, as it is just 3 P.M. See Sir Francis, show
him this letter and talk it over. I have yet spoken to no one of its con-
tents. Telegraph me to-morrow, in cypher, using S for A.
The Government will be a strong one, but I think I can tone it. If
it does not suit the book, say so. In no case will I decide till I see you and
other friends personally.
R. W. S.
From Sir John Macdonaldto the Hon. R. W. Scott.
Telegram. Ottawa, 21 st December, 1871.
Hincks and I will not offer you advice against taking
office. Let your position and the relations between two
Governments be secured by writing.
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
From the Hon. John Carling to Sir John Macdonald.
Private and confidential. Toronto^ 21 st December, 1871.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I had intended writing you some days ago with reference to the position
of affairs here, but have been so engaged I really had not an earlier op-
portunity. You received my telegram that we had tendered our resigna-
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 155
tion after what happened, there was nothing left for us but to resign.
Had we not been deserted by such men as Deacon, McCall, Wood (Vic-
toria), McManus and Boultbee, (all of whom voted for us on the direct
vote of want of confidence when the Grits had only a majority of one) we
should have been in a different position. Our friend R. W. Scott used all
his influence to get those I have named to vote against us, and as a reward
for this, it is strongly rumoured that he is to have a seat in the Cabinet.
You are aware of the trouble between Scott and Sandfield respecting the
Canada Central matter. I did all I could to heal the difficulties, but
Sandfield, as you know, has peculiar notions, and he never pulled with
Scott.
Privately, I may say to you that, personally, I am very glad to get out
of office. The responsibility and worry were very great, and I am glad to
have done with it. I can conscientiously say that I tried to do my best,
and if we have been unable to retain power, it has been from no fault of
mine. I took office in 1867 at your suggestion, and have to thank you for
all your kindness to me. I think that possibly matters might have been
better managed, but you know Sandfield is occasionally stubborn, and has
peculiarities. If he had been more conciliatory and had taken the advice
of his friends, the result might have been different. These vain regrets
are useless however.
One of the chief objects I had in view was to keep the Grits out of power
until after the Dominion elections. I am afraid their accession to office
will have a bad effect. Nothing should now be left undone by our friends
in organizing and preparing the contest next summer.
Some days ago Belford called on me and made me promise to write you
respecting the proposed new paper. I wrote the enclosed with my views
of the matter, which you will take for what they are worth, but held it
over till now.
I was sorry to hear that you were unwell, but I hope you have quite re-
covered.
Wishing you many happy returns of the season,
Believe me,
Yours very faithfully,
JOHN CARLING.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From Sir John Macdonald to Governor-General the LordLisgar.
Private. Ottawa, 28th December, 1871.
MY DEAR LORD LISGAR,
You received a despatch dated 2yth July last from Lord
Kimberley, asking if an amending Act had been passed
in the previous session removing the cause of complaint of
the North German Confederation. I was absent when you
sent that despatch to Council, and, therefore, not aware
whether you replied to it or not. In case you should not
156 CORRESPONDENCE OF
have done so, you can report that by the Act of last session,
34 Vic., Cap. 10, the duty complained of was repealed.
Do not you think that it would be well for you to call the
attention of Her Majesty's Government to the clause in
the treaty in question? 1 By it, England actually prevents
her own Colonies from opening their markets free to England
if they desire to do so. In other words, unless we do away
with our import duties with respect to all the world, we can-
not treat English manufacturers otherwise than as foreigners.
I hope to live to see the day when the British Empire will
be considered as a unit, and the interchange of commodities
will be as free from duties between the United Kingdom and
its Colonies, as has been the case since 1 800 between England
and Ireland. The treaty in question expires in 1877, and I
hold that in the present relation between the Dominion and
England, it cannot properly be renewed with the clause I
refer to as it now stands, without Canada's consent.
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
His Excellency the Governor-General,
Rideau Hall, Ottawa.
From Sir John Macdonaldto the Hon. M. C. Cameron.
Confidential. Ottawa, January jrd> 18/2.
MY DEAR CAMERON,
Thanks for your kind letter of the 3 1 st. I think I cannot do
better than tell you the whole Scott story from the beginning.
The week before your session commenced, I got a letter
from Carling urging me to see Scott and induce him to accept
the Speakership. As I thought his appointment would be a
good coup, I readily acted, and talked Scott into taking the
chair. He was exceedingly irate at Sandfield for his treat-
ment about the Canada Central, and to put matters right,
sundry telegrams passed between Carling and myself which
resulted in Scott's agreeing to be nominated. The session
commenced, your troubles came on, and you resigned.
I received a telegram from Scott informing me that he had
been offered office, that he had written me in full, and asking
1 The reference here is to the treaty with the Zollverein dated, joth May, 1865,
article 7.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 157
me to show the letter to Hincks. Having ascertained that
the mail would be late in consequence of the snow, I tele-
graphed him accordingly.
In the morning I was waited upon by a number of the
lumbermen who said they had received telegrams from
Scott, asking them to come and see me as to his taking
office. My reply was that Scott had telegraphed me that
he had written in full, and that I could not discuss the matter
with them until I heard from him further. I said that I
would see them again in the afternoon after Scott's letter
had arrived. The letter arrived but was marked private
and confidential. In it Scott asked me to see Hincks and
answer him back in cypher. The lumbermen saw me again,
and I told them that his letter was marked private and con-
fidential, and, therefore, that I was not in a position to discuss
the matter with them at all. I said that Scott would be
down, and would no doubt make his own explanations to
them.
I may say that Scott wrote that under no circumstances
would he take office until he had conferred with me and his
other friends personally. I therefore expected that the
lumbermen would not finally decide upon any course, until
Scott arrived. They were unanimous in favour of his taking
office, for obvious reasons. In this, I think, they were mis-
taken, because Scott cannot even do them justice now
without being suspected, but that was their affair.
Much to my surprise, before I could answer Scott's letter,
I received a telegram informing me that he had been sworn
in that day; in fact he must have been sworn in before my
second conversation with the lumbermen. On receipt of his
letter, and before receiving intelligence of his having taken
office, I saw Hincks, and we talked the position fully over.
We agreed that it was quite evident that he was going to take
office whatever advice we might give him, and we prepared
a reply in cypher somewhat to this effect, that we would
not offer advice against his taking office, but that he should
take care that his relations with his colleagues, and between
the two Governments, should be ascertained in writing. This
was, you must understand, in the expectation that according
to his promise, he would take no step without first talking
the whole matter over with us here. Before our telegram
158 CORRESPONDENCE OF
left Ottawa, the news that he was sworn in arrived. My
telegram in fact had gone to the telegraph office a few minutes
before I received the information of his being sworn in, and
my first impulse was to stop it, but after talking the matter
over with Hincks, I let it go.
I may say to you that Scott's letter stated in the strongest
terms that he remained a Conservative; that his Conserva-
tive alliances were to be unbroken, and that Blake and
Mackenzie assented to this. In fact the letter completely
commits him and them. Being a private letter, I cannot
yet use it, but I will be able to do so in a day or two, if neces-
sary, as I have ascertained that he showed my telegram in
answer, to two M.P.P.'s. So soon as I get their statement
to that effect in writing, I can use his letter at the right time.
Meanwhile I have got a telegram not marked private, ad-
dressed to the Hon. James Skead, and to Mr. Perley, a lead-
ing lumberman here, stating in the strongest terms that he
remains a member of the Conservative party to all intents and
purposes. This I have Skead's permission to use at any time.
So matters stood when Scott arrived. He came to see
me and we had a long conversation together. I received him
in a friendly way; at the same time I did not hesitate to tell
him that I thought he had made a mistake that he ought
not to have gone into the arrangement, and would have very
great difficulty in keeping his name free from the stain of
treachery; and that he would have hard work to sever him-
self in public opinion from Wood, whose reputation, if he
ever had any, was damned to all eternity.
He denied in the strongest language that he had in any way
intrigued against Sandfield's Government. He said that
he had not hesitated to state to Sandfield himself, as to
others, that he ought to have resigned on the vote of want of
confidence, but that he had no conversation with the other
side until after your Government had fallen. That then
he had to consider that he was charged with great interests
that the interests of this section of the country, especially
the lumber interest, would fare badly if Blake were forced
to take western men exclusively that besides, he had by
his personal assurances got English capitalists to put their
money into the Canada Central, and that he felt himself
bound to protect them. He further said that when Blake
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 159
spoke to him he replied that it was impossible for him to go
into the Government in consequence of his Conservative
alliances that Blake answered that he need not be deterred
by that, as he would be at liberty to steer his own course,
and to act with his own friends in Dominion matters and the
general politics of the country as a whole that the Local
Government had a specified and restricted range of action,
and that as their sentiments agreed upon the subjects of
legislation committed to the Local Government, he might
safely come in.
I asked him why he had been sworn in before the personal
conference which he had promised to have with Hincks and
myself. His reply was that Blake had agreed to the delay,
but found that the objection taken by the Opposition against
granting a vote of credit with an incomplete administration,
had great weight with his followers and might prevail, and
that therefore it was necessary to fill the Government at
once. Blake said that as he was obliged to fill in the office
without delay, unless Scott agreed to take it, he must ask
O'Donoghue or some other western Catholic. Scott had in
the meantime received a series of telegrams from his friends
here advising him to accept, and under the combined pres-
sure of Blake and his friends, he consented. A great deal
more passed between us, the general result being that my
opinion as to his mistake was unchanged. I also told him
that as he was an old personal and political friend and sup-
porter, I did not desire to see him politically and socially
ruined that I thought he might, although it would be very
difficult, retain, or rather regain, his position in public
estimation if he steered a straight course, distinctly defining
his position as a Conservative, and acting steadily with the
Conservative party on general questions. I said to him that
he was bound to act with every fairness towards his new
colleagues, and not embarrass them in their local sphere;
but, that he should take great care not to drift into Grittism
which he would find it very hard to avoid.
I asked him what he was going to do about the local
elections that were about going on. His reply was that
when a Conservative and a Grit were running, if the Conser-
vative promised to give the Government a fair trial, he
would not interfere, but that of course he must work against
160 CORRESPONDENCE OF
any person who was determined to oppose Blake's Govern-
ment. I said that this was reasonable enough, and so we
parted.
In taking the course with Scott that I have just described
to you, I was actuated by my usual desire to make the best
of a bad state of things. He might possibly have been
defeated here, but it would have been a desperate contest,
as the whole of the lumbering interest, who look forward to
all kinds of arrangements about limits, would have spent
any amount of money to secure his election. And he had
managed by an unsparing use of the wires to secure answers
from most of the leading people in Ottawa, promising sup-
port. Besides, the assumption of a hostile position with
regard to him, would have driven him bodily over to the
Grits, and this would have gone a great way in sending the
whole Catholic body with him.
As it is now, the Government is a coalition one to all
intents and purposes, and the name which you use in your
letter of the "Blake-Scott Administration" should be
fastened upon the new Government. My opinion is that
you should, in the Legislature, direct all your fire against
Blake and the Reform section of the Government for having
belied all their professions and principles in taking in Scott.
You should avoid driving Scott into Grittism, that is to
say, you should avoid imputing personal dishonour to him.
By not making him too much of a black sheep, you will keep
him there, a disintegrating element in the Government. I
believe that his being there, has sown the seeds of dissolution
in Blake's ministry, and the seed will fructify ere long. Of
course you will be obliged to express regret at the course he
has taken, but it should be done in a kindly manner. If he
is irritated into rising in his place and stating that he is a
Grit, and as good a Grit as either Blake or Mackenzie, you
will lose the great advantage you have of treating the Gov-
ernment as a coalition one.
From a Dominion point of view I think it is not desirable
that you should force Blake to dissolve, unless you are sure
of defeating him on a popular question. Sandfield went to
the country prematurely last spring, and you are not ready
yet for another fight at the polls; give them a little rope, and
they will hang themselves.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 161
My idea is this that in the summer or autumn the
Dominion elections should be brought on, and if, as I believe
it will, the result of the elections shows that we hold our own
at all well in Ontario, and are thereby in possession of the
reins for the next five years, we can bring a tremendous
leverage to help you in the Local Legislature in the session
of 1 872-73. If a new local election takes place before Blake
has had a fair trial, the verdict of the country will go against
you, and that will greatly damage, if not destroy, our chances
at the Dominion elections. Depend upon it, the long game
is the true one.
The great reason why I have always been able to beat
Brown is that I have been able to look a little ahead, while
he could on no occasion forego the temptation of a temporary
triumph.
I shall be obliged to go up to Toronto in a few days on my
own matters, as my office will be transferred there from
Kingston ere long. I hope then to have the pleasure of
talking this matter over more at length. I will take up all
the letters, etc., to which I have referred, and show them to
you. This is a long yarn, but I have not time to make it
shorter.
Believe me,
My dear Cameron,
Yours sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. M. C. Cameron,
Toronto.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Consul General of Spain at
Quebec.
Ottawa, January fjth, 1872.
SIR,
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter of the 6th instant, enclosing me a communication
from His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs at
Madrid.
I have received this communication, notifying me that
His Catholic Majesty has been graciously pleased to confer
upon me the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Isabel la
Catolica, with feelings of pride and satisfaction. I only did
1 62 CORRESPONDENCE OF
my duty to my own Sovereign * in taking the necessary steps
to prevent any hostile expedition being fitted out, or sailing
from Canada for the purpose of attacking a portion of the
domains of an ally of Her Majesty; and I am gratified to
know that this service has been thought worthy, by His
Catholic Majesty, of the high honour of which you have been
so good as to notify me.
I have the honour to remain,
With the highest consideration,
Your most obedient, humble servant,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Senor Don J. M. De Satriestequi,
Consul General of Spain,
Quebec.
From Sir John Macdonaldto Governor-General the Lord Li s gar.
Private. Ottawa, February 2?th, 18/2.
MY DEAR LORD LISGAR,
We would suggest the following telegram "My Council
desire to act in unison with England in the present exigency. 2
Have you any advice or suggestion to make?"
This may serve to show that we are not indifferent as to
the trouble England has got into.
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Lord Lisgar.
From Sir Francis Hincks to Sir John Macdonald.
Ottawa, Friday morning, 1st March, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I am bound by my duty to you as well as to myself not to lose any time
in conveying to you my sentiments regarding Mr. Howe's lecture. 3 When
I read that lecture on Wednesday, I felt it wholly impossible that I could
1 This refers to the action taken by Sir John Macdonald as Minister of Justice to
frustrate an attempt made in the summer of 1871 by a few hotheads in Montreal to
procure the enrolment of volunteers for a filibustering expedition against Cuba.
2 This refers to the strained relations between England and the United States
existing at this time over a phase of the Alabama question known as the Indirect
Claims. See, Memoirs, Vol. 2, pp. 148-9.
3 The reference here is to a lecture delivered by the Hon. Joseph Howe before the
Young Mens' Christian Association of Ottawa on the 2yth February, 1872, in which
he forcibly criticized England's attitude towards her colonies. See Memoirs, Vol.
II, pp. 1 51 and 324.
The Rt. Hon. Sir John Macdonald, K. C. B.
Age 57 1872
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 163
remain in a Government which permitted one of its members to avow
publicly the opinions expressed in the political portion of the paper. I
own that I did not doubt that the unanimous opinion of the members of
your Government would be that the lecture must be completely sup-
pressed. I can discover no difficulty in the adoption of this course, as
Mr. Howe might with great propriety either announce himself, or have an
announcement made for him, that, in compliance with the desire of his
colleagues unanimously expressed, he had felt it his duty to suppress cer-
tain remarks on the Imperial and foreign relations of the Dominion. I
own that I was much disappointed at the tone of the discussion yesterday,
and had more than once determined to write you my resignation. I
thought, however, that as no decision was arrived at, it was only due to
you that before arriving at any, you should be made aware of my views.
The Government is in a dilemma in my opinion. There are four courses
open: ist publication of pamphlet accompanied by Mr. Howe's retire-
ment; 2nd publication of the lecture as printed; 3rd publication with
certain eliminations; 4th suppression. Now I trust that I need hardly
declare that the first course would be one that would be most repugnant
to my feelings, and especially as I have felt it my duty to condemn the lec-
ture so strongly. The 2nd course I think would be indefensible, and one
that I could not vindicate. The 3rd I think even less defensible than the
2nd, and as it was actually suggested yesterday for Mr. Howe's approval
and as, if accepted by him, would probably have been adopted, I must
give you my reasons for not concurring in it. If the lecture were pub-
lished as delivered, no one would imagine that any member of the Govern-
ment was responsible to any greater extent than permitting Mr. Howe
to use what I am bound to affirm is very objectionable language. But if
you assume the task of correcting, then you become responsible for all that
is not expunged. The Government would, in my opinion, incur a greater
responsibility by adopting the 3rd than the 2nd course. If the pamphlet
be promptly suppressed by Mr. Howe at the request of his colleagues, the
Opposition can make very little use of it against the Government, which
will have sufficiently protected itself. I may add that there is a great deal
in the lecture of which I wholly disapprove, and nothing would satisfy me
but the elimination of the political matter from page 17 to 21. I seem to
differ so much on this question from yourself and all my colleagues, that
it will be much better for me to absent myself from the meeting of Council
to-day. I do not wish to join in a discussion, the object of which is to
persuade Mr. Howe to take a course which, in my judgment, would be dis-
creditable to the Government, viz., to amend the political portion of the
pamphlet. I regret that so much delay has taken place in dealing with
this very important matter, for the decision of the Government should be
uninfluenced by outside opinion from the press or the public. As far as I
am concerned personally, I feel that if such language as that used by Mr.
Howe should be tolerated by the people of Canada, I have no desire to
remain a single day longer in public life.
Faithfully,
F. HlNCKS.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
164 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir John Rose.
Private. Ottawa, March fth, 1872.
MY DEAR ROSE,
I am afraid that I am greatly in arrears with you, but I
have been away in the West and have been very busy since
my return home.
As to the position of matters in Canada, I cannot say
much until our session is over. We have postponed its
meeting until the nth April being almost the last day
possible. This was done on a hint from England in order
to give an opportunity of some solution of the Alabama
matter.
It is stated in the American newspapers that the House
Committee on Foreign relations, to which Committee were
referred the several bills for carrying the treaty into effect, is
not going to report upon them at present, but will hold them
over until some further progress is made in the correspon-
dence about the Geneva reference. Should such prove to
be the case, we may be spared the trouble of dealing with the
subject for another year. However, there is no use in
speculating upon that at present.
You ask me in one of your letters whether the St. Alban's
Raid claims were really presented. I cannot answer that
question, as I have little or no communication with Wash-
ington, there being, as you may probably be aware, a cool-
ness between the Ambassador and the Governor-General.
I think however, beyond a doubt, that those claims will be
presented, as indeed, why should they not?
Next session we shall have a new Representation Bill,
adding nine members to our House of Commons, and will
take the opportunity of readjusting the boundaries of some
of the Western constituencies. We have a surplus of six
millions and hope to carry a Pacific railway scheme. We
shall afterwards go to the country (some time in the summer
or autumn) with, I think very good prospects. Every-
thing is couleur de rose except in Ontario, which, as usual,
will be the battle ground. I am satisfied however that if
my health is spared, we will hold our own there. Sand-
field's upset was unfortunate in one respect, but his sue-
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 165
cessor has been making a series of blunders which, I think,
must do us some good in the West.
I am, as you may fancy, exceedingly desirous of carrying
the elections again; not from any personal object, because
I am weary of the whole thing, but Confederation is only
yet in the gristle, and it will require five years more before it
hardens into bone. It is only by the exercise of constant
prudence and moderation that we have been able to prevent
the discordant elements from ending in a blow-up. If good
constitutional men are returned, I think that at the end of
five years, the Dominion may be considered safe from being
prejudiced by any internal dissension.
We owe you our best thanks for your attention to the
Northern Pacific prospectus. I should like to know how the
railway stands in the English market, as to its bonds and
general credit. There is a general impression, I find, at
New York, that the whole thing must end in a fiasco, which
may perhaps be disastrous, even to Jay Cooke & Co. I
would be very sorry if this should be the case at all events
until they have finished the railroad connecting Duluth with
Pembina. After that, we Canadians can afford to view any
further western extension with considerable philosophy.
You are quite right in your mode of dealing with the matter
with Mr. McCulloch. While we wish it to be known that we
are going to build a railway of our own, we do not in any way
desire to prejudice the fortunes of the Northern Pacific.
The more modes of communication there are across the
continent, the better for the whole continent, and you can
assure anyone who speaks to you on the matter that we
would rather aid the progress of the Northern Pacific than
impede it. They, on the other hand, however must not by
assuming to be the Canadian road, prejudice our enterprise.
Poor old Howe has been making a fool of himself in a
lecture before the Young Mens' Christian Association here.
He took a fling generally at the withdrawal of the troops,
the desire of England to throw off the Colonies; the buying
of her own peace at the sacrifice of our interests; the "comedy
of errors" into which she has blundered, and all that sort
of thing. It very nearly ended in his sending in his resigna-
tion; but although he has outlived his usefulness, he has not
lost his powers of mischief. From fear of his doing damage
1 66 CORRESPONDENCE OF
in Nova Scotia, which is yet but a slumbering volcano, I
felt it right to accept his disclaimers and excuses, although
much against my will. If you ever look at our papers you
will see that the Globe is at him on the subject, and not
without reason. It will be made a considerable handle
against us, but we must put up with it as best we may.
As his statements are quite opposed in spirit to all our
communications with Her Majesty's Government, should
you hear his speech alluded to in any quarter, you must
take the trouble to explain that his remarks are evidence of
his senility and nothing more, and that you have reason to
believe that he was severely snubbed for his pains, and
obliged to suppress his speech which was printed in pamphlet
form. Some copies of it have got out unfortunately, but we
cannot help that. Many thanks for the two volumes of
Hertslet's Index. I shall be very glad to get the maps.
Yours sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Sir John Rose.
From Sir John Macdonaldto Governor-General the Lord Lisgar.
Private and confidential. Ottawa, March ifthy 1872.
MY DEAR LORD LISGAR,
I do not suppose that Mr. Howe's unfortunate speech
will reach the Colonial Office, but as it has attracted some
attention in the press here, perhaps it may do so. I there-
fore think it well to state to you that his address to the
Young Mens' Christian Association has been read by my
colleagues and myself with the greatest regret.
We have not hesitated to express to Mr. Howe our united
disapprobations. We found that his address had been
printed in pamphlet form, and called upon him to suppress
it. He did so, but some copies had been previously obtained
from the printer, hence the discussion in our newspapers.
That portion of his speech which speaks of the growing
feeling in England to throw off the colonies, would have been
harmless from the lips of anyone but a cabinet minister.
Coming from him, the tone of despondency as to the future
of Canada, was, to say the least of it, unfortunate.
We considered as still more objectionable, his reference
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 167
to "England's recent diplomatic efforts to buy her own
peace at the sacrifice of our interests," and to "that comedy
of errors into which she had blundered," and we told Mr.
Howe that considering the present uncomfortable relations
between England and the United States, his language was
inexcusable, and that the tone was anti-British and disloyal,
and quite at variance with the communication that we
had, through Your Excellency, conveyed to Lord Kimberley
of our desire to act in unison with Her Majesty's Govern-
ment in the present exigency. My colleagues felt too that
the language was personally disrespectful to myself, con-
sidering the position that I had held as a member of the
Joint High Commission. The personal matter I readily
overlooked, but the political offence was not so easily dealt
with. After full consideration however, and believing that
Mr. Howe, although too late, has been convinced of his
indiscretion, I have thought it better, in the public interest,
to take no further notice of the affair.
A publicly expressed censure would have involved the
necessity of Mr. Howe's retirement from the ministry. His
doing so would have given additional strength and encourage-
ment to the opposition that we expect in Parliament to the
ratification of the fishery articles of the Washington treaty.
Moreover, Nova Scotia is still in an unsettled state. While
I am glad to know that by degrees the people of that province
ate becoming more reconciled to the Union, it is certain
that the anti-Confederation feeling still exists there to a
considerable extent.
Mr. Howe, though now an old man, and not so vigorous
as formerly, has still great influence there and might rekindle
the expiring flame of discontent. I have therefore thought
it right to pass over this unfortunate affair. Would you
kindly convey to Lord Kimberley the feeling of regret and
disapprobation with which we all regard this escapade of
Howe, so that if his attention has been called in any way to
it, he may know what our feelings are with respect thereto.
Believe me,
My dear Lord Lisgar,
Yours very faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Lord Lisgar.
i68 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir Francis Hincks to Sir John Macdonald.
Thursday morning, nth April, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
In a note which I addressed to you on Friday last, I expressed my
anxiety about the position of the Government with reference to Mr.
Howe's lecture, and my apprehension that Mr. Howe would make a speech
for which I would be unable to take the responsibility. My anxiety has
not been lessened by what passed yesterday in Council. If a rupture be
inevitable, I am of opinion that it will be far more creditable that it should
take place in the Council Chamber than in the House of Commons. The
Government will be, and ought to be, held responsible for what Mr. Howe
may say, and it is my unalterable determination to leave the Government,
if it permits him to use or to defend the language of his lecture. I myself
see no difficulty in arranging the matter, but it would be unfair to Mr.
Howe, as well as to you, if he should make his speech in ignorance of the
consequences. My position is this: If my claim, which I again urge,
of having the policy of the Government settled in Council, be ignored, I
may possibly be forced to cross the House suddenly, and this I need
scarcely assure you would be most repugnant to my feelings. The passage
which causes me the greatest apprehension is that referring to England's
efforts "to buy her own peace at the sacrifice of our own interests."
Faithfully yours,
F. HINCKS.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From Sir John Macdonald to Governor-General the Lord Lisgar.
Private. Ottawa, April 2Oth, 1872.
MY DEAR LORD LISGAR,
I have reported in favour of the transmission to the
Colonial Secretary of the Joint Address of the two Houses
of the Legislature of Manitoba to the Queen. 1 I shall be very
much obliged by your intimating to Lord Kimberley that there
need be no hurry in sending the answer, as it is only required to
be ready for the meeting of the Legislature of Manitoba next
winter. The general elections will be over long before that
time, and it will be of little consequence what the answer may
be. In the present excitable state of the population at Fort
Garry, it is important that no answer should be sent. A re-
fusal of an amnesty would excite the French half breeds to mad-
ness, and granting an amnesty would excite the British settlers
to the same extent. After the elections are over, my own
1 Relative to the recent disturbances at Red River. See Journals, Legislative
Assembly of Manitoba, 1872, pp. 37-38.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 169
opinion is that an amnesty for all offences, except murder,
would be advisable. This, however, is only my own opinion,
and there is no necessity for discussing it in Council just now.
I have re-read the impudent memorial of Ritchot and
Scott. Most of their statements will require a specific
denial, and I shall see Cartier on the subject at once. They
attempt to drag him and myself into the matter in a way that
we must both resent. Their statement of what occurred
between themselves and Your Excellency is also altogether
false, and must be repudiated. I shall send you a draft of
the reply in a day or two.
Believe me,
My dear Lord Lisgar,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
His Excellency the Governor-General,
Rideau Hall.
From the Hon. S. L. Tilley to Sir John Macdonald.
Confidential Ottawa, May Zjth, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
When we discussed Costigan's 1 resolution on Wednesday last, I hoped
that matters might have assumed a shape that would have warranted my
remaining in the Government, though I confess it was hoping against hope,
and my worst fears have been realized.
I am now satisfied that my voting for Chauveau's resolution, or re-
maining silent and declining to vote at all, will completely destroy me
politically, (to say nothing of the consequences to the Province I represent,
and the course of the Union generally, should either Chauveau's or Costi-
gan's resolutions be carried) and place me in a position to bring no strength
to your Government, bat possibly weakness. I therefore feel it my duty
to take the earliest opportunity of letting you know that I see no course
open for me but to ask you to relieve me from embarrassment by ac-
cepting my resignation. It is painful for me to sever the connection
that has so pleasantly existed since 1867, and nothing but a sense of
public duty and self-preservation could have induced me to take this
course.
I am
My dear Sir John,
Ever yours,
S. L. TILLEY.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
1 Relating to the Separate School Question in the Province of New Brunswick.
See Journals of the House of Commons, 1 872, p. 134.
iyo CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonaldto the Hon. W. H. Pope. 1
Private. Ottawa, June ifthy 1872.
MY DEAR POPE,
I have yours of the nth. I shall be very glad to do all I
can for your son, 2 and will speak to Tilley about him.
We are quite ready to receive Prince Edward Island into
the Confederation, but must leave you to manage it your
own way.
Yours sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. W. H. Pope,
Charlottetown, P. E. I.
From Sir Stafford Northcote to Sir John Macdonald.
86 Harley Street W>, June 19, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN MACDONALD,
I have been intending for some days to write to you, and to thank you
for the copy of your great speech, 3 which I have read with much admira-
tion. It has struck every one here, as no doubt it has in Canada, as a
masterly production, and I am sure you deserve all manner of congratu-
lations. Mr. Disraeli, who is not lavish in such matters, says, "very good
and statesmanlike"; and that is the general verdict.
You will, of course, know long before this reaches you, what I, at the
moment of writing, do not know, the result of the proceedings at Geneva.*
I am inclined to think they will lead to the ruling-out of the indirect claims,
1 The Hon. William Henry Pope: one of the Fathers of Confederation: after-
wards a County Court judge in Prince Edward Island. Died, 7th October, 1879.
2 Afterwards Sir Joseph Pope.
8 In support of the Treaty of Washington, 1871. Delivered in the House of
Commons, 3rd May, 1 872. See Hansard of that date, pp. 293-354.
4 This relates to the proceedings of the Arbitral Tribunal constituted under
Article I of the Treaty of Washington, 1 871, providing for the reference of all claims,
generically known as the "Alabama claims," to arbitration. These were claims
against Great Britain for losses sustained by the depredations of the Alabama
and other vessels against United States commerce during the American Civil War.
An attempt made by the United States Government to include in these claims, not
only the losses sustained by individual American citizens, but indirect, constructive,
consequential and national claims of every description, amounting, according to
Mr. Gladstone's estimate, to sixteen hundred million pounds, very nearly broke up
the Tribunal. These indirect claims were, however, ruled out, and the Arbitra-
tion proceeded. The decision given on the i4th September, 1872, awarded
$15,50x3,000 in gold as the indemnity to be paid by Great Britain to the United
States.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 171
and that the arbitration will proceed. The Americans have behaved
shamefully, but I believe they are aware of it, and that they will be very
glad to get out of their present position by almost any means. I could
not have believed that Mr. Fish would lend himself to such a transaction.
However, all will be well if it ends well; and it will be a comfort to see the
treaty saved, if it can be saved, for one grudges the time spent on a failure.
I hope you have got well through your session, and that Lady Macdon-
ald is quite well, though, by the way, I have a quarrel to pick with her in
regard of a certain photograph which I "understood" her to have pro-
mised me. I hope I was not wrong in being satisfied with a "less accurate"
engagement on the part of a countrywoman, than it seems we ought to
exact from an American.
I remain,
Faithfully yours,
STAFFORD H. NORTHCOTE.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald,
From the Lord Lisgar to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. London, i6th July, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Lord Kimberley has taken a note of your wishes about the P. C. ship.
They will be attended to, and the conferring the honour postponed until
after the general election in Canada. I made the following recommenda-
tions as to the Order of St. Michael and St. George: Sir F. Hincks, to be
promoted to a G.C.M.G. For K.C.M.G.'s Cartier, Campbell, Tupper,
Tilley, Draper Ch. Justice; For C.M.G.'s: Archibald and Bernard.
Hincks, Cartier, Archibald and Bernard will be accepted, I think, at once,
or after the general election Campbell, Tupper, and Tilley in a short time
hereafter. Lord K. will write to Lord Dufferin about these matters by
this post. Draper, Lord K. would not hear of at any price, but I fancy
he would make him Sir Wm. or whatever his Christian name is, and if he
accepts, as an English judge would, I think you ought to pay the fees out
of some special fund, if you have any fund in hand applicable to the pur-
pose. For myself, I look on it as supremely ridiculous and unfair the
charging meritorious persons who may not have large fortunes, with high
fees, because the Crown thinks them deserving of and confers honours
upon them.
At the War Office I heard the Horse Guards authorities had with-
drawn their objection to Carrier's promotions. They say they see no
military reasons against them. I think they might have seen this months
ago, and think myself aggrieved by the position of resistance in which they
placed me. The fact, I fancy, is that as the treaty of Washington appears
to be safe, and there is every prospect of a long continuance of amicable
relations with the United States, the Horse Guards think there is little
likelihood of British and Canadian troops being called upon to act to-
gether, and are, therefore, disposed to overlook the inconveniences which
in such event of united action, they considered at first likely to ensue.
I have taken my seat in Parliament at Gladstone's earnest, pressing
172 CORRESPONDENCE OF
instance, and voted like a man to adopt the Commons amendments on
the Ballot Bill. Several Tories voted with us, and some seceded. The
Duke of Manchester said to Charles Villiers: "We seceders saved the
Constitution." C. V. replied, "Ah yes, the Capitol you mean."
Gladstone, I am told, stands better and steadier than he did at the
commencement of the session. The W. treaty settlement; Cardwell's
army bills, and the ballot have set him back on his legs. Personally, he
is a great force. I had a long conversation with him early on Tuesday
after my arrival. He talked away incessantly. There are, however,
great difficulties in store for next session, and it may be doubted whether
he will weather the work of disintegration in his own party. This is the
real danger.
I hope to get away from London and back to peace and quiet in Ireland
early in August. While there, we eat our own lamb, and my hay has been
prosperously saved. You will perhaps hear of my distinguishing myself
at an agricultural exhibition.
Lady Lisgar joins me in kind remembrance and good wishes to you and
Lady Macdonald and, I am, Believe me,
Very truly yours,
LISGAR.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
Lord Lisgar ceased to be Governor-General on the 2ist
June and, after a short interregnum, was succeeded by the
Earl of Dufferin, who lost no time in acquainting the Prime
Minister with his requirements.
From Governor-General the Earl of Dufferin to Sir 'John
Macdonald.
Riviere du Loup,
Private and confidential. July 24th, 1872.
Mv DEAR SIR JOHN,
I have written you a semi-official letter, to which, I trust, you will be
able to give favourable consideration. I confess I feel very strongly on
the two points alluded to, and I am disposed to press them upon your
attention, on grounds totally distinct from any which concern my personal
convenience.
With regard to a summer residence at Quebec, I apprehend that there
will be ultimately no difficulty. The local authorities have shown every
desire to accommodate us, and if we have hitherto failed in finding a
lodging, it is solely owing to the fact that there is literally no house to be
had. I received a telegram from Colonel Fletcher last night to say that,
as a last resource, Mr. Langevin, to whose extreme kindness we are very
much indebted, talks of fitting up the old artillery barracks into which
we can put for the present some hired furniture, but next year I trust that
Spencer Wood itself may be placed at our disposal. I have reason to be
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 173
lieve that had it not been for Lady Belleau's illness, we might have been
accommodated this season in that charming villa.
The question of the steamer concerns, of course, your ministry and
the Dominion Parliament, but considering how rapidly civilization is
extending westward, and how desirable it is that the social unity of the
various provinces should be stimulated and confirmed by the occasional
presence, at the principal centres of population, of the chief of the Execu-
tive, the one authority common to them all and to the mother country, I
should hope that the slight expenditure I have suggested, would not be
regarded with harshness or disfavour by the House of Commons.
When I first accepted my present post, I was certainly surprised to learn
what a slender household was in future to be assigned to the administrator
of so great a dependency. In fact, fifteen years ago, as an under-secretary
of state, I became entitled to the same staff as is, I find, accorded to the
Governor of a country as large as Europe; but understanding from Lord
Lisgar, that these present arrangements were the result of due deliberation,
I have no desire to question their wisdom. They certainly do not accord
with our European notions of what is necessary to the maintenance of
viceregal state, but I am quite prepared to supplement them to the
necessary extent, out of my private income.
With respect to the steamer, however, the case is different. The initial
expenditure of 3,000 would be a larger payment than it would be desirable
for me to make, for the same reasons I have glanced at in my other letter.
At the same time I conceive it to be an appendage absolutely necessary to
my station.
I have already been assailed in the presence of a great number of people,
in a way which must have been rather displeasing to the Canadians pres-
ent, by the innocent but impertinent importunities of a Yankee journal,
ist, while Lady Dufferin has been forced to overhear some very ungraciou s
remarks from a knot of American ladies, in reference to a cabin which ha j
been reserved for her.
I am quite convinced that if you desire me to maintain that dignity
and reserve upon which the prestige of representation so much depends,
you must allow me to choose my company when on my travels. Of
course I make this observation on the assumption that it is the desire of
the Canadian Government to enhance the repute of monarchical institu-
tions, and to accept the consequences they entail. The cynicism of a
republican philosophy might affect to ignore such considerations, but with
deductions from principles of that nature neither you nor I have any con-
cern. At the same time, I am bound to confess from what I have learnt,
both from Lord Lisgar and from Lord Monck, that if there is any respect
in which the authorities in this country are out of sympathy with our habits
of thought at home, it may be in their failure to appreciate the importance
of trifles of this description a due attention to which has so much to do
with the maintenance of that intangible, but not less operative essence
called prestige, to whose assistance most human institutions are indebted
for their stability.
I am quite sorry to interrupt what appears from the papers to be your
triumphant progress through the constituencies, with so lengthy a com-
174 CORRESPONDENCE OF
munication. I trust it will be the last I shall have to address to you on
matters of a personal nature, and I turn with infinitely greater pleasure
to the privilege of congratulating you on the wonderful skill, eloquence and
ability, displayed in the great speech of which you sent me a copy.i It
was an effort which would have commanded admiration in any assembly,
and now that I have become better acquainted with the difficulties with
which you had to contend, I am the more able to appreciate the tact,
judgment and success, with which you dealt with them.
It is, indeed, a fortunate circumstance that at the crisis of her fate,
Canada possesses a statesman of such commanding talent, and it is most
lucky for me that my initiation into my new duties should take place under
the guidance of a person in whom the country seems so unanimously to
confide, and in whose society both Lady Dufferin and myself already feel
we shall take such pleasure.
You may rely upon my doing my very best to give you the most loyal
assistance and support in your patriotic endeavours to serve this magnifi-
cent country, and I only wish I could think that my abilities rendered me
more worthy of being associated with you in your honourable endeavours.
I was so glad to have a line from Sir George Cartier announcing an im-
provement in his health.
You will be sorry to hear that Lady DufFerin was confined nearly the
whole of last week to her bed and room by a very sharp feverish attack
from which however she is now recovering.
I have spent three days on the Marguerite river whipping the pools
under the superintendence of Dr. Campbell. I had a salmon on my hook
for ten minutes, and have been duly inoculated with the fishing furor, but
the sport was unusually bad.
You will be at a little rest at the seaside when your electioneering labours
are concluded. Pray let us know when you pass through Quebec.
Believe me, dear Sir John,
Yours ever,
DUFFERIN.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Lord Lisgar.
Private. Ottawa, 2nd September, 1872.
MY DEAR LORD LISGAR,
I do not know whether any Canadian papers follow you
to Baillieborough. If they do, you will have read my excuse
for not writing you before.
Lord Dufferin on his arrival proceeded directly to Ottawa
and I accompanied him.
Council having come to the conclusion to go to the country
at once, without a moment's delay, I proceeded westward,
1 On the Treaty of Washington, 1871. Delivered in the House of Commons, 3rd
May, 1872.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 175
and have been for the last two months "on the stump."
I have been travelling and speaking and organizing elections
during all that time. Never in the whole of my 27 years of
public service have I had such hard and unpleasant work
to do. Had I not taken this course, I do not think that a
corporal's guard of ministerialists would have been returned
in Ontario. As it is, we have fought a drawn battle. Of
the 88 constituencies in Ontario, we have carried 42. The
other 46 are not however all in the Opposition. There are
several independent members, or loose fish, who will support
the Government as they learn from the returns that it has a
working majority.
I anticipate that when Parliament meets in February
next, 50 of the 88 Ontario members will support the Govern-
ment. I had a hard fight in my own town. I left it in
charge of Campbell and went off to the west. Some of the
electors were displeased at my neglect, and so I had a stern
contest, but had a majority of 130.
Hincks foolishly gave up his old constituency, preferring
a western one, and was ingloriously defeated.
In the other provinces we have had marvellous success.
Of the 21 Nova Scotia members, 20 are pledged to support
the Government, and the other man has since his election
announced that he will give us an independent support. Of
the New Brunswick sixteen, we have carried fourteen, and
the two others also promise that they will not vote want of
confidence.
In British Columbia and Manitoba no Oppositionists will
be elected, and they number ten members.
In Quebec the elections are not yet finished, but of the 65
constituencies we believe that we shall carry from 42 to 45.
You will thus see that we have got as large, nay a larger
majority on the whole, than in the last Parliament.
It would have been a great satisfaction to me if I had been
able to carry a majority of avowed supporters in Ontario,
and as you see, I narrowly missed it.
As is usual in such cases, every possible charge was brought
against the Government, but in the western part of Ontario,
dissatisfaction with the treaty was my main obstacle.
You may remember that I always told you that the treaty
was unpopular there. I know that Sir Hugh Allan and others
176 CORRESPONDENCE OF
who profess to know the western country, gave you a differ-
ent impression, and that you thought that I had overrated
the hostile feeling against it; but I knew Ontario too well to
be mistaken.
In addition to this, the local Government used all its
power, patronage and influence to defeat us. They forced
the great lumber merchants, who depend upon them for
licenses of occupation of timber lands, to subscribe large
sums, and I have reason to believe that the U. S. Northern
Pacific Railway also subscribed largely in order to place Mr.
Mackenzie at the head of the Government, as he would have
handed over our Pacific Railway to them. This nefarious
design has, however, been defeated. We are, I think, fixed
in the saddle for the next five years, and shall take good
care that the Yankees have nothing to say to our Pacific
Railway.
I think H. M. Government owe me something for fight-
ing this battle. Had we been defeated at the polls, and a
new Government formed on the ground that the people
disapproved of the treaty of Washington, the relations
between England and the Colony would have been the
reverse of pleasant, and Heaven knows what the political
consequences might have been! Happily, the decision of
the people of the Dominion, as a whole, is in favour of the
treaty, and the annexationists and independents have been
completely routed. We may, therefore, look forward to five
years of quiet. During that period it may be hoped that
Confederation, now in the gristle, will have hardened into
bone, and whatever may be our political conflicts, the
constitution will have taken such root as to be able to stand
the storm.
Cartier was defeated in East Montreal by an overwhelm-
ing majority. This was anticipated by us all. We knew
that he had lost his hold there, but he would listen to no
advice. He had everything against him. The Catholic
Bishop of Montreal and Cartier had a personal quarrel, and
all the power of the former was exercised against him. From
Cartier's professional connection with the Grand Trunk
Railway, he was supposed to be adverse to the rival railway
running on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, from Mon-
treal to Quebec, and as this railway will have its terminus
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 177
in East Montreal, you may fancy the feeling that was roused
against him. The British element, which in former years
went as one man for him, was dissatisfied, and the volunteers
were all against him for some cause or another. In fact he
had no chance. The constituency is not Rouge, and any
good man of Cartier's own party would have carried it, but
he himself was doomed. I would not regret his defeat at
all, as he brought it on himself by sheer obstinacy, were it
not that I fear it will greatly affect his health. I am sorry
to say that he is in a very bad way. His legs are swollen to
an enormous extent. It has all the appearance of confirmed
dropsy. But still worse, Dr. Grant tells me confidentially
that his ailment is what is commonly known as "Bright's
disease" which is generally considered as incurable. I do not
anticipate that he will live a year, and with all his faults, or
rather with all his little eccentricities, he will not leave so
good a Frenchman behind him; certainly not one who can
fill his place in public life. I cannot tell you how I sorrow
at this. We have acted together since 1854, and have never
had a serious difference.
I venture to trouble you with all these details, as I am glad
to believe that you take an interest in our affairs, and that
you will especially like to know that our policy, inaugurated
under your auspices and with your sanction, has been
successful.
I have been able to see little of the Dufferins since their
arrival. He is pleasant in manner, and has been both in
speech and by letter very complimentary to myself. He
is, however, rather too gushing for my taste. I can stand
a good deal of flattery, but he lays it on rather too thick.
Lady Dufferin is very charming, with nice, unaffected
manners, and much more natural than the caro sposo. I
think I shall like her much, but in military phrase, I would
gladly exchange her for Lady Lisgar, and pay the difference.
Lord Dufferin is laying himself out to be popular, and I
have no doubt will succeed, unless he overdoes it. He pro-
poses having residences at Halifax, Quebec and Toronto.
It was amusing to see the dismay with which they saw
Ottawa and Rideau Hall. It seems that no preparation had
been made for their reception, and they had to put up with
some considerable amount ojf discomfort. Added to this,
178 CORRESPONDENCE OF
the weather was hot, and the mosquitoes overpowering in
numbers and viciousness. They stayed only three days,
and then off they went to Riviere du Loup, where Bernard
had secured Reynold's cottage for them. They could not
succeed in getting a house in Quebec, so they have taken
possession of the Citadel and made it, I am told, tolerably
comfortable. It is a pleasant summer residence, as in the
hottest day at that elevation, there is always a breeze blowing.
I only returned from the West here yesterday, and after
putting things to rights and doing up the arrears, I intend to
run down to Quebec and await His Excellency's commands.
He writes me that he has received a communication from
Lord Kimberley on the subject of the proposed honours, on
which he desires to consult me.
With respect to myself, I think that the P. C. ship should
come to me through Lord Granville. I assume that it is
conferred upon me for my services on the Joint High Com-
mission, and if so I can only receive it as a reward for Im-
perial services, just as in the case of Mountague Bernard.
However, more of this anon.
Pray present my kindest regards to Lady Lisgar and tell
her that she must not forget us here. My wife accompanied
me to the West, and while I was peregrinating, she stayed
with the Howlands, where she now is. Mrs. Howland made
her wait to assist at a ball she is giving in honour of the
English amateur cricketers who have come out to show
the Canadians that noble game. If Turville 1 is with you,
please remember me to him.
Believe me, My dear Lord Lisgar,
Very faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir George Carrier, Bart.
Private. Ottawa, 3rd September, 1872.
MY DEAR C ARTIER,
I am very glad to learn from your telegram of yesterday
that you are better. You must not think of looking after
your office until you are perfectly restored. With your
1 Francis Turville (afterwards Sir Francis Turville, K.C.M.G.), secretary to
Lord Lisgar when Governor-General of Canada (1868-72).
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 179
permission, I will talk over Militia matters with Futvoye in
your absence.
As soon as I clear off arrears, I shall run down to Quebec to
see the Governor-General and shall call upon you on my way
down.
You see that Hincks has been elected for British Colum-
bia. Would you like to have a seat for Manitoba, until
you find one in Lower Canada? If so, telegraph me "Yes,"
and I will send a cypher on to Archibald without delay.
In great haste.
Yours most sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Sir George Cartier, Bart.,
Montreal.
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir John Rose, Bart.
Private. Ottawa, $th September, 1872.
MY DEAR ROSE,
As you may perhaps remember, we got two votes from
Parliament of Secret Service money in consequence of the
Fenian Raids. Last session the Opposition, Holton, Young,
Mackenzie & Co., made a desperate attempt to have the
accounts submitted to them. Hincks, who knew nothing
about it, first said there was no objection, but I took strong
ground and said that it was utterly impossible that the
fact of its being known that the accounts were shown, would
not only raise the greatest apprehension in the minds of
those parties who had given us information, and betray
their accomplices, but would shut the door against the
possibility of our getting any information in the future.
In the late election contest the Grits, with their usual
want of truth, circulated the story that we had been using
the fund for election purposes. I had some conversation
on the subject with Lord Lisgar who had been, as you know,
Secretary of the Treasury and knew all about it. He said that
no account was ever given of this fund to anyone, and he told
me, what I must say rather surprised me, that when Sir
Robert Peel's Government went out, they took the balance
with them, which was used for the benefit of the Opposition.
In Todd's book on Parliamentary Government it is
i8o CORRESPONDENCE OF
alleged that Secret Service money is disbursed by the Sec-
retary of State and a book kept for the information of Par-
liament if asked for, but that, in fact, it never is asked for.
Now, from what Lord Lisgar told me, I fancy there must
be two funds, one the fund mentioned by Todd, and the sum
at the disposal of the Secretary of the Treasury.
Will you find out all about this and let me know? I want
the information to use by the time our Parliament meets.
I shall also write Lord Lisgar on the subject, to get his recol-
lection of it more specifically than I have just now.
Yours always,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Sir John Rose, Bart.,
Bartholomew Lane,
London.
From Sir John Macdonald to Governor-General the Earl of
Dufferin.
Private. Ottawa, igth September, 1872.
MY DEAR LORD DUFFERIN,
On my arrival at Montreal last week I found Cartier so
exhausted by the number of injudicious friends who were
visiting him, that I had not the heart to talk to him at any
length on business. I therefore postponed, until his arrival
here, any discussion as to the question of honours. As was
arranged at Quebec, I mentioned to him the proposition as
to Tupper, Tilley and Campbell. I did not speak of him-
self. I mentioned to him, however, the proposition as to
Archibald and Bernard.
After considering the matter in all its aspects, he agreed
with me that it would be wise, perhaps, to postpone the ap-
pointments quoad the three gentlemen first above mentioned
for the present. One great reason which occurred to both
of us for doing so was that it would grievously wound Mr.
Howe, the Secretary of State for the Provinces. He is
an old man, in very bad health, and ought to retire into
private life. However "still the veteran lags superfluous
on the stage," and it would be highly inexpedient to put any
pressure on him for the purpose. His life hangs on a single
thread, and I would be very unwilling that any act of mine
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 181
should snap it. He is the oldest member of the Council and
has for more than a quarter of a century filled the chief place
in the public eye as a leading man in the Maritime Provinces.
Cartier and I agree that if no other reason existed, it
would be well to postpone the honour in question until
Howe is disposed of. We also think that any honour to
Archibald had better be deferred until the end of his ad-
ministration, which, I presume, will occur shortly. I found
Cartier in good spirits and full of courage, but his medical
men almost despair of his recovery. I hope that he will sail
next Saturday beyond a doubt, ere the cold weather sets in.
Cold and damp are deadly to his disease.
Council will assemble in full strength next Thursday, and
the matters interesting personally to yourself, which we
discussed when I had the honour of waiting upon you at
Quebec, will be disposed of in a manner which I hope will be
agreeable to you.
I am strongly tempted to go to Hamilton during Ex-
hibition week, but my long absence has left me so wofully
in arrears that I fear I cannot manage it.
By the way, when we talked about the political events
at Melbourne, I was not quite sure whether I was correct
in stating that the Legislature which Lord Canterbury
refused to dissolve, had been summoned under Duffy's
administration, or the previous one. I see by an article on
the subject in the London Spectator of the loth that I was
correct in my impression that the Parliament was not
Duffy's. The article in question is worth your perusal.
Believe me,
My dear Lord Dufferin,
Yours very faithfully,
His Excellency JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Governor-General,
Quebec.
From Sir Francis Hincks to Sir John Macdonald.
Monday, 2jrd September, 1872.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
As I understand that you contemplate bringing before the Privy Council
this week at least one subject of very grave importance, I feel that in
justice to my colleagues they ought to be made aware that it is my fixed
1 82 CORRESPONDENCE OF
determination not to meet Parliament as a Minister of the Crown.
Although I made you aware of this determination some months ago, I am
not without apprehension that you have still some doubt on the subject,
and if so it cannot be too soon removed. I am most anxious to do any-
thing that I possibly can do to support your Government, consistently
with carrying out my intention, and I, therefore, felt it my duty to go
through the election campaign. I own that I regret my election for
Vancouver. Had I had an opportunity of giving an opinion, it would
have been against such a proceeding, not on personal grounds, but be-
cause it has prevented my resignation following as a matter of course my
failure to obtain a seat. It was and continues to be my wish to retire
altogether from public life, but I am not sorry on the whole that I shall be
enabled by having a seat in the House of Commons to make such explana-
tions and to take such a course as will completely remove any impression
that my retirement from the Government is owing to dissatisfaction,
either with you as my leader, or with any of my colleagues. I am happy
in believing that my successor will have no financial embarrassment, and I
need scarcely assure you that if ever any advice of mine were deemed likely
to be useful, it would ever be at his command, and I feel convinced that I
can render your Government quite as much service as an outside supporter
as if I were a member of the Government. All that I need add at present
is that while I wish that there should be no misunderstanding as to my
intentions, I am anxious in every way to make my arrangements conforma-
ble to your wishes. I am ready to resign at a moment's notice, or at such
other time as may be deemed most beneficial on consultation, and you
may rely that you will have no more zealous supporter in or out of the
House than
Yours faithfully,
F. HlNCKS.
The Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald.
From the Earl of Carnarvon to Sir John Macdonald.
The Coppice, Henley on Thames, 2Oth September, 1872.
DEAR SIR JOHN MACDONALD,
I was very glad to see your handwriting again, and to perceive that in
point of health you are not the worse for all your recent hard work a
general election included. I fear that Sir G. Carder is less strong than
his friends could desire, but I hope that the rest which he is now allowing
himself, may bear good fruit.
I shall watch with great interest the course of your new Parliament, and
I need scarcely say the fortunes of my many Canadian friends. Political
life, whether in Canada or England, has so many changes and chances,
that all who live in it must be prepared for rapid variations of the popular
favour, but your long and unbroken success and your command of fortune,
have almost put you outside the circle of ordinary statesmen. Here in
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 183
England all things are going on steadily enough. The most pressing dif-
ficulties lie, I think, in the relations of employers and workmen, and the
question of wages, but the country is very rich and prosperous so prosper-
ous that the 3,000,000 damages which we are to pay, have hardly raised a
single grumble of dissatisfaction. It cannot, indeed, be expected that this
will last, and when it comes to an end, there will, no doubt, be some trouble,
but for the moment, all parties are inclined to let well be, and though our
experience of the ballot at Pontefract and Preston is not encouraging to the
author of that bad measure, neither party feels very confident of its
strength in the event of a general election.
I am, I am glad to say, very much stronger and better for my recent sea
life, and in spite of a good deal of private business which through some
recent family troubles have been thrown upon me, I endeavour to
lead as idle a life as I can.
I am glad you like your new Governor General. Though of contrary
politics, he is a very old friend of mine.
Believe me, dear Sir John Macdonald,
Yours very faithfully,
CARNARVON.
The Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From L Governor J. W. Trutch 1 to Sir John Macdonald.
Govt. House, Victoria, B. C., Oct. ifth, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I received your letter of the 25th ult. the day before yesterday on my
return home from a visit of inspection to the interior of B. C. where at
Ashcroft Senator Cornwall's place I met Mr. Fleming 2 on his arrival
from the other side of the Rocky Mountains. As you will of course hear
from himself a full account of his trip and of his impressions as to the
country, the line of proposed railway and the competing advantages
of the rival Eraser River and Bute Inlet routes, I will only say on this
subject that he and his party have made the quickest journey of which
we have record between Fort Garry and Victoria and yet appear as
fresh and hearty as if they had not travelled one hundred miles.
I am very glad to find that you are pleased at the result of the steps I
took to secure Sir Francis's 3 selection for Vancouver Dist. and I trust the
latter has written to Mr. Bunster through whose withdrawal his return by
acclamation was effected, and that you may think fit to take some notice
of Bunster should an opportunity occur. Had I received the news of Sir
1 Afterwards Sir Joseph Trutch, K.C.M.G., Lieutenant Governor of British
Columbia (1871-1876).
2 Sandford Fleming, C. E. (afterwards Sir Sandford Fleming, K.C.M.G.).
3 Sir Francis Hincks, on his defeat in Brant in the General Elections of 1872, was
elected for Vancouver, Mr. Arthur Bunster withdrawing in his favour and thus
permitting his return by acclamation. Mr. Bunster subsequently sat for Vancouver
in the House of Commons from 1874 to 1882.
i8 4 CORRESPONDENCE OF
George's defeat for Montreal two days sooner he would have been returned
for Yale District, as well as for Provencher, but the nomination for the
last remaining election in B. C. had already taken place ere the result of the
Montreal election was reported here. I cannot tell you kow deeply all
here regret the serious indisposition which withdraws him for a time from
public life, and to me specially who have had the privilege of his friendship,
his illness, so unexpectedly announced, occasions heartfelt sorrow. I
trust he may soon be so restored in health as to be able to resume his
duties, for I am sure that to you particularly and to the country at large
his loss would be a great calamity.
At the same time with your letter under reply in which you ask me to
write you my private opinion as to Dr. Powell's fitness for the situation of
Indian Agent in this Province I received your telegram of 2nd inst. ac-
quainting me of his having been appointed to that office, which would
have seemed to render superfluous any further allusion to the subject
but that it appears to me a matter of such paramount importance to all
interests in this country that I think it my duty to convey to you my ideas
thereon, and have also taken the opportunity to express the same views
more fully to Mr. Fleming who on his arrival at Ottawa will place you in
possession thereof, and will also give you the benefit of his own impressions
as to the Indians of B. C. and their management
Dr. Powell 1 has a very good standing here. He has been in good practice
in his profession and is reputed to possess business ability, but he is en-
tirely without any special knowledge of Indian matters, has had no ex-
perience in managing Indian affairs, has hardly ever been out of Victoria
during his residence in the Province, and cannot therefore know much of
or concerning our Indians and is certainly unknown by them. Now
whether he is at all fit for the post of Indian Agent in B. C. depends on the
scope of duties and the extent of authority to be attached to the office;
in fact on the manner in which the Indian Department is to be organized
here and the system to be adopted towards the Indians. Dr. Powell
might perform the duties of the office well enough if acting under the
immediate direction and advice of some one of more experience here, but
I should not certainly consider it otherwise than most likely to result in all
sorts of complications and dissatisfactions if the management of our
Indians were left in his hands altogether.
We have in B. C. a population of Indians numbering from 40,0x30 to
50,000, by far the larger portion of whom are utter savages living along the
coast, frequently committing murder and robbery among themselves, one
tribe upon another, and on white people who go amongst them for purposes
of trade, and only restrained from more outrageous crime by being always
treated with firmness, and by the consistent enforcement of the law
amongst them to which end we have often to call in aid the services of
H. M. ships on the station. I cannot see how the charge of these Indians
can be entrusted to one having no experience among them, nor do I think it
1 1. W. Powell, M.D., Indian Superintendent B. C.: proved a good officer,
ceptably filling the position for many years.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 185
likely that the assistance of the Navy would be willingly and effectively
given to any subordinate officer of the Government. Without further
descanting on the matter however, I may tell you that I am of opinion,
and that very strongly, that for some time to come at least the general
charge and direction of all Indian affairs in B. C. should be vested in the
Lt. Governor, if there is no constitutional objection to such arrangement,
and that instead of one there should be three Indian Agents, one for Van-
couver Island, one for the Northwest Coast and the third for the interior
of the mainland of the Province, which latter gentleman might very
properly be a Roman Catholic, as the Indians in this section are for the
most part under the influence of missionaries of that persuasion. Then
as to Indian policy I am fully satisfied that for the present the wisest
course would be to continue the system which has prevailed hitherto, only
providing increased means for educating the Indians, and generally im-
proving their condition moral and physical. The Canadian system, as I
understand it will hardly work here. We have never bought out any
Indian claims to lands, nor do they expect we should, but we reserve for
their use and benefit from time to time tracts of sufficient extent to fulfil
all their reasonable requirements for cultivation or grazing. If you now
commence to buy out Indian title to the lands of B. C. you would go back
of all that has been done here for 30 years past and would be equitably
bound to compensate the tribes who inhabited the districts now settled
farmed by white people, equally with those in the more remote and un-
cultivated portions. Our Indians are sufficiently satisfied and had better
be left alone as far as a new system towards them is concerned, only give
us the means of educating them by teachers employed directly by Govt.
as well as by aiding the efforts of the missionaries now working among
them.
To be rid of all concern with our Indian affairs would of course free me of
a very considerable part of the trouble and anxiety I have had for the
past year, but, however glad I might be at such a release, I have thought it
my duty to express to you my conviction that you had better for some
time to come continue the general charge of all Indian matters in B. C. in
the Lt. Governor, divide the Province into three districts and appoint an
Agent in each subject to direction from the Lt. Governor. By such a course
you would secure through the Lt. Governor the benefit of the experience
of those who during the past 13 or 14 years have managed the Indian af-
fairs of the country, I mean the County Court Judges, who would be
likely to feel diminished inclination to become the assistants of any official
of a grade below their own.
I believe I have written all I need to on this matter and I fear at such
length as to be tedious, but it is one of much importance to this Province,
the care of the Indians here being, as I regard it, and have intimated to you
in former letters the most delicate and presently momentous responsibility
of the Dominion Government within the Province.
Faithfully yours,
JOSEPH W. TRUTCH.
The Rt. Honorable
Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
1 86 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Sir John Macdonaldto the Hon. Oliver Mowat. 1
Private. Ottawa, October 2jth y 1872.
MY DEAR MOWAT,
I received by yesterday's mail your letter of resignation
which I delivered to the Secretary of State, to whom, more
properly, it ought to have been addressed. He has, I sup-
pose, acknowledged its receipt and stated that he would
submit it to His Excellency the Governor-General. This is
a necessary form, though as a matter of course His Excel-
lency will accept the resignation.
My feelings on learning of your return to political life
are of a composite character. I am glad for the sake of On-
tario that you have assumed your present position. With
all your political sins, you will impart a respectability to the
local Government which it much wanted, and the country
will have confidence that you will set your face against the
coarser forms of jobbery which were infecting our country
from our proximity to the United States.
At the same time, I may venture to say that I regret to
see you initiating the American system of judges returning
to political life, after having accepted the legal monkhood
of the Bench. It is not likely to be extensively followed;
the precedent is a bad one, but practically it will not do much
mischief. However, you have made the plunge, and there
is an end of it.
I hope that the relations between the Dominion Govern-
ment and that of Ontario will be pleasant. There is no
reason why they should not be so. Blake announced,
on taking office, that he was going to pursue that course;
but I fear that he allowed his double position under the dual
system, to affect his mind prejudicially. I have never had
any difficulty of any kind with the Government of Nova
Scotia, although every member of it is politically opposed
to the Government here. We all profess to have, and I
have no doubt sincerely have, the same object in view, the
good of the country. We must, therefore, try to work
1 On the 24th October, 1872, Mr. Mowat resigned the office of Vice Chancellor
of Ontario and re-entered political life, becoming Premier and Attorney General
of Ontario, in succession to the Hon. Edward Blake.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 187
the new machine with the construction of which we had so
much to do, with as little friction as possible.
I shall have a good deal of bother about the selection of
your successor on the Bench, but I must do the best I can.
Believe me,
Yours sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. Oliver Mowat,
Toronto.
From the Hon. Oliver Mowat to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. Toronto, 2$th October, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I received your letter of the 25th. Thanks for the friendly words you
use in it in regard to myself.
I had not a great deal of time to deliberate on the proposal that if
called on by His Excellency to leave the Bench and assume the Govern-
ment, I should not decline the call, but, in considering it, I confess I was
not able to attach much weight to any objection arising from my being a
judge, as I could find nothing in law or in British constitutional practice,
against the judge of any court leaving it to accept the position of an ad-
viser of the Crown. The idea of thereby initiating in Canada the state
of matters which exists in the United States, seems to me fanciful. The
evil there arises from the greatly inferior salaries and the short tenure of
office of the judges; and these particulars in regard to the Canadian Bench
must become much worse than they are, before any danger arises of the
kind suggested.
I heartily concur in the hope which you express, that the relations be-
tween the Dominion and Ontario Governments may be pleasant. I have
ever felt greatly interested in the success of Confederation, and I agree
with you that its success will be aided by proper relations being main-
tained between the Dominion and Local Governments as such, even
when these are not in the hands of the same political party. I shall do
my best to carry out in this respect the principle which, you remind me,
was announced by Mr. Blake on the formation of his Government last
year, and I will also be very glad indeed to find it practicable to maintain
agreeable relations with all my old friends, whatever from time to time our
respective political connections may happen to be.
Believe me,
Yours sincerely,
O. MOWAT.
The Right Hon.
Sir John A. Macdonald,
Ottawa
1 88 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Governor-General the Earl of Dufferin to Sir John
Macdonald.
Private. Rideau Hall, Ottawa, November I, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I think you may perhaps like to have the enclosed extract from Lord
Kimberley's letter which I copy for you.
"Lord Granville desires me to request you to inform Sir John Mac-
donald, that the Queen has at his instance consented that Sir John Mac-
donald shall be sworn in as a Privy Councillor, but it is found that this can
only be done at a Council held by Her Majesty herself. Will you, there-
fore, ascertain what Sir John Macdonald's views are as to coming over here
to take the oath and his seat at the Council."
Yours sincerely,
The Right Hon. DUFFERIN.
Sir John A. Macdonald.
From Governor-Genera! the Earl of Dufferin to Sir John Mac-
donald.
Rideau Hall, Ottawa, November 5, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
As I am to have the pleasure of seeing you to-morrow, I would ask you to
consider a little what habit it would be advisable for me to adopt as re-
gards attending Council.
I shall be in to-morrow about twelve and at your service at any time
between that hour and two.
Yours sincerely,
DUFFERIN.
The Right Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From Sir John Rose, Bart. y to Sir John Macdonald.
Bartholomew Lane, E. C.,
1 6th November, 1872.
DEAR MACDONALD,
I send you a very meagre report of a dinner given last night, where you
will see everybody spoke out on the subject of the Colonial connection. I
have never seen such enthusiasm as the toast 'the integrity of the Empire'
produced. The cheering lasted ten minutes, and there were between
400 and 500 of as influential city men as you could find in London. I am
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 189
satisfied that the whisper of disintegration would be a deathblow to any
party or man inclined to it.
I saw Cartier yesterday looking, I think, better.
Always yours,
JOHN ROSE.
The Rt. Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From Governor-General the Earl of Dufferin to Sir John
Macdonald.
Confidential. 2Oth November, 1872.
DEAR SIR JOHN,
Thornton has forwarded* to me a most insolent despatch from Mr. Fish.
In my short experience of European diplomacy, I have been quite unac-
customed to such language. Is that the usual kind of despatch to which
Canada is treated by those fellows?
Yours ever,
DUFFERIN.
The Rt. Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. Alexander Morris.
Confidential. Ottawa, November 2Qth y 1872.
DEAR MORRIS,
I am always glad to hear from you, though I do not
always find time to reply. Do not cease to write.
Your Commission as Lieutenant-Governor 1 will be sent
up without any delay. If other Government salaries are
assured, yours can be so too, as a matter of course.
As to employment at the end of your term, there is no
use talking. Five years hence, God knows where we may
all be. We will not fill up the chief justiceship just now.
The two puisnes can do all the work, and there is no necessity
for filling the vacancy just now. The account of the row in
your Cabinet is very amusing.
Aikins has just passed Council the allotment matter, and I
fancy your work with the halfbreeds will be easy enough.
Kiel seems resolved to give trouble. He will get himself
shot some day. You are quite right to do everything
legitimate to keep him out of the legislature for the credit
1 Of Manitoba.
i 9 o CORRESPONDENCE OF
of your Province. If he is elected, it will now the elections
are over do no great harm.
Yours sincerely,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. A. Morris.
From the Hon. Joseph Howe to Sir John Macdonald.
Ottawa, December 6th y 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
After a night of anxious consideration of the scheme of railway policy,
developed by Sir Hugh Allan and his friends yesterday, and apparently
acquiesced in by my colleagues, I have come to the conclusion that I can-
not defend that scheme, or be a party to arrangements which, I believe,
will be a surprise to Parliament and the country, and fraught with conse-
quences deeply injurious to the best interests of the Dominion.
I shall, as rapidly as possible, put upon paper the views I entertain of
the measure, as presented, and of the policy that ought to be pursued, and
hope to be able to place them in your hands in the course of the afternoon.
I regret sincerely the separation from old friends which this divergence
of opinions must necessarily involve, but I apprehend that it cannot be
avoided, and am quite prepared to make the sacrifice rather than throw
over for the sake of office, my conscientious convictions.
Believe me,
My dear Sir John,
Yours sincerely,
JOSEPH HOWE.
The Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
From Governor-General the Earl of Dufferin to Sir John
Macdonald.
Private and confidential. Ottawa, December, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I return you the volumes containing the debates on the Governor's
salary which you were kind enough to send me, and which are sufficiently
explicit. On the other hand, I feel that it will be necessary for me at once
to face the question of my future expenditure. Since arriving in Canada,
I have spent over 11,000, in other words 5,000 more than my official
salary. It is true this includes several very heavy and exceptional items
such as freight, purchase of horses, transport of carriages and servants from
England, which would not recur in the current expenses of future years.
But now that we are settled down at Ottawa, I have been able to ascertain
pretty accurately what my regular outgoings are likely to amount to, and
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 191
the estimate proves very far from satisfactory, as you will see by the sub-
joined table:
Per Month
Ordinary household expenses 200
Wages and livery 130
Stables 60
Firing and light 130
Wine 10
Washing 30
Private Secretary 30
Sundry 10
600 7,200 p. a.
Charities and subscriptions 1,000
Travelling 1,000
Sinking fund to recoup a portion of the excess of
expenditure which has already taken place 800
Balls, parties, state dinners and occasional enter-
tainments 3>ooo
Personal expenses 0,000
13,000
It is to be observed the foregoing calculation is, in respect of what in
England would be considered a modest establishment for a peer or ordinary
country gentleman, and that neither in the number of my servants, nor in
my kitchen, am I at all extravagantly provided. In the household ex-
penses there are not included any entertainments beyond the ordinary
dinners at which I have had the pleasure of receiving my Ottawa friends.
To these, of course, there must be added a certain number of balls, parties,
and other occasional hospitalities, which I should both desire and be ex-
pected to dispense. I find that the expense of a ball, including wine, can
scarcely be kept under a pound a head. At Toronto our ball cost only
500, but on that occasion the Provincial Government contributed both
the decorations and the lighting, so that only three balls a year would
require the best part of 2,000.
The item for travelling expenses is calculated on the exact average to
which they have come during the last five months, and if I am to visit New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia next year, I can hardly expect it to be less,
unless our steamer may make a difference. I hardly know as yet what
my charities and subscriptions will amount to, but Lord Lisgar expended
1,000 per annum under that head, and mine would probably not be less.
On comparing these estimates with my official salary, there results a
discrepancy of a very startling and disagreeable character; indeed it is only
too plain that if I am to keep out of gaol, I must at once change my pro-
gramme and make my role as Governor General very different from what
I had desired and intended it should have been, assimilating it more closely
to the economical and sedentary tenor of existence adopted by my pre-
decessors. This will be very distasteful to me, and quite contrary to my
192 CORRESPONDENCE OF
convictions as to the procedure which it is desirable the Governor General
should adopt, but unless your ingenuity can discover a remedy, I do not
see what else can be done. I am quite certain that the estimate I have
drawn up is an economical one. At first, my secretary being in England,
and we ourselves being new to the country, and too busy and hurried in our
movements to attend to our weekly bills, a good deal of cheating and over-
charging may have taken place, but since Mr. Pattisson's return, there
has been applied to my domestic concerns the same care and vigilance
which I have been accustomed to use at home, and what we have done
lately could not have been done cheaper.
I had been told that everything was much less dear in Canada, but
this is certainly not the case, or at all events the enhanced price of some
things more than counterbalances the cheapness of others. Be that as it
may, I do not think that I can manage to get on, according to my present
way of life, under 13,000. If the excess of my expenditure over my
official income was merely a matter of 500 or 1,000 I should not regard
it, or trouble you with my difficulties, but the prospective deficit is too
serious to overlook. If I could throw upon the Government the expenses
of lighting and heating my official residences, and so much of my travelling
expenses as were incurred in my official visits to the distant Provinces,
the relief would be very sensible; but Parliament, if we are to judge from
the debates you have referred to, may not smile on such contingent dis-
bursements. On the other hand, as the Dominion Government acquires
the consciousness of its growing dignity and importance, public opinion
may develop a greater liberality of sentiment in all these matters.
I see the United States are about to increase the income and appoint-
ments of their President, and the shrieks of our own Civil Service are
calling attention to the rapid rise in prices. All this may perhaps help, but
at all events, I have thought it better to acquaint you with the present
state of the case in order that on an early occasion we may take counsel
together and determine on what footing it will be best to put my estab-
lishment in future.
Believe me, My dear Sir John,
Yours sincerely,
DUFFERIN.
The Rt. Hon. Sir John Macdonald.
From the Hon. Joseph W. Trutch to Sir John Macdonald.
Victoria, B. C., December nth, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
I have felt so chagrined and humiliated at the result of the San Juan
arbitration that I would fain never mention the subject again, but munch
my share of humble pie silently. Yet as the award, 1 though specific
1 The award complained of is that of the Emperor of Germany on the 2ist
October, 1872, giving the Island of San Juan to the United States. Mr. Trutch's
apprehensions as regards the course to be taken by the line from the middle of the
Straits of Georgia, southerly to the canal de Haro, were not destined to be realized.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 193
enough as between Haro Canal and Rosario Straits, does not define the
line of water boundary in other respects from the 4gth parallel to the
Straits of Fuca, I think it advisable to ask your attention to the matter at
once.
British Columbia has lost so much in losing San Juan and the adjacent
islands, that it is perhaps of minor consequence whether a few more
islands are taken from us or not, but at all events we had better know the
worst of the position as soon as practicable.
Looking at the map herewith, you see I have drawn two full lines from
the point on the 49th parallel in the middle of the Channel which separates
the Continent from Vancouver Island, that is in the middle of the Strait
of Georgia, southerly to the Canal de Haro, or Haro Straits, as named
on the map. One of these lines follows the channel used by sailing
ships to the east of Saturna Island and to the north of Stewart
Island, and this I have always supposed was the boundary claimed by the
United States Government. The other line follows the course usually
taken by steamers through Active Pass to the westward of Mayne and
Fender Islands, and this, I am told, is now to be claimed by that Govern-
ment as the line of the treaty of 1846.
Until within the last few days I had never heard that the United States
Government made any pretensions to this latter line as the boundary in-
tended by the treaty, and certainly from the arguments in their case
presented before the Emperor, one could not suppose they would make
such a claim, especially as we have been exercising jurisdiction and sover-
eignty over the Islands included between the two lines, without question
from them; in fact the joint occupation has never extended to these Islands,
so far as I can ascertain.
I hardly comprehend therefore on what pretence the claim can now
be made that the water boundary should run through Active Pass, but as
a rumour exists of such a claim being about to be advanced by the United
States when a Commission is appointed to define the boundary upon the
Emperor's Award, and has been reported to me confidentially by Captain
Delacombe lately, the Commandant of the British Post on San Juan,
I think it right to communicate it to you. In any case, whether such further
claim is to be made or not, it is evidently most desirable that the boundary
between us and our neighbours should as soon as possible be exactly de-
fined.
Faithfully yours,
JOSEPH W. TRUTCH.
The Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald.
From Sir John Macdonald to the Hon. Oliver Mowat.
Private. Ottawa,, December 2jrd, 1872.
MY DEAR MOWAT,
I duly received yours of the lyth which pressure of business
has prevented me from replying to before.
i 9 4 CORRESPONDENCE OF
You are under a misapprehension in supposing that an
opinion was obtained from the Privy Council in England
with respect to Queen's Counsel. No such opinion was
asked for. The circumstances were simply these: The
question of appointment of Queen's Counsel was raised in
Nova Scotia more than a year ago, in fact it was made a
matter of complaint against the Dominion Government that
silk gowns had not been conferred there. As I was aware
that the point had been raised, as to the power of appoint-
ment, by Sandfield Macdonald, I thought it well not to act,
even in a matter of prerogative, without reference to Her
Majesty's Government. I accordingly made a report as
Attorney General to the Governor-General.
You know that by practice, all reports and opinions of
the Law officers of the Crown are confidential, and seldom,
if ever, laid before Parliament. I therefore send you a
copy of my report confidentially. It cannot be used at this
moment, but I have no objection that it should be moved
for in the Dominion Parliament, and I shall ask His Excel-
lency's permission to bring it down there, pro bono publico.
The answering despatch from Lord Kimberley can only
be brought down in the same way. It does not set out the
opinion of the Law officers of the Crown in England ipsissima
verba; it states generally that he has taken the opinion and
that he is advised that the Governor-General has the power,
and that a Lieutenant-Governor appointed since the passing
of "The British North America Act 1867" has not the power
of appointing Queen's Counsel; but that a legislature of a
Province can confer by statute such power on its Lieutenant-
Governor, including such precedence or preaudience in the
courts of the Province, as the legislature may think fit.
I see no difficulty in a Provincial Legislature passing an Act
of the kind referred to. It would be well, I think, that due
respect should be paid to the Governor-General's Commis-
sion in the Provincial courts, and I have no doubt that similar
respect will be accorded to any Q. C.'s appointed under
Statute of a Local Legislature, in the courts of the Dominion.
Believe me,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Hon. Oliver Mowat.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 195
From the Hon. S. L. Tilley to Sir John Macdonald.
Confidential. Ottawa, December 24, 1872.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Judging from Haythorne's 1 letter to Lieutenant-Governor Robinson, I
doubt if the Island people are yet ripe for Confederation. They require
to feel the presence of - * taxation before they are convinced. It
may be that Haythorne, who is a shrewd fellow, is asking more than they
are prepared to accept, but if they suppose that the Dominion will pay
their railway debt in addition to the $800,000 for land, and the annual
subsidy offered them in 1869, they will find themselves mistaken. I had
a letter from Palmer a few days since. He does not take quite such high
ground, and thinks Sir John Rose might be appointed arbitrator between
the two Governments. This is Palmer, the President of the Bank, and
brother to Attorney General Palmer. I suspect we shall have a delegation
here before long from the Island upon this subject.
Yours sincerely,
S. L. TILLEY.
The Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald.
From Governor-General the Earl of Dufferin to Sir John
Macdonald.
Private and confidential. Montreal, January i^th, 1873.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Lord Kimberley has so much personal regard for you, and confides so
thoroughly both in your judgment and good faith, that I have no scruple
in communicating to you in its entirety, the enclosed letter which I have
just received. After you have read it please hand it to Colonel Fletcher. 3
Lord Kimberley has a good opinion of Mr. Mitchell's abilities, but I
remember when he handed me the Fishery Blue Book to read, he alluded to
Mitchell's despatches as containing over much bounce and bluster. I am
not sure, however, but that in diplomatizing with the Yanks, these quali-
ties may prove useful, if only they are duly moderated by your superin-
tending hand.
Fletcher will have handed to you the confidential letter written to me
by the Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island. You will see
what Lord Kimberley says in reference to this subject and to Newfound-
land. It would be very pleasant if the incorporation of the remaining two
1 At the time, Premier of Prince Edward Island. Afterwards a Senator of
Canada. Died, yth May, 1891.
* Word indecipherable.
2 Colonel H. C. Fletcher, C.M.G., Governor General's Secretary (1872-1875). The
Mitchell referred to by Lord Kimberley was the Hon. Peter Mitchell, then Minister
of Marine and Fisheries.
196 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Provinces of British North America with the Dominion could be con-
cluded while both you and I were in office. To have successfully organized
the Pacific Railway and rounded off the Dominion, will, with what you al-
ready have done towards its creation and establishment, complete a record
of successful statesmanship more remarkable and glorious than any
future Prime Minister of Canada will be likely to leave behind him.
I have to thank you for the Minute which I have signed to-day for the
reorganization of my office. It is now very complete and well con-
stituted.
I am sorry to give you so much trouble and cause so much expense,
but a great country inevitably outgrows its breeches.
Yours sincerely,
DUFFERIN.
The Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald.
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir Edward Thornton.
Ottawa, January i8th> 1873.
MY DEAR SIR EDWARD,
I have your note respecting the treaty. The matter
relating to the tolls on our canals stands thus:
In 1 860, by Order-in-Council, vessels and cargoes, without
distinction as to nationality, were allowed to pass the St.
Lawrence canals, the Rideau and Ottawa canals, and the
Burlington Bay canal, free of tolls.
With reference to the Welland canal, the full rate of tolls
was collected, but of the tolls so paid, 90 per cent was re-
funded whenever such vessels or goods entered the St.
Lawrence canals, or entered their cargoes inwards at any
Canadian' port on Lake Ontario, or on the St. Lawrence.
This Order-in-Council was rescinded in 1863.
The tolls are now regulated as follows:
No discriminating tolls between Canadian and foreign
vessels are charged on our canals; but for statistical pur-
poses, the nationalities of ships are stated in the manifests
presented at the canal office. The tonnage of all ships is
charged with tolls, in proportion to the number of sections
of canal they pass through. Special rates have been author-
ized for the following articles of freight: wheat, flour, corn,
barley, oats and petroleum, having paid Welland canal
tolls, may pass through the other canals free of further
charge. Iron and salt, having paid St. Lawrence tolls, may
pass upwards through the Welland canal free of charge. Coal
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 197
passes upwards, free of tolls through all the canals, except
the Welland canal. Iron ore, and chemical ores, are charged
with a uniform rate of five cents per ton, whether they pass
through one section or all the sections of one or all the
canals.
I shall be obliged to you for keeping me informed at your
leisure, of the progress of the Fishery Bill in Congress.
Believe me,
My dear Sir Edward
Yours very truly,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Rt. Hon.
Sir Edward Thornton, K.C.B.,
Washington.
From Sir John Macdonald to Sir George Carrier , Bart.
Private. Ottawa, January 22nd, iS/j.
MY DEAR CARTIER,
I am glad to learn from your letters that you are steadily
improving. Do not hurry too much about coming out.
We have not yet settled the exact day on which Parliament
will meet, but we surmise it will be about the 1st March.
Morris has been in rather a quandary in Manitoba. A
party of French halfbreeds waited upon him without notice,
evidently sent by the Archbishop. 1 They asked an am-
nesty for all, and claimed that there had been a promise to
that effect from the Government. Morris replied (and he
could make no other answer) that he was not aware of any
promise. This, I understand, annoyed the Archbishop, and
he has been talking foolishly about publishing correspond-
ence and so on. He wrote to Masson of Terrebonne on the
subject, and Masson wrote Langevin who showed me the
letter; and I wrote in reply to Langevin who has sent my
letter to Masson. I stated that if there were any promises
in writing we should be glad to have copies of them, but
that I understood the promises alluded to were those made
by the Governor-General and Sir Clinton Murdoch. I
stated that no minister of the Crown was present at the
1 Bishop Tache who had recently been created Archbishop.
198 CORRESPONDENCE OF
interview spoken of, but that Lord Lisgar and Sir Clinton
Murdoch, who were both alive, and were men of honour,
would state frankly what they promised; and that I had no
doubt that whatever they had undertaken would be carried
out faithfully by the Imperial Government.
The only letter that I wrote was one to Bishop Tache
himself on the loth January, 1870, when he arrived here on
his return from Rome. In that letter I informed him that
the amnesty promised by the proclamation sent up by
Father Thibault would be carried out; and further, that the
Government would stand between the insurgents and the
Hudson's Bay Company, if they laid down their arms, for
any provisions that they might have consumed at Fort
Garry. This was before the death of Scott, who was killed
on the 4th March.
Since I wrote to Langevin, Archibald has called my
attention to a copy of a correspondence between yourself
and Father Ritchot of the i8th and ipth May, 1870, after
my attack of illness, which took place on the 6th. I send you
extracts of the letter from Ritchot to you, and your reply.
These copies have been given by Ritchot to Archibald, and
I suppose are correct.
I see that you were very guarded and referred entirely
in your answer to the conversation which Lord Lisgar had
with Ritchot on the ipth May, when you were present.
Now I think it would be well, lest the Archbishop should
publish these extracts, that you should write me in full
what the conversation was between Lord Lisgar and the
delegates; and I think that you should write to Lord Lisgar
and get his assent to the correctness of your statement, so
that I may be in a position to state in my place in Parliament
what Lord Lisgar absolutely did promise.
I know perfectly well that he made no promise, direct,
or indirect, by which the pardon of Riel, or those concerned
in the murder of Scott, can be claimed. I have meanwhile
taken a step which will, I think, close the Archbishop's
mouth. The fact that he interests himself at this moment
in Riel's success, after his (Riel's) conduct towards him
and towards us such as in his election to the Local
Legislature and so on shows that his return to Mani-
toba is with the Archbishop's consent and connivance.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 199
Langevin thinks this will have the desired effect with
His Grace.
I hope that we shall have the Pacific Railway charter
signed by the 26th of this month, and then we will have plain
sailing for Parliament.
Believe me,
My dear Cartier,
Yours very sincerely
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
Sir George Cartier, Bart.,
47 Welbeck Street.
Cavendish Square,
London.
From Sir George Carrier, Bart., to Sir John Macdonald.
Private. London, 2jrd January, 1873.
MY DEAR MACDONALD,
Many thanks for your kind letter of the 4th instant, which reached me
three days ago. I feel well pleased about the progress you have made
with the Pacific Railway matter. I entirely concur in your scheme. It
would not have done to have given the contract to Allan's company, since
it could not have been united with McPherson's one. In forming a new
company and in excluding members of Parliament, you have done the right
thing. Neither McPherson nor any Ontario man, can find a ground of
real complaint with regard to the company to be organized under an Order
of the Privy Council.
I am again happy to tell you that I continue to improve in my state of
health. I have not as yet concluded giving my evidence against the St.
Alban's raiders, and the other * of the Northern refugees. I hope to
finish it at the end of next week. I called two days ago at the Colonial
Office to arrange my interview with Lord Kimberley on the subject you
mention in your note, of delaying the convening of our Parliament. I am
to get that interview at 4 P. M. to-day. I won't have time to give you the
result of it by this mail, but I will write it to you day after to-morrow
(Saturday). If I can induce Lord Kimberley to write the private note
you wish to be written to Lord Dufferin, I will ask him at once to tele-
graph to Lord Dufferin. Bear in mind that we must not embarrass Lord
Kimberley with regard to the transference of the guarantee by any re-
duction of the Militia estimates, or the sale of any property used or to be
*Word indecipherable.
200 CORRESPONDENCE OF
used for fortifications according to Jervois' plan. Tell Langevin to in-
timate to Robertson to avoid making any suggestion on these subjects
in his general report. The Militia reports are much read here, and if it
were to appear by this year's report that our Government intends to reduce
the Militia estimates and to sell the fortification property, it would em-
barrass Kimberley in passing his bill, for he must assure Parliament here
that the Canadian Government, by seeking the fortification guarantee
transference and the postponing of the making of the fortifications, does
not intend to give up the contemplated scheme of fortifications, and that
when the time comes to make these fortifications, Canada will be ready
to realize its promise of making them. In support of his argument he will
quote, no doubt, our readiness to spend the necessary money for the proper
organization of our Militia, even beyond the amount we have promised
to spend, and also our policy up to this time in not having dispensed by
sale of any of the properties to be used as fortifications under Jervois' plan.
Lady Cartier and the girls are all in Paris. My kindest remembrances
to Lady Macdonald and our colleagues, and, my dear Macdonald, believe
me as always.
Your devoted colleague,
GEORGE ET. CARTIER
The Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald.
From Sir John Macdonald to Governor-General the Earl of
Duffer in.
Private. Ottawa, January 2?th, 1873.
MY DEAR LORD DUFFERIN,
I enclose you a letter from the Hon. J. C. Chapais, the
Receiver General, tendering his resignation. Mr. Chapais
is a most estimable man, but of rather too retiring a nature
to take the position in public life which his abilities would
otherwise entitle him to.
As the Speakership of the Senate was vacant by Mr.
Cauchon resigning his senatorship, I thought it due to Mr.
Chapais to ask him if he would allow me to submit his name
to Your Excellency as his successor. He has however pre-
ferred to retire from official life altogether, retaining his seat
in the Senate. His conduct in this whole matter has been
in the highest degree disinterested, and I hope that the
time may come when we may be able to show our apprecia-
"'on of his course. I shall probably submit the name of Dr.
SIR JOHN MACDONALD 201
Robitaille, 1 the member for the County of Bonaventure to
Your Excellency as his successor.
Believe me,
My dear Lord Dufferin,
Faithfully yours,
JOHN A. MACDONALD.
The Earl of Dufferin.
From Sir Francis Hincks to Sir John Macdonald.
Montreal, loth February, 1873.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
The Pacific Railway scheme having now been fairly launched, there is
no longer any reason for my deferring my long contemplated retirement
from active political life, and I have therefore to request that you will
place my resignation in the hands of His Excellency the Governor General,
with an expression of my profound respect, and of my ardent wish that
His Excellency's administration so auspiciously commenced, may con-
tinue as successful to its close. It is almost superfluous for me to assure
you that I part with you with feelings of deep regret. If I had the least
hesitation in becoming a member of your Government, a very short ex-
perience convinced me that I had not been mistaken in taking that course,
which in my judgment public duty imperatively required me to take. But,
as you have long been aware, my re-entrance into active political life
was always viewed with alarm by those whose opinions I am bound to
consult, and who believe that I could not continue in it except at the
sacrifice of my health. You and I can afford to treat with contempt the
gossip of newspaper correspondents, but this is a suitable occasion for me
to state that during the term of our political connection, you have in-
variably treated me with the greatest consideration and confidence, and
that I continue to believe that the integrity of our great Dominion depends
much on the success of your administration. For each and all of my
colleagues, including those who have retired since my own acceptance of
office, I have entertained feelings both of friendship and esteem. It is
truly painful to have to sever such ties as have existed between us, but I
trust that I may be able during the few years that I can hope to live, to
preserve friendships which I so highly value.
Believe me,
Very truly yours,
F. HINCKS.
Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B.
1 The Hon. Theodore Robitaille, Receiver General of Canada, January to
November, 1873; Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec (1879-1884); a
Senator of Canada (1885-1897). Died, i8th August, 1897.
202 CORRESPONDENCE OF
From Governor-General the Earl of Duffer in to Sir John
Macdonald.
Private and confidential. Ottawa, nth February, 1873.
MY DEAR SIR JOHN,
Sometime ago I said that I would send you a review I wrote on a plan
propounded by Mr. Mill for the pacification of Ireland. You will find it
on page i of the accompanying volume. It may amuse you to run through
it. I have also marked for you my speech on the Irish Land Bill. You
can return me the volume at your leisure.
I have signed the Minute accepting Judge Caron's 1 resignation, but I
hope you will forgive me for suggesting that before any move is made in the
direction of so important an appointment as that of a Lieutenant-Gover-
nor, the minister's proposals should be first communicated to the Governor-
General.
Every paper in the Dominion has authoritatively announced Judge
Caron's impending appointment, and I conclude their information is
correct, yet at this moment, I have no knowledge of how the matter may
stand.
In administering a constitutional Government, it is my duty to maintain
the prerogatives of the Crown as well as the privileges of Parliament, and
it would not be proper for me to allow any of the conventional usages in
which the former are embodied, to fall into desuetude. Although in
England a person is often sounded as to whether he would accept an
appointment, it is always under the seal of secrecy until his name has
been submitted to the Queen. Did the Governor-General see occasion to
deprecate a particular appointment, the premature publication of
the Minister's intentions would put everyone concerned into a false
position.
There is another point connected with this subject I would wish to sub-
mit to you. Now that new Lieutenant-Governors are about to be ap-
pointed in every Province, would it not be well to get rid of the irregular
practice of giving them the title of "Excellency?" It seems to me that the
true policy of the Dominion will be to subordinate the prestige and juris-
diction, both of the local legislature and their chief executive officer to the
supreme authority of the Canadian Parliament and the Governor General.
Their proper legal title is that of "Their Honours" which might very well
content them. The Lieutenant Governo
